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A system and method are provided, particularly useful for an implantable cardiac pacemaker, for morphological filtering of sensed signals to reliably and accurately identify one or more specified wave portions of the sensed signals. In a first pacemaker embodiment, morphological filtering is done on the sensed atrial signal, whereby the P-wave peak is discriminated out, with the resulting signal minus the P-wave peak being then subtracted from the inputted atrial signal to provide the atrial peak, thereby effectively eliminating sensing of FFR-wave portions. By setting the morphological filter length to correspond to about the duration of the P-wave peak, or just slightly larger, and by adjusting sampling frequency to correspond to cardiac rate variations, there is provided optimized filtering consistent with low power consumption in an implantable device. In other embodiments, FFR-waves, T-waves, VT, SVT and sinus tachycardia are identified by using templates matched to the wave to be identified. The invention can be performed with either analog or digital embodiments, analog embodiments providing for lower power consumption.
1. A cardiac pacemaker which utilizes sensed P-waves for control of pacing operation, the cardiac pacemaker further having P-wave sense means operative cyclically, said P-wave sense means comprising:
signal means for obtaining an atrial signal from the patient's atrium;
sampling means for providing a sampled atrial signal;
morphological filter means for filtering out the P-wave portion from said sampled atrial signal to obtain a residual signal without said P-wave portion; and
subtracting means for subtracting said residual signal from said sampled signal to obtain a P-wave signal without any substantial FFR-wave portion, and
means for providing electrical stimulation to a patient's heart.
2. The pacemaker system as described in claim 1, wherein said morphological filter means comprises analog circuits.
3. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, wherein said morphological filter has an M of 5-10, and a sample rate within about 10 percent of 1 kHz.
4. The pacemaker as described in claim 3, wherein said morphological filter provides an effective operational length of about the duration of the patient's P-wave peak.
5. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, wherein said morphological filter has a template with M m values, and all said m values are equal.
6. The pacemaker as described in claim 5, wherein said m values are zeros.
7. The pacemaker as described in claim 5, wherein said morphological filter comprises an open-close filter.
8. The pacemaker as described in claim 5, wherein said morphological filter comprises an open filter.
9. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, comprising a second morphological filter, and a common template for said morphological filter and said second morphological filter.
10. The pacemaker as described in claim 9, wherein said morphological filter means comprises a first clock source for providing a clock pulses at a first frequency and said second morphological filter comprises a second clock source for providing clock signals at a second frequency.
11. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, wherein said morphological filter comprises a variable template, and template means for varying said template.
12. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, comprising a template, means for accumulating data representative of said P-wave signals and adjust means for adjusting said template as a function of said accumulated data.
13. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, wherein said template, has an operational length corresponding to a peak portion of the patient's P-wave.
14. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, comprising adjustable clock source means for clocking said sampling means, means for accumulating rate data concerning the patient's heartbeat, and adjust means for adjusting said clock source rate as a function of said accumulated data.
15. The pacemaker as described in claim 1, wherein said subtracting means comprises a delay circuit for delaying said sample signal before said residual signal is subtracted from it.
16. An implantable pacemaker for delivering pace pulses to the patient's heart, said pacemaker having sensing means for sensing atrial signals from said patient and control means for controlling pace pulse delivery as a function of sensed P-waves, comprising:
sample means for sampling said atrial signal to provide sample pulses representative of said atrial signal; and
filter means for filtering said sampled signal to provide P-wave signals representative of P-waves pulses contained within said atrial signal, said filter comprising a morphological filter with an M width of at least about the duration the peak of said P-waves pulses.
17. The pacemaker as described in claim 16, wherein said filter comprises delay means for delaying said sampled signal, and subtract means for subtracting the output of said morphological filter from said delayed sampled signal, providing an output representative of said P-waves pulses.
18. A cardiac pacemaker having pulse generator means for delivering pace pulses to a patient's heart, sensing means for sensing atrial and ventricular cardiac signals from said patient's heart, and control means for controlling said pulse generator as a function of said sensed signals, said sensing means comprising:
atrial sensing means for obtaining a P-wave portion of each atrial wave when a P-wave occurs, said atrial sensing means further comprising a first morphological filter circuit for capturing a peak portion of each said P-wave;
ventricular sensing means for sensing at least one selected portion of the ventricular signal, said ventricular sensing means comprising a second morphological filter circuit for separating out a peak portion of said selected portion each time that it occurs; and
template means for controlling each of said first and second morphological filters.
19. The pacemaker as described in claim 18, wherein said template means comprises a common template for each of said morphological filters circuits.
20. The pacemaker as described in claim 18, comprising adjustable clock means for providing clock signals to each of said first and second filters circuits, and adjusting means for sensing patient cardiac rate and for adjusting the rate of said clock signals as a function of said patient cardiac rate.
21. The pacemaker as described in claim 18, wherein said second filter comprises a filter for separating out peaks of patient R-waves.
22. A cardiac pacemaker having stimulus means for delivering stimulus pulses to a patient's heart, comprising;
atrial sensing means having an electrode adapted to be positioned in an atrial chamber of said patient for obtaining atrial signals, a first morphological filter for identifying FFR-wave portions of said signals, and a second morphological filter for identifying P-wave portions of said atrial signals.
23. A cardiac pacemaker comprising stimulus means for delivering stimulus pulses to a patient's heart, sensing means for sensing cardiac signals from at least one chamber of said patient's heart, and a plurality of morphological filters, each of said filters being connected to receive said cardiac signals and having a template adapted to discriminate a respective feature of said cardiac signals.
24. The pacemaker as described in claim 23, wherein at least two of said filters have common templates.
25. The pacemaker as described in claim 23, comprising a source of clock signals at a predetermined rate FS, and clock means for connecting to each of said filters clock signals at a rate FS /n, where n is selected for each respective filter.
26. The pacemaker as described in claim 23, wherein said sensing means comprises ventricular sensing means for sensing signals from a ventricular chamber of said patient's heart, and comprising a first of said filters which has a template matched to VT and a second of said filters which has a template matched to SVT.
27. The pacemaker as described in claim 26, wherein said sensing means further comprises atrial sensing means for sensing signals from an atrial chamber of said patient's heart, and comprising a third of said filters which has a template matched to sensed P-waves.
28. The pacemaker as described in claim 27, comprising a fourth of said filters which has a template matched to sensed FFR-waves.
29. The pacemaker as described in claim 23, comprising a morphological filter having a template matched to sensed T-wave portions of said signals.
30. The pacemaker as described in claim 23, comprising clock means for delivering clock pulses to said filters, and adjust means for adjusting the rates of said clock pulses as a function of the patient's cardiac rate.
31. An implantable medical device which senses P-waves, the device having P-wave sense means operative cyclically, the P-wave sense means comprising:
signal means for obtaining an atrial signal from the patient's atrium;
sampling means for providing a sampled atrial signal;
morphological-type filter means for filtering out the P-wave portion from the sampled atrial signal to obtain a residual signal without the P-wave portion, the morphological-type filter comprising an open-close filter; and
subtracting means for subtracting the residual signal from the sampled signal to obtain a P-wave signal without any substantial FFR-wave portion.
32. The device as described in claim 31, wherein the morphological-type filter has an M of 5-10, and a sample rate within about 10 percent of 1 kHz.
33. The device as described in claim 32, wherein the morphological-type filter provides an effective operational length of about the duration of the patient's P-wave peak.
34. The device as described in claim 31, wherein the morphological-type filter has a template with m values, and all the m values are equal.
35. The device as described in claim 34, wherein the m values are zeros.
36. The device as described in claim 31, comprising a second morphological-type filter, and a common template for the morphological-type filter and the second morphological-type filter.
37. The device as described in claim 36, wherein the morphological-type filter means comprises a first clock source for providing a clock pulses at a first frequency and the second morphological-type filter comprises a second clock source for providing clock signals at a second frequency.
38. The device as described in claim 31, wherein the morphological-type filter comprises a variable template, and template means for varying the template.
39. The device as described in claim 31, comprising a template, means for accumulating data representative of the P-wave signals and adjust means for adjusting the template as a function of the accumulated data.
40. The device as described in claim 31, wherein the template, has an operational length corresponding to a peak portion of the patient's P-wave.
41. The device as described in claim 31, comprising adjustable clock source means for clocking the sampling means, means for accumulating rate data concerning the patient's heartbeat, and adjust means for adjusting the clock source rate as a function of the accumulated data.
42. The device as described in claim 31, wherein the subtracting means comprises a delay circuit for delaying the sample signal before the residual signal is subtracted from it.
This invention relates to cardiac pacemakers and other medical devices and, more specifically, apparatus and methods for use in cardiac pacemakers in filtering sensed signals, and more particularly filtering sensed cardiac signals.
In many medical device applications, such as cardiac pacemakers, there is a great need for accurate detection of sensed signals, and in particular a need for discriminating or separating out certain portions of sensed signals. For example, dual chamber pacemakers sense spontaneous P-waves from the patient's atrium, in order to determine whether or not to pace the atrium and/or for timing out a synchronous ventricular pace pulse. In many such applications, filtering on the basis of frequency is inadequate, because of the overlap of frequencies in signal portions to be accepted and signal portions to be rejected. Specifically, in a cardiac pacemaker which senses the atrial electrogram (AEGM), it is difficult to separate out the far field R-wave (FFR-wave) from the desired P-wave portion of the signal, due to the overlap of frequencies in the two different signal portions. In processing sensor signals or other sensed physiological signals, the use of frequency response filters, or even switchable frequency response filters, often cannot solve the problem for certain signals and rhythms.
Many different schemes have been proposed for addressing this problem. For example, for the task of screening out the FFR-wave from the atrial signal, various techniques such as sensitivity adjustment, "window" tracking so as to detect at about the time of the expected signal, etc. have been implemented. In addition to linear high pass filters, other approaches to the problem have adaptive finite impulse response filters (AFIR) and the use of hidden Markov models. However, these approaches have not led to significant acceptance in the pacing environment. The best possible solution remains an approved filter which effectively distinguishes the desired wave portion from the undesired portion or portions.
There thus is presented a continuing and substantial problem, particularized for implantable pacemakers, for providing efficient and unambiguous recognition of different wave portions of a sensed cardiac signal, e.g., QRS, T and P-wave portions; and also a need to adapt the filtering capability to different rates, in order to detect the desired signal portions during specific arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation (VF), ventricular tachycardia (VT), sinus tachycardia (ST) and super-ventricular-tachycardia (SVT). Further, due to power limitations in implantable devices, there is a need to achieve the needed improvement while minimizing the hardware and the processing involved.
The approach taken in this invention is based on the recognition that even where the frequency spectra of different wave portions overlap, the shapes of the respective wave portions are distinct. Thus, the far field R (FFR) wave, while it has many of the same spectral components as the QRS, is relatively stretched out, or wider in form, due to the propagation of the signal from the ventricle into the atrial chamber where it is sensed by atrial electrodes. This suggests the use of morphological filtering techniques in filtering and detecting the P-wave and filtering out the FFR-wave. Morphological-type filters have been widely used in image processing, but are relatively new in signal processing. This invention is based on adaptation of morphological filtering in real time signal processing of analog signals for use by pacemakers and other implantable medical devices.
It is an object of this invention to provide new filtering techniques for use in devices such as cardiac pacemakers, and specifically the use of morphological-type filters for reliable discrimination of desired wave portions and rejection of undesired wave portions. For example, in a preferred embodiment of this invention, morphological filtering is used to operate on the sensed atrial signal, or AEGM, so as to reliably detect P-waves while rejecting FFR-wave portions. For this application, the invention provides the P-wave clearly separated out, and with a substantially zero base line.
In a preferred pacemaker embodiment of this invention, the sensed atrial signal from the patient is sampled to get the sampled signal. The sampled signal is passed through a morphological filter, either an analog or digital embodiment. The morphological filter operates on the signal by analyzing successive sets of samples selected to approximate the width of the P-wave, thereby filtering out the P-wave but leaving signal portions lacking a morphological fit, such as the FFR-wave. The signal that has been thus morphologically filtered to suppress the P-wave peak is then subtracted from the sampled signal, leaving the P-wave portion that was morphologically filtered out, and thereby rejecting the wider FFR-wave. While the morphological filter may have an analog, digital optical or hybrid-type embodiment, analog is presently preferred for the pacemaker environment because of lower power requirements. The filter is set to operate on about 5-10 samples at a time, with a sample rate around 1 kHz, for optimum P-wave detection. The filter is preferably open-close for best operation on P-wave peaks, but may also incorporate just the open operation. The template, which is adjustable and/or programmable, is suitably common to both open and close operations, and may use zeros for a majority of the adding or subtracting operations, for circuit simplicity.
In yet another embodiment, plural wave portions of incoming signals, e.g., P-waves and T waves in a pacemaker, can be morphologically operated on with the same template configuration. Thus, FFR-waves, T-waves, QRS-waves and P-waves can be morphologically identified; and different types of tachycardia can be discriminated. Further, the sampling rate is suitably adjusted as a function of detected R-R rate, to optimize morphological filtering of signals that vary widely in frequency, thereby enabling improved tracking of arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF).
FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating the primary components of an implantable cardiac pacemaker in accordance with this invention; FIG. 1B is an illustration showing an atrial lead with an atrial electrode positioned in the patient's right atrium, for sensing the AEGM to be operated on in accordance with the principles of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an AEGM which has not only a P-wave portion but a pronounced FFR-wave portion.
FIG. 3A is a schematic representation of a morphological dilation operation; FIG. 3B is a schematic representation of a morphological erosion operation;
FIG. 3C shows a close operation, comprising a dilate operation followed by an erode operation; FIG. 3D shows an open operation, comprising an erode operation followed by a dilate operation; and FIG. 3E shows an open-close operation comprising an open operation followed by a close operation.
FIG. 4A shows the effect of an open operation in suppressing peaks, illustrating the signal after erode and also after dilate; FIG. 4B shows the effect of a close operation in suppressing pits, showing the signal after dilate and after erode; FIG. 4C shows a signal with both peaks and pits suppressed after either an open-close operation or a close-open operation.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrating the preferred arrangement of this invention for providing P-wave peaks while filtering FFR-wave portions from an AEGM signal.
FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C are sets of curves for M=3, 7 and 15 respectively, which illustrate the effect of the chosen value of M in the circuit of FIG. 5 for providing an optimum P-wave peak without any FFR-wave.
FIG. 7 is a circuit block diagram showing the manner of automatically adjusting the sample frequency for maintaining optimized filtering conditions as a function of cardiac rate variations.
FIG. 8 is a circuit block diagram illustrating the use of plural morphological filters for operating on different signal portions.
FIG. 9 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating the method of this invention for carrying out morphological operations on the AEGM to provide P-waves and to filter out FFR-waves.
Referring now to FIG. 1A, there is shown a simplified block diagram of the primary components of a pacemaker as can be used in the system and method of this invention. Although a dual chamber pacemaker is illustrated for completeness, it is to be understood that the invention is applicable to single or dual chamber rate responsive pacemakers. A ventricular pace generator is illustrated at 15 for generating and delivering ventricular pace pulses under control of control unit 20, in a known fashion. The ventricular pace pulses are delivered to one or more ventricular electrodes illustrated at 16. Likewise an atrial pace generator is illustrated at 18, which generates atrial pace pulses under control block 20 and delivers the atrial pace pulses to one or more atrial electrodes as illustrated at 19. Sense signals from the ventricular electrode or electrodes are connected to QRS sense amplifier 24 and T-wave sense amplifier 26, the outputs of which are inputted to control block 20 for processing. Likewise, signals detected in the atrium by electrodes 19 are delivered to P-wave sense amplifier 25, the output of which is connected through to control 20.
Control block 20 suitably incorporates a microprocessor with associated software, the software being stored in memory 21, as indicated. Memory 21 may contain RAM and ROM, and the assignment of pacemaker functions can be divided between hardware and software in any desired manner. One or more sensors 26 may be provided to continuously detect rate-indicating parameters, the parameter signals being inputted to control block 24 to provide rate responsive control, in a known manner. Alternately, the rate responsive parameter is QT interval, which is determined by control 20 by timing the duration between a delivered stimulus (VP) and the following T wave. As illustrated at 27, the pacemaker suitably has a transmitter/receiver for receiving programmer communications from an external programmer 30, and for down loading collected data back to the programmer, in a known fashion.
For the preferred analog embodiment of this invention, the morphological filter or filters are part of the circuitry of block 24-26, under control of control circuit 20. For a digital embodiment, the morphological operations are carried out by the microprocessor of block 20.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, there is shown a diagrammatic representation of the chambers of the heart, with an atrial lead 17 inserted into the right atrium so that atrial electrode 19 is positioned within the right atrium. The signal generated by the sino-atrial node is captured by the electrode (or electrodes in a bipolar system), for purposes of providing P-wave information. As is known, the P-wave is extremely important for dual chamber pacemakers, e.g., DDD or VDD, as the timing of the P-wave enables the pacemaker to time out and deliver a synchronous ventricular pace pulse. Also, the P-wave is used in atrial pacemakers, e.g., AAI, or in a DDD pacemaker, to determine whether or not to stimulate the atrium. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a typical AEGM captured by an atrial sensing lead. As is known, the pulse generated by the SA-node depolarizes through the atrial chambers and causes the atrial muscles to contract and pump blood into the ventricular chambers. This pulse is referred to as the P-wave, and is represented by the complex indicated by the letter P in FIG. 2. The P-wave is delayed by the AV-node for about 200 ms, after which the propagation of the wave generates the QRS complex in the ventricular chambers. The QRS complex makes the ventricular muscles contract and pump the blood from the ventricles into the arteries. The magnitude of the QRS complex is much greater than that of the P-wave, such that even though the atrial sensing electrode is placed as close as possible to the AV node, a substantial R-peak from the ventricle still appears in this signal. This appearance of the R-peak is referred to as the far field R-wave (FFR), and when sensed in the atrium is clearly a disturbance. However, as stated above, the FFR-wave is hard to discriminate from the P-wave by simply using linear filters, because of the similarity of the power spectral densities of typical P-and FFR-waves.
The morphological filters used in the practice of this invention are constructed from a combination of a morphological operators. Morphological operators use a separate data set to transform a set of input samples to a set of output samples. The set, known as the structuring element (or simply "template") defines the operation that takes place. As seen in connection with FIGS. 3A and 3B, the degree of complexity of morphological filters is relatively low, because only delay lines, additions, subtractions, and maximum- and minimum functions are used.
There are two morphological operations, namely dilation and erosion. Although these operations appear in tandem, they are defined separately. The dilation of a signal X, of length n samples, by a template m, with a template length M, producing an output is defined as
Ydn =D(Xn)=MAXi=0 . . . M-1 {Xn-i +mi }M-1≦n≦N-1
As can be seen, dilation is an expanding operator, meaning that the outputs are always greater than the corresponding inputs, if the template mi is greater than zero for all i. The Xn-i term looks back in time, and once the first M-1 samples have passed by, the operation can give an instantaneous output. Morphological filtering can thus be used as a real time application, although it is to be noted that the output set generated by dilation is M-1 samples shorter than the data set, because the first M-1 output samples cannot be defined. Referring to FIG. 3A, the input signal is shown as X, which is passed through successive delays 31, 32, . . . 33 as illustrated. Thus, when the first M-1 samples have been clocked through to taps 31-33, the first M samples are operated on by the addition operations as indicated. The values of m0, m1, m2 . . . mM-1 are provided by the dilation template, indicated at 39. In a simple case, the additions may simply be +0. Block 40 is a maximum circuit, which selects the input which has the maximum value, and provides this max value as the sample output. Thus, the maximum value of Xn-i +mi is outputted for each value of n, producing the sample set Yd. It can be seen that the dilation produces a set which is M-1 samples shorter than the data set, because the first M-1 output samples cannot be defined.
The erosion of a function X (length N) by a template m with template length M, (Ye), is defined as:
Yen =E(Xn)=MINi=0 . . . M-1 {Xn+i -mi }O≦n≦N-M
The erosion operation subtracts, and thus is a shrinking operation, meaning that the outputs are always smaller than the inputs if the template mi is greater than zero for all i. As opposed to the dilation operation, erosion looks ahead in time, as seen by Xn+i. Therefore, in a real time application, the erosion circuit must wait until these future samples have passed by, thus causing a delay of M-1 samples, as shown in FIG. 3B. Also, as with dilation, an erosion operation generates an output set M-1 samples shorter than the data set, the difference being that the samples are lost at the end of the set. The input X, which can be provided by connecting the output Yd from the dilate circuit of FIG. 3A, is clocked into the respective taps 42, 43, 44. The subtractions are performed for each sample, by subtractor circuits 45, 46, 47, 48, having m respective template values determined by the erosion template data TE stored as indicated at 49. Circuit 50 examines the results of the subtraction operations, and outputs the minimum sample for each value of n, yielding Ye. As discussed above, and for reasons made clear by the following illustrations, dilation and erosions are generally combined into filters known respectively as open and close filters. As illustrated in FIG. 3C, a close is made up of a dilate circuit 52 followed by an erode circuit 53. As illustrated in FIG. 3D, an open is made up of an erode 53 followed by a dilate circuit 52. Because a dilation and an erosion are combined in either an open or a close, the first M-1 samples are lost by the dilation and the last M-1 samples by the erosion, such that the output set generated by an open or close is 2(M-1) samples shorter than the data set. When constructing either an open or close filter from a dilation and an erosion, both operators can use the same template; however, the template data connected for the erosion operation is the reverse of that for the dilate operation, as can be seen from the equations and from a comparison of FIGS. 3A and FIGS. 3B. FIG. 3E illustrates an open-close circuit, being an open filter 54 followed by a close filter 55.
The result of opening a data sequence with a flat, or equal valued template, is that all peaks shorter than M-1 samples are eliminated. When closing the same sequence with the same template, all pits shorter than M-1 samples are eliminated. Therefore, an open is generally used to eliminate peaks, and a close is used to eliminate pits. These results are illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A shows the response of an open, i.e., an erode and then a dilate, with a template length, M of three samples, and m values of 1. After the erode operation, the peak has been suppressed from the output signal, but the pit has been lengthened. Following the dilate operation, the peak remains suppressed but the pit has been returned to its original position, such that the effect of the operation has been simply to suppress the peak which is less than the three samples. FIG. 4B shows the close operation, wherein the dilate operation first suppresses the pit but extends the peak, following which the erode operation returns the peak to its normal form, with the result being simply that the pit has been suppressed. Thus, in both open and close, the first step does the filtering of the either the pit or the peak, whereas the second step substantially recreates the original form of the input signal without the suppressed peak or pit.
When the open and close operations are combined, the two characteristics provide a filter that substantially suppresses both peaks and pits, while leaving the remainder of the signal unaffected. These filters are simply called open-close, e.g., first opening and then closing a signal, or close-open. An open-close is illustrated in FIG. 3E, where an open filter 54 is followed by a close filter 55. Since two dilations and two erosions are performed, the resulting output set has lost 2 (M-1) samples at the beginning and 2 (M-1) at the end, such that the output set is 4 (M-1) samples shorter than the previous set. The results for an open-close or close-open operation are shown in FIG. 4C, illustrating that both open-close and close-open achieve substantially identical results, eliminating the peak and pit. However, for a less ideal data set, bigger differences between the outputs of open-close and close-open may occur, especially for non-flat templates. It can happen where the first step stretches a peak or a pit beyond template length, thus making it impossible for the second to eliminate it. Thus, for a filter that is to primarily eliminate peaks, such as discussed below for use in rejecting FFR-waves from an AEGM, the use of an open-close is advisable, because the first step is better suited for this action.
For the preferred pacemaker embodiment of this invention, both size and energy consumption of the circuit must be minimized as much as possible, in order to preserve battery power. Consequently, the presently preferred embodiment embraces an analog form of morphological filters, with each dilate or erode unit requiring an analog delay line with M taps; an adder for every tap; a memory cell for each adder which is individually programmed; and a connection from each adder to the maximum or minimum circuit. In view of the fact that an extra memory cell per tap is needed, if the template values are variable, this suggests the desirability of using common template values, as otherwise the circuit complexity is at least linearly dependent on the template length; and further the circuit space and the required power consumption are increased with template variability. It has been found that, for processing the AEGM, the common template values (m) can be used without sacrifice of reliability. Of course, for more complex wave forms, variable templates may be required in order to achieve an optimum compromise of accurate filtering and cost. Also, to minimize the complexity of the calculations, and depending on the characteristics of the input signal, certain taps can be left out if the associated template values are small compared to adjacent values. When the rate of change of the input signal is limited that a small template value might be associated with the winner, i.e., either maximum or minimum, is small.
Referring now to the specific problem of capturing the P wave while rejecting the FFR-wave, it is important to recognize that the P wave is shorter in width, or duration than the FFR-wave. In order to filter out the FFR-wave with a morphological filter, it would be required to have a non-flat template with a length approximately the length of one AEGM period, i.e., one P-P interval. However, it is noted that the P wave itself can be suppressed with a template no larger than the length of the P wave, i.e., with a smaller template. Accordingly, the circuit of FIG. 5 is preferred, wherein the AEGM analog signal is inputted into morphological filter 58, which is set to suppress the P wave. The output, namely the input signal less the P wave peak which the pacemaker wants to see, is subtracted from the input signal, leaving only the P wave. The subtraction must involve signals that correspond in time, and since filter 58 introduces a delay, the input is passed through delay circuit 59 to introduce a like delay. The results of this operation, as well as the influence of the choice of M, is seen in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C. In FIG. 6A, a template length of three samples, with a clock frequency of 1 kHz, is utilized. As seen in the top curve, the input contains the larger amplitude P wave complex, as well as the FFR-wave. The output of the filter, with a portion of the positive going peak of the P wave subtracted, is different only in the area of the P wave. Consequently, as seen in the bottom curve, the input minus the output results in two peaks occurring around the P wave, one negative and one positive, both of these being three samples long. In FIG. 6B, a template of 7 samples length is utilized, resulting in a final output of just a positive peak which is 7 samples long. This appears to be an optimum result, because the positive P wave peak is clearly defined, and no FFR-wave is present. Note also that there is a clear zero baseline as a result of this operation. In FIG. 6C, a 15 sample long filter generates a larger peak around the P wave, but also yields a small response around the FFR-wave. While, in this specific case, the difference in amplitudes might be used to distinguish the two responses, this is clearly less desirable than the result of FIG. 6B. Additionally the longer template entails more expense and power consumption. Accordingly, the filter with M=7 is chosen as the best tradeoff between output amplitude and circuit complexity. As a general guide, the invention thus directs setting the template to a size compared to the wave portion of interest, so as to yield a clear peak output corresponding to the wave portion.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown a block diagram of a dual chamber pacemaker wherein the clock frequency, FS is adjusted to track variations in the rate of the cardiac signals. As shown, the atrial signal, or AEGM, is inputted into sample block 60, which is sampled by clocks generated at a rate FS by clock circuit 64. At the same time, the ventricular signal derived from the ventricular lead, or VEGM, is sampled at circuit 66, also by clocks at a rate of FS. The AEGM samples are inputted into morphological filter 61, for deriving P wave signals; the VEGM samples are inputted into morphological filter 68 for deriving R-wave signals. The R-wave signals are also passed into peak detector 70, to provide R-wave pulses. The R-wave pulses in turn are inputted into circuit 72, which determines the RR rate, and provides an output control signal which corresponds to the RR rate. Thus, RR variations produce variations in QRS and P wave duration, and the pacemaker adapts by changing the sampling rate accordingly. The sampling rate control signal is connected from circuit 72 to clock circuit 64 in order to accomplish this automatic adjustment.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a block diagram of a pacemaker, or like device for processing different portions of a signal, or different signals. Thus, in a typical pacemaker application, there may be a first morphological filter for separating out the QRS portion and a second for the T-wave portion; or there may be one morphological filter for separating out the QRS portion of the ventricular signal and another for the P-wave portion of the atrial signal. In such situations, the same template may be used for each morphological filter, with corresponding respective differences in the sample frequency for optimizing the signals which are to be filtered out. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a common analog signal is connected to sample circuits 75 and 77, which provide samples to filters 76 and 78 respectively. Sample circuit 75 is clocked with clock frequency FS, whereas circuit 77 is clocked with clock signals at a frequency FS �N, where N may be any chosen number. In the illustrated embodiment, a common template is derived from memory 80, and inputted into both of the filters. Although not shown, memory 80 may be programmable by programming from an external source. In another embodiment, n different templates are used to control n different morphological filters, for identifying n respective wave types.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a flow diagram which illustrates the primary steps taken in filtering signals in accordance with this invention, and for adjusting the template characteristics for the morphological operation. FIG. 9 specifically illustrates the steps taken in a pacemaker for deriving a P-wave from which the FFR wave has been suppressed. At 84, the length M of the operation; the template (m) numbers; and the clock rate (FS) are initialized, in accordance with programmed initial data. At 85, the pacemaker gets a continuous atrial analog signal from the atrial lead, and provides it to the morphological filter. At 86, a filter performs the morphological operations, deriving a signal from which the P-wave has been removed, as discussed above. At 88, the filtered signal is subtracted from the analog signal to get the resultant P-wave peak signal. At 89, a decision is made as to whether to adjust the template length, the template or the clock frequency. If yes, at 90 the pacemaker performs an error analysis on stored values of recent P-waves, and prescribes a corresponding adjustment. Such an error analysis may suitably include evaluating variations in the root mean square of recent P-waves as detected. The routine then loops back and continues to perform the morphological operations on the incoming atrial signal.
Although the important application of sensing P-waves and filtering out FFR-waves has been illustrated, the invention is equally applicable for other pacemaker functions. For example, in an AAI pacemaker, it can be extremely useful to sense, i.e., pick out FFR-waves, so as to enable detection of ventricular depolarizations without a lead in the ventricle. This can be done by adjusting the template to the morphology of the FFR-wave. Here, the template width must be comparable to the FFR-wave length. Thus, the operation is the same as presented in FIG. 9, except that at step 88, it is the FFR-wave that is obtained. Likewise, different tachycardias can be discriminated by having respective morphological filters adapted to the shape of the tachycardia, e.g., a supra-ventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be discriminated from ventricular tachycardia (VT), and SVT can be discriminated from sinus tachycardia.
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What does federer need to work on before AO 2012 to maximize slam chance?
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Re: What does federer need to work on before AO 2012 to maximize slam chance?
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On the contrary, I believe Roger would love nothing better than to beat any of the trio above when they are at their best. If anything, playing players that are less than their best or not equal to the task appears to bore him and he often looks for ways to make matches more challenging, hence his apparent lapses in concentration when ahead, especially in the more recent past. However, when Roger is playing at his best, no one can beat him, and he is virtually unplayable.
If anyone would start and continue their participations on MTF with such reasonable, analytical posts, it would be quite boring here... Nice analysis and I'm happy that such intelligent and not hateful posters are coming here nowadays.
Congrats, for the entire post, not only for the cited part. My reaction would have been the same if your analysis would have been Djokovic or Rafa-related...
Q. Do you think you would have been able to play as well as you played today, or you think you would have pulled out from the game if it wasn't the Masters Cup final?
ROGER FEDERER: No, Roger Federer doesn't pull out. Otherwise he doesn't walk on court (smiling).
After losing to Nalbandian in 2005 TMC final...
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Nokia sure tried hard to give us something new, but its mashup of Android, Windows Phone, and Asha gives its Nokia X phone limited powers and a nagging identity crisis.
Pricing not available
With much riding on the new version of its marquee software, Microsoft opts for caution and says the Windows 10 rollout will come "in waves, slowly."
The big news for iOS 8.4 is Apple Music, but there's a long list of tweaks and fixes to iBooks and more in the latest iOS update.
Google's chatbot artificial intelligence has some interesting -- and not entirely illogical -- ideas about morality, philosophy and the meaning of life.
After years resisting subscriptions, Apple hits play on a $10-a-month streaming music service Tuesday with a three-month free trial.
Polarr opted not to build an app specifically for Apple's iOS software, instead going the less-traveled route of using more-universal Web technologies. That decision is now paying off with droves of downloads.
Starting July 1, smartphones sold in the state must come with software that lets users lock a stolen phone so it can't be used, making it harder to resell. Crime statistics show the tech is already working.
Which has the most apps? Which has the coolest features? Which one is the best? The most popular streamers all have their merits, so we'll help you decide which box is right for you.
Many software developers are cribbing code, and its flaws, that someone else created. And the problem is only getting harder to keep up with.
What?! Best Chromebook deal ever! And it probably won't last long.


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SVL Packers and MoversChennai, Tamil Nadu
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Packing And Moving Services
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The SVL Packers and Movers a premier Packing and Relocating service providers. We provide services like Packing and Moving of Household and Industrial Goods, Car Carrier Services, Loading and Unloading and Transportation Services throughout India.
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Hive NYC Project Learning Lab
- Community & Culture
Hive NYC Youth Film Screening and Q&A "RiP: A Remix Manifesto"
Mozilla Hive NYC
Tuesday, April 9, 2013 from 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EDT)
Please join us for a special Hive NYC screening of
RiP! A Remix Manifesto
What: Youth film screening of RiP: A Remix Manifesto followed by Q&A
When: Tuesday, April 9th, 4pm-7pm
Where: Tribeca Cinemas, 54 Varick St.
Cost: Tickets are free - concessions can be purchased at the theater
The screening will kick-off at 4pm with a virtual introduction by the film's director, Brett Gaylor, and will be followed by a Q&A session facilitated by Hive NYC mentors - more details to come!
About the film:
Immerse yourself in the energetic, innovative and potentially illegal world of mash-up media with RiP: A Remix Manifesto. Let web activist Brett Gaylor and musician Greg Gillis, better known as Girl Talk, serve as your digital tour guides on a probing investigation into how culture builds upon culture in the information age.
Biomedical engineer turned live-performance sensation Girl Talk has received immense commercial and critical success for his mind-blowing, sample-based music. Utilizing technical expertise and a ferocious creative streak, Girl Talk repositions popular music to create a wild and edgy dialogue between artists from all genres and eras. But are his practices legal? Do his methods of frenetic appropriation embrace collaboration in its purest sense? Or are they infractions of creative integrity and violations of copyright?
The documentary is particularly interested in the legal grey area of remixing existing works. The film features appearances by:
About the Director:
Brett Gaylor is the Senior Director of the Mozilla Webmaker initiative, a global effort to help consumers of the web become creators of the web. Before working with Mozilla, Brett directed the award-wining documentary, Rip! A Remix Manifesto, created Open Source Cinema.org, helped found homelessnation.org, and was a key creative at the Montreal-based production house EyeSteelFilm. Brett is one of Canada's first videobloggers and has been working with youth and media for over 10 years, and is a founding instructor of the Gulf Islands Film and Television School. He lives on an island with his family.
We look forward to seeing you there!
Mozilla Hive NYC Learning Network (Hive NYC) is a city-wide laboratory where educators, technologists and mentors design innovative, connected educational experiences for youth. Together, these institutions create an ecosystem of opportunities for young people to explore their interests and develop key 21st-century skills. Learn more at http://hivenyc.org/community/
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If you believe the numerous press reports in recent days claiming that the Vickers banking proposals will separate safe from risky bank activity, then think again.
One big problem with this report is that it puts both risky and non-risky bank activities inside the much vaunted "ring-fence", when the whole object of the exercise is to separate the two.
For example, retail depositors like you or me have a right to 100% safety (though I'll come back to this point below). And these deposits are inside the fence. But so too are loans to small and medium size enterprises: clearly not an entirely safe activity! But it gets worse. The report is not even clear on whether deposits from and loans to large companies should be inside or outside the fence. (1st paragraph on p.12).
Or as the Guardian's City editor, Jill Treanor put it, "The commission is vague about whether banking to large companies should be in or outside the ring-fence."
How different are loans and equity?
Next, there is a problem with the idea that investment banking has been separated from other bank activity. The distinction between "investing" in a company and "lending" to a company is actually blurred. To illustrate, a loan which is last in line for reimbursement in the event of bankruptcy and/or where the so called interest is related to profits is very close to "investing" i.e. taking an equity stake. Lawyers will have a field day here.
So it's no surprise that there is an article on the Legal Recruitment site entitled, "Vickers review puts lawyers centre stage".
Or as Martin Jacomb, former chancellor of the University of Buckingham put it in the Financial Times, "The ring-fencing proposal involves much detailed regulation."
Why did Vickers get in this muddle?
Why, if the object of the exercise is to separate the safe and risky, does Vickers mix them up inside their famous ring fence? The explanation lies in a piece of economics which the Vickers commission clearly did not grasp. And this revolves round what they call "trapped deposits" (e.g. see p.277). I'll explain.
Deposits, or at least some of them, need to be safe. At the same time, lending out money is clearly not 100% safe. Thus there is an absolutely fundamental conflict between safe deposits and lending.
If one solves this problem with excessive restrictions on the types of loan that banks can make with "safe deposit money", the relevant money is liable to become what Vickers calls "trapped". And this, according to Vickers, would reduce the supply of credit (paragraph A3.29).
Well obviously it WOULD reduce the supply of credit, all else equal. But if restrictions are put on the way money can be used, there is nothing to stop a central bank / government expanding the money supply to compensate for this. So the "trapped" problem is a non-problem.
Positive Money's proposals.
In contrast, the ideas set out by Positive Money, Prof R.A.Werner and the New Economics Foundation on bank reform are a breath of fresh air and "lawyer free" simplicity. Plus it's pretty obvious, that these ideas have the support of Mervyn King, though it's more than his job is worth to actually say so.
The basic idea proposed by Positive Money & Co is to give depositors a simple choice: have their money invested by their bank or not have it invested.
Depositors wanting to invest would have to accept the inherent advantages and disadvantages of this option. Since the money is locked up in, for example a loan to a business, depositors would not have instant access to their money, but they WOULD earn interest – reflecting the fact the money had been put to work. In fact they'd get a better rate of interest than under current arrangements. But also, there is an inherent risk here. That is, if the bank goes bust, depositors would lose some or all their money.
The second option for depositors is 100% safety. In this case the money could be deposited at the Bank of England. Depositors can have instant access, but they'd get no interest.
As Mervyn King put it, "If there is a need for genuinely safe deposits, the only way they can be provided . . . is to insist such deposits do not coexist with risky assets".
Cross subsidisation.
A big merit of the "two options" system is that it largely dispenses with the too big to fail subsidy that banks get, (paid for by taxpayers). This subsidy is worth well over £10bn a year, according to Vickers (though there are other and bigger estimates).
That is, currently, depositors have 100% safety while reaping the benefits of having their money invested: a free lunch. Well, there is no such thing as a free lunch – someone pays. Or as Vickers puts it, "The risks inevitably associated with banking have to sit somewhere" (p.8). And the risks "sit with" the taxpayer under the current system.
Vickers in contrast allegedly makes banks safe, but does so by expanding banks' capital. But there is problem here: shareholders are not saints. They'll want a commercial return. And that means that the cost of carrying the risk will be passed onto depositors and those borrowing from banks.
So the Vickers's proposals amount to a game of "pass the parcel": with the parcel ending up, after paying exorbitant fees to lawyers, in about the same place as under Positive Money & Co's proposals. Except that under Vicker & Co's proposals, no distinction is made between depositors willing to take a risk and those who want safety. The result is that the former cross subsidise the latter.
Positive Money & Co get rid of this cross subsidisation. Vickers & Co don't.
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I emailed Mike Boyle the other day with a question. Mike is the world famous strength and conditioning expert, who operates several of his own facilities and is a consultant to the Boston Red Sox and the strength coach for the US Women's Olympic Hockey team. I figured, if Congress can figure out the "fiscal cliff", then Mike will certainly be able to tell people how to avoid going over the "physical cliff", in 2013. No matter how many times I lose weight, when I don't do what Mike taught me, I get back to the edge of the weight loss cliff. I think there are a lot of people like me, too!
Here was Mike's response:
Five Things to Help Avoid Going Over the Physical Cliff
1- Unlike the government, you can simply turn around and start walking back. That will help!
2- As you turn around and walk, make sure to pass by all fast food restaurants, donut shops etc.
3- Then make like a lawyer and pass the bar ( do not stop even for one)!
4- Once you are safely away from the edge find a gym to take refuge in.
5- Last, make some friends at the gym so you will want to go back.
Post these and tape them to your refridgerator! Food addicts like myself need constant reminders in an effort to turn back from the bad behaviors that push as backward in our journey to better health!
Mike Boyle Strength and Conditioning (MBSC) was recently named one of America's Top Gyms By Men's Health Magazine and was voted Boston's best personal trainers for 2011.
Mike Boyle Strength and Conditioning, with locations in Woburn, North Andover and Haverhill
For the best in Boston area sports and personal training go to www.bodybyboyle.com.
For the best in performance enhancement information go to www.strengthcoach.com
105.7 WRORWROR is Boston's home for Loren & Wally in the morning and Boston's Greatest Hits! Enjoy more songs you know and love, more songs you can sing along with, and more songs that make you feel good….all day and night!
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Products/Services for Forklift Pallet Rotator
Forklifts - (679 companies)...functions. Class III forklifts are electric-motor trucks, either walk-behind or standing-rider operated. Automated pallet lift-trucks and high lift models are often counterbalanced. Class IV forklifts are rider fork trucks, with cabs and seated... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableForklift Repair and Maintenance Services - (30 companies)Forklift repair and forklift maintenances services provide repair, overhaul, inspection, and maintenance of forklift and other lifting equipment such as pallet trucks or hand trucks. Forklifts and lift trucks are used to move bulk materials... Learn More
Lifting and Rigging Attachments - (663 companies)...as a sling attachment to stabilize the load. Forklifts can be fitted with lifting and rigging attachments such as booms, rams, and extensions to augment the lift 's reach, or drum grippers and rotators. A hoist attachment that works between the hook... Search by Specification | Learn More
Pallets - (635 companies)Pallets Information. Pallets are platforms used for storage and transportation of goods. Pallets are available in various sizes and materials to serve many applications. Common pallet sizes range anywhere from 20 " x 28 " up to 48 " x 72 ". Common... Search by Specification | Learn More
Pallet Jacks - (328 companies)...credit: Forklift America. Low profile. These pallet jacks are designed to transport low clearance pallets. The forks have very low resting heights. Image credit: Vestil Mfg. Four-way. With long and low profile forks, the jack is designed to pick up... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailablePolarization Rotators - (17 companies)Polarization Rotators Information. Polarization rotators maneuver incident-linearly-polarized light about an optical axis. A polarization rotator is used to quickly and accurately modulate the polarization state of an incoming light beam. Linear... Search by Specification | Learn More
No Image AvailableForklift Extensions - (28 companies)Forklift Extensions are devices used to extend the length of a forklifts existing forks. They are typically made of structural steel and slip over a forklifts existing forks. They are available in many sizes, finishes and profiles to meet specific... Learn More
No Image AvailablePallet Dispensers - (25 companies)Pallet dispensers deliver pallets from the bottom of a stack one at a time. In some cases they can be used in reverse order to collect and stack pallets. Pallet dispensers hold roughly 15 to 20 pallets in a stack and distribute each pallet one... Learn More
No Image AvailableFiber Optic Faraday Rotators - (7 companies)Fiber optic faraday rotators take the output from single-mode fibers and rotates the polarization by 90 degrees. Fiber optic Faraday rotators take the output from single-mode optical fibers and rotate the polarization by a specified amount... Learn More
No Image AvailableDumpers, Tilters, and Inverters - (365 companies)...to be removed from the bottom of a stack, and also allows for the replacement of damaged pallets. Other uses include the replacement of pallets with slip-sheets and allowing substances to re-settle before shipment to a retail store. When determining... Search by Specification | Learn More
Product News
KieTek International, Inc.
Slave Pallets Slave Pallets are designed to transport air cargo pallets or containers by forklift. The decks are equipped with 8" x 4" x .250 wall tube to capture the forks, eliminating Slave Pallet falling from forklift on rough terrain. Omni-Directional Slave Pallets are manufactured with the metal planks to provide loading from all four sides, equipped with 192 Cube Ball Transfers and 8 Flip Locs. Maximum container footprint measures 96" x 125". Capacity 20,000 lb. Bi-Directional Slave Pallets... (read more)Browse Pallets Datasheets for KieTek International, Inc.
Wood's Powr-Grip Co., Inc.
Forklift Mounted Vacuum Lifters Wood's Powr-Grip's ® Manual Rotator / Tilters deliver manual 360 ° rotation and 90 ° tilt for quick and efficient handling of insulated panels and other cladding materials. Cord-free, DC power allows operation of these below-the-hook vacuum lifters from forklifts, cranes or floor hoists, whether in the shop or on the job site. Movable vacuum pads and extension arms create three unique configurations for handling materials of nearly any size. Manual Rotator / Tilters may be hung from... (read more)Browse Vacuum Lifters Datasheets for Wood's Powr-Grip Co., Inc.
Wood's Powr-Grip Co., Inc.
New MRTA6 Forklift Adapter Adding the Wood 's Powr-Grip ® MRT Forklift Adapter to your arsenal of time saving tools brings to light a whole new dimension of capability and versatility. Used in conjunction with the Wood 's Powr-Grip line of Manual Rotator/Tilters (MRT), this Forklift Adapter is ideal for commercial handling of loads in a warehouse environment. Simply attach the Forklift Adapter to an MRT Vacuum Lifter, attach the Forklift Adapter to your forklift, and you are ready to go in a matter... (read more)
KieTek International, Inc.
An easy way to move pallets and eliminated the need for a pallet jack on board. We have reduced our Worker's Comp claims for back injuries and the "slip and fall" element by having this system. The system is so diverse that it allows us to handle pallets, large case packs and small boxes with ease. The loading station has all but eliminated damage caused by forklifts to the back of the vans and allows for inspection of the delivery at a waist level. We HIGHLY recommend that anyone who transports boxes, skids, pallets or loose... (read more)Browse Pallets Datasheets for KieTek International, Inc.
Wood's Powr-Grip Co., Inc.
Manual Rotator / Tilter (MRT) Vacuum Lifters Delivering manual 360 ° rotation and 90 ° tilt, the Wood's Powr-Grip ® Manual Rotator / Tilters (MRT's) provide economy and versatility in the shop or at the installation site. Movable vacuum pads and extension arms create three frame configurations for handling nearly any size load. With four pad arms in place, the pad spread for an MRT49DC vacuum lifter is 45-1/4" x 64-3/4" [1152 x 1643 mm]. Remove the four pad arms and the pad spread is reduced to a compact 25-1/4" x 30" [642 x... (read more)Browse Vacuum Lifters Datasheets for Wood's Powr-Grip Co., Inc.
FabEnCo, Inc.
The FabEnCo Pallet Safety Gate FabEnCo, Inc. "The Safety Gate Company". Providing Safety Solutions Since 1972. Self-Closing Industrial Safety Gates For Mezzanine and Platform Material Handling. The FabEnCo Pallet Safety Gate. Allows forklift access to elevated areas while protecting personnel. Self-closing (no electricity or automation required). Factory-installed impact-resistant bumpers protect materials from damage. Contact us today for additional information and pricing... (read more)Browse Industrial Safety Gates Datasheets for FabEnCo, Inc.
FabEnCo, Inc.
Pallet Safety Gate industrial safety gates in a saloon-door configuration. While that got the basic job done, customers can now order specialized "clamp-on " or "bolt-on " self-closing Pallet Safety Gates that come equipped with impact-resistant bumpers to protect materials being transported by a forklift from damage. Initially, FabEnCo will offer six models, galvanized or powder coated, that cover unprotected openings from 44 to 79 inches. ". To learn more about the new FabEnCo Pallet... (read more)Browse Industrial Safety Gates Datasheets for FabEnCo, Inc.
Arcoptix S.A
Arcoptix: Switchable Polarization Rotator Arcoptix: Switchable Polarization Rotator. Liquid crystal twisted nematic polarization rotator (TN cell) is very useful when one wants to rotate the orientation of a linear polarization by a fixed amount of typically 45 ° or 90 °. When light is traversing LC twisted nematic cell its polarization follows the. rotation of the molecules (see figure). Quick Links: DOWNLOAD - detailed description of the polarization rotator. DOWNLOAD - detailed description of LC Driver. DOWNLOAD... (read more)Browse Polarization Rotators Datasheets for Arcoptix S.A
H&K Equipment
Lease New & Used Forklifts, Vehicles, & Equipment selection is backed by superior workmanship, quality components, cutting-edge technology, and one of the most knowledgeable service teams working today. Material handling equipment we provide includes: Forklifts (Any Capacity). Lift Trucks (Any Capacity). Lift Truck Attachments. Aerial Lifts. Utility Vehicles. Personnel Carriers. Railcar Movers. Tow Tractors. Terminal Tractors. . Industrial cleaning equipment we provide includes: Scrubbers (Walkie and Rider). Sweepers (Walkie and Rider). Hybrid... (read more)Browse Lifts Datasheets for H&K Equipment
U.S. Plastic Corporation
Expandable EZ Lock Platform & Pallet The EZ Lock Platform and pallet allow you to customize your storage space in seconds. Its patented interlocking design allows true flexibility in building the exact size or platform you need. Using 12 " x 40 " footprints, each unit locks together making this an all-purpose storage, moving, and shipping solution. Manufactured of recycled high density polyethylene, the vented deck is freezer safe and chemical resistant. Its one piece body design and structure allows for a 4-way... (read more)Browse Pallets Datasheets for U.S. Plastic Corporation
PAT-1 safety analysis report addendum.
All wooden items (wood crates, shipping containers, dunnage, and pallets ) are to conform to the appropriate U... If a suitable overhead hoist is unavailable, a forklift may be used with a nylon strap attached... Alternately, a forklift equipped with nonmarring side grippers or a forklift drum lifter/ rotator designed for the...
~19200EUR 1700(clamp) + 6500 EUR=27400 6100 ( rotator ) + 4100 (clamp) 14700 (rental) = 10900 38300/10=3830 The most common re- configuration activities in forklift truck are: activation of additional hydraulic function, installation of... The reach truck can rotate the pallet , after a special clamp is added to the forklift to...
Standard Handbook of Plant Engineering, Third Edition > MATERIALS HANDLING: MOBILE EQUIPMENT
Attachments usually limit a forklift truck to a specialized function and, to some extent, limit its overall... This and the similar brick fork are designed specifically for handling stacks of masonry products without pallets . It is frequently combined with a rotator which allows the roll to be carried horizontally in the...
Check weighing gets a lift
...Offices+Have+Windows-1604121034502_1.jpg" border="0" />
- Pallets to the rescue: RFID eases HOS impact...War+Against+Moisture-2111121421042_1.jpg" border="0" />Harbor Crane, Harbor Crane Manufacturers, Harbor Crane Products from Harbor Crane Suppliers & Exporters on EC21.comcrane, wharf crane, Harbor crane, Bulldozer,road roller, car loader, forklift and etc. [ Related Keywords : slew drives, slewing drives, rotator , reducor ] film and kraft paper,blue belt,Wooden pallet .
- Air Technical raises the bar on cranes...War+Against+Moisture-2111121421042_1.jpg" border="0" />
- Wholesale/Retail Trade Safety Issues...off on the store loading dock, the store may not even have a forklift truck to move... Shrink-wrapping pallets and rack guards ...of injures that include muscle strains and back injuries, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff injuries, and...
- TRAILER DECKING...Years+in+Trucking-1604121035332_1.jpg" border="0" />
- States > Michigan > State > Register > 2012 > 10/01/2012On trucks equipped with rotators , the rotation shall be deactivated. The forklift shall be moved as close to the work area as possible for final positioning. 14) (22) A wood pallet shall not be used as a platform for lift truck scaffolds.
- Pallets to the rescue: RFID eases HOS impact
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Cirque Du Soleil: Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour
Wed, Jul 2, 2014 8:00 pm
Palace of Auburn Hills, Auburn Hills, MI
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Football League opens bids for official charity partnership
18 Oct 2011
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The Football League has launched a call for bids to become its charity partner for the 2012/13 season.
Novas Scarman Group, a social improvement organisation working to support individuals with issues including homelessness, domestic abuse and offending, relaunches as People Can today, following a £3m funding cut across its services.
The director of an East London homelessness charity which has undertaken a social return on investment study which demonstrated a £5m annual saving to the British government, claims that the sector has been "hijacked by government consultants who are telling us we need this sort of thing".
ITV talent show X Factor has announced it will release a cover of the Rose Royce classic 'Wishing on a star' to raise money for ACT & Childrens Hospices UK, the charity formed after a merger last week to create a "single voice for children's palliative care".
Can Nick Hurd really take this role on as well as everything else he has to do as Civil Society minister? Youth unemployment, homelessness and political disengagement are at the top of the youth policy in-tray. So there's a challenge for Nick.
Institute of Fundraising members have elected for the body to focus on educating young people about donating, despite statistics released today which show the highest-ever youth unemployment figures.
There's been highs, there's been lows, but increasingly, the Big Society is receiving negative coverage, and there's even hints that the Conservatives are giving up on David Cameron's flagship programme. civilsociety.co.uk takes you through the Big Society story so far, and invites you to share your thoughts...
Two Cambridge graduates clawing their way back from student debt by selling their faces as advertising space over the next year, have pledged to donate the proceeds from the sale of their organic canvasses on Christmas Day to charity.
Over 100 charity sub-contractors have joined the National Council for Voluntary Organisations special interest group to submit concerns over the viability of the Work Programme to employment minister Chris Grayling.


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Demon's Souls has a really neat online mechanic. Basically you can see ghosts of everyone else online, and you can leave messages to other players. Also when someone dies they leave a blood stain which can replay the last 15 seconds of their life. And thankfully because its on PS3 it isn't too crowded with ghosts, blood and messages =)


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Lots of cold days ahead for the Aussie kiddos! How do you keep the little ones warm and stylish?
Here are some gorgeous finds across the internet — from boots to hats and everything else:
And I just couldn't resist adding this majestic winter baby look:
What about you? How do you keep your baby warm and in style?
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Book Search
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Educational Settings
A Handbook for Practice, 2nd Edition
Schools and school staff play a critical role in the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, and interpersonal development of children and adolescents. This second edition of Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Educational Settings teaches readers to think strategically about the individual and...
Published February 15th 2012 by Routledge
School-Based Mental Health
A Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Practices
This volume provides school-based practitioners with a comprehensive and comparative guide to the strategic interventions, therapeutic modalities, and treatment approaches that are most commonly and effectively used in educational settings. Three main sections of the text present a foundation...
Published December 22nd 2008 by Routledge
Handbook of Cognitive-Behavior Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents
Specific Settings and Presenting Problems
This Handbook offers a much-needed resource of theoretical knowledge, evidence-based interventions, and practical guidelines for professionals providing group psychotherapy to youth clients. Written by leading professionals in the field of child and adolescent cognitive-behavioral therapy, this...
Published March 2nd 2007 by Routledge


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Colloids are generally classified into four types: emulsion, sol, aerosol and foam. The combination of fog and smoke makes up an aerosol, which is comprised of solid particles or liquid droplets dispersed throughout a gas phase. Mayonnaise is an emulsion, which are two liquids dispersed together.
In addition, foam is formed when gas is dispersed to either a solid or liquid medium, like lava or soap suds. Paint, a mixture of a solid particle into a liquid medium, is a type of sol. A mixture of a suspended particle and a solvent, a colloid is made up of particles that are too small to see but are still larger than a molecule. Colloids appear similar to solutions, but unlike solutions, colloid particles don't settle out to the bottom for an extended period of time and will just float.
Colloids can be classified as follows: Dispersed Phase. Gas. Liquid. Solid. Continuous Medium. Gas. NONE. (All gases are mutually miscible) Liquid Aerosol. Examples: fog, mist, clouds
Beer is a foam colloid. Depending upon the state of dispersed phase and dispersion
see this link------ http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemis…
It's a suspension. Plasma is the liquid, while red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are the suspended substances. You can tell this is the case because, although I seriously


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Originally written on Pro Sports Daily | Last updated 1/9/13
NEW ORLEANS -- Roger Mason came off the bench to score a season-high 17 points, including 13 in a decisive 22-2 fourth-quarter run, to power the New Orleans Hornets to an 88-79 victory over the Houston Rockets Wednesday night at the New Orleans Arena. The Hornets, who won their third consecutive game, trailed 69-59 entering the fourth quarter, but Mason caught fire. Mason hit three 3-pointers and two other jumpers during the spurt, and the Hornets rolled to an 81-71 lead with 4:19 left. The Hornets (10-25) missed their first eight 3-point attempts of the game, but Mason found the range and began torching the Rockets from the perimeter. The Hornets outscored the Rockets (21-15) 29-10 in the fourth quarter, holding Houston to its lowest output of the season. The Rockets are the NBA's highest- scoring team with a 106.2 point average. James Harden scored 25 points for the Rockets, breaking the franchise record with 14 consecutive games in which he has scored at leas...
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Chicago Tribune
Superb and provocative...In a bold and sweeping new interpretation, [MacLean] argues that ordinary working people pushed forward the challenges to the centuries-old barriers that excluded women and minorities from America's best jobs...But what's new and extraordinary about MacLean's work is her ability to incorporate the histories of several groups at once. She tells the story of African-American, Mexican-American and female workers in tandem, even while recognizing that their struggles to break into once-off-limits jobs took different paths...MacLean uses the story of the struggle for workplace equality to consider nothing less than the major political realignments of the past quarter century...This is contemporary history at its best.
— Alex Lichtenstein


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text: Adithya confidently says that Edhegaarike is his best so far in his career and he enjoyed working for the film. "There are many intense sequences in the film which can generate fear, suspense and also sympathy for my character. This is certainly one of the most daring characters on Kannada screen", says Adithya who has already shown his talent in films like Deadly Soma and Deadly II.


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Linguine With Mixed Seafood
14 Mar 2011
|Olive oil
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Clam juice/Fish stock
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs) (Juice From Canned Clams Is Fine)
|White wine
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Tomato sauce
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Peeled deveined shrimp
|4 Ounce
|Canned clams
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), drained
|Fresh clams
|10 (If Not Available, Use More Mussels)
|4 Ounce
Cook in boiling water until al dente (firm to the bite).
Drain and set aside.
Meanwhile, prepare sauce.
Combine and heat in saucepan for approx 5 minutes on a medium heat.
Add fresh seafood, cover, and cook just until done and shells open.
Do not overcook.
Remove mussels and clams.
Toss pasta with sauce, place on serving dish, and place mussels and clams around plate to decorate.
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Linguine With Mixed Seafood Recipe


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