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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 3.
Scheme of the proposed probabilistic prediction model. (A) Given a query subject Xq ∈ TE, a set of EMG signals are obtained as a response to repeated electrical stimulation of ten sites on the sole of the foot. (B) A probability distribution histogram Pqj is constructed from each signal Fqj (or combination of signals from multiple sites) to be used as classification feature. (C) The signal Fqj is labelled p (for patient) or h (for healthy), depending on the distances dqj to the closest neighbouring histograms Pi, derived from the set of training subjects {Xi ∈ TR}. (D) The final prediction for the subject Xq is carried out based on the labels lqj derived from the individual assessment of all four signals. Query subjects Xq ∈ V were used instead for all validation procedures (site combination and training set selection).
Biurrun Manresa et al. BMC Neuroscience 2013 14:110 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-14-110


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The London Metal Exchange (LME) is to launch small-size, cash settled, electronically traded monthly futures contracts initially for copper, aluminium and zinc before the end of November 2006.
Details of the contracts, called LMEminis, are as follows:
'LMEminis offer the market a new contract which is accessible, transparent and simple to trade,' says Simon Heale, LME Chief Executive. 'In addition, being cash-settled, the contracts are built on the reputation, credibility and liquidity of the existing LME contracts.
'This is an exciting development for the Exchange and, following plastics and steel, demonstrates our ongoing ability to explore and bring to market new products that enhance the current services that we offer.'
LMEminis - Further Details:

subset: commoncrawl


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Design News Flash: May 2009
Chic new restaurants, hotels, and resorts
What do you think?
This Is Where You Need To Stay In…Malaysia
Traveling to the city of Penang? We've found the hotel of your dreams.
13 Ways To Be A Gracious House Guest
Show your host or hostess how much you appreciate their hospitality with a thoughtful thank you gift.
12 Cocktails Every Wine Lover Should Know
Even if your first love is wine, sometimes the mood simply calls for a cocktail.
The White House Has Nothing On These Famous Presidential Homes
And they'd all be worth quite a lot of money today.
More From Life + Culture


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In The USA
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All products come with an Unconditional 90 Day Money Back Guarantee. If you are unhappy for any reason, simply return the bottles for a full refund of your product purchase. No questions asked!
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There is a common misconception that eczema and psoriasis are the same conditions. Although they are both non-contagious skin disorders, this is not the case as they have significantly different symptoms and causes.
The Difference Between These Two Conditions
Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is indicated by red flaky skin patches along with breaks in the skin and in severe cases symptoms may result in 'crusted over' lesions. Eczema is usually caused and exacerbated by environmental irritants such as detergents, perfumes or other allergens, whereas psoriasis tends to be passed on genetically. One of the worse aspects for suffers of eczema is the itching of the skin and consequently, the uncontrollable urge to scratch thus making the patches of affected skin even worse.
Psoriasis (derived from the Greek word 'psoera' "to itch") affects both sexes equally and appears as reddened, rough and itchy skin covered with scaly flakes. In simple terms, psoriasis is actually an acceleration of the replacement processes of the skin. Normal skin cells mature in around twenty days and drop off the body invisibly where as the cells from a patch of psoriasis complete this process almost ten times as quickly. Common locations for affected areas are the elbows, knees, hands and some outbreaks also affect the scalp. In the worst cases, psoriasis can affect the joints and cause arthritis-like symptoms.
Effective Treatments
Unfortunately, there are no specific cures for either psoriasis or eczema although sufferers of both conditions can be greatly helped by implementing a variety of methods. As with the treatment of any type of condition, the success rate varies from person to person. The following can greatly help sufferers of both disorders:
1. Eating a healthy diet. Adjusting ones diet by both eating and avoiding certain types of foods can be beneficial. Many sufferers have found that cutting out wheat and dairy products from their diet have helped relieve their symptoms.
2. Taking fish oil supplements. A daily dose of a high quality omega 3 fish oil can be extremely good for the skin. Recent studies have shown that 'krill oil' is especially beneficial.
3. Using anti-fungal creams on the scalp and other affected areas can provide short term relief. These can be obtained with a prescription from your doctor.
4. Avoiding Stress. Flare ups in both conditions, especially psoriasis, can be caused by stressful events such as moving house, going to a new college or having problems at work. It is often impossible to avoid these situations but try if at all possible.
5. UVB light treatment. There are two types of light rays, UVB and UVA. UVA rays are the ones than tan the skin and UVB rays are the ones that can be beneficial to the skin. Sufferers of both psoriasis and eczema can benefit greatly from a series of light treatment sessions - or from taking a holiday in a hot and sunny location!
Go to our H-Eczema page


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Wow.... The voice of God speaks.
Wow.... The voice of God speaks.
St. Elizabeth, Patron Saint of Themed parks. Protect us from break downs, long lines, and used gum. Amen.
"Dance like it hurts, love like you need money, and work when people are watching" - Dogbert
And to think, that was recorded by Jack Wagner, Disneyland's original "Voice Of God"...from the great beyond...I guess Jack will be talking to em one on one soon... Looks like there were exactly 666 people around the hub area in that picture, not counting Walt and Mickey of course.
God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.
St. Elizabeth, Patron Saint of Themed parks. Protect us from break downs, long lines, and used gum. Amen.
"Dance like it hurts, love like you need money, and work when people are watching" - Dogbert
Blame it on Leota...stupid seance...
I think it was brought on by Malifisent!
"To your left we have a welcome neighbor..... Our GE nuclear powerplant"
Carousel of Progress - Progress City
Is this a real announcment? or sarcasm?
It's all Micheal Eisners fault. I don't know how, but I bet if you look hard enough, it might just end up being his fault in the end.
haha thats awsome
Fire rain?
Ian, you can be cerial?!
That was funny! I can just imagine though, the Tiki room with that Thatch roof would be one of the first to go.
1st Amendment-Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
No, not my precious Tiki Room! Perhaps with enough sacrifices and arcane rituals, I can plead for my air conditioned palace of happiness to be spared.
I do too. But all the entertainment offered is not subject to going on rain or shine. This is just one of those things. I'd feel for the vacationer, but I'd feel A LOT more for the person that got their house burned down when a gust or breeze was just too big because a guest HAD to have their fireworks. Not that it's been SUPER breezy. But better safe than sorry.


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San Diego roundup: Aztecs lose in 10
The San Diego State softball team took the defending national champions to extra innings before falling 1-0 to UCLA in the 10th in the SDSU Tournament. The Bruins (19-0) were held to their lowest run total of the season.
Although the Aztecs are the tournament hosts, they were the designated visitor. Caitlin Benyi delivered an RBI single in the bottom the 10th to end the game. Keira Goerl (11-0) pitched a two-hit shutout to make a tough-luck loser of Deana Richards (4-4).
The Aztecs (13-11) bounced back to beat Syracuse 2-1, as Rancho Bernardo High product Janna Kovensky had a tie-breaking double in the seventh inning.
USD swept
The University of San Diego softball team fell 3-0 and 3-2 to visiting UC Riverside in a doubleheader. The Toreros (7-11) managed only one hit in the first game. UC Riverside (5-16) got a 3-for-4 game from Jennifer Thompson in the second game.
Toreros fall
Rancho Bernardo product Tom Caple went 2-for-5 but the USD baseball team lost 10-4 at Loyola Marymount (9-4, 2-0 West Coast Conference). Designated hitter Joseph Wickman was 3-for-4 witih a run and an RBI for the Toreros (6-10, 0-2).


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The December 'Photo Titles' Final 50
Judge Charlie Mansbach enjoyed himself reviewing your entries and narrowing them to a Final 50. His thoughts:
"The best wordings can elevate a photo, give it a fresh context, and add meaning.
"My favorites in this collection make the viewer pause (but only slightly), think, and then look at the photo anew with the words in mind. Some writers took a familiar term and gave it a fresh twist; others furnished a whole new sense of the expression. They all avoided the pitfalls of overreaching and of pointing out the obvious.
"Of the titles I didn't select, many just didn't do justice to the nice photos that went with them. Some wordings were too modest, others too sweeping. And sometimes they contained jokes that, to at least one reader, fell a little flat.
"But many did well with a challenging task. Congratulations."
Here are the December "Great Photo Titles" contest Final 50.
Here's the gallery of all of your entries.
We will post the Top 10 tomorrow.
Meanwhile, the January "What's That?" contest is in full swing.
Featured Photographer
Life and wildlife in Madagascar


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Privacy and Cookies
Qantas International could come under greater pressure if the airline further defers aircraft orders following a new capital expenditure review.
The review was announced as the Oneworld carrier forecast that it will report an underlying loss before tax for the first half of the 2014 financial year of up to A$300 million ($271 million) – a far cry from the A$223 underlying net profit it made over the same time last year.
The review is aimed at ensuring that Qantas can rebuild its cash position, with the stated aim of generating positive net free cash flow from the 2015 financial year.
The timing of that goal makes it likely that it will not exercise its options for Boeing 787-9s that will become available for delivery from 2016. Last year it renegotiated its 787 order to only 14 firm 787-8s (which are being delivered to Jetstar), cancelled the 35 787-9s it had on order, but left 50 options open. That too was part of a capital expenditure saving exercise.
Flightglobal's Ascend Online database shows that those options are tentatively scheduled for delivery out to 2025.
Group chief executive Alan Joyce has firmly held the line that it will only exercise those options once the international business returns to profitability. That had been expected in 2015, but now looks like it may take much longer.
Ascend shows that Qantas also has eight Airbus A380s scheduled to be delivered between 2017 and 2021. Qantas has indicated that the two A380s due for delivery in 2017 could be pushed back further, while the additional six are timed for delivery as it retires its 747-400ERs.
Given that Lufthansa recently cancelled some of its A380 orders, Qantas could do the same.
Although deferring or cancelling aircraft purchases may be prudent from a financial perspective, it would certainly leave Qantas International in a bind. It needs the superior economics of the new aircraft to make its business more competitive and sustainable, but may not have the cash to buy them.
In the meantime, Qantas International continues to struggle, particularly in Asia where capacity to Singapore has increased by 40% and Hong Kong by 14% since it moved its hub for European flights to Dubai in April. There have been some signs that it has taken longer than expected for demand to meet the increased number of available seats.
Competition has also been fierce on those routes. Flightglobal's FlightMaps Analytics shows that to Singapore and Hong Kong, Qantas is a distant second behind carriers like Singapore Airlines and Cathay Pacific, respectively, by most metrics.
FlightMaps Analytics
Joyce has even conceded that the carrier is struggling in the current environment.
"Our competitors in the international market, almost all owned or generously supported by their governments, have increased capacity to pursue Australian dollar profits, changing the shape of the market permanently," he says.
The situation is likely to get worse before it gets better. From the end of 2014 it will lose some capacity as its 10 A330-300s undergo a cabin refit, further stretching a fleet that has failed to keep up with the capacity growth of its Asian competitors.
Further out, Qantas faces the prospect of squaring off against competitors who have a massive number of firm orders for widebody aircraft, many of which are likely to fly to Australia. Those include new-generation A350s and 787s, which will give them an advantage over A330s delivered in the early 2000s.
Qantas must make some tough decisions about its international fleet in the coming years, but there is a danger that its desire for short-term cash could do long-term damage to its competitive position.


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The XBOX360 seems like the perfect avenue for poker console games, as well as online casino games. the XBL network and its massive player base, along with some of the best online design teams you can get for console gaming, would make it seem like the perfect storm of attributes needed to host a good free poker game, whether it be an online purchase or a disc based game.
Unfortunately, the choices for XBOX360 poker games are few and far between, and don't offer much in the way of connectivity or variation. Texas Cheat'em is one of the more popular variations on XBL, but sadly, encourages players to utilize unrealistic cheating methods to win the game, which makes it worthless in showing players a true poker experience. Poker itself is represented by two older standbys; the WSOP 2006-2008 editions, and a no deposit bankroll game by Howard Lederer that was received very poorly by ratings sites online; gamefaqs.com gives it just a 4.6/10 across 5 review sites.
What's the diagnosis for the future of poker games on the XBOX360? XBL is the second best thing to PC gaming, so the potential is there. It all depends on the abilities of third party developers to bring quality free money for poker games to the system. A smaller, but needy poker site, like Doyle's Room or Cake, could possibly try to sponsor a console game with online modes that sync with PC play money players, and make a game that transports players into the sites themselves. Will we have another console poker renaissance? Only time will tell. i guess for now, we can try Play online, it's awesome and feels just like the original PS3!
Mansioncasino.comin Australia offers numerous games of online blackjack and players of all levels can enjoy. Check out different variations of online blackjack now! Check Out New Types of Blackjack Our online casino blackjack game menu features a great number of different variations of this classic game. These new versions introduce new rules and exciting opportunities to increase your online blackjack fun-factor and earning potential! Below are some of our favourites, 21 Duel Blackjack and Lucky Blackjack. 21 Duel Blackjack Mansioncasino.com's 21 Duel takes the classic game of Blackjack and ups the ante. Like the original Blackjack, you want the sum of your cards to be as close to 21 as possible, but it gives it a twist so that every time you play you have a better shot at winning the jackpot! So how does one duel? 21 Duel Blackjack works like any Mansioncasino.com game, such as Craps, Aussie slots machines or Roulette, where you start by placing your bets. In this version of the game, one card will be facing you and the other will be facing down. The dealer's two cards are dealt facing the table and two more cards will be placed faced up in the middle of the table. The two cards in the middle of the table are called "community cards." Now's when the action begins! It's up to you to fold or to let the thrills continue and play. By folding, you quit that round and have to give up the money you bet but if you continue playing you have a second bet, and a chance to make a lot more money. If you've decided to show your swordsmanship, and are continuing to play, then you will have to place a second bet. Now, it's up to you which one of the "community cards" to pick up and add two your hand. Once you have those three cards, you can choose if you want a "hit" or if you don't want any more cards and want to "stand." Once you make your decision, the game returns to being like regular Blackjack, as you win if you have the highest cards closest to 21; and if you go over 21, you have "busted" and have lost that round of cards. Players always reveal their cards before the Dealer. Lucky Blackjack Lucky Blackjack is an entirely different type of blackjack in that there are no cards dealt to the player. Only the dealer is dealt cards, and it's your job to guess the total value of the dealer's cards. It couldn't be simpler to play this game: simply place your bet and guess the dealer's card value. Then you will be paid out according to the following pay table: • 17 pays out 5:1 • 18 and 19 pay out 6:1 • 20 pays out 4:1 • 21 pays out 12:1 • Bust pays out 2:1 • Blackjack pays out 19:1 Have fun exploring the modern blackjack games at Mansioncasino.com in Australia!
The French gambling market has exploded in popularity in recent years, as many players discover the fun it creates and the fact that you don't need to go to Vegas, or any other land casino to enjoy fun games. And as any other online niche, French casinos are available at an incredible rate, allowing players worldwide to play in their sites. Choosing a site to play is like choosing any other service you need on your everyday life. Check and compare. One good example of a site that compares French casinos in terms of bonuses and sign ups deals. It will recommended you where is the best value to you, and even lets it's visitors play for free. French market is very attractive as there are many players who like to play online, and off course, now days, you can play from everywhere. Just grab your tablet or Smart phones, and download the necessary app of your favorite game. So it essential to do some due diligence prior to playing, and endure best deals available, after all, why wouldn't you want to get the best deal that you can ? So sites owners go above and beyond to get their cut in the cake. It is only work in their favor if the will increase the bonuses and sign ups, and attract as many players as they can. The European market is huge, and the better you will be, and the more you will give, the more you will get in return, that's just plain common sense.
With the downloaded software it is easier for you to visit the site every time you feel like playing. To actually start playing online at black 23.net for example, you will need to register. For this you will need to fill out the registration page with your name, user id, unique password and the other requisite personal information. Once submitted, you are given the option to load money into your account. There may be different payment options provided including credit card payment (provided of course your service provider authorizes you to gamble online). Find the payment method that best suit you and key in the information. Now you transfer money and start playing games. Most provides bonus code while registering. Make sure you have this as you can earn great bonuses through these. Different sites provide different bonus amounts and you want to make sure you get the best deal. Search around a bit before registering, so that you can play and win.
Bingo lovers are looking for ways that would help them to revolutionize their experience of playing bingo on the Internet. Considering this fact, many new web sites are emerging to deliver these bingo lovers what they need. Following is a list of some of the sites that have revolutionized the way people used to play bingo. Hats Off Bingo This multilingual web site allows players from all around the world to play bingo on the Internet. It has become one of the highly reputed players in the world of online bingo and is attracting a lot of people by offering several features that bingo lovers would definitely love. The XBingo This overcool web site is the latest to join the bandwagon of the bingo sites, which have transformed the way bingo is played. It has a refreshing design and attractive bonuses is attracting a lot of people to the site and this is evident from the fact that it has become highly popular among bingo lovers in such a short span of time. Apart from these two, several other new bingo sites offer different types of bingo games online to bingo lovers of all ages and from all lifestyles.
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COLUMBIA CITY — With all the beautiful weather lately, it is hard to believe Christmas is only a few months away.
The local Leatherneck Coffee Club Marines and Whitley County Toys For Tots coordinators have been hard at work already planning the 2013 season.
Those experiencing difficult times or know someone who is, and will need assistance this Christmas, sign up will be from now through Wednesday, Nov. 27, Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. at the Salvation Army office located at the First Church of God, 1200 W. Depoy Dr. in Columbia City.
CHURUBUSCO — The aged assertion, "When it rains, it pours," seemed to be an understatement this past spring and summer for Believers' Bible Fellowship, 316 N. Main St., Churubusco.
The unusually wet spring and summer left the church's basement drenched and damp.
After repairing the source of the problem, the members of the church were met with the need to repair the damage. Not only were they confronted with crumbling basement walls, many of which are rock and mortar, but also black mold.
Church members soon realized that the restitution was beyond their capabilities.
Whitko High School held a special convocation for students and members of the community to recognize veterans Monday.
Speaking to the audience were veterans David Roth and Wilbur Wilson (right).
Both men shared some of their experiences as military servicemen.
COLUMBIA CITY — When Kende Hare made the decision to participate in the Columbia City Veterans Marathon last year, she didn't know if her husband would be able to see her cross the finish line.
He husband, Jason, was stationed in Kuwait for 10 months as a flight medic, and didn't know when he was going to return home.
Regardless, Kende trained all summer for her first marathon.
"I'd always wanted to run a full marathon," Kende said. "When Jason was deployed I decided I wanted to do this race for all veterans.
COLUMBIA CITY— A man who ran in the Veterans Marathon this past Saturday has done something many have dreamed of doing — traveled to all seven continents.
Hajime Nishi, 64, of Japan, has done that feat to an even greater degree. Nishi has run a marathon on all seven continents.
The native of Kyoto, Japan, began running marathons in the 1990s. In 1997, he stepped into the Guiness Book of World Records.
Nishi ran seven marathons on seven continents in a record amount of time — slightly less than seven months.
COLUMBIA CITY — "The heart and soul of our job is parents working with teachers for the benefit of the student."
Whitley County Consolidated School Superintendant Pat O'Connor stressed the importance of parent involvement in the schools, and that was reflected in the district's parent-teacher conferences last month.
In the elementary schools, there was more than 90 percent participation in the conferences.
Coesse and Northern Heights both had 97 percent participation, Little Turtle had 95 and Mary Raber brought in 90 percent of parents to conferences.
WARSAW — A pair of men who are wanted in Whitley County for home improvement fraud had a warrant issued for their arrest from Kosciusko County as well.
Elvis Allison, 26, and his brother Bobby, 22, of Silver Lake, are wanted by both counties in connection with home improvement fraud scandals.
An accomplice of the men, George Martin, was convicted of home improvement fraud in Whitley County Circuit Court this year.
COLUMBIA CITY — Veterans were honored with ceremonious grandeur Sunday at the 11th Annual Salute to Veterans program.
Indian Springs Middle School hosted the event, sponsored by Peabody Public Library, which was themed, "Every Picture Tells A Story."
As part of the program, a slide show presentation scrolled through photographs of veterans along with their military service.
The Whitley County Historical Museum filled several tables with memorabilia, photographs and newspaper clippings from war times.
COLUMBIA CITY — While winning the 5th Annual Veterans Marathon for the fifth time was a breeze for Justin Gillette, gusty winds made for some tough finishes for the 632 runners who took the streets in Columbia City Saturday.
Gillette, of Goshen, has won all five Veterans Marathons, this year a little slower than previous races in Columbia City.
Gillette finished the 26.2 miles in 2:42:51.93, 10:01 ahead of the second-place finisher, Grant Stieglitz, of Fort Wayne.


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Art and the Arab Citizen: Raising Public Consciousness through the Arts
English | Arabic
No creative medium has captivated Arabs more than poetry—it remains to this day the region's most widely prized form of artistic expression. The Prince of Poets Festival, an event broadcast annually on Abu Dhabi TV, now draws more than seven thousand contestants and is watched by over seventy million viewers.1 As Ibn Abbas, the Companion of the Prophet Muhammad, claimed in the 7th century, "Poetry is the register of the Arabs."2 There are no known studies of the number of Arab visitors to exhibitions of visual art, but they certainly don't fill football stadiums to capacity, as did the crowd that gathered for a public reading by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish in Beirut in 2008. Yet during the Arab Spring, public spaces in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Yemen, and Syria witnessed an unprecedented civic response to art. Is it possible that, one day, the visual arts might also be considered a "Register of the Arabs"?
Over the past decade, new forms of artistic presentation and reception in the Arab world have contributed to the political and social empowerment of local communities. During the Arab Spring, this was seen in the spontaneous display of artworks—murals, graffiti, comics, videos, and installations—in public spaces. A style of practice that emerged two decades ago as a form of personal expression had become a social practice aimed at broadening awareness of a host of issues, from human rights to social justice.
In the 20th century, artists in a number of Arab countries and in the Arab diaspora addressed sociopolitical and other concerns at varying levels of complexity. For example, in Egypt during the 1920s and '30s, art reflected the rise of nationalism and the struggle for independence from British rule. In 1938, artists and intellectuals including Ramsis Yunan (1914–1966) and other Surrealists formed the Art and Freedom group, which published a manifesto that opposed fascism and called for "free art" and individual liberty. And in 1960, artist Inji Efflatoun was imprisoned by Jamal Abdel Nasser for her political views. Yet artists continued to respond to political and social issues. However, with few exceptions, these artists were not engaged directly with the general public. What distinguishes 21st-century artistic practices is their openness to participation and their use of the public realm as a site of production and presentation. Additionally, artists have begun collaborating with persons from other disciplines, including architecture, theater, and anthropology. Such encounters promise greater relevance and accessibility.
The following examples of public engagement with the arts were initiated by artists, artists' collectives, and artist-led nonprofit art organizations around the Arab world. The reference to the region as "Arab" rather than the problematic "Middle Eastern" is intentional. The term Middle East is an arbitrary coinage of American naval officer and historian Alfred Thayer Mahan, who used it to refer to the region between Europe and India; today, it denotes the area between Morocco and Afghanistan. Aside from its political implications, the use of the term obscures the region's common history, culture, and language—as in the example of the poetry that is shared by Arabs from Morocco to Iraq. At the same time, differences must be acknowledged and understood within the context of local social, economic, and political forces—influences in constant flux throughout this troubled region.
Art and Cultural Activism in the Public Sphere
Prior to the Arab Spring, artists in Tunisia, Syria, Egypt, and the Arab diaspora developed research-based work dealing with sociopolitical issues of concern to the majority of their respective populations. This art is complex and has been exhibited regionally and internationally. During the Arab Spring, another form of art was promoted, one that prioritized message and empowered its public. In the galleries, photographic collages showing demonstrators carrying banners emblazoned with popular slogans sold well—everyone, it seemed, wanted a piece of the Arab Spring. In an interview with curator Dorothea Schoene, Lebanese-Egyptian artist-activist Lara Baladi (b. 1969), co-founder of Tahrir Cinema,3 admitted that standards of art production and discourse were threatened: "With all the speed and pressure under which things are happening here," he observed, "and with the expectation that everything we do is targeted toward imposing political change, there is a tendency to forget critical thinking and to privilege the immediate politically activist message rather than mature reflection."4
In all of the Arab Spring revolutions, art engaged and empowered the public and played a significant role in shaping public consciousness. But will the public be moved by what Baladi describes as "political art-ivism" to seek and appreciate art of "mature reflection"? It is too early to judge whether more people are yet visiting galleries. There is, however, a growing number of artists in the Arab world who are working with long-term socially engaged art projects; some practitioners have even dedicated their time and energy to running nonprofit art organizations that serve marginalized communities.
Artellewa Art Space, for example, is an independent, nonprofit project run by Egyptian artist Hamdy Reda. It is located in an informal urban settlement (ashwa'iyat) northwest of Giza in Greater Cairo. According to its mission statement, the organization emphasizes the social roles of art and artists, and promotes dialogue between artists and the local population. Its programs include exhibitions with local relevance, international residencies, film screenings, artist lectures, and music.
One of the region's earliest public, site-specific artworks was a performance and installation by Lebanese artist Rabia Sukkaria (b. 1953). In 1987, during the 1975–90 Civil War in Beirut, Sukkaria took advantage of a break in the fighting to create a symbolic installation on the Green Line between East and West Beirut that separates the warring factions; she tied paper poppies inscribed with poetry onto charred trees. The blooms had been cut and colored by Lebanese children, who watched the performance on television. During the conflict, crossing the Green Line meant risking one's life—a circumstance that did not escape the children, who watched with a mixture of pride and terror.
Participatory Art
A 2006–08 survey of Palestinian artists showed that the majority of their work dealt with occupation, war, displacement, and other results of the Israeli occupation; there was a marked detachment from domestic politics and a pronounced lack of self-criticism and debate. Artists Sandi Hilal and Alessandro Petti explore this situation in their installation Ramallah Syndrome, which was commissioned for the 2009 Venice Biennale.5 Intervening in the public sphere, Hilal and Petti collaborated with sound artists to create an aesthetic conversation from a series of discussions. Recordings of this are played in the work as interrupted sequences of speech, resulting in a multiplicity of voices. Inherently participatory, the work opens up various public spaces to debate, prompting intellectuals, artists, curators, and ordinary citizens to examine the rise of Ramallah as the de facto capital of a future Palestinian state, and the Palestinian Authority's acquiescence to Israel's political substitution of Jerusalem.
Loss of Public Spaces
Due to the popularity of roundabouts as sites of demonstration, municipalities are now fencing them off or demolishing them outright. Moreover, the commercial sector is encroaching on public space, limiting the number of sites available for mass gatherings. In response, enterprising cultural activists are devising alternative ways of accessing public space—through billboards, for example, or social media. Another approach has been to hold temporary exhibitions in deserted buildings, community centers, and refugee camps, as well as in neglected historical sites.
The diminishing availability of public space also inspired a project by Beirut nonprofit group 98 Weeks, in which participants used taxis as social spaces, recording conversations with the drivers and sharing their stories on the radio. In Kuwait, an intervention was staged at a commercial fair. In Jordan, an artists' residency program took place in a village, with the cooperation of the village council and local families. And in Tunis, the ancient cities of Sfax and Tunis have been used as presentation sites for contemporary art.
Are such artist-led initiatives merely, as critic Claire Bishop argues, "feel-good charades" that displace good art?6 Do they act as a poor substitute for self-directed civic responsibility? In the case of the Arab world, they undoubtedly serve to bring young people together under the banner of art, in the process giving young artists a renewed sense of purpose. But questions remain: What kind of relationship exists between artist and public in the Arab world, where most people are not in the habit of visiting museums and galleries? Does art in the public sphere respond to a need for alternative ways to reach a nonspecialist audience? Will people view creative work in a different light after the revolutions, or after engaging with it for the first time? These and other questions demand further exploration. There is a dearth of scholarship on the impact of public art on the development of new work and new audiences, but any direct influence may be regarded as a positive step in a region where art education is absent from most public schools, and where access to art has traditionally been limited to the elite. Grassroots initiatives that seek to extend the reach of art, establish alternative art spaces, educate the public in contemporary practice, and mentor artists through residencies are all positive steps in expanding the audience for the arts and affirming their role in raising collective consciousness.
- Middle East Online, "ADACH to launch fourth session of 'Prince of Poets,'" Middle East Online, April 4, 2010, accessed November 10, 2012, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=38226. ↩
- Ibn Abbas, quoted in Muḥsin Jāsim Mūsawī, preface to Arabic Poetry (London: Routledge, 2010). ↩
- Tahrir Cinema screened demonstrations across Egypt on a wall in Tahrir Square. ↩
- Lara Baladi, quoted in Dorothea Schoene, "Art in a Revolution: A Conversation with Lara Baladi," Afterimage Online: The Journal for Media Arts and Cultural Criticism vol. 39, no 5 (2012), accessed October 2, 2012, http://www.vsw.org/ai/issues/afterimage-vol-39-no-5/. ↩
- Salwa Mikdadi, Palestine c/o Venice, (Beirut: Mind the Gap, 2009). Ramallah Syndrome is an art project commissioned for Palestine c/o Venice, an exhibition curated by Salwa Mikdadi for the 2009 Venice Biennale. ↩
- Claire Bishop, Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship (London: Verso, 2012). ↩


text:
My name is Lana Patrice Finbow. My birthday is April 9th. I grew up in Charlottesville, Virginia, as an only child. My mother passed away just after I was born (my middle name is her first name), so I lived with my father, Raymond Oliver Finbow "Ray" for my whole childhood, in a beautiful suburban just on the outskirts of town.
From a young age, I knew I wanted to be a lawyer. I also knew I had to work hard to achieve my dream. I was valedictorian of my class in high school, and attended Colby-Sawyer College in New London, New Hampshire, graduating with a master's degree in Legal Studies.


text:
Mr. Bloomberg, who has come under fire for the N.Y.P.D.'s monitoring of Muslim communities and other aggressive tactics, said the rest of the country needs to learn from the attacks.
"Look, we live in a very dangerous world. We know there are people who want to take away our freedoms. New Yorkers probably know that as much if not more than anybody else after the terrible tragedy of 9/11," he said.
"We have to understand that in the world going forward, we're going to have more cameras and that kind of stuff. That's good in some sense, but it's different from what we are used to," he said.


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Our staff used this product to travel to area day cares and provide instruction. It was easy to carry along with the projects and the kids loved it. We also use them in sorting activities.
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text:
Facebook not an information bubble, researchers conclude
Social media networks like Facebook are not putting users in an ideological information bubble, despite fears to the contrary, a new research report said Thursday.
Social media networks like Facebook are not putting users in an ideological information bubble, despite fears to the contrary, a new research report said Thursday.
Facebook said Tuesday it was reconfiguring its News Feed, in a move aimed at giving people more information about what is happening to "the friends you care about."
Reuters news websites were inaccessible in China on Friday, the latest Western news organisation to be blocked in a country where censors keep a tight grip over information.
ABC News is available as a streaming channel on Roku, executives said Monday.
Facebook said Tuesday it would step up efforts to limit circulation of bogus "news stories" in user feeds, saying it is an annoyance for members of the huge social network.
Google on Tuesday followed through with a pledge to shut down Google News in Spain in reaction to a Spanish law requiring news publishers to receive payment for content even if they are willing to give it away.
Spain's main web-surfers' association warned Friday that national media will lose huge internet traffic when Google shuts its Google News operation next week in protest at being made to pay for content, while ...
Spanish lawmakers annoyed Google on Thursday by passing a law that allows media organisations to charge the Internet giant for the right to reproduce their news content.
Internet giant Google said Wednesday it would remove news snippets and thumbnails of articles from several German news sites from its search results amid a legal battle with publishers.
The Associated Press said Thursday that it has bought a minority stake in the live video service Bambuser, boosting its ability to acquire and distribute video collected by people who have witnessed news events.
At 17, he's a tech whiz, he's rich—and he can even offer some advice on how to raise your kids. Teenage programmer Nick D'Aloisio's decision to sell his news application Summly to Yahoo for what's rumored to ...
A company that relays excerpts of Internet news articles to its customers violates copyright laws, a judge said Thursday in a decision that gave The Associated Press a victory in its attempts to protect its online news content.
(AP)—China says it has closed scores of websites for offering pornography, video sharing and online gaming.
Google will help French news organizations increase their online advertising revenue and also set up a €60 million ($82 million) fund to finance digital publishing innovation, settling a dispute over whether the Internet ...
Yahoo! confirmed Tuesday that it bought Snip.it, a young San Francisco startup that lets people create scrapbooks with pictures, articles, videos and other content found online.


text: KUČKA Laura Jane Lowther Perth, Australia Management: Aarom Wilson - firstname.lastname@example.com Bookings: Daniel Sant - firstname.lastname@example.com Kučka began as a solo bedroom project for vocalist and producer Laura Jane Lowther. By carefully piecing together found sounds, layering her vocals and experimenting, she created a combination of delicate, ambient sounds, industrial glitches and captivating grooves. More structured tracks formed, resulting in her self titled debut EP, an eclectic mixtape with a unique textural avant-pop sound. Now Kučka has gained a reputation in her hometown Perth, for her interesting live shows, recruiting Jake Steele (Injured Ninja) on analog synths, Katie Campbell (Catlips) on live electronic beats to accompany her haunting vocals and mixed up sampling. Kučka has collaborated with Director Julia Ngeow on 2 music videos for Rewind + PHANTASY. Like us on facebook to receive info on our gigs! www.facebook.com/iamkucka firstname.lastname@example.com KUČKA's tracks Recovery +++ by KUČKA published on 2015/05/04 01:52:53 +0000 Unconditional ♡ by KUČKA published on 2014/05/22 10:14:58 +0000 Brandy - Prom theme from "The Little Mermaid" by KUČKA published on 2013/08/19 12:23:33 +0000 PHANTASY by KUČKA published on 2013/03/30 06:58:19 +0000 Rewind by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:39 +0000 The Operation by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:39 +0000 Polly by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:38 +0000 Sun Moon Blood Night by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:38 +0000 Chinatown by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:38 +0000 I by KUČKA published on 2012/03/13 15:18:38 +0000


text:
Cody Puckett hit a 2-run double in his first atbat. Man is he on fire. 4-0 Dayton after one inning.
Cody Puckett hit a 2-run double in his first atbat. Man is he on fire. 4-0 Dayton after one inning.
I miss Adam Dunn.
Stewart: 2 IP, 2 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 0 K, 3 GO/3 FO
I miss Adam Dunn.
Sulbaran: 2 IP, 0 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 2 K
I miss Adam Dunn.
19-year old Mariekson Gregorius is playing SS tonight for Sarasota. He was signed by the Reds out of the Netherlands last year.
Tony Brown gives Sarasota a 2-1 lead with a HR.
I miss Adam Dunn.
2-Run Double for Cody Puckett in the 1st.
He remains sizzling hot!!!
Now a 1.600+ OPS (and 1.100+ SLG) over his last 7 games plus this at-bat.
The baseball looks like a basketball to him right now.
Sorry, OBM....didn't see you post.
Stewart: 3 IP, 2 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 0 K, 5 GO/4 FO
I miss Adam Dunn.
Solo HR by Miguel Rojas makes it 5-0 Dayton after two innings.
Means is 2-for-2
I miss Adam Dunn.
This is Stew's AA debut tonite, right?
That's right. Thanks. Lost track over the holiday weekend.
He clearly doesn't seem bothered by the jump in level...
Stewart: 4 IP, 4 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 2 K, 5 GO/5 FO
I miss Adam Dunn.
Sulbaran: 4 IP, 3 H, 1 R, 0 BB, 4 K
5-1 Dayton after 3 1/2 innings.
I miss Adam Dunn.
Stewart out after 4. Only 69 pitches. What is that about?
Maybe they're managing his innings and pitch count now as he moves into a starting role and racks up innings?
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text:
Originally written on Pro Sports Daily | Last updated 11/16/12
The Toronto Blue Jays have signed free-agent outfielder Melky Cabrera to a two-year, $16 million contract, according to an ESPN report Friday. Cabrera was having a monster year for the San Francisco Giants in 2012 until he tested positive for a performance-enhancing drug in August and was suspended for 50 games by Major League Baseball. At the time, he was hitting .313 with 11 homers and 60 RBI and had 13 stolen bases. The World Series-champion Giants could have added Cabrera to their postseason roster but chose to leave him off. Cabrera, a switch hitter, came to the Giants from Kansas City, where he hit .305 with 18 homers and 87 RBI in 2011. His addition could add to a Blue Jays lineup bolstered through offseason acquisitions that include shortstop Jose Reyes.
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text:
Often in DASD subsystems, circumstances can occur which prevent the full transfer of the required data from channel to subsystem during a write operation. The disclosed methods prevents this data from later being read and treated as valid data by the host processor. This is achieved by marking data as invalid within the storage subsystem once it is determined that a channel error has occured. Subsequently, upon reading that data, the host processor can be made aware of the data invalidity and treat the data accordingly. In a second embodiment, invalid data is discarded rather than stored over the previous valid version of the data, before it is ever stored on DASD.
1. In a data processing system having a host processor, said host processor coupled to a plurality of channels, a controller attached to said host processor through said plurality of channels, and a plurality of data storage devices coupled to said controller, said controller including a plurality of storage paths for managing data movement between said host processor and said plurality of data storage devices, a method in said controller for detecting and reporting to said host processor invalid data, due to an exception condition, received from said host processor comprising the steps of:
identifying the exception condition causing the invalid data to be invalid;
marking the invalid data processed under said exception condition as invalid;
in response to a subsequent request by said host processor to read the invalid data, detecting that said invalid data is marked as invalid;
signaling the host processor that the invalid data is marked as invalid; and
wherein said exception condition is a power loss in the host processor, an operating system failure within the host processor, or a failed retry.
2. The method as set forth in claim 1 further comprising the step of notifying the host processor that the controller and the plurality of data storage devices are operating properly.
3. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said exception condition is a Dual Copy under error.
4. In a data processing system having a host processor, said host processor coupled to a plurality of channels, a controller attached to said host processor through said plurality of channels, and a plurality of data storage devices coupled to said controller, said controller including a plurality of storage paths for managing data movement between said host processor and said plurality of data storage devices, each said storage path having an Automatic Data Transfer (ADT) buffer, a method in said controller for detecting and reporting to said host processor invalid data received from said host processor comprising the steps of:
establishing an asynchronous mode in the controller for allowing said invalid data received from said host processor to be discarded in said ADT buffer such that said invalid data is not written to said plurality of data storage devices;
transferring a data record from said host processor through one of said plurality of channels into said ADT buffer;
in response to a channel error during said data record transfer from said host processor through one of said plurality of channels into said ADT buffer, discarding said data record in said ADT buffer and preserving a previous copy of said data record on one of said plurality of data storage devices; and
in response to a successful data record transfer without a channel error from said host processor through one of said plurality of channels into said ADT buffer, further transferring said data record to one of said plurality of data storage devices.
5. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein the channel error is indicated in said controller by said data record being padded when said data record arrives at said ADT buffer.
6. In a data processing system having a host processor, said host processor coupled to a plurality of channels, a controller attached to said host processor through said plurality of channels and operating in Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) fast write mode, a plurality of data storage devices coupled to said controller, said controller including a cache memory having a track slot, a non-volatile storage (NVS) array having a block and shadowing said cache memory, and a plurality of storage paths for managing data movement between said host processor and said plurality of data storage devices, said plurality of storage paths each having an automatic data transfer (ADT) buffer, a method in said controller for detecting and reporting to said host processor an invalid data record received from said host processor comprising the steps of:
establishing an asynchronous mode in the controller for allowing said invalid data received from said host processor to be discarded in said ADT buffer such that said invalid data is not written to said plurality of data storage devices;
transferring a data record from said host processor through one of said plurality of channels to said controller;
determining whether a previous version of said data record is located in said track slot in said cache memory;
determining whether a block in said NVS array has been allocated for said data record;
determining whether said data record is invalid;
wherein if said transfer of said data record comprises a format write and said data record is invalid, deallocating a block in said NVS array associated with said data record and converting the format write command into an erase command;
wherein if said transfer of said data record comprises a first update write and said data record is invalid, deallocating said block in said NVS array associated with said data record and invalidating said track slot in said cache memory associated with said data record;
wherein if said transfer of said data record comprises a subsequent update write and a previously non-updated data record within said track slot is to be updated and said data record is invalid, destaging said track slot containing said data record from said cache memory to one of said plurality of data storage devices, deallocating said block in said NVS array associated with said data record, and invalidating said track slot in said cache memory associated with said data record; and
wherein if said transfer of said data record comprises a subsequent update write and a previously updated data record within said track slot is to be updated and said data record is invalid, discarding said block in said NVS array allocated for said data record, invalidating said track slot in said cache memory associated with said data record, destaging said block in said NVS array associated with said previously updated data record from said NVS array to one of said plurality of data storage devices, destaging said track slot containing said data record from said cache memory to one of said plurality of data storage devices, and deallocating said block in said NVS array associated with said previously updated data record.
7. The method as set forth in claim 6 further comprising subsequent to the first update write and said data record is invalid, further destaging other data records within said track slot containing said data record from said NVS array to one of said plurality of data storage devices.
8. The method as set forth in claim 6 further comprising labelling all data records within said track slot associated with said data record as pinned in said NVS array until the destage operation is complete.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to data storage subsystems and improvements providing data integrity within these subsystems. More particularly, this invention comprises methods for detecting, recording and properly treating data that has been corrupted before it reaches the subsystem.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the direction of the data processing industry has placed particular emphasis on on-line workstations, distributed processing and the introduction of information processing technology into many new application areas. As a result, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of on-line database systems and a growth in the requirement for storage capacity and increased reliability and flexibility in data storage devices.
This need has been met by Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) subsystems including storage controllers such as the IBM 3990 Model 3. The storage controller is installed between host processors and the DASD devices themselves. The controller acts not only as a path director for data flowing between the host and the DASDs but also as a performance enhancer for the data progressing system as a whole. This second activity is accomplished through the use of cached memory within the storage controller.
The IBM 3990 Model 3 is an example of a storage controller having a cache function. This controller can attach to 370, 370-XA and ESA/370channels which are all well known in the art. When the controller is operating with 370 channels, it provides path-independent device allocation. When, on the other hand, the 3990 is operating with 370-XA and ESA/370channels, it provides both path independent device allocation and dynamic path reconnection.
Communication between the host processor and the storage controller is accomplished through the use of a set of commands sent through channel devices which direct the controller to process specific data at specific locations. For example, in the IBM System/360 and System/370 host environments, the CPU issues a series of commands identified in 360/370 architecture as Channel Command Words (CCWs) which control the operation of the associated DASD through the storage controller.
A data transfer operation is initiated by the host CPU generating a START I/O instruction which is passed to the channel and causes control to be relinquished to a chain of CCWs. The CCW chain is then sent over the channel to the storage controller so that control operations can be effected, the proper storage device can be selected so that data transfer can occur.
Each CCW is separately resident in the CPU main store and must be fetched by the channel program, decoded and transferred to the storage controller. The CCW specifies the command to be executed and the storage area, if any, to be used.
When data is transferred between a host computer and a group of DASD devices through a storage controller, the data is transferred in a specific format comprising variable length records separated by fixed time gaps between the records and between the fields within the records. Each record typically includes several fields.
One of the problems inherent in large data processing systems is data integrity. This is especially true in large systems containing a storage subsystem with a DASD controller. Although various schemes, most often involving Error Checking and Correction (ECC), have been employed to detect data invalidity internal to various components (i.e. to the storage controller or to the host processor), there has, heretofore, been no satisfactory solution to data integrity problems that are created by data transfers between system components.
For example, when the host processor transfers data records through the channel to the storage controller for eventual storage on DASD, it is entirely conceivable that during that data transfer, a fault can occur. This can be due to a loss of power to the host processor or various system or software operating system failures such as a failed retry. Any of these events can cause the channel to transmit a Halt I/O, Selective Reset or System Reset command to the storage subsystem during data transfer of CCWs with or without user data.
If such a fault occurs during the transmission of user data, the user data can be truncated or improperly transmitted at the time of the fault. Worse yet, the data is never marked as bad so that during a subsequent read of the invalid data, neither the storage subsystem nor the host processor, when it receives the data, will be aware of any problem with the data.
It should also be noted that various other events can take place within the data storage subsystem because of an external problem-that would have the effect of producing invalid data within the storage subsystem without any indication that the data was, indeed, invalid. Such events include a situation where a retry fails or is not attempted such as in the case of a channel overrun or a Bus Out Parity Check. Moreover, in the case of a Dual Copy under error, where the storage controller is directed to proceed with a dual copy even if the data can not be read without error from the primary device, an exception can occur which will have the effect of damaging data.
It thus becomes necessary for the storage controller to handle these exception conditions in such a way that permits orderly control and recording of data defects as a result of exceptions. It is also desired that the overhead associated with the detection and recordation of invalid data be minimal both in terms of processing efficiency and freedom from hardware modifications. Moreover, it is important that the method be accurate in detection of invalid data.
This disclosure presents two solutions to the above mentioned problem, each described as a preferred embodiment. The first solution requires some hardware modification due to modification of data formatting, but it provides accurate and efficient identification of bad data. Furthermore, it allows the storage controller to notify the host processor, via the channel interface, of corrupted data which is transmitted as a result of a read request by the host.
The second solution requires only a microcode change within the storage controller. It uses the storage controller's ability to operate asychronously in order to solve the above mentioned problem.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for managing a data storage subsystem in a data processing system.
It is another object of this invention to efficiently and accurately detect invalid data within a data storage subsystem.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method and architecture whereby the data storage subsystem can inform a connected host processor of data that is deemed invalid.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a method and architecture whereby the data storage subsystem can efficiently transfer data to a host processor with an indication of the validity of the data.
It is yet a further object of this invention to detect and report invalid data on DASD without a need to reformat existing DASD devices.
The above and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system typical of one used to implement the method and apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the storage controller depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a storage path processor;
FIG. 4 is a representation of a data track in conventional Count-Key-Data (CKD) format;
FIG. 5 is a detailed representation of a COUNT field shown in FIG. 4 and including the FIELD STATUS area;
FIG. 6 is a table representing the bit assignments for the FIELD STATUS area;
FIG. 7 is a detailed representation of a DATA field shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 8 is a logical flow chart of a write process executed by the storage controller when in normal write mode;
FIG. 9 is a logical flow chart of a write process executed by the storage controller when in DASD fast write mode.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a data processing system 10 in which the present invention is embodied will be described.
Data processing system 10 includes a storage controller 12, a plurality of host processors 14, 16, 18 and 20 and a plurality of direct access storage devices (DASD's) 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32. DASDs are generally magnetic storage units such as disk drives. In this embodiment, the DASDs 22-32 are connected to the storage controller 12 for selective connection to any or all of the host processors 14-20. The storage controller 12 is preferably an IBM 3990 Model 3 or an enhanced version of the same. The enhanced version and its associated features will be discussed below. Host processors 14-20 are typically main frame systems such as the IBM 3090, the ES9000 Model computer, or comparable systems.
The host processors 14-20 are connected to storage controller 12 through either 4, 8, 12, or 16 system adapters (SAs). There are two types of SAs: parallel and ESCON. Parallel SAs provide attachment to channels via a parallel I/O interface. ESCON SAs provide channel attachment via the ESCON I/O interface. Various SA configurations can be used with a minimum of four and a maximum of sixteen SA's connected to the storage controller 12. Each parallel SA attaches to one host channel while an ESCON SA can attach to multiple host channels. Each SA, in turn, contains a number of channels which results in the ability to provide up to 128 channels in communication with the storage controller 12 when using ESCON SAs. While it is necessary to understand, generally, that channels connect to the storage controller 12, a discussion of the various channel configurations is beyond the scope of this specification.
FIG. 2 illustrates, through a block diagram, the general architecture of the storage controller 12 embodying this invention. It can be seen that each cluster is configured with two Storage Paths (SPs) 60, 62, 64 and 66. Each storage path contains a microcontroller capable of interpreting channel commands from the host and controlling the attached DASDs. Further, each cage contains Shared Control Array (SCA) storage 42 and 44. The SCA stores local status information as well as status information shared with the SCA located in the other cage within the storage controller 12. Typical shared data includes device status and reconnection data as well as a variety of external registers used by the microcontrollers contained in each of the storage paths 60, 62, 64, and 66. SCA data is accessible to all four storage paths 60, 62, 64, and 66. This access is 14 over fault independent paths so that in the case of a power failure in, for example, cage 1, storage path 0 (located in cluster 0) would continue to have access to the SCA of cage 0.
FIG. 3 shows the one of the four storage paths 60 in the storage controller 12 in a block diagram schematic. All four storage paths being identical, only one will be described herein. Storage path 60 is connected to 8�2 switch 115 by an upper port 110 and to a plurality of DASDs by a lower port 112. Data transfer between the 8�2 switch 115 and one of the DASDs during direct DASD operations occurs via an automatic data transfer circuit (ADT) 174 supported by a rate change buffer 176, if required. Rate change buffer 176 compensates for differences between the speed of data transference by DASD and that of channel to host communications. Channel transfers typically occur at a much higher rate than DASD to controller transfers.
The storage path 60 also contains a microcontroller 170 which functions to control all operations taking place on the storage path 60. The microcontroller 170 executes microinstructions which are loaded into a control store (CS) 182 through an external/support facility. The microcontroller 170 used in the preferred embodiment, in addition to having internal registers, is capable of addressing up to 256 external registers located on the storage path card. There is also provision for addressing locations external to the storage path 60 such as both cache elements and both NVSs using an indirect register interface.
A port adapter (PA) 172 provides control and data paths for the transfer of data between cache 70 and 72, nonvolatile storage 74 and 76, microcontroller 170 and upper and lower ports. It also allows for the microcontroller 170 to perform indirect addressing to cache and NVS, using the IRA and IRD registers.
The ADT 174 transfers data among the SA, the upper port, the lower port and the device connection. All transfers through the ADT can take place at up to 18 MB per second. Automatic data transfer through the ADT 174 is set up and initiated by microcode located within the control store 182. After initiation, no further microcode intervention is required until after the transfer is complete.
Caches 70 and 72 each contain two ports (upper and lower) to allow for two simultaneous data transfers to and/or from each cache element. By way of example, data may be transferred from cache and channel while also transferring data to cache from DASD. Data transfer is typically set up by microcontroller 170 and then taken over by the automatic data transfer 174 function without microcontroller intervention until transfer termination.
A typical track format for data recordation on DASD is now described with reference to FIG. 4. The most widely used arrangement is referred to as Count-Key-Data format (CKD). CKD is used with the IBM 3990 Model 3 storage controller and the various DASD devices that it supports. The primary advantage of CKD is the flexibility it provides in allowing records to be of variable length. The CKD format, although well known in the art, will now be described briefly.
The basic CKD record format includes a COUNT field, an optional and variable length KEY field and a variable length DATA field. The COUNT field is fixed in length and specifies the record identification and the respective lengths of the KEY and DATA fields. The optional KEY field, if used, is of variable length and may be used to rapidly identify particular records which have been stored under a classification scheme based upon the KEY fields.
On each track there is an index which defines the physical radial location of the track on the disk. Following the index is a Home Address (HA) which contains information about the condition of the track, including the location and length of any defects on the track. Following HA is a track descriptor record (RO) which can be used to point to an alternate track, if the primary track is defective.
Following the RO record are the data records R1 to Rn, which are in conventional CKD format as described above. Physical gaps within and between the data records, represented as "G" in FIG. 4, separate the recorded areas on the track. The length of the gaps varies with the particular track format and the location of the gap. The gaps are required between the fields to perform various hardware functions, including the encoding and decoding of data and the padding of variable length fields.
FIG. 5 illustrates the format of the track records that are used in the first preferred embodiment of this invention. It should be noted that this record includes FIELD STATUS data denoted FS. Although FIG. 5 represents the data format as stored on DASD, the FIELD STATUS data also travels with the data fields throughout the storage controller 12. The FIELD STATUS data, wherever located, indicates the validity of the attached data field. The primary purpose of FIELD STATUS is to increase data integrity during data transfers including data transfers within the storage controller 12.
The table in FIG. 6 describes bit assignments for the FIELD STATUS area. As required by the first preferred embodiment of the instant invention, FIELD STATUS is a two byte object that travels with various data fields through the data fields and indicates the validity of the attached data field. The ADT 174 appends FIELD STATUS to fields coming from the SA and strips FIELD STATUS from data fields going to the SA. This is because the SAs (both parallel and ESCON) do not maintain or support FIELD STATUS.
The first preferred embodiment provides a method for the storage controller 12 to maintain data sufficient to notify the host of any data integrity problems as a result of channel errors during data transfers. This is accomplished in four broad steps. The storage controller 12 must first identify the exception condition occurring during the data transfer. It must then mark the data as bad. Later, when the data is accessed, the indication of damaged data must be detected. Finally, the host must be signalled that the data was damaged when it was written but that the subsystem is operating correctly and is not in need of repair. Each of these steps will now be discussed in detail.
The storage controller 12 will detect two types of error conditions. The first type comprises a Halt I/O, Selective Reset or System Reset. These are specific sequences on a parallel channel or frames for an ESCON channel and are well known in the art. Should one of these three events occur and cause truncation of a data transfer from the channel to the Storage Controller 12, the SA will raise a signal or a discrete wire to the ADT 174. The ADT 174 will set bit 12 in a FIELD STATUS register within the ADT 174. At the end of the data transfer the ADT 174 places FIELD STATUS in the data stream either to the rate change buffer 176 or a cache 70 or 72.
The second type of fault detected is a general fault in data transfer. Faults in data transfer set bits in check registers. The output of these bits are then combined into summary bits in other check registers. The output of these bits are eventually combined in a CHECK-2 bit within the ADT 174. When CHECK-2 is set the ADT 174 will cause bit 9 of FIELD STATUS to be set.
Once an exception condition has occurred, the next step is to mark the data as bad. The method by which this is done in the instant invention is to tag any damaged field in the FIELD STATUS area with an indication of bad data. The FIELD STATUS area is a two byte field with the first byte (bits 0-7) of this field used to flag exceptions detected by the DASD 22-32 and the second byte (bits 8-15) used to flag exceptions detected by the storage controller 12.
The instant invention is limited to the second byte and uses three bits of the second byte to flag errors detected during channel transfers. Referring again to FIG. 6, it is seen that bit 9 is set when a channel error due to a Halt I/O CCW, Selective Reset CCW or System Reset CCW occurs. This typically causes truncation of the data with zero padding written over the damaged fields. This bit is set by the storage controller hardware.
The second bit used is bit 12 which is used to indicate a SA problem or an ADT CHECK-2 situation. As a result a check condition has occurred within the subsystem and there has been some degree of data corruption. This bit is also set by storage controller hardware.
Bit 8 is used to indicate that the field could not be read without error from the primary of a duplex pair during a dual copy operation under error. This bit is set by the storage controller hardware.
FIELD STATUS, in addition to being kept within the storage controller 12, is sent to the DASD in the track format described above only if the particular DASD device supports the track format including FIELD STATUS. This is illustrated in FIG. 7. The DASD units receive FIELD STATUS, update it if necessary, and store it on the disk. When the field is subsequently read, the FIELD STATUS is transferred back to the storage controller 12.
When data records are received from the channel and through the SAs, the ADT 174 first appends all zeros as FIELD STATUS data to the associated data field. If the SA has indicated a Halt I/O, Selective Reset or System Reset condition, the ADT sets bit 9 of FIELD STATUS. Bit 12 of FIELD STATUS is set in the SA has detected a CHECK-2 condition.
BAD FIELD STATUS is FIELD STATUS that indicates that an error occurred during the write operation of that field. Any operation that either uses a COUNT field with BAD FIELD STATUS, transfers a field with BAD FIELD STATUS to a channel or uses a field with BAD FIELD STATUS in a search operation (either for a search command, or a LOCATE RECORD) will be terminated and cause a check condition to occur.
Because the controller 12 can not always tell when the KEY field ends and the DATA field begins, it always stores the KEY and DATA fields as one field in the ADT buffer during write operations. This means that there will be a single FIELD STATUS for the KEY and DATA fields while in the ADT buffer. The errors recorded in this FIELD STATUS are tagged to the DATA field. Therefore, should an error occur while writing the KEY field, it is possible that the error will be flagged in FIELD STATUS against the DATA field and not against the KEY field. This condition may allow some search key chains to operate as a bad KEY field without being notified, however, a KEY field can never be read without also reading the associated data field and the error will be detected when the DATA field is later read.
The indication of damaged data within the data storage subsystem is detected by the hardware in two places. The first detection point is on the Director-Device Connection (DDC) when the data is read from DASD. The DDC is a microcode controlled interface that provides the means for attaching DASD to the storage controller 12. Command and status transfer between the storage paths 60-66 and the DASD is controlled by microcontroller 170. Data transfer is controlled by the hardware after being set up by the microcode for an automatic data transfer through the ADT 174.
The indication on the DDC interface is a status bit. This bit must be a status bit rather than a check bit. If a check bit were used, it would have to be processed every time that it was set. This would cause timing critical code to examine and reset the bit for KEY and DATA fields. The extra overhead introduced in this instance would be unacceptable. A status bit, on the other hand, permits checking the bit or ignoring it as conditions dictate.
A second indication of damaged data occurs on the channel interface when data is transferred to the channel or used to satisfy a channel search. This causes a check condition to be recognized because the channel has accessed damaged data.
Finally, the controller 12 must have some way of signalling the host processor that data that is sent to the host processor is invalid. This is accomplished by using a special exception class which is sent from the controller 12 to the host. The exception is reported as a data check since the data is bad and there is no storage subsystem malfunction. The host is also notified that the problem is not due to media but is instead a problem that occurred while the data was being written and was not recovered.
As discussed above, the first preferred embodiment of the instant invention requires a hardware modification due to the reformatting of tracks on the DASD. A second preferred embodiment of the instant invention which does not require this hardware modification or reformatting of data tracks is now described.
It should first be noted that the second preferred embodiment of this invention requires no hardware modification because the solution to the above described problem is addressed only through microcode changes located within the storage controller 12. This preferred embodiment does not require marking of data as invalid but instead uses the asynchronous capability of existing DASD storage controllers to maintain data integrity such that no invalid data records are ever stored within the storage controller 12 or the DASD devices 22-32.
The operation of the storage controller 12 in an asynchronous fashion, which is required under this embodiment, will now be described. The asynchronous operation enables the channel and the device to transfer data independently of each other. This is accomplished by inserting a buffer in the data path between the device and the channel with separate data paths for the channel and the device, each under the control of separate processors. In this manner, the device processor can access records in one portion of the buffer while another portion of the buffer is being used by the channel processor. Channel programs can be executed such that the channel and storage control activities required to end execution of one command and advance to the next do not have to occur during the inter-record gap between two adjacent fields.
This procedure has the further and more important advantage of allowing data records that are corrupted because of a channel error to be discarded instead of written over previously valid data. This can not be accomplished in a synchronous environment. In a synchronous environment, the channel and device must perform data transfer in lock-step. As write data is being transferred from the channel to the control unit, the data is simultaneously transferred to DASD. As a result, if a channel error occurs while performing a write operation, the previous version of the record on disk is concurrently being overlaid with the invalid data from the channel.
With an asynchronous environment, the previous valid version of the record can be preserved until the channel data transfer has been completed successfully. Operations, thus, do not need to be performed in lock-step. Write data can be transferred from the channel to the storage controller 12 first, and then transferred from the controller 12 to the DASD only when the first step has completed without a channel error or some other fault as described above.
The processing under the second preferred embodiment will now be described. All processing described herein refers to storage control processing in a cached environment, the typical configuration of the storage controller 12 of the preferred embodiments. In a caching environment, two situations must be addressed. The first is a normal write and the second is a DASD fast write. Both write operations will be described now as a preliminary matter, before the discussion of the treatment of each operation within the storage controller 12. It is important to note that the following discussion of write operations are described with reference to synchronous processing. The method of the invention modifies the write operations to remedy the above described data integrity problem.
A normal write is the basic cache writing operation in the storage controller 12. If a copy of the requested data is in the cache storage when the channel initiates a write request, a "write hit" occurs. The controller 12 then writes the data directly from the channel to DASD, and, at the same time, updates the data in cache storage. This approach. assures that the data in the cache storage is current when it is accessed again for 8 read operation. Data is simultaneously written to the cache storage and to DASD with a device end signal returned at completion. It is important to note that a device end can not be returned until data is written successfully to DASD.
The second cache operation of importance to the invention herein is a "DASD fast write". As with any cached write operation, DASD fast write requires an NVS backup, associated with the cache memory to prevent data loss in the event of a power failure. DASD fast write allows for faster write operation processing in that access to the DASD device is not necessary if the data is present in cache. If it so happens that the data to be written is present in the cache, instead of writing the data update to DASD, the storage director copies the data received from the channel into cache and NVS. Once this is done, the storage director can return channel end and device end status.
In this manner host processing can continue without waiting for the data to be placed on DASD. The data is not actually written to DASD until it is necessary to free space in the cache or NVS. If the data is not present in the cache, then a "write miss" occurs and the data is written to DASD and to cache simultaneously and immediately. In addition, the remainder of the track containing the record to be written is staged to cache for future anticipated use.
Now, turning to FIG. 8 it will be described how a storage controller operating under this invention will treat data under a normal write situation so that invalid data is prevented from being stored within the storage subsystem. The typical subsystem action which occurs during one of the above mentioned exceptions is to record a good block of data, replacing damaged or missing data with zeros (padding) and including the usual error checking codes (ECC) to validate the zeros as good data stored. The invention herein recognizes the undesirability of current subsystem processing and provides a method to solve the resulting data integrity problem with only a microcode change.
As can be seen in block 710 asynchronous mode is first established. Asynchronous mode is established by the controller 12 when it receives the first CCW from the channel program asynchronous mode is always established with ESCON and is established in a parallel adapter environment with ECKD.
Once asynchronous mode has been established the sector lead is increased as shown in block 720. This allows the record being transferred to be entirely captured in the ADT 174 before being written to DASD 22-32 or discarded, as the case may be. The channel then transfers the selected records into the storage controller ADT buffer 730. Records which have been padded with zeros as a result of a channel or host errors are detected as invalid at this point. If data is determined at block 740 to be invalid then the data is discarded at block 760. Otherwise, data is transferred from the ADT to the selected DASD device 750 only after successful completion of the channel to ADT transfer. The processing ends at block 770.
FIG. 9 illustrates storage controller processing in the DASD fast write mode according to the second preferred embodiment of this invention. Processing is initiated for a write operation at block 810. As with normal writes, the controller 12 is placed in asynchronous mode at block 820. It is then determined whether or not the record to be written is contained on a track currently residing in cache at block 840. If not, processing As treated in the same manner as if a normal write operation was taking place. This procedure includes blocks 830, 840, 850, 850 and 870. A description of the same series of process steps can be found above with respect to normal write operations and will, therefore, not be repeated here.
If the track containing the record to be written is in cache, it will be determined, at block 880, if a format write or update write is taking place. A format write command establishes COUNT areas of the track and formats the KEY and data areas of the track or tracks. In a format write with DASD fast write, the new record is written, and the rest of the track is formatted for new data. There is no need to verify the data on the track before allowing the cache write. An update write, on the other hand, changes the KEY and data areas of existing records without affecting other areas of the record or other records on the same track. Update writes are the most common form of write operations taking place in the storage controller 12.
If the write operation is a format write, then old NVS blocks corresponding to the track containing the record to be written are deallocated 890 and new NVS blocks are allocated 895. The padded records are detected as channel data arrives into cache and NVS. The Format Write is converted into an erase. The erase command is a Format Write that erase the track starting with the record referenced. For example, a Format Write of record 3 would write record 3 and erase the rest of the track. Erase record 3 would erase record 3 and the rest of the track. Therefore, if a channel exception occurs during a Format Write, the record is erased and so is the rest of the track.
If the write operation is an update write, it must first be determined, at block 835, whether it is a first update write or a subsequent update write. In the case of a first update write the track containing the record to be written will be in cache but no NVS block will have been allocated for this record. Processing for a first update write is as follows: padded/invalid records are detected as channel data arrives into cache and NVS. The NVS block for this record is discarded 855, the cache track slot is invalidated 856 and all remaining records for the track are destaged 857 from NVS to DASD. While the destage occurs and until it is completed, the track is in "pinned NVS only" state. Finally, all NVS space for this track is deallocated 858.
In the case of an update write that is a subsequent update to a record, the track will be in cache and an NVS block will already be allocated for this record. At this point it must be determined 871 if the same fields as in a previous update write are to be updated or if it is a new field to be updated. If an update is to occur on a field previously updated then new NVS space is allocated and the previous NVS block is deallocated after a successful write operation. Again, padded/invalid records are detected as channel data arrives into the cache and newly allocated NVS storage. The new NVS block for this record is then discarded 881 and the cache track slot is invalidated 882. Next, the earlier version of the record to be written and all other records residing on its track are destaged 883 from NVS to DASD. The track is in "pinned NVS only" state until the destage completes successfully. Finally, all NVS space for the track is deallocated 884.
If the subsequent update write is directed to different fields from those updated previously, then the track is destaged 892 from cache to DASD and all NVS space for the track is deallocated 893. Next, the NVS block for this record is discarded 855, the cache track slot is invalidated 856 and all remaining records for the track are destaged 857 from NVS to DASD. While the destage occurs and until it is completed, the track is in "pinned NVS only" state. Finally, all NVS space for this track is deallocated 858.
If a redundancy check occurs in the NVS during emergency NVS destage at power up, the NVS block is discarded. If two NVS blocks exist for the same record, both blocks are destaged to DASD in order upon power up. If a storage controller power loss occurs before a padded NVS block is deallocated, then the padded NVS block is destaged to DASD upon power up.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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ATHOL Town of Thurman Supervisor Evelyn Wood has announced that she's withdrawn her candidacy for the state Assembly post now held by Teresa Sayward, who is retiring as of December.
Wood sent a notice Tuesday April 3 to Warren County Republican Party Chairman officially declaring that she'd dropped out of the race.
Wood's exit from the race leaves two republicans seeking the seat: Warren County Board of Supervisors Chairman Dan Stec and former Glens Falls Mayor Robert Regan.
Stec has been collecting endorsements from party organizations with ease, while other candidates have struggled to do so, prompting a number of them to drop out.
The Assembly district presently includes all of Warren and Essex counties, and parts of northern Saratoga and northern Washington counties. The G.O.P. committees of these four counties have all endorsed Stec.
He's also won the endorsements of the Conservative party committees of Warren and Essex counties as well as the nod from the state Independence Party.
In her quest for the Assembly seat, Wood recently made presentations before the Republican committees of Warren, Washington and Essex counties.
The momentum of Stec's candidacy and a variety of other factors, she said, prompted her to withdraw her candidacy.
Stec has been in public office for 16 years, compared to 15 months for Wood, who had run based on her deep local heritage and experience with Adirondack issues.
She lives on a farm that has been worked by her family since the late 1700s, prior to the formation of Warren County.
She said she hopes that the successful candidate for the Assembly seat fully understands the concerns of Adirondackers and the hardships they endure.
"I hope that the next Assembly representative concentrates on the pressing issues here in the Adirondacks, like broadband access, job development, economic prosperity, and keeping our sons and daughters from leaving the area," she said April 3. "It is important to area families that their youth are able to stay here, work at good jobs, and are able to raise their families here."
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I have an array like this one:
int[] numbers = new [] { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
I'd like to randomize this (different each time) so that it makes another array with the same size and numbers but in a different order each time.
Is there an easy way to do this. I absolutely cannot think of anything simple :-(


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