text:
"I can't take this homerism anymore." - 10xWSChamps, August 11, 2010. A Cardinals fan having a problem with all the homerism on Redszone. Classic.
"Man do I miss the days where were didn't need a calculator and an encyclopedia of baseball metrics to enjoy a baseball game ... - MikeS21" - 8/2/12 game thread
Insurance run courtesy of Meseraco!
"You only have to bat a thousand in two things; flying and heart transplants. Everything else you can go 4-for-5."
-Beano Cook
Attaboy, Mes!
And there's an insurance run right there. Gone!
Wow did Mez crush the hell out of that one.
Mes is ready brother.
"Since I've been with the Reds in 1989, we've never had a farm system this loaded," Bowden said. "If we were the New York Yankees and had unlimited dollars, we could have traded for Colon, (Jeff) Weaver, Rolen, (Cliff) Floyd, (Kenny) Rogers and Finley and gotten them all -- and still held onto our top five prospects. That's an amazing statement."
Err, anyone else see Phillips make Mes high-five him at least 4-5 times in the dugout?
Mes, crack...ball sails to the seats, rattles around, fan picks it up, raises hand and then George says....."That's gonna be.....................gone!"
WVRedsFan (05-21-2013)
Hannahan K's swinging pinch hitting for LeCure.
0-5. Not exactly a stellar start for Derrick.
Logan warming.
Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted.
All the dishes rattle in the cupboards when the elephants arrive
If only Hannahan had H-Rod's bat...
Everything is perfect, but there is a lot of room for improvement. --- Shunryu Suzuki-roshi
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Table of Contents
|Vol. 15, No. 5, 2002
Issue release date: September–October 2002
|Section title: Paper
Carotenoids and Protection against Solar UV RadiationStahl W. · Sies H.
Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
Published online: 9/16/2002
Issue release date: September–October 2002
Number of Print Pages: 6
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0
ISSN: 1660-5527 (Print)
eISSN: 1660-5535 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/SPP
Upon exposure to UV light photooxidative reactions are initiated which are damaging to biomolecules and affect the integrity of cells and tissues. Photooxidative damage plays a role in pathological processes and is involved in the development of disorders affecting the skin. When skin is exposed to UV light, erythema is observed as an initial reaction. Carotenoids like β-carotene or lycopene are efficient antioxidants scavenging singlet molecular oxygen and peroxyl radicals generated in during photooxidation. When β-carotene was applied as such or in combination with α-tocopherol for 12 weeks, erythema formation induced with a solar light simulator was diminished from week 8 on. Similar effects were also achieved with a diet rich in lycopene. Ingestion of tomato paste corresponding to a dose of 16 mg lycopene/ day over 10 weeks led to increases in serum levels of lycopene and total carotenoids in skin. At week 10, erythema formation was significantly lower in the group that ingested the tomato paste as compared to the control group. No significant difference was found at week 4 of treatment. Thus, protection against UV light-induced erythema can be achieved by ingestion of a commonly consumed dietary source of lycopene. Such protective effects of carotenoids were also demonstrated in cell culture. The in-vitro data indicate that there is an optimal level of protection for each carotenoid.
© 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
Number of Print Pages : 6
Number of Figures : 0, Number of Tables : 0, Number of References : 41
Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology (Journal of Pharmacological and Biophysical Research)
Incorporating 'Bioengineering and the Skin'; Founded in 1988 by H. Schaefer
Official Journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society (SPS)
Vol. 15, No. 5, Year 2002 (Cover Date: September-October 2002)
Journal Editor: Hans F. Merk, Aachen
ISSN: 1422–2868 (print), 1422–2906 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/journals/sph
Published online: 9/16/2002
Issue release date: September–October 2002
Number of Print Pages: 6
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0
ISSN: 1660-5527 (Print)
eISSN: 1660-5535 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/SPP


text:
Introduction to Enterprise A&A
Enterprise A&A (Authentication & Authorization) is a service provided by the State's Department of Administrative Services, Information Technology Enterprise (DAS-ITE). It is meant to replace all of the various user name/password combinations used by different web applications, and provide a "one-stop shop" for managing your identity information with the State.
The A&A service provides a central web page for logging on to any application, so users can be sure they are connecting to the State and can use the same username and password.
Application: A website that provides some type of information or service. For example, you might access one application to see your pay stub, and another to view email over the Web.
Instead of requiring users to create an account for each application separately, Enterprise A&A offers you a single username and password, and the ability to reset your password without calling a Service Desk.
Authentication: The process of proving who you are. If you are authenticated to an application, it means the application believes you are who you say you are.
Note this doesn't mean you'll be allowed to do what you want - that requires authorization, below.
Authorization: The process of allowing access to an application's various functions. You may be authorized to submit budget information, or only to view it.
You must be authenticated before you can be authorized (see above).Baseline: A set of questions and answers you enter the first time you use your account. These questions and answers are secrets you can use to reset your password if you ever forget.
Common Interface: A set of common A&A screens used by calling applications to eliminate their need to develop their own custom ones. Applications that use these screens can choose if they would like to provide the Single Sign On (SSO) for their users.
Account ID: The unique name assigned to your account. For State employees, this may be the same as your email, if you use an @iowa.gov account. For everyone else, this will most likely be an "@iowaID" account such as "firstname.lastname@iowaID". You should enter the entire Account ID (including the "@IowaID" suffix) when logging in.
The Account ID is not case-sensitive: "MYNAME@IOWAID" is the same as "myname@iowaid". Spaces and most special characters are not allowed. All invalid characters and spaces will be stripped from the Account ID. Special characters allowed are: _(underscore)-(hyphen)+(plus).(period).
User Type: For some applications, different user types may be established for business reasons. For example, an application may separate users into customers and internal staff. In general, an application that requires a User Type selection will provide an explanation of the types and guidelines for selection. You will usually be one User Type or another for as long as you use that application.
Password: This is the secret part of your account. Your Account ID and matching password are required to use your account. In general, your password should be:
Remember: Anyone who learns your password or has access to your email account can impersonate you. DAS-ITE and the State of Iowa cannot tell the difference between you and someone who knows your password or can access your email. Keep the password a secret and your email account private!
Logging In
Logging in is the most common thing you'll do with your A&A account.
The Common Interface Logon screen lets you enter all of your account information in one step.
|Along with gaining access to the desired application a user who presses the button "Account Details" after entering their Account Id and Password may have the ability to manage their own account details.
Account Creation
To create an A&A account, you will be required to provide an Account Id and Email that are unique. Below are sample Create Account pages:
Common Interface Create Account Screen
The Create Account page consists of the following elements.
* Account ID
You must enter your email twice, to make sure you haven't mistyped something. You may not create an account using an Account Id or Email address that are currently in use by another account.Once the Account Details are successfully saved the user will receive an email with instructions on how to verify and use the account.
Setting Your Baseline
When you confirm your A&A account, you will be required to set up your Identity Baseline information (definition). Below is a sample Baseline page:
The Baseline consists of three to five questions.
For the first two or three, select a question from the list and type in your answer.
For the remaining questions, you can enter both the question and the answer.
You must enter your answer twice for each question, to make sure you haven't mistyped something.
Note: You must remember these answers. If you can't answer these questions, you won't be able to manage your account if you forget your password.
Setting Your Password
After saving your baseline for the first time, you'll be allowed to establish your password and then be required to log in. All of these steps help to protect your account at the beginning, when it is the easiest to steal or break into.
Account Management
You can come back anytime you like (using the "Account Details" button on Logon Screen) and change your email, baseline questions and password to keep yourself up-to-date and protect your account.
Issues or Questions?
Contact the State Service Desk.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Phone: 515-281-5703 or 1-800-532-1174


text:
20.00 ct. t.w. Multi-Stone Necklace in 14kt Yellow Gold
Item#: 570468
A glittering bezel-set station necklace on a 14kt gold chain. 20.00 ct. t.w. of smoky quartz, blue topaz, citrine, lemon quartz, purple amethyst, garnet and green amethyst work together seamlessly. 14kt yellow gold necklace.
Product Details (for 20.00 ct. t.w. Multi-Stone Necklace in 14kt Yellow Gold. 16")
Graduates from 1/4 inch to 3/8 inch
14kt close 14KT: Karat (abbreviated kt or K) is a unit that indicates the purity of gold in the metal. 14kt is 58.33% gold. In the United States, 14K yellow gold is most favored and used in jewelry. Yellow Gold close YELLOW GOLD: Gold is a precious metal with a natural yellow color. It is quite soft and often alloyed with other metals to increase its strength. The purity of the metal is indicated by a unit called a "karat," with 24kt having the highest percentage of natural gold.
Polished close POLISHED: A buffed-out finish used to produce a mirror-like shine.
Cable close CABLE: One of the most popular and classic of chain styles, created from interlocking oval links unvarying in size.
Chain Size:
1.5 mm
Lobster close LOBSTER CLASP: named after the pinching style of the hook, this clasp is often shaped like a lobster's claw. Use your finger to work the lever to open the clasp.
Gemstone 1:
Multistone (Color: Multicolored, Shape & Cutting Style: Round Fancy, Weight: 20.00 carats)
All weights and measures are approximate.
Ross-Simons Presentation Box Your purchase includes an elegant Ross-Simons presentation box.
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text:
Steve "Guggs" Guggenheimer is the Corporate Vice President of Developer Platform & Evangelism and Chief Evangelist for Microsoft.
Learn more about Steve.
This has been a big year for apps and our lives continue to change and adapt as everyday tasks are made easier by our new devices. Our phones, tablets and PCs are playing an important role in how we live day-to-day, how we collaborate at work, and how we connect with our friends and family. I wanted to take a few minutes and take a look at some of the most notable apps of 2013. I've grouped them into, (part one) photos and productivity, (part two) games and social apps, (part three) music and videos. You'll find some big names below as well as a few apps you may not have heard of before. Whether you are a large ISV or a developer who wrote their first app in 2013, thank you for the hard work you've put into your apps to make them look beautiful, work smoothly and deliver great customer experiences. I'm sure to have missed a few of your favorites, let me know about them in the comments!
One of the top downloads from the Windows Store, Adobe Photoshop Express is a free app providing basic photo editing in a touch interface. Your images will be even more impressive when you take a few moments to quickly crop and correct your exposure with Auto Fix. If you choose to make the color and brightness corrections yourself you'll probably enjoy the handy "View Original" button at the bottom right that allows you to see if you're on the right track.
Instagram - Windows Phone
Instagram is a great way to share your photos in a simple stream. In addition to adding the ubiquitous filters, checking into the app will show you the latest posts from your friends and family. Stay up to date by following businesses, celebrities, and creative from around the world. Who do you follow?
Skitch Touch - Windows 8
Skitch Touch helps you to easily communicate your ideas by annotating photos. Open a photo and make notes on it, including arrows and shapes, or you can start from scratch on a blank canvas. Skitch also lets you zoom, crop, and pixelate portions of the image to focus your message. It's a really great touch-based tool for your Windows 8 devices.
In a world filled with distraction, it's incredibly useful to keep notes. Some of my colleagues still carry notepads, but most of us have gone digital. Two apps ruled the roost this year, Evernote Touch and OneNote from Microsoft Office. OneNote provides the richest text formatting and integration with SkyDrive, and both apps offer strong business versions that allow the business data to stay under the control of the IT administrator. And one I love to call out is Calculator2 because not only is it a great app, but it represented an example where this was the first app a developer had created, yet it reached over one million downloads.
Evernote - Windows 8 - Windows Phone
OneNote - Windows 8
Calculator2 - Windows 8
Flipboard - Windows 8
Flipboard gathers all of your favorite news sources and presents them as a beautiful, interactive, personal magazine well suited to the Winodws 8 interface. You can streamline the way that you gather news by adding your favorite news sites as well as linking to 12 popular social networks so you can see what your friends are reading.
SkyDrive - Windows 8 - Windows Phone
My SkyDrive goes wherever I go. All of my devices are connected through SkyDrive, and the photos I take with my Windows Phone automatically upload into the cloud for safekeeping and access on all my devices or through the web. This is true for all my other documents as well, and having access to everything from anywhere has really helped my peace of mind this year.
Craigslist+ - Windows 8
Craigslist's website interface has remained the same for years, and this app makes it much easier to browse the listings on a touch device.
Some good applications there but not as much as the other competiters so I think that Microsoft need to be more into applications, The resources Microsoft give to their Developers are more than any other competiters but they need to concentrate more in buying applications like Snapchat, Instagram for windows, watsapp, and loots of games like temple run 2 for windows ,, subway surfers, candy crush saga, .etc
I'd love to agree with the Evernote app but it is VERY POORLY implemented on the surface and extremely buggy... so much so that I switched to the OneNote (up to then I had been using evernote for about 5 years).
I agree with the OneNote recommendation.


text:
You searched for "Jambu"
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Jambu 'Deep Sea' Mary Jane Flat (Women)
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Jambu 'Sugar' Wedge Sandal (Women)
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Jambu 'Ronnie' Perforated Slide Sandal (Women)
Jambu 'Spin' Flat
Jambu 'Bangle Barefoot' Leather Sandal (Women)
Price MatchedJambu 'Bangle Barefoot' Leather Sandal (Women)Was: $98.95Now: $92.995% OFF
Jambu 'Spin' Flat
Price MatchedJambu 'Spin' FlatWas: $78.95Now: $56.6325% OFF
Jambu 'Butterfly' T-Strap Nubuck Leather Sandal (Women)
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Price MatchedJambu 'Sven' Double Band Slide Sandal (Women)Was: $88.95Now: $82.995% OFF
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We have lots more in your local store! Every Nordstrom store has a unique inventory, and many items are sold exclusively in our stores, never offered online. Head to your nearest Nordstrom and check it out!
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text:
Tags1930s 1934 1935 1939 1940 1940s 1944 1945 1959 1960 1960s 1961 1980s 1984 1985 1986 accidents advertising agriculture business columns comics crime Editorials education entertainment food germany health History holidays Nation and World news odd opinion patriotica Photos politics sports style tragedy war weather world war II worthington
Recent Posts
Daily Archives: March 20, 2009
1901: Editorial About Politicians Still Timely
Is there ever a time this editorial could not be run? That said, I'm not sure if the "old party" refers to the Republicans or not, so maybe you'd have to modify that and fill in the name of whichever … Continue reading
Tagged 1901, Daily Advance, editorial, politics Leave a comment
1984: Sad Cheerleaders
Poor girls. I took a picture because I felt bad (not "badly," because that would mean that I am not very good at feeling) for the girls. I don't go to games very often anymore, but when I was in … Continue reading
Tagged 1984, news, photo, sports Leave a comment
1901: Quarrantine Raised
Is it me, or is there a "not" missing in that sentence? As in "it is hoped that flourishing town will NOT regret this action"? Either way, the quarantine (Quarrantine? We don't spell it this way anymore; was it correct … Continue reading
Tagged 1901, Daily Advance, news, smallpox Leave a comment


text: I love the Alii! I stayed here for two weeks a few summers ago and had the greatest time. Close to everything, behind the Hyatt hotel. Next door to surf/SUP rental place. Next door to Japanese and Korean restaurants. Great bang for your buck! Comfortable with all the necessary amenities for a great stay. I've traveled worldwide and even lived... more


text: http://serverfault.com – My Ubuntu 12.04 server uses the google-authenticator pam module to provide two step authentication for ssh. I need to make it so that a certain IP does not need to type the verification code. The /etc/pam.d/sshd file is below: # PAM configuration for the Secure Shell service # Read environment variables from /etc/environment and # /etc/security/pam_env.conf. auth required pam_env.so # [1] # In Debian 4.0 (etch), locale-related environment variables were moved to # /etc/default/locale, so read that as well. auth required pam_env.so envfile=/etc/default/locale # Standard (HowTos)


text:
September 19 and 20, 2015 (Saturday and Sunday)
Camp Muffly (Morgantown, WV)
Sat, 11 a.m. - 6 p.m. | Sun, 12 noon - 6 p.m.
$20 per person/per day; includes wine glass, wine tasting (21 and over)
Apply now to be an Artisan at the 2015 festival!
View artisan application: Word, PDF
5th Annual Poster Contest Announced
West Virginia residents/students are invited to enter a poster design competition for the 2015
West Virginia Wine & Jazz Festival. Read more...
About the Festival
West Virginia Wine and Jazz Fest, Inc. is a nonprofit organization - 501(c)3 status - that seeks to return the proceeds from the annual festival back to the community in various ways. These include endowed scholarships to the WVU School of Music, sponsorship of educational endeavors and classes at WVU, free concerts for area middle/high schools, sponsorship of various student and community organizations that assist with the festival.
No outside food, beverages or pets are permitted on the festival grounds.


text:
"Not only have studies proven the effectiveness of chiropractic care when treating otitis media, but they have also proven the ineffectiveness of antibiotics and tube placement. Chiropractic is a safe, gentle way to treat ear infections naturally and without side effects," stated Dr. Solecki.
Solecki Chiropractic and Acupuncture is open a variety of days and hours for scheduling convenience and encourages any parent who is tired of conventional medicine to try chiropractic for the treatment of ear infections in their child. Dr. Solecki is happy to sit down for a complimentary consultation to answer any questions a parent may have regarding children and chiropractic care.
# # #
Solecki Chiropractic and Acupuncture is a comprehensive facility ready to serve the health care needs of you and your family. Drs. Dave and Nicole Solecki are experienced Doctors of Chiropractic and have been in practice for 9 years in Greeley Colorado.


text:
Product Information
Clopin-Clopant by Frank Sinatra - Digital Sheet Music
Comme ci, comme ça
At a Glance
The included lyrics are n French and English.
* This arrangement contains complete lyrics
* This product is available worldwide
Arrangement Details
The Arrangement Details Tab gives you detailed information about this particular arrangement of Clopin-Clopant - not necessarily the song.
Song Details
The Song Details Tab gives you detailed information about this song, Clopin-Clopant.
Related Products
The Related Products shows you other products that you may also like, if you like Clopin-Clopant.
There are No Reviews written for "Clopin-Clopant"
In order to write a review on digital sheet music you must first have purchased the item.


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Europe for $4000? (cont.)
Wow! Thanks to all who have posted on my other thread! You all are amazing! :) With all the info about Switzerland...the cost of getting there, the currency/exchange rate factor, and the poor time of year to visit...we decided to remove Switzerland from our itinerary. :( We are now going to fly round trip to London and plan to limit our trip to London and Paris. Considering, is $4000 a new reality? Many of you support purchasing train tickets separately & ahead of time. Knowing that we are staying in one general area would it be worth it to purchase a rail pass for day-ish trips? Eileen, if you are reading, can you give me more detail about your reasons against a rail pass? I feel like I am missing something from the information on the site? I checked out airbnb.com and was floored! Are those prices per person or room? How are they that cheap? Can they be scams?? Thank you to those who encourage traveling with children! :) We looove our children and are excited about the opportunity to travel overseas with them. They are very easy-going, nap/sleep anywhere, are flexible with our CRAZY schedules, and are generally happy & healthy. Hopefully we can chock up any mishaps to part of our adventure! :) We figure they are light enough to be carried/worn or can walk when possible. I do wonder about taking umbrella strollers, but perhaps that has been answered elsewhere or should be another thread? I honestly don't know what to think about the washing clothes dilemma? We are packing our hiking clothes which are very lightweight and fast drying, but I have never hand washed them and left them to dry. I suppose a trial run will be our answer? Oh and we are all a go for our passports. :) Thanks again for your thoughts!


text:
Three in Five Caregivers Say Their Children Help Care for Loved Ones With
Alzheimer's Disease
NEW YORK, March 26 /PRNewswire/ -- Results from the third annual Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) ICAN: Investigating Caregivers' Attitudes and Needs Survey suggest that Alzheimer's disease care is a family affair. Most "sandwich caregivers" -- the parents or guardians of children under 21 who also care for an aging parent, other relative or friend with Alzheimer's disease -- say their children are assisting with caregiving responsibilities that range from attending doctors' appointments to feeding and dressing their loved ones.
Survey results released today found that about three in five caregivers say their children aged 8 to 21 are involved in caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's disease. Of the caregivers who feel they do a good job balancing the care of their loved ones with Alzheimer's disease and children under 21, more than one-third (36%) specifically cited support from children as a contributor to their success.
Among children, ages 8-21, who are involved in caregiving, many are
reported as taking on significant tasks:
-- About one-third of young adults (ages 18-21) assist with doctors'
-- 42% of young adults assist with transporting loved ones with
Alzheimer's disease;
-- About one-quarter of young adults and teens (ages 13-17) assist with
activities of daily living, such as feeding and dressing;
-- Nearly 90% of pre-teens (ages 8-12) visit and entertain a loved one
with Alzheimer's disease (please use caution when interpreting results
due to small base size);
-- Approximately 85% of teens pay visits to the person with the disease.
"Taking care of someone with Alzheimer's disease can be an enormous
drain on the caregiver and on family resources. For sandwich caregivers the
problem is even more acu
|SOURCE Alzheimer's Foundation of America
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to governed.
Original articles from our library related to the Governed. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Governed.
- Transforming World Mind Inertia (GM7)
- Our entire world society is ultimately governed by the components of consciousness, not governments, corporations or institutions. Regardless of the apparent creativity of the architectural sciences, engineering or the ideologies we create, the true...
Mind >> World Mind
- Astronomy in Ancient Civilisations
- It is a pity that the myths of ancient civilisations are so easily dismissed as the musings of savage minds, as it is subsequently easy to overlook the fact that many of their myths were encryptions of their astronomical knowledge. The best example of this...
Modern Science >> Astronomy
- The Earthmind Material
- Part 1 | Part 2 Author's Note All references made in the first person(s) herein, are grammatical conveniences created for the sake of the reader. Such words as "I", "OUR", and "I/WE" are therefore not meant to be taken as literal...
Mind >> World Mind
- Mutual Psychic Augmentation (GM8)
- The science of physics is delving ever nearer to Cause in nature, and away from a fascination with the mechanics of effect. In a technical way, wisdom is thus being approached by the Western mind. Scientific statements are becoming more like those of the...
Mind >> Telepathy and Group Mind
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 4
- (Part 4 of 5) We are in the midst of a new age…a turning point in human consciousness. Spiritual realization is taking the place of materialism, as the most cherished goal in life. We can see that competition is only a tiny fraction as productive as...
Mind >> World Mind
- Am I Damned?: Part 2
- CAVEAT: It is impossible to answer a "theological" question simply and correctly at the same time. The reason for this is the fact that the theological arena involves reality not only beyond our capacity to adequately express, but even beyond that,...
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
Governed is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Governed books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- www.america.gov
- The Consent of the Governed
- The Consent of the Governed. On Feb. 17, 2004, Ben Chandler won a special election to the.
- oreilly.com
- Rule-Governed Behavior and Psychological Problems
- www.ijpsy.com
- Self Governed Special Districts Listing
- Listing Of Self-Governed Special Districts. San Bernardino County. Presented courtesy of the.
- www.sbclafco.org
- How Canada is governed
- How Canada is governed. Queen of 16 commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom,. Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
- multimedia.thestar.com
Suggested News Resources
- ANZ in Talks to Acquire Japan's Aozora Bank
- Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit.
- Had Mitt Romney Governed Texas His 'Jobs Record' Would Be Tops
- By Conor Friedersdorf Had Mitt Romney, Jon Huntsman, Herman Cain, Ron Paul, or Gary Johnson run Texas for the last 10 years, they'd likely have created just as many jobs as Rick Perry.
- Ghana's Policy Towards The Libyan Rebels
- This simply means that governments derive their legitimate powers from the governed; and therefore any government that does not show a clear and unimpeachable vindication of its source of power from the governed is fair game to the people's uprising.
- Is nation governing at the consent of the governed?
- By Tim Dunn Rasmussen Reports recently released a poll that found only 17 percent of likely voters think the federal government has the consent of the governed. Amazingly, using contemporaneous British records Professor Paul H.
- Most Nassau County, NY, evacuees have gone home
- He said Nassau County still had about 100 traffic lights out. —Copyright 2011 Associated Press This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.
Suggested Web Resources
- governed - definition of governed by the Free Online Dictionary
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14 of 14 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars very good treadmill!,
This review is from: Everlast EV7000 Treadmill with HSB® Heartrate Watch & Gym/Shoe Bag (Misc.)
Due to my work, was unable to go to a gym, so got this treadmill from Hubby.It is one of the best things in my life!
The treadmill looks and it is a serious one! being a foldable one, thought will be easy to handle, and won't be too massive...though it is heavy! almost 50 kgs! I can't even move it alone! but is good, because when running on it feels safe, massive like a professional one from the gym.
Have been using it for the last one year and it still works perfectly! Counting calories ( most useful) , kms done.
It has 5 modes which are not bad, but I find them dangerous to use, because other treadmills make a sound before increasing or decreasng the speed, this one doesn't...so i prefer to use it in manual mode, where I can set my own speed, not be caught by surprise!
To set it up is easy; comes with tools. After the first let's say 4 months ( depends how much u r using it) get ready to have a silicone spray for treadmils, as it needs lubrication!
If you feel that it is "slippery" , make the band tighter so it makes u more confident when running.
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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. OverviewHell's weirdest little devil is back in this dark and hilarious collection of stories by some of the funniest artists in comics. This issue, Dave Cooper (Futurama) and Bill Wray (Ren and Stimpy) take Hellboy Jr. for a magical mushroom tour of the underworld-always a bad trip. Also, Mike Mignola's bizarre love story, "Squid of Man."SpoilersHellboy Jr.'s Magical Mushroom TripWhile relaxing in hell, Hellboy Jr. decides that he wants to try magic mushrooms. He barters for gold from Idi Amin's mouth, and uses the gold to mail-order some. He enters a colorful world of brightly colored characters before descending into a bad trip. When he wakes up he finds himself on a spit with Idi Amin cooking him for dinner. For besting a demon, the devil awards Idi a soul of his own to torture and Hellboy Junior learns a valuable lesson: drugs are bad, murder and torture are good.The WolvertonsJack Wolverton was an Alaskan lumberjack. He married a crash-landed alien Harriet, and had two children: Brad and Tiffany. Brad had a handsome face and a frightening body. Tiffany had a super hot body and a monstrous face. Brad married a blind Eskimo Girl who wanted to commit suicide. When she was offered a surgery that would correct her blindness she would be able to see her husband. She gouged her eyes out and forgot about the incident. Finally, one of Tiffany's ex-boyfriends burned down their house, killing all the Wolvertons.Squid of ManDr. Plankton Tidepool used his evil science to create a man out of a dead squid and a lobster woman. Together they would populate an entire race of sea creatures. When Death saw what was happening he bet the doctor that the lobster woman would not be interested in the squidman. Taking the bet they watched the lobster woman remove the head of squidman and eat his body. Death takes the Doctor's 20 bucks and his soul for losing the bet and leaves lobster-woman to the Doctor's servant.


text:
A remote unit transmits data by Frequency hopping over a set of frequencies to a base station. A plurality of antennas at the base station receives the transmitted frequency hopped data. An optimal combining of each antenna's received hopped data for a particular frequency is determined. Data is selectively transmitted using the plurality of antennas from the base station to the remote unit over the particular frequency. The selectively transmitting is selected using the optimal combining.
1. A method for use in a frequency hopping code division multiple access communication system, the method comprising:
transmitting data by frequency hopping over a set of frequencies from a remote unit to a base station;
providing a plurality of antennas at a base station for receiving the transmitted frequency hopped data, wherein each of the plurality of antennas corresponds to a unique geographic sector of the base station;
determining an optimal combining of each antenna's received hopped data for a particular frequency; and
selectively transmitting data using at least one of the plurality of antennas from the base station to the remote unit over the particular frequency, the selective transmitting selected using the optimal combining.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. A frequency hopping base station comprising:
a plurality of antennas for receiving a frequency hopped data signal for a particular user, the frequency hopped data signal is hopped over a set of frequencies, wherein each of the plurality of antennas corresponds to a unique geographic sector of the coverage area;
means for determining an optimal combining of each antenna's received version of the frequency hopped data signal for a particular frequency of the set of frequencies; and
means for selectively transmitting data using the plurality of antennas to the particular user over the particular frequency, the selectively transmitting selected using the optimal combining.
5. The base station of
6. The base station of
This application a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/057,333, Filed Oct. 29, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,600; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/631,183, filed on Aug. 2, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,297; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/264,505, filed on Mar. 8, 1999, which issued on Oct. 3, 2000 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,328; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/840,737, filed on Apr. 16, 1997, which issued on Mar. 9, 1999 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,094; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/542,346, filed on Oct. 12, 1995, which issued on Aug. 12, 1997 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,657,343; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/297,449, filed on Aug. 29, 1994, which issued on Oct. 17, 1995 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,759; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/019,114, filed on Feb. 17, 1993, which is now abandoned.
This invention relates to spread spectrum communications, and more particularly to a frequency hopping, code division multiple access, microcellular or cellular communications system, in which the maximum capacity per sector can approach or exceed the total bandwidth of the system divided by the bandwidth occupied by the frequency hopping signal during any dwell. This ratio is called the processing gain.
The frequency spectrum is extremely congested. To ensure that the worldwide need for increased communication services is met, more spectrum must be found. In an attempt to meet these needs, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set aside the frequency bands of 1850–1990 MHz, 2110–2150 MHz, and 2160 2200 MHz, for emerging technology services. The 1850–1990 MHz band has been set aside for Personal Communication Services (PCS). Additionally, the FCC has allocated spectrum under part 15 of the FCC rules, for spread spectrum use.
PCS is expected to become, during the 1990s, a business of significantly more than $100 billion, annually. PCS is a One Phone concept, in which a single phone can be used in the home in lieu of a cordless phone; in the street with a wireless local loop; in the vehicle with a cellular type system; and, in the office with a wireless private branch exchange (PBX). The One Phone will provide wired-line quality voice and integrated service digital network (ISDN) data rates, with wireless convenience. Used with an intelligent network, a call placed to a user will reach the user, no matter where the user is located.
The PCS frequency band is also inhabited by licensed, fixed service, microwave users. These microwave users transmit data point-to-point using towers approximately 150–200 feet high, separated by about 10–20 miles. Their systems employ one watt power amplifiers and four degree beamwidth antennas.
In earlier experiments, a direct-sequence spread spectrum CDMA system was demonstrated to share, i.e., overlay, the spectrum with the microwave users without causing significant attenuation, by limiting the capacity of the CDMA system. The co-sharing proposal centered about using a 48 MHz bandwidth for the CDMA system. Thus, the power reaching the fixed microwave receiver from a PCS user was attenuated by 7 dB, i.e., 4.8. Additional attenuation resulted because the PCS user is not within the narrow beamwidth of the fixed service microwave user's antenna. The FCC's ruling limits the bandwidth to 15–20 MHz full duplex. Thus, a 15–20 MHz band-can be allocated for transmission and a second 15–20 MHz band can be allocated for reception. This ruling reduces the direct-sequence spread spectrum capacity by about 4 to 5 dB. These results are shown in Table I for experimental data taken in the suburbs of Orlando and Houston, and in densely urban New York, using a 48 MHz bandwidth. The results presented in this table for the 15 MHz bandwidth were obtained by multiplying the first column by 15/48. The reason that more users could overlay in New York City is that the tall buildings blocked the line-of-sight path between a PCS user and microwave user. Hence, any PCS signal reaching the microwave antenna is severely attenuated.
If no overlay were needed, i.e., all microwave users were removed from the frequency band, then the maximum capacity, C, of a PCS microcellular system could be
In order to eventually achieve the much higher capacity possible in the non-overlay mode, the FCC has given the microwave users 3–10 years to leave the PCS band and move to a higher, frequency band. During the interim period, overlay will enable the PCS business to develop in a reasonable fashion and provide or a smooth transition.
Frequency hopping (FH) CDMA is an alternate approach which allows sharing the band with the microwave users by hopping over them, i.e., by excluding frequencies used by the microwave users. A frequency hopping signal typically is a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) or binary frequency shift keyed (BFSK) signal which changes frequency at regular time intervals, called the hop duration. If the bandwidth occupied by the frequency hopping signal during any dwell were fb and the total bandwidth of the system were B, then the system capacity, C, ideally becomes
Accordingly, there exists a need for a system which avoids the limitations disclosed above.
A remote unit transmits data by Frequency hopping over a set of frequencies to a base station. A plurality of antennas at the base station receives the transmitted frequency hopped data. An optimal combining of each antenna's received hopped data for a particular frequency is determined. Data is selectively transmitted using the plurality of antennas from the base station to the remote unit over the particular frequency. The selectively transmitting is selected using the optimal combining.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Reference now is made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views.
This specification discloses the invention and initial performance analysis of an FH/CDMA microcellular communication system. The invention has a general object of maximizing channel capacity. The resulting invention, therefore, while practical, is nonetheless complex; it makes use of coordinated frequency subbands and antenna sectors to minimize multiple access interference. Thus, while a system of this type requires, for. example, more handoffs than might otherwise be needed, the system results in a highly effective usage of the frequency spectrum.
Frequency-hopping code division multiple access (FH/CDMA) utilizes an allocated spectrum by periodically changing a channel frequency, that is, the carrier frequency of the transmitted signal. The "changing" is called "hopping". The frequency hopping communications system and method disclosed herein select; those carrier frequencies, used by the frequency-hopping transmitter, in a pseudorandom manner, i.e., from a table lookup. A frequency of any shared user, such as a pre-existing microwave user, who has a carrier frequency which has a bandwidth falling in the allocated spectrum, however, is locked out, i.e., not hopped on, by the frequency-hopping transmitter in order to eliminate interference with the shared-user system.
The frequency-hopping communications system and method has particular use for maximizing channel capacity, i.e., having the optimum number of users per cell, in an FH/CDMA cellular infrastructure. FH/CDMA technology may be less expensive than a competing direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system employing direct sequence modulation a combination of frequency hopping with direct sequence (FH/DS) CDMA system also is possible in which hopping is used to ensure that the DS/CDMA system does not interfere with any existing user.
The frequency-hopping communications system and method use plurality of frequency-hopping signals communicating simultaneously with a plurality of remote units, respectively, using an allocated band of frequencies. The overall bandwidth of the allocated band of frequencies is designated herein as a system bandwidth B. The system bandwidth B is divided into N sets of frequencies. Each set of the N sets of frequencies does not have the same frequencies as other sets of the N sets of frequencies.
The remote units may be mobile or in a fixed, stationary location. Message data are communicated between the base stations and the remote units. Message data include, but are not limited to, digitized voice, computer data, facsimile data, video data, etc. Base-message data are defined herein to be message data originating from a base station, and remote-message data are defined herein to be message data originating from a remote unit. Thus, the base station communicates base-message data to the plurality of remote units. A remote unit communicates remote message data to the base station.
The term "base" is used as a prefix to indicate that an element is located at the base station, or that a signal originates from a base station. The term "remote" is used as a prefix to indicate that an element is located at a remote unit, or that a signal originates from the remote unit.
The present invention is taught using a base-station transmitter and a remote-unit receiver. Based on these teachings, a person skilled in the art would know that concepts of concentric regions and antenna sectoring can be used in a reciprocal manner, with a remote-unit transmitter and a base station receiver.
In the exemplary arrangement shown in
As illustratively shown in
The base-hopping means frequency hops the converted-base message data for a given remote user over a set of frequencies assigned to the particular-concentric region in which resides that remote user. The resulting signal is a frequency-hopped signal. In
The base station has base-hopping means for hopping on a plurality of frequencies, simultaneously. Each of a plurality of remote units receives a respective signal from the base station on a different frequency, from the other remote units, at any dwell of a hop. The set of frequencies used for communicating from the base station to the remote unit may be in the same band as the set of frequencies used by the remote unit to communicate to the base station. Alternatively, the set of frequencies used for communicating from the base station to the remote unit may be in a band separate and distinct from the band having the set of frequencies used by the remote unit to communicate to the base station.
In response to the selected-remote unit being located in the particular-concentric region, the base-controller means controls the set of frequencies used by the base-hopping means. The base controller means may be embodied as part of the FH controller 107, which assigns the set of frequencies used by the FH signal generator 105. The controller 107 may be a microprocessor or other digital signal processing circuit or chip.
The base-power means amplifies the frequency-hopped signal to be transmitted from the base station to each remote unit. The base power means is embodied as a base-power amplifier 108. The base-power amplifier 108 is coupled to the base mixer 106. The base-power amplifier 108 is optional, if sufficient power were available at the output of the base mixer 107.
The base-antenna means is coupled to the base-power means. The base-antenna means may be embodied as an omnidirectional antenna, or as a directional antenna 109. In a preferred embodiment, by way of example, the base station may also have six directional antennas which divide the coverage area into six sectors of 60� per sector. Each directional antenna 109 provides the directional coverage for each sector, respectively. The base antenna 109 radiates the frequency-hopped signal over the coverage area, or over a sector of the coverage area if directional antennas were employed. In this case the total capacity of the system is increased by six.
Each of the remote units, as illustrated in
The remote-receiver means may include remote-acquisition and-tracking means and remote demodulator means. The remote acquisition-and-tracking means acquires and tracks the frequency hopped signal, to generate a dehopped signal. The remote demodulator means is coupled to said remote-acquisition-and tracking means, and demodulates the dehopped signal into the base-message data.
Technology for building a receiver for receiving a frequency-hopped signal is well known in the art. In
The FEC encoder 101 of
The low noise amplifier 122 is coupled between the remote antenna 121 and the down converter 123. The bit deinterleaver 126 is coupled between the demodulator 125 and the FEC decoder 127. The mixer 124 is coupled between the down converter 123 and the demodulator 125, and to the FH acquisition-and-tracking circuit 128.
In order to prohibit collisions, all of the base stations are synchronized. The plurality of remote units are synchronized to the base stations and hence to each other. In addition, each remote unit in a cell transmits at a frequency which is different from those of all other remote units, as illustrated in
Concentric Regions to Reduce Interference
In an attempt to prevent interference between cells, i.e., intercellular interference, each of the base stations has a coverage area divided into a plurality of N concentric regions. As illustratively shown in
The base station can determine the distance at which the remote unit is-located from the base station using any of many different techniques. The base station, for example, can use a command channel of the FH/CDMA system for sending a timing or mark signal. The remote unit may act like a repeater, and relay back to the base station the timing or mark signal on a return command channel. The base station can determine the distance of the remote unit by the round trip time for the mark signal to travel from the base station, to the remote unit, and back to the base, station. Alternatively, a remote unit may relay location information to the base station through a command channel. The remote unit may determine its location using well-known geolocation techniques, with reference to two, three, or more, base stations, for example.
In the exemplary arrangement shown in
In order to understand why different system configurations were selected, it is useful to calculate the worst-case signal to-interference (S/I) ratio at the base station of cell A. Consider that each band is allocated 15 MHz/6=2.5 MHz. These frequencies are not necessarily contiguous. Then, in band F4 there are about 80 remote units, transmitting at frequencies f4,1, to f4,80, using QPSK, and letting each remote unit have a bandwidth of about 32 kHz. Six interfering remote units, each at the same frequency f4,1, one in each of the six surrounding cells, could be at a point closest to the base station of cell A, thereby creating maximum interference. Consider
Sectored Antennas to Minimize Interference.
In order to reduce the worst-case S/I condition, base antenna means may be used for sectoring the coverage area into a plurality of sectors. The base-sector means is shown, by way of example, with six-sector antennas selected, in
The worst-case remote unit-to-base station interference occurs from a single remote unit whose signal can be seen from the base station. This is illustrated in
Regions and Sectored Antennas Can Reduce Interference
In order to theoretically eliminate the intercell interference, consider the use of six concentric region rings with six-segment antennas. As seen from
Consider the remote unit uA shown in the outer region in cell A in frequency band F2. Interference to its sectored base station in cell A could only come from a remote unit uB in inner ring at cell B in the band F2. Since band F2 is divided into six sub-bands, band F2 readily is arranged such that the frequencies used in frequency band F2 of cell A, designated F2(A), do not correspond to the frequencies used in frequency band F2 of cell B, designated F2(B) within the same sector. Using this technique, consisting of concentric regions and sectors, there is fro interference between adjacent cells, ignoring multipath.
Forward Power Control
Forward Power Control (FPC) is the adjustment of the power transmitted by the base station to achieve a fixed receive power at the remote unit. FPC can be employed to minimize the base station to remote unit interference. The purpose of FPC is to ensure that the signal power transmitted by the base station, received in any frequency region, is the same. Thus, in
Reverse Power Control
Reverse Power Control (RPC) requires that a remote unit is received at its base station with the same power regardless of where in the cell the remote unit is positioned.
To determine if RPC can improve the S/I, refer to
Rings and Sectored Antennas Can Increase Capacity
The capacity of the system depicted in
If the spacing of the regions were selected to allow an equal remote unit density, i.e., each region is of equal area as shown in
These bands are those shown in the upper segment of cells A, B and C in
Choosing the Hop Duration
The above discussion neglects the effect on system, performance of multipath fading.
The primary purpose of frequency hopping is to move a signal at a frequency fi, which is fading, to a new frequency fj, which may not be fading. To use the entire frequency band effectively, however, all frequencies must be used, even those which fade. Unfortunately, the fading frequencies vary with geography, cars, people, and office environment, so that there is no guarantee of a good, non-fading, frequency.
A hopping rate can accommodate bit rates from 8 kb/s to 32 kb/s, i.e., 8 kb/s, 16 kb/s and 32 kb/s. At these and higher data rates, an equalizer may be required as a result of multipath returns causing intersymbol interference. In addition, approximately 2 kb/s signaling data is used. A proposed frame structure is shown in
The performance of a frequency-hopping system can be improved dramatically through the use of space diversity. With this procedure, two antennas at the base station receive the remote unit's transmission and, using the optimal maximal-ratio combining technique, obtain second-order diversity. Other combining techniques could be used. Furthermore, since the antenna which has received the stronger signal at each of the remote unit's hop frequencies f1, is known, then during the next hop the base station transmits to the remote unit, at frequency fi, using the antenna which received the larger power.
This procedure is illustrated in
Using the above procedure the base station and the remote unit each achieve second-order space diversity without any increased complexity in the remote unit's handset.
The present invention depends on the ability of a remote unit to switch frequency bands when moving from sector to sector and/or from region to region. A corollary requirement is to provide an adequate number of frequencies in the sector to accommodate different quantities of remote units. For example, in
The frequency-hopping remote unit changes frequency, i.e., hops, every 500 microseconds. Thus, every second there are 2000 hops. When the base station records a power ldrel decrease from a remote unit over a reasonably large number of hops, say 100 hops, it tells the remote unit to switch to a new band of frequencies. In addition, as the remote unit moves from sector to sector or from one cell to another, the remote unit receives a slow hopping pilot signal sent from the base station to each sector. Thus, only six pilot signals are required to effect handoff between sectors or cells. That is, the remote unit receives the pilot signals from all nearby sectors. If a pilot signal strength exceeds that of its present pilot signal by a meaningful amount, then the remote unit can request handoff. Other approaches may also be used.
In order to overlay on the fixed service microwave user, one of two approaches can be employed. In the first approach, the remote unit users in a cell would affect, at most, one microwave user. The base station, knowing which band of frequencies is used by the microwave user, "locks-out" that band so that the number of remote units in the band is significantly reduced. For example, if the allocated band is 15 MHz and the microwave user has a bandwidth of 10 MHz, then the number of remote units in cell is only one-third of the maximum possible capacity. In the second approach, the number of remote units that are allowed on the lband occupied by the microwave user is increased until interference is detected by the microwave user. Should the microwave user's signal fade, the number of remote units is decreased.
Impact of Mult Math Fading on FH/CDMA
In this section, the signal power lost due to fading, i.e., the fade depth, required for spread spectrum systems as a function of bandwidth, is presented.
Experiments were performed within buildings, in offices, outdoor in the suburbs and outdoor in New York City. Approximately one million data points were processed to obtain the curves shown below.
The results shown in this figure for the bandwidths of 11 MHz, 22 MHz, 30 MHz and 48 MHz all yield similar results. However, the fading at 2 MHz and for a CW signal show that very large fade depths can occur.
Narrowband spread spectrum systems, using ct bandwidth of about 1 MHz, fade by 15–19 dB depending on the environment. These are the numbers for a probability of 10−3.
From the data, the fade depth increases as the bandwidth decreases, and increases in fade depth becomes significant at bandwidths of less than 11 MHz. Since a FH/CDMA system uses an instantaneous bandwidth equal to the bit rate, fading of more than 5 dB occurs less than 10% of the time; however, with a probability of 10−3 one can have fades exceeding 23 dB.
This patent has presented the design and initial performance analysis of a FH/CDMA microcellular communication system. The system design was based on the philosophy that the most important consideration was that of maximizing channel capacity. Therefore, the resulting design, while practical, was nonetheless complex; it made use of coordinated frequency subbands and antenna sectors to minimize multiple access interference. Thus, while a design of this type requires, for example, more handoffs than might otherwise be needed, it results in a highly effective usage of the frequency spectrum.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the frequency hopping code division multiple access system and method of the instant invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, and it is intended that the present invention cover modifications ant variations of the frequency hopping code division multiple access system and method provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
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Mechanical Resonances and Geometrical Nonlinearities in Electrodynamic Loudspeakers
A method for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of loudspeakers, which includes the effects of modal resonances and geometrical nonlinearities, results in a model without regard to the kind of nonlinearity. This state-space approach is equally valid for a single degree of freedom (plane wave piston) and higher order degrees, including "break-up" modes of vibration. For a classical loudspeaker, consistency between predicted and measured results across the audible range validates the method. Nonlinearities are observed near resonance frequencies and at their submultiples.
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Now that the shortcomings of current knowledge have been identified, the US Department of the Interior and other federal agencies responsible for offshore drilling in the Arctic must take them into account in all further policy decisions.
Top scientists in the US and worldwide agree. In an open letter, more than 500 of them called on the administration of US president Barack Obama to act on the USGS recommendations before authorising new oil and gas activity in the Arctic Ocean. Doing so is vital lest oil and gas development continues in the absence of full scientific understanding.
Without this approach, walruses and other species crucial to a healthy Arctic ecosystem will be at the mercy of chance. That's not the kind of scientifically sound plan we were promised.
Henry Huntington is the Arctic science director for the Pew Environment Group based in Eagle River, Alaska
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1879 $4 Coiled Hair Four Dollar, Judd-1640, Pollock-1840, High R.7, PR66 Cameo NGC....
2009 August Los Angeles, CA US Coin Auction #1128
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The Lemus 1879 Coiled Hair Four Dollar Pattern1879 $4 Coiled Hair Four Dollar, Judd-1640, Pollock-1840, High R.7, PR66 Cameo NGC. Ex: Lemus Collection. The reverse and the obverse periphery are the same as the Judd-1635 through 1637 stellas, but the center obverse features the George T. Morgan Coiled Hair design. Liberty's hair is braided, and a hair band in front reads LIBERTY. Struck in aluminum with a reeded edge.
Judd-1640 in Aluminum, PR66 Cameo
Judd-1640 in Aluminum, PR66 Cameo
Until the late 1880s and early 1890s when a new chemical isolation process was discovered, aluminum was considered among the most precious of metals, far rarer and much more coveted than gold. It is difficult today to find adequate words to express how elusive pure aluminum was at the time this coin was struck. We have mentioned elsewhere in this catalog the story of how when the Emperor Napoleon served an imperial dinner of elaborate scale, he reserved the aluminum tableware for the most revered guests, reserving the gold service for those of lower estate. Until the early 1880s, aluminum was sold in troy-ounce quantities, and domestic yearly production was in the range of 1,000 to 3,000 troy ounces, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
The purity of the aluminum provides a radiant backdrop for splendid, intense field-device contrast recognized by NGC. The fields are quicksilver and brightly mirrored, while arctic mint frost cleanly covers both the central devices and the peripheral legends. Light striations are seen through the central star on the reverse, but none appear on the obverse. Some minor planchet roughness is to be expected, due to the Mint's unfamiliarity with what amounted to, at the time, an experimental (and quite valuable) metal. NGC has certified a single piece each in PR66 Cameo (the present example) and PR67 Cameo (6/09).
There appear to be five separate specimens that we can enumerate:
1. Public Auction Sale (Lester Merkin, 9/1967), lot 407; Rio Rancho (Superior, 10/1974), lot 136; 1979 ANA Sale (New England Rare Coin Auctions, 7/1979), lot 1358; Pittsburgh Elite Coin Auction (Superior, 8/2004), lot 893, realized $89,125. Not gilt.
2. Rare Coin List #10 (Paramount, 6/1975); Dallas Bank Collection (Sotheby's/Stack's, 10/2001), lot 369. Not gilt.
3. Edward Maris Collection (H.P. Smith, 6/1886), lot 221; Garrett Collection (Stack's, 3/1976), lot 668; Harry Bass; Harry Bass Research Foundation. Not gilt.
4. Auction '80 (RARCOA, 8/1980), lot 1946; Auction '83 (Rarcoa, 7/1983), lot 1410. Gilt.
5. CSNS (Rarcoa, 5/1971), lot 397; Winter ANA (Steve Ivy, 2/1983), lot 1791; 1988 ANA (Heritage, 7/1988), lot 2759; The Lemus Collection (Heritage, 1/2009), lot 1930. The present coin. Not gilt.
Additional Appearances
The following appearances likely represent duplications of the above coins, although tracing complete pedigrees from the early years is today impossible:
A. 1914 ANS Exhibit (Woodin), later sold to Newcomer; probably the coin in the Olsen Sale (Mehl, 11/1944), lot 616.
B. An example in the Virgil Brand Collection, bought as part of a complete set of stellas from Edgar H. Adams in 1911.
C. Another example in the Brand holdings, this one from a complete set purchased from F.C.C. Boyd in 1921.
D. King Farouk; Palace Collections of Egypt (Sotheby's, 2/1954), lot 1995; purchased at the sale by James P. Randall.
E. King Farouk; Palace Collections of Egypt (Sotheby's, 2/1954), lot 2024, also purchased by Randall.
From The Bay State Collection, Part Two. (PCGS# 62018)
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In a document handler associated with an input scanner, such as for a digital copier or facsimile machine, an image-bearing sheet is moved over a relatively narrow window, through which the image is recorded by a photosensitive chip. When a spot of dirt attaches to the window, a streak results in the image data. This streaking problem is addressed by detecting image data consistent with such a streak, and applying a suitable correction algorithm to the image data. The suitable algorithm is chosen based on the thickness of the streak and the nature of the image data.
1. In a document handler for causing,an image-bearing sheet to pass over a light-transmissive window in a process direction for recording by a photosensor array, the photosensor array being exposed to a portion of the image-bearing sheet through a window, a method comprising the steps of:
detecting, in image data output by the photosensor array, image data consistent with one photosensor in the array repeatedly outputting a black pixel over a predetermined number of output lines;
identifying the image data consistent with one photosensor in the array repeatedly outputting a black pixel over a predetermined number of output lines as a subset of streak pixels within a set of image data forming an image;
applying an image-correction algorithm to a subset of neighboring pixels within the image data, the neighboring pixels having a predetermined spatial relationship to a streak pixel within the image data;
selectably altering the streak pixels in the image data based on the algorithm applied to the neighboring pixels.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
determining a width of the streak formed by the streak pixels within the image data;
applying a first image correction algorithm if the streak is of a first width; and
applying a second image correction algorithm if the streak is of a second width.
6. The method of
7. The method of
applying a first image correction algorithm if the image data is monochrome; and
applying a second image correction algorithm if the image data is in color.
8. The method of
The present invention relates to input scanners as would be found, for example, in digital copiers, facsimile machines, and the like.
Certain types of familiar office equipment, such as copiers, or facsimile machines, accept images from hard-copy sources for recording and reproduction. Very often these original images originate on sheets of paper which are fed through an automatic "document handler" which takes a stack of sheets and feeds them serially over a platen or other window, where the images are recorded. In a digital copier, facsimile machine, or scanner, the window is associated with one or more photosensitive semiconductor chips which convert the light reflected from the series of small areas on each sheet into video signals which are then digitized and converted to digital image data, which can then be retained in a memory. In the case of the standard "light lens" or "analog" copier, the light reflected from the series of sheets fed through the scanner is directed to a photoreceptor, as is well known in the art.
In one particular type of document handler, a type which is particularly useful for digital applications such as a digital copier or facsimile, the platen or window over which sheets are successively passed is essentially a narrow slit, through which only a relatively thin line of each sheet is "viewed" at a time, such as by the photosensitive semiconductor chip. In such a design, each sheet being fed through the document handler is passed at a known velocity over the window or platen while the photosensitive semiconductor chip records and outputs data over time. In other words, in such an arrangement, the photosensitive chip is exposed a series of very thin views of the sheet over time, and then circuitry associated with the chip in effect reassembles a large number of such slits to accumulate data descriptive of the entire image on the sheet. One example of a design of a document handler of this configuration is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,139. Such a document handler which moves sheets: at a constant velocity over a narrow platen or window is known as a "constant velocity transport" or CVT.
One practical problem which has been noticed in applications of a CVT, particularly in regard to digital copiers and facsimile machines, is the fact that a small quantity of dirt which may attach to the small window or platen over which each sheet passes can cause a significant image defect in resulting digital images. Because a spot of dirt is stationary on the window, the image of the dirt on the window is repeatedly scanned by the photosensitive chip even as successive areas of one sheet move over the window. When a printout is made of the image thus recorded with the CVT, the print will have a straight streak on it corresponding to the position of the original spot of dirt.
The present invention is directed toward a technique for minimizing or eliminating the effect of small quantities of dirt on the window of a CVT in a hard copy scanner.
In the prior art, U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,470 discloses a method and apparatus for detecting the presence of dirt or abrasions on a document platen and preventing these defects from being reproduced as unwanted spots on output copies. The platen is first scanned without a document placed thereon and an electronic image is generated and stored which contains information on the location of a dirt spot or inherent defect such as etched marks on the platen. Upon the initiation of a scanning mode with a document placed on the platen, the scanned electronic document image is subjected to a logical XOR process to correlate the previously stored spot location with the same location on the document image. Once the spot location is determined, the spot is erased within the digital image data. Significantly, this patent does not disclose the special problems of dirt appearing on the window of a CVT or other automatic document handler.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,139 is cited as an example of a document feeding system, otherwise known as a constant velocity transport or document handler, as would be found, for instance, in a currently-available digital copier.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,410 discloses a software technique for quickly determining whether a binary input image originated as a blank page, submission of blank pages being a possible occurrence when accepting data from a device having an automatic document handler. The disclosure recognizes that a page image may contain vertical streaks that are not part of the original paper document. A threshold analysis typically allows a certain number of such streaks to be present without concluding that the page is not blank.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,409 discloses a system used in conjunction with a document handler. In particular, the patent discloses a system for compensating for dirt accumulating within the document handler, such dirt affecting the white reference value when the apparatus is calibrated.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a document handler for causing an image-bearing sheet to pass over a light-transmissive window in a process direction for recording by a photosensitive member, the photosensitive member being exposed to a portion of the image-bearing sheet through a scan line which is narrower than the window along the process direction. In image data output by the photosensor array, image data consistent with one photosensor in the array repeatedly outputting a black pixel over a predetermined number of output lines is detected. The image data consistent with one photosensor in the array repeatedly outputting a black pixel over a predetermined number of output lines is identified as a subset of streak pixels within a set of image data forming an image. An image-correction algorithm is applied to a subset of neighboring pixels within the image data, the neighboring pixels having a predetermined spatial relationship to a streak pixel within the image data. The streak pixels in the image data are selectably altered based on the algorithm applied to the neighboring pixels.
FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially schematic diagram showing the essential portions of a document handler or constant-velocity transport as used with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an example of streak data as would be found in an image created with image data derived from a document handler as shown in FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 are flowcharts showing a method of correcting streak data according to the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a simplified view showing some essential hardware elements of a constant velocity transport (CVT) as used in a document handler as would be found, for example, in a digital copier. Although only the most essential elements of such hardware are shown in the figure, a more detailed implementation of a document handler as used in a digital copier may be seen for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,139, issued to the assignee hereof. With particular reference to the figure, a roller 10 rotating in the indicated direction and moved ultimately by a motor 11 drives a sheet of paper (not shown) thereon in a process direction P over what is here called a "window" 12. In a practical embodiment of the hardware, it is likely that roller 10 will be placed in very close proximity to the top surface of window 12, the roller 10 and surface of window 12, thus forming a relatively narrow nip for the passage of a single sheet of paper therethrough.
The window 12 is light-transmissive, and light from a light source (not shown) reflected from a sheet riding on roller 10 would pass through window 12 and, in this particular embodiment, be reflected onto a mirror 14. The light reflected from mirror 14 would then be directed to a photosensitive semiconductor chip such as shown as 16. Depending on the size of photosensitive chip 16, there may be included any amount of reductive optics (not shown). In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, instead of a relatively short single photosensitive chip 16, there could be provided a "full width array" of photosensors, meaning an arrangement of photosensors which extend the full width of roller 10 so that reductive optics, or even the mirror 14, are not required.
When a sheet riding on the outer surface of roller 10 is caused to move in process direction P over the window 12, the photosensitive chip 16 is exposed, through window 12 and mirror 14 to a series of "slits" representing individual window-wide rows of pixels from the original image riding on roller 10. Photosensitive chip 16 typically defines a single linear array of photosensors, each photosensor in the array "seeing" one pixel in this slit at a time. As is well known, as a succession of slits forming an entire image is viewed by photosensitive chip 16, the data resulting from the series of slits can be reassembled, by downstream circuitry such as indicated as control 20, to synthesize data representative of the entire page image. The "scan line" indicated as L—L shown in FIG. 1 is a line, having a small but finite thickness along process direction P, through which the linear array of photosensors of photosensitive chip 16 actually "see" through window 12.
A practical problem which has been noted with document handlers of the general design shown in FIG. 1 occurs when a spot of dirt or other debris (or, alternately, an abrasion which has been created on window 12), is attached to either the top or bottom surface of window 12. If a spot such as S on a surface of window 12 remains stationary even as a sheet is passed over window 12 by roller 10, the spot S will be repeatedly recorded.
The present invention minimizes or overcomes the streaking problem caused by a spot attaching to window 12 by detecting conditions wherein a spot on window 12 may cause streaking in resulting digital data, and then corrects the resulting digital data to minimize or remove the streak.
As a first part of the method, a streak in the resulting image data which could be consistent with a spot of dirt on window 12 must be identified. This dirt on window 12 could be first detected by direct monitoring of a video output from photosensitive chip 16. Monitoring tell-tale "streak" data directly as video data is being output from photosensitive chip 16 has the advantage of triggering subsequent image-correction steps on individual page image data only as necessary, although it may well be convenient, in some systems to provide the streak-removal steps described below to image data which has been digitized and preserved in a file.
If there is a spot of dirt at a particular location along the scan line L of window 12, this streak will manifest itself as a certain photosensor of the linear array of photosensors on photosensitive chip 16 always outputting black (or some equivalent set of colors if it is a color photosensitive chip) in a relatively long series of lines of video output from photosensitive chip 16. Depending on a particular implementation, it may be desirable to require that the particular pixel be black for the entire time a particular page image is scanned, or merely that a particular photosensor has been outputting black for a threshold number of video output lines during the scanning process. If it is thus determined that the output of a particular photosensor (pixel) is "always black" for purposes of the present invention, the image-correction method of the present invention can then be triggered. This image-correction method is preferably applied to the digitized image data which is assembled based on the original video data from photosensitive chip 16.
In the digital data resulting from a scan in which conditions likely for a streak are determined, the streak should be readily detectable in the position in the digital data where black pixels are repeatedly detected. Such a streak, in a copy or facsimile resulting from the scanned image data, will be a conspicuous image defect. The question is how to remedy this defect in the image data. One simple solution is, when such a streak is detected, to simply change the black pixels in the streak to white: this would have the advantage of simplicity and at least a white streak is less conspicuous than a black streak, such as on a page of text. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, whether to change a pixel in the image data corresponding to a streak to black or white could be determined by any number of polls of neighboring pixel data. In brief, if a certain number of neighboring pixels to a streak pixel are black, chances are the pixel along the streak should have been black anyway. If a certain number of pixels around a streak pixel are white, then chances are the pixel in the streak should be changed from black to white.
FIG. 2 is an example of a small portion of image data exhibiting a streak as would be caused by a spot of dirt on window 12. What is shown in FIG. 2 is a portion of an image I having two alphanumeric characters therein. The streak S' is related to a spot of dirt S on window 12 as the sheet bearing the original image data moves through process direction P as shown. As can be seen, the streak S' is essentially made of a line of black pixels, two of which are highlighted in FIG. 2. The circles (some darkened, some open) around each of the black pixels along streak S' represent a possible subset of "neighboring pixels," indicated as NP, of a predetermined spatial relationship to the particular pixel along the streak (the "streak pixel," in the language of the claims below, indicated in the Figure as SP), that could be polled within the neighboring pixels to determine whether the streak pixel should be altered (i.e., in this example, converted to white) in the original image data. The question of how many neighboring pixels NP must be of a certain color in order to change the central streak pixel SP to a different color is a matter of providing a polling algorithm.
Possible examples of such polling algorithms include having the streak pixel SP altered to match a majority of sampled neighboring pixels NP, weighting the "votes" of neighboring pixels depending on their relative position to the pixel in the streak (e.g. to give the pixels below or to the left of the pixel in question more weight than pixels above or to the right of the pixel in question), or weighting the votes of closer neighboring pixels more than farther neighboring pixels. (For purposes of the claims herein, such "weighting" of neighboring pixels can include giving a certain neighboring pixel a zero weighting under certain conditions.)
Another type of algorithm may require agreement, or matching, among multiple neighboring pixels to determine the corrected pixel in the streak area, e.g. change the streak pixel to white only if the pixel immediately above and immediately below are both white, otherwise leave black. This type of algorithm may be used in conjunction with other algorithms, or the fact that certain neighboring pixels match each other may in itself by weighted as a factor in the overall algorithm. Also, in the color context, a "match" of neighboring pixels may be determined as two pixels having colors which are sufficiently close in color space.
Different image-correction algorithms may be applied in a single scanning system depending on the thickness of the detected streak. For example, one set of neighboring pixels (such as immediate neighbors) around a streak pixel may be polled in situations where the streak is only one pixel wide. However, if the spot S on window 12 is particularly large, such as large enough to cause a streak in the image data two or three pixels wide, it may be desirable to adapt the polling and weighting algorithms and/or selection of sets of neighboring pixels and/or check of which neighboring pixels match, depending on the width of the streak, with different overall algorithms being applied depending on whether the streak is one pixel wide, two pixels wide, etc. Of course, if the streak is detected over a certain width, such as five pixels, which is not likely to be satisfactorily corrected by software, it may be desirable to have the scanner simply stop, and display an error message to the user or key operator.
The system of the present invention can be utilized in a monochrome or color-scanning context. As color documents, particularly photographs, are highly random on a pixel by pixel basis, in contrast to black and white documents which are typically text, it is probably most advisable to alter a pixel along a streak S to the colors of pixels very closely adjacent thereto so that the corrected pixels along the streak are minimally conspicuous. It is also possible to provide different polling algorithms for a single scanning system depending on whether the particular input image (or portion of an image) is detected as monochrome or color.
The flowcharts of FIGS. 3 and 4 summarize how a method of correcting detected streak pixels can be applied to data output from a photosensor chip 16 and retained as a file of digital data, such as in control means 20. FIG. 3 shows how streak data, once detected, can be directed to a most suitable algorithm depending on, for instance, the width of the streak (although if the streak is too wide, the scanning operation is cancelled), and whether the data being scanned is color or monochrome. In any case, the method leads to one or another correction algorithm, each algorithm being generalized by the steps shown in the flowchart of FIG. 4: as shown, for each algorithm, suitable neighboring pixels are selected, the neighboring pixels are polled (perhaps according to a weighted voting system), and matches of certain neighboring pixels are taken into account. The streak pixel in question is thus altered (such as changed from black to white, or from black to a color determined by the colors of the neighboring pixels) based on the algorithm. Once again, the specific details of the algorithm in FIG. 4 may be selected as being appropriate to the classification of the streak data as performed by the steps of FIG. 3.
An important practical feature which is useful with the present invention is to give a user an option of selectably disabling the streak-detection software. Certain sets of original documents being scanned, such as spreadsheets, may intentionally have long horizontal or vertical lines, and in some situations the presence of such lines may be interpreted by the control system as resulting from a spot on window 12.
In overview, the present invention addresses the image defect of streaking caused by dirt on the window of a CVT by first detecting a characteristic streak condition in the data output by the scanner when a sheet is fed therethrough; and then, when a streak condition is detected, applying an image-correction algorithm to the pixels in the image data associated with the streak.
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Oct 05, 2011 Local Societies 0
The Tameside Archaeological Society was founded in 1997. As well as occasional talks by members or invited guests, the society also runs a couple of ongoing digs. They also undertake resistivity surveys for themselves, the local university, and other organisations, as well as fieldwalking on the local moors, investigating possible sites, and doing exploratory excavations.
Members of the society will receive basic training in archaeological methods while working on our current sites. This can include preparation of a site for possible excavation, research, survey work, digging, trowelling, drawing and maintaining a Site Diary.
Meeting Details
Venue Address: Denton Festival Hall, Peel Street, Denton M34 7JX
Times of meeting: 7.30pm third Thursday of each month except December
Access for people with disabilities: Yes
Cost: £20 family membership
Contact Details
Tel: 0161 320 5220
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.tas-archaelology.org.uk
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