text:
From the article: Top 10 Free Email Services
Which free email service do you use? Is your account years old, or did you switch recently?
What makes you stay? What made you switch? What would make you switch?
Yahoo is a hackers dream!!
- I have been hacked so many time on Yahoo, that last year I had to have my computer wiped clean & start fresh. I just got spam hacked again this morning. I would go with gmail but they don't have a folder file & I use mine on Yahoo all the time. I am not the best at the computer so I'm not sure what to do.
- —Guest Gem
so many different email options
- I use outlook.com which used to be hotmail.com. My email address is still hotmail.com. I also use mail.com and Yahoo email. Each one of these has its issues. Often, outlook/hotmail will auto refresh when I'm in the middle of reading a message or newsletter; but, it doesn't land at the place where I was reading. The auto-refresh is annoying and unnecessary. Mail.com has it's problems as well. Often my browser will get to the mail.com home page; but, when I go to log in, it can't find the server. Also, messages that I send from mail.com will get bounced back to me as undeliverable. For example, I can send an email to one person on one day. The very next day, I can send a message to that same person and it bounces back. I use the basic version of Yahoo Mail. It works more consistently than mail.com; but, sometimes I get error messages. Maybe more often than just sometimes. However, of the 3, I think Yahoo is more consistent in letting me send and receive messages.
- —djnova50
What I use
- Yahoo mail lost its mind. After 20 years with them, I was dumped with no warning or explanation. I lost vital financial information. I switched to gmail and couldn't be happier.
- —Guest Gene
Yahoo doesn't deliver
- Have used Yahoo since the day we got our first computer & never had 1 complaint or problem until the past month. Not one of the emails I have sent in the last 30 days ever got to the person I was sending it to even though I got the messages that they had been "successfully sent". Unfortunately every one of them was important & time sensitive messages so I am so done! And looking for a different free email service. Also been very annoyed by their constant requests for phone number...So not happening! especially when my emails aren't getting delivered any more!
- —Guest Eileen
Mail.com and AIM.com
- I use mail.com and aim.com. They are kind of all right. I don't have to use a cell phone for either one, but they don't have that much storage. It works good for me though. I don't like providing all of that personal information.
- —Guest Kandy Gurl
Zoho and Yandex FTW
- I was sick and tired of spam coming out of my ears on Yahoo and Gmail forces you to use their stuff and does whatever they want with your mail..I found Zoho, which in the 2 years I've had it, I've never had a single spam mail and I can use it free to host my website email too. Throw in free office apps and I'm set. Love Zoho! Just got a Yandex account a year or so ago and loved it so much I got another one. Yandex is the Russian equivalent to Google's popularity but I've never had a single problem with my Yandex mail accounts (and the mail service has English links and setups) I tanked Yahoo and have eliminated 2 Gmail accounts. Unfortunately I have to keep one because it's my Android account, Youtube etc..see why I hate Google?
- —Guest Pariah
Mail.com and xtcmail
- I've been having trouble with Mail.com. Every password I try to make (including those with just random letters and numbers fitting all their requirements) is pronounced "too easy". I was using xtcmail, which was VERY simple, but I think their domain wasn't paid for or something...? Because it's no longer there. :(
- —Guest Hannah
Good-Bye Juno
- I've been using Juno since I started using email back in 94 or so… All of a sudden, they have these huge advertisements on the right side of the screen to where I can't even read my messages without using the arrow keys. I've complained a few times and was told they would take my comments into consideration. After reading all of these comments, I don't know where to go now. HELP!
- —Guest gmc41
Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail Have Problems
- Gmail has made it a practise earlier on that you have to be recommended by a friend to open an account earlier on. I have to wait a while before opening an account - by the time I opened my account I do not need it anymore so I am using it to collect all the news reports which I do not read. Hotmail kept me out for using their services because somebody who was knowledgeable in computer systems and email used my email address to spam others. I was punished for somebody's doing. I have Yahoo for 13 years. Regardless of the difficulties I face when opening up my email address each time I remain using their services. I cannot complain for there is no such thing as a free lunch and I am thankful to those who try their best to help by providing free email services.
- —Guest Sebastian
Gmail a pain in the Butt
- Tried to reconnect to Gmail after being down for several weeks. What a headache, and I've been with them for years. No thanks! Gmail can shove it where the monkey shoved its nuts!
- —Guest Maureen
Google Mail
- I agree with comments about Google. Google absolutely stinks to the high heavens! They are a wash-out.
- —Guest Maureen
I love Gmail
- I love Gmail. I can't believe there are so many people that hate using Gmail because of Google's privacy policy. Yet again, most of them may have Facebook, which also has its own privacy policy issues.
- —Guest Ken
I've Never Had Problems with Gmail
- I have never ever had problems with Gmail. I don't understand why people are talking about it as if it's the worst thing ever. I love Gmail. When I am logged in, I can get to lots other "apps". I especially love Google+. So, don't listen to anyone who is saying it stinks because it doesn't.
- —Guest meepmop
Trying to switch from Gmail
- Google just locked me out of my own email account. It says I have to send a copy of my ID to them to verify my birthday. It had been pestering me for my phone number for quite a while. Now this! WTH? I had my email account with them for a long time. But now I'm switching. Google and Gmail can go to Hell.
- —Guest suns
Beware of Gmail/Maps in phones
- If you HAVE ANY Google apps in your cellphone then check the privacy settings. Gmail/Maps settings are all changed and locked so they can access and datamine all your contacts, SMS, photo's, everything in your phone up to their servers on a continuous 24/7 basis. In the USA and here in Europe, the governments have full access to ALL of your information datamined and stored by google. Hence no opposition to their new privacy policy. Everything you do with google is logged. It's not a case of if you're not doing anything wrong then you've nothing to worry about. It's the principle of it. Just imagine what they are datamining from out of your pc, laptop etc because you use one of their products or google search. It's criminal. It's theft of your private information because you skipped over or didn't read their privacy policy properly. People who use facebook, twitter etc are insane. Stay private.
- —Guest Use encryption to hide your IP address
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text:
By Program/Major
By Type of Career
By Type of Student
Human Resources
Program Purpose:
To prepare students to become certified surgical technologists (CSTs). Surgical technologists are part of the team of medical practitioners providing surgical care to patients. Surgical technologists work under the supervision of a surgeon to facilitate the safe and effective conduct of surgical procedures, ensuring that the operating room environment is safe, that equipment functions properly and that the procedure is conducted under conditions that maximize patient safety. Surgical technologists possess expertise in the theory and application of sterile and aseptic technique, which they combine with knowledge of human anatomy, surgical procedures, and instruments and technologies to facilitate a physician's performance of invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.
Upon successful program accreditation, graduates will be eligible to sit for the national certification exam administered by the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (NBSTSA).
Employment Types:
Certified surgical technologists work in operating rooms, ambulatory surgery centers, central supply, labor and delivery areas, cardiac catheterization laboratories, private physician offices, and other settings where invasive procedures are performed.
Program Length:
64 credit hours
Admission Requirements:
Applicant must have earned a standard high school diploma or GED diploma.
Applicant must be college-ready, which means the applicant does not need developmental education courses in English, reading and/or mathematics. This requirement may be satisfied by one or more of the following options: the Florida Statute on Developmental Education exemption, adequate placement scores from the Florida Postsecondary Education Readiness Test (PERT) or other college placement scores accepted by TCC, completion of developmental education courses, or completion of at least ENC1101 College Composition and general education math .
Applicant must have completed the Surgical Technology Specialist Certificate (6355) program.
Note: A student may declare the Health Science - Surgical Technology Specialist A.S. degree as his or her program of study at any time through the TCC Admissions and Enrollment Services office. However, the student is not officially admitted into the A.S. degree until the student is enrolled in or has completed the Surgical Technology Specialist Certificate (6355) . The student must contact the Division of Healthcare Professions to be officially admitted into the A.S. degree program.
Program Application:
The Amy Lynette Bailey Surgical Technology program accepts students for each Fall and Spring semester. This is a limited-access program with a limited number of seats per class.
Applicants must submit a TCC admission application (www.tcc.fl.edu/apply) and attend the Surgical Technology Program information session to obtain and submit a program application.
See Additional Healthcare Program Requirements for important information.
Academic Division:
Healthcare Professions, Ghazvini Center for Healthcare Education
(850) 558-4500 or email@example.com
View Information about Graduation Requirements and Year of Entry .
General Education courses may be taken before or after program courses.
To satisfy State Board of Education Rule 6A-10.030, students must earn a grade of "C" or better in any Communications, Humanities, History/Social Science or Mathematics course used to fulfill general education requirements.
Spring: January Main (2 credit hours)
Spring: January Express (6 credit hours)
Spring: March Express (6 credit hours)
Summer: May Main (10 credit hours)
Summer: June Express (1 credit hour)
Summer: May Express (6 credit hours)
Summer: June Express (6 credit hours)
Fall: August Main (12 credit hours)
Fall: August Express (1 credit hour)
For more information contact Admissions & Enrollment Services by phone (850) 201-8555, fax (850) 201-8474 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
Documents on this page are available in Adobe Acrobat Portable Format(PDF). Adobe Reader software can be downloaded for free from Adobe.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Good Day to Die Hard. It was more fun than I thought it would be. It kept to the formula from the outset: 1. Family is paramount, for both sides, 2.
I so want to see their take on Clarice.
She'd be the anti-Will. She got really close to him...but not that close.
That's what I'm hoping. But a thing this devastatingly grotesque and beautiful was probably always damned to a brief life.


text:
South Carolina Senior
40: 5.37
High motor player that doesn't stop working until the whistle blows. Has a decent first step to get leverage and due to his squat build is able at times get leverage and hold the double team at the point of attack. Has a nice swim move to beat the center when he lines up at the nose. Shows decent power and potential as a bull rusher when attacking the A gap. Uses an effective spin to get off blocks and make stop at the point of attack.
Undersized and struggles to get off blocks at times. Doesn't quite get extension when he is trying to get leverage. Can get pushed off the ball and needs to leanr how to use his hands to disengage. Is not going to be a sack artist, as he cannot consistently get pressure and make the play when he does get upfield.
Ajiboye is limited because he doesn't have ideal size or strength, but he's a high motor player that is going to outwork everybody else and find a role at the next level. His limitations mean that he'll probably only be a rotational guy, but with improvements in terms of his technique, he can be effective in that role. A four-year starter that combined for 147 tackles, 14 tackles for loss, 6.5 sacks. He was suspended the first 3 games of junior year due to an off-season arrest for marijuana possession. Name is pronounced: LA-dee AW-ji-boy. He hails from Riverdale, GA.
Ajiboye is a guy that doesn't wow you, and he definitely needs polish. But has a high motor that often makes up for it. He's a disruptive guy, but not a true playmaker so it's going to be harder for him to stick in the pros because of that. But in a 4-3 scheme that emphasizes being as disruptive as possible, he can find a home eventually. I think it's going to take him a few years before he can stick as he develops and improves his technique, but I think he has the ability to fill as a nose tackle in a 4-3 scheme that isn't going to emphasize the biggest guys like say in Indianapolis or Atlanta. Ultimately, I think Ajiboye has a high enough motor and can develop enough of a skillset as a disruptive guy that he can become a competent No. 3 rotational guy off the bench. But ideally, he's the type of guy you want as the No. 4 guy. That's a guy that can give you 20-25 snaps a game, play hard, help the run, and allow you to keep your impact players fresh for passing situations. I think ultimately he winds up having an NFL career comparable to someone like Craig Terrill.
Like I mentioned before, I think Ajiboye can work here in Atlanta. He's not a guy that is going to find an immediate role in the rotation, but he can eventually develop and push Walker for the No. 4 role. If he can improve his technique, learning how to better get leverage and get off blocks at the point of attack, he can be a good run defender and rotational guy up front. He probably won't be a better player than Walker, especially in terms of his ability to make impact plays. But you like having him on the roster because the more talented players ahead of him on the depth chart will have to keep looking over their shoulders because of him. Ultimately, he's a nice developmental depth piece for the Falcons that they can probably stash on the practice squad for a year or two and hope he can stick down the road.
Ajiboye I think merits a seventh round pick if he goes to a team looking for a fourth defensive tackle to develop with their depth. But because he's not a great fit to stick right away, you'd feel more comfortable signing him as an undrafted free agent.
1-poor, 2-weak, 3-above average, 4-very good, 5-elite
Strength: 3.0
Point Of Attack: 3.0
Quickness: 3.0
Pass Rush: 2.0
Motor: 4.5
Ladi Ajiboye, DT, South Carolina
Scouting reports of the defensive tackles in the 2011 Draft.
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- Pudge
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- Location: North Carolina
- Contact:
Ladi Ajiboye, DT, South Carolina
"Vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis" -- Maharbal, 216 B.C.E.
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text:
If I type my blog as http://agreenlady.com/blog the site will not open. If I use the url http://agreenlady.com/Blog using a capital "B" in blog the site opens. Is there any way to make the site open with either a capital "B" or a lower case "b"?
That will be a pain in the neck to have people remember to use a certain case.
A Green Lady


text:
After adding 2nd interface to network settings
Needed to move server to new IP Address. Added in new IP address as second interface to same NIC (eth0). On reboot the server is not connecting back to the network. Reason I added as second Interface, I was not sure if I would be able to access it once we move it from old vlan to new vlan. Server is running on VM. In watcing from the VM console for start up the server is failing on the eth0 to bring it up.
Need to know where to find the file is located in order to clean it as it would have two etries both point to same eth0 NIC.
Using tech bulletin TECH1788956. It says to check the file located in /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg-eth0. The folder does not exist, I do see a network-scripts folder but see no ifcfg-eth0 file. Need a solution in-order to restore the network connectivity for the server.
Comments 1 Comment • Jump to latest comment
My friend , Interface2 is eth1 . If you assign IP Address to interface2 ,it will be applicable for eth1 and not eth0 .
I have successfully changed the IP Addresses for my universal servers and this is how I did it . I changed them from inside (I think it promted a restart) and than using Vsphere console ,I changed the VLAN from Old to New so when the Server came online ,it will find the right VLAN and it worked .
In your case ,you assign new IP to interface 2 but maybe you changed the VLAN for eth0 and not eth1 .


text:
Upcoming special events, updated Oct. 22
It's difficult to categorize some of these upcoming events but they all sound fun.
Indiantown Rodeo: 4 p.m. Oct. 25-26. Timer Powers Park, 14000 S.W. Citrus Blvd., Indiantown. Tickets: $5-$15. 772-597-2184; www.indiantownchamber.com.
Open Poetry Night: 7-10 p.m. Oct. 27. Kilted Mermaid, 1937 Old Dixie Hwy, Vero Beach. 772-569-5533; kiltedmermaid.com.
Trivia: 6:30 p.m. Oct. 29. Kona Beach Cafe, 3340 N.E. Pineapple Ave, Jensen Beach. 772-934-6956; kona beach café on Facebook.
Cornhole & Costumes: 10 p.m. Oct. 30. Filthy's, 1238 16th St., Vero Beach. 772-794-9512; www.drinkatfilthys.com.
So You Want to be a Rock Star: Karoke with a live band. 8 p.m. Oct. 31. Chillin' the Most Restaurant and Bar, 4304 N.E. Ocean Blvd., Jensen Beach. www.ctmatthebeach.com.
Zombie Crawl and Halloween Bash: Brevard Busking Coalition. 7:30-11:30 p.m. Oct. 31. Kilted Mermaid, 1937 Old Dixie Hwy, Vero Beach. 772-569-5533; kiltedmermaid.com.
Howlywood & Vine Hypnotic Celebrity Adult Halloween Party: 6-9 p.m. Oct. 31. Comedian/hypnotist Gary Roberts. Celebrity costume contest and red carpet photo op; pumpkin carving and decorating contest; buffet by Chef Sal. Endless Summer Vineyard & Winery, 4200 Johnston Road, Fort Pierce. 772-460-0500; www.endlesssummerwine.com.
Jammin Jensen Zombie Invasion: Win VIP tickets for Pineapple Festival with best zombie look. 6-9 p.m. Oct. 31. Downtown Jensen Beach, 1960 N.E. Jensen Beach Blvd., Jensen Beach. 772-334-3444; www.jensenbeach.biz.
Capt. Hiram's PirateFest: A free weekend of family fun. 5 p.m.-12:30 a.m. Nov. 1; 1 p.m.-12:30 a.m. Nov. 2; 1-6 p.m. Nov. 3. Capt. Hiram's Sand Bar, 1606 Indian River Drive, Sebastian. 772-589-4345; www.hirams.com.
Stuart Air Show: Nov. 1-3. Witham Field, Stuart. $15-$70. www.Stuartairshow.com.
Stuart Seafood Festival: 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Nov. 16; 11 a.m.-7 p.m. Nov. 17. Memorial Park, 300 S.E. Ocean Blvd., and Georgia Avenue, Stuart. $5-$7. Ticket: 772-919-5513; www.stuartseafoodfestival.com.
Rock The Light Fundraiser: Live bands, food/drink, live auction/raffle. 6:30-10:30 p.m. Nov. 23. Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and Museum Deck, 500 Captain Armour's Way, Jupiter. $50. 561-747-8380; firstname.lastname@example.com.
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text:
The Beechman Welcomes Ho! Ho! Ho! Kick Off the Season w/Marta 12/3-4
MAC & Bistro Award-winning vocalist Marta Sanders will rock the room at the Laurie Beechman Theatre with her holiday show, Ho! Ho! Ho! Kick Off the Season with Marta! for two shows only, Saturday, December 3rd at 7pm & Sunday, December 4th at 1pm. She will be accompanied by Musical Director John McMahon on the piano. The evening of holiday music & some tunes from her new CD, Panache, is directed by Debra Zalkind.
In addition to her Broadway turn as an original cast member of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Marta Sanders has been a fixture on the New York music scene, performing at some of NYC's top venues including Les Mouches, Rainbow & Stars, The Ballroom, Metropolitan Room, Sardi's, Upstairs at Greene Street & The Triad.
When she's not entertaining theatre & nightclub audiences, Marta is one of NYC's top tour guides, leading tourists from Battery Park to the Harlem, from theatres to monuments. Sharing her love of the city with her "audiences" as she guides & entertains them, Marta has also officially greeted visitors with her "Welcome to New York City" performance, leaving tourists with a truly unique view of NYC.
DATES: Saturday, December 3 @ 7pm & Sunday, December 4 @ 1pm (Brunch)
THEATRE: Laurie Beechman Theatre ~ 407 West 42nd St.
PRICE: $25 Music Charge/$15 food/drink minimum
About Author
- Casting Roundup: Sarah Chalke, Kim Raver Headline New Pilots
- ADVENTURE TIME Headed to the Big Screen?
- Pilot Season Roundup: Colm Feore, Daniel Stern, Dave Annable to Star in New Shows
- James Franco to Star in New Fox Comedy, WHY HIM?
- Christopher Meloni to Star in WGN America's Slave Drama UNDERGROUND
- Check Out Alex Dunphy's Full College Essay from Latest MODERN FAMILY Episode
- Photo Flash: HBO Reveals Key Art for GAME OF THRONES Season 5
- Syfy to Honor Leonard Nimoy with Special Programming This Sunday
- Grammy Winner Kelly Clarkson Exclusively Premieres New Music from New Album on MTV, VH1 & CMT First
- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


text:
Actually, with Lyndie Irons
Andy IronsPosts
Andy Irons Surfs Because…
posted by Jason Miller / Blogs / August 16, 2010
Andy summons his inner feelings
SURFING Blog: Issue Release Party
posted by Stuart Cornuelle / Blogs, Editorial / August 9, 2010
Ringing in the new issue with a legendary cast
Big Upsets on Day 3 of the Billabong Pro at Jeffreys Bay
posted by Jason Miller / News / July 17, 2010
Slater and Irons ousted by Holmes. Fanning loses to Hobgood while Jordy, Dane, Taj, and de Sousza put on stellar performances.
Pumping Swell on Day 1 at J-Bay
posted by Jason Miller / News / July 15, 2010
Billabong Pro South Africa comes out firing and looks for a fast finish. Don't blink
Jeffreys Bay, This is Your Life
posted by Jason Miller / Video / July 13, 2010
Team riders, locals and Billabong reps recall their favorite moments from J-Bay
Gabe Kling Wins the Nike 6.0 Lowers Pro
posted by Jason Miller / News / May 10, 2010
Floridian battles back from year-long injury and takes out the stacked 6-Star Prime at Lowers
The last days of Castles in the Sky
posted by Jason Miller / News / April 17, 2010
Taylor Steele's next travel epic is almost ready.
Staring At 17th
posted by Ray Bergman / News / March 2, 2010
Andy Irons lost 30 minutes ago to Bobby Martinez. The surf today is strange.
Is Our Andy Back?
posted by SURFING Magazine / Heat, News / March 2, 2010
Andy Irons and the final heats of RD. 2 at the Quiksilver Pro.
The Hub | 01.30.2010
posted by SURFING Magazine / The Hub / February 1, 2010
Christian Fletcher wants to be your friend, winning blog wars, hot Aussie Chicks, etc.
A Favorite and a Dark Horse Score 10s
posted by Ray Bergman / News / January 30, 2010
Irons and Barley Post Perfect Rides At Volcom Pipeline Pro.
Pipe Masters Wraps Up Today
posted by SURFING Magazine / Event / December 15, 2009
PIPELINE, Oahu/Hawaii (Tuesday, December 15, 2009) – The final stop on the 2009 ASP World Tour, the Billabong Pipe Masters,
Opening Day
posted by SURFING Magazine / Event / December 11, 2009
The Billabong Pipeline Masters brings the North Shore back to earth By Nick Carroll Surf: 6-8' clean Back and Front
The Hub | 12.07.2009
posted by SURFING Magazine / The Hub / December 7, 2009
The Hub | December 7th, 2009 | As reliable as the 2010 Rebel Tour…or not, maybe. Rebel Tour Update
Three Answers with Andy Irons
posted by SURFING Magazine / JimmyCane / August 31, 2009
SURFING caught up with Andy Irons on his way home from New Jersey after his Hurricane Bill chase. By Matt
Facebook Reviews: September Issue
posted by SURFING Magazine / News / July 28, 2009
Last Thursday, we asked fans of SURFING Magazine on Facebook to write critical reviews of any feature from the On
Andy's 2010 Wildcard Doesn't Matter
posted by Andrew Lewis / Stuart / January 27, 2009
There's a fair measure of vitriol bouncing around about Andy Irons' WCT wildcard in 2010. The ASP has given Andy


text:
Intro to CNC
- 10526 Venice Blvd, Culver City, CA, 90232
Radio Mondays
CRASH Space
Radio Mondays is a biweekly discussion group on electromagnetic subjects of all kinds. From simple ham radio, satellites, HERF weapons, to your cellphone and wifi use. Come to listen, contribute, and discuss.
A particular topic or speaker will be determined ahead of time for each Monday, past speakers have included the former VP of Fox Digital, SpaceX Engineers, wise Elmers of local Ham associations, and many more.
Radio Mondays are always free and open to the public, a donation from non-members is appreciated. Please RSVP here if you know for sure you will attend, to recieve any updates, documents, notes, and references from the event.
We are a collection of hackers, programmers, builders, makers, artists and people who generally like to break things and see what new things we can build with the pieces.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
South Carolina Obamacare Nullification Effort Ressurrected in House
Refusing to concede defeat, Chumley and Bill Davis, along with 25 cosponsors, introduced H.4979 with identical language to the Davis amendment.Details
Refusing to concede defeat, Chumley and Bill Davis, along with 25 cosponsors, introduced H.4979 with identical language to the Davis amendment.Details
A bill to amend the Missouri state constitution to guarantee Missourians health care freedom and lay the groundwork for nullification efforts passed through committee and will go to the House for a full vote.Details
A bill to ban creation of a state insurance exchange under the Affordable Health Care Act was passed by the Oklahoma State Senate on this month by a 30-8 vote.Details
HJR62 was introduced by Rep. Kurt Bahr (R-102) as an amendment to the Missouri state constitution to help protect the state's health freedom from Obamacare. (read it here) If passed, this amendment would ultimately be decided by Missouri voters. It was referred to the Health Care Policy Committee.Details
A bill introduced in the Louisiana State House of Representatives would expressly ban an important provision of Obamacare.Details
South Carolina H3101, the "Obamacare nullification" bill, was just voted down 33-9 because of a parliamentary move by Republican Lt. Governor Glenn McConnell.Details
With some last minute political maneuvering in the twilight of the legislative session, a bill that would begin the process of nullifying Obamacare in Georgia gained final approval in both the House and the Senate Tuesday night, and now moves on to the governor's desk.Details
Live Blog: South Carolina H3101 in the State Senate On Wednesday, March 19th, the South Carolina senate is expected to vote on cloture to end debate on the Davis Amendment to H3101. Once that happens, there should be dozens of new amendments proposed in an attempt to stall the final vote on the legislation. Expect…Details
See South Carolina State Sen. Tom Davis explaining his amendment to H3101, and the anti-commandeering doctrine as a tool to fight Obamacare in the states.Details
A bill that would effectively cripple implementation of Obamacare in Missouri recently passed out of committee.Details
The Constitution. Every issue, every time. No exceptions, no excuses.


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Acorn slippers are warm and casual footwear for women with durable suede uppers and bottom accents. Cute women's slippers from totes also feature skid-resistant rubber driver outsoles for indoor and outdoor wear alike.
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Acorn VIA WRAP Ballet Shoes for Women - Fall & Women's Work Shoes
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Acorn VERSAFIT Socks for Men and Women - Solid Fleece
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VersaFit fleece socks are warm socks made of lightweight Acorn Comfort Fleece. These socks for men and women come in solid and heathered fleece colors, and these winter socks in hydrophobic, breathable fleece fibers wick moisture away from skin.
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Acorn TECH TRAVEL MOC II Slippers for Men, Men's Winter Slippers
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These men's fleece lined slippers are also men's moc slippers, giving you the best in both worlds with our Tech Travel Moc II Slippers for Men. These best men's slippers that are also the best men's moccasins are easy to stow it in your tote, carry-on, backpack or brief case for slipping on when you want to take off your shoes but worry about cold and dirty feet.
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Acorn HENNA SCUFF Slippers for Women & Winter Bedroom Slippers
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With women's slippers from totes, it's hard to decide whether you'll love our women's winter slippers for their beautiful detail or their long-wearing comfort. Choose mule slippers with attractive embroidered detail and fully contoured footbeds for enhanced heel and arch support.
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Wear our open-toe women's slippers made of easy-care Terry when you want women's Acorn slippers with non-slip, weatherproof soles. These spa-style house slippers have a contoured footbed featuring an enhanced heel and arch for long-wearing comfort.
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Acorn POLAR SCUFF Slippers for Women & Winter House Shoes
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These slip on slippers are cute slide slippers with printed fleece uppers and faux fur linings. Polar scuff slippers for women are warm fleece slippers with comfort cushion insoles and non-slip weatherproof soles.
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Comfortable house shoes are both indoor and outdoor Acorn shoes, many of which are ideal for travel.
Acorn's comfortable house shoes make tackling your "honey do" list a joy. Wear cozy boot slippers in suede, fleece and faux fur for a luxurious feel and fit. Our moc slippers in suede or wool have traditional hand-sewn detailing for classic style. Ballet slippers for women feature many styles and colors in flexible microknit, suede and leather, to name a few.
Most comfortable house shoes feature weatherproof soles for versatile indoor/outdoor wear. Our boot slippers are often lined in sheepskin to wrap your feet in unsurpassed comfort and softness. Add moc slippers, mule slippers, spa slippers or fleece socks to your wish list. Don't forget ballet slippers for women, which are perfect for traveling - or for staying put at home.
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text:
I've used the scanner method but I didn't get a distinct cut off point (where the pixels go white to black... there were lots of grey ones even when bumping the contrast during scanning. Maybe scanning as line-art would fix that but at the time I didn't think of that and was too eager to try the pinhole out anyway) so had to guess a bit, not that it really matters as you'll still need to experiment with the final exposure anyway.
Ummm, I don't think that paragraph would pass a grammer checker!


text:
This past Sunday, I got the opportunity to attend the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure. This race is a walk/run held in Denver to fundraise for breast cancer funds. There were thousands of people there and it was an awesome way to spend my Sunday. I attended Race for the Cure with my sorority. We met up in Denver bright and early and walked the 5K to support those who have survived and those who have passed from breast cancer. There were people everywhere and it was so great to see how many people support this cause.
We got into Denver around 7 AM and I'll just say that it was a bit cold. When we got there it was about 30 degrees but it luckily got warmer as the morning went on. We walked the 5K with thousands of people and then volunteered for the survivors ceremony. The survivors ceremony was my favorite part of the whole day because it was so great to see all of the women who have survived breast cancer walking around and being celebrated. We listened to inspirational speakers about their stories of their experience with the disease. The ceremony ended with a sneaker salute to all of the survivors. That moment was so amazing to see everybody showing their full support for the survivors. It really got you thinking about how precious life is and how we all need to live life to the fullest every day. This day was so amazing and I'm so glad that I went. They hold this race every year around the same time, so if you ever get the chance to sign up, I definitely encourage it.


text:
A Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) is optimized for longer life of the VCSEL by controlling the distance of doped and undoped layers near an active region. In addition, the VCSEL optimized for reduced parasitic lateral current under an oxide of the VCSEL by forming a high Al confinement region and placing the oxide at a null in a standing optical wave. Further, the VCSEL is optimized to reduce resistance.
1. A Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser optimized for reduced parasitic lateral current under an oxide of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser, wherein non-radiative recombination occurs at an oxide semiconductor boundary according to a non-radiative lifetime, the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser comprising:
an active region including one or more quantum wells, wherein the active region comprises a high Al confinement region, the high Al being about >80% or more;
an oxide layer comprising an aperture disposed near the active region, wherein vertically the center of the oxide layer is about � wave optical thickness from the center of the quantum wells;
an intermediate region between the active region and the oxide layer, the intermediate region comprising a direct bandgap material with radiative lifetimes that are less than non-radiative lifetimes, and
a spacer region, the spacer region comprising an extra mirror period, wherein the extra mirror period comprises low Al and is configured to trap minority carriers to allow them to recombine radiatively in the intermediate region.
2. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
a lower or upper mirror comprising AlAs as part of a Distributed Bragg Reflector stack; and
a thick AlAs cavity extension disposed at the lower mirror, and wherein the thick AlAs cavity extension act as an additional mirror layer, and wherein the AlAs cavity extension is periodically doped such that more heavily doped portions of the AlAs cavity extension occur at or near nulls of a standing electrical field.
3. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
4. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
5. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
6. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
7. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
8. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/015,949 entitled VCSEL OPTIMIZED FOR HIGH SPEED DATA, filed Dec. 21, 2007, and incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. This application is also a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/735,993, titled EFFICIENT CARRIER INJECTION IN A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE, filed Apr. 16, 2007, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
1. The Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to lasers. More specifically, the invention relates to Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs).
2. Description of the Related Art
Lasers are commonly used in many modern components. One use that has recently become more common is the use of lasers in data networks. Lasers are used in many fiber optic communication systems to transmit digital data on a network. In one exemplary configuration, a laser may be modulated by digital data to produce an optical signal, including periods of light and dark output that represents a binary data stream. In actual practice, the lasers output a high optical output representing binary highs and a lower power optical output representing binary lows. To obtain quick reaction time, the laser is constantly on, but varies from a high optical output to a lower optical output.
Optical networks have various advantages over other types of networks such as copper wire based networks. For example, many existing copper wire networks operate at near maximum possible data transmission rates and at near maximum possible distances for copper wire technology. On the other hand, many existing optical networks exceed, both in data transmission rate and distance, the maximums that are possible for copper wire networks. That is, optical networks are able to reliably transmit data at higher rates over further distances than is possible with copper wire networks.
One type of laser that is used in optical data transmission is a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL). As its name implies, a VCSEL has a laser cavity that is sandwiched between and defined by two mirror stacks. A VCSEL is typically constructed on a semiconductor wafer such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). The VCSEL includes a bottom mirror constructed on the semiconductor wafer. Typically, the bottom mirror includes a number of mirror periods, each period including a high index of refraction layer and a low index of refraction layer. As light passes from a layer of one index of refraction to another, a portion of the light is reflected. By using a sufficient number of alternating layers, a high percentage of light can be reflected by the mirror. Typically, each layer within a mirror has a thickness of one-quarter wavelength of the optical field being produced in order to improve reflectivity.
An active region that includes a number of quantum wells is formed on the bottom mirror. The active region forms a PN junction sandwiched between the bottom mirror and a top mirror, which are of opposite conductivity type (i.e. a p-type mirror and an n-type mirror). Free carriers in the form of holes and electrons are injected into the quantum wells when the PN junction is forward biased by an electrical current. At a sufficiently high bias current the injected carriers form a population inversion in the quantum wells that produces optical gain. Optical gain occurs when photons in the active region cause electrons to transition from the conduction band to the valance band which produces additional photons. When the optical gain is equal to the loss in the two mirrors, laser oscillation occurs. The electrons in the quantum well conduction band are stimulated by photons to recombine with holes in the quantum well valence band. This process results in the stimulated emission of photons, which are coherent with the initiating photons.
The active region may also include an oxide aperture formed using one or more oxide layers formed in the top and/or bottom mirrors near the active region. The oxide aperture serves both to form an optical cavity and to direct the bias current through the central region of the cavity that is formed.
A top mirror is formed on the active region. The top mirror is similar to the bottom mirror in that it generally comprises a number of layers that alternate between a high index of refraction and a lower index of refraction. Generally, the top mirror has fewer mirror periods of alternating high index and low index of refraction layers, to enhance light emission from the top of the VCSEL.
Illustratively, the laser functions when a current is passed through the PN junction to inject free carriers into the active region. Recombination of the injected free carrier electrons from the conduction band quantum wells to the valence band quantum wells results in photons that begin to travel in the laser cavity defined by the mirrors. The mirrors reflect the photons back and forth. When the bias current is sufficient to produce a population inversion between the quantum well states at the wavelength supported by the cavity, optical gain is produced in the quantum wells. When the optical gain is equal to the cavity loss laser oscillation occurs and the laser is said to be at threshold bias and the VCSEL begins to 'lase' as the optically coherent photons are emitted from the top of the VCSEL.
The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one exemplary technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
An embodiment disclosed herein relates to a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser optimized for longer life of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser comprises a quantum well, a Si doped layer disposed at about 26 nm or more from the quantum well, the Si doped layer being doped at about <2�1018/cm3, and a undoped layer disposed between the Si doped layer and the quantum well, wherein the undoped layer is the layer closest to the quantum well.
A further embodiment disclosed herein relates to a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser optimized for longer life of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser comprises quantum wells and undoped layers disposed with a total extent between 56 nm and 75 nm around the quantum wells, wherein the undoped layers are the semiconductor layer closest to the quantum well.
An additional embodiment disclosed herein relates to a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) optimized for reduced parasitic lateral current under an oxide of the VCSEL. In the VCSEL, non-radiative recombination occurs at an oxide semiconductor boundary according to a non-radiative lifetime. The VCSEL comprises an active region including one or more quantum wells, wherein the active region comprises a high Al confinement region, the high Al being about >80% or more, an oxide layer comprising an aperture disposed near the active region, wherein vertically the center of the oxide layer is about � wave optical thickness from the center of the quantum wells, an intermediate region between the active region and the oxide layer, the intermediate region comprising a direct bandgap material with radiative lifetimes that are less than non-radiative lifetimes, and a spacer region, the spacer region comprising an extra mirror period, wherein the extra mirror period comprises low Al and is configured to trap minority carriers to allow them to recombine radiatively in the intermediate region.
Another embodiment disclosed herein relates to a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser optimized to reduce resistance. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser comprises an active region, a plurality of p doped mirror periods disposed on one side of the active region, the plurality of mirror periods comprising high doping and wherein the doping is periodic such that higher doped portions are configured to be located at about nulls of a standing optical wave in the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser, further wherein the mirror periods are doped at a minimum doping of 1�10 18/cm3, and further wherein at least some of the higher doped portions of the doped mirror periods have a doping >1 e19/cm^2, and an oxide layer disposed near the active region centered at the second null away from the active region.
Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the teaching herein. The features and advantages of the teaching herein may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Stacks 116 and 126 can be distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) stacks. Each DBR stack 116 and 126 includes alternating layers 141 a, 142 a, 141 b and 142 b of high and low refractive index materials. Each alternating layer pair is called a mirror period 143. The optical thickness of each alternating layer pair is typically equal to an integral number, typically "1", of half the wavelengths of the laser to be constructed. The top mirror 126 may include about 20-25 mirror periods where each period includes a high index of refraction layer and a low index of refraction layer. The DBR stack 126 may have mirror periods having low doped portions with doping of 1�1018/cm3 and higher doped portions with a doping of >1e19/cm2.
In the example shown, the bottom mirror 116 may include alternating layers of aluminum arsenide (AlAs) and GaAs, but can be made from other III-V semiconductor materials. Stacks 116 and 126 can be doped or undoped and the doping can be n-type or p-type depending on the particular VCSEL design. In conventional VCSEL designs, the bottom mirror 116 may include about 30 to 35 mirror periods.
In some embodiments, a cavity extension layer 118 is formed between the bottom stack 116 and the lower confinement layer 120. The cavity extension layer 118 may be a thick AlAs cavity that acts as an additional mirror layer. In embodiments where the AlAs cavity extension 118 is periodically doped, the more heavily doped portions of the AlAs cavity extension 118 may occur at or near nulls of a standing optical wave as will be discussed in more detail to follow. The thick AlAs cavity extension may be about one of 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, or 2.25 wavelengths thick, although other thicknesses are also contemplated.
In further embodiments, one or more alternating layer mirror pair layers 119 may be disposed between the cavity extension layer 118 and the lower confinement layer 120. As shown, the one or more alternating layers mirror pairs 141 and 142 form a mirror period 143. In one embodiment, layer 119 consists of two alternating layer mirror pairs.
The active region 122 includes quantum wells 144 for stimulating the emission of laser energy. The quantum wells 144 may also be referred to as the optical gain region. The quantum wells 144 are the locations where current through the active region causes the presence of injected carriers, holes and electrons, which cause a population inversion and optical gain. These electrons from the conduction band quantum well states combine with the holes in the valence band quantum well states (i.e. across the band gap) to cause the emission of photons 131. More detail of the active region 122 will be discussed in relation to
In one embodiment, an oxidation layer 125 forming an aperture 125 a may also be provided near a conduction layer region above the quantum wells 144 for directing bias current to the central region of the VCSEL active region 122. As illustrated in
Metal contact layers 112 and 113 can be ohmic contacts that allow appropriate electrical biasing of VCSEL 100. When VCSEL 100 is forward biased with a voltage on contact 113 different than the one on contact 112, active region 122 emits light 131 which passes through stack 126. An aperture 146 may be provided through contact 113 to allow the emission of the photons 131. Although the contact layers 112 and 113 in the example VCSEL 100 are located on the top and bottom surfaces of the VCSEL, in other embodiments, p-type and n-type intracavity or intramirror contacts may be used.
While various layers of the epitaxial structure have been described as being formed on other layers, this does not require that the layers be formed directly on the other layers. Rather, other intervening layers may exist between a layer and the layer in which that layer is formed. Various portions of the present discussion may refer to several configurations of the VCSEL.
Confining region 120 includes a transition region 146 that is positioned between active region 122 and high aluminum content region 142. The combination of high aluminum content region 144 and the transition region 146 provide an injection structure with good carrier confinement and good electron injection.
Depending on the design of the VCSEL and the thickness of high aluminum content regions 142 and 144, the confining regions 120 and 124 can also include spacer layers 148 and 150, respectively. The spacer layers provide resonant spacing between mirrors and provide that the quantum wells of the active region are centered on a peak of the optical field.
In some embodiments, the high aluminum content regions 142 and 144 act as an intermediate region or layer between the oxide layer 125 and the spacer regions or layers 148 and 150. The high aluminum content regions 142 and 144 may comprise a direct bandgap material with radiative lifetimes that are less than non-radiative lifetimes. In further embodiments, the spacer regions 148 and 150 may combine with the high aluminum content regions 142 and 144 respectively to form an extra mirror period such as the mirror periods 143. As will be explained further, the extra mirror period comprises low Al and is configured to trap minority carriers to allow them to recombine radiatively in the high aluminum content regions 142 and 144.
The confining layers 120 and 124 and active region 122 may be formed from one or more types of semiconductor materials. Examples of suitable semiconductor materials include GaAs, AlAs, InP, AlGaAs, InGaAs, InAlAs, InGaP, AlGaAsP, AlGaInP, InGaAsP, InAlGaAs, SiGe, or the like.
The various layers and regions in the semiconductor devices of the invention are created, at least in part, by varying the composition of the semiconductor material. For example in one embodiment, the aluminum content of an III-V semiconductor material can be varied. In one embodiment, the semiconductor material is AlxGa1-xAs, where x is between 0.0 and 1.0 (i.e., aluminum is 0.0% to 100%). AlxGa1-xAs is useful for making 850 nm VCSELs, which require high current densities and high optical output. In an alternative embodiment, the semiconductor material is (AlxGa1-x) InP where x is between 0.0 and 1.0 (i.e., aluminum is 0.0% to 100% for the AlGa fraction). The ratio of In to AlGa is typically selected to provide lattice matching and/or to provide a desired bandgap. In one embodiment the fraction of In in the AlGaInP system is about 0.51 of the type III materials.
Having described a general structure of a VCSEL, advantages and aspects of an 850 nm VCSEL for 17 Gigabit and higher applications in accordance with the present invention will now be explained. Such advantages may be practiced in the VCSEL of
Indium containing quantum wells can be used to improve the characteristics of quantum wells lasers. This occurs because the strain caused by the lattice mismatch with the GaAs substrate causes the splitting of the otherwise degenerate heavy hole and the light hole bands and the heavy hole band being modified to have a low density of states, again due to the strain. In edge emitting lasers and diodes, these benefits are seen simply by adding indium to the quantum wells. The results on the properties of the quantum wells are that the transparency carrier density is reduced, and the differential gain is reduced. The result for the laser is a lower threshold current and a higher relaxation oscillation frequency. At the same time, these beneficial effects occur when the wavelength of the laser shifts to longer values. 980 nm edge emitters are commonly fabricated using this technology with excellent behavior.
The 850 nm VCSEL has been and continues to be designed at 850 nm because of the convenience of low cost GaAs or Si or Ge photodiodes which work well with 850 nm light and the relative simplicity of fabrication of 850 nm VCSELs. Because of this, the standards are very solidly set to 850 nm, making it difficult to use indium which shifts the gain peak of the quantum wells to longer wavelengths. As such, AlInGaAs quantum wells previously proposed or demonstrated have not had any advantage.
An optimization of AlInGaAs quantum wells in 850 nm VCSELs was performed by simulation. In the simulation, thinner InGaAs quantum wells were used to compensate for reductions in band gap. Dimensions for such quantum wells may be about 50 A with 4.8% indium. For narrower quantum wells, even more indium may be beneficial. Generally, as the quantum wells widen the required indium goes down reducing the benefit. As the quantum wells narrow the benefit increases with increased indium, but the wavelength control of the quantum wells becomes difficult as the gain wavelength becomes very strongly dependent on the quantum well width.
Reference is now made to
Beginning with spacer 148, the aluminum content in the spacer layer 148 is between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%. The aluminum content increases at ramp 152 to an aluminum content 154 of about 95% within high aluminum region 142. The high aluminum region 142 may be Si doped.
In transition region 146, the aluminum content ramps between the aluminum content 154 and the aluminum content of quantum well barrier 140. Transition region 146 includes a ramp 156, an intermediate structure 158, a step 160, and a ramp 162. The ramp 156 has an aluminum content that ramps from 95% to about 60% at structure 158. The step 160 and the ramp 162 have an aluminum content that ramps from about 60% to 25% at the barrier layer 140. In some embodiments, the transition region or layer 146 may be Si doped up to the structure 158 with the step 160 and ramp 162 being substantially undoped. In other embodiments, all of transition region 146 may be substantially undoped.
The active region 122 includes several steps that form quantum wells 138. A ramp 164 provides a transition between active region 122 and high aluminum content region 144. Ramp 164 has an aluminum content that ramps from about 25% to about 95% at 166 within high aluminum region 144. The ramp 168 ramps from 95% to the aluminum content in the spacer layer 150, which is between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%. The high aluminum region 144 may be Si doped. Further details of an injection structure are disclosed in commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/735,993.
Wear out of VCSELs is a fundamental life limiting problem. At high current densities used in higher data rate lasers, this may be a substantial problem. The cause of wear out has been discovered by the inventor to include the diffusion of silicon from silicon doped confinement layers, such as layers 148 and 150, which also act as electron injecting layers towards and into the quantum wells of the active region. This discovery method includes using light and current vs. voltage measurements and noticing that devices with silicon closer to the active region cause wear out to be more severe. Additionally, the discovery method includes simulating devices with silicon closer to the active region. The diffusion of silicon from the electron injecting layer towards and into the quantum wells of the active region causes an uneven distribution of carriers in the quantum wells resulting in lower gain and a subsequent high threshold current of the VCSEL.
To minimize this problem, the distance of the quantum wells to the closest Si doped layer (i.e., layers 148 or 150) should be at least about 26 nm and the silicon dopant in the layers should be about <2�1018/cm3 and preferably 1�1018/cm3. Any extra dopants of any kind diffusing towards the quantum well will cause this problem, so the structure is designed to minimize this by having sufficient spacing between the dopants and the quantum wells.
In the embodiment disclosed in relation to
While in the above examples, reference has been made to undoped semiconductors, it should be understood by those of skill in the art that no semiconductor is truly undoped as there are residual background impurities. When reference is made to undoped here, it means that the semiconductor has an impurity concentration low enough that it is essentially undoped. In the present application, undoped means less than 3�1017/cm3 of either n or p type dopant.
Attention is now made to
A scale is provided along the left-hand side of the plot 400 to describe the compositional makeup 402 of the VCSEL. The scale ranges from zero to one and represents the aluminum fraction in the alloy AlXG1-XAs, and where a low X value produces a high refractive index and a high X value produces a low refractive index. For example, an aluminum value of 0.1 signifies that the group III portion of the alloy is 10% Al, and 90% Ga. However, it will be appreciated that while AlGaAs is used in the present example, the principles described herein are not limited to any particular composition, but may instead be applied to all types of compositions. A second scale is also provided along the right hand side of the plot 400 for providing context for the doping level 404. The second scale describes the acceptor concentration per centimeter cubed within the VCSEL.
The x-axis of plot 500 show layers that correspond to the layers of plot 400. That is, the left side of plot 500 corresponds to a bottom DBR mirror stack while the right side corresponds to the upper DBR mirror stack. The portion of the graph in between corresponds to the remaining layers. Those layers that are of particular importance to the present discussion are labeled. The y-axis of plot 500 shows a normalized E-field.
The plot 400 of
A transitional ramp 421 transitions from the last layer 416 to a cavity extension 420, which may correspond to cavity extension 118. The transitional ramp 421 has an aluminum content that ramps from about 16% to about 100% at the cavity extension 420. A transitional ramp 422 has an aluminum content that ramps from about 100% to between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%, as it transitions to the next layers.
The next layer 430, which may correspond to layers 119, is comprised of two alternating layer pairs 141 and 142 (comprising a mirror period 143), which is denoted by the 2 shown on plot 400. In each alternating layer pair, a high aluminum layer 436 of about 100% aluminum content and a low aluminum layer 435 between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%, are separated by a transitional ramp 431 that transitions the aluminum content from about 16% to about 100% and a transitional ramp 432 that transitions the aluminum content from about 100% to about 16%.
The last transitional ramp 432 transitions to a spacer 440, which may correspond to spacer 148, having an aluminum content between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%. The aluminum content increases from 16% to about 95% at a transitional ramp 441 that transitions to a confinement layer 445, which may correspond to layer 142, having an aluminum content of about 95%.
A transitional ramp 446, which may correspond to transitional ramp 146, transitions from about 95% aluminum content to about 25% at the barrier layer 140. The aluminum content then goes to zero at the quantum wells 450, which may correspond to the quantum wells 138 of active region 122.
A transition ramp 451, transitions the aluminum content from the about 25% of the barriers layers 140 to an aluminum content of about 95% of a confinement layer 455, which may correspond to layer 144. A transitional ramp 456 then transitions the aluminum content from about 95% to an aluminum content between 10% and 20%, preferably 16% of a spacer 460, which may correspond to the spacer 150.
A transitional ramp 471 transitions from about 16% aluminum content to about 95% aluminum content at the oxide layer 470, which may correspond to oxide layer 125. Note that transitional ramp 471 includes steps 472 and steps 473 as it tapers to a point as previously described. A transitional ramp 475 transitions the aluminum content from about 95% to between 10% and 20%, preferably 16% as it transitions to an upper DBR mirror 480, which may correspond stack 126.
The upper DBR stack 480 in one embodiment is comprised of 24 or 25 alternating layer pairs 141 b and 142 b (comprising a mirror period 143), which is denoted by the numbers shown on right side of plot 400. In each alternating layer pair, a high aluminum layer 485 of about 100% aluminum content and a low aluminum layer 486 between 10% and 20%, preferably 16%, are separated by a transitional ramp 481 that transitions the aluminum content from about 16% to about 100% and a transitional ramp 482 that transitions the aluminum content from about 100% to about 16%.
Reference is again made to
As further illustrated, p-doping 406 occurs in the portion of the VCSEL above the active region that contains the quantum wells. As illustrated, the p-doping ranges from a relatively low doping concentration to a high doping concentration, where the high doping concentration generally occurs at higher levels of aluminum concentrations. In addition, plot 500, when viewed in conjunction with plot 400, shows that the levels of highest p-doping occur at nulls in the standing field 510 and that the levels of lowest p-doping occur at peaks in the standing field 510. For example, plots 400 and 500 show that the oxide layer 125 has a center that is about � wave optical thickness from the center of the quantum wells. That is, the oxide layer 125 is at a second null 260 in a standing electrical field 510 of the VCSEL.
In some embodiments, it is desirable to place the oxide aperture 125 close to the active region 122 to reduce parasitic lateral current under the oxide. However, reliability may be decreased when this is done. The decrease in reliability comes from dislocations propagating from the oxide 125 into the active region 122 where the quantum wells 138 are located. Because the oxide is a non single crystal surface it is a source of dislocations which become dark line defects as they propagate and leave a trail of dislocation loops. Propagation of dislocations in this manner requires non-radiative recombination occurring at the oxide semiconductor boundary as well as through the region between the quantum wells and the oxide. This occurs because of electrons spilling out of the active region, primarily at high temperatures, and recombining at the oxide semiconductor interface and the intervening region.
Advantageously, the principles of the present invention allow for the oxide layer 125 to be placed close to active region while minimizing dislocations discussed above. The dislocations are minimized by two design features. First, an extra confinement at the quantum wells to avoid minority carrier spillover should be provided. As discussed in relation to
Second, a direct band gap material with radiative lifetimes much less than the non radiative lifetimes should be placed between the oxide layer and the active region. This material also acts as a well to trap the minority carriers. In embodiments of the present invention, the extra mirror period portion in the spacer layer 150, which has a low Al concentration as discussed, is used for a well to trap the minority carriers and allow them to recombine radiatively because spacer layer 150 is comprised of a direct gap material with a short radiative lifetime. Thus, the principles of the present invention provide an optimized VCSEL where the spacer layer 150 is modified to include a minority carrier trap for radiative recombination, the oxide layer is close to the quantum well, and confinement of the quantum wells is enhanced.
In other embodiments, the oxide layer 125 interface represents a surface which has traps in the band gap. Sub-energy band gap light such as extremely intense laser light can be absorbed by these traps, releasing minority carriers which can recombine non-radiatively causing the drift of dislocations from the oxide layer as previously discussed. The principles of the present invention provide embodiments that minimize this problem by placing the oxide layer 125 at a null of the standing optical field 125 and by keeping the oxide thin and having a sharp point at the tip. As previously described above, oxide layer 125 includes an oxide that is thin and is tapered to a point. In addition, plot 500 shows that oxide layer 125 is placed at the second null of standing optical wave.
One great challenge with high speed directly modulated devices is to make the device small without increasing the resistance and at the same time keeping absorption low. It may be important to keep absorption low because it degrades device performance in several ways. It increases threshold current, decreases slope efficiency, and makes the change in slope efficiency over temperature worse. There are several things that can be done to compensate so as to improve performance.
High periodic doping with or without asymmetric mirror periods can be used. Examples of these structures are illustrated in commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/963,365 titled "ASYMMETRIC DBR PAIRS COMBINED WITH PERIODIC AND MODULATION DOPING TO MAXIMIZE CONDUCTION AND REFLECTIVITY, AND MINIMIZE ABSORPTION" filed Dec. 21, 2007, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
Conduction layers can be brought closer to the active region. Conduction layers on the top of a VCSEL reduce the lateral resistance. In addition, by extending the conduction layers further down into the structure, the lateral resistance is further reduced as is the vertical resistance.
The result of the high periodic doping and increasing the portion of the mirrors which are conduction layers, thus bringing the conduction layers closer to the active region, is a much lower sheet resistance for the p-mirror than is typically used for VCSELs. The lateral resistance of a given size device becomes much smaller. The reduction of vertical resistance of the device is much more limited. Vertically the resistance is primarily limited by conduction through the compositional ramps. This is reduced by suitable doping profiles in the ramps as well as by heavy doping throughout the mirror periods furthest from the active region conduction layers.
In addition, the oxide can be placed closer to the active region. This eliminates vertical conduction distance in the region of highest current density reducing resistance. In addition, it reduces parasitic lateral current under the oxide.
Further, the minimum doping in the structure which is used near peaks of the optical field can be increased. However, when this is done, one should be careful to balance the minimum doping increase to avoid excess free carrier absorption.
By combining periodic doping, a thick conduction region, appropriate doping at the ramps, and the aperture oxide closer to the quantum wells, a 6-7 micron aperture device with around 50 ohms DC resistance can be made. The sheet resistance of the upper p-mirror for such a device is <28 ohms. Some embodiments may be <25 ohms. On particular embodiment is designed such that the sheet resistance of the upper p-mirror is about 20 ohms
The RMS spectral bandwidth specification for 14-17 Gigabyte devices is likely to be ˜0.65 nm. This is a challenge because these devices will operate at higher multiples of threshold current than slower speed devices. Additionally, the higher current densities will cause more modes to be allowed due to thermal lensing and generally cause higher spectral bandwidth. This is caused because the index of refraction increases with higher temperature causing an extra radial confinement due to the radial thermal gradients. This may also be a challenge simply because the sidebands created by modulation cause a substantial extra spectral bandwidth. These challenges may be dealt with in a number of ways:
Embodiments may keep optical confinement due to the oxide low by placing the oxide on a null, keeping it thin and making it sharply pointed.
Additionally, embodiments may be implemented to keep optical confinement due to thermal lensing low by thermal design. The lower mirror has AlAs as part of the DBR stack, as well as a thick periodically doped AlAs spacer which conduct heat and minimize thermal lensing. Additionally, embodiments may use AlAs in the top mirror.
Additionally, the AlAs spacer allows for more mode expansion reducing the confined number of modes and therefore reducing spectral bandwidth. The placement of the AlAs spacer should be as close to the active region as processing allows. When the depression is etched to expose the intentionally oxidized layer its bottom should have sufficient vertical spacing to the AlAs spacer that the AlAs spacer will not be oxidized. This can be enhanced, for example, by using the InGaAs quantum wells as etch stops.
The internal capacitance may be reduced by bringing in the isolation implant as far as is possible and still maintaining adequate conduction. The layout dimensions for this typically would be ˜9 microns with approximately 1.5 to 2 microns of lateral implant straggle giving an effective inner radius of 7 to 7.5 microns. In addition, the oxide can be tapered to be sharp at the tip as required for spectral bandwidth, but increase to a substantially larger value away from the aperture. For example near the tip (e.g. about 0.1 microns or less) it should be <350 Angstroms, and at about 2 microns further away it should be greater than 600 Angstroms and can taper to larger values. In addition, a single buried implant at a depth approximately coincident with the oxide can be used to create an insulating region which reduces the parasitic capacitance. Nominally this would have a radius half way between that of the isolation implant and the oxide aperture.
Some embodiments may also include a mode killer structure which uses a coupled cavity. By using a nitride oxide � wave pair on top of a DBR mirror of the VCSEL, reflectance is enhanced causing a reduction in threshold and slope efficiency. By etching � wave of semiconductor from the center of the device a coupled cavity is created which greatly reduces the reflectance. This reduces the number of modes and thus reduces spectral bandwidth.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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This is not a strong, cigar-room tobacco. This is a fresh, sweet modulation of the A*men theme sans the tarry notes and the absurd, room-clearing strength. I don't smell the peatiness and guiac-smokiness of Pure Malt. Instead, there is a green component that I suppose is meant to be the tobacco leaves. The drydown is eerily similar to Pure Malt, so much so to my nose that I don't feel the need to own both. It's got a lighter heft to it and is quite wearable.
I feel it could be bolder. This is inoffensive when applied moderately. It has a sweet light green spiciness in the beginning with ever the faintest whispers of fresh tobacco that transitions into a bolder tobacco theme with honey abundant.
Longevity is good, projection is good (but not monstrous), development isn't terribly interesting and cacao makes a prominent appearance about 45 minutes in and holds on for several hours before giving up to the famous vanilla and patchouli duet.
Like Pure Malt, I feel it is an excellent gourmand. I also feel that it failed in the same fundamental way that Pure Malt did: it is not as expressive of its titular theme as it should be. There could be more contrast with the sweetness and tobacco note. It could have been harsher, more pronounced. The wood of a humidor could have been tied in as well. This fragrance would marry well when smoking a Montecristo and letting the spicy, earthy smoke permeate one's clothes. This is tame.
I can see this doing well in spring.
12th March, 2011
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Illababy Ent./Coast2Coast
Song: Killin Themselves
Not seen in the Booth since dropping off Let It Go back in fall 2011, iLLA makes his triumphant return to our pages with the latest single off his forthcoming full-length. On Killin Themselves, making its world premiere along... More
Posted 3 years ago
Song: Inside Out
Fresh off the release of his latest solo EP, Moxie Black emcee/producer iLLa is drawing attention to the project with the release of a fresh single. On this languid club banger, the Portalnd repper's own alternately... More
Posted about 4 years ago
Song: Nothing Like
If you take bits and pieces of sturdy horns, melancholy harmonizing, common theory R&B subjects and add a mysterious fourth element, you'd have something at least in the same ballpark as iLLA's Nothing Like. Driven by... More
Posted 4 years ago
Editor's Pick
iLLA - Van Gogh (The Mixtape)
Hip-hop, electro, r&b, pop, bossanova…if you can name it, you'll find it on iLLA's latest project, Van Gogh The Mixtape, hosted by DJ Epps. Backed by Coast2CoastMixtapes.com, DJBooth.net, and... More
Posted 4 years ago
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1. Pre boil mung beans.
2. In a frying pan,add the chopped pork belly pieces.
3. Sprinkle in the salt and add a cup of water.
4. Cover and simmer until the water is evaporated.
5. Add the vegetable oil and fry pork until brown.
6. Throw in the minced garlic, chopped onions and chopped tomato.
7. Saute everything together.
8. Pour in the patis.
9. Add the pre boiled mung beans.
10.Saute for 2 minutes.
11.Add a cup of water and throw in the green chilies.
12.Simmer for 5 minutes.
13.Add the ampalaya leaves, cover and cook for 2 minutes.
14.Turn off the heat.
15.Plate it and serve warm.


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Well I'm a big dork, I love this place called zerns, it's a farmers market but they have everything from my favorite turkey jerky to old school toys you haven't seen in years lol. Also love the movie tavern, and my favorite bar is iaquavinos.
I love all types of music but new favorite band rite no I Sleeping with the Sirens. When I watch tv it's usually law and order svu, pawn stars, the history Chanel,or Chelsea lately. My favorite restaurant is Fire Bird you have to try it.
My free time I spend ith my family I have 5 brothers an sisters all younger so you know they take up a lot of my time lol. If I'm not with the fmily. I enjoy art I love drawing, I love museums, and zoos. I love to try new things as well.
The last thing I read was Cosmo ughhh I know I suck lol, but I did read many interesting facts about men and women :)
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|4'11" (149cms)
|5'5" (165cms) to 6'6" (198cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|$50,001 to $75,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
My mother is Italian a Great cook I've learned from her, we make home made raviolies for Xmas every year. And my dad he Is German and Irish, I've only gained my fair skin from him lol
|No preference
I believe in believing in anything as long as you have something to believe in .
|I'll tell you later
|No preference


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Our modern society is both fascinated and repulsed by the practice of polygamy (multiple-partner marriages), particularly the practices of fundamentalist Mormons, who allow polygyny (one husband, many wives), and who have been given both sympathetic (Big Love, Sister Wives) and critical (any number of documentaries and news reports) treatment by mainstream media. While the custom of monogamy has been called "ridiculous" by some, and perhaps even unnatural by others, non-monogamous relationships h … [Read more...]
Polygamy Decriminalization and Polyamorous Pagans
Polytheist Prayers Now Welcome in Frederick County
Back in May I wrote an article looking at the issue of opening invocations at various government bodies. At the center of that piece was discussion of a recently enacted policy in Maryland by the Frederick County Commissioners. The new policy was modeled on the one adopted by the Chesterfield County Board of Supervisors in Virginia after they successfully survived a legal challenge by Wiccan priestess Cynthia Simpson. That policy, and the Frederick County Commissioners' new policy, called for non … [Read more...]
Americanizing Hinduism and other Pagan News of Note
Top Story: The CNN Belief Blog has a story about Hinduism in America, and how some younger Hindus are trying to "forge a distinctly American Hindu identity that's more tightly woven into the national fabric.""Our parents had to build everything from scratch to make a united Hindu community in this country," said Tejas N. Dave, 17, a high school junior who volunteers with a project bringing yoga to unprivileged Americans. "Now we're trying to reintegrate it back into society," he said, "to … [Read more...]