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+ Fiction
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Magical Realism
Media Tie-In
Science Fiction
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Arts and Entertainment
Biography and Memoir
Health and Medicine
Law and Crime
Local Interest
Science and Nature
Sports and Recreation
Beginning Reader
First Chapter Book
Picture Book
Author Interviews
In the News
Paula G.
Sarah Jane
Bernadette Fox—mother, wife, one-time architectural prodigy—has disappeared, and it's up to her thirteen year-old daughter Bee Branch to put together the clues as to her whereabouts. Where'd You Go Bernadette is a brash satirical novel, told in a series of emails and other correspondence from various characters that relay the circumstances leading up to Bernadette's flight.
Bee's reward for a perfect report card throughout middle school was her own idea: a family trip to Antarctica. (She'd much rather have an expedition than a pony.) But her parents don't quite share her enthusiasm. Bernadette, the recipient of a MacArthur genius grant at the beginning of her career, suffered a crippling setback when her Twenty Mile House (built from materials sourced within 20 miles of its location) met a vengeful demise. She retreated from the world of architecture, setting up house with her husband Elgin Branch, a techie wunderkind project manager for Microsoft whose TEDTalk is the fourth most viewed video on YouTube. Increasingly antisocial and generally testy, she abhors dealing with her fellow Galer Street School moms, a petty group she refers to as "gnats." No one in Seattle knows that Bernadette is a genius in self-imposed exile who has hired a virtual assistant in India to deal with the overwhelming details of her life. How can she handle Antarctica? How can Elgin take a vacation when his team is working overtime on Samantha 2, a brain-computer interface?
Author Maria Semple, a former sitcom writer for shows including Arrested Development and Mad About You, has written a wickedly entertaining sendup of over-doting parents, the politics of private schools, the importance of keeping up appearances, the zeitgeist of Microsoft, and all things held sacred by the upper middle class Seattle intelligentsia. But at the heart of this novel are the relationships between a mother and daughter, and a husband and wife who appreciate each other in spite of it all.
Tumbleweeds by Leila Meacham is one part romance, one part saga and one part character study, but in all parts a ripping good read. Cathy Benson is orphaned while living in California, and sent to live with her grandmother in Kersey, Texas. There she is befriended by John Caldwell and Trey Don Hall, two boys who also have absent parents. They become her protectors. In high school, the boys become the stars of the Kersey football team and seem destined for greater things. Kathy shows a knack for science and medicine and throws herself into her studies. Both boys are deeply in love with Kathy, but it's Trey who makes the first move, and he and Kathy become high school sweethearts. A secret between John and Trey threatens their futures and their friendship, and an unexpected event changes the lives of the three friends forever. The novel follows the threesome through high school, college and careers, and ultimately their return to town at age forty for a reunion.
Meacham creates three sympathetic characters, and the reader is privy to information that each character knows but seems unwilling to share with the other two. This builds suspense as the reader waits for the secrets to be revealed. There is enough information and character development to strengthen the motivations of the characters, and each decision stays within believability. Readers will enjoy getting to know the three friends, spend time with them, and care what will happen to them in the future. Tumbleweeds is a wonderful look into a world of small town dreams, friendship, love, and growing older. Meacham's previous novel, Roses was also a reader favorite, and she is a writer to keep on any must read list.
Shadow of Night, the second book in Deborah Harkness's All Souls trilogy, was released this summer to the delight of her fans. It continues the story of historian/witch Diana and geneticist/vampire Matthew who met and fell in love in A Discovery of Witches. They go back in time to Elizabethan London to continue their search for the alchemical manuscript Ashmole 782. Upon their arrival, they meet Matthew's friends from the School of Night, all well-known historical figures like Sir Walter Raleigh and Christopher Marlowe. Their spellbinding journey takes readers to England, France, and Prague. Diana continues her magical education while facing the dangers of being a witch in that time period, and much more is revealed about Matthew's past and his family.
This series has enchanted readers with its blend of magic, history, and romance. Shadow of Night picks up right where the series-starter A Discovery of Witches left off, so readers new to the series will need to start with the first book. The series is flavored by rich historical detail. The author's passion for history comes as no surprise, though. Harkness is a professor of history at University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Some of the lingering questions from the first book of the series are answered in Shadow of Night, but many more are left to be explained in the final book of the series.
Harkness's knowledge of wine is evident in her novels, especially A Discovery of Witches. Many readers may not realize that in her spare time, she shares her love of wine on her award-winning blog Good Wine Under $20.
Alyssa Harad has a secret: she is obsessed with perfume. She owns a dizzying array of tiny bottles of scent, tucked away in shoeboxes, drawers, and what she calls her "perfume closet". She plans her vacations around visiting exclusive boutiques stocked with the rarest and most coveted perfumes, elixirs so precious that she can barely dream of affording a sample, let alone an entire bottle. She became so entranced that she wrote a book, Coming to My Senses: A Story of Perfume, Pleasure, and an Unlikely Bride, that describes her gradual emersion into the decadent world of perfumery.
Harad is not the most likely person to develop a fixation for such a sensuous and rather commercial subject. After spending years obtaining a PhD in English, Harad thought she knew who she was—literate, feminist, more likely to spend money on books than on beauty supplies. But she was also drifting, aimless, searching for an avocation that would spark her passions. Oh, and did she mention she was getting married? To distract her from her life and her upcoming wedding, Harad embarked on a voyage into the mysterious and complex realm of perfume, where she found a community of bloggers, commenters, perfumers, and retail salespeople who share her preoccupation with all things olfactory. Her descriptions of how the different notes of a perfume unfold over time are exotic and imaginative. She can paint images, evoke memories, and plunge into the unknown, all from a single drop of fragrance.
As her wedding date draws near, Harad reconciles her conflicting feelings over her marriage and her obsession, leaving her more grounded and more fully present in her own life. Coming to My Senses is a personal journey of rediscovery, remembrance, and recognition that will tease your senses and soften your heart.
BBC's new series based on Jennifer Worth's best-selling memoir Call the Midwife: A Memoir of Birth, Joy, and Hard Times broke viewer records when it attracted 9.8 million viewers for its opening episode. The show's popularity only grew from there with later episodes overtaking Downton Abbey's record ratings. The ensemble cast, including Jessica Raine and Vanessa Redgrave, brings to life the harsh living conditions in London's poorest slums in the 1950s. The memoir that inspired the series was recently rereleased in time for the show's US television premiere.
At age 22, Jennifer Worth moved into an Anglican convent to work as a midwife to the poorest women in East London. The world she describes is almost unimaginable to modern audiences. Few people had cars, so children typically played in the smaller side streets where there was no traffic. Large families lived in small two-room apartments, many of which had cold running water but no indoor bathrooms. Antibiotics were new and rarely used, and nearly all births took place in the patient's home.
Armed with only a bicycle and bag of supplies, Worth and the other midwives from Nonnatus House delivered 80-100 babies per month in their patients' homes. Although the details of her patients' lives and their living conditions are sometimes difficult to read, Worth also brings humor and hope to the stories. Told in her unique voice, Call the Midwife is filled with colorful characters from the nuns and midwives to the patients themselves. This frank and sometimes graphic memoir brings to life a fascinating piece of history. Call the Midwife will air in the US on PBS beginning Sunday, September 30th, and will be released on DVD in November. To get a taste of the show, check out this trailer.
Young readers who fondly remember fairy tales will fall in love with two new titles that add a modern spin on classic childhood favorites.
In Fairest of All by Sarah Mlynowski, ten year old Abby and her younger brother Jonah discover an antique mirror in their new house. The magical mirror sends them back into the Snow White fairy tale and the duo is responsible for tangling this tale so that there might not be a happily ever after. Mlynowski's version is funny and contemporary with enough changes to spice things up. Three of the seven dwarfs are women and one has pink hair! Comical hijinks result as the two kids try to fix what they botched, resulting in a hysterical read. The swift pace combined with Abby's quick wit and a real sibling relationship will grab readers from page one. This is a wonderful start to the Whatever After series which promises future magical adventures behind the looking glass.
Wendy Mass also fractures a favored tale with Beauty and the Beast: the Only One Who Didn't Run Away, the third entry in her popular Twice Upon a Time series. Beauty is a twelve year old dealing with self-esteem issues and a name which she thinks doesn't reflect reality. Prince Riley is a gangly bagpipe player who ends up on the wrong end of a witch's spell and suddenly starts growing fur and sharp nails. Both have superstar older siblings who outshine them in everything. Mass set her version of the story in a medieval kingdom, but her two protagonists are pleasantly modern and relatable. Told in alternating chapters by Beauty and the Prince/Beast, the pace of this quest story is quick and filled with adventure and romance.
Mr. Big: a Tale of Pond Life, the cover reads. But when one delves into it, the reader finds this graphic novel by Carol Dembicki and Matt Dembicki is so much more. It begins innocently in springtime as the pond comes to life. The authors show the inhabitants of the pond in a natural light, reminding the reader that life and death are regular parts of the pond ecology. Nighttime in the pond is illustrated using stunning artwork to describe the nocturnal inhabitants' hierarchy. This simple lesson about life in a pond suddenly twists into a dark tale of revenge when Mr. Big, the resident snapping turtle, quite naturally eats two curious young fish that swim too close. Just another example of the cycle of life in the pond? Not this time. The mother of the young fish refuses to take this one lying down. She pulls together some other pond dwellers – the frogs, other turtles, even the ladybugs – and puts a hit out on Mr. Big. A murder of crows is up for the job, but do they have an ulterior motive? Soon there are ominous sightings of a monstrous fish that can walk on land and fly through the air!
Throughout the story, the authors weave together layers of drama and intrigue. The hypocrisy of the frogs as they blithely swallow insect after insect while condemning Mr. Big for eating other creatures; the danger a little mosquito can pose; and the damage done by the introduction of non-native animals to an ecosystem are all subtly imparted to the reader. The rebelling animals remain nameless, yet their thoughts and fears are imparted to the reader via thought bubbles and dialogue. Mr. Big, the only named character, is silent, yet the reader is left with the impression that for Mr. Big "It's not personal, it's business." Adults and older children alike will find something to enjoy in this nuanced graphic novel about the perils of messing with Mother Nature.
In this year of the anniversary of the Titanic's ill-fated voyage, survival at sea has been a common theme. In S.A. Bodeen's deceptively simple novel The Raft, the clear-cut lines between life and death become as blurry as heat rising from asphalt, when a young girl struggles to stay alive. Fifteen-year-old Robie's method for overcoming her fears has always been to ask people to "tell me something worse", but what do you do when there is nothing worse?
Robie lives a life that many her age would kill for. Her parents are research biologists, and the family lives on Midway Island, west of Hawai`i. Robie is home-schooled, makes her own schedule, and hangs out with naturalists and National Geographic photographers. When she gets bored, she hops a plane to Honolulu to visit her uber-cool aunt AJ. She is returning home from her aunt's when the unthinkable happens—the engines fail and the small plane plummets into the sea. Robie and the co-pilot, Max, are the only survivors. Adrift in a leaky raft with an unconscious pilot, Robie is on her own. While food, water and the elements are the major physical concerns, keeping herself mentally present is proving to be an even greater challenge. As her body grows weaker, it becomes all-too-easy to simply close her eyes and give up. Max won't let her do that, however, and he wakes just often enough to force her to stay alert, alive, and ready for rescue.
Bodeen is the author of many books for teens, including the best-seller The Compound. She ventures away from her usual science fiction fare with The Raft, but keeps firmly grounded in marine biology for her descriptions of ocean and island wildlife. Readers will be absorbed but also torn between lingering over the vivid details and rapidly turning the page to discover Robie's fate.
Debut author Katie McGarry's edgy new contemporary novel Pushing the Limits was written for older teens, but it is also attracting the attention of Romance readers.
Echo Emerson and Noah Hutchins are high school seniors brought together by Mrs. Collins, the new social worker who has taken on their cases. Each of them is facing serious struggles. During Noah's freshman year, both of his parents died, and he and his two younger brothers were placed in separate foster homes. He hates the system and is desperate to find a way to bring his family back together. Echo is dealing with the loss of her brother Aires, a Marine killed in Afghanistan. She is also trying to understand another event that rocked her world. During Echo's sophomore year, something happened while she was visiting her mother. What happened that day left Echo's arms badly scarred, but she can't remember anything about it. No one will tell her the whole truth, and a restraining order now prevents her from having contact with her mother. Rumors about what happened to her have made her a social outcast at school. As Echo and Noah fall in love, they both search for the truth and work to repair their own lives.
This novel takes on loss, mental illness, and family dynamics. Echo and Noah are both damaged people, but despite their unusual circumstances, they are also both relatable characters. The narration alternates between their points of view, giving each of them a unique voice and perspective. Pushing the Limits marks Katie McGarry as a hot new author to watch.
Attica Locke's highly anticipated new novel The Cutting Season is an atmospheric murder mystery that weaves together two stories, skillfully drawing readers between past and present. A gripping story of race, love, and politics, The Cutting Season grabs readers from the first page. Caren Gray's family has been connected to Belle Vie, an antebellum plantation in Louisiana, for generations. Unlike the neighboring farm where migrant workers harvest sugarcane, Belle Vie is now an historic estate open for tourists and social events. Caren lives on and manages the estate where she catches glimpses of the plantation's dark history every day. When a murdered woman who worked on the neighboring farm is found in a shallow grave on Belle Vie, local police begin an investigation that Caren feels isn't being handled properly. She digs deeper, asking questions that lead her to Belle Vie's past. As she learns more, she starts to see parallels between the current murder and the disappearance of a former slave named Jason in 1872. Caren is unearthing secrets that someone may kill to keep hidden.
This novel is the first book in HarperCollins publishing's new Dennis Lehane Books imprint. Lehane says of Locke's writing, "I was first struck by Attica Locke's prose, then by the ingenuity of her narrative and finally and most deeply by the depth of her humanity. She writes with equal amounts grace and passion. After just two novels, I'd probably read the phone book if her name was on the spine." If The Cutting Season is any indication of what readers can expect from Lehane's imprint, it will be very successful.
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text: http://forums.androidcentral.com – So I've been thinking about cases by various suppliers. Some are relatively thin, and therefore possibly not as protective as I'd like, but the covers can be set to be used as a stand (think MoKo, Cover-Up, Speck, etc.). The others are rugged (think Otterbox or Seidio), and have a separate piece which doubles as a cover and stand, but seems to be way bigger than it needs to be (the tray/cover, not the actual case). Why has no one made a single rugged case that that has a built-in cover/stand? It's not exactly a difficult thing to design (I can picture it quite simply, and would make it myse (HowTos)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Is the Chlorine in your pool safe to drink in an emergency?
The California drought has reached it's peak with one of the hottest summers on the horizon. While water is in short supply Californians are increasing their consumption and preparing for the
heat by filling up their pools. However, many Californians are looking at their home and community pools as more than just a retreat from the heat, but also a potential emergency water supply.
With this in mind, experts are investigating the question: Is pool water really safe to drink? While pool water can be used in an emergency situation, according to Dave Foucar of life tank "it needs to be purified and treated before using it for drinking or first aid issues."
So though pool water can be used in an emergency if treated, it is better to keep water on hand in bottles, or ideally in a tank system such as Lifetank.
Pool water is exposed to bacteria through outside air as well as human and animal carriers such as urine and fecal matter. Despite this, pool water may seem like a good source of drinking water because it is continuously treated with chlorine. However, according to a Stanford University study, chlorine treatment of pools doesn't effectively kill all the bacteria.
Don't miss a thing. Get breaking Santa Clarita news alerts delivered right to your inbox.
Regardless of ongoing treatment, pool water must be boiled and strained through a clean cloth before it can be safely consumed. In times of emergency this can pose a problem as cut gas lines or loss of access to proper heating facilities could render this treatment impossible.
Another issue with pool water is the potential for over treatment. Though chlorine tabs are used to purify bottled water in emergency situations, the dosage is relatively controlled. Pool water treatment is more difficult to control and often contains a level of chlorine that is unsafe for consumption. Too much chlorine can cause stomach, nose, eye and throat issues before it eventually leads to anemia.
Related: Emergency Safe Drinking Water With LifeTank
These conditions could be life threatening in an emergency where medical attention may not be available. Because of this a pool testing kit must be kept on hand to ensure that the chlorine levels are below 5 PPM before drinking. If there is too much chlorine, it can only be decreased through time, chemical additives or the addition of fresh water. All three are unlikely to be available in an emergency.
Due to these complications pool water should be considered a last resort rather than a primary emergency water storage system. It is much safer to keep water on hand through bottles, or most effectively a tank system such as Lifetank. Unlike pool or bottled water, Lifetank's reservoir is continually renewed through everyday water use. Lifetank is able to achieve this through it's direct hose in, hose out integration into the homes existing plumbing system.
Through this integration, water is pulled from the bottom of the tank to the home while being replenished into the top of the tank from the main water source. This maintains a flow that eliminates the need for treatment, boiling and maintenance. Lifetank is also able to easily store as much water as needed in it's linkable 80 and 120 gallon tanks. So, although with proper treatment pool water can be utilized in an emergency, it is much safer and easier to depend on a water storage system such as Lifetank.
For more information about LifeTank, click here.
Do you have a news tip? Call us at (661) 298-1220, or drop us a line at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Source: Santa Clarita News


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1793 1C Wreath Cent, Vine and Bars VF30 NGC. S-11a, B-16a, High R.4....
2011 April Rosemont CSNS Signature & Platinum Night US Coin Auction #1154
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Donald E. Stephens Convention Center
5555 N. River Road
Rosemont, IL 60018
|Printable auction results for all items in the 2011 April Rosemont CSNS Signature & Platinum Night US Coin Auction.
Top-Notch 1793 Wreath Cent, S-11a, VF301793 1C Wreath Cent, Vine and Bars VF30 NGC. S-11a, B-16a, High R.4. Certified as S-11a on the NGC insert, this piece features the Tall 7 obverse, with all three leaves in the sprig leaning to the right and the stem virtually touching the top of the 9 in the date. On the reverse, the fraction and bar cant upward to the right. This piece offers remarkably smooth surfaces with even chocolate-brown color, perfectly balanced from side to side. One contact mark on the neck and two shallow planchet voids on the face will serve as pedigree identifiers, along with an irregular planchet flake above the top of the wreath. Far finer than usual surfaces. A top-notch example for the assigned grade. MRB VF20.
From The Dustinn (Dusty) Lee Gibson Collection.(Registry values: N2998) (NGC ID# 223H, PCGS# 1347)
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Rasmussen Special Edition Catalog
This hard bound volume contains the magnificent Wes Rasmussen Large Cent Collection, formed by a former President of the Early American Coppers society which was auctioned at the 2005 Florida United Numismatic Auction. Reserve your copy of this remarkable volume for just $75 today.
Rasmussen Signed Limited Edition Catalog
A hard bound limited library edition of the Wes Rasmussen Collection Catalog, signed by Wes Rasmussen, Mark Borckardt, Greg Rohan, and Denis Loring, is available while supplies last. Only 100 produced. Reserve your copy of this remarkable limited edition signed volume for just $150 today.
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32 year old woman | South Gate, CA, USA | Seeking men 27-35 within 25 miles
Active within 3 days
Honesty and communication are key components in life!
I am an easy going person who is hoping to meet someone who values ones company. I'm 30, single with no kids. This is the first time I join a dating site and I have to admit I am a little nervous because I don't know what to expect. I am an open minded individual and why not try something different. I consider myself to be honest, hard working, and I like to help others. I have a good sense of humor and looking for someone with a sense of humor who knows how to have a good time. Honesty and an open communication are vital in any type of relationship. I enjoy spending time with friends and family. Honesty and loyalty is a must. Im looking for someone to be mature and not play games. I want to meet someone with ambition and a great sense of humor. Also, I am looking for someone easy-going and kind, who values his family and knows what he wants in life. Someone who is romantic, who wouldn't mind going out or just staying home and spending some quality time together.
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Dancing, Walking / Hiking
I don't exercise regularly.
Don't display my sign
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
I like spending time with friends and family. Driving and listening to music is a good way to de-stress. I also enjoy staying in and catching a good show or watching a movie.
I am pretty laid back and I am open to new experiences. I enjoy going to concerts, catching a movie and dinner. Sport events are always fun and entertaining.
The Four Agreements
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 6'1" (185cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average
|No preference
|Dark brown
|Dark brown
|No Way
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|Social Drinker
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|Never Married
|Never Married
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|Latino / Hispanic
|Latino / Hispanic
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic
|English, Spanish
|English, Spanish
|Graduate degree
|Some college
I have a Bachelors in Social Work and a Masters in Social Work.


text:
1811 $5 Small 5 MS64 NGC....
2010 January Orlando, FL FUN US Coin Auction #1136
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1811 Capped Bust Left Half Eagle, MS641811 $5 Small 5 MS64 NGC. Breen-6464, BD-2, R.3. A large mintage of 99,581 half eagles was accomplished in 1811, with two major die varieties known for the date. The present coin is an example of the slightly more available BD-2 variety, distinguished by the smaller numeral 5 in the denomination. Perhaps 225-300 examples are known today in all grades. At the near-Gem level the issue is quite rare, as NGC has certified only 13 coins in MS64, with six finer; while PCGS has graded 13 specimens in near-Gem condition, with none finer (11/09).
Small 5 Variety, BD-2
Bass-Dannreuther State d/a
Small 5 Variety, BD-2
Bass-Dannreuther State d/a
The same obverse die was used on both varieties of the date, making it one of the hardiest dies of the early gold series. The reverse die employed the same Small 5 punch in the denomination used on two varieties of 1810 half eagles, but this reverse is different in other respects. The emission sequence is difficult to determine, as evidence of clashing occurs on both varieties, with the dies being lapped to remove evidence of the clashing between the different pairings. The most likely sequence seems to be BD-1, BD-2, BD-1 again, BD-2 second use. Clashing is not evident on the present coin, Bass-Dannreuther state d/a, the dies having been lapped to remove the clash marks.
The present coin is a pleasing near-Gem example, with deep reddish-tinted surfaces and frosty devices. The striking details are sharp in general, but some softness on the hair and stars is inevitable, because of the lapping of the dies. A scattering of insignificant handling marks is consistent with the grade. Overall visual appeal is excellent.(Registry values: P2) (NGC ID# 25PH, PCGS# 8109)
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Pandora Mobile
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Streaming music with Pandora
Articles Pandora Mobile
Pandora Mobile is a comprehensive streaming music player for BlackBerry.
Streaming music is a great function of smartphones. Pandora Mobile on BlackBerry continues this tradition by offering a simple, but easily accessible app that can find a large variety of music.
Pandora Mobile has a simple interface where users can search for an artist and have a playlist designed around that genre of music. The search in Pandora Mobile is straightforward and the results are surprisingly wide. As expected, most United States musicians can easily be found; but the search in Pandora Mobile was also able to find international artists.
Using a data connection for music can lead to varied audio quality, but Pandora Mobile contains the option for normal or high quality streaming. Both streams in Pandora Mobile are impressive and the normal option is actually quite nice.
Though even with good playback, Pandora Mobile does lack a specified search function when considering different artists in a station. Searching for a Japanese rock band found the band, but the associated musicians were not of the same genre.
So Pandora Mobile is more geared towards better-known artists. Also with Pandora Mobile streaming the songs, each time a song is skipped there is a delay while Pandora Mobile searches for the next song.
Pandora Mobile is a great streaming music app, but don't always expect similar genre bands.
Recent changes
- Support for OS 7.0 BlackBerry Devices
- Minor bug fixes and enhancements
Clicking the Download button will take you to a page on the BlackBerry App World, from where you can purchase the app
- Great audio quality
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- Related artists not always similar
- Focuses on popular songs
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Articles Pandora Mobile
Pandora to lift 40 hour free mobile listening cap Sept. 1st
Back in February, Pandora announced that it would be implementing a 40 hour mobile listening cap for... See more
Mobilize 2011 Wrap-up
September 26 and 27 brought Mobilize 2011 presented by GigaOM, to San Francisco where big names in the... See more
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44 year old man | Aliso Viejo, CA, USA | Seeking women 25-33 within 25 miles
Down to earth guy who will like you for who you are. My Simple Moto - Live, Love, Laugh.
I am humble and reserved so I will try to keep it short. I would like to share my life with you once we get to know each other. I am clean cut, relatively conservative with an adventurous and spontaneous streak. In the last few years, I really enjoyed Halloween and have been dressing up. This year, I even made my own Sponge Bob costume -- won first prize at work. Nothing really bothers me much because I am easy going and well tempered. Often I am shy and sensitive. I can't count the number of times I teared during a movie. My weekends are spent hanging out at a lounge or club, going to art galleries and museums, watching movies and going to the gym. This past summer I spent every weekend at the beach. I like kayaking, when it's hot. One of my favorite things to do is cooking. My kitchen is used more than any other part of the house. I love to cook and experiment with different food. Going out to eat is easy. I like exploring new restaurants and activities; but cooking require forethought and planning. I am looking for a cheerful and easygoing person who is willing to share feelings. Someone who is loyal and honest, who has confidence in herself, and who can take care of herself. She should have a good sense of humor and loving, sensitive, intelligent, sweet, understanding, passionate, open-minded, and is serious about finding someone with certain chemistry. Of course like everyone else, I am looking for someone who has that feminine touch with that coke bottle figure. But that's only secondary. If you want something serious and don't want to play games, email me.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Wine tasting
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Skiing, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
I used to have a beagle shepherd. Strange combination but cute dog. I had him for several years until aged away. I missed the companionship. Maybe one day I will have another.
Middle of the Road
For traveling, I like Asia. I have no interest in Europe. Locally, I'm visiting bookstores, retail malls. I am not home very often. If I'm out already, I like to stay away from home. For night life, I have been a regular patron on bars and clubs.
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
movies - drama & heart warming teary movies over horrors & actions. Like old classic movies that have a more simpler theme and style. Llike Sushi, IItalian, Korean, Mexican & Chinese food. I like to wander at museums and art galleries. People watch.
I enjoy playing video games, watching tv, going online, going out to dinner with friends, dancing, going to the gym, and reading books and magazine. Outdoors, I like to explore different outdoor activities, body boarding, and swimming in the ocean.
Read local newspaper & business magazines looking for investment ideas. Enjoy reading magazine on electronics, gadgets, current social issues, cars, travel, sports activities. Its been a while since I have actually read a book.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|4'6" (137cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Financial / Accounting / Real Estate
|Administrative / Secretarial, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Education / Teacher / Professor, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
I am a porfolio manager for homeowners associations.
|$50,001 to $75,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Asian, White / Caucasian
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Other
|Chinese, English
|Chinese, English, Other
|Bachelors degree
|Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree


text:
49 CFR 393.100 - Which types of commercial motor vehicles are subject to the cargo securement standards of this subpart, and what general requirements apply?
prev | next
(a) Applicability. The rules in this subpart are applicable to trucks, truck tractors, semitrailers, full trailers, and pole trailers.
(b) Prevention against loss of load. Each commercial motor vehicle must, when transporting cargo on public roads, be loaded and equipped, and the cargo secured, in accordance with this subpart to prevent the cargo from leaking, spilling, blowing or falling from the motor vehicle.
Title 49 published on 2014-10-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 49 CFR Part 393.
Title 49 published on 2014-10-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 49 CFR Part 393 after this date.


text:
HAMPTON, Ga. — With a big hand from his pit crew, Kyle Busch locked up his spot in the Chase for the Sprint Cup championship with his fourth victory of the year Sunday night at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
HAMPTON, Ga. - For drivers such as Dale Earnhardt Jr., patience is definitely a virtue at this point in the season.
Then again, there's a sense of urgency with the Chase for the Sprint Cup championship just two races away.
ATLANTA - No matter how much Nick Saban protests, it's always the first thing that comes up with Alabama.
No team has ever won three straight national titles.
ATLANTA - There's no way Kris Medlen could live up to the expectations he set last season.
The Atlanta Braves have no complaints.
It looks as if he's ready to be a major contributor in the postseason.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - The pose was a familiar one for Jim Furyk - buckled over as if he'd taken a punch in the gut, barely able to watch the flight of the ball.
The ending felt achingly similar, too.
Denied in another major championship.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - The final moments Saturday at Oak Hill brought out more emotion as big putts kept falling in the PGA Championship, with one big difference.
These putts were for par.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - No Dufnering on this day.
In fact, Jason Dufner actually showed a bit of emotion.
When he spotted his ball in the creek at No.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - Tiger Woods finished another disappointing round with another bogey Friday, then headed straight to the practice range.
There was a lot of work to do.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - Rory McIlroy is sure glad to be back at the PGA Championship.
It showed.
PITTSFORD, N.Y. - Tiger Woods made a mess of his final hole at the PGA Championship, hardly looking like he's poised to break the longest major drought of his career.
Jim Furyk feels like his game is finally coming together again.
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text:
Were you paying attention to the pop culture in 2011? It was certainly an eventful year, with pop stars and talk show hosts grabbing headlines and a colorful cast of Republican presidential hopefuls jockeying for position. Here's a little test to make sure you knew what was important in the past year. Don't worry. It's multiple choice.
1.) Christina Aguilera appeared at the Super Bowl to sing what became known as "The Star-Mangled Banner," wailing like an "American Idol" reject and getting several words wrong. Which line did she leave out altogether?
(a.)The one about the twilight's last gleaming
(b.)The one about the ramparts
(c.)The one about broad stripes and bright stars
(d.)The one about the rockets' red glare
2.) In January, astronomers reported that changes in the Earth's alignment had necessitated changes in the dates of astrological charts and the addition of a 13th Zodiac sign. What was the name of the new sign, which was placed between Scorpio and Sagittarius?
(a.)Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer
(b.)Lepus, the Rabbit
(c.)Delphinus, the Dolphin
(d.)Olympus, the Quadrennial Games
3.) Josh Groban appeared on Jimmy Kimmel's late-night show in January and sang what?
(a.)A section of President Obama's State of the Union address
(b.)The tweets of Kanye West
(c.)The preamble to the Constitution
(d.)The "Love Boat" theme, re-written to be about Kimmel
4.) Troubled TV star Charlie Sheen sent up red flags in February during a radio interview. What did he say during this interview?
(a.)He hates sobriety, and the first drink he took upon falling off the wagon was really great
(b.)He encourages young people to use crack cocaine, but only if they can "handle it socially"
(c.)He characterized the "morals clause" in his contract as "Blah, blah … nitpick, nitpick … "


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37 year old man | Denver, CO, USA | Seeking women 25-35 within 20 miles
Optimistically searching for the one, no matter how many two's and three's I find.
I am a quirky intelligent guy who has figured out a lot but doesn't have it all quite figured out. Here's the bio: I stay pretty busy between my job selling electrical equipment, hanging with my friends, traveling and volunteering. I like to read, exercise, ski, golf and learn. I'm a deep thinker and probably an "over-thinker". I am probably an introvert but most people think I'm an extrovert. I grew up in the Southeast and have been in Denver for about five years. I studied political science and philosophy in college but turned to business when I realized I wasn't gonna make money yo with either of those. My crazy days are behind me but they still sneak up on me once or twice a year. I am looking for someone with whom I can be honest, laugh, converse, snuggle and well up to the occasional cheesy movie. Ideally she would be intelligent and witty but also caring and compassionate. I've found in most relationships I've tried to be the person the other would want. That doesn't work. I want to be with someone that I'm comfortable being myself around while we learn to grown together.
Book club , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports
Basketball, Football, Golf, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs, Horses
I travel quite a bit and live alone so having a pet is not an option for me. I wish it was though as it sure is nice to have a four legged friend around.
Middle of the Road
Favorite places visited include Santorini, Istanbul, Rome, Amsterdam, New Orleans, Memphis, Chicago, San Fran and just about any dirty port city. Red Rocks is the shit. Beta and other clubs suck.
Rhodes College, Memphis, TN
I'm a huge college football fan (Alabama is my team). It's pretty obnoxious. I also love to read, learn and discuss but hate to argue. I can't stand lawyers but I seem to be attracted to them. It's very frustrating.
I love live music, sports, skiing and coaching. Bands: Jack White, Alabama Shakes, Widespread Panic, Mumford, Drive-by Truckers, Brandi Carlisle. I try not to sing along when I hear Wagon Wheel but invariably I do.
Last few months: novels-Cloud Atlas, A Widow for One Year, The Yellow Birds. Non-Fiction-In The Garden of Beasts, My Cross to Bear (Gregg Allman bio), Countdown to Zero,Spirituality for the Skeptic, several ADD books, wait, what are we talking about?
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|5'2" (157cms) to 5'9" (175cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Regularly
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, Latino / Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
I'm pretty Southern. I don't know if that counts for "heritage" but I still have a bit of an accent.
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
I believe that the feelings of God and Love are much more important than the ability to explain them.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I graduated from Rhodes, a beautiful but small college in Memphis and studied political science and philosophy. I was all-conference in track which was pretty easy cause I ran against mostly rich white kids. Also spent a semester at Oxford.


text:
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The vast, vast majority of fungi are entirely beneficial and many are in fact essential, so nothing to worry about.
Wisteria are hungry and thirsty plants so you will need to prepare quite a large and deep hole then mix lots of well-rotted farmyard manure (which you can buy in bags from garden centres these days) and compost with the soil before planting, as the soil under the slabs will very likely be in poor condition. This will give your wisteria a flying start and feed it for several years before you need to start additional feeding.
Happy birthday mate!
There's no single answer to that - depends on the weight being supported and the type of ground you have. Digging a 15cm foundation and filling with hardcore as a base (and then compacted), with a 15cm layer of concrete on top of that would be more than sufficient for such a slab supporting a single story wood and glass structure I would think. That's what I used as a foundation for my conservatory.
Take your pick!
It's something in the Solanum family - not sure what.
You should still be able to highlight the link using a touchpad - they are just an alternative to a mouse. See here:
Philippa, I've trained them up strings to about 4 feet high but they are still growing and now tumbling back down, so the longest shoots are 6 feet plus. They have also sent out many more shoots both from the ground and from leaf axils and are rampant! Where they trail along the ground they are rooting too!
The flower spike looks bigger than it really is - the flower about to open is only about an inch long. They are these:
I know you're joking Verdun, but it's easy - just buy lots of expensive young plants (the more expensive the better) and plant them all over your garden. When the slugs and snails have finished all of those off, they will then start on the weeds. If you're lucky - they may just decide all of the tasty stuff has gone and move away to fresh pastures!
Whoever sent the message at the council may not have made them into proper hyperlinks. Try highlighting the link using your mouse and press ctrl-c (copy) then start your web browser, click in the address bar at the top and press ctrl-v (paste.)
It's possible that your anti-virus software (or ISP) has detected viruses or other malware in those particular links on the affected email so is protecting you by refusing to open them. Another possibility is a configuration issue - can you open links in other email messages?


text:
Liga Undercrown Corona Viva
5 5/8 x 46 - Maduro - Single
Special Offer
Special Offer
The Liga Undercrown Corona Vina is a Cuban Corona sized cigar that may be smaller and slender but really rocks in the flavor department. The dark and oily Mexican maduro wrapper gives the Brazilian and Nicaraguan filler a serious kick to the taste buds. Why not give it a try right now?
More full-bodied flavor than the other vitolas in this line with same great smoke production.
I got a box of them this week due to them making the top 25 this year in one of my books. So far I have had nothing but bad luck both have burned down the center costing me an inch or more. The flavor is outstanding and once they start to burn right they are a good cigar but maby some time in the humidor will clean them up.
Excellent flavors (cocoa, leather, cedar, pepper, chocolate) with excellent construction and performance. Just cheap enough to make it a go to everyday smoke.


text:
Posts filtered on Tag
It's just plain stupid crazy, but maybe it's time
Now on a five-game losing streak and losers of 10 of the last 12, the Astros are on pace to lose 107 games this season. 107 games! [Read More]
67-95? Where did the Astros go wrong?
Even a rebuilding team with a decent core of players should deserve a little more respect than Pittsburgh and Kanasas City, no? [Read More]


text:
Modifications to the spanning tree algorithm allow bad news to propagate quickly by providing that protocol entities on bridges process inferior information sent by the designated bridge for each LAN. In addition, bridges use per port hello timers to stimulate information propagation, setting it to suit local link characteristics. No changes to the format of bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) as specified in the IEEE Standard 802.1D are required, and the algorithm for computing the topology of the network remains unchanged. Techniques have been adopted for expiring information and recomputing the spanning tree upon detection of link failure, upon receipt of a message having a message age greater than its accompanying maximum age, or if the port hello time algorithm detects a loss of link. Rules for propagating information are provided allowing rapid propagation of changes. Finally, techniques for burning out information in a configuration message are adopted.
1. For a network comprising a plurality of local area network LAN segments interconnected by a plurality of protocol entities, a protocol entity comprising:
a plurality of ports coupled to LAN segments in the network;
topology management resources which manage the plurality of ports according to a spanning tree algorithm, to set an active topology for the plurality of ports based on configuration information stored in the protocol entity, wherein the topology management resources comprise:
logic to compute configuration information in response to acceptance of configuration messages, the configuration information including an identification of a protocol entity in the network as a root of the network, an identification of a port in the plurality of ports for a root port role to be used for a preferred path to the root, and an identification of one or more ports in the plurality of ports for designated port roles to be used for preferred paths between the root and respective LAN segments in the plurality of LAN segments coupled to the one or more ports;
logic to compute states for ports in the plurality of ports in response to the configuration information, including placing the port providing the root port role in a forwarding state, placing the one or more ports providing the designated port roles in a forwarding state, and placing other ports in a blocking state; and
logic to accept configuration messages carrying topology information on a particular port, in response to a determination that the configuration message is received from a port on a neighboring protocol entity identified as the designated port for the particular port.
2. The network device of
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10. The network device of
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/352,717, filed 28 Jan. 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,917; which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/232,742 filed 15 Jan. 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,502, which is related to co-pending application Ser. No. 09/141,803 entitled "High Availability Spanning Tree With Rapid Reconfiguration," filed 28 Aug. 1998, invented by Michael Seaman and Vipin Jain, and to co-pending application Ser. No. 09/188,852 entitled "Spanning Tree With Rapid Forwarding Database Updates," filed 9 Nov. 1998, invented by Vipin Jain and Michael Seaman; and such applications are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to network protocols and network intermediate devices executing such protocols; and more particularly to algorithms for managing a tree of network devices for a data network according to a spanning tree protocol.
2. Description of Related Art
Local area networks LANs specified according to IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks under section 802.x, of all types may be connected together with media access control MAC bridges. Bridges interconnect LAN segments so that stations connected to the LANs operate for many purposes as if they were attached to a single LAN. The MAC bridge according to the IEEE standards is specified for operating below the MAC service boundary, and is transparent to protocols operating above this boundary, including protocols operating in the logical link control sublayer or the network layer. Thus, a bridged local area network provides for interconnection of stations attached to LAN segments of different MAC types, for increases in the physical extent, the number of permissible attachments and the total performance of a LAN, and for the partitioning of a physical LAN support for administrative or maintenance reasons. The MAC bridge is specified according to the IEEE Standard 802.1D (IEEE Std 802.1D-1990, IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges.) The 802.1D specification is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
When a bridged network is established, it is possible to create loops in the network caused by providing more than one path through bridges in LAN segments between two points. Thus, according to the 802.1D standard, an active topology for the bridge network is maintained according to the spanning tree protocol which is described in the standard. The spanning tree protocol automatically establishes fully connected (spanning) and loop-free (tree) bridged network topology. It uses a distributed algorithm that selects a root bridge and the shortest path to that root from each LAN. Tie breakers are used to ensure that there is a unique shortest path to the root, while uniqueness of the root is guaranteed by using one of its MAC addresses as part of a priority identifier.
Every LAN in the network has one and only one "designated port" providing that LAN's shortest path to the root, through the bridge of which the designated port is a part. The bridge is known as the designated bridge for that LAN. Bridges other than the root bridge at the root of the network can be termed branch bridges. Every branch bridge has a "root port" which is the port providing that bridge's shortest path to the root, across a LAN and through the designated port on a designated bridge. Ports other than the root port are designated ports, or alternate ports according to the standard. An alternate port is connected to a LAN for which another bridge is the designated bridge, and is placed in a blocking state so that frames are not forwarded through that port.
The connectivity through any bridge is thus through its root port to a designated port on another bridge, for connection to devices between the bridge and the root of the spanning tree and from the root to other branches of the spanning tree. For connection to devices between the bridge and leaves of the spanning tree, traffic flows through designated ports on the bridge. When spanning tree information has been completely distributed and is stable, this connectivity will connect all of the LANs in a loop free tree.
According to the spanning tree protocol of the standard, each port on a bridge can assume a blocking state in which frames are not forwarded through the port, or a forwarding state in which frames are forwarded through the port. For a transition from the blocking state to the forwarding state, the protocol requires the port to proceed through transitional states referred to as the listening state and the learning state. In the listening state, the port is preparing to participate in frame relay, however frame relay is temporarily disabled to prevent temporary loops. In the listening state, the port monitors information related to the topology in the network for an interval referred to as the forward delay timer. If no information is received which causes a change in state of the port before expiry of the forward delay timer, then the port transitions to the learning state.
In the learning state, the port continues to prepare for participation in frame relay. The relay is temporarily disabled to prevent loops. In this state, in addition to monitoring bridge protocol data units and other information related to operation of the spanning tree algorithm, the port learns information about end stations that are accessible through the port for use in the forwarding of frames once the port enters the forwarding state. Upon expiration of the forward delay timer, if no better information about the protocol is received, then the port assumes the forwarding state. Thus, the transition from a blocking state to the forwarding state takes at least two times the forward delay timer interval. From the time of detection of a change in topology causing a transition from the blocking to the forwarding state, until the time in which the forwarding state is assumed can be a significant amount of time, as much as 30 seconds in some cases.
In a network of bridges which have a topology managed according to the spanning tree protocol, whenever a bridge detects a change in topology, such as for example when an active link fails, the bridge notifies the root of the active topology with a bridge protocol data unit BPDU packet. The protocol entity at the root of the topology then communicates the change to all of the bridges in the tree. Upon receiving such a notification, the bridges time-out their forwarding databases on all ports, recreate the topology and relearn the MAC addresses for the forwarding databases.
The spanning tree protocol uses a distributed algorithm to select a root bridge and the shortest path to the selected root for each LAN. Tie breakers are used to ensure that there is a unique shortest path and a unique root. The topology is maintained by periodic configuration messages known as Bridge Protocol Data Units BPDUs issued by the root, and distributed to all bridges in the tree. There are two types according to the standard known as Configuration BPDUs and Topology Change BPDUs. The information in a Configuration BPDU is accepted and used by a bridge if it carries better information than already received by the bridge on that port, and propagates the BPDU if it carries better information than already received by the bridge on any of the ports on the bridge. Better information received by a bridge port replaces that previously recorded for the port, and is propagated further if it is the best that the bridge has recorded for any port. Information that is better, is defined by the standard, and includes information from a higher priority root, or from the current root along a lower cost path, or simply more recent information from the current root at the current path cost. All information has a maximum age so current information will be forgotten eventually, if the root or a bridge or link on the shortest path to the root fails. Periodic message transmissions by the root and potential roots together with information aging ensures that the spanning tree maintains full loop-free connectivity even as bridges and links fail, or are added and removed from the network.
The maximum age of spanning tree information can be managed precisely to accommodate worst case message propagation delays, lost messages, the maximum number of bridges between the root and any LAN in the network, and the estimated adjustments in such bridges to the message age. However, in most cases generous worst case "out of the box" defaults are used. Either way the operation of a protocol has the effect that good news, indicating the availability of a better root or link to the root travels quickly while bad news indicating failure of a link or bridge travels slowly.
Unfortunately bridge or link failure is always bad news. To initiate reconfiguration, a bridge ages out current information while receiving no better message. A bridge close to the root uses the same maximum information age as one at the network edge, so the detection time is set by worst case propagation times or defaults. Even if a bridge were to use local link specific failure detection, other bridges will discard this bad news until they have aged out the original better information.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a technique for improving the propagation of information about topology changes in bridges operating according to the spanning tree protocol.
The present invention provides modifications to the spanning tree algorithm that allows bad news to propagate quickly. Specifically, protocol entities on bridges process inferior information sent by the designated bridge for each LAN. In addition, bridges use per port hello timers to stimulate information propagation, setting each to suit local link characteristics. This enables early link failure detection.
According to the present invention, if protocol entities in a network implement these changes, the maximum age parameter no longer controls reconfiguration delays. Further, forward delays can be substantially reduced since the delay in transitioning a bridge port from forwarding to blocking is set by the worst case information propagation time. Furthermore, the present invention includes an embodiment in which there are no changes to the format of bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) as specified in the IEEE Standard 802.1D, there are no additional protocol data units required, and the algorithm for computing the topology of the network remains unchanged.
In addition, techniques are provided for expiring information and recomputing the spanning tree upon detection of link failure, upon receipt of a message having a message age greater than its accompanying maximum age, or if the port hello time algorithm times out. In addition to the rules for expiring information, new rules for propagating information are provided allowing rapid propagation of changes. Finally, techniques for burning out information in a configuration message are adopted to ensure that information propagating in the network according to these rapid propagation rules burns out to prevent creation of a data loop caused by recomputing topologies in response to the old information.
Accordingly, the present invention can be characterized as a network device in a network comprising a plurality of local area network segments. A network device includes a plurality of ports coupled to LAN segments in the network. Topology management resources manage the plurality of ports according to a spanning tree algorithm to set an active topology for the plurality of ports. In one preferred embodiment, the topology management resources are compliant with IEEE standard 802.1D. Network device also includes resources that are responsive to the active topology to forward frames incoming through ports in the plurality of ports, and to block the forwarding of frames incoming through other ports in the plurality of ports. These resources include a forwarding database storing for the ports in the plurality of ports, respective sets of destination addresses known to be accessible by frames outgoing on the respective ports. The topology management resources further include logic that computes parameters for managing the active topology, including identification of a root of the tree, identification of a port in the plurality of ports for a root port role used for a preferred path to the root, identification of one or more ports in the plurality of ports for designated port roles to be used for the preferred paths between the root and respective LAN segments, and identification of one or more ports in the plurality of ports for alternate port roles. The management resources also include logic that computes states of ports in the plurality of ports in response to the parameters of the active topology. The ports in the plurality of ports are placed in states according to the active topology. In particular, ports in the root port role are placed in a forwarding state. Ports in a designated port role are placed in a forwarding state. Ports in an alternate port role are placed in a blocking state.
According to the present invention logic is provided to update the configuration information in response to acceptance of configuration messages, along with logic to accept configuration messages carrying topology information on a particular port when the configuration message is received from a port on another protocol entity identified as the designated port for the particular port. Thus, according to the spanning tree algorithm, configuration messages are accepted even if they carry inferior topology information than that stored for the particular port. Such inferior topology information according to the spanning tree standard comprises a root identifier identifying a protocol entity with an equal or lower priority than stored as the root, or assuming the preceding is equal having a root path cost equal or higher than that stored for the particular root, or assuming the preceding is equal having a bridge identifier identifying a bridge having a priority equal to or lower than that stored for a designated bridge for the particular root port.
In addition, logic is included on the network device for expiring and recomputing configuration information for the plurality of ports in response to detection of a failure of the link coupled to the particular port, if the particular port is in the root port role. Also information is expired and configuration information recomputed in response to receiving a configuration message on a particular port having a maximum age parameter and a message age parameter, and in which the message age parameter is at least one of equal to, and greater than, the maximum age parameter if the port is in the root port role. Further, logic is provided on the network device to increment the message age parameter by an amount equal to about 1/X of the maximum age parameter. In this case, the parameter X designates a value twice a maximum number plus one of protocol entities traversed by messages in the network. For example, in preferred implementations, the parameter X is about 16 when the maximum number of protocol entities is 7. Alternatively, the parameter X in another embodiment is about 8.
According to another aspect of the invention, the configuration messages include a time interval parameter that indicates a time interval, such as the hello time. The network devices include a timer for ports in the plurality of ports indicating elapsed time from receiving a configuration message on a particular port. Logic is included to expire and recompute the configuration information in response to the timer indicating that the elapsed time reaches a value equal to a function of the time interval parameter carried by the last received configuration message (such as two times the hello time), when the particular port receiving the configuration messages is in the root port role.
According to this aspect of the invention, the network devices include resources to propagate configuration messages including the time interval parameter on a port in the designated port role periodically within the time interval indicated by the time interval parameter, whether or not the device is the root of the network.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, configuration messages are propagated according to rules depending on port role. Thus, resources propagate a configuration messages in response to a change in the configuration information on ports in the plurality of ports which were in the designated port role prior to the change for use by protocol entities between the port in the designated port role and leaves of the tree prior to the change. Also, resources propagate a configuration message in response to a change in the configuration information caused by a previous configuration message received on a port in a root port role, which is root either before or after the change, on ports which are in the designated port role after the change for use by protocol entities between the port in the root port role, and leaves of the tree after the change. Also, configuration messages are propagated in response to the configuration information on all ports in the plurality of ports, if the device identifies itself as the root of the network after the change.
Accordingly, improvements to the spanning tree algorithm are provided which allow for more rapid propagation of topology changes in the network. In particular, the rules improve over the spanning tree algorithm of the ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.1D spanning tree algorithm and protocol by allowing for accepting inferior information, providing additional rules for expiring information, providing additional rules for propagating information from all bridges in the network including the root, and for burning out information using the message age parameters. Overall a more efficient spanning tree algorithm is provided without changing message formats in the preferred embodiment, and without altering the computation techniques for assuring a spanning tree.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen upon review of the drawings, the detailed description and the claims which follow.
FIGS. 5(A)-5(H) illustrate a network undergoing topology changes, and the processes for propagating such changes according to the present invention for one example event.
FIGS. 6(A)-6(H) illustrate a network undergoing topology changes, and the processes for propagating such changes according to the present invention for another example change event.
FIGS. 7(A) and 7(B) illustrate enhanced spanning tree port roles, states and transitions for point-to-point networks according to one aspect of the present invention.
A detailed description of the present invention is provided with respect to the figures, in which
Thus, the bridge illustrated in
The bridge protocol entity includes logic for accepting, expiring, updating and propagating configuration information according to the present invention. In particular, if the protocol entity receives a BPDU sent on a LAN by the current designated bridge and from the designated port on such bridge, that BPDU is accepted and processed even if it carries information inferior to the information previously received. Also, because of the message acceptance rules of the present invention, a number of other changes are provided for accepting, updating, expiring and propagating configuration information. For example, the port on which the BPDU is received may have been the root port for the bridge, but may not be after the change. Indeed, after the change the receiving bridge may find itself designated on the port for which the BPDU is received. This in fact may happen to several bridges at once on shared media LANs. The result in this case would be that all bridges assuming the designated role send BPDUs announcing themselves as designated, and causing election of a new designated bridge for the LAN.
In addition, the logic provides for spanning tree information received on a root port, an alternate port or a backup port, (where a backup port is an alternate port for which the designated port for the attached LAN belongs to the same bridge), is expired and the spanning tree is recomputed if the link attached to that port has failed, if the age of received information on that port exceeds the accompanying maximum age, or if more than twice the hello time signaled with the received information has elapsed since it was received, and the receiving bridge is configured to assume that the transmitter is operating at port link hello timer. Also, other functions of the hello time signaled in the received information could be utilized for this expiration rule.
Also, the function of the hello time used for expiring and recomputing spanning tree information can be modified at the receiving protocol entity to allow for any variance in the timeliness of responding to the received BPDUs.
If the proposed standard P802.3ad, for link aggregation is in operation, only failures at the aggregate port level are relevant. The last physical link has to fail before the spanning tree should react.
Furthermore, the protocol entity 113 in the bridge of
For propagating information, a BPDU is sent at least once per link hello time in order to provide a link keep alive functionality without introducing extra protocol.
Following a configuration update for any reason, such as message reception, message expiry, or management change, a BPDU is sent on every port for which the bridge was designated prior to the change, if information on the bridge has been updated. Thus, protocol entities between a port designated prior to the change, and leaves of the tree are notified that the state of its designated port may have changed.
Additionally, if a BPDU is received on the port which continues to be or becomes the root port, BPDUs are transmitted on all ports for which the bridge is designated after updating the configuration. Thus, all protocol entities between the root port in control after the change, and leaves of the tree are notified of the updated root port information. Furthermore, a bridge transmits BPDUs on all ports after first becoming or believing itself to be the root of the network.
These rules ensure rapid propagation of configuration information without adding excessively to the total number of BPDUs transmitted. Differences between these rules and the current rules of the 802.1D standard include that a bridge may send BPDUs in additional circumstances without receiving a message from the root, and that a bridge does not reply immediately to inferior information. The reply procedure of the standard is removed in a preferred system because it leads to excessively chatty behavior when the port on which the reply was to be sent was previously the root port but is no longer. With the introduction of a link hello timer, the process of contradicting bad information arising from message loss no longer relies on the next configuration propagating all the way from the root. Timeliness of information distribution which was the goal of the reply procedure is thus already assured.
These rules for propagation fall short of ensuring complete propagation of information without any further time outs or expiry in the network. Continuing the use of the reply procedure would have achieved that goal, but at the expense of transmitting a considerable number of BPDUs in richly connected topologies all assumed received without loss. The design must strike a balance between responsiveness, peak processing and buffering demands, and average demands.
Note that generation and acceptance of inferior information does provide much better performance than simply waiting on timer expiry even if that is done on a link by link basis. The latter only propagates through the network at a rate of one hop per expiry time.
In addition, the protocol entity 113 includes logic for burning out information being propagated for topology changes. Accepting and propagating new information from designated bridges allows spanning tree changes to be propagated soon after they are detected. If there are no loops in the physical topology, the old information will obviously be driven out, and out of the edge switches.
Where loops in the physical topology occur, there would appear to be a risk of old information such as memory of a root bridge that has failed some time ago, will circulate around the loops, increasing path costs and message age as it circulates. The 802.1D standard mandates that the age of information in BPDUs never be under estimated, so that information that returns to a bridge on the path from its original source will find better information already there, unless yet worse information has been propagated to that point. Thus, there is a possibility that information will "chase its tail" through the physical loops, when information is propagated according to the present invention.
To guard against this possibility, according to the present invention in one embodiment a minimum increment to the message age is mandated on each transmission by a bridge of at least {fraction (1/16)}th of the maximum age, or alternatively ⅛th of the maximum age. These parameters are determined by a function of the maximum number of protocol entities between a LAN and the root of the bridge, which is specified as 7 according to the present standard. Thus, 1/1+7 provides a minimum increment according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
By mandating this minimum increment, circulating information is ensured to be burned out of the network if there is no bridge or bridge port remaining that is the source of that information.
In an alternative approach, the root path cost can be capped in configuration messages. However, this technique of capping root path cost may not work in an environment where gigabit links are accidentally mixed with ten megabit links or other combinations of physical LANs.
Thus, it is important to ensure that old information is guaranteed to age out before forwarding delays are complete. Otherwise dynamically circulating information could create and sustain a data loop for a period of time. However, the removal of old information is now achieved as rapidly as messages can be forwarded in any part of the network with redundant physical conductivity. To ensure that lost messages do not halt burning out of old information, link specific hello timers cause burning out process to continue, if it has stopped, by causing expiration of information in the bridges.
Thus, the configuration BPDU as shown in
Octet 5 includes a set of flags encoded according to the 802.1D standard. Octets 6-13 provide an identifier of the protocol entity specified as the root of the network by the sending entity. Octets 14-17 specify the root path cost, this parameter indicates the cost of the path to the root bridge from the bridge which transmits the configuration BPDU. This parameter allows bridges which receive the configuration BPDU to compute the lowest cost path to the root for that receiving device.
Octets 18-25 specify a bridge identifier. This unique bridge identifier identifies the bridge which transmits the configuration BPDU. This parameter enables a receiving bridge to decide, in the case of a LAN to which two or more bridges are attached which offer equal cost paths to the root, which of the bridges should be selected as the designated bridge for that LAN.
Octets 26 and 27 specify a port identifier, indicating the port on the transmitting bridge through which the configuration BPDU was transmitted. This identifier uniquely identifies a port on that bridge. The parameter is conveyed to enable a bridge to decide, in the case of a LAN to which two or more ports on the same bridge are attached, which ports are so attached.
Octets 28 and 29 carry a message age. The age of the configuration message is the time since generation of the configuration BPDU by the root, or other bridge that instigated the generation of this configuration BPDU. This parameter is conveyed to enable a bridge to discard information whose age exceeds the maximum age. According to the present invention, this message age parameter is inserted by bridges issuing the BPDU in response to events other than receipt of another BPDU, or by root bridges.
Octets 30 and 31 provide a maximum age parameter. This is a time out value to be used by bridges in the bridged network. The value of the maximum age is set by the root, or other originator of the configuration BPDU.
Octets 32 and 33 provide a hello time. This is a time interval between the generation of configuration BPDUs by the source of the configuration BPDUs, or by the root. The final parameter carried by the configuration BPDU is the forward delay parameter in octets 34 and 35. The value of the forward delay is typically set by the root. This parameter is conveyed to ensure that each bridge in the network uses a consistent value for the forward delay timer when transferring the state of a port to the forwarding state. These values are also used as a time out value for aging filtering databases following changes in the active topology.
Accordingly, when the protocol entity of the system illustrated in
Thus, according to
If at block 202, the BPDU is received on a port from a port other than a designated port, or if no BPDU is received, then the protocol entity monitors for a link failure (block 205). If a link failure is detected, such as loss of a physical layer keep alive message on a link, the information for the port to which the failed link is attached is expired and the spanning tree information is updated (block 204). In addition to link failure detection, then the protocol entity monitors for expiration of a time interval which is a function of the hello time carried in the last received BPDU (block 206). For example, if more than twice the hello time is exceeded, then the information for the port is expired and the spanning tree information is updated for the bridge at block 204. If the function of the hello time is not exceeded, then the algorithm loops back to block 202.
FIGS. 5(A)-5(H) and FIGS. 6(A)-6(H) illustrate two examples of networks in which configuration changes are propagated according to the present invention. FIGS. 5(A)-5(H) is based on a network including eight protocol entities, R, R′, A, B, C, D, W1 and W2. Active spanning tree links are indicated by solid lines 501-507 and redundant links are indicated by dashed lines 508-512. These lines are referred to below by end point bridges, as they are all point-to-point links in the example. The parameters within each protocol entity box include designated root parameter and root path cost. The ports with the heavy dot (e.g. port 520) indicate the designated port/bridge for the link. The ports indicated by a black line (e.g. port 521) on the box are root ports. Thus, for example, bridge R has a designated port coupled across link RA 502 to the root port on bridge A. Likewise, a designated port on bridge B is coupled across a redundant link 509 to bridge C. The port on bridge C coupled to the redundant link is an alternate port in the blocking state.
Similar actions occur at bridges D and R′ in response to the changes at bridge A. Thus, bridge D changes its root port from the link AD to the link DB and bridge R′ changes its root port from the link R′A to the link R′B. In this scenario, the root R will continue to believe itself to be the root and transmits a BPDU on the link RB within the hello time interval. B will update its configuration information if appropriate because it received the message from a designated port on its root port. The message gets forwarded from B to bridges C, D and R′ as indicated in FIG. 5E. Next, bridges C, D and R′ receive the messages from B, update if appropriate and forward the configuration BPDU to bridge A and to the bridges W1 and W2 as indicated in FIG. 5F.
As indicated in
As indicated in
FIGS. 6(A)-6(H) illustrate an example having the same initial configuration shown in
There are many possible next steps depending on the order of processing of the messages in transit in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As mentioned above, in one embodiment, transitions of port states are also managed according to port role. See, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/141,803, entitled HIGH AVAILABILITY SPANNING TREE WITH RAPID RECONFIGURATION, filed on 28 Aug. 1998, by the same inventors, which was owned at the time of invention and is currently owned by the same assignee, and which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
In the tables of
Accordingly, the present invention provides for faster reconfiguration of switched LAN physical connectivity than is specified in the standard spanning tree algorithm and protocol. This fast reconfiguration is based on allowing inferior spanning tree information to propagate through the network, provided that it is being sent by the bridge that was sending the best information previously, that is the designated bridge for the LAN. Thus, according to the present invention the spanning tree algorithm allows bad news to propagate more quickly through the network. The bridge will process inferior information sent by the designated bridge for each LAN. In addition, information previously received is expired immediately on link failure. In addition the configuration message from a designated bridge is always accepted even if it contains inferior information. Spanning tree recomputation occurs on both of these events and may cause changes in the root and designated port. Changes in information on designated ports is propagated to other bridges effectively.
In addition, bridges use their hello timer to stimulate information propagation, setting it to suit local link characteristics. This enables early link failure detection and removes the need for an additional keep alive mechanism. With these changes the maximum age parameter no longer contributes to the reconfigure delays. Further, forward delay can be substantially reduced, since the delay in transitioning a bridge port from forwarding to blocking is set by the worst case information propagation time. Thus, changes to the details of configuration message reception and propagation according to the present invention significantly improve the performance of the spanning tree algorithm. These changes keep the familiar standard message formats, management parameters and basic algorithm, and significantly improve reconfiguration performance. These improvements are compatible with the improvements in the patent applications referred to and incorporated by reference above, and in preferred system are combined with such improvements.
The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
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