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Menchetti, S; Costa, F; Frasconi, P; Pontil, M; (2003) Comparing Convolution Kernels and Recursive Neural Networks for Learning Preferences on Structured Data. In: Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition: IAPR - TC3 International Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition: University of Florence, Italy, September 12-13, 2003: Workshop Proceedings. (pp. ? - ?). Dipartimento di Sistemi e Informatica, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze: Florence, Italy.
Full text not available from this repository.
Convolution kernels and recursive neural networks (RNN) are both suitable approaches for supervised learning when the input portion of an instance is a discrete structure like a tree or a graph. We report about an empirical comparison between the two architectures in a large scale preference learning problem related to natural language processing, where instances are candidate incremental parse trees. We found that kernels never outperform RNNs, even when a limited number of examples is employed for learning. We argue that convolution kernels may lead to feature space representations that are too sparse and too general because not focused on the specific learning task. The adaptive encoding mechanism in RNNs in this case allows us to obtain better prediction accuracy at smaller computational cost.
|Proceedings paper
|Comparing Convolution Kernels and Recursive Neural Networks for Learning Preferences on Structured Data
|Publisher version:
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Computer Science
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subset: commoncrawl


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President Barack Obama throws White House party for '72 Miami Dolphins
It's been four decades since the 1972 Miami Dolphins went undefeated and won the Super Bowl, setting a historic record that has yet to be matched. President Barack Obama invited them to celebrate that milestone Tuesday at the White House. "I know this is a little unorthodox," Obama said, "but these guys never got their […] [Read More]


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Originally written on The Cardinal Nation blog | Last updated 3/24/13
On Sunday, the St. Louis Cardinals' Memphis and Springfield clubs remained in Jupiter, while Palm Beach and Peoria again took the bus ride to Port St. Lucie, with the New York Mets their opponent as well. The major league club also faced the Mets at Jupiter, with non-MLB camp invitees Mitch Harris, Luis Mateo and Patrick Wisdom appearing there. Though ex-Navy man Harris' story is inspiring, his deployment in a big league game seemed premature, even before he took the Roger Dean mound. On the other side of the coin, St. Louis outfielder Carlos Beltran had five at-bats with one hit. With which of these four minor league club(s) he played was not disclosed. The outfielder is testing a sore toe, injured before the World Baseball Classic. Keeping him out of St. Louis' games now would enable the club to back-date his disabled list stay to open the season if need be. With his back injury, third baseman David Freese may be in a similar situation. A day after Saturday brought an offensiv...
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The resulting image is one of the most celebrated pictures of the glamorous and vivacious Diana at the peak of her fame.
Prince Charles is paying tens of thousands of pounds a year for Kate Middleton's glamorous outfits.
This glamorous: The party took place in a suite of conference rooms in a 1970s-vintage slab concrete hotel in Birmingham.


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According to the present invention a telecommunications apparatus for providing transport of packetized information over large distances. The apparatus provides a bi-directional flow of information from a first satellite gateway using a connection over a satellite network to a second satellite gateway. The apparatus uses a gateway that translates the information using the TCP protocol into information using a satellite protocol, which is suitable for transmission of such information over the satellite network.
1. A communication apparatus for transmitting packetized information, said information comprising a plurality of packets, each of said packets comprising data and a header, over a satellite link in a telecommunications system, said system comprising a client, selected from a plurality of potential clients, a server, selected from a plurality of potential servers, a first gateway connected to said client by a first telecommunications link, a second gateway connected to said server by a second telecommunications link, a third telecommunications link connecting said first gateway to said second gateway, said apparatus comprising:
a network interface for linking said first gateway with said client;
a satellite gateway interface;
a system memory; and
a bus interconnecting said network interface, said satellite gateway interface, and said system memory with a processor, said processor operatively disposed to:
intercept a connection attempt intended for the with said server, said connection attempt initiated by said client;
establish a connection between said first gateway and said second gateway over said third telecommunications link, the connection unique to the connection attempt;
convert a flow of information received from the client from a first transport layer protocol to a second transport layer protocol prior to transmission over the third telecommunications link; and
convert a return flow of information from the second transport layer protocol to the first transport layer protocol prior to transmission to the client;
wherein converting the flow of information and converting the return flow of information occurs transparently to said client and said server; and
wherein the connection established between the first and second gateways is terminated when the flow of information and the return flow of information is complete.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
intercept a second connection attempt intended for a second server, the connection attempt initiated by a second client; and
establish a second connection between the first gateway and the second gateway over the third telecommunications link, the second connection unique to the second connection attempt.
10. The apparatus as in
11. The apparatus as in
convert a flow of information received from the second client from a first transport layer protocol to a second transport layer protocol prior to transmission over the third telecommunications link; and
convert a return flow of information from the second transport layer protocol to the first transport layer protocol prior to transmission to the second client.
12. A communication apparatus comprising:
a system memory;
a processor;
at least one network interface; and
a bus interconnecting the system memory, the processor and the at least one network interface;
wherein the processor is operatively disposed to:
intercept a connection attempt initiated by a client in a first transport layer protocol, the connection attempt intended for a destination server;
establish a transport connection between a first gateway and a second gateway that is over a telecommunications link, the second gateway adapted for forming a communication connection between the second gateway and the destination server;
wherein a bi-directional flow of information between the first and second gateways is in a second transport layer protocol;
wherein the transport connection is for only the bi-directional flow of information intended for the client and the destination server; and
terminate the transport layer connection between the first and second gateways when the bi-directional flow of information is complete.
13. The apparatus as in
14. The apparatus as in
15. A communication apparatus comprising:
a system memory;
a processor;
at least one network interface; and
a bus interconnecting the system memory, the processor and the at least one network interface;
wherein the processor is operatively disposed to:
intercept a connection attempt initiated by a client in a first transport layer protocol, the connection attempt intended for a destination server;
establish a transport connection between a first gateway and a second gateway that is over a telecommunications link; and
form a communication connection between the second gateway and the destination server;
wherein a bi-directional flow of information between the first and second gateways is in a second transport layer protocol;
wherein the processor is further operatively disposed to extract an urgent pointer from a packet header in the first transport protocol, and incorporate the urgent pointer into a packet header in the second transport protocol for transmission over the telecommunications link between the first and second gateways.
The subject application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/118,227, filed Feb. 2, 1999, in the name of Jerome D. Toporek et al, titled "Internet Over Satellite Apparatus," the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The following two commonly-owned co-pending applications also are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes:
1. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/243,185, filed Feb. 2, 1999, in the name of Jerome D. Toporek et al, titled, "Internet Over Satellite System," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,529,477; and
2. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/243,554, filed Feb. 2, 1999, in the name of Jerome D. Toporek et al, titled, "Internet Over Satelite Method," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,083.
The present invention relates to telecommunications devices and techniques. More particularly, the present invention provides a technique including an apparatus for transmitting information using a TCP connection over a satellite system for use in a wide area network of computers such as the Internet. The present apparatus provides a high speed and quality transmission of signals to a distant location over a satellite system using an Xpress Transport Protocol (herein "XTP") protocol, for example. But it will be recognized that the invention has a much wider range of applicability; it can also be applied to a private bridged network, terrestrial wireless network links, and the like.
The Internet is an international "super-network" connecting together millions of individual computer networks and computers. The Internet is generally not a single entity. It is an extremely diffuse and complex system over which no single entity has complete authority or control. Although the Internet is widely known for one of its ways of presenting information through the World Wide Web (herein "Web"), there are many other services currently available based upon the general Internet protocols and infrastructure.
The Web is generally easy to use for people inexperienced with computers. Information on the Web can be presented on "pages" of graphics and text that contain "links" to other pages either within the same set of data files (i.e., Web site) or within data files located on other computer networks. Users often access information on the Web using a "browser" program such as one made by Netscape Communications Corporation of Mountain View, Calif. or Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Browser programs process information from Web sites and display the information using graphics, text, sound, and animation. Accordingly, the Web has become a popular medium for advertising goods and services directly to consumers.
The Internet supports many other forms of communication. For example, the Internet allows one-to-one communication via electronic mail, which is commonly known as "e-mail." The Internet also has "bulletin boards" which are used by users to post colorful text and graphics for others to read and respond to. For real time communication, the Internet has "chat rooms" and the like, which allow users to communicate to each other by way of typed messages. In some cases, the Internet can also be used for voice communication between users. All of these forms of communication are possible, at least in part, by way of an important connection, which allows information to be transmitted from many different servers on the Internet.
The Internet is based on the TCP/IP protocol suite. At the network layer, and Internet Protocol, which is known as IP, provides a mechanism to deliver packets addressed to individual computers. The Internet has a plurality of computer systems implementing IP, which are generally interconnected to each other using local area networks and dedicated transmission lines to form a wide area network of computers. IP packets are delivered on a best effort basis and are not guaranteed to arrive at their intended destination, which is known as "unreliable" service.
For many applications that require reliable data delivery service, the Internet uses a connection mechanism called Transmission Control Protocol, which is known as TCP. TCP has a variety of desirable characteristics that allows it to be suitable for communication over the Internet. For example, TCP considers the data size or best sized segment of data to send from a transmitting server over the communication medium to a receiving server. Additionally, TCP maintains a timer, which waits for the receiving server to send an acknowledgement of the reception of the data segment from the transmitting server. If the timer times out before the acknowledgement is received, TCP resends the data segment, which provides reliability in the communication. TCP also maintains a checksum on its header and data, which monitors any modification in the data in transit. If the data arrives with an invalid checksum, TCP discards the data and does not acknowledge receiving the data. If data segments arrive out of order, TCP can also recombine the segments in order at the receiving server. Furthermore, TCP provides flow control, which only allows a finite amount of data to be sent to a buffer on the receiving server. This prevents a fast server computer from overflowing all the buffers on a slower server computer.
Although TCP has been well suited for transmitting Internet data between a plurality of servers, which are coupled to each other by way of conventional telephone systems and lines with similar characteristics, TCP has many limitations. For example, TCP is suitable for "short hops" but often slows down communication over extremely long distances which can have significant latency (e.g., transcontinental hops via satellite). Here, the flow control and acknowledgement features take too long to send and receive, which make communication slow. Additionally, opportunities for gains in efficiency still exist. In particular, TCP has been found to be slow and cumbersome for transmission of Internet data over a satellite network, for example. Additionally, networking using satellite often encounters significant bit error rates, which leads to further slowing of TCP connections. These and other limitations will be more fully described according to the Figs. below.
From the above, it is seen that a more efficient way of transporting Internet services over large geographical regions using wireless communication media is highly desirable.
According to the present invention, a technique for improving TCP performance over a wireless wide area network is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus for converting information using a TCP connection to an Xpress Transport Protocol (herein "XTP") connection, for example, which is more suitable for transmission over a wireless network system such as a satellite system.
In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a communication apparatus for transmitting information over a satellite link. The apparatus includes a TCP interface coupled to a satellite gateway interface for providing a bi-directional flow of information, which has data and a header, using a TCP connection. As merely an example, the bi-directional flow of information can be from the Internet or internet-like network of computers or any network using TCP/IP protocols. The apparatus also includes a processor for converting the information, using the TCP connection, into a satellite protocol for transmission over a satellite link. The satellite protocol has suitable characteristics for transmission of such information over a satellite link. The protocol can include, among others, XTP, XTP-like protocols, and the like.
In an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a communication apparatus for establishing a plurality of connections for transmission of information using a TCP connection over a satellite link. The apparatus includes a TCP interface for forming a first communication connection between a first client (e.g., user computer) to a first satellite gateway. The apparatus also includes a satellite gateway interface for forming a second communication connection between the first satellite gateway to a second satellite gateway that is over a satellite link. Information describing characteristics (e.g., source and destination IP addresses and port numbers) of the first connection is transmitted to the second satellite gateway. A third communication connection is formed between the second satellite gateway and the destination server. A combination of these connections forms a transparent connection from the original first client to the destination server.
In another aspect of the present invention, techniques for matching a data rate for information flowing through a predetermined point in a network, such as a satellite, to the data rate capabilities of a remote point on the network are provided. In one embodiment, the present invention provides rate control to maintain a suitable or predetermined data rate over the satellite device. The rate control provides a plurality of queues for buffering incoming data. Incoming data are checked against a predetermined length. Data in excess of the predetermined length are stored in the queues. At predetermined intervals, information is taken from one or more queues and transmitted along the outgoing data path. This processing can enable systems according to the present invention to provide for data rate control across a particular point of interest along the network, such as a satellite link.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method of converting a communications system for providing transport of packetized information in a TCP protocol between a client and a server to a system for providing transport of packetized information in a satellite protocol between the client and the server includes a step of installing a first gateway operatively disposed to intercept connections from the client to the server. The first gateway is further able to convert the packetized information from TCP protocol to satellite protocol. A step of installing a second gateway capable of establishing a connection with the server and further operatively disposed to convert packetized information from satellite protocol to TCP protocol is also included in the method. The first gateway and the second gateway are able to establish a connection over a common telecommunications link. The combination of these elements can provide a method for converting a system for TCP telecommunications to satellite protocol communications.
Numerous benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a higher throughput than conventional systems. Additionally, the present invention provides for a way to transparently improve TCP performance over a satellite network. In other embodiments, the present invention provides for a novel protocol which is suitable for long latency, high loss, asymmetric bandwidth conditions, which are typical of satellite communications. The present invention also provides for relatively easy implementation into a conventional satellite system. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits can be present. These and other advantages or benefits are described throughout the present specification and are described more particularly below.
These and other embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail in conjunction with the text below and attached Figs.
Before discussing the various embodiments, it may assist the reader to more fully understand the limitations of using TCP over a satellite network. Some of these limitations are described more fully below.
According to the present invention, a technique for providing a TCP connection over a wide area wireless network is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus for converting information using a TCP connection to an XTP connection, which is more suitable for transmission over a wireless network system such as a satellite system. Details of the present apparatus are described throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
Satellite antenna 108 receives and transmits signals 103 through satellite 101. Satellite antenna 108 connects to satellite gateway 111B that couples to a wide area network such as the Internet 129 or an internet, which is coupled to a server 131. The gateway 111B also couples through satellite modem 109B. The server and the Internet communication occur in a common protocol such as TCP/IP, UDP/IP or the like. The satellite gateway will be described in more detail below.
Satellite antenna 107 receives and transmits signals 105 through satellite 101. Satellite antenna 107 connects to satellite gateway 111A that couples to a local area network such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, or others 121, which is coupled to computer terminals 123 or clients. Here, satellite gateway couples to laptop 117, which is coupled through modem 119. The client, the laptop, and the local area network use a common connection format such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, or the like. The satellite gateway will be described in more detail below.
In a specific embodiment, satellite gateway 111A intercepts a TCP connection from a client and converts data 105 to a satellite protocol for transmission over satellite 101. The gateway 111A also couples through satellite modem 109A, which transmits data to satellite 101. The satellite gateway 111B on the opposite side of the satellite link translates the data in the satellite protocol back to TCP for communications with the server 131. In a specific embodiment, the present apparatus provides improved performance over conventional techniques. Additionally, the present methods remain substantially transparent to an end user and is fully compatible with the Internet or an internet infrastructure. In many, if not all aspects, no substantial changes are required to the client or server. In preferred embodiments, applications continue to function without substantial hardware and/or software modifications.
Although the above has been described in terms of a specific networking diagram, it is possible to implement the present satellite gateway in other configurations. For example, the present satellite gateway can be one "hub" or central gateway that serves a plurality of remote gateways. Each of the remote gateways is connected to the central gateway to create an individual satellite link.
Other common network topologies can also be used. Further, in some embodiments, different telecommunications links can be used to carry forward and backward paths of a connection. For example, a satellite link can be used to carry data on the forward path, while telephone line can be used for the backward path. Other types of telecommunications hardware may be substituted for the example hardware described here without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Additionally, the present satellite gateway is generally described as a stand alone unit. It will be recognized, however, that the present gateway can be implemented or integrated into a client machine. For example, the present gateway can be implemented on a personal computer using a satellite card, which can be inserted into a Windows™ 98 machine. The present gateway can also be implemented on other operating systems such as Windows NT, MacOS, and Linux. Of course, the exact manner of implementation will depend upon the application.
Additionally, the present satellite gateway may be integrated into a standalone satellite modem, VSAT hardware, router or other network devices.
I. Protocol Design
In a specific embodiment, the present apparatus includes a novel satellite protocol, which provides improved throughput for satellite networks. The present protocol can be designed to respond efficiently to typical satellite latency, bit errors, and asymmetric bandwidth conditions. The present protocol also can take advantage of optimizations possible on a point-to-point link with fixed bandwidth. For further information regarding satellite protocols, such as XTP, reference may be had to Tim Strayer, "A Brief Introduction to the Xpress Transport Protocol," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. These and other features of the present satellite protocol are described in more detail below.
The present protocol utilizes an efficient selective retransmission algorithm for the acknowledgment of data. Because the hop over the satellite is a point-to-point link with no intermediate routing, any gaps in the packet sequence can be assumed to be data loss due to corruption. The receiving satellite gateway requests retransmission immediately upon detection of the missing data from the transmitting satellite gateway.
The present protocol is substantially free from the frequent acknowledgment features of conventional TCP. In some embodiments, the present protocol does not use acknowledgments as the primary means of identifying lost data. In these embodiments, the present protocol needs only infrequent acknowledgments to confirm data arrival and clear buffers. (Conventional TCP sends a constant stream of acknowledgments over the reverse channel.) The present protocol reduces back channel usage by 70% or more, thereby increasing the performance of networks where limited back channel bandwidth is the system bottleneck.
The present protocol offers adequately large window sizes for transmission of data between the satellite gateways. Because the bandwidth-delay product over the satellite between the satellite gateways is much larger than that from the satellite gateway to the end node, the large present protocol window enables the bandwidth-delay product to window size ratio to remain relatively constant. The present gateway becomes a buffer for the network, allowing high throughput independent of the window size of the clients and servers.
The present protocol generally does not use unnecessary congestion avoidance mechanisms for the hop over the satellite between the satellite gateways. The present system, however, continues to use "Slow Start" and all other standard TCP congestion avoidance algorithms for the terrestrial connections between the present gateways and the end nodes. The present protocol also uses a streamlined handshake mechanisms to reduce the number of round-trip times required for connection set-up.
The present apparatus can run over IP for compatibility with routed networks. Alternatively, it can run directly over the link layer for substantially improved performance in most instances. Depending upon the embodiment one or more of these features can be available.
The above has generally been described in terms of desirable features of the present satellite protocol. It would be recognized that many other types of features can be available. Additionally, the present invention does not necessarily require each of the above features. Any combination can be used depending upon the application. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize other variations, modifications, and alternatives.
II. Xpress Transport Protocol
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an "Xpress Transport Protocol," which is commonly known as XTP. XTP provides orthogonal protocol functions for separation of implementation from policy, separation of rate and flow control, explicit first-class support for multicast, and data delivery service independence. XTP has a variety of suitable characteristics for transmission of data over a satellite link, which are described more fully below.
In a specific embodiment, the present protocol includes a set of mechanisms whose functionality is orthogonal. The most notable effect of this is that XTP separates communication mechanism (e.g., data-gram, virtual circuit, transaction, etc) from an error control policy employed (fully reliable through uncorrected). Further, flow and rate control as well as error control can be tailored to the communication at hand. If desired, any set of these control procedures can be turned off.
The present protocol also provides for separation of rate and flow control. In general, flow control operates on end-to-end buffer space. Rate control is a producer/consumer concept that considers processor speed and congestion. TCP does not provide rate control, and combats congestion with slow-start and other heuristics. XTP provides mechanisms for shaping rate control and flow control independently.
In a specific embodiment, the present protocol provides explicit multicast support. Here, multicast is not an afterthought in XTP. Each mechanism used for uni-cast communications is available for multicast use as well.
The present protocol also has data delivery service independence. In particular, XTP is a transport protocol, yet with the advent of switched networks rather than routed networks, a traditional network layer service may not be appropriate in every instance. XTP generally requires that the underlying data delivery service provides framing and delivery of packets from one XTP-equipped host to another. This could be raw MAC or IP or AAL5. XTP also employs parametric addressing, allowing packets to be addressed with any one of several standard addressing formats. Other features of XTP include, among others, implicit fast connection setup for virtual circuit paradigm; key-based addressing lookups; message priority and scheduling; support for encapsulated and convergence protocols; selective retransmission and acknowledgment; and fixed-size 64-bit aligned frame design.
XTP defines the mechanisms necessary for delivering user data from one end system to one or more other end systems. Each XTP implementation maintains the state of each of its communications. Well-defined packet structures, containing user data or control information, are exchanged in order to effect the user data transfer. The control information is used to provide the requested layer of correctness and to assist in making the transfer efficient. Assurance of correctness is done via error control algorithms and maintenance of a connection state machine. Flow and rate control algorithms, certain protocol modes, and traffic shaping information are used to provide the requested quality of service as efficiently as possible.
The collection of information comprising the XTP state at an end system is called a context. This information represents one instance of an active communication between two (or more) XTP endpoints. A context should be created, or instantiated, before sending or receiving XTP packets. There may be many active contexts at an end system, one for each active conversation or message.
Each context manages both an outgoing data stream and an incoming data stream. A data stream is an arbitrary length string of sequenced bytes, where each byte is represented by a sequence number. The aggregate of a pair of active contexts and the data streams between them is called an association.
A context at an end system is initially in a quiescent state. A user in need of communication services requests that the context be placed into the listening state. The context now listens for an appropriate FIRST packet. The FIRST packet is the initial packet of an association. It contains explicit addressing information. The user should provide all of the necessary information for XTP to match an incoming FIRST packet with the listening context.
At another end system a user requests communication service from XTP. Since this user will initiate the association, the context moves from a quiescent state to an active state directly. The active context constructs a FIRST packet, complete with explicit addressing information from the user. The FIRST packet is sent via the underlying data delivery service.
When the FIRST packet is received at the first host's XTP implementation, the address is compared against all listening contexts. If a match is found, the listening context moves to the active state. From this point forward an association is established, and communication can be completely symmetric since thee are two data streams, one in each direction, in an association. Also, no other packet during the lifetime of the association will carry explicit addressing information. Rather, a unique "key" is carried in each packet that maps the packet to the appropriate context.
Once all data from one user has been sent, that data stream from that user's context can be closed. Sentinels in the form of options bits in a packet are exchanged to gracefully close the connection. Other forms of less graceful closings are possible by abbreviating this exchange. When both users are done, and both data streams closed, the contexts move into the inactive state. One of the contexts will send a sentinel that causes the association to dissolve. At this point, both contexts return to the quiescent state.
Generally all of XTP's packet types use a common header structure. All of the information necessary to steer the packet's payload to the proper point of processing is carried in the header. Much of how an XTP context operates is controlled by a set of bit flags that are concentrated in one field in the packet header. Fifteen flags are defined, including bit flags to control connection shutdown, bit flags to control the acknowledgment policy, and bit flags that are markers in the data stream. The remaining bit flags control the end-to-end operating modes. Examples include enabling or disabling error control or flow control, or enabling multicast mode.
XTP flow control is based on 64-bit sequence numbers and a 64-bit sliding window. XTP also provides rate control whereby an end system or intermediate system can specify the maximum bandwidth and burst size it will accept on a connection. A Traffic Segment provides a means for specifying the shape of the traffic so that both end systems and intermediate systems can manage their resources and facilitate service quality guarantees.
Error control in XTP incorporates positive and, when appropriate, negative acknowledgment to effect retransmission of missing or damaged data packets. Retransmission may be either go-back-N or selective. The retransmission algorithms are conservative: only data that is shown to be missing via control messages may be transmitted. This avoids spurious and possible congestion-causing retransmissions. The error control algorithm, while basically conservative, can also be aggressive: a technique for a quick-acting error notification is provided.
XTP also specifies techniques for extending error control to a multicast environment. The error control algorithm in multicast is identical to the uni-cast algorithm, although additional sophistication is required to manage state variables and achieve continuous streaming. Accordingly, XTP is a preferred satellite protocol according to the present invention.
Although the above has generally been described in using an XTP protocol, it will be understood that other types of protocols can be used. For example, the protocol can be a modified TCP, a modified XTP, and others. Additionally, the protocol can be any that is suitable for transmission over a satellite link. Additionally, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize other variations, modifications, and alternatives.
Client 201 can be represented in multiple layers, including application and physical layers. The layers may include a browser 211. The browser 211 allows a user to communicate information from an application layer to a physical layer for transmission to a gateway. The browser 211 is generally in the application layer, which provides the information. For example, the browser can be one of suitable design made by a company called Netscape Communications Corporation of Mountain View, Calif. or Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. or others. In addition to browsers, other TCP applications, including FTP file transfers, may also be used to communicate between clients and servers.
The information goes through the transport layer (e.g., TCP) 213 and then through the IP layer 215, which is the networking layer. The transport layer provides a flow of data between the client and the gateway. The IP layer handles movement of data comprising packets between the client and the gateway, or other network. The information is sent through the physical layer, which includes a driver 217. The driver 217 transmits the information to the gateway 203 through hardware 219 connected to gateway 203 via a telecommunications link 221, which can be a wire, cable, fiber optic, or other physical communication medium. Alternatively, the driver 217 receives information from the gateway 203 via link 221 and hardware 219. The driver can be a network operating system with a network interface card in the client computer, for example.
From the physical connection 221, the information traverses to the gateway 203. The gateway has a physical layer 223, which interacts with driver 225. The gateway also includes a networking layer 227 and a transport layer 229, which is coupled to a translation module 231. The networking layer 227 determines whether the information can be routed over the satellite protocol. If so, the data is passed up to the transport layer 229. If not, the data is immediately forwarded out to the rate control module 234 for delivery to the satellite link 239 in non-translated form. The translation module 231 converts the information into a satellite protocol 233, which is suitable for use over a satellite link. A rate control module 234 determines whether the information can be passed immediately to the satellite connection or be queued for later delivery. The satellite connection is coupled to a physical layer 237 by a driver 235, which transmits information to and from satellite 209. The information traverses to and from the satellite in a wireless medium, 239, 241.
Information is received by the satellite gateway 205, which includes multiple layers, physical and others. The physical layer 243 couples to driver 245. The networking and transport layer include a satellite protocol 247 and a rate control 244. The network and transport layers connect to a session layer which comprises translation module 249. The translation module converts the information using the satellite protocol back to TCP/IP. The information traverses through the transport layer (i.e., TCP) 251 and the networking layer (i.e., IP) 253. Information from the satellite gateway 205 enters a physical layer 257 through driver 255. The driver transmits the information to a server 207 over telecommunications link 259. Driver 255 can also receive information from server 207 in the backward path.
From the telecommunications link 259, the information is sent to driver 263 in the server 207 via physical layer 261. The information traverses from the driver to a networking layer, which includes IP 265. The information also traverses from the networking layer to a transport layer, which includes TCP 267. The information is delivered to a Web server application 269, for example. Between the server 207 and the satellite gateway 205 is the Internet or another IP network, depending upon the application.
In a specific embodiment, information can flow through a gateway, such as gateway 203, 205 at the network layer, bypassing the transport and application layers altogether. For example, in gateway 203, information can enter from client 201 via telecommunications link 221. Physical layer 223 passes the information to driver 225. In turn, driver 225 passes the information to network layer 227. Network layer 227 can route the information to its destination using IP. The information then flows from network layer 227 to driver 235. Driver 235 interacts with physical layer 237 to pass the information along to satellite 209 via telecommunications link 239.
In a specific embodiment, the translation module converts information using a TCP connection to a suitable connection for transmission over a satellite system. The suitable connection for the satellite is generally resilient to transmission over a wireless network such as a satellite network, e.g., Orion Worldcast™ or PanAmSat™ SpotBytes™ services, and the like. The connection should also be suitable for long latency, high loss, and asymmetric bandwidth conditions. The connection should also be transparent to the end user at the client or server location. The long latency is typically about 200 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, per satellite hop but is not limited to such values.
In a specific embodiment, the present translation module converts information using a TCP connection into an XTP, modified TCP or XTP-like protocol for transmission over a satellite link, which is illustrated by
From the satellite link, the information including the XTP header enters a receiving XTP module. The receiving XTP or satellite protocol module removes the XTP header from the information, leaving data 353. The receiving satellite protocol module passes the data to the translation module, which can be a routing module used to route data to the proper protocol. The translation module then passes the data to the TCP module. The receiving TCP module attaches a TCP header 343 and IP header 341 onto the data to form information that is now ready for transmission over a network to a receiving server destination. The information using the TCP connection traverses through a network to the destination server.
In other embodiments, the translation module can also convert a portion of the information including the data and TCP/IP headers to information using the XTP protocol. Alternatively, the translation module can convert more than one segment of information including multiple TCP/IP headers into a single piece of information including the XTP header for transmission over a satellite link. Depending upon the application, the translation module can convert the information including the TCP connection into any one or any combination of the above. Further details of these techniques, and others, are described in more detail below.
In a specific embodiment, the present process occurs by way of a selected sequence of steps. Here, TCP SYN packets are intercepted transparently by a satellite gateway. The satellite gateway establishes a new XTP connection across the satellite link to the other satellite gateway. Information, including IP addresses and port numbers, about the requesting client and the destination server is transferred across the satellite link to the other satellite gateway. The destination gateway then sets up a TCP connection with the destination server, using the client's addressing information so that the server sees the TCP connection as being the same as if the client itself had established the connection. The satellite gateway makes routing decisions based upon source and destination addresses in the IP header of packets entering the gateway in order to determine whether the packets should be routed over the satellite telecommunications link. Once the TCP connection to the server is established, the destination gateway communicates back to the sending gateway, which then acknowledges the connection with the client.
In one or more embodiments, this sequence of steps has advantages. In particular, the client does not believe the connection is established until the server has accepted this connection, which tends to reduce or even eliminate false indications of successful connection establishment. Additionally, both the client and server see the connection as happening immediately between the two of them, without detecting that the satellite connection is happening in between the client and the server. That is, the present invention substantially preserves "end-to-end semantics" of the connection. In other embodiments, the connectivity is symmetric. Here, "clients" may exist on either side of the satellite link, and "servers" may exist on either side. Systems on either side may request connections to systems on the other side, and the satellite gateways will intercept the connections.
In a specific embodiment, the present invention also provides a rate control step (step 327). In a step 327, processing is performed to maintain a suitable or predetermined data rate over the satellite device. The processing of step 327 may require buffering of packets in order to avoid overloading the satellite link, such as 105 and 103 in FIG. 1. This can be accomplished using the process depicted by
In a particular embodiment according to the present invention, TCP connections at times pass a piece of information in the protocol header which must be delivered as soon as possible to the destination side of the connection. This piece of information is known as the "urgent pointer". In select embodiments, the TCP implementation that is part of the client-side satellite gateway, such as for example satellite gateway 203 of
Decisional step 343 determines whether the current system clock tick count is the same as a stored clock tick count. If the system clock tick and the stored clock tick are the same, then processing continues with decisional step 349, which determines whether a byte counter and a length of an incoming packet are greater than a predetermined maximum, based on the desired transmission rate, denoted here as "MAX". If the maximum would not be exceeded, then processing continues with step 355, in which the packet is sent and the byte counter is incremented by the packet length. Otherwise, if the maximum would be exceeded in step 349, then processing continues with a step 357, in which the difference between MAX and the current value of the byte counter is stored as "EXTRA", and a timer can be started. Processing then continues at step 345. Otherwise, if step 343 determines that the clock tick and stored clock tick are different, processing continues with a step 347 in which a byte counter is cleared and the stored clock tick is updated. Processing then continues with a step 355, as described above.
If decisional step 341 determines that at least one of the queues is not empty, or if the packet length would have increased the byte counter beyond MAX in step 349, then in a decisional step 345, a determination is made whether the incoming packet is a retransmission. If the packet is a retransmission, then in a step 351, the packet is added to the high priority (HIPRI) queue. Otherwise, in a step 353, the packet is added to the normal queue.
If there are packets on the HIPRI queue, then in a decisional step 365, a determination is made whether the byte counter and the packet length are less than a local maximum. If this is indeed the case, then processing continues with a step 369 in which the packet is dequeued from the HIPRI queue and sent. Also, the byte counter is incremented to reflect the length of the data in the packet. Otherwise, if decisional step 365 determines that the byte counter and the packet length exceed the local maximum, then in a step 371 the timer is restarted and processing returns to the invoking process. Processing can continue when the timer expires.
If decisional step 363 determines that there are no packets on the HIPRI queue, then processing continues with a decisional step 367. Decisional step 367 determines whether there are packets on the normal queue. If there are no packets on the normal queue, then processing continues with a step 375, in which the current clock tick is stored in a global cell. Otherwise, if decisional step 367 determines that packets are on the normal queue, then processing continues with a decisional step 373, in which a determination is made whether the byte counter and the packet length are less than the local maximum. If this is indeed the case, then processing continues with a step 377, in which the packet is dequeued from the normal queue and sent. Also, the byte counter is incremented to reflect the length of the data in the packet. Otherwise, if decisional step 373 determines that if the byte counter and the packet length exceed the local maximum, then in a step 379 the timer is restarted and processing returns to the invoking process. Processing can continue when the timer expires.
System 111A is merely one example of a configuration that embodies the present invention. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many system types, configurations, and combinations of the above devices are suitable for use in light of the present disclosure.
Although the above has generally described the present invention according to specific systems and embodiments, the present invention has a much broader range of applicability. In particular, the present invention is not limited to satellite telecommunications, but can be applied to any networking situation where an improved or optimized protocol is desired for use over a specific portion of the network, and the end systems cannot be updated to use the improved protocol. Thus, in some embodiments, satellite gateways could provide access to wireless or cabled networks and internetworks of all kinds. Of course, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize other variations, modifications, and alternatives.
To prove the principles and operation of the present system, experiments have been performed. In the present experiments, we ran a series of single-client FTP file transfer throughput tests to compare performance of conventional TCP and the present invention over a wide variety of different TCP windows sizes, link bandwidths, round trip delay times, and bit error rates. In one experiment, "Window Size" was compared against "Throughput," as shown by the simplified diagram 400 of
In an alternative experiment, a "Round Trip Delay" was analyzed against "Throughput," as shown in a simplified diagram 500 of
In an alternative experiment, a "Bit Error Rate" was monitored against "Throughput," which is shown by the simplified diagram 600 of
While the above is a full description of the specific embodiments, various modifications, alternative constructions and equivalents may be used. For example, the above has generally been described in terms of using XTP as a satellite protocol. Other types of protocols may be available. For example, the protocol can include a modified TCP or the like. Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention which is defined by the appended claims.
Patent Citations
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text:
Lowongan Kerja - PT Kirin Griya Indotama a well established distribution company and manufacturing in building material & electrical home appliances, required potential candidate to fill the post of :
Accounting Staff (Inventory) - Semarang
* Male
* Age max 28 years old
* Bachelor Degree in Accounting from reputable university with GPA min. 3.00
* Min. 2 years experiences in the similar position
* Able to create financial reports (preferably having knowledge in TAX)
* Computer literate (MS Office and other application will be an advantage)
* Hard working and can work as a team
* Have a good Interpersonal Skill, Self-Motivated, Energetic, Friendly, Independent
* Able to work under pressure
* Domicile in SEMARANG
Please send your CV and latest photo to :
[email protected]


text:
Sonny Fortune Comes to The Blue Note, 1/22-23
Sonny Fortune is set to play the Blue Note, Tue. & Wed. Jan. 22 & 23, with sets at 8 and 10:30 PM. Featuring: Sonny Fortune, alto sax, Michael Cochrane, piano, David Williams, bass and Steve Johns, drums.
When critics speak of Sonny Fortune, names like Coltrane, Cannonball, Young, Bechet, Hawkins and Parker are mentioned. Quite a legacy - but well deserved - for Sonny Fortune embodies all of the finest qualities of those late, great musicians: hard work, dedication to his art, and exceptional music. Lucky for us, Sonny is still here and blowing hard.
The Philadelphia native (born 1939) has been on the jazz scene since his move to New York City in 1968. Over all these years he's performed and recorded with many of the most notable jazz artists; Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, McCoy Tyner, Elvin Jones, Frank Foster, Mongo Santamaria and Buddy Rich to name a few. He's been a leader of his own groups and has released over a dozen recordings including three for the legendary Blue Note label.
He's been featured on CBS TV's 48 Hours with Dan Rather; a featured soloist on the soundtrack for the Jack Nicholson film, The Crossing Guard, and was the subject of a CBS Sunday Morning feature with Billy Taylor. He headlined the first Chicago Playboy Jazz Festival and was the featured jazz performer at the Atlanta Montreaux International Music Festival.
Sonny continues to tour with appearances at major festivals and clubs in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan.
The Blue Note is located at 131 W. 3rd St, New York, NY. Call 212-475-8592 for reservations. Bar - $10.00; Table - $20.00.
About Author
- Casting Roundup: Sarah Chalke, Kim Raver Headline New Pilots
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- Grammy Winner Kelly Clarkson Exclusively Premieres New Music from New Album on MTV, VH1 & CMT First
- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


text:
|Jock Mahoney
|The Range Rider / ... (78 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Dickie Jones
|Dick West / ... (78 episodes, 1951-1953)
Series Directed by
|George Archainbaud
|(25 episodes, 1951-1952)
|Wallace Fox
|(11 episodes, 1951-1952)
|Frank McDonald
|(10 episodes, 1951-1953)
|William Berke
|(10 episodes, 1952-1953)
|D. Ross Lederman
|(7 episodes, 1951-1953)
|John English
|(3 episodes, 1951)
|Don McDougall
|(unknown episodes)
|Ray Nazarro
|(unknown episodes)
Series Writing credits
|Oliver Drake
|(7 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Eric Freiwald
|(4 episodes, 1951-1952)
|Robert Schaefer
|(4 episodes, 1951-1952)
|Elizabeth Beecher
|(3 episodes, 1952)
|Orville H. Hampton
|(3 episodes, 1953)
|Paul Gangelin
|(2 episodes, 1951)
|Milton Raison
|(2 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Joe Richardson
|(2 episodes, 1952)
|Edward Llewellyn
|(2 episodes, 1953)
|Arthur Rowe
|(2 episodes, 1953)
|Buckley Angell
|(unknown episodes)
|Jack Townley
|(unknown episodes)
Series Produced by
|Louis Gray
|executive producer / producer (36 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Hugh McCollum
|producer (21 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Gene Autry
|executive producer (unknown episodes)
|Armand Schaefer
|producer (unknown episodes)
Series Original Music by
|Walter Greene
|(36 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Carl Cotner
|(unknown episodes)
Series Cinematography by
|William Bradford
|(25 episodes, 1951-1953)
|John L. Russell
|(14 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Ernest Miller
|(unknown episodes)
Series Film Editing by
|Anthony Wollner
|(10 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Jack Wheeler
|(8 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Richard G. Wray
|(6 episodes, 1951)
|Jodie Copelan
|(5 episodes, 1951-1952)
|Harvey Manger
|(3 episodes, 1953)
|Erma E. Levin
|(2 episodes, 1952-1953)
|Paul Borofsky
|(2 episodes, 1953)
Series Production Management
|Armand Schaefer
|executive in charge of production (36 episodes, 1951-1953)
Series Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
|Stanley Neufeld
|assistant director (15 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Gilbert Kay
|assistant director (6 episodes, 1953)
|Louis Germonprez
|assistant director (3 episodes, 1952)
|Clark L. Paylow
|assistant director (3 episodes, 1953)
|Frank Fox
|assistant director (2 episodes, 1953)
Series Stunts
|Al Wyatt Sr.
|stunt double: James Griffith, Dick Curtis / stunt double: Riley Hill / ... (3 episodes, 1951)
|Bob Woodward
|stunt double / stunts (2 episodes, 1951-1953)
|Fred Graham
|stunts (unknown episodes)
|Troy Melton
|stunts (unknown episodes)
|Boyd 'Red' Morgan
|stunts (unknown episodes)
|Sandy Sanders
|stunts (unknown episodes)
|Boyd Stockman
|stunts (unknown episodes)
Series Editorial Department
|Anthony Wollner
|supervising editor (unknown episodes)
Series Music Department
|Irving Friedman
|music supervisor (36 episodes, 1951-1953)
Jack or Jock Mahoney as he was known depending on what point in his
career he was played The Range Rider for a few seasons on television.
The show was part of Gene Autry's Flying Crown stable of television
I remember The Range Rider because of the fact that Mahoney really did favor the old fashioned frontiersman manner of dress. Other than a cowboy hat and the regulation six shooter, he wore buckskins and Indian moccasins. His youthful companion Dick West favored the more traditional cowboy garb, in fact his outfit was black like Hopalong Cassidy's.
We never did learn what the Range Rider's real name was. He just rode into town with Dick, righted the wrongs and left all in 30 minutes with commercial breaks. Dick Jones who played Dick West was in fact a good rider himself, he could match Jock Mahoney's stuntman background in many ways.
As a child actor you might remember him best for being the young Senate page who sported a Boy Ranger badge in the Senate and encouraged Jimmy Stewart to fight on. He was also the kid who died on the gold wagon train heading east in Virginia City. But it was a good thing he could ride and shoot because he was annoying. I guess the Range Rider put up with it as coming with the territory.
Jock Mahoney later went on to become Yancey Derringer and later on was one of Hollywood's Tarzans. He might not have had the physique of Johnny Weissmuller or Gordon Scott, but the man was athletic as all get out.
Thanks to Gene Autry for bringing us the Range Rider when I was a lad.
|Recent Posts (updated daily)
|A Little Formulistic.. ..
|Question About Range Rider DVDs
|Claton Moore
|Realistic fighting scenes.
|"Annie Oakley"
|"Buffalo Bill, Jr."
|The Hired Gun
|My Pal Trigger
|Riders of the Whistling Pines
IMDb User Rating:
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|Episode guide
|Full cast and crew
|Company credits
|IMDb TV section
|IMDb Western section
|IMDb USA section
You may add a new episode for this TV series by clicking the 'add episode' button


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text:
When Ford Field freezes over
NHL ice guru Dan Craig cools down college hockey's biggest stage
Updated: April 8, 2010, 10:07 AM ETBy David Albright | ESPN.com
DETROIT -- Dan Craig walked out of Ford Field on Tuesday night and knew trouble was brewing.
The NHL's facilities operations manager, in charge of the ice surface for this weekend's Frozen Four being played in this cavernous NFL stadium, could feel a change in the weather -- and one that wasn't for the better.
The normal temperature here in early April is 53 degrees. Thanks to an unwelcome warm front that arrived in town overnight, the thermometer reached 67 ...
Read full story
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Follow all the 2010 NCAA Frozen Four action. College Sports
- Albright: BC runs away with fourth title
- Final pits speed vs. strength
- Preview
- Albright: NCAA semifinals analysis
- BC bounces Miami
- Wisconsin routs RIT, 8-1
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- Brackets | Schedule/Results


text:
Greg Suhr
Feds Indict SF Police Officers Accused Of Stealing From Suspects, Denying Civil Rights
Five San Francisco police officers and one former officer have been indicted on charges of civil rights violations related to alleged illegal searches and theft of property seized from people arrested, federal prosecutors announced Thursday.
Phil Matier: San Francisco Struggles With Spate Of Pedestrian Fatalities
Questions remain on what can be done by city leaders, transit officials and the police department to decrease the number of fatalities on San Francisco streets.
Elderly Woman Hospitalized After Being Struck By Lyft Vehicle In SF's Nob Hill
A Lyft driver hit an elderly woman Friday afternoon in a crosswalk in San Francisco's Nob Hill neighborhood, police said.
San Francisco Pledges To Boost Traffic Safety After Deadly Crashes
San Francisco city leaders and police officials pledged during a joint hearing at City Hall Thursday night to strengthen enforcement of traffic violations and work to prevent fatal collisions as more and more cars, bicycles and pedestrians make their way around the city.
San Francisco Mayor, Police Chief Seek Ways To Curb Pedestrian Deaths
Since New Year's Eve, three pedestrians have been fatally struck by vehicles on San Francisco streets. The rise in deaths has prompted the mayor and police chief to take action to make streets safer.
Batkid Returning To San Francisco For Make-A-Wish Fundraiser
After winning hearts in San Francisco and beyond last month, "Batkid" is returning to the city this weekend for a Make-A-Wish fundraiser with the Police Department.
San Francisco Police Chief Reflects On Success Of Batkid
San Francisco police Chief Greg Suhr said Monday, "It was really unbelievable. The best part about it is, although the little guy had to get sick to get better … there was no catastrophe, nobody had to die for all these people to show up to spectacularly support his victory."
San Francisco Muni Launches Campaign To Curb Gadget Theft
More San Francisco police officers have been assigned to Muni buses and trains, in an effort to stop the increasing number of robberies and thefts of riders' electronic devices.
San Francisco Police Chief Victim Of Car Burglary
A recent victim of a vehicle burglary in San Francisco was none other than the man in charge of solving that and all the city's other crimes — police Chief Greg Suhr.
SF Supervisors To Vote On Firearm And Ammunition Controls
San Francisco Supervisors will soon be voting on some new controls on the use and ownership of firearms and ammunition. The legislation was approved by a supervisors' committee this week.


text:
White tiles brighten a small bathroom.
Iron sconces and a Moroccan mirror add edge to this clean-lined basement bathroom. A reflective drawer unit and chrome fixtures give the illusion of a bright, sparkling room.
See more of this house in our Stylish Family Home Makeover gallery.
For more lighting options, see our Statement Lighting photo gallery. And for more bathroom decorating ideas, check out our gallery of 20 Small Bathrooms.
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text:
Go Punk Yourself Playlist 6-28-15
Go Punk Yourself Playlist 6-28-15 Read More »
Go Punk Yourself Playlist 6-28-15 Read More »
In This Moment. Photos by Mike Smith of MNR Images. Read More »
Vans Warped Tour 2015. Photos by Christopher Mark. Read More »
Go Punk Yourself Playlist 6-21-15 Read More »
The hiatus is over! Disturbed fans rejoice! After 4 years the band has just released a new single and music video for the single, "The Vengeful One" off their upcoming album, Immortalized, that has been worked on "in secret" for some time now. Pre-orders are available now and fans will be able to pick up the record in stores on ... Read More »
The biggest title of the summer, Batman: Arkham Knight is coming out tomorrow (or tonight at certain locations if you have taken the next few days off or your boss thinks you are "sick") and in anticipation we have a new launch trailer. But does this trailer tease the possible death of Batman? SPOILER ALERT: Fans of the series already ... Read More »


text:
Somebody got to make a change
from Nas – Get Down Lyrics on Genius
Another moment of wishful thinking that black-on-black violence would stop. No one knows who, but that "somebody", needs to make a change.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Nas – Get Down Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


text:
Vote for our Finalists!
My last post taught you all the basic skills you need to create your own macrame wall hanging. I'd like to show you all how to take it a step further and create some additional texture for your pieces using another wall hanging technique – weaving! More
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text:
Rugby Union
Select a team
Six Nations
- England
- France
- Ireland
- Italy
- Scotland
- Wales
Aviva Premiership
- Bath
- Exeter
- Gloucester
- Harlequins
- Leicester
- London Irish
- London Welsh
- Newcastle
- Northampton
- Sale
- Saracens
- Wasps
The Rugby Championship
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Africa
Guinness PRO12
- Cardiff Blues
- Connacht
- Dragons
- Edinburgh
- Glasgow
- Leinster
- Munster
- Ospreys
- Scarlets
- Treviso
- Ulster
- Zebre
Top 14
- Bayonne
- Bordeaux-Begles
- Brive
- Castres
- Clermont Auvergne
- Lyon
- Montpellier
- Racing Metro
- Stade Francais
- Toulon
- Toulouse
- Grenoble
- La Rochelle
- Oyonnax
Michael Claassens
Bath confirm seven players leaving at the end of the season
Friday 19th April 17:15
Seven players will leave Aviva Premiership side Bath at the end of the season, the club has confirmed.
Bath scrum-half Michael Claassens to leave the club at the end of the season
Wednesday 10th April 17:36
Bath scrum-half Michael Claassens has announced he will leave the club at the end of the season.
Bath duo cited
Monday 24th September 11:34
Michael Claassens and Dan Hipkiss are to appear at an RFU disciplinary hearing after being cited for incidents in Bath's defeat at London Irish.
Claassens commits to Bath
Wednesday 5th January 11:41
Bath have confirmed scrum-half Michael Claassens has agreed a new two-year deal to remain at the club.
Bath eager to sink Stade
Saturday 17th October 14:43
Bath skipper Michael Claassens is eager to cut French giants Stade Francais down to size in their Heineken Cup clash this weekend.
Claassy Bath sink Saints
Saturday 27th December 16:51
Michael Claassens scored two tries as Bath beat Northampton 25-14 to climb back on top of the Guinness Premiership table.
Bath back in business
Saturday 15th September 18:18
Bath kicked off their Guiness Premiership campaign with a 29-15 victory over Worcester.
Bath move for Cheetahs ace
Monday 30th July 19:40
Bath have signed Springbok and Cheetahs scrum-half Michael Claassens.
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Clermont, England Sevens and Jean Deysel come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Hits and tries
The biggest and toughest hits and tackles plus the best tries from the world of rugby union.
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Hurricanes, Toulouse and Nick Williams all come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Experts & Blogs
Phil Edwards
Read the thoughts and opinions of Phil Edwards with skysports.com


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Register to receive a 5% coupon on any order placed before July 31st and win your EVENT FLOWERS!
Whole Blossoms Wholesale Flowers offers Pink Ginger Flowers. These flowers are good for any occasion, they also make great wedding flowers and bridal bouquets. Please order your wedding flowers online and your wholesale flowers for wedding today.
Name: Ginger Flower
Color: Pink
Availability: Throughout the year
Vase Life: Minimum of 13 days, depending on care and handling
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*If a chosen color and/or variety is unavailable at the time of shipping, Whole Blossoms will match the color and/or variety as closely as possible. Farm growing conditions, weather conditions, market demand, and other general forces may result in the unavailability of the flowers shown without notice.
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Your Ginger just arrived! Now they need to be hydrated and processed. Carefully unpack your Ginger Flower. All wholesale flowers look dry upon arrival and will need to be hydrated. It is important to give your flowers a couple of hours to hydrate and replenish. Depending on the variety purchased, some fresh cut flowers may need 24 to 36 hours to hydrate and perk up.


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RefWorks is a web-based tool designed to manage your citations and automatically create bibliographies.
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Database Updates
Spring 2015 Updates
- Academic Search Complete is now available at the King Library, an upgrade from one of the library's most popular databases, Academic Search Premier.
- The Textbooks Available as eBooks in the Library list for Spring 2015 is now available.
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- Permalinks Guide to Library Science DatabasesThis guide describes how to create permalinks (stable URLs) for articles from the library databases and for ebooks listed in the library catalog.
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- Affordable Learning SolutionsThe Affordable Learning Solutions campaign promotes low-cost, high-quality alternatives to expensive textbooks. Find resources and ideas here.
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Invasive species: Killer shrimps and English parrotsEditorial: Striped and suitably vicious-looking, a creature, which likes to kill its prey without eating it, has arrived from the Black Sea
In praise of … hazy imprecisionEditorial: Life is imperfect and its rounded edges and knocks from experience have an appeal
Country diary: East Cheshire Hills
The Guantánamo files: Tale of two prisonsEditorial: Guantánamo embodies the failure of the Afghan war, which began amid bombast in 2001, but which collapsed long ago
Corrections and clarificationsOwain Glyndwr | Aberconwy candidate Iwan Huws | Coat of arms versus crest | Tim Weller of Incisive Media | Basketball's Yao Ming
Editorials & reply p30
Inspiring theatre must take risksLetters: Juliano did anger a powerful minority of the Palestinian communities he served – but what theatre that is truly challenging, truly radical, doesn't?
Our drilling regulations are considered the gold standard worldwideResponse: Our drilling regulations are considered the gold standard worldwide, says Malcolm Webb
Peak practiceLetters: It would be a tragedy if a market was to be created such that this land could be lost to the public domain
Bill to shake up export finance
Letters: ECGD continues adding to this record by backing exports that fuel climate change, enable human rights abuses, and generate millions of pounds of third world debt
Images of the cross and Piss ChristLetters: Piss Christ is a visually compelling piece which, without knowing the work's title and method of construction, many Christians would happily hang on their walls
Fear and loathing at the ballot boxLetters: Why on earth should we be asked to navigate the marshes of semantics on behalf of Nick Clegg? Where precisely is the dividing line between extreme disapproval and hatred? In this case, who cares?
PFI inquiryLetters: There has been widespread public concern at the cost of the private finance initiative, which has created a public debt overhang of some £210bn
Revolutionary guardLetters: John Cooke was far ahead of his time to encourage those of us who would wish, like him, to see a nation on its feet instead of on its knees, salivating at the spectacle to take place at the end of this week


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Bob McSpadden Memorial Fireworks Show
Jul 02, 2015
801 N Adair St, Vinita, OK 74301
Celebrate Independence Day in Vinita and see fireworks light up the summer night sky at the annual Bob McSpadden ... read more...
Fourth Of July Event
Thunderbird Casino Anniversary Powwow
Jul 03, 2015 - Jul 04, 2015
Thunderbird Casino, Norman, OK 73026
Come celebrate Thunderbird Casino's anniversary in Norman and have a great time at a Native American powwow. There ... read more...
Fairs & Festivals, American Indian Event
Jul 04, 2015
210 W Main St, Pawhuska, OK 74056
Bring the family to Pawhuska this Independence Day for the city's festive Freedom Celebration Parade. This patriotic, ... read more...
Fourth Of July Event
Jul 10, 2015
Norman Arts District, Norman, OK 73069
The 2nd Friday Circuit of Art, a monthly celebration of the arts in Norman, connects the downtown arts district with ... read more...
Art Shows
Jul 10, 2015
Riverwind Casino, Norman, OK 73072
Head to Norman's Riverwind Casino for a real treat as Motown legends The Commodores come through for a spectacular ... read more...
Music Event
Jul 14, 2015
210 W Main St, Pawhuska, OK 74056
The annual Cavalcade Street Dance, held on the streets of downtown Pawhuska, is Pawhuska's hometown welcome to the ... read more...
Western Heritage Event
International Round Up Club Cavalcade
Jul 14, 2015 - Jul 19, 2015
Osage County Fairgrounds, Pawhuska, OK 74056
Come to the International Round-Up Club Cavalcade in Pawhuska and enjoy the world's largest amateur rodeo. Clubs ... read more...
Jul 18, 2015
Historic Fort Reno, El Reno, OK 73036
Come along on an exciting and spooky ghost tour at El Reno's historic Fort Reno. This ghost tour includes ... read more...
Tour Event, Living History Event
Downtown El Reno Summer Block Party
Jul 18, 2015
Bickford Ave, El Reno, OK 73036
Head to El Reno for a free, fun Downtown Summer Block Party. All ages are welcome to attend this get-together where ... read more...
Fairs & Festivals
Jul 25, 2015 - Aug 01, 2015
Craig County Fairgrounds, Vinita, OK 74301
The annual Craig County Free Fair in Vinita features a variety of exhibits, livestock shows, children's activities ... read more...
Fairs & Festivals
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Bassist Ron Carter, left, and poet Danny Simmons, right. The two will perform together Friday at the Detroit Institute of Arts. / KMW Studio
The great Detroit-bred bassist Ron Carter doesnt make it back home as much as local jazz aficionados would like, but hes practically in residence around town for the next few weeks.
Hes got a featured spot at the Detroit Jazz Festival on Labor Day afternoon at 2:45 p.m. Hell team with guitarist Peter Bernstein in a tantalizing duo to honor the late Jim Hall, a guitarist with whom Carter enjoyed a long and fruitful partnership. Following his festival appearance, Carter a proud alum of Cass Tech will perform with students from the school and other alums, among them bassist Ralphe Armstrong and trumpeter Johnny Trudell, at a meet-and-greet fund-raiser for the school at the downtown Marriott. (The jazz festival is free, of course. The Cass Tech event is $100. For details about the latter, e-mail email@example.com.)
But Carter also will be in town this Friday for another duet performance at the Detroit Institute of Arts. This one is a collaboration with the abstract painter, poet and novelist Danny Simmons, who is also the cocreator and executive producer of the HBO series Def Poetry Jam. In case you missed a history lesson along the way, Carter is one of the most recorded musicians in history and an innovator who came to fame as a member of the revolutionary Miles Davis Quintet of the 60s.
Carter has always been a musician willing to spread his wings in interesting directions, and this jazz-meets-poetry combination is a new venture for him. The first Carter-Simmons voyage came in June for a book signing event in Brooklyn, and their DIA performance will be their second public appearance. (The two artists share a connection to KMW Studio, the publisher of Simmons The Brown Beatnik Tomes and the distributor for Carters biography, Finding the Right Notes, written by Dan Ouellette.)
Carter will accompany Simmons as he reads, and the bassist also will play some solo numbers. A brief video available on Youtube offers a promising glimpse of what these two are up to. The poets spontaneous rhythms find support and counterpoint in Carters bass lines and the air is thick with the feeling of improvisation. For the pairs second set, several other poets will join the fray, including Detroit hero and Kresge Eminent Artist Bill Harris.
Jazz and poetry collaborations have a long history, becoming a fad in the late 1950s and early 60s as writers associated with the beat generation like Kenneth Rexroth, Jack Kerouac, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Bob Kaufman, Kenneth Patchen and others mixed it up with jazz musicians in nightclubs and on LPs and television. Later, the late firebrand Amiri Baraka reinvigorated the form with collaborations with such free jazz players as David Murray and William Parker. On a broader level, however, you can fold the marriage of jazz-and-poetry into the sweep of 20th-Century literature and African-American music and spoken word idioms, from Langston Hughes syncopated poetry in the 1920s and 30s to contemporary hip-hop.
The jazz-and-poetry genre has been often parodied through the years think beatniks and bongos. But when the artists are simpatico and on the level of Carter and Simmons, and the audience is attentive and the vibe is right, the results can be as intoxicating and as crackling with spontaneous energy as a vibrant jazz band in full cry.
7 & 8:30 p.m. Friday, Detroit Institute of Arts, 5200 Woodward, Detroit. 313-833-7900. www.dia.org. Museum admission is free for DIA members and residents of Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties. Others, $4-$8.
Contact Mark Stryker: 313-222-6459. firstname.lastname@example.com


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All News & Events
Athletic Banquet
The Allen University 2012 Athletic Banquet was held on Thursday April 19, 2012 in the Student Activity Center on our campus. Our guest speaker was Miss. Mary Hill, Assistant Athletic Director for Internal Operations/Senior Woman Administrator, South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, SC. The banquet was held to honor student athletes who participated in volleyball, women's […]
Jeremy Crawford selected Men's Basketball All-America Honorable Mention
Jeremy Crawford has been selected by the NAIA for the following honor: 2011-12 NAIA Division 1 Men's Basketball All-America Honorable Mention. This will mark the third time in a row that Allen University has had a senior member of the men's basketball team to receive this national honor. Jeremy's career accomplishments: 2008-09 NAIA/ A.I.I. Division […]
South Carolina Independent College and University Day
Students represented Allen University on SCICU Day at the State Capital.
College Affordability Town Hall
FEATURING: U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and Representative James E. Clyburn (SC 6th) …
Allen University Annual Founders Day
Allen University: Our Legacy of Achievement


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Carpyen started in Spain in 1954 as a family enterprise and continues the intimate feel of their designs in their contemporary lighting pieces. Designers Antonio Carpintero, Encamacian and Roberto Capintero head the company as industrial talents and Pascual Salvador and Gabriel Teixido, among others, contribute to creating clean, modern lighting with a European edge.
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- Frosted glass shade
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Finish: Chrome, Gold
Number of Lights: 2, 3
- 2 Lights option utilizes two 60 Watt 120 Volt Type E12 Candelabra Base Incandescent lamps (not included).
- 3 Lights option utilizes three 60 Watt 120 Volt Type E12 Candelabra Base Incandescent lamps (not included).
- 2 Lights Option Fixture: Height 8", Width 14", Depth 4"
- 3 Lights Option Fixture: Height 8", Width 22", Depth 4"
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text: Basal Cell CarcinomaWhat is basal cell carcinoma?Basal cell cancer, a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer, usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or nodule on the head, neck, or hands. Occasionally, these nodules appear on the trunk of the body, usually as flat growths. Basal cell carcinoma accounts for the majority of all skin cancers in the United States. It is often easily detected and has an excellent record for successful treatment.Nearly all basal cell carcinomas can be treated successfully, although in some cases they may recur (come back after treatment). Although this type of cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body, it can extend below the skin to the bone and cause considerable local damage if not treated. And, having a basal cell carcinoma places people at high risk for developing additional skin cancers.Who is at risk for basal cell carcinoma?Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer found in whites and is much less common in people with dark skin. People who have this cancer frequently have light hair, eyes, and complexions, and they do not tan easily. Other risk factors for basal cell carcinoma include:Excess exposure to UV radiation (sunlight or tanning beds)Older ageMale genderExposure to certain chemicalsRadiation exposureLong-term skin inflammation or injuryTreatment for psoriasis using psoralens and ultraviolet light treatments History of skin cancerBasal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome (a rare inherited disorder) How does basal cell carcinoma develop?This highly treatable cancer starts in the basal cell layer of the epidermis (the top layer of skin) and grows very slowly. A basal cell carcinoma usually appears as a small, shiny bump or nodule on the skin, and mainly on the areas exposed to the sun, such as the head, neck, arms, hands, and face. Health Encyclopedia A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Search Health Library


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Office workers cover their mouth and nose during their lunch break in the city center. The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), Singapore's main index for air pollution, has hit record levels. These measurements are classified as "hazardous" and can aggravate respiratory ailments.
© Ferina Natasya / Greenpeace
David Barnard is a Greenpeace supporter, just like you – with one little difference. He's training for a 250km run through the Antarctic wilderness
1 - 5 of 357 results.


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Celtic have Ciftci bid accepted
Dundee United have accepted a bid from Scottish champions Celtic for Turkish striker Nadir Ciftci.SkySports.com » 32m
Dundee United have accepted a bid from Scottish champions Celtic for Turkish striker Nadir Ciftci.SkySports.com » 32m
Dundee United announce that they have accepted an undisclosed bid from Celtic for striker Nadir Ciftci.BBC Sport » 56m
CHRISTIAN Nade's determination to prove himself as a top flight player in Scotland has paid off with the 30-year-old French-born striker being offered a deal with Hamilton Accies.Scotsman.com » 2h
ST JOHNSTONE have been told by Tony Mowbray to forget about re-signing Coventry City attacker Danny Swanson – at least for now.Scotsman.com » 2h
Celtic are reported to be closing in on a move for Belgian goalkeeper Logan Bailly.EatSleepSport » 3h
THESE are quiet times in the Dundee United shop, you would imagine. It's the summer holidays and something of a close season just about remains – a brief interlude for the good mothers of Tayside when they hope to get their sons out of club colours and into nice cotton T-shirts.Scotsman.com » 9h
The rule that forces clubs promoted to the Premiership to play in the League Cup first round could be changed.BBC Sport » 10h
UEFA have opened disciplinary proceedings against Macedonian club Shkendija after Aberdeen keeper Danny Ward was targeted by a laser pen in last week's Europa League clash.Daily Express » 10h
The latest/final league table can be shown along with the table on any given match date.
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|Reviews for Ten Little Things
| omg chapter 100 . 5/25
This was really, really wonderful. I thought you captured the personalities of the characters really well. I particularly liked the Marauders', Lily's, and Regulus' (as stated in previous review) because they hurt so much and they seemed true to their characters. Thank you for this :')
| omg chapter 36 . 5/25
Your 'ten things' of the Marauders and Regulus really fucked me up. Good job writing on this one! I was on the verge of tears.
| DQ chapter 80 . 1/6
It would be difficult to be "too harsh" on Umbridge, in my opinion. Seriously, I hate her. More than the Malfoys. More than Bellatrix. Even more than Voldemort! I am a little disappionted that there was no mention of the centaurs...
| The Dark One Rising chapter 1 . 1/6
Redhead he wasn't related to? Who?
| v chapter 37 . 12/16/2014
im crying
your fanfiction has brought me to tears
| Devi2509 chapter 22 . 11/12/2014
this is amazing I just wanted to know who the girl was please pm me and let me no
| darkflowerprincess chapter 14 . 11/4/2014
Love that last bit!
| Guest chapter 100 . 10/19/2014
Jess I love you
| StarDustTeen chapter 100 . 8/24/2014
your story's fantastic, and took me forever to read... :D no pressure! love the ending, it's heartwarming! (though i must admit, 4 generations in one picture is rather scary. the Weasleys and Potters too! one big family... redheads...How about the Grangers? Malfoys?) i have an account, this is my username. PM if needed!
| Blairx6661 chapter 100 . 5/23/2014
Just re-read this for the third time... Love it so much! D
| Jaliceloverr chapter 10 . 5/4/2014
Love this one! I seriously cried reading this one
| Andy Beatgozon chapter 100 . 3/20/2014
I just read this whole thing over two days and I've got five words for you : Nitwit! Blubber! Oddment! Tweak!...& Amazing.
| Eww chapter 81 . 2/7/2014
Now, who the ****ing he'll is merope?
I know 'bout marvolo though
| Eww chapter 50 . 2/7/2014
R u stupid?!
Grindlewald was dead before dumbledore, you idiot!
Dumbledore killed him (grindlewald)!
For proof, look at 'sorcerer's stone when harry gets his first choccie frog card, when he meets ron on the train!
Pay attention to facts!
Idiot! Motherfucking wanker!
Betchya u spend a lotta of time with your fingers stuffed up your mothers arse and your boyfriends cock stuffed up ur arse
Betchya u to to a cheap dirty school, shagging every day!
| Lily chapter 1 . 1/12/2014
This is one of my favorite fan fiction.


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Privacy and Cookies
Thai carrier Nok Air will be introducing Bombardier Dash 8 Q400s to its operations, a move away from the ATR turboprops already in its fleet.
Sources familiar with the discussions say Nok has recently signed an agreement to purchase four Q400s directly from Bombardier.
When contacted, Nok chief executive Patee Sarasin confirms that the carrier will be introducing four Q400s into its operations.
He explains that the turboprop is of the "right capacity", are faster and have been recommended by his maintenance team. He adds that being the first carrier in the region to operate the turboprop, Nok expects to receive stronger support from the aircraft manufacturer.
The Don Mueang-based carrier has two ATR 72-200s and two ATR 72-500s in its fleet, alongside 14 Boeing 737-800s. Its ATRs are from shareholder Thai Airways, while the 737s are all on lease mostly from GECAS, BBAM and SMBC Aviation Capital. It also has five Saab 340s, operated on its behalf by Siam General Aviation under the Nok Mini brand.
Sources say that the the carrier is set to return the two ATR 72-200s to Thai this year, while the ATR 72-500s will stay in its fleet till 2014.
In an investor presentation in September, Nok said it plans to grow its fleet to 33 aircraft by 2015, comprising 22 737s, five Saab 340s and six turboprops.
The Q400s can offer an additional eight seats compared with the ATR 72, considering its capacity for up to 80 passengers. It also has a longer range of 1,014nm (1,870km), more than the 890nm that the ATR 72-500 offers.
Flightglobal's Ascend Online Fleets shows that there are 90 Q400s operated in Asia-Pacific by carriers such as Air Niugini and ANA Wings.


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Friends of the Rickman Store (FORS) are kicking off their season's "Music, Art & Poetry Night at the Rickman Store" in historic Cowee Community, Friday, June 29.
All who wish to share their creative works are asked to arrive to sign up no later than 6:45 p.m. Friends and supporters arrive at 7 p.m. Participants perform for approximately 12 to 15 minutes each. Rickman Store is located in the Cowee-West's Mill Historic District on 259 Cowee Creek Rd. 7 miles north of Franklin by Hwy NC28.