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Adobe Illustrator has long been the most popular and viable vector-drawing program on the market but, for many, the learning curve is steep. In Illustrator CS3 One-on-One: The Essentials , author and leading industry expert Deke McClelland teaches the key features of Illustrator in a way that anyone can understand. He also goes beyond that, showing users how to get into the Illustrator "mindset" to make mastering Illustrator simple and easy. The training covers how to use the core drawing and shape tools, the transformation and reshaping features, text and gradients, and color management and printing features. Even if learning Illustrator has been a struggle in the past, this time it is going to make sense. Exercise files accompany the training.
So as you may recall, at the end of last exercise we were all scratching our respective heads over what to do about these eyelashes. The left and right-hand eyelashes are way too long, and the top lashes are too short and we want to get them all to the same length, but the Scale Tool just isn't doing what we need it to do. So, what in the world do we do? Well, first thing you do is make sure you've got your Scaled lashes.ai document open, if you want to catch up with me, that is. And this document is available to you inside the 08_select_enhance folder.
And I'm going to go up to the Select menu and I'm going to choose all lashes in order to select all but the middle eyelash here, and we're seeing all of our control handles. Don't worry about that, we should have everything selected. Yes we do. All right, I was just confirming that, because when the selection outlines are green because the color that's associated with this layer is green, it's difficult to see sometimes whether the points are hollow or filled. But anyway all of the lashes are selected, that's a good thing. Now I'm going to introduce you to an incredible command that you need to know about, and you need to remember it's there. More than anything else you just need to remember it's there.
When you need to scale multiple objects with respect to different origin points, then you need to go up to the Object menu, go to Transform and choose this guy right there Transform Each, which has a big keyboard shortcut. Mash your fist on the keyboard and press D basically. D of course for Transform Again, that's where that comes from. It doesn't have anything to do with Transform Each though, so I wouldn't even worry about the keyboard shortcut, just go ahead and choose the command, Mission critical command here inside of Illustrator. And this is what you'll see. You'll see that you have the ability to scale objects and move them and rotate them and just kind of the same stuff you've seen before, just organized into a dialog box instead of different tools.
So what good is it? Well, every single one of these objects will be scaled with respect to a different point, a different origin point, its own origin point basically. So let's say I'd decide to change the Horizontal value to 70% and press Tab, nothing happens on screen. Why? Preview checkbox off by default. Turn it on and notice what happens. Every single one of these items is scaled with respect to its own center. So they're not getting squished toward each other the way they were in the previous exercise when you used the Scale Tool.
Instead they're all independent of each other, they are still wrong of course, they're still massively wrong, but they're differently wrong, which gives us hope. So, how do you change the origin point? With this icon right here, see it? It gives you one of nine origin point locations. Right now the origin is in the center of each and every object. Let's say we want to position it on the left-hand side of each and every object. That works for the right lashes but not the left lashes. If we try out the right side of each and every object that works for the left lashes but not the right lashes.
So what's a boy to do at this point or a girl? Well, what you need to do is you go ahead and cancel out of the dialog box, because we need to select, what we've learned now is we need to select the left and right lashes independently of each other and we're going to do that by going to the Select menu and choosing left lashes. Remember how I saved off these selections couple of exercises ago? Serving us very well now, isn't it? Just select left lashes and they are selected of course. Then I'll go up to the Object menu. I'll choose Transform. I'll choose Transform Each.
Then I'll enter 70% for the Horizontal value, turn on the Preview checkbox and I will scale with respect to the right points in each and every object. So each one of these guys is scaled with respect to its own right -hand side here. Now I'll click OK, cause it worked out so well. Then I'll go up to the Select menu and I'll choose what? Right lashes, that's right. And then I'll go up to the Object menu, choose Transform, choose Transform Each. And I'm confronted by the last options I applied this time because I clicked the OK button. The only change I want to make is to set the origin to the left side, so that each one of these lashes transforms with respect to its own left-hand point and then I'll click OK in order to invoke that modification. Now, we still have the dimpling, notice that. Each one of these lashes is sort of cutting into Uzz's flesh, as if he had hair implants or something. He didn't, so we're just going to go ahead and move this Circle eye below the Primitives layer like so, and as soon as we release, the dimples go away. Isn't that great? So we've managed to go ahead and scale Uzz's eyelashes to exactly fit his head, his strange elliptical head here.
There's only one more thing to do to this illustration. We need to take the plain blacks and convert them to rich blacks on a stroke and fill basis throughout the illustration and that's something that we're going to do in the next exercise using the Magic and Tool. Yes there's a Magic Wand in Illustrator. I'll show you how it works.
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Paul Simon: Graceland
By David Dye
Airs Friday, June 29 at 8:00 p.m. In 1985, Paul Simon traveled to South Africa in a search for music that had captivated him. The journey resulted in a cultural exchange that sparked the album Graceland and a world music fusion. In this one hour radio special, you'll hear from Paul Simon about the musical breakthroughs and political hurdles that occurred along the way.


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The Facade of Tibetan Unity?Is the Chinese media's assertion that the Tibet protesters were mainly supporters of the Dalai Lama true? Yoichi Shimatsu gets into Tibetan internal power struggles between the Black Hats (Kagyupas) and Yellow Hats (Gelugpas). More »
Burma's new constitution disenfrachises monksA picture of a cute and cuddly koala (which seem to be slightly larger than I'd imagined), plus an interview with His Holiness the Dalai Lama from Dreaming of Danzan Ravjaa: Some images of the recent casualties have been graphic and disturbing. Have you seen them? What was your reaction? We heard you wept. Yes, I cried once. One advantage of belonging to the Tibetan Buddhist culture is that at the intellectual level there is a lot of turmoil, a lot of anxiety and worries, but at the deeper, emotional level there is calm. Every night in my Buddhist practice I give and take. I take in Chinese suspicion. I give back trust and compassion. I take their negative feeling and give them positive feeling. More »
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Protests Accompany the Lighting of the TorchProtesters did briefly disrupt the Olympic torch-lighting ceremony: Three pro-Tibet activists have briefly disrupted the ceremony in which the Olympic torch for the Beijing Games was lit in Greece. The protestors breached a cordon of about 1,000 police officers at Olympia to display a flag demanding a boycott of the Olympics amid mounting controversy over China's crackdown in Tibet. The men, of the French human rights group Reporters Without Borders, ran up behind Liu Qi, the head of the Beijing Olympic organising committee, as he spoke before the flame was lit. One man unfurled a black flag portraying the Olympic rings made from handcuffs. Another tried to grab the microphone from Mr Liu and shouted "freedom, freedom". More »
Olympic Torch LitWill Tibet unrest deter foreign investment in the region? The Wall Street Journal dryly observes: Even before this month's riots in Tibet, foreign investors found reasons to bypass what is a tiny market in the Himalayas with a big public-relations problem. More »
China won't talkAnyone surprised? More »
Tibet News Round-up from the Center for Buddhist StudiesNice round-up (and interesting comments following it) from the Center for Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. More »


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Launch of wind farm a success
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An events management agency has ensured the smooth launch of a £70 million wind farm.
Primary, of Market Harborough, helped organise the official unveiling of the flagship Lochluichart wind farm in the Scottish highlands – the largest onshore scheme created by energy firm Eneco.
The launch saw a 10m-high banner hung from one of the turbines, displaying the name of the wind farm, The Spinny Turners.


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Remy Martin 1738 Cognac Review
Growing up in the largest brandy drinking state in the nation (Wisconsin), I am also a cognac lover! I am also constantly on the lookout for good cognac and this one delivers.
The Remy Martin 1738 cognac is named for the year that King Louis XV granted Remy Martin a warrant to expand his grape plantings on royal lands, allowing him to expand his cognac House. The Remy 1738 comes in a classy bottle that … Read more
Rémy Martin 1738 Deck of Cards Giveaway
WIN THIS: Rémy Martin cards with advice for the aspiring gentleman
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Skin Problems & Treatments Health Center
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Early Success for Gel That Treats Acne Scars
Feb. 8, 2011 (New Orleans) -- A gel made from a person's own blood may help to fill in acne scars, preliminary research suggests. In a study of 15 people with depressed acne scars, the side of the face treated with the gel looked more aesthetically pleasing than the side treated with needling alone.Read Full Article
Does Chocolate Make Acne Worse?
Feb. 8, 2011 (New Orleans) -- What your mother always told you may be true after all: Chocolate may make acne worse, a small preliminary study suggests. Young men who ate up to 8 ounces of chocolate saw their average number of pimples skyrocket from fewer than four to as many as 70. And the more choRead Full Article
Expert Q&A: How Athletes Can Prevent Rashes
Feb. 7, 2011 (New Orleans) -- Recent data show that contagious skin infections account for one in five injuries among college athletes and 8.5% of health problems among high school players. Skin-to-skin contact and profuse sweating create an ideal environment for the spread of common skin conditionsRead Full Article
FAQ: Pesky Rashes From Plants
Feb. 4, 2011 (New Orleans) -- What may start as a seemingly harmless day of gardening can quickly take a turn for the worse when common plants make their mark on your skin. While many of the skin reactions resulting from contact with a hazardous plant are more of a nuisance than anything else, otherRead Full Article
Shingles Vaccine Cuts Disease Risk 55%
Jan. 11, 2011 -- The herpes zoster vaccine, better known as the shingles vaccine and recommended for adults 60 and older, cuts the risk of getting the painful disease by 55%, new research finds. "Compared to childhood vaccines, people would [probably] think 55% is not too impressive, because many chRead Full Article
Antibiotics Not Always Needed for MRSA
Jan. 5, 2011 -- The superbug staph infection, MRSA, has become a global health threat for adults and children, but antibiotics aren't needed to treat all cases, according to new guidelines released by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureRead Full Article
New Genetic Clues Help Explain Baldness
Jan. 4, 2011 -- A genetic defect in the way hair follicle cells develop may play an important role in male-pattern baldness and offer an alternative avenue for future treatments. A new study suggests that a defect in the way hair follicle stem cells convert to progenitor cells may be an underling caRead Full Article
Psoriasis, Heart Disease, and Diabetes: What's the Link?
Dec. 20, 2010 -- Having psoriasis appears to double the risk that a person will also have a dangerous clustering of risk factors for heart disease and diabetes known as metabolic syndrome, a new study shows. Previous research has found patients with psoriasis to be at higher risk for getting diabeteRead Full Article
Severe Acne Raises Suicide Risk, Study Finds
Nov. 12, 2010 -- Anecdotal reports of suicides in patients taking Accutane for severe acne have long plagued the drug, but studies have failed to prove or disprove a link to suicidal behaviors. Now new research finds that severe acne itself increases the risk for suicidal thoughts and actions, raisiRead Full Article
Bunions, High-Arched Feet Often Inherited
Nov. 11, 2010 (Atlanta) -- If one of your parents has bunions or high-arched feet, there's a good chance you may inherit the foot problem. That's according to new findings from researchers who examined more than 6,000 feet as part of the Framingham Foot Study. The findings were presented here at theRead Full Article
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Aga is my longest living Rex that I know of, he is 18 going on 19 & sadly his brother went to the Rainbow Bridge last year & so he has 2 new brothers to be with until it's his time. Sadly Aga passed away at the age of 19 about a month ago in Nov 2014, he had a wonderful home & now his two younger kid brothers have the same home to ease the pain. You are missed Aga.
Rowdy German Short Hair & Tux rat terrier, just 2 of our k-9 kids
Thank you hubby for making a nice frame for them:)
Scout our 1 y/o German Short Hair.


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May 20 Oversight Hearing on the Internal Revenue Service--Questions for the Record
GAO-03-962R: Published: Jun 27, 2003. Publicly Released: Jun 27, 2003.
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GAO reviewed the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) accomplishments in the 5 years since the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 was past. Specifically, GAO determined (1) how much money IRS has spent on upgrading its security, (2) whether the challenges associated with ensuring information security are technological or managerial, and (3) if IRS is taking sufficient steps to eliminate overpayments to the Earned Income Credit (EIC).
According to IRS officials, spending for security in fiscal year 2003 is about $132 million,including about $39 million dedicated to information technology security improvements. For fiscal year 2004, IRS officials state that they have requested about $136 million for information security, with about $40 million dedicated to improvements. The challenges facing IRS in ensuring information security are largely managerial. Ensuring that known weaknesses affecting IRS's computing resources are promptly mitigated and that computer controls effectively protect its systems and data requires support and leadership from senior management of IRS's information technology and operating divisions, disciplined processes, and consistent oversight. We have reported that an underlying cause for the hundreds of information security weaknesses identified during our reviews of IRS's computer controls was that IRS has not fully implemented its agencywide information security program. Implementing such a program requires that IRS take a comprehensive approach that includes assessing risks and evaluating needs, establishing and implementing appropriate policies and controls, enhancing awareness and technical skills, and monitoring the effectiveness of controls on an ongoing basis. Further, a successful program will need the active and accountable involvement of both (1) operating division executives and managers who understand which aspects of their missions and information systems are the most critical and sensitive and (2) technical experts who know the agency's systems and understand the technical aspects of implementing security controls. Because IRS's latest compliance study uses tax year 1999 data and its new initiatives are in the early planning stages, it is too early to determine whether IRS's steps to reduce EIC overpayments will be sufficient. IRS has plans to evaluate the success of its initiatives, but data will not be available for some time. IRS has and continues to take steps aimed at reducing EIC overpayments. IRS received about $875 million in special appropriations for EIC compliance initiatives between 1998 and 2003. The most recent data available, for tax year 1999, showed that overpayments for the EIC are estimated to be between about 27 and 32 percent of dollars claimed or between $8.5 billion and $9.9 billion. For fiscal year 2004, IRS has asked for a total of $251 million. This included $100 million to enhance its EIC compliance initiatives--about $45 million for technology improvements and about $55 million for direct casework. The direct casework involves three new initiatives, each of which would be tested over the next year and, depending on the results, expanded in future years. The initiatives cover (1) qualifying child verification, (2) income misreporting, and (3) filing status.
May 28, 2015
Electricity Generation Projects:Additional Data Could Improve Understanding of the Effectiveness of Tax ExpendituresGAO-15-302: Published: Apr 28, 2015. Publicly Released: May 28, 2015.
Mar 3, 2015
Internal Revenue Service:Observations on IRS's Operations, Planning, and ResourcesGAO-15-420R: Published: Feb 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 3, 2015.
Feb 19, 2015
Identity Theft and Tax Fraud:Enhanced Authentication Could Combat Refund Fraud, but IRS Lacks an Estimate of Costs, Benefits and RisksGAO-15-119: Published: Jan 20, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 19, 2015.
Dec 17, 2014
Tax-Exempt Organizations:Better Compliance Indicators and Data, and More Collaboration with State Regulators Would Strengthen Oversight of Charitable OrganizationsGAO-15-164: Published: Dec 17, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 17, 2014.
Dec 16, 2014
Tax Filing Season:2014 Performance Highlights the Need to Better Manage Taxpayer Service and Future RisksGAO-15-163: Published: Dec 16, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 16, 2014.
Nov 19, 2014
Individual Retirement Accounts:IRS Could Bolster Enforcement on Multimillion Dollar Accounts, but More Direction from Congress Is NeededGAO-15-16: Published: Oct 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 19, 2014.
Sep 22, 2014
Identity Theft:Additional Actions Could Help IRS Combat the Large, Evolving Threat of Refund FraudGAO-14-633: Published: Aug 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 22, 2014.
Sep 18, 2014
Large Partnerships:With Growing Number of Partnerships, IRS Needs to Improve Audit EfficiencyGAO-14-732: Published: Sep 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 18, 2014.
Aug 11, 2014
New Markets Tax Credit:Better Controls and Data Are Needed to Ensure EffectivenessGAO-14-500: Published: Jul 10, 2014. Publicly Released: Aug 11, 2014.
Jul 29, 2014
Tobacco Taxes:Disparities in Rates for Similar Smoking Products Continue to Drive Market Shifts to Lower-Taxed OptionsGAO-14-811T: Published: Jul 29, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 29, 2014.
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April 4, 2012
Matthew McConaughey made a special guest appearance on the season premiere of Guy Fieri's Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives.
The pair met in a southern 50's style diner, where McConaughey brought his cool humor and enthusiasm for food. In the segment, the actor even offered to rename some of the diner's dishes, like their enchilada casserole. McConaughey suggested calling the unique meal a "Cashilada".
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Biden postpones travel amid Syria push
Vice President Joe Biden is delaying a trip to Florida that had been scheduled for Thursday as he focuses on helping the president build congressional support for military intervention in Syria.
Biden's office announced Tuesday that his trip to Orlando for an event at the University of Central Florida to talk about college affordability would be rescheduled.
With President Obama heading out of town for a trip to Sweden and Russia, Biden will play an especially key role in the White House's outreach to lawmakers.
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Learning Java 3RD Editionby Pat Niemeyer
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
Version 5.0 of the Java 2 Standard Edition SDK is the most important upgrade since Java first appeared a decade ago. With Java 5.0, you'll not only find substantial changes in the platform, but to the language itself-something that developers of Java took five years to complete. The main goal of Java 5.0 is to make it easier for you to develop safe, powerful code, but none of these improvements makes Java any easier to learn, even if you've programmed with Java for years. And that means our bestselling hands-on tutorial takes on even greater significance.
Learning Java is the most widely sought introduction to the programming language that's changed the way we think about computing. Our updated third edition takes an objective, no-nonsense approach to the new features in Java 5.0, some of which are drastically different from the way things were done in any previous versions. The most essential change is the addition of "generics", a feature that allows developers to write, test, and deploy code once, and then reuse the code again and again for different data types. The beauty of generics is that more problems will be caught during development, and Learning Java will show you exactly how it's done.
Java 5.0 also adds more than 1,000 new classes to the Java library. That means 1,000 new things you can do without having to program it in yourself. That's a huge change. With our book's practical examples, you'll come up to speed quickly on this and other new features such as loops and threads. The new edition also includes an introduction to Eclipse, the open source IDE that is growing in popularity.
Learning Java, 3rd Edition addresses all of the important uses of Java, such as web applications, servlets, and XML that are increasingly driving enterprise applications.
About the Author
(firstname.lastname@example.com) became involved with Oak (Java's predecessor) while working at Southwestern Bell Technology Resources. He is an independent consultant and author in the areas of networking and distributed applications. Pat is the author of BeanShell, a popular Java scripting language, as well as various other free goodies on the Net. Most recently, Pat has been developing enterprise architecture for A.G. Edwards. He currently lives in the Central West End area of St. Louis with various creatures.
Jonathan Knudsen is an author at O'Reilly & Associates. His books include The Unofficial Guide to Lego Mindstorms Robots, Java 2D Graphics, and Java Cryptography. He is the Courseware Writer for LearningPatterns.com.
Table of Contents
PrefaceChapter 1: A Modern LanguageChapter 2: A First ApplicationChapter 3: Tools of the TradeChapter 4: The Java LanguageChapter 5: Objects in JavaChapter 6: Relationships Among ClassesChapter 7: Working with Objects and ClassesChapter 8: GenericsChapter 9: ThreadsChapter 10: Working with TextChapter 11: Core UtilitiesChapter 12: Input/Output FacilitiesChapter 13: Network ProgrammingChapter 14: Programming for the WebChapter 15: Web Applications and Web ServicesChapter 16: SwingChapter 17: Using Swing ComponentsChapter 18: More Swing ComponentsChapter 19: Layout ManagersChapter 20: Drawing with the 2D APIChapter 21: Working with Images and Other MediaChapter 22: JavaBeansChapter 23: AppletsChapter 24: XMLAppendix A: The Eclipse IDEAppendix B: BeanShell: Simple Java ScriptingGlossaryColophon
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B & B Racing Kennel, Inc. filed as a Foreign for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida filed on Thursday, April 18, 1996. This corporation is approximately nineteen years old according to documents filed with Florida Department of State. B & B Racing Kennel, Inc. also lists James B. McClellan as President.
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GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM Consultation Paper 2008 An tÚdarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Road Safety Authority GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 1 CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 2 2. Background 2 3. Graduated Licensing Systems 3 3.1 What is a Graduated Licensing System 3 3.2 The Canadian Driver Licensing System 3 3.3 Evaluation of GDL 5 4. The Irish Driver Licensing System 5 4.1 Learning Phase 5 4.2 General Licensing Conditions 5 5. What are the causes of road collisions in Ireland? 6 5.1 Profile of Learner Drivers 6 5.2 Causes of Collisions 8 6. Measures to enhance the driver learning experience in Ireland 9 6.1 Zero alcohol/drugs level for learners 9 6.2 Night-time Curfew 9 6.3 Increased Penalty Points 11 6.4 Hazard Perception Testing 11 6.5 Restriction on Passengers 12 6.6 Compulsory Driving Lessons 12 6.7 Restricted Car Power 13 6.8 Supervised Driving 13 6.9 Upgrading Driving Test 14 7. Next Steps 14 Bibliography 15 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 1 each one of the measures; however, these questions 1. INTRODUCTION are merely for guidance and shouldn't in any way The purpose of this paper is to set out possible limit your comments. The consultation phase will options to improve road safety in Ireland. It looks close on Friday 14 March 2009, you can email particularly at the way we can help learner drivers to comments to email@example.com or write to Ms. become good safe drivers while gaining experience in Loretta Connolly, GDL Consultation, RSA, Primrose different driving situations. The Road Safety Hill, Ballina, Co. Mayo. Authority (RSA) is looking for your views as to how this can be brought about. The approach taken in the paper is to look at different measures that have been 2. BACKGROUND tried elsewhere, give some basic information about The task of the RSA is to reduce death and injury on what the measure involves, detail some research Irish roads. This involves working with many partners findings and pose questions to help feedback. who have roles in the areas of education, health, policing, engineering as well as those setting, It is important that any changes to the driver managing and assessing driving standards and licensing laws should be seen as contributing to vehicle standards. Almost every person in the country safety on our roads and not as an unfair imposition is affected by the way we use our roads, this on drivers. One of the aims of the paper is to represents a diverse group with many different encourage debate about driving and road safety. In needs. All of these people have in common an tandem with this consultation exercise the RSA is expectation that they can use the roads safely; every carrying out a study of the way people learn to drive road user has this right but with it comes an in Ireland –this exercise will involve research and obligation not to harm other road users because of engagement with many stakeholders involved in the any act or omission. learning to drive process. Recent history suggests that our roads are becoming You are invited to submit your views as to whether safer as measured by deaths on our roads as the the measures set out in this paper would make a Tables below show. positive contribution to road safety or if there are other options that should be considered. To help with feedback there are questions posed in relation to Table 1 - Road Fatalities 2004 - 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 374 396 365 338 279* *This figure is provisional and is 59 less than the equivalent period in 2007 Table 2 - Road Fatalities Least/Most Deaths in each Decade Decade 1961 - 70 1971 - 80 1981 - 90 1991 - 2000 2001 - 2008 Least Deaths 332 525 387 404 279 Most Deaths 540 640 572 472 411 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 3 Statistics do not reflect the depth of pain and ■ Night – time curfews for learners suffering caused to families and communities by a ■ Supervised driving death on our roads, nonetheless it is the commonly used way of measuring improvement in this area. It ■ Zero alcohol levels is against the yardstick of best performing EU ■ Restriction on number and/or age of passengers countries that the RSA is setting its road safety targets. In the Road Safety Strategy 2007 – 12 the RSA ■ Accelerated penalty points for offence is aiming to place Ireland among the best performing ■ Lower powered cars countries in the European Union by 2012. The Strategy sets out a range of actions to help bring this However, while the measures are seen as being about. In practical terms, and allowing for effective, the available research shows some population change achieving this target will mean measures as being more effective than others. It that road deaths will fall to around 250 persons must also be borne in mind that the basic licensing by 2012. arrangement will differ across countries e.g. One of the actions in the Road Safety Strategy relates minimum driving age may differ. This can make to the implementation of a Graduated Driver it difficult to judge how a set of licensing rules that Licensing (GDL) system. The purpose of this are successful in a particular country might consultation paper is to look at the likely practical work elsewhere. implications of introducing driver licensing changes GDL systems are directed at what are the most and to look for views from the public about the vulnerable drivers and these are learner drivers, impact of the changes. generally in the age group 17 – 24 years of age. Section 3.2 below gives a more detailed description 3. GRADUATED LICENSING of a typical GDL system, in this case it looks at a GDL SYSTEMS system in place in Canada. 3.1 What is a Graduated Driver 3.2 The Canadian Driver Licensing System Licensing System? A number of Canadian states have adopted GDL GDL systems generally cover a range of restrictions systems and there is available research on the that apply to drivers, they apply to learner drivers effectiveness of the measures. Some of the most while also applying for a period, usually two years detailed research is to hand on the GDL system in after passing a driving test. Different countries have place in British Columbia in Canada. applied different restrictions so that there is not a fixed package of measures that make up a GDL There are two phases to the driver licensing regime system. Typically, the following measures form part in place in British Columbia, Figure 1 below sets out of most GDL systems: the main components in the case of car drivers. Phase One – generally two years Phase Two – minimum two years ■ Initial Learner Permit from age 16 onward ■ Maximum one passenger (except where a commencing with a theory test and an family member) optical examination ■ Zero alcohol levels ■ Supervised Driving during this Phase – where learner is under age 19 the ■ Any traffic offences during this time results supervisor must be a parent or guardian in going back to start of this phase ■ Zero alcohol levels ■ Accelerated penalty points ■ Maximum one passenger, in addition to ■ 50 minute road test to progress to full supervisor allowed licence with no restrictions ■ Accelerated penalty points ■ Night-time curfew 12 – 5 am ■ After a minimum of 12 months a learner can take a 45 minute road test which if passed allows a person to go to the next phase Figure 1: British Columbia Graduated Licensing System Sheet 4 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 3.3 Evaluation of GDL which it generally lasts for one year unless the person has taken a driving test. The evaluation of GDL systems presents a number of challenges, not least is that in almost all cases there is Stage 3 – After a minimum of six months a learner no control group i.e. a group of drivers not affected by can sit the driving test. The test examines the ability the restrictions; this is because the GDL rules will form of the learner to carry out certain manoeuvres, part of the legal requirements of the country or state. manage the vehicle in different traffic and road Nonetheless there have been several studies of GDL conditions and where possible on dual carriageways. systems. In her evaluation of the British Columbia GDL The test also assesses the ability of the learner driver system, Wiggins (2005) made a number of interesting to recognise hazards and to deal with them. findings. Low crash rates were evident in the GDL group Having passed the driving test a person applies for a in phase one, considered to be mainly related to the full driving licence and can then drive without supervision of the driver, crash rates were not any lower restriction. in phase two for the GDL group as against a group who hadn't gone through GDL. 4.2 General Licensing Conditions The aspects of GDL that have generally been found to be A full licence holder must comply with the rules of the effective as reported by Shinar (2007) in his review of GDL road and the laws governing road usage in Ireland. studies are an initial learning period, night-time There are a number of incentives or restrictions in restrictions and supervised driving. Shinar also quotes place to manage behaviour. The major incentive is by Engstrom et al (2003) as pointing to the positive effects of way of cheaper car insurance where a person has a zero alcohol levels and passenger restrictions. track record of crash free driving. Restrictions and disincentives apply in a number of 4. THE IRISH DRIVER ways to licence holders. Road traffic law provides for LICENSING SYSTEM a variety of punishments to drivers who break the law. Outright disqualification applies to a number of 4.1 Learning Phase offences on conviction, these include drink driving A person in Ireland who wants to get a full license for and dangerous driving. a car has a number of steps to follow. Aside from an outright driving disqualification there Stage 1 – Initially, s/he has to pass a driver theory are a range of offences that attract penalty points test, this can be taken from age 15 onwards as a pass such as speeding, using a mobile phone, dangerous certificate lasts for two years. To pass this test 35 out overtaking and not wearing a seatbelt. In total there of 40 multiple choice questions must be answered are 36 offences that attract penalty points. A total of correctly. The questions cover a range of topics 12 penalty points accumulated in a three year period including road safety, rules of the road, identifying results in disqualification from driving for six months. hazards, pedestrians, and basic technical aspects of It is also the case that drivers with a record of crashes the vehicle. will face higher insurance premiums. Stage 2 –Having passed the theory test an Full licence holders are obliged to advise their application is made for a learner permit, the licensing authority if, during the period they hold the application must include a report on the applicant's licence, they suffer from certain diseases or vision and if the person suffers from certain medical disabilities or become dependent on drugs. A full conditions a report from a GP or Consultant about licence expires generally after ten years and can then the impact of the illness on ability to drive. A learner be renewed on application; again certain medical permit holder can start to drive but has a number reports may need to be submitted with the of restrictions: application. After age 67 a person will, on foot of ■ Must be accompanied by a person who has held medical certification, be allowed a one year or three a full licence for two years year licence. ■ Cannot drive on a motorway In July 2008 the RSA published a consultation paper ■ Must display the letter L on the vehicle Fitness to Drive. Your Perspective; Your Views? seeking feedback from the public about the way in ■ Cannot take a driving test until s/he holds the which medical aspects of fitness to drive are applied. first learner permit for six months Following this review, recommendations for changes A learner permit generally lasts for two years and can will be made to the Minister for Transport. be renewed for a further two years following GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 5 on car driver deaths from 2003 - 2007. We can see 5. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES from this that males are more vulnerable than OF ROAD COLLISIONS IN females and particularly that persons in the age IRELAND? group 17 – 24 are most vulnerable. This coincides 5.1 Profile of learner drivers with the learning phase. Figures 4 and 5 below The Road Collision Facts booklet published by the RSA provides the most comprehensive data on road profiles learner drivers in Ireland. We can see that deaths in Ireland. Figure 2 below sets out information the majority of learner drivers are in this age group. Figure 2 Figure 3 Sheet 6 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Figure 4. Car Learner Permit Holders by Duration of Permit held at September 2008 Figure 5. Car Learner Permit Holders classified by age and gender at September 2008 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 7 weather, pedestrian and traffic conditions and will have dealt with many hazards and challenging situations which will help to build driving competence. In Ireland the evidence points to, speeding, drink/drug driving and fatigue as being the primary causes of collisions; when any of these factors are combined with inexperience the risk of a collision is increased. Figure 6 below lists many factors which affect driver behaviour. The challenge then is to find ways for learner drivers to learn safely by exposing them to different driving situations gradually, in a 5.2 Causes of Collisions way that allows them to benefit from and build up The behaviours that cause collisions result mostly experience while the learning process continues. from the inexperience of the driver. This is a Section 6 looks at approaches to doing this while heightened risk in the case of young males who are setting out advantages and disadvantages and more likely to engage in risk taking behaviour. The seeking views on the implications for learner drivers available evidence suggests that a driver is of these changes if implemented here. considered to be inexperienced until s/he has driven 100,000 kilometres. Having driven to this extent means that the person will have covered most road, Developmental factors Physical Behavioural factors Hormones, energy, brain, Driving ability Personality factors Antisocial behaviour sleep Knowledge Risk - taking propensity Substance use Psychosocial Skill Susceptibility to peer pressure Risk taking Emotional, social (identity, Experience Tolerance of deviance Conduct problems sexuality) Sensation seeking Driving before licensed Driving behaviour Speeding Demographic factors Unsafe passing Age, gender Tailgating Employment Failure to yield Education Impaired driving Living situation (parents) Fatigue Distraction Lack of seatbelt use Perceived environment Parents norms, behaviour expectations Partners norms, behaviour expectations Driving environment (physical and social) Community norms Night/dark Media advertising, entertainment Weather and road conditions Risk perception Vehicle ability, type, interior Passengers (age, sex, substance use) Trip Purpose Figure 6. Factors that affect teenage driving behaviour Source: American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Volume 35, Issue 3, Supplement 1, September 2008, Pages S261-S271. By Jean T. Shope, C. Raymond Bingham. Sheet 8 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 The practical effect of the measure is that the new level for learner drivers would be set at 20mg/100ml – this is effectively zero alcohol level and avoids complications presented by the fact that alcohol is present in small concentrations in some everyday products such as mouthwash. Studies of zero tolerance alcohol laws show that they reduce crashes among drivers younger than 21. A study of 12 states that passed zero tolerance laws reported a 20 percent reduction in the proportion of fatal crashes that were single – vehicle night-time events (crashes likely to involve alcohol impairment) among drivers ages 15– 20 (Hindson et al. 1994). 6. MEASURES TO ENHANCE It is probable that an information campaign advising THE DRIVER LEARNING existing drivers of the new alcohol limits would EXPERIENCE IN IRELAND accompany the introduction of this measure. Aside from the clear benefits in terms of the ability of a Internationally, particular measures have been driver to concentrate on driving, this measure would adopted to help learners drive in a way that reduces reduce any uncertainty that may now exist about risk insofar as that is possible. We will see that some exactly how much any learner driver can drink and of these measures have been more or less effective. legally drive. In thinking about the measures we should remember that each country has its own unique set of According to the 2006 OECD report, "Young Drivers: circumstances and that the outcomes achieved The Road to Safety", drugs present a source of risk elsewhere may not always translate to another for young, novice drivers and young drivers are more situation. Nonetheless the experience provides a likely to be over represented in this category. Studies good starting point. by Matijssen and Houwing in 2005 concluded that drivers using illegal drugs or with a combination of The measures we will look at are: drugs are 25 times more at risk of serious injury and ■ Zero alcohol levels the combination of drugs and alcohol leads to a 35 ■ Night-time curfew times greater risk of injury. The RSA strongly supports the introduction of zero balance alcohol and drugs ■ Increased penalty points for learner drivers and believes that this would save ■ Hazard perception testing lives and prevent injuries. ■ Age restriction for passengers Feedback 6.1 ■ Mandatory tuition Q1 Do you believe that zero BAC should apply to learner drivers? ■ Restricted car power Q2 Do you see disadvantages to applying this ■ Extended supervised driving restriction on learner drivers? ■ Upgraded driving test Q3 Should zero BAC also apply for a period after the 6.1 Zero Alcohol/Drugs Level for Learners learner gets his full licence? At present the legally allowed blood alcohol level 6.2 Night-time Curfew (BAC) for all drivers in Ireland is 80mg/100ml. Among There is less traffic on Irish roads during the hours of EU countries Ireland is only one of three countries at darkness. However, in common with most countries this high level. Evidence shows that any alcohol level impairs driving. When this is linked with the there are relatively more crashes during the hours of inexperience of learner drivers this poses a particular darkness. The purpose of night-time restrictions on problem. Moskowits (2001) concluded that –"There is driving is to protect novice drivers by keeping them no BAC at which [driver] impairment does not occur". from driving unsupervised during the high risk night This was also borne out in an Irish context following – time hours. Young drivers crash rates are a study by the Health Services Executive into fatal particularly high at night. Williams and Preusser crashes in Ireland in 2003, Bedford et al (2006). (1997) reported that 16 and 17 year – old drivers GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 9 accumulate only 14% of their miles driven between percent during the restricted hours (e.g. Shope and the hours of 9 pm and 6 am, yet they experience 39% Molnar 2004; Mayhew et al. 2003). of their fatal crash involvements during this time period. Figure 7 below sets out data for road fatalities in Ireland in 2006 relating to the time of the crash. Poor Furthermore, studies carried out by Foss et al. (2001) visibility, fatigue and the possibility of drink/drug suggest that 4 out of every 10 deaths of teens in motor vehicles occur between 9 pm and 6 am, studies driving may be among factors that cause night-time have also shown that night-time driving restrictions driving to be more risky. For the inexperienced driver typically are associated with crash reductions of 40 to 60 these factors add to the potential for a collision. Figure 7. Percentage of Fatal Collisions by Hour in 2006 Sheet 10 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Some countries have approached this problem by not Harworth et al 1995 argue that novice drivers might allowing learners to drive at night. The hours within be better motivated to drive carefully if driving which driving is not allowed varies from country to behaviours were a condition of removing or country. It must be recognised that learners must get maintaining restrictions. experience of driving in night conditions, however, A counter argument is that if it is too easy to lose typically the hours of midnight to 6 am are covered. your licence at learner stage a small number of errors There are obvious social and economic implications may lead to loss of the licence and make the learning of putting in place a measure like this. Some learners phase unnecessarily difficult. will be working in employment that requires them to drive during the curfew hours, where alternative Feedback 6.3 transport arrangements may not be available. This Q1 Do you think increased penalty points would measure would by its nature impact to a greater help produce better learner drivers? degree on rural learners where alternative transport will be more difficult to access. It is possible to have Q2 Do you see disadvantages to this measure? a system of exemptions for essential purposes, but 6.4 Hazard Perception Testing there could be difficulties in enforcing the night – time curfews which could reduce its effectiveness. Driving a vehicle means that the driver has to simultaneously carry out several physical tasks while Feedback 6.2 scanning the horizon to adjust to the unfolding Q1 What is your view on the introduction of a night- conditions. This demands complex physical and time curfew? mental skills. The learner is attempting to take on board these skills in real live, changing conditions. A Q2 What do you see as the possible disadvantages learner will not naturally have the necessary skill set of a night-time curfew? to do this and little in his/her previous learning will 6.3 Increased Penalty Points have prepared the learner for this. It has long been recognized that young, novice drivers are poor at Penalty points in Ireland apply to all drivers in the detecting and assessing hazards (e.g., Engström et same way. One of the ways to encourage learners not al., 2003). to take unnecessary risks is for risk –taking activity to attract greater penalty points. Since risk taking One way of measuring the ability of the learner to behaviour for inexperienced drivers is likely to result cope with these tasks is to assess his/her ability to in harmful consequences there is an argument to see, judge and take action when faced by a potential punish this behaviour more severely. Typically this threat. One of the problems is the difficulty of would mean that where a driver now gets penalty simulating a hazard situation in a way that forces the points for an offence this would be doubled if the learner to react as s/he would in a real life situation. driver was a learner or for a two year period after However, this is beginning to be overcome with passing the driving test. This change could also be advancing technology. A number of countries have coupled with a lower points threshold that would developed computer based live and animated lead to the learner driver losing his/her learner solutions that enable the testing of judgement and permit e.g. six instead of twelve. reaction. In the UK the Driving Standards Agency cites evidence pointing to the effectiveness of hazard The effect of this is that learners could much more perception as part of the driver theory test in easily lose their learner permit and would developing skills for the learner in this area. consequently engage in less risk – taking behaviours. It would also help to remove unsafe drivers from our Fisher et al. (2006) found substantial improvements roads and if coupled with the need for disqualified in scanning behaviour on the open road after young drivers to take special training courses lead to an drivers had attended a computer –based training improvement in driving on their return to the road. program focusing on recognizing potential risks. Sagberg and Bjornskau (2006) did not find that a There is evidence that points to the effectiveness of hazard perception test resulted in important safety this measure when properly enforced. McKnight, improvements in the first nine months after 1996 proposed that licence sanctions "can reduce licensing. In Europe a great many hazard perception exposure for a subgroup of new drivers who are tests and training programs are still under inclined towards unsafe driving, but can also development, and their outcomes are being studied. encourage safer driving by acting as a deterrent". GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 11 The RSA, as part of a study in the way Irish drivers Stephenson 2003; Masten and Hagge 2004). learn to drive, is looking at the effectiveness of Some countries with GDL systems do not apply this hazard perception testing and it role in improving measure to older learner drivers, aged 25 or over as road safety. the evidence is weak as to peers influencing older In an Irish context a computer based hazard drivers to take risks while driving. Equally, perception test could be introduced at the end of the exemptions are given in the case of similar aged initial six month learning period before any driving family members travelling with a learner. test could be taken. This would use state of the art technology to measure hazard awareness. In an Irish context there are implications with the enforcement of this measure, possibly resulting in Feedback 6.4 passengers being required to carry a form of Q1 Do you feel a dedicated hazard perception test identification. This may be seen by some as an would improve road safety? intrusion on personal privacy. For the purpose of Q2 Should this test be scheduled before taking a feedback on the potential of this measure consider driving test after the six month waiting period? the possibility that no more than one passenger aged under 25, other than a family member, could be 6.5 Restriction on Passengers carried by a learner under age 25. Where passenger restrictions form part of graduated licensing schemes it takes the form of a reduction of Feedback 6.5 the number of passengers under a certain age that Q1 Do you consider this to be a reasonable measure can be in the vehicle or the age of passengers that to introduce? can be in the vehicle of a learner driver or in some Q2 How would this measure impact on cases a combination of both. The reasoning for this is learner drivers? based on strong evidence that where a number of drivers drive together peer pressure sometimes 6.6 Compulsory Driving Lessons results in risk taking behavior as passengers A learner driver in Ireland does not have to take influence the driver negatively. formal driving lessons as part of the learning phase. Chen et al. (2000) found that crash risk for teenage One argument against mandatory driving lessons has driver increases incrementally with one, two, or been that driving instructors were not regulated and three or more passengers. With three or more, fatal that a consistent standard might not apply across the crash risk is about three times higher than when a country. Since the middle of 2007 driving instructors beginner is driving alone. are gradually being regulated and good quality Williams et al (2007) reviewed the research evidence tuition is available. This work will be completed concerning the effects of passengers on teenage shortly and will help to roll out compulsory lessons if driving and crash involvement. The findings indicate it is felt that this is a valuable addition in helping that the presence of passengers is a major contributor learners to drive. to teenage road deaths. Passenger presence increases There is evidence that the best approach to learning crash risk for teenage drivers, especially when the passengers are other teenagers and especially when to drive is a mix of compulsory lessons and they are male. Female passengers do not have the supervised practice. Compulsory lessons would same effects. The combination of passenger – induced distraction and driving inexperience can disrupt driving behaviour, and there is evidence that teenage driver risk-taking increases in vehicles with multiple teenagers. Legal restrictions on passengers with teenage drivers have been found to be effective in reducing the crash problem. Studies carried out by Chaudhary et al. (2007) also show that about two – thirds of all crash deaths of teens that involve teenage drivers occur when the beginners were driving with teen passengers. Other studies show that passenger restrictions can reduce this problem (e.g. Copper et al. 2005; Begg and Sheet 12 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 involve learners, taking structured lessons set out in practical reality if it is considered that they can a programme specially designed to meet the needs of deliver a road safety benefit. learners. The number of lessons would depend on the Feedback 6.7 ability of the learner working through the programme but would be of the order of 20 hours. This is likely to Q1 Would you support the introduction of (a) give learner drivers a good base to build upon when engine power restriction, (b) speed restriction linked with formal supervised practice. or (c) both measures in Ireland? Feedback 6.6 Q2 What impact do you think these measures Q1 Does your experience lead you to believe that would have on those learning to drive? compulsory lessons would help learners 6.8 Supervised Driving improve their skill level? There is agreement that supervised driving is one of Q2 Which skills are driving instructors best placed the most powerful ways to help a learner driver gain to deliver? the necessary skills to drive safely. At present in 6.7 Restricted Car Power Ireland a holder of a learner permit cannot take a driving test for a car until the learner has held the Some GDL systems apply restrictions to the power of the vehicle and/or to the maximum speed at which a permit for at least six months. This makes it more learner may drive. A power restriction applies likely that the learner will be practising during this presently to motorcycle learners in Ireland, they are time. Unfortunately, this is sometimes seen as an not allowed to drive high powered motorcycles imposition on an accompanying driver. Because of to start with. Experience must be gained on the effectiveness of supervised practice it is lower powered vehicles and the driving test must important that the role of the accompanying driver is be passed before progressing gradually to high strengthened. This means that better information powered motorcycles. must be made available to the accompanying driver A study of insurance statistics (Elvick and Skaansar about the value of accompanying a learner and also 1989, OECD 1990) showed that high speed cars with about how s/he can best mentor the learner. powerful engines and high acceleration are involved There have been some developments of note in how in collisions more often than lower powered vehicles. other countries are handling the learner period. In According to the 2006 OECD report "Young Drivers, Australian states, learner periods have generally the Road to Safety" speed related crashes account been six months with 50 hours of certified driving. for 20-30% of collisions and young drivers are over There is now movement to increase these represented in speeding behaviour crashes and requirements. In recent consultative papers, Victoria fatalities in most countries. and Queensland propose increasing the six month Applying this approach to cars would mean that a period to one year, and to require 120 hours of learner might for example not be allowed to drive a supervised driving (Queensland Transport vehicle with a power greater than 1600cc (in the case Queensland Government, 2005; Victoria Ministry of of a petrol car) or 2000cc (in the case of a diesel car). Transport, 2005). In Europe there are different As either a separate or linked measure the learner mandatory training requirements. For example in the could have a speed restriction of for example 80kph Czech Republic, there is a mandatory minimum of 36 applied to cars s/he drives. hours for theory and 28 hours for practice, in There are some practical difficulties with this Denmark, there is a mandatory minimum of 22 hours measure in that a learner may on occasion only have for theory and 18 hours for practice, and in Norway, access to a vehicle above the power threshold and there is a mandatory minimum of 21 hours for theory this could slow down the learning process. It might and 15 hours for practice (Divera and Colin 2007). also in some cases deny access by the learner to advanced safety features such as Electronic Stability A feature of accompanied driving is that it allows Programme which are more likely to be found on learners to be coached in different driving conditions higher powered cars. However, emerging technology with relatively little cost. It would help to strengthen has the capability to adapt both the engine power this measure if a learner had to complete a driving log and the maximum speed of a vehicle and this will setting out details of different driving experience help to make either or both of these measures a gained before taking a driving test. GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Sheet 13 Feedback 6.8 7. NEXT STEPS Q1 Should the period before a learner takes a Thank you for taking the time to read through this driving test be increased to one year? paper, we would now appreciate your comments on Q2 Should the learner have to log a minimum what you have read. For those who would like to read number of supervised hours in different driving further on the issues outlined in this paper or on conditions? other possible measures to support learner drivers the bibliography provides references to supporting Q3 Do you have views on how the role of material. supervising driver can be strengthened? The consultation phase will close on Friday 14 6.9 Upgraded Driving Test March 2009, you can email comments to The driving test is the means by which a driver's skills firstname.lastname@example.com or write to Ms. Loretta are examined to find out if a person has reached a Connolly, GDL Consultation, RSA, Primrose Hill, standard of driving that allows him/her to be given Ballina, Co. Mayo. a full licence. The manoeuvres examined on test are based on the requirements of an EU Directive and mainly test the ability of the learner to control the vehicle. As getting a full licence allows the learner to drive solo it is critical that the learner is able to drive safely in all conditions that s/he encounters. The question then is to what degree the driving test prepares a learner to drive safely. If we take the view that a person preparing for the driving test will prepare by learning those manoeuvres that form part of the test is it possible to set the test in a way that better examines the skills that are needed to be a safe driver. The driving test should be used as a tool to direct the content of driver training. To become a competent driver a learner needs to master certain skills, both physical and mental. The EU GADGET project developed a set of skills that a good driver education programme should aim to deliver to a learner. In particular it proposed Goals for Driver Education (GDE) describing skills, behaviours and attributes. A particular challenge is to devise ways that will encourage learners to take on board these abilities and create assessment methods to examine the degree to which the learner has these abilities. Feedback 6.9 Q1 Do you feel the driving test is a useful tool in helping to produce good safe drivers? 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Road Safety Authority (2005) Summary of Scientific Evidence Behind "Just One Drink Impairs Driving" Waller, P.F.; Olk, M.L.; and Shope, J.T. 2000. Parental November 2005 views of and experience with Michigan's graduated http://www.rsa.ie/publication/publication/upload licensing program. Journal of Safety Research 31:9–15. /Scientific%20Summary%20lres.pdf Wiggins, S. (2005). Graduated Licensing Program Road Safety Authority (2007). Road Safety Strategy Report – Year 3, Insurance Corporation of British 2007 – 2012 Columbia, British Columbia, Canada. http://www.rsa.ie/publication/publication/upload http://www.icbc.com/library/glp_eval.asp /822_RSA_Strategy_ENG.pdf Williams, A.F. 1997. Graduated licensing and other Road Safety Authority (2008). Road Collision Facts approaches to controlling young driver risk taking. 2006 Risk–Taking Behavior and Traffic Safety Symposium http://www.rsa.ie/publication/publication/upload Proceedings, 131–45. Washington, DC: US /RSA_RCF_2006_v7.pdf Department of Transportation. Road Safety Authority (2008). Fitness to Drive –Your Williams, A.F. 2001. Teenage passengers in motor Perspective, Your Views? A consultation document vehicle crashes: a summary of current research. –July 2008. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway .http://www.rsa.ie/publication/publication/upload Safety. /Medical%20Report_NEW.pdf Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; and McCartt, A.T. Sagberg, F., & Bjornskau, T. (2006). Hazard 2007. Passenger effects on teenage driving and perception and Driving experience among young opportunities for reducing the risks of such travel. novice drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Safety Research 38:381–90. 38(3), 407−414. Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Leaf, W.A.; and Shinar, D. (2007). Traffic Safety and Human Preusser, D.F. 1998. Views of parents of teenagers Behaviour, Elsevier about graduated licensing systems. Journal of Safety Research 29:1–7. Shope, J.T. and Molnar, L.J. 2004. Michigan's graduated driver licensing program: evaluation of Williams, A.F.; Nelson, L.A.; and Leaf, W.A. 2002. the first four years. Journal of Safety Research Responses of teenagers and their parents to 35:337–44. California's graduated licensing system. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:835–42. Shope, J.T.; Molnar, L.J.; Elliott, M.R.; and Waller, P.F. 2001. Graduated driver licensing in Michigan: Zwicker, T.J.; Williams, A.F.; Chaudhary, N.K.; and early impact on motor vehicle crashes among 16- Farmer, C.M. 2006. Evaluation of California's year-old drivers. Journal of the American Medical graduated licensing system. Arlington, VA; Association 286:1593–98. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Sheet 16 GDL Consultation Paper 2008 Working To Save Lives Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Road Safety Authority Páirc Ghnó Ghleann na Muaidhe, Cnoc an tSabhaircín, Bóthar Bhaile Átha Cliath, Béal an Átha, Co. Mhaigh Eo Moy Valley Business Park, Primrose Hill, Dublin Road, Ballina, Co. Mayo locall: 1890 50 60 80 facs: (096) 25252 email: firstname.lastname@example.com website: www.rsa.ie
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View Poll Results: Newborn Public Poll - Heat Five - Multivote
- Voters
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Thread: Newborn Public Poll - HEAT FIVE
September 26th, 2009 #1
Newborn Public Poll - HEAT FIVE
Hey everyone, our apologies for the delay with putting up the poll. Due to some technical issues and having to sift through well over 400 (!) images it took a little longer than planned. We'll make sure this will go smoother next time, but for now please cast your vote!
Since there's only a limited amount of space in making polls on the boards, we had to break it up in heats. There are a total of 8 heats, you can vote in each of them. Out of each heat we'll pick a few of the top entries with the most votes and put those into one final poll to determine the winner of the publics' choice. Note that every poll is multivote, so you can vote on as many entries as you want. Please do not vote for yourself as it won't count towards your end result.
Deadline for voting is: 9 October 2009
We took the liberty of taking out a number of entries for various reasons. If you don't see your entry in here it can be because of the following reasons:
1. Quality: While we have not been very strict on this, considering everyone had well over a month to finish something for a high-profile contest like this we expect a certain level of quality and finish to your entry.
2. Relevance: Though the boundaries are rather fuzzy with such an open topic as 'Newborn', images that were either random portfolio pieces or old work with no connection to Newborn at all have been cut.
3. No e-mail: If you only submitted your final to the finals thread, and not by email, there may be a chance we missed you. We tried our best to make sure we caught these as well, but please remember to submit correctly next time!
All the winners will be announced once the polls are over, both the judges choice and the publics choice. So, a little more patience everyone
Last edited by yoitisi; September 28th, 2009 at 03:43 PM.Character of the Week: It's Good Medicine!
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Sunset Cocktails and (free) Live Jazz
- Music
- 420 Park Avenue South, New York, NY, 10021
Startup Funeral (Try Again)
Friday, March 1, 2013 at 8:00 PM (EST)
Join us as we pay respects to our dearly departed startups who have left us for the deadpool. Our first attempt was Friday, 2/8, but blizzard Nemo forced us to push things off.
Friday, March 1st at 8:00pm
New Work City Funeral Home
412 Broadway, floor 2
Theme is still Mardi Gras, even though we'll be way past official "Fat Tuesday".
We are supporting HackNY with this event. Asking for donations, either online or at the door. Gets you a special bead, and a nice warm/fuzzy feeling.
HackNY, supporting the "next generation of hackers for the New York innovation community".
Check them out ---> http://hackny.org/
Upcoming speakers include:
Jason Fertel - FreeSpeech + DealBurner.
Andrew Young - SoYummy!
Cynthia Knapic - Bracketz + Content Ramen
Jay Decker - Sproutlet.io
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Modern Creation Trilogy - eBook
ChristianBook eBooks on the Sony Reader
To read a Christianbook.com licensed eBook on your Sony device, you will need to use Adobe Digital Editions.
Without using ADE, the Sony Reader will attempt to open eBooks with its own software, the Reader Library, and you may receive an error message.
To bypass the Sony Reader Library, return to the eBook portion of 'My Account' on our site, and click to download the eBook again.
When the Adobe Digital Editions installer comes up, click on 'Download Item.'
If you are downloading a DRM Protected eBook, you will be prompted to open or save the URLLINK.acsm. Click 'Save'.
Save the file to your Desktop for quick access later.
Right-click on the URLLINK file, then select 'Open With' and choose Adobe Digital Editions.
If Adobe Digital Editions is not in the list, click 'Choose Default Program' and then select Adobe Digital Editions from the list.
Your eBook will open and display in ADE.
Plug in your Sony Reader, which will now display its model number and not just as Sony Reader.
Now just click, drag and drop your eBook onto the Sony Reader icon.
You can now eject your Sony Reader, open up the Books library and your eBook is ready to read.
Have questions about eBooks? Check out our eBook FAQs.
Product Information
|Format: DRM Free ePub
Vendor: Master Books
Publication Date: 1996
Availability: In Stock
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Genesis Record, The: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings - eBookHenry M. MorrisBaker Books / 2009 / ePub$23.64 Retail:5 Stars Out Of 5 6 Reviews
$42.99Save 45% ($19.35)Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WW40433EB
Publisher's Description
Utterly fascinating, The Modern Creation Trilogy is the definitive work on the subject, and a must for anyone interested in the study or origins. Read about the easy capitulation by theologians confronted with Charles Darwins evolutionary theories, or the mysterious Babylonian creation story, Enuma Elish. Find out what the Bible says about dinosaurs, Noahs flood, and Christs firm acknowledgement of the importance of Genesis. This project covers all the bases, and as a beautifully bound set, makes the perfect gift for believers and even unbelievers.
- Volume One: Scripture & Creation - 232 pages - Evidences found throughout the Bible for special creation.
- Volume Two: Science & Creation - 343 pages - Examines only the scientific facts.
- Volume Three: Society & Creation - 208 pages - The effects on society of a pervasive evolutionary philosophy.
3 Vol gift-boxed set • Free CD-Rom
Author Bio
A prolific and influential scholar known to believers and skeptics alike as "the father of modern creation science," Dr. Henry M. Morris truly was a man of science and a staunch man of God. He was even said to have set the terms of debate about evolution for the second half of the 20th century by one Pulitzer Prize-winning academician. Dr. Morris began his serious study of the Bible in the 1930s and authoring books in the 1940s, but it was his landmark work, co-authored with Dr. John Whitcomb, titled The Genesis Flood in 1961 that influenced generations to begin discovering the fallacies of evolution and the biblical truth of creation.
With over 60 books, founding and leading the Institute for Creation Research (ICR), Dr. Morris death in 2006 was a profound loss to millions.
Dr. Morris created a thriving legacy that continues to equip many Christians to be able to defend the accuracy and authority of Scripture today. The new Henry Morris Study Bible and other resources that he developed remain essential sources of knowledge and understanding for believers.
Dr. John Morris is president of the Institute for Creation Research. He received his Doctorate in Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. He held the position of Professor of Geology before being appointed President in 1996. He currently travels and speaks on the topic of creation science.


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'Belle of Amherst' best when profiling Dickinson's poetry
Walt Whitman may have rightly claimed that his poetry contains multitudes, but Emily Dickinson can stake an equally valid claim to being America's greatest poet.
She is also the hardest one to know. Harold Bloom once wrote that no poet "seems so separate from us as Dickinson," adding that "we have no accurate approaches to her." »Read Full Article
Sally Struthers brings experience, humor to 'Hello, Dolly!'
If the cheerful and idealistic Gloria Stivic had stayed with us during the decades since "All in the Family," what would the intervening years have made of her?
Having won two Emmys playing Meathead's wife, Sally Struthers is back with the answer: The increasingly confident Gloria would have become matchmaker Dolly Levi, rendered sharper and more pragmatic by life's knocks but still every bit as warm and loving, and even more of a stitch. »Read Full Article
Milwaukee Symphony makes most of cathedral setting in concert
The phrase "working the room" clearly means different things to people.
The Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and associate music director Francesco Lecce-Chong moved their proverbial tent to the Cathedral of St. John on Friday evening and worked the room beautifully with a program of Pärt, Bach and Bruckner that was perfectly tailored to the acoustics and ambience of the space. »Read Full Article
Skaggs, Hornsby pair piano with frenetic fiddlin' around
From the carefully placed microphones to the stringed instruments in the hands of Ricky Skaggs and the six members of Kentucky Thunder, the stage of the Northern Lights Theater at Potawatomi Bingo Casino was clearly set Friday for an evening of bluegrass music.
Had that been the bill, it would have been a fine show of prodigious talent playing the music Skaggs has been mastering since his youth. But there in the middle of the stage was an unusual addition to bluegrass tradition: a grand piano and its own experimental master, Bruce Hornsby. »Read Full Article


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Top UK University for Employment
We are the top university for graduate jobs in the UK 3 July 2014
Government figures from the Higher Education Statistics Agency show that 97.7% of students graduating from RGU with their first degree in 2012/13 were in employment or undertaking further study.
"I think Aberdeen is one of the best places to live in the UK, it has everything you need for a full and exciting life."
Neil Marshall International Marketing Management MSc
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01, July, 2015 RGU students receive prestigious Saltire accolade for volunteering
Two RGU students have been honoured at a national level for their outstanding contributions to volunteering.
Images from around the campus
Follow us on social media to see more gorgeous images & find out what's on.
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7010 Miami Ave.
Cincinnati Ohio 45243United States
(513) 272-1500
Editor's Review
Blow off creative steam in this suburban Cincinnati hands-on crafts studio, open to both kids and adults.
Every neighborhood needs a place where you can go to blow off some creative steam, and Madeira, a small but quaint suburb of Cincinnati, now has Creativities -- an arts and crafts studio full of space and inspiration just for creative play. The studio, located in a big rehabbed Victorian house on the city's main drag, offers both classes and open studio time every afternoon (except Sunday). Owner Christine Parker opened Creativities in the fall of 2009 after working for years on crafts programs at summer camps; she wanted a space where kids could spend time developing their creative sides and adults could play around with materials and make something in the space of a few hours. Fees are reasonable: Open studio time is $8 for two hours ($12 for kids 6 to 11) and includes access to all the tools: paints, glues, die-cutting machines, paper punches, cutters and other paper arts tools, stamps and ink pads, clay molds and tools, basic woodworking tools, leather and metal-crafting tools, and beading tools. The bill can add up once you tack on supplies (things like the paper, embellishments, clay and beads are extra), but the benefit is that you know there will be an end result -- the supplies won't just languish in a bag in the corner waiting for a rainy day. There are always adult instructors there during open studio time to show you techniques and answer questions. Downstairs, there's plenty of space for groups and individuals, including a beading bar and three large tables for working. Upstairs, there's a cozy and bright sewing studio, with classes available (it also operates as a retail fabric store -- one of the area's few independent fabric retailers). There are summer camps available for kids, and the studio can be rented for events like birthday parties, bridal/baby showers or girls' night out.


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All Trips & Travel Tours in Argentina
Lands of Silver & Gold
Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
Buenos Aires to Rio = a pretty freaking great trip. Try the world's best steak in Buenos Aires, explore the cobbled streets of Colonia, chill at the beach in Montevideo,...
Che it like you mean it
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
Bolivia, Argentina and Chile – a trip straight through the guts of South America. Forage through La Paz's wack market stalls, journey into the underground in Potosi...


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Find me on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and in my on line community. You can also sign up for my newsletter here.
Latest Posts
My name is Effy, and I'm a journal artist, on line teacher, and creativity coach. I like to write about art journaling, intentional creativity, creative business, and my personal and ever evolving brand of 'woo woo magpie' spirituality. I also tend to write a lot about my very ordinary life in an attempt to foster a sense of appreciation, mindfulness, and reverence for what IS. I overshare. :) You have been warned!


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Mendrisio, Switzerland Hotels
Hayva.com offers access to over 3 hotels in Mendrisio.
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The shifter cable adjustment may become dislodged. This may cause the vehicle to show that it is in "Park," when it could actually be in another gear. If this happens, the vehicle may move and not be secure. Dealers will inspect the shift cable adjustment clip to make sure it is fully engaged, and will replace any shift cables that cannot be secured. The General Motors recall number is 09041. The recall began on March 24, 2009.
Buick Recalls
The seat belt buckles in the second or third row seats may be missing a rivet. If a crash occurs, the buckle may separate from the strap, increasing the risk of injury to the passenger. Dealers will inspect the seat belt buckles and replace any as needed.
If a buildup of snow were to occur on the windshield, the movement of the wipers may be restricted. This could result in the wiper linkage becoming detached from the wiper motor, rendering the wipers inoperable. Visibility could be reduced, increasing the risk of a crash. Dealers will install a new wiper crank arm, driver's side link, and crank arm nut to correct this problem. This recall is expected to begin on October 13, 2008. The General Motors recall number is 08091.
The wiring to the washer system heater may overheat due to a failure in the heater module. This could cause other electrical features to malfunction, smoke to develop, and an electrical fire could result. Dealers will install a wire harness with an inline fuse to protect the washer heater module. This recall is expected to begin on September 12, 2008. The General Motors recall number is 08048.
Due to variations in the manufacturing process, or exposure to high heat may lead to a fracture in the tank inlet check valve. Fuel vapors may pass through the fracture and accumulate on the side of the fuel tank. A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source could result in a fire. Dealers will replace the fuel tank. The recall began December 4, 2007. The GM recall number is 06230.
On some vehicles, the fuel tank may be missing the adhesive that bonds the barrier layer to the outer shell. This may allow fuel and/or fuel vapors to leak out between the layers, increasing the risk of fire. Dealers will inspect the serial numbers on the fuel tank and replace it if needed. The recall began November 13, 2006. The GM recall number is 06160.
The tire and loading information label on the driver's side door frame may be inaccurate. A misprinted label could lead to overloading of the vehicle, which could possibly lead to tire failure and a crash. Owners will be provided with corrected labels and installation instructions. At customers' request, a dealer can install the label for them. The recall began March 31, 2006. The GM recall number is 05109.
Certain sport utility vehicles fail to conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Safety Standard # 135 "Passenger Car Brake Systems" To meet the standard, vehicles must not move for 5 minutes when stopped on a steep hill with the parking brake applied and the vehicle in neutral. Some of these vehicles failed this test. When the parking brake is released the driver may notice unintended braking while accelerating, decelerating or coasting. This could lead to unintended vehicle movement and cause an accident. The dealer will inspect each rear parking brake caliper and replace free of charge if slippage is noticed. The GM recall # is 05059


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Keep your wine bottles at hand while also displaying them as decoration. A ruggedly refined solution to your typical wine rack, the Cedar and Leather Wine Rack mounts directly to the wall and displays your bottles in a hanging motion with secure leather straps. Handcrafted from red cedar and black walnut, this artisan Meriwether by Montana piece makes a great gift for wine lovers.
Crafted in Western Montana. Mounts securely and easily to the wall with two screws (hardware included).
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
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Take a look at this BEAUTIFUL - RARE - 1949 Cadillac Series Sixty-Two Sedan !! We just purchased this vehicle from the previous older... More
This 1948 Jaguar MK IV Drophead 3.5 Liter LHD has been under the same family's ownership for the last 40 years. Black with Red leather... More
World War II interrupted MG production, but the TC carried on where the short-lived pre-war TB left off — the epitome of tradition unspoiled... More
For sale in our Chicago showroom is a 1941 Pontiac Streamliner. In 1941 the Pontiac line was referred to as ??Torpedo? and had... More
This desirable 1940 Ford Deluxe convertible really has the look, but is also a reliable cruiser you can drive all night. This car came... More
1946 Buick Super 8 Sedan For Sale or Trade Just arrived. Lovely and powerful classic sedan. In 1946 Buick once again combined the large Series... More
Own this beautiful Vintage car at an affordable price that will cruise every day, all day long on the highways at modern speed limits... More
Series 1900 4dr Sedan, barn find, good candidate for restoration, good redone int, 6cyl, 3spd, runs/drives... More
Details coming soon.... More
Three speed column shift (Three on the tree) Working Electric Overdrive 331 CID Chrysler Hemi Fire Power V8 engine Adapter plate for Lincoln transmission Soft top is in... More
MotoeXotica Classic Cars is pleased to offer the iconic and desirable 1941 Ford Super Deluxe Convertible you see pictured. This 1941 classic is well... More
This 1948 DeSoto Suburban is for sale in our Louisville Showroom. The name Suburban has been used by at least eight different American auto... More
1941 Ford 2-Door Convertible for sale in our Indianapolis Showroom. This 41 Ford is powered by a 350 cubic inchV8 engine backed by a... More
Gateway Classic Cars of St. Louis is proud to offer a one of a kind 1949 Ford F3. This pickup truck has had... More
Up for sale in the Houston showroom is one heck of a find the 1949 Hudson Super Six. The Hudson Car Company made Hudson... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1940 Packard 120. The Packard brand was well established as a premier American luxury coach builder... More
1947 Mercury, Deluxe, 8 clyl flat head 239 engine, 3 speed manual, 12 volt system, electric fuel pump NEW; tires, top, boot cover, trunk mat, carpet... More
A 134 ci I4 "Go Devil" engine and Borg-Warner T-90 3-speed manual transmission are paired to power this civilian-model utility truck. It features a... More
For sale is a 1940 Ford Pickup Truck located in our Indianapolis Showroom. This custom frame off build started with taking a steel... More
Armstrong Siddeley manufactured luxury cars, aircraft engines, and later, aircraft. In 1935, J. D. Siddeley's interests were purchased for 2 million by Tommy Sopwith... More
You are looking at a 1948 Ford F-5 1 ½ Ton scissor lift truck. This solid truck could be used for just about anything... More
1948 Rolls Royce Silver Wraith '48 Rolls Royce Silver Wraith limo by Mulliner, chassis#WAB3, right hand drive, divisional window, sunroof, very collectible and has been... More
Price: $57,995 Type: Used Year: 1947 Make: Lincoln Model: Continental Convertible Body Style: Convertible Stock 162625 Mileage: 59999 Engine Size: 12cyl. Transmission: Manual 3 speed Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Red Vin: 7H162625 866-230-2851 The Classic part comes out to the max in CRUISIN CLASSICS when you speak of our newest... More
1941 Buick Super 3-Passenger Business Coupe Newer Paint and Chrome 248 cid Fireball Straight-Eight Rear Jump Seats Body by Fisher Rare 1 of 2,452 MotoeXotica is proud to announce another... More
The GM "old-look" transit bus is a transit bus that was introduced in 1940 by Yellow Coach beginning with the production of the model... More
Chevrolet 3100 5-window pick-up 1948 runs good 1948 Chevrolet 3100 pick-up in a very good driving condition with cosmetic works to do. The original 3548... More
For sale is a 1941 Cadillac Series 62 Sedan located in our Indianapolis Showroom. 1941 brought all new styling from Cadillac which included... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1940 Chevrolet Deluxe. The Chevrolet Deluxe was introduced in 1940 and was designed to be the... More
This 1946 Mercury Convertible is for sale in our Louisville KY showroom. 1946 was the first year for new car production since the war... More
For sale in our Indianapolis showroom is a museum piece if weve ever had one an actual mileage 1941 Buick Super Sport Coupe 56S.... More


text: Damien Thigpen out Tonight vs. WSU From @cfosterlatimes Nov 10, 2012 Share Tweet Next ARTICLE » Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Jeff Gross/Getty Images 11 Reads 0 Comments #UCLA RB Damien Thigpen will not play tonight because of a mild sprained left knee. He made the trip, but did not suit up. Continue Reading on @cfosterlatimes »


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Find out whether Creative Cloud is right for you. Learn about installing and updating the app, working with cloud storage, and using CC on the go.
"I almost feel as if I am in a classroom but with the benefit of sitting at my home computer." —Christine B.
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$10 off $75 Home, Sports, School Supplies, Fashion, & Beauty - Back to School. Use promo code BACK2SCHOOL at checkout. Ends 7/8/2015.
Learn more about RC Hagen 61263 Living World Fresh n Comfy Bedding 13.21 gal, Tan:
Manufacturer: RC Hagen
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Moncler Gamme Bleu Fall-Winter 2014
The Moncler Gamme Bleu Fall-Winter 2014/15 collection will be drawing inspiration from the exclusive world of Golf and is opening up to women's wear. "For some time now I have been interested in the idea of interpreting Moncler Gamme Bleu for women as well. As with my eponymous collection, I am fascinated by translating my ideas in a masculine and feminine manner, and this is my interpretation for Moncler Gamme Bleu", explains Thom Browne.
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We do our best to keep the DMV hours and days of operation up to date. These can change frequently, We suggest confirming with your local office before your visit.
Circuit Court Clerk's Office of Falmouth, Kentucky
DMV Phone Number(859) 654-3347
DMV Office Information
Services Provided at this DMV
- Driver's License
- Identification Cards
- Written Test
- Road Test
- Commercial
- CDL Written
- CDL Driving
Notes: Testing on Thursdays only.
Written tests: 1 p.m.-3 p.m.
Road tests: 8:30 a.m.-10:30 a.m. You must be at the office between 8 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. to register for test.
DMV Office Hours
Daily Hours:
- Monday
- Tuesday
- Wednesday
- Thursday
- Friday
- 8:00am -4:00pm
- 8:00am -4:00pm
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- 8:00am -4:00pm
- 8:00am -4:00pm
Please Note:
Eastern Standard Time.
Office open the first and last Saturday of the month, 9 a.m. to noon.
DMV Holidays
New Year's Day (includes day after holiday), Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Spring Holiday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day (includes day after holiday), Christmas Day (includes day after holiday)
DMV Payment Options
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