text:
A hologon scanning system which provides two sequential scans across an image plane per revolution of the hologon. The hologon is a disc having a single facet with a planar linear diffraction grating in a surface which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the disc and which is centered on the axis of rotation. An incident laser beam which preferably overfills the facet is diffracted and scanned by the rotation of the facet. The facet is preferably elliptical in shape with its major axis perpendicular to the facet grating lines. The diameter of the disc can be made only slightly larger than the profile of the incident beam on the disc so as to minimize inertia and enable the disc to be rotated at very high speeds without failure due to centrifugal force induced stress. Four sequential scans per revolution can be produced by using a pair of superimposed centered facets with their grating lines oriented orthogonally to each other. This monograting disc deflector provides a cost-effective scanner solution for high resolution, flat field imaging applications.
1. A hologon scanning system, for providing a beam of light which scans across an image plane, which comprises: a member having a planar diffraction grating with grating lines in a plane; means for holding and rotating said member about an axis of rotation perpendicular to said plane; means for illuminating said grating with a beam of light which is incident on said grating where said axis intersects said grating and at an angle of incidence of from about 25� to 45� and is diffracted therefrom to provide two sequential scans across said image plane per revolution of said member.
2. The system according to claim 1 wherein said member has a plurality of said diffraction gratings in superimposed relationship for producing a plurality of said pairs of sequential scans per revolution.
3. The system according to claim 2 wherein said superimposed gratings consist of first and second gratings having their lines in orthogonal relationship so as to provide two pairs of said sequential scans per revolution.
4. The system according to claim 1 wherein said member has a rim, said holding and rotating means is engagable with said member along said rim, said grating having a center coincident with the intersection of said rotation axis and said plane.
5. The system according to claim 4 wherein said holding and rotating means comprises a pancake motor having a rotor assembled to said rim and the stator around said rim.
6. The system according to claim 4 wherein said holding and rotating means comprises a cup-shaped holder having an open end through which said beam passes, said holder being rotatable about said axis, said holder engaging said member along said rim.
7. The system according to claim 1 wherein said member is light transmissive and said incident and diffracted beams are on opposite sides of said member.
8. The system according to claim 7 wherein said member is a disc having a rim, said holding and rotating means being provided by a cylindrical holder open at at least one end and engagable with said disc at the rim thereof, said holder having an axis along the axis of rotation, and a pair of diametrically opposed openings in said holders spaced from said member in a direction away from said one end through which openings said diffracted beam passes when executing different ones of said pair of scans.
9. The system according to claim 8 wherein a line through the center of said openings is perpendicular to the lines of said gratings.
10. The system according to claim 1 wherein said member is a disc having a rim and said rotating means comprises a bearing assembly having a stationary outer race and an inner race connected to said disc, and motor and pulley means for rotating said inner race whereby to rotate said member.
11. The system according to claim 1 wherein said member is a disc, said holding and rotating means comprises a cylindrical member rotatable about said rotation axis and having an inside wall and an end through which said incident beam passes and is incident upon said member and said grating where said rotation axis intersects said grating, a step in said inside wall, a yieldable ring member on said step, a retaining ring on said inside wall, said disc being disposed between said yieldable ring and said retaining ring and at least one adjustment member movable in said retaining ring and engagable with said disc to adjust the angle of the plane of said grating with respect to said rotation axis.
12. The system according to claim 11 wherein a plurality of said adjustment members are provided angularly spaced from each other around said retaining ring.
13. The system according to claim 1 wherein said grating defines a facet of area smaller than the area of said beam where it intersects said plane.
14. The system according to claim 13 wherein said facet is elliptical in shape and has a center and a major and minor diameter, said facet center being coincident with said rotation axis, and said grating lines being perpendicular to said major diameter.
15. The system according to claim 13 wherein said member is a disc having a diameter exceeding the maximum diameter of the profile of said incident beam on said grating only by an amount sufficient for said beam to be incident on said grating without obstruction by said holding and rotating means.
The present invention relates to laser scanning systems and particularly to a scanning system using a hologon deflector (diffraction grating based deflector element) which is rotatable about an axis and has at least one grating element (a monograting).
The invention is especially suitable for use in laser printers and scanning systems for the accurate reproduction of images, and particularly where high resolution, flat field imaging is desired.
It is the principal object of this invention to provide a cost-effective scanning system having a planar, preferably disc shaped, hologon deflector which provides two sequential scans per rotation of the disc without the need for a plural of facets or multiple simultaneous scanning beams.
Current disc hologon laser beam deflectors, as illustrated in FIG. 1 of an article by Charles J. Kramer entitled, "Hologon Laser Scanners For Nonimpact Printing," which appeared in Volume 390 of the Proceedings of SPIE (1983), have between one and thirty grating facets arranged in an annular band radially spaced from the center of the disc. The disc is rotated about its center by a rotor attached to the disc's center. The incident laser beam is positioned on the disc so that it strikes the disc at the radial distance corresponding to the middle of the facet band, thereby sequentially intersecting individual facets as they are translated through the beam. The finely spaced grating grooves of each facet diffract the incident beam through an angle and the disc rotation action causes the diffracted beam to scan a line. A fairly large number of scans (one for each facet) can be achieved for each revolution of the disc.
In many high resolution imaging applications such as laser typesetters or image scanners, high scan rates (scans per second) are not required. Scan rates for many of these high resolution imaging applications are limited by the speed of the raster imaging processing (RIP) computer hardware and software. Scan rates of 100 to 200 per second are adequate for many of these high resolution imaging applications. These scan rates can be achieved using a single facet hologon with the facet spaced from the center of the disc or a double facet hologon. A drawback of such deflectors is that their dimensional size in the direction of rotation must be significantly larger than the incident beam in that direction, especially when the hologon is used in the underfilled facet mode as illustrated in FIG. 2 of the above-referenced Kramer publication. By underfilled, as opposed to overfilled facet mode, is meant that the incident laser beam area where it intersects the facet is smaller in the underfilled mode and larger in the overfilled mode, than the facet.
The size constraints of conventional hologon deflectors and fabrication requirements tend to make them costly. For example, the incident beam diameter for high resolution imaging applications is typically in the range of about 25 millimeters (mm). If the incident beam angle θi is 30�, the facet must have a radial width of about 30 mm. If the scan duty cycle is 50%, the mean facet circumference length must be greater than 50 mm. When center and edge hologon disc clearances are accounted for, a disc having a 90 mm to 101 mm diameter is typically required to fabricate a hologon having even a single off-axis facet of this size. A disc substrate of this size must be twin ground and polished to about one arc second or less of parallelism if more than one facet is used on the disc. Even for single facet operation, the substrate must be anti-reflection crated to achieve less than 0.2% reflectivity in order to insure scan beam intensity uniformity.
It has been proposed to use a single planar diffraction grating disposed at an angle or about 45� to the axis of its rotation. Such a deflector is described in an article by Charles J. Kramer entitled, "Hologon Deflector For High Resolution Internal Drum and Flat Field Imaging," which was presented at an SPIE meeting in Los Angeles, Calif. on Jan. 15-20, 1989 and published in the Proceedings of SPIE Volume 1079, Page 427. This deflector is also the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,956, issued Aug. 1, 1989. Such deflectors provide only one scan per revolution. There have also been proposed monograting deflectors where the incident beam is perpendicular to the plane of the grating (See Locke, U.S. Pat. No. 3,795,768, Mar. 5, 1974). Such deflectors provide a circular scan and only one scan of an image plane. By an image plane is meant either a flat or cylindrical image plane. A similar monograting using an on-axis beam which provides a single scan is shown in an article by J. Flamand and G. Pieuchard entitled, "High Rate Resolution Scanning Possibilities With Rotating Stigmatic Holographic Gratings," which appeared in the Proceedings E-O Syst. Des. Conference, 322-27 (1973).
The present invention provides a cost-effective solution for high resolution flat field imaging applications as are required by many types of laser typesetters and imagesetters. The cost of a hologon scanning system embodying the invention can be considerably reduced over conventional disc hologon scanning systems by reducing the diameter of the element (the hologon disc) to about 40 mm and eliminating the requirement for a center hole by holding the hologon disc at its outer rim. A single grating facet can be centered on the deflector rotation axis. Deflector size, construction complexity and cost are minimized because both the facet and incident beam profile on the hologon are centered on the deflector rotational axis, and therefore both the facet and disc diameter need only be slightly larger than the incident beam diameter. This enables the hologon to be rotated at high speeds (for example between 30,000 and 50,000 rpm) without failure (rupturing) due to centrifugal force induced stress thereby enabling high scanning speeds to be obtained. Most important, however, is that a pair of sequential scans are provided for each revolution of the disc. The incident beam is not perpendicular to the plane of the grating, but rather is at an angle of incidence from 25� to 45�, thereby assuring that only the first order diffraction is obtained with minimum energy in other orders. Blocking of other orders is not required and resulting interference from other orders is avoided.
By utilizing an overfilled facet, ellipticity of the image spot is obviated and a circular spot of uniform intensity is produced at the image plane during each of the scans. If more than two sequential scans per revolution are required, another grating can be superimposed, for example with its lines perpendicular (orthogonal) to the lines of the first grating. Then a second pair of sequential scans is produced, each in the interval between the scans of the first pair. Additionally angularly offset gratings may be used if additional sequential scans are needed. In each case, the grating facets are centered on the rotation axis and the incident beam (25� to 45� angle of incidence) is also centered on the rotation axis.
It is one of the principal objects of the present invention to provide an improved hologon scanning system in which fabrication cost is reduced over conventional scanning systems which have their hologon diffraction grating facets arranged in an annular band spaced from the axis of rotation and especially which are operated in the underfilled facet mode.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved hologon deflector system in which ellipticity of the image spot is reduced and an essentially circular spot is scanned across the image plane.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide an improved hologon deflector system which is immune from periodicity error while providing two scans per revolution.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved hologon scanner system which is easily adjusted for parallelism so as to reduce tracking error due to substrate wedge or deflector wobble.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved hologon deflector system which enables fast scan rates to be achieved because of the use of a relatively small hologon deflector as compared to the hologon disc of conventional deflector systems thereby reducing the effects of centrifugal force induced stress.
Briefly described, a hologon scanning system embodying the invention provides a pair of beams of light which sequentially scan across an image plane and makes use of a hologon element in the form of a member having a planar diffraction grating (grating lines are in a plane). The grating is preferably a planar linear diffraction grating with parallel uniformly spaced grating lines which are holographically formed. Means are provided for holding and rotating the member about an axis of rotation perpendicular to the plane of the grating and intersecting the grating, preferably at the center thereof. Means are provided for illuminating the grating with a beam of light which is incident on the grating at the rotation axis (where the axis intersects the grating) and at an angle of incidence from about 25� to 45� and preferably about 25� so that the beam is diffracted to produce a pair of sequential scans across the image plane per revolution of the member.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention, as well as presently preferred embodiments thereof, will become more apparent from a reading of the following description in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a hologon scanning system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a hologon scanning system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a hologon scanning system in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the device of FIG. 5 and showing the hologon and the means for holding and rotating the hologon in a system of the type illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view in elevation illustrating the upper portion of a holding and rotating housing for the hologon with the hologon therein which is provided in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a hologon element with two superimposed gratings; and
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of FIG. 6 taken along the line 7--7 (the x axis) in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of a scanning system in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a top view of FIG. 9 without the motor support shown in FIG. 8.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a hologon member in the form of a disc 10 having a single planar diffraction grating facet therein. The facet is centered about the rotation axis 12 of the disc which is held at the upper end of a cylindrical housing (holder) 14 and rotated by a motor 16. The housing 14 holds and spaces the grating facet in the member 10, which may be formed at the lower surface of the member, so that it holds and spaces the facet from the drive motor. The motor 16 then does not block the transmitted diffracted beam 18. The incident beam 20 makes an angle θi of approximately 30� with regard to the normal of the grating facet surface (the rotation axis 12). The transmitted diffracted beam angle θd is also approximately 30�. The ratio of the light beam wave length λ to the grating period D is λ/D equals K equals 1.0. For this K value, the scan beam angle, θs is equal to the grating facet rotation angle θR because θs is approximately equal to KθR.
The grating facet 10 is angularly oriented within the cylinder housing so that the grating lines of the facet are perpendicular to the axis 12 so that the diffracted beam then passes through a first opening 8 and then a second opening 9 as the facet rotates through 180�. These openings are diametrically opposite to each other and are arranged so that a line through their centers is perpendicular to the lines of the grating and intersects the axis 12. These openings are in the side walls of the cylindrical housing. In the rotation direction, the openings need only be slightly larger than the diffracted beam diameter because K equals 1.0. For the case where θi is approximately equal to θd is approximately equal to 45�, K equals 1.4142, and therefore the side wall openings 8 and 9 in the rotation direction must be sufficiently larger than the diffracted beam to account for the difference between θs and θR. Two scans are produced, one through each of the openings 8 and 9, per revolution of the grating facet 10 for the angular rotation indicated by the arrow 22 in FIG. 1. The diffracted beam passes through the opening 8, indicating that the grating lines of the plane grating facet are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the Figure. When the facet is rotated 180� from its depicted position, the grating lines are also perpendicular to the plane of the Figure. Under these conditions, the incident beam is diffracted in the same direction as indicated in FIG. 1, but now passes through the opening 9. It will be evident from the preceding description and the Figure that the grating lines of the facet have the same relative orientation with respect to the incident beam for 180� different rotation positions, and therefore, two sequential scans are achieved for each complete rotation (revolution) of the hologon disc 10. The single centered grating facet functions like a sequence dipole radiator. By using equal angles of incidence and diffraction and an incidence angle θi equal or greater than 25�, it is ensured that the scan beam tracking error is very insensitive with respect to deflector wobble and that the dipole facet only radiates significant energy into the positive first diffracted order direction. This latter feature of the sequence dipole facet enables high radiometric system throughout efficiency to be achieved. Having θi ≈θd and K>0.8, ensures that both the scan beam tracking error is very insensitive with respect to deflector wobble and that the dipole facet only radiates significant energy into the positive first order diffracted beam. This latter feature of the sequential dipole facet enables high radiometric system throughout efficiency to be achieved.
Having two sequential scans per revolution not only doubles the scan rate, but also doubles the scan duty cycle for the system. The scan duty cycle for the FIG. 1 is determined by the angular duty cycle, Ua of the system. If θ's is the half scan angle of the focusing lens, Ua for the sequence dipole grating facet deflector illustrated in the FIG. 1 having θi approximately equal to θd is: ##EQU1##
Scan duty cycle for this dipole geometry can only be improved by increasing the scan angle of the system or by reducing the K value of the grating facet. Scan angle for the dipole disc deflector is still limited to �20� due to scan-line bow and scan beam tracking error sensitivity with regard to deflector wobble.
The diffracted beam 18 in FIG. 1, after passing through the opening is incident on a prism element 24 that is used to compensate for the scan bow in the scan beam exiting from the grating facet. Further information concerning the use of such prisms will be found in an article by Charles J. Kramer entitled, "Hologon Deflectors Incorporating Dispersive Optical Elements For Scan Line Bow Correction" which appeared in the SPIE Proceedings on Holographic Optics: Design and Applications, Volume 883, Page 230, January 1988; and also in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 278,632 filed Dec. 1, 1988 by Charles J. Kramer and entitled, "Hologon Deflector System Having Dispersive Optical Elements For Scan Line Bow Correction, Wave Length Shift Correction and Scanning Spot Ellipticity Correction", now U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,112 issued Nov. 27, 1990.
The scan beam after exiting the prism 24 is incident on the focusing lens 26 that images the collimated beam to a scanning spot at the image plane.
In the event that the prism element and focusing lens is to be located closer to the hologon 10 so as to provide a smaller package, which may be more desirable in portable or tabletop scanners and typesetters or otherwise where it is not desired for the focusing lens to be fairly far from the hologon which corresponds to the center of scan and therefore to avoid the need for fairly large in-scan dimensions, the distance between the focusing lens and the grating can be reduced by using a grating K value of 1.4142 and θi approximately equal to θd approximately equal to 45�. The major disadvantage of using the higher K value grating is that the scan duty cycle of the deflector is reduced by the ratio in the K values when a fixed scan angle focusing lens is used.
Referring to FIG. 2, which is similar to FIG. 8, another embodiment of the invention is provided which enables the distance between the grating facet 30 and the prism 32 and focusing lens 34 to be significantly reduced from the distance of these elements as shown in FIG. 1. This reduction is accomplished by placing the grating facet or hologon 30 in the middle of a pancake motor assembly. In other words, the rim of the facet is connected to the rotor 36 of a pancake motor assembly 38. The stator 40 encompasses the grating and the rotor. Such pancake motors are commercially available and have a small thickness which enables the prism 32 and the focusing lens to be positioned relatively close to the center of scan thereby reducing their in-scan dimensions.
Referring to FIG. 3, a similar arrangement of hologon 30, prism 32, and focusing lens 34 is used. The hologon 30 is attached at its rim to the inner race 41 of a bearing assembly 42. The outer race 44 is held stationary. The inner race is connected to a ring pulley 48. A motor 51 drives a pulley 53 which is connected by a drive belt 55 to the pulley 48. This drive belt configuration offers greater asymmetry in construction of the system and may enable the prism and focusing lens to be placed nearer to the center of the facet. The facet center and the beam are all coincident with the rotation axis 12.
As explained in the above-referenced 1988 SPIE Proceedings article and in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,112, one of the problems associated with hologon deflector systems generally is that the image spot size becomes elliptically shaped as the beam is scanned off axis. This spot ellipticity increases as a function of scan beam angle for a disc hologon deflector and is one of the factors which limits the useful scan angle of these deflectors (of the conventional type as is illustrated in the above referenced 1983 SPIE Proceedings article) to less than �20� for high resolution imaging applications. Image spot ellipticity occurs in disc hologon deflectors because the incident beam on the grating facet has an elliptical shape as seen in FIG. 2 of the 1983 SPIE article, that remains stationary with regard to the scanning beam. The projection of this elliptically shaped beam aperture along the diffracted scan beam is circular for the center of scan position when the incident beam to the hologon is circular. The off-axis projection of the elliptically shaped aperture gives rise to an elliptically shaped scan beam because the fixed elliptical aperture has the wrong projected cross-sectional shape to produce a circular beam profile.
The misalignment between the fixed beam aperture shape and the required aperture shape for a circular beam profile increases with scan angle, and therefore, image spot ellipticity increases with scan angle. The major and minor axes of the resulting elliptical image spot increase and decrease symmetrically in size from the center of scan circular cross-section value. These major and minor axes are oriented at about 45� to the scan line direction, with the relative direction of both changing sense (clockwise to counterclockwise and vice versa) as the scan beam passes through the center of scan.
The spot ellipticity either increases or decreases the overlap of successive scan lines in a direction that is 45� to the scan direction. This change in overlap affects the quality of lines or half tone dots oriented in these directions. These problems and some solutions therefor are discussed in the 1988 SPIE Proceedings article and in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,112, referenced above. It has been found useful to reduce or eliminate the spot ellipticity by using, instead of an underfilled facet technique shown in the 1983 SPIE article, an overfilled facet where the incident beam has a profile on the hologon 10 that is significantly larger than the facet aperture. The desired beam aperture can be provided by making the grating facet 90 in elliptical shape slightly smaller than the incident beam profile 21 as shown in FIG. 4 or with an apodizing aperture. The major axis of the elliptical facet 90 in FIG. 4 is perpendicular to the grating lines while the minor axis is parallel to the grating lines. Since the facet is centered on the deflector rotation axis as shown in FIG. 4, it changes its angular orientation to track the scan beam without translation across the incident beam profile 21. The scan beam cross-sectional profile is determined by the facet aperture shape, the scan beam cross-sectional profile being essentially constant with respect to scan angle. The scan line has good radiometric uniformity and can have high radiometric throughout efficiency since the incident beam profile need only be slightly larger than the facet aperture as shown in FIG. 4 and the scan beam entrance pupil is fixed which allows a smaller focusing lens to be used. Normally the incident beam profile 21 on the hologon disc 10 would be elliptically shaped as opposed to the circular profile shown in FIG. 4. Under those conditions, the radiometric intensity of the scan beam would increase very slightly with scan angle.
Another feature of the deflector system is illustrated in FIG. 5 and will be evident from the following equation: ##EQU2##
In the equation dθ is the change in the hologon orientation due to wobble and dθh is the change in the diffracted beam angle with respect to the image plane coordinates. This equation is explained further in the above-referenced 1988 SPIE article.
It will be apparent from Equation 2 that if the fixed periodic deflector wobble is reduced to less than �30 arc seconds, the scan beam tracking error between scans for the dual scan per revolution case where K equals 1.0 would be less than 1 arc second. In FIG. 5 the cylindrical housing 14 has a step 51 and the inside surface above the step is threaded so as to receive a retaining ring 53. This ring 52 has at least one adjusting screw 55 and may have three adjusting screws 120� apart or four as shown in FIG. 9. Another of these screws 56 is illustrated in FIG. 5. The hologon disc 10 is sandwiched between the retaining ring and a yieldable ring 58. In other words the disc 10 is clamped between the yieldable ring and the retaining ring. The yieldable ring may be a rubber spacer or other elastic material ring and may be a Bellevile spring washer element. The adjustment screws in the retaining ring alter the tilt angle of the disc relative to the cylindrical housing 14 and the axis of rotation 12, by causing the yieldable ring material to compress. The tilt angle of the hologon disc can be adjusted so that its fixed periodic wobble is reduced to less than �30 arc seconds, and thereby, the scan tracking angle between scans is reduced to less than 1 arc second for the dual scan per revolution case. After the tilt adjustment is completed, the adjustment screws can be locked into position by means of cement.
Since substrate wedge causes the same type of scan beam tracking error as does disc wobble, the adjustment screw arrangement shown in FIG. 5 will also compensate for tracking error associated with substrate wedge. This enables cost of the scanning system to be reduced since it allows the use of hologon substrate discs with more substrate wedge than allowed by conventional design.
It is apparent from the drawing and particularly from FIG. 4 that the disc diameter of the hologon discs are relatively small and are approximately equal to the incident beam profile and only slightly being larger only to enable the incident beam to avoid obstructions by the edges of the cylindrical housing 14. Therefore the discs can be rotated to very high speeds without rupturing due to centrifugal force induced stress. The motor assembly may, for example, be of the air-bearing/air-turbine type thereby enabling the hologon disc to rotate at speeds between 30,000 and 50,000 rpm while achieving reliable running life. If additional inertia is necessary, flywheels may be added to the deflector system. Rotational inertia helps reduce the motor hunting found in all rotating deflector systems. Additional rotational inertia can be added to the deflector assembly and/or better speed motor controls used with it. One can also use a grating pixel clock to measure rotational speed variations within a scan, and thereby, correct for it.
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is shown a hologon disc assembly 60 made up of upper and lower discs 62 and 64 with gratings formed, as by holographic techniques on surfaces 66 and 68. Gratings 62 and 64 are oriented so that their grating lines are perpendicular to each other. Surfaces 66 and 68 are spaced by an annulus of holding material 61 such as glue which assembles the hologon element 60. The orthogonal, superimposed gratings are in overlapping or overlaid relationship. Alternatively, a grating on a single surface may be made using a double exposure with the hologon turned 90� for each exposure. The hologon deflector 60 then provides two pairs of sequential scans or four successive scans per rotation of the hologon disc. Then an additional two openings displaced 90� from the openings 8 and 9 in FIG. 1 are required.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9 a unique hologon disc deflector system is shown that employs a single PDG (plane diffraction grating) facet 90 centered on the deflector rotation axis 92. This deflector can be used with the overfilled facet technique described above. FIG. 8 illustrates a centered grating facet that is over-illuminated by an incident beam that has a circular cross-section profile on the hologon disc as shown at 94 in FIG. 9. Since the facet aperture is centered on the deflector rotation axis, it changes its angular orientation to track the scan beam without translation across the incident beam profile. For this deflector geometry: the scan beam cross-sectional profile is determined by the facet aperture shape; the scan beam cross-sectional profile is essentially constant with respect to scan angle; the scan line has very good radiometric uniformity; the deflector can have high radiometric throughout efficiency since the incident beam profile need only be slightly larger than the facet aperture; and the scan beam entrance pupil is fixed which allows a smaller focusing lens design. Normally, the incident beam profile on the hologon disc would be elliptically shaped as opposed to the circular profile shown at 94 in FIG. 9. When the incident beam profile is elliptically shaped, the radiometric intensity of the scan beam would increase very slightly with scan angle.
The single centered grating facet disc in FIGS. 8 and 9 is positioned in the middle of the motor assembly 96. The motor assembly in FIG. 9 is depicted as being of the pancake DC torque motor type. This type of motor could also be constructed using circuit board technology, thereby enabling it to be manufactured relatively inexpensively. A pancake motor geometry can also be achieved by using a small gas turbine to actuate the rotation of the disc assembly. The small thickness of the pancake motor enables the focusing lens 93 to be positioned relatively close to the center of scan, thus reducing its in-scan dimension. This centered deflector configuration could also be constructed by placing the grating facet within a large bearing assembly and rotating the inner part of the bearing assembly by a drive belt linked to a motor. Compared with the pancake motor construction, the drive belt configuration offers greater asymmetry in construction of the deflector, which should enable the focusing lens to be placed nearer to the facet center.
Scan duty cycle of the centered grating facet disc deflector in FIG. 8 can be doubled if a second centered PDG facet is superimposed on the first centered PDG facet. This second facet would be oriented to have its grating lines perpendicular to those of the first facet. This centered cross grating deflector produces four scans for each complete rotation of the hologon disc. For K=1.4142 and θs <20�, there is no cross talk between cross gratings and only a single diffracted beam is generated per recording scan period. Thus, high radiometric system throughout efficiency is achieved for this quadrapole grating deflector. This quadrapole deflector can be constructed by closely air-spacing two glass discs, each having a centered PDG facet fabricated on it.
Cross-scan beam tracking error for the centered grating facet deflector is essentially zero if only one scan per disc revolution is used and is determined by the disc wobble angle and wedge angle when two scans per disc revolution are obtained for the dipole configuration. Grating facet periodicity error does not contribute to scan beam tracking error for the dipole case because the periodicity is the same for both scans. Scan beam tracking error associated with deflector wobble and disc wedge can be compensated for in the dipole case by mechanically adjusting the static wobble tilt angle of the disc within the deflector assembly. This adjustment is performed by means of set screws 80 located along the disc holder circumference.
From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that there has been provided improved hologon scanner apparatus which provides a cost-effective solution for many laser scanning applications, particularly in type and image setters.
Variations and modifications in the herein described scanners, within the scope of the invention, will undoubtedly suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. Accordingly the foregoing description should be taken as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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What is the best connection mechanism for storing data in an Oracle DB for Lotus Domino apps?
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application. Can you suggest the best suitable connection mechanism in these circumstances? If the data is very intensive, such as high volumes and turnover of data, I suggest looking into Lotus Enterprise Integrator. This is an excellent add-on product running on top of a Domino server, and allows you to transfer and/or replicate data between Domino and in this case Oracle. It allows you to replicate data bidirectionally, use timestamp, call Oracle stored procedures, etc. and since it uses native connectors and speaks the native Oracle SQL language, you can create your own queries and data transfers are done in an extremely fast mode.
If you are speaking about high volumes, the best advice I can give you is to purchase a dedicated Domino server for LEI, as the background processes can be processor-intensive.
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30 year old woman | Henderson, NV, USA | Seeking men 28-35 within 50 miles
Hello there...fancy meeting you here
I've never tried one of these sites, so here's to a first. :) I've found it difficult meeting people in Las Vegas, especially those not heavily into the party scene. I am an active person, with a love of nature/animals/adventure. I've moved around the US frequently, especially as a child, and find myself in this city to be close to family. I am trying to find someone with a down to earth personality, who keeps their real life separate from the glam on the strip. A person with whom I can take up new hobbies or interests, travel, or anything from wine tasting to shooting at a range. I'm more of a home-body, so it would be nice to find the same. Someone who would cuddle up to a movie, cook with, just enjoy time with. I've tried long distance relationships, but have realized I need someone in my life that I can see more than once a month or once a week. Even if it's just to share a meal. It's too difficult living off of phone/email/ conversations. I don't have any baggage, and am pretty easygoing. I care a great deal about a person's integrity, that they can be outgoing/sense of humor, and overall, by being a best friend. No games, players, or cheaters please :) Communication means a great deal to me. Once I find genuinely good people, they are friends for life. I wear my heart on my sleeve. Also, please don't message me if you're just coming to town and want someone to party with. I don't go to the clubs here anymore outside of those very rare special occasions and am certainly not an escort. I am here seeking a potential relationship, not party buddies. Those people are superficial and "a dime a dozen" in this town. I am also a bit shy when I first meet someone, so don't misinterpret this as disinterest. I warm up though and become the easiest of people to talk to. I'm not very good at writing about myself like this, so if you have any questions, feel free to ask :) Please have photos, too...I'd like to know who I'm talking to. If you don't, I will disregard winks/messages.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Billiards / Pool, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses, Other
I used to have 3 dogs but I had to sadly rehome them before the military. I plan on fostering and caring for animals now, in a way that won't obligate me or tie me down. (At least until I am in a more permanent situation)
Middle of the Road
I love places away from the Strip...not that I don't enjoy a night on the town, but it's nice to get away. A cabin on Mt Charleston, a day at Lake Las Vegas, boating, anything to forget the chaos of this city here and there :)
Music, theater, museums, foods, art, etc... It's hard to think of everything to write, new ideas and hobbies are always popping up :)
I love just about everything outdoors, even if it's just a walk. Fresh air is my "cure-all". Philanthropy is also a passion of mine, especially with animals. I am a kid at heart, goofy at times, so anything adventurous or out of the ordinary :)
A book of Mark Twain quotes, the USAF airman's manual (LOL), and recently a version of the Bhagavad Gita.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 7'0" (213cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
I work with animals FT, and have bounced in and out of modeling for some years now.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
Scottish/Welsh on my father's side, German/Ukrainian on my mother's
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
I was raised Catholic but have since found myself interested in various other religions/beliefs. I don't claim any single one as my own, but rather learn from each and find my own path :)
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I have a 2 year in Music Business/Technology and have recently finished my application/credits transfer to complete my BA at UNLV in Anthropology.


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Congratulations to our winner, MinervaG!
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5 Tips to Look Gorgeous This Summer
Monday will kick off the summer season, and if you live in an area where summer means heat… you know your makeup routine tends to change. Between heat, humidity, enjoying the outdoors, and for many, vacation, here are some of my favorite tips on adjusting your makeup for summer!
Tinted moisturizer is your friend! Whether you mix your own by mixing your existing foundation with your favorite moisturizer or you invest in a specific tinted moisturizer, it is a great alternative to regular foundations (especially if you tend to wear liquid foundation!). It's lightweight, melts on the skin, and it still gives you just a little coverage while still looking extremely natural. Many tinted moisturizers also include SPF–which is a must when the sun is shining (and even when you don't think it is).
A-hoy waterproof mascara! Keep those lashes looking long and luscious without worrying about flaking, smudging, or budging while you're enjoying the day by investing in a good waterproof mascara. One tip I have is to use your regular mascara first, and then do one coat of waterproof mascara. If you have any issues removing waterproof makeup, try an oil-based makeup remover like MAC's Cleanse-off Oil or shu uemura's Cleansing Oil–or even just plain ol' olive oil.
Three more tips… Continue reading →


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Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority Trials
By Mark D. Rothmann, Brian L. Wiens, Ivan S.F. Chan
Chapman and Hall/CRC – 2011 – 454 pages
Chapman and Hall/CRC – 2011 – 454 pages
The increased use of non-inferiority analysis has been accompanied by a proliferation of research on the design and analysis of non-inferiority studies. Using examples from real clinical trials, Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority Trials brings together this body of research and confronts the issues involved in the design of a non-inferiority trial. Each chapter begins with a non-technical introduction, making the text easily understood by those without prior knowledge of this type of trial.
Topics covered include:
A comprehensive discussion on the purpose and issues involved with non-inferiority trials, Design and Analysis of Non-inferiority Trials will assist current and future scientists and statisticians on the optimal design of non-inferiority trials and in assessing the quality of non-inferiority comparisons done in practice.
"This important book is relevant because this type of trial is preferred when an approved treatment is available and a conventional placebo-controlled trial would be difficult to justify. These trials are complex and this book goes a long way toward helping the investigator with the issues that arise. … This book is comprehensive and includes extensive coverage of every topic. It includes both frequentist and Bayesian approaches as appropriate. Throughout every chapter, topics are fully explained and examples are completely worked out, including statistical formulas and results. … a modern and thorough compendium for anyone involved in the design and analysis of noninferiority trials."
—Mark Bailey, Technometrics, November 2014
"… it offers unique perspectives and insights from three renowned experts in clinical trials who work at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in the pharmaceutical industry. It is refreshing to see FDA and industry perspectives blended thoughtfully, as in this book. … Written clearly and concisely, the book is a pleasure to read. Although there are some technical discussions intended for statisticians, most of the book is readily accessible to medical researchers with little statistical training. We recommend the book to anyone interested in NI trials—statisticians and nonstatisticians alike."
—Zhiwei Zhang and Lei Nie, Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 2014
"It is a pleasure to see a book completely devoted to the challenging arena of non-inferiority trials. … I am very impressed with its depth and breadth, and believe that it will be an important resource for anyone involved in designing non-inferiority trials. The authors weave in many examples, primarily in oncology, as well as a large set of references from the now substantial statistical literature on non-inferiority designs. … This book is a must-have resource for those involved in non-inferiority trials for the pharmaceutical industry, and a must-read for those new to non-inferiority trials. A portion of a special topics course in a biostatistics department could be built around this book, and this exposure would be especially valuable for students considering a career in or around the pharmaceutical industry."
—Erica Brittain, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, May 2012
"This is the first book which is devoted solely to non-inferiority studies. All three authors have published several papers on that topic over the last years. This comprehensive book covers in more than 400 pages nearly all aspects about non-inferiority trials, and beyond. It is also an excellent source of references about non-inferiority studies. … recommended for anyone working with clinical trials and in particular for those working in late phase drug development. It is an excellent source of concepts and statistical methods relevant for biostatisticians, clinical epidemiologists and students. This book also is a good source for non-inferiority studies for scientists from the clinical field."
—Steffen Witte, Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 2012
What Is a Non-Inferiority Trial?
Definition of Non-Inferiority
Reasons for Non-Inferiority Trials
Different Types of Comparisons
A History of Non-Inferiority Trials
Non-Inferiority Trial Considerations
External Validity and Assay Sensitivity
Critical Steps and Issues
Sizing a Study
Example of Anti-Infectives
Strength of Evidence and Reproducibility
Strength of Evidence
Evaluating the Active Control Effect
Active Control Effect
Meta-Analysis Methods
Bayesian Meta-Analyses
Across-Trials Analysis Methods
Two Confidence Interval Approaches
Synthesis Methods
Comparing Analysis Methods and Type I Error Rates
A Case in Oncology
Three-Arm Non-Inferiority Trials
Comparisons to Concurrent Controls
Bayesian Analyses
Multiple Comparisons
Comparing Multiple Groups to an Active Control
Non-Inferiority on Multiple End Points
Testing for Both Superiority and Non-Inferiority
Missing Data and Analysis Sets
Missing Data
Analysis Sets
Safety Studies
Considerations for Safety Study
Cardiovascular Risk in Antidiabetic Therapy
Additional Topics
Interaction Tests
Surrogate End Points
Adaptive Designs
Equivalence Comparisons
Inference on Proportions
Fixed Thresholds on Differences
Fixed Thresholds on Ratios
Fixed Thresholds on Odds Ratios
Bayesian Methods
Stratified and Adjusted Analyses
Variable Margins
Matched-Pair Designs
Inferences on Means and Medians
Fixed Thresholds on Differences of Means
Fixed Thresholds on Ratios of Means
Analyses Involving Medians
Ordinal Data
Inference on Time-to-Event End Points
Exponential Distributions
Nonparametric Inference Based on a Hazard Ratio
Analyses Based on Landmarks and Medians
Comparisons Over Preset Intervals
Appendix: Statistical Concepts
Frequentist Methods
Bayesian Methods
Comparison of Methods
Stratified and Adjusted Analyses
Dr. Mark Rothmann earned his Ph. D. in Statistics at the University of Iowa. He taught several years as a professor and has worked at the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. He has done research in many areas involving the design and analysis of clinical trials.
Dr. Brian L. Wiens, received his MS in statistics from Colorado State University and his Ph.D. in statistics from Temple University. He has worked at several pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies since 1991. He has published research in several areas of design and analysis of clinical trials. Dr. Wiens is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
Dr. Ivan S.F. Chan received his M.S. in Statistics from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and his Ph.D. in Biostatistics from University of Minnesota. He has worked at Merck Research Laboratories since 1995 and is currently Senior Director and Franchise Head for vaccines, leading the statistical support for all vaccine clinical research programs at Merck. Dr. Chan has published research in many areas of statistics including exact inference, analysis of non-inferiority trials, and methodologies for clinical trials.
Name: Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority Trials (Hardback) – Chapman and Hall/CRC
Description: By Mark D. Rothmann, Brian L. Wiens, Ivan S.F. Chan. The increased use of non-inferiority analysis has been accompanied by a proliferation of research on the design and analysis of non-inferiority studies. Using examples from real clinical trials, Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority Trials brings...
Categories: Medical Statistics & Computing, Clinical Trials - Pharmaceutical Science


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TMuscle acknowledges the use of AAS (anabolic and androgenic steroids) POMs (prescription-only medicines) and other performance-enhancing substances in bodybuilding today. It aims to provide reliable information on their safe administration, side effects and dangers.
TMuscle does not approve or support the unlawful supply, possession or use of any drug.
Members may report and describe factually their experiences with AAS and brands of AAS and POMs.
Members may not offer to supply or facilitate the unlawful supply of AAS, POMS or other controlled drugs on TMuscle or its messaging systems.
New Steroid Brands
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Article | January 3, 2011
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May 27
May 17
Facebook Link: https://www.facebook.com/events/242535432564601/ Hey Everyone! Rockin A Cure for CF5 is almost here. We have been working hard and planning even harder to make this, our Fifth Anniversary Year, the best ever! We believe we have gathered the most diverse and incredible group of performers yet. We have "Noelani's Hula Halau O Mo'olell Dance Company showing off their stuff. Mr. Gavyn Bailey is set to bring his smooth voice as our opening act. Miss LaciKayOfficial, teen sensation is on hand to rock the stage. For our fans of hard edged country we have Abi Ann Music & One Country hammer out incredible songs and heart felt emotion. When Shirley Levi called and told me she wanted to perform, what could I say but "OH YES!!! What she brings no one else does..... We have Author, producer, and actor Mr. Jon Woodward. He will bring his comedic style to the RC stage! Chief of Pulmonology at CHOC Dr. Bruce Nickerson will be on hand to tell us whats on the horizon in meds and treatments for CF. Mike Schumar will be here from the CF Foundation telling everyone how the foundation works and operates. We also have Michael Anderson's Rock Stars "All Stars" showcasing what new and upstarting talent is truly like. Finally we are pleased to announce that what I believe to be the best band in SoCal headlining.....none other than echo echo. They are a band like no other around and we are fortunate and blessed to have them on our stage. There will be numerous vendors for your shopping experience along with food and drink for sale. We are also selling beer and wine for those 21 and older. So please get ready, get set and go...... TICKETS ON SALE NOW! Contact the Artist for tickets. $15.00 - General Admission $20 VIP Tickets (VIP tickets are for those that want early entry and special seating along with a few other perks for the night.) Our purple carpet will begin at 2pm with various media sources, press and media sources. Any questions please contact us at 951-314-2568. See you there!!! Performers: Echo Echo - https://www.facebook.com/weareechoecho Laci Kay - https://www.facebook.com/LaciKayOfficial Abi Ann & One Country - https://www.facebook.com/AbiAnnMusic Gavyn Bailey - https://www.facebook.com/gavynbaileymusic Shirley Levi - https://www.facebook.com/pages/Shirley-Levi/113226045414739 Rock Stars All Stars - https://www.facebook.com/rockstarsoftomorrow Event Schedule: 2 - 4pm Purple Carpet 2 - 2:50 Noelanis Halau O Hula Mo'olelo Dance Company 2:50 - Intro to event 3:00 - 3:35 Gavyn Bailey 3:35 - 3:45 Cheyenne Smiths CF story 3:50 - 4:25 Laci Kay 4:20 - 4:30 Dee-Dizzle from 99.1 Radio 4:35 - 5:20 Shirley Levi 5:15 - 5:30 Dr. Bruce Nickerson CHOC 5:30 - 6:45 Rock Stars All Stars 6:45 - 7:00 Dee-Dizzle from 99.1 Radio 7:00 - 8:00 Abi Ann & One Country 8:00 - 8:45 Dee Dizzle (raffle items, cf foundation) 8:45 - 9:45 Echo Echo (HEADLINER) 9:45 - 10:00 Closing Vendors: It Works Wraps by Amy B Celebrating Home with Paula Cordova Rainbow Cleaning System LA Players Sponsors: AB Weddings & Special Events Garden Grove Amphitheater Go Girl Energy Drink .
Aug 12
"This ain't no corporate rock!! This is Shirley RAWk!!!" DAYLE GLORIA PRESENTS: SHIRLEY LEVI Monday August 12th @ 10pm sharp! LIVE @ The Viper Room!! VIP Admission (No cover charge) to first 50 people who RSVP! Otherwise, $10 cover at the door if you don't RSVP: https://www.facebook.com/events/522844984453663 Upstairs on the MAIN STAGE 8852 W Sunset Blvd West Hollywood, CA 90069 Parking right behind on Larrabee St. Also performing: The Psycho Sonics (11pm), Jonah Nimoy (9pm) The Velvet Teaparty (8pm)
Jan 20
Shirley Levi performs LIVE @ Tigerheat @ Avalon!!
Oct 23
Re-Bel Visionary Music presents another of Shirley Levi's "Guerilla Broadway" productions with her new hit song "Do U Luv Me?" in a one-night exclusive performance at Monster!
Sounds Like: Shirley Levi
Label: Re-Bel Visionary Music
Bio: Shirley Levi (AKA: Miss Muzik) is a powerful, driven, self-taught American Singer/Recording Artist/Activist & Poetic Songwriter of Hope who writes, produces and performs all her own music. She's CEO of her own label Re-Bel Visionary Music which she founded as a vehicle to develop and expose herse...See Full Bio
Posted a new song: "Moonlit Pave (Vintage Xperimental Recording)" http://www.reverbnation.com/q/54wg7t #music
"We enjoyed your video and don't stop making music!" Shirley Levi's Live Video Recording of her song "Luv is Lonely" will be featured on Making Music Magazine's Community Video Page and all over the web, YouTube, Social Media, and e-Newsletter platforms!


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1900 $1 Lafayette Dollar MS66 NGC. DuVall 1-B. ...
2013 March 21 -22 & 24 US Coin Signature Auction - Dallas #1183
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Heritage Auctions
3500 Maple Avenue
Dallas, TX 75219
|Printable auction results for all items in the 2013 March 21 -22 & 24 US Coin Signature Auction - Dallas.
1900 Lafayette Dollar, MS661900 $1 Lafayette Dollar MS66 NGC. DuVall 1-B. This is an awe inspiring example of this popular, crown-sized early commemorative. Commemoratives have long been one of the most popular series for collectors and the appearance of a premium quality Lafayette has always stirred excitement. Both sides are beautifully toned in scattered emerald-green and russet colors. The underlying surfaces exhibit a vibrant, satiny appearance, being remarkably free of coin-to-coin contact. The typical Lafayette dollar, an issue that was sold in great numbers to the non-collecting general public, is often found lightly circulated and all too often cleaned. Even a pleasing MS63 specimen can be difficult to find. High-end coins, above the grade of MS65, are of the utmost rarity and quickly absorbed by the serious commemorative collector. To this we add that the Lafayette dollar is one of the keys to the U.S. commemorative set in the finer Mint State grades; few coins display surfaces as smooth and blatantly original as those of the present MS66 specimen. Destined for the finest set. Census: 61 in 66 (3 in 66+), 8 finer (2/13).
A Nicely Toned, Obviously Original Example
A Nicely Toned, Obviously Original Example
Ex: Baltimore Signature (Heritage, 7/2003), lot 9114; Fort Worth Signature (Heritage, 3/2010), lot 1744.(Registry values: N4719) (NGC ID# 28N8, PCGS# 9222)
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Obama faces Syria test as House holds 1st hearing
A consistent refrain in Tuesday's Senate hearing was the need for clearer limits on the duration and scope of any resolution that authorizes military force. Chief among them was language barring American soldiers from being sent to fight in Syria, something Obama has said repeatedly he has no intention of doing.
"There's no problem in our having the language that has zero capacity for American troops on the ground," Kerry told lawmakers. "President Obama is not asking America to go to war."
The administration says 1,429 died from the attack on Aug. 21 in a Damascus suburb. The British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which collects information from a network of anti-government activists in Syria, says it has been compiling a list of the names of the dead and says its toll has reached 502. Assad's government blames the episode on the rebels. A United Nations inspection team is awaiting lab results on tissue and soil samples it collected while in the country before completing a closely watched report.
Obama, who arrived in Stockholm early Wednesday, will be hoping to maintain the momentum toward congressional approval that he has generated since Saturday, when he announced he would ask lawmakers to authorize what until then had appeared to be imminent military action against Syria.
On Monday, the president met privately at the White House with the Senate's two leading Republican hawks, John McCain of Arizona and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, and persuaded them to support his plans for an intervention on condition that he also seek to aid the Syrian rebels seeking to oust Assad.
A day later, he sat down with Boehner, Cantor and several other senior lawmakers to make a similar case that Assad must be punished for breaching the nearly century-old international taboo of using chemical weapons and for crossing the "red line" Obama set nearly a year ago. After gaining significant support, Kerry, Hagel and Dempsey appeared to get the backing of most senators at Tuesday's hearing.
"You're probably going to win" Congress' backing, Rand Paul of Kentucky, a conservative senator and likely opponent of the measure, conceded in a late-afternoon exchange with Kerry.
However, even proponents of military action urged Obama to do more to sell his plans to an American public that is highly skeptical after a decade of war in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Obama, who will travel from Sweden's capital to an economic summit in St. Petersburg, Russia, on Thursday, has little international support for action right now. Among major allies, only France has offered publicly to join the United States in a strike, although President Francois Hollande says he'll await Congress' decision.
Obama had canceled a one-on-one meeting in Moscow with Russian President Vladimir Putin amid tensions over Russia's granting of asylum to National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden.
In a wide-ranging interview Tuesday with The Associated Press, Putin expressed hope that the two would have serious discussions about Syria and other issues in St. Petersburg. Putin has warned the West against taking one-sided action in Syria but also said Russia "doesn't exclude" supporting a U.N. resolution on punitive military strikes if it is proved that Damascus used poison gas on its own people.
Associated Press writers David Espo, Julie Pace, Josh Lederman, Donna Cassata, Alan Fram, Jennifer C. Kerr and Lolita C. Baldor contributed to this report.
The Associated Press


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He had been president of one of them, the screen Actors Guild.
Killer fish jumping through the screen, the return of Richard Dreyfuss— Piranha 3D has it all.
What was it like to watch The Normal Heart on screen in a room full of those people?
mid-14c., "upright piece of furniture providing protection from heat of a fire, drafts, etc.," probably from a shortened (Anglo-French? cf. Anglo-Latin screna) variant of Old North French escren, Old French escran "fire-screen" (early 14c.), perhaps from Middle Dutch scherm "screen, cover, shield," or Frankish *skrank "barrier," from Proto-Germanic *skerm- (cf. Old High German skirm, skerm "protection," from PIE *(s)ker- "to cut" (see shear (v.)).
Meaning "net-wire frame used in windows and doors" is recorded from 1859. Meaning "flat vertical surface for reception of projected images" is from 1810, originally in reference to magic lantern shows; later of movies. Transferred sense of "cinema world collectively" is attested from 1914; hence screen test (1918), etc. Screen saver first attested 1990. Screen printing recorded from 1918.
"to shield from punishment, to conceal," late 15c., from screen (n.). Meaning "examine systematically for suitability" is from 1943; sense of "to release a movie" is from 1915. Related: Screened; screening.
screen (skrēn)
One that serves to protect, conceal, or divide.
The white or silver surface on which a picture is projected for viewing.
A screen memory.
To process a group of people in order to select or separate certain individuals from it.
To test or examine for the presence of disease or infection.


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1. Heat a wok until hot and add olive oil into it.
2. Add ginger and garlic, fry for 10-20 seconds.
3. Add shiitake and oyster mushrooms.
4. Then add shao hsing jiu or rice wine, sugar, soy sauce, vinegar, sesame oil and fry for 1 minute.
5. Add enoki mushrooms and add some water. Simmer a couple of minutes.
6. Serve hot.


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Remember Me
Nothing has changed in that department. In fact, Knowles' star continues to rise as he sets the gearshift for the heart of the sun, but otherwise a lot has changed. With the new album, Coming Up for Air (released June 16 on Blix Street Records), the supporting tour in motion, and a continuing line of high profile dates on the horizon, Davy Knowles & Back Door Slam may claim to be "coming up for air" but you certainly wouldn't know it.
"Throwing my heart to a stranger was never something I could do" (from "Amber's Song")
The new album shares a producing credit with a rather recognizable name, Peter Frampton. Having heard from a mutual friend that Frampton was interested in doing co-writes on new material, Knowles jumped at the opportunity to collaborate. As with so many things in the music business, it's a name dropped here, a meeting there and next thing you know Frampton took the reins, producing essentially the whole thing, save for a couple tracks self-produced by Knowles.
In the end, it took about a year before Frampton and Knowles wound up in a room together to talk about the co-writes and their goals for the collaboration, but things really took off from there. "We wrote three songs together and I asked him if he wanted to produce those tracks and he agreed," Knowles says. "Naturally, as we were talking through what we wanted those tracks to sound like, I realized that is what I want the whole album to sound like."
"Doing what I could for someone else, didn't know that I was saving myself" (from "Saving Myself")
The biggest step forward for Knowles & Back Door Slam - including the name change with Knowles' name now on the "door" - was rooted in a very tough decision. Knowles parted ways with former bandmates and lifelong friends, Ross Doyle (drums) and Adam Jones (bass). While at face value, this looks like a business decision straight out of Almost Famous ("Frankly, your looks are becoming a problem"), but having seen the new band live, it's clear that this was the right decision. Obviously, any decision to part with original band members will rub some people the wrong way, but this new band with Steve Barci on drums and PK on bass is better. There is a lot more interplay and a noticeable uptick in jamming as opposed to what used to be a band all about Knowles with a heavy burden on near-nonstop soloing.
"It's so important to keep learning and keep progressing," Knowles offers. "It is not at all about the caliber of musicians. Just look at Cream, they were the best band in the world. I think it is important to learn from as many different people as you can. The sound of the band and on the album hasn't changed too much, and no disrespect to Adam and Ross, but this has really opened a lot of doors. I think you just have to crack on, keep your head down and don't look back too much."
It's almost ironic that the band name now highlights Knowles as opposed to simply Back Door Slam, because the live show actually involves a lot more input from the other members, particularly with the advent of a keyboard player. The band doesn't have a solidified permanent keyboardist in the lineup, but Benmont Tench (longtime member of Tom Petty's Heartbreakers) played on most of the album tracks and the band has been implementing keys on the road, bringing Ty Bailie out for the live shows. "I always wanted a keyboard player. I love playing with a keyboard. In fact, the only reason it was ever a three-piece in the first place was because we couldn't afford to bring out a keys player," says Knowles. "It sounds really strange, but it actually creates a lot more room. Having someone to fall back on means I don't have to always keep playing."
Continue reading for more on Davy Knowles & Back Door Slam...
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Justin Bieber, Your Stage Crasher Just Wanted To Say Hi And Give You A Big Hug
Justin Bieber, listen up, you're alleged attacker (who busted up your piano and totally freaked you out) has something to say to you.
In a radio interview this week, the anonymous and alleged stage crasher who charged at the "Boyfriend" singer during his concert in Dubai on May 5 gave an interview with 104.4 Virgin Radio Dubai.
And attempted an apology… oh, and doesn't like being called an 'attacker.'
"That really, really upset me. I was just trying to say hi and take a picture," he told the host.
Apparently, he was just so overwhelmed with Bieber Fever, he couldn't help but rush the stage to get a closer look at the 19-year-old heartthrob.
"I just wanted just a chance to go on the stage and hug him," he said. According to radio host Brent Black, the alleged attacker contacted the station independently to confess and because of all the haters he was kept anonymous for his own safety. "His parents are unaware of his situation, and we wanted to avoid any kind of home trouble… plus thousands of little girls hated him," Black told Celebuzz. But now after listening to his plea, Beliebers have apparently calmed down and come to their senses by calling into the station and taking to social media to forgive the stage crasher, said Black. And luckily for Biebs, the crazed fan's attempt at giving him a tight squeeze was thwarted by security, who tackled the kid to the ground. Phew! "I brought my arm like I wanted to hug him and say Justin Bieber you're my idol, that's it. I think he's gonna hug me and that's not happened." He admits he just wasn't thinking straight, being that J-Biebs was thisclose to him. "I didn't mean to scare him or cut the song," he added. "I'm a true Believer and I'm so sorry to the security and all the staff."


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The Morris Island Lighthouse is half restored. And while that is a huge achievement, to stop the restoration now would be akin to putting a candle in the powerful lighthouse lantern. Let's finish the job right.
While the foundation is new and the structure no longer threatens to list into the drink, there is much more to be done - at least $2 million more.
The lantern that protects the lighting apparatus and serves as a roof needs to be replaced. Right now, it leaks, so rain enters the structure. Brackets in the gallery level are rusted, making it unsafe. Birds can get in, and their droppings are corrosive.
And the exterior masonry needs to be repaired and repainted. The sun and weather have eroded the mortar joints.
Save the Light, a nonprofit, has launched a new campaign to raise money for the repairs. Members hope that donors will be inspired by the idea of making the lighthouse virtually functional again - and by returning it to its striking appearance with new painted stripes.
The building, which stood through storms and darkness to save seafarers from running aground and sinking, warrants at least that.
The 1867 Morris Island Lighthouse, the third lighthouse built on the site, was decommissioned and replaced by the new Sullivan's Island Lighthouse in 1962. In 1965, the federal government sold it to a private citizen.
Save the Light was founded in 1999 in order to raise money to purchase the iconic structure for $75,000 and to preserve it. The organization transferred the lighthouse to the state of South Carolina through the Department of Natural Resources and leased it back for 99 years to coordinate the stabilization, erosion control and restoration.
After that, it raised money to pay for the new foundation.
Save the Light has some money left over from that project, and sales of Morris Island Lighthouse license tags generate about $40,000 a year toward the next phase. Members are planning an oyster roast on Jan. 12 to raise money. Save the Light will sponsor a half-marathon and 5K run in February and a gala and auction in March.
For $5,000, a donor can sponsor one of the lighthouse's 203 stairs. His name, or the name of someone to be honored, is engraved on a brass plaque. At least 38 have been sold.
It is impressive to think that this grassroots organization has raised more than $5 million in local, state and federal funds. Various ways to contribute are described at savethelight.org
Save the Light chairman Al Hitchcock said a major donor could put them in a position to borrow money and begin the last phase of restoration.
The Morris Island Lighthouse might not be used to signal ships any more, but it is an important - and picturesque - symbol of the Lowcountry's maritime heritage.
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The Storm That Swept Mexico | Railway of the Revolution | PBS
Duration: 01:44
Program: The Storm That Swept Mexico
The Railroads were a key character in the Mexican Revolution. Used for trade, transportation, escapes, attacks, hospitals, the trains played a major role in the revolution.Tags:
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Revolutionary...
Video Module for Lesson Plan "Revolutionary Leaders" 11:13
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Preview | PBS
This film tells the epic story of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Fueled by the Mexican people's growing... 00:31
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Felipe Angeles | PBS
Felipe Angeles: The Heart and Soul of the Revolution 04:48
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Trailer | PBS
Journey back in time and experience the first revolution shot on film. 01:37
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Revolutionary...
Lesson plan video module 05:10
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Revolutionary Art...
Video Module for Lesson Plan about the art movement in the Mexican revolution 05:31
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Haciendas of...
A glimpse into the legendary Haciendas of Chihuahua, Mexico 01:28
The Storm That Swept Mexico | Morelos: Land of...
"The land belongs to those who work it with their own hands" - Emiliano Zapata 01:54
World Business: Chinese Train Rollout --...
World Business: China plans to have 25000 km of High Speed Rail operational by 2020, this year alone, the bill for... 06:13
Need To Know | Building the Next America: Is... (#150)
Ed Rendell on building America's future. 05:35
World Business: A New Port for Kenya --...
World Business: Kenya is in an enviable position. As trade grows between Africa and the booming markets of Asia, its... 05:31
Blueprint America | Choke Point | PBS
Rick Karr reports on Chicago's freight rail system for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. 10:13
Blueprint America | Off the Rails | PBS
Correspondent Rick Karr goes 14 stories below 63rd Street and 2nd Avenue in New York City. 08:49
Blueprint America | Public Transit Faces New...
Americans are using more mass transit these days, putting pressure on transit agencies. 09:22
Blueprint America | Keep on Trucking? | PBS
Full Program: A look at the needs, challenges, and solutions for transporting cargo across America. 23:53
Need To Know | The Thin Green Line | PBS (#120)
An elevated park in New York. 08:42
POV | El General -- Trailer | PBS (#2306)
Past and present collide as award-winning filmmaker Natalia Almada (Al Otro Lado, POV 2006) brings to life audio... 02:33
POV | Behind the Lens - El General | PBS (#2306)
Filmmaker Natalia Almada talks about filmmaking, history, memory and family. 10:43
From Here to There (#106)
Full Program: From the "modern" times of the early 1900s, viewers travel back to the days when steamboats navigated the Mississippi,... 29:49
- Watch more video from this program
Post Date: April 8, 2011


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I put on a 11-34 XT cog on my wife's 2004 feminine Jekyll and the top mech pully is hitting the 34 tooth. I can hear it and feel it when I ride, that's how bad it is. I tried to adjust the little screw but it didn't help that much. In the end I rigged it so it's running fine now but I'd like to find a better solution for the problem. I'm thinking maybe the hanger was designed for up to 32 tooth cog. Anyone have any ideas?
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The Late Show with Stephen Colbert recently named charismatic New Orleans jazz musician Jon Batiste as bandleader. At the 2014 Aspen Ideas Festival, Batiste sat down with Aspen Institute President Walter Isaacson for a lively conversation that was part performance and part discussion.
David Letterman has said his last goodbyes and his show's set in the Ed Sullivan Theatre has been carted off, consigned to the showbiz Dumpster. Next up is Stephen Colbert, who is busy running test shows, whipping his writers into a frenzy to generate material.
As the world pauses with Tom Brady to "digest" the NFL report, take our latest Week to Week news quiz and find out what else happened this week.
Film festivals flourish in beautiful places. The Montclair Film Festival in Montclair, New Jersey, now at its midpoint, adds to that rule, expanding to ten days, and inaugurating awards for filmmaking in memory of two Montclair residents who died this year.
I prefer a touch of dark humor when I'm digesting tragedy. Is it me, or does CNN seem a little bit too excited when they have a cruise ship sinking or a plane crash to cover?
There are currently no female flavors of Ben & Jerry's ice cream (even Tina Fey would agree that, while "Greek frozen yogurt" is certainly a healthy ice cream alternative, it is not the same as ice cream).
AUSTIN -- With two of broadcast TV's satirical news-meisters heading to pastures new this year, is online video yet in a position to move in and oc...
The Nightly Show clearly knows its voice and if one thing is for sure, it's that the show is in the infancy of what will be a great run. Unique and irreverent, Wilmore's a breath of fresh air that provides a new perspective to balance out the 50 shade of white that make up late night television today.
As someone who's concerned about the public dialogue, and especially concerned about conservative misinformation, the news of Stewart's pending exit is troubling. It's particularly dismaying coming on the heels of Stephen Colbert's recent departure from Comedy Central.
Even as Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert lay down the weapons of satire, even as they cease and desist from slashing away at the monstrous inanities of American politics, Arab TV producers have begun to attack ISIS with something its militants fear even more than airstrikes: ridicule.
I was able to sleep more peacefully because of my soul mate Jon. Okay, I also had a relationship with Stephen Colbert who was like the wacky genius uncle of the family. They forever changed the way we get our news, and they redefined TV truth.
Although the 'Colbert Nation' is a virtual one, and Stephen Colbert's control of it is largely for comic effect, his power to mobilize action is quite real.
Between last episode and this one, The Interview went from a planned wide release to a cancelled release to a limited release to an online release. Phew!
Many orchids are now endangered or going extinct, as we destroy their special habitats. As it is, our exploding populations are changing the climate and irreversibly extinguishing much of the beautiful tapestry of life on Earth, and our mega life support systems, our ecosystems.
This week brought two very different goodbyes. First, we said adios to 54 years of Cuban isolation policy, with President Obama lifting bans on travel and trade and resuming diplomatic relations. The other goodbye was to The Colbert Report. After nine years and 1,447 episodes, Stephen Colbert signed off in appropriate fashion, with Santa, a unicorn, Abe Lincoln, and a chess match with Death. Then, he was joined by dozens of former guests -- including Big Bird, Henry Kissinger, George Lucas, Katie Couric, James Franco, Cory Booker, Willie Nelson, and myself -- for a bittersweet version of "We'll Meet Again." After nearly a decade of Colbert, it's clear that what's truly special about him isn't his amazing wit, incredible timing, or even how staggeringly funny he is; it's his heart. Underneath his blowhard character, his humor consistently came from a place of compassion and truth (in the guise of truthiness) -- exactly what we need in these polarized times. Thankfully, we'll all be resuming ties with Colbert again soon.
Each month the show's creators, Alistair Barrie and Nick Revell, stir a pot of lively discussions featuring journalists and comedians. This month it's Hal Cruttenden, Michael Deacon, Jo Jo Smith and first-timer James O'Brien (who normally serves as the host for the show.)


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Advancing Diversity & Inclusive Excellence
Welcome to CME's digital home!
We invite you to use the resources on this site to learn more about our work, and how we can help your understanding and action for the University's commitment to Inclusive Excellence.
Year End Review Presentation
Members of the University community were invited to attend our year-end review presentation on June 16th. CME staff recapped our 2014-15 initiatives and programs, and shared tentative plans for the upcoming year. Check out a PDF version of the slideshow and our CME Celebration video.
Chancellor announces administrative changes
On December 4, 2014, Chancellor Chopp notified the University community of some structural changes at DU that affect CME, namely the creation of a new senior leadership position, the Vice Chancellor for Campus Life and Inclusive Excellence, to whom we would eventually report. In March 2015, she announced plans to also add Diversity Recruitment and Retention Leader in Human Resources (hiring underway), and a Senior Associate Provost for Diversity, Equity and Inclusive Excellence and Senior Advisor to the Chancellor for Diversity and External Relations. These two additional officers will work in concert with the new vice chancellor on institution-wide IE transformation, building on the ongoing Imagine DU initiatives.
- On May 26th, Dr Liliana Rodriguez was announced as the new vice chancellor, joining our community from July 1.
- On May 28th, the Chancellor announced that our Dr Frank Tuitt, will become Senior Advisor to the Chancellor and Provost on Diversity and Inclusion effective September 1, working in part to refine plans and lay groundwork for the permanent Sr Asc Provost position. IRISE and faculty/sr admin diversity recruiting will continue to report to him.
- June 1st, the Chancellor announced that our Johanna Leyba will become the Acting Associate Vice Chancellor for Inclusive Excellence and Executive Director of the Center for Multicultural Excellence from July 1.
- DU Clarion coverage of these announcements.
- Chancellor's "state of Inclusive Excellence" summary of June 8.
We've been assured that programs and services through CME, IRISE and Student Life will continue with minimal changes for the foreseeable future. Stay for tuned for updates!
Of note...
- Read the Denver Post article on the recent DPS English learners Summer Academy, hosted at DU by CME, GSSW and other partners!
- Staff and faculty are invited to bring a lunch and participate in a national webinar on Racial Climate on Campus: Best Practices for Education, Response & Adjudication with Rev. Dr. Jamie Washington. We'll cover strategies for engaging in best practices that meet the needs of our diverse student body so we can educate students about what constitutes racist speech and action, respond to incidents swiftly and effectively when they do occur, and adjudicate incidents effectively and fairly. Wednesday, 22 July, 12-2pm in Sturm Hall 453. Space is limited. Please RSVP to firstname.lastname@example.com or on Facebook
- Check out the Human Resources' Fridays@Noon lunch and learn series page, where the 6/26 session with our Thomas Walker has been posted.
- Summer Q&A Training sessions have been scheduled; see details and register via tinyurl.com/Summer2015QnA
- Summer sharing! The English Language Center is holding summer Conversation Partner Lunches! PDF flyer has details and contact info.
Congratulations to these faculty colleagues active in Inclusive Excellence work with CME/IRISE, on their promotions and/or tenure, effective this fall:
- Dr Bernadette Calafell, Communication Studies, to full Professor
- Dr Judy Marquez Kiyama, Higher Education, to Associate Professor with tenure
- Dr Sarah Pessin, Philosophy (and director, Center for Judaic Studies), to full Professor
- We're HIRING! We have begun to post work award student staff positions for next year. Search for our department under work-study link at www.du.edu/studentemployment/students/jobs Other on- and off-campus positions, including those not requiring work awards, are linked there as well.
- Check our Publications page for the latest Diversity Engagement Opportunities (DEO) compilation and Bulletin Board in a Bag. Upcoming CME and Joint Council student organization events on our online calendar (at right).


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News Archive
December 6, 2005
8 years into campaign to enter the elite, U. of Kentucky assesses its progress and how far it has yet to go.
December 5, 2005
Finance panel's review to focus on board's due diligence in setting ex-president's pay -- and nonprofit trustee oversight generally.
December 5, 2005
Middlebury College announced Friday that it had finished a deal under which the Monterey Institute of International Studies became an affiliate of the college. Academic programs at the two institutions are not expected to see immediate changes, but Middlebury is expected to strengthen Monterey financially.
December 5, 2005
Participants at liberal event avoid expulsion, but new gay rights group left in limbo on right to form.
December 5, 2005
As shifts in anthropological representations of indigenous peoples take root, they also evolve.
December 5, 2005
City U. of New York starts ambitious effort to deal with one of higher ed's most vexing demographic challenges.
December 5, 2005
Despite comments that enraged many alumni, Richmond president keeps his job.
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