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A method and apparatus for detecting and tracking spread spectrum signals, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, first obtain precision timing and frequency reference information from a relatively high-power, secondary signal, such as that emanating from a satellite of a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications system, and then use such reference information to perform narrow-band detection of the GPS spread spectrum signal. Accordingly, spread spectrum signals are more efficiently detected and tracked, particularly in environments where they are attenuated by obstacles such as buildings or environmental barriers.
1. A GPS receiver unit for detecting a GPS spread spectrum signal transmitted from a GPS satellite, the GPS receiver unit comprising:
a non-GPS satellite receiver for receiving a non-GPS satellite signal transmitted by a non-GPS satellite, wherein the non-GPS satellite signal enables determination of a timing reference and a frequency reference;
a GPS spread spectrum receiver detects the GPS spread spectrum signal from a GPS satellite; and
the GPS spread spectrum receiver, coupled to the non-GPS satellite receiver, for using the timing reference and the frequency reference received by the non-GPS satellite receiver to detect the GPS spread spectrum signal.
2. The GPS receiver unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a frequency downconverter, coupled to the non-GPS satellite receiver and the GPS spread spectrum receiver, for downconverting the non-GPS satellite signal and the GPS spread spectrum signal; and
an antenna, coupled to the frequency downconverter, for receiving the non-GPS satellite signal and the GPS spread spectrum signal.
This application is related to the following three issued patents and one co-pending patent application which are assigned to the same assignee as the present application:
(1) "Position Locating and Communication System Using Multiple Satellite Constellations", U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,211;
(2) "Position-Aided Subscriber Unit for a Satellite Cellular System", U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,504;
(3) "Satellite-Based Geolocation Calibration System and Method", U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,101; and
(4) "Method and Apparatus for Provicling Duplex Communication Service in Geographical Areas Where Conventional Services Are Obstructed",U.S. Ser. No. 08/672,171.
This invention relates generally to the field of detecting and tracking spread spectrum signals and, more particularly, detecting and tracking such signals for location determination purposes. More specifically, this invention relates to location determination methods and apparatuses using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Several practical applications require a user device to detect and track spread spectrim signals. For example, a wireless location-determination unit (herein "GPS Unit") which uses Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to determine its approximate location must detect and track multiple spread spectrum signals from the GPS satellites.
Detection of spread spectrum signals, such as those transmitted by the constellation of GPS satellites, is typically performed using a search procedure which detects the signals in both frequency and time. When searching for the appropriate time offset, a GPS Unit may sequentially "step" or "sweep" through a range of time offsets from a reference waveform. Alternatively, a parallel process using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter could be used.
The appropriate time offset is identified as the offset when the GPS Unit 5 detects a peak in a correlation function between an incoming GPS signal and the reference waveform. Correlation of the incoming signal and the reference waveform is typically defined by averaging the product of the incoming signal with a locally-synthesized reference waveform in the GPS Unit's receiver.
When wideband spread spectrum signals are used for communication or for precision range measurement, the detection and acquisition of the desired signal requires that the search process be restricted to very small time steps. Consequently, extensive search resources are required for acquisition when the receiver clock has any significant timing uncertainty (i.e., when a wide time range is searched).
As stated previously, the GPS Unit also performs a search in the frequency domain, thus requiring additional search resources. Similarly to the time offset search, the frequency search typically sweeps or steps through a range of frequencies to detect a peak in a frequency correlation function.
The frequency search process is made more difficult when the incoming signal is very weak. An incoming signal may be weak for several reasons. For example, the signal may have been transmitted at a low power, the distance between the transmitter and the GPS Unit may be great, or the GPS Unit may be in an environment where signal reception is attenuated (e.g., inside a building). For very weak signals, the signal dwell time must be sufficient to provide detectability, thus placing restrictions on the frequency step that must be searched.
Because of the restrictions on the frequency step and the timing step, the efficiency of two dimensional (i.e., frequency and time) searches is a primary issue for efficient detection and acquisition of complex spread spectrum waveforms.
What is needed are a method and apparatus to more efficiently detect and track spread spectrum signals, particularly weak spread spectrum signals. Particularly needed are a method and apparatus to rapidly determine location using GPS signals in environments where the incoming GPS signals are attenuated.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of an exemplary system which provides efficient Spread Spectrum Signal detection in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a Receiver Unit in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of a method for efficient detection and acquisition of a Spread Spectrum Signal in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The method and apparatus of the present invention enables efficient detection and acquisition of spread spectrum signals, including spread spectrum signals which may be too weak to be detected by prior-art methods. In particular, the method and apparatus of the present invention enable rapid detection and acquisition of GPS spread spectrum signals for determination of a GPS Unit's location, especially in environments where incoming GPS signals are attenuated.
The method and apparatus of the present invention enhance the detectability and trackability of spread spectrum signals by first obtaining approximate timing and frequency information from a relatively high-power, alternate signal, and then using that approximate information to perform narrow-band detection of the spread spectrum signal.
As used herein, the wireless unit which acquires and tracks the spread spectrum signal is referred to generally as the "Receiver Unit". For example, the Receiver Unit could be a handset which is adapted to receive GPS signals. The spread spectrum signal to be detected and acquired is referred to generally as the "Spread Spectrum Signal",and the source of the Spread Spectrum Signal is referred to as the "Primary Source". For example, the Primary Source could be one or more GPS satellites, and the Spread Spectrum Signal could be the GPS signals emanating from those satellites.
In addition, the alternate signal which is used to determine preliminary timing and frequency information is referred to generally as the "Secondary-Source Signal" or "Secondary Signal", and the source of the Secondary-Source Signal is referred to as the "Secondary Source". For example, the Secondary Source could be a non-GPS satellite, and the Secondary-Source Signal could be a signal transmitted by that satellite from which a Receiver Unit could obtain timing and frequency information. The Secondary-Source Signal could be any signal which includes relevant timing and/or frequency information and which has a good probability of reception by the Receiver Unit. In a preferred embodiment. the Secondary-Source Signal is a signal from a satellite system (e.g., the Iridium� Communications System), although other signals alternatively could be used. For example, Secondary-Source Signals could originate from terrestrial wireless systems, such as cellular telephone systems.
The method and apparatus of the present invention are described using an exemplary system which includes GPS satellites as the Primary Source, one or more Low-Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites as the Secondary Source, and a handheld wireless unit which includes a GPS receiver as the Receiver Unit. The system described is used for the purposes of example only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The method and apparatus of the present invention could be used in any system which includes a Primary Source of a Spread Spectrum Signal, a Secondary Source of a Secondary-Source Signal having relevant timing/frequency information, and a Receiver Unit which can receive the Spread Spectrum Signal and the Secondary-Source Signal.
Also for the purposes of example, the currently-existing Iridium Communications System is used as the LEO satellite system whose satellites serve as Secondary Sources. The Iridium System satellites are excellent Secondary Sources for several reasons.
First, the Iridium satellites transmit information which an Iridium handheld receiver can use to determine precision frequency and time references. These frequency and time references can be used in accordance with the present invention to assist GPS receiver, which is functionally coupled to the Iridium receiver, in acquiring and tracking GPS signals, including very weak GPS signals (e.g., those signals which may be experienced within a building or other area of high signal attenuation).
With respect to timing information, precision clocks in each of the Iridium satellites are used for signal synthesis as well as for Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) timing events onboard the satellite. Timing information is transmitted by the satellites in the L-band downlinks. By using this timing information, the timing uncertainty that a GPS receiver must search is greatly reduced.
With respect to frequency information, Iridium satellites transmit frequency references as well in the L-band downlink signal. By using the frequency reference established by tracking the Iridium signals and by compensating for predictable Doppler effects on the Iridium signals, a very precise frequency reference can also be established in the Iridium handheld receiver. Thus, the Iridium signals provide both a precision frequency reference and a precision timing reference that can enhance the ability of a GPS receiver to track the GPS signals.
The Iridium satellites orbit at a substantially lower altitude than the Mid-Earth Orbit (MEO) GPS satellites. Thus, if a signal from an Iridium satellite is transmitted at the same power level as a GPS signal, the Iridium signal will be much less attenuated at the earth's surface. For this reason, Iridium signals generally appear to be much stronger to a handset than a GPS signal. In areas where signals are attenuated (e.g., inside a building, underground, or in areas shaded by physical, geographic, or weather obstacles), the handheld receiver is generally much more capable of receiving the Iridium signal than the GPS signal.
In a preferred embodiment, the method and apparatus of the present invention allow enhanced detection and tracking of GPS signals by exploiting the precision frequency reference information and time reference information that is available from the Iridium System. Because the Iridium System is a worldwide resource, the synergism between the Iridium System and the GPS system is available for most users of GPS.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of an exemplary system 10 which provides efficient spread spectrum signal detection in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The system of FIG. 1 includes GPS Satellites 12, Non-GPS Satellite 14, and GPS Units 16, 18.
GPS Satellites 12 are the Primary Source of the Spread Spectrum Signals. These signals are used by GPS Units 16, 18 to determine time and location information. GPS Satellites 12 would comprise a part of the entire GPS System (not shown in its entirety). The GPS System includes a group of approximately twenty-four satellites, a maximum of eight or nine of which may be visible to any Receiver Unit at one time. GPS satellites are in 12-hour orbits at approximately 22,000 kilometers above the earth. Although GPS satellites are shown in FIG. 1, the method and apparatus of the present invention could be utilized to detect and acquire any spread spectrum signal, including other satellite signal signals or terrestrial-based signals.
Non-GPS Satellite 14 is the Secondary Source of the Secondary-Source Signal. The Secondary-Source Signal contains information from which precise time and frequency references can be derived. To operate most efficiently, the Secondary-Source Signal should be easily received by the GPS Units 16, 18. For example, the non-GPS Satellite 14 transmits the Secondary-Source Signal at a known frequency (or frequencies), and that signal is of a relatively high power level and/or frequency to enable easy acquisition by GPS Units 16, 18. Secondary Satellite could be, for example, a satellite of the Iridium System. Alternatively, the Secondary-Source Signal could emanate from any other wireless source such as, for example, one or more satellites of other communications systems or a terrestrial cellular communications system base station.
In a preferred embodiment where the Secondary-Source Signal emanates from a satellite such as an Iridium System satellite, the Secondary-Source Signal is very strong and is designed to be easily acquired with a hand-held user unit. With a system such as the Iridium System, Secondary-Source Signals could be control signals, voice signals, pager signals, or other types of signals. For example, in the Iridium System, voice channels provide for 16 dB of signal margin which should be sufficient for all users operating in an unobstructed environment.
Iridium pager channels achieve significantly greater signal margin by employing an enhanced communications architecture (e.g., use of known bit patterns in the Iridium System signal which allow for reduction of Iridium receiver bandwidths and thus enhancement of detectability, by employing more energy than the voice channels, etc.). Allocation of very narrow bandwidth pager channels can be achieved by use of selectable codes in the channel. In this way, only those users with knowledge of the codes would be able to achieve the ultimate narrow bandwidth tracking for operation in areas experiencing the greatest degree of signal attenuation. In other words, the Iridium communications system paging signal could include known messaging information which can be easily correlated with a known message stored in the Receiver Unit.
While Iridium control and/or voice channels could be receivable in attenuated environments, Iridium pager channels could be receivable in severely attenuated environments. Additionally, the use of selectable codes in conjunction with the pager channels would further enhance signal detectability in severely attenuated environments.
FIG. 1 shows two GPS Units 16, 18 to illustrate the advantages of the present invention. GPS Unit 16 is shown in an unobstructed environment where signals from both GPS satellites 12 and non-GPS satellite 14 would likely be detectable.
GPS Unit 18, however, is shown inside a building 20, which may cause severe attenuation of signals. The attenuation could be so severe that GPS satellite signals may not be easy to detect by GPS Unit 18. As will be described in further detail in conjunction with FIG. 3, the method and apparatus of the present invention enhance the ability of a GPS Unit located in an attenuated environment (such as GPS Unit 18) to detect GPS satellite signals.
In prior art systems, GPS Units 16, 18 would attempt to detect and acquire a GPS signal by stepping through both frequency and time offsets to determine peaks of correlation functions between a reference signal and the GPS satellite signal. For weak GPS signals, this process can be very extensive, fairly slow, and prone to failure.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, GPS Units 16, 18 first obtain timing and frequency information from Secondary-Source Signals transmitted by non-GPS Satellite 14. Using this information, GPS Units 16, 18 then detect and acquire the GPS signals from GPS Satellites 12. The method by which GPS Units 16, 18 detect GPS signals in accordance with a preferred embodiment is described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 3.
FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of Receiver Unit 50 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Receiver Unit 50 includes antenna 52, frequency downconverter 54, secondary-system receiver 56, and spread spectrum receiver 58.
In a GPS application using a satellite as a Secondary Source, antenna 52 receives signals from GPS satellites and non-GPS satellites and sends those signals to frequency downconverter 54. Frequency downconverter 54 downconverts the GPS signals and the non-GPS signals to frequencies (e.g., intermediate frequencies) necessary for secondary-system receiver 56 and spread spectrum receiver 58 to perform processing on those signals. Although only one antenna 52 and frequency downconverter 54 are shown in FIG. 2, more than one antenna and/or downconverter could be used to receive and/or downconvert the signals.
As will be described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 3, secondary-system receiver 56 receives the downconverted Secondary-Source Signal and obtains timing and frequency reference information from that signal. Secondary-system receiver 56 then provides this timing and frequency reference information to spread spectrum receiver 58.
As will also be described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 3, spread spectrum receiver 58 uses the timing reference and the frequency reference observed by secondary-system receiver 56 to detect the spread spectrum signal.
When the method and apparatus of the present invention are used in a GPS application with another satellite as the Secondary Source, secondary-system receiver 56 receives the Secondary-Source Signal from the other satellite (e.g., an Iridium System satellite), and the spread spectrum receiver 58 receives GPS signals.
FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of a method for efficient detection and acquisition of a spread spectrum signal in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, all steps of the method are performed by a Receiver Unit such as Receiver Unit 50 shown in FIG. 2. In alternate embodiments, some steps could be performed by other devices.
The method begins, in step 70, by the Receiver Unit acquiring a Secondary-Source Signal (e.g., an Iridium signal) transmitted by a Secondary Source (e.g., an Iridium satellite). As stated previously, the Secondary-Source Signal includes information from which a timing reference and a frequency reference can be determined.
Next, in step 72, the timing reference is determined from the Secondary-Source Signal. For example, the timing reference could be determined from an Iridium signal by evaluating a bit pattern of the Iridium signal. Methods for determining a timing reference from a signal such as an Iridium signal are known to those of skill in the art.
In step 74, a frequency reference is then determined or established from the Secondary-Source Signal. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the frequency reference is established by determining a carrier frequency of the Secondary-Source Signal. The carrier frequency could be determined by observing a received signal frequency, identifying a Doppler offset of the received signal frequency, and determining the carrier frequency by adjusting the received signal frequency by the Doppler offset. The frequency reference could then be established as the carrier frequency.
In step 76, the spread spectrum signal is then detected using the frequency reference and the timing reference. The frequency reference is used to generate a highly-precise synthesized reference signal which is used for GPS signal detection. The timing reference is used to align the synthesized reference signal with the timing of the received spread spectrum signal.
Once the spread spectrum signal is detected, the signal can be acquired in step 78 in any suitable way known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The method then ends.
Although the preferred embodiment of the present invention determines both timing and frequency reference information from a Secondary-Source Signal, alternate embodiments could determine either timing or frequency reference information. Such alternate embodiments may not achieve all the advantages of the method and apparatus of the present invention, but some benefits could be achieved using only one of the reference values.
Other methods exist for further reducing the GPS bandwidth by recognizing the redundancy in the GPS message structure and taking advantage of known data in the navigation message. The GPS signals contain biphase modulated data at 50 bits per second. Most GPS receivers use a tracking bandwidth wider than this level that allows detection of data bits with no a-priori knowledge of data bits. However, with a-priori knowledge of GPS data bits, detection and tracking bandwidth can be reduced to sub-Hz levels which greatly enhances the signal margin of the GPS receiver and allows tracking of the very weak GPS signals within buildings. Methods for exploiting a-priori knowledge of data bits within the GPS message structure can be used to further enhance the method and apparatus of the present invention.
In summary, the method and apparatus of the present invention enhance the detectability and trackability of Spread Spectrum Signals using narrow band tracking means afforded by combining a secondary system receiver (e.g., an Iridium System receiver) with a spread spectrum receiver (e.g., a GPS receiver). When applied to GPS, the method and apparatus of the present invention allow enhancement of detection and tracking of GPS signals by exploiting the precision frequency and time references that are available from a secondary system, such as the Iridium System.
The method and apparatus of the present invention have been described in the context of detection and acquisition of GPS signals. However, the method and apparatus of the present invention could be used in any system in which efficient detection of relatively-weak spread spectrum signals is desired. In addition, whereas the description uses the Iridium System satellites as an exemplary Secondary Sources, other Secondary Sources which enable determination of precise timing and frequency information could also be used.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, equivalents and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
[FREE GAME] - MONKEY JUMP! Mojo Leaps Bounds in App Store
The most highly anticipated game in the Monkey Goes Bananas series is NOW HERE TO PLAY!!! Monkey Jump! has hit App Stores and you are literally going to Go Bananas over this game!!!
You favorite Monkey, Mojo is back at it again in a new game that jumps and leaps bounds. Mojo jumps up a giant beanstalk that stretches high into the sky, collecting bananas while avoiding obstacles and hidden dangers.
This is an action packed adventure that you and Mojo will enjoy time and time again.
This game is loads of fun, So what are you waiting for. Download and play Monkey Jump!, LIVE in the App Store, TODAY!
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Have you ever heard about the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) crop acreage, production or stocks reports and wondered, "How does USDA come up with these crop estimates?" "Why do they impact prices so much?" Or, "why can't USDA get it right?"
"Change is a hard thing to accept, but for ranchers in Kansas things are always changing and successful ranchers are always looking ahead - adapting their management to meet that change," said Tim Christian state coordinator for the Kansas Grazing Lands Coalition (KGLC). "Registration is open for the 2014 KGLC range schools and we encourage interested folks to get their names on the list to attend one of two schools."
Brandon Depenbusch, feedyard general manager for Innovative Livestock Services, was one of more than 60 young cattlemen and women selected to participate in the National Cattlemen's Beef Association 35th Young Cattlemen's Conference. Depenbusch was sponsored by Kansas Livestock Association. The YCC program is a comprehensive, nationwide tour of beef industry sectors, created to enhance leadership skills in your beef industry professionals.
When I was a youngster, one of my favorite places to play on a cold winter day was my Uncle Joe and Aunt Anna's weathered red barn. Uncle Bernie had one too and it was also a must stop when we went to see our cousins.
This isn't the first and probably won't be the last column on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). There are many issues constantly brought up in the news, the courts, the Congress, and around the world regarding everything from labelling and safety to the escape of these traits to wild plant/animal populations. This week a brief review of how we breed plants and livestock might be helpful.
Family farms are usually ran with everyone having specific jobs that they are responsible for, that together, make the family farm run smoothly. But what happens when tragically, a part of the family is no longer able to do their part?
WASHINGTON – Brandon Depenbusch, feedyard general manager for Innovative Livestock Services, was one of more than 60 young cattlemen and women selected to participate in the National Cattlemen's Beef Association 35th Young Cattlemen's Conference. Depenbusch was sponsored by Kansas Livestock Association. The YCC program is a comprehensive, nationwide tour of beef industry sectors, created to enhance leadership skills in your beef industry professionals.
A Kansas State University senior agricultural economist says there's a 70 percent chance an El Niño will arrive this fall - and that's good news for the United States.
Kansas State University diagnosticians are helping the cattle industry save millions of dollars each year by developing earlier and accurate detection of E. coli.
If today's crop of young farmers and ranchers plan to play a part in the future of agriculture, they must position themselves where this industry will be – not where it is.
Wheat harvest started in spots around Great Bend about ten days ago, been interrupted by rains, and slowed by high humidities. As of Thursday, the reports are pretty much what was expected with a few pleasant surprises. There was a fair amount of wheat south of Great Bend and in other areas baled, chopped, or killed off. Of the wheat being cut reports range from the teens to a lot of twentyish bushels per acre to sporadic reports of 35 and even 40 bushels per acre in select areas. Test weight reports are plus or minus 60 pounds per bushel ...
Water has been a major issue in Kansas for the past several years. With the drought still looming heavily in everyone's mind, and issues such as crop irrigation, water for livestock, and watering your garden, the discussion about who has a right to the available water remaining can and has become heated. Everyone in the community have different opinions on what should be done to conserve our resources. The Kansas Water Office is compiling opinions and ideas from the people of Kansas about our water resources, and is formulating a 50 year water plan. Right now, an initial draft ...
At their convention, Texas Republicans compared immigrants to terrorists, claimed therapy can cure homosexuality, and insisted that the only thing a rape survivor has the right to choose is to stay home and raise her child. A zombie hunting for brains would have starved in Fort Worth, but the dumbest thing to come out of their convention wasn't in the program, but from the mouth of the state's next Agriculture Commissioner, Sid Miller.
First Happy Fathers' Day to all the dads reading this. While this sounds like a broken record, the rains certainly helped but didn't end the drought. The latest drought monitor map (reflects conditions through June 10) shows some improvement but the area is still in the Sever to Extreme categories. This is for two reasons. First, the area is still far behind the average yearly total for this date. Two, the drought monitor reflects soil moisture conditions. While this rain didn't help area wheat much, it was great for summer row and feed crops. This is also a ...
Over the past few weeks, we have finally been blessed with a significant amount of participation. With increased moisture, the number of mosquitos will rise and begin to plague outdoor activities in greater numbers. This is because mosquitos lay their eggs in still water, and when there is standing water in an area, the mosquito population will rise with the increased number of nurseries. Now that we have had a significant rain event, there is standing water in many places just waiting for a female to lay her eggs.
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It's 10 a.m. and the sun blazes down on a patchwork of golden grain that dots the High Plains near Seguin in northwestern Kansas. A blistering southerly wind pushes the heat index to the century mark.
Kansas Secretary of Agriculture Jackie McClaskey congratulated three Kansans recently appointed by USDA chief Tom Vilsack to serve on the Agricultural Policy Advisory Committee (APAC) and two of six commodity specific Agricultural Technical Advisory Committees (ATACs).
Many cattle producers have experienced record returns on their calves the past year, but even times of high profitability demand a search for opportunities to enhance the management of a beef operation. Several of these opportunities will be discussed at the upcoming K-State Beef Conference, hosted Aug. 11 and 13 at various locations across Kansas.
This column isn't about today's political climate and agriculture. Instead let's focus on the political impact farmers have had on this nation as we celebrate Independence Day, specifically our Presidents. How many of this nation's leaders were farmers? What history and myth surrounds their backgrounds? Maybe more than you think aside from the more obvious ones.
It's Fair time again in Barton County! The youth from all of our communities have been working hard on their various projects, and will be displaying them for the community to see. Whether you enjoy photography, artwork, or livestock, there is something for everyone at the fair.
Kansas Certified organic produces or farmers interested in becoming certified organic growers are encouraged to apply to receive cost share funds. The cost share program is funded by the 2014 Farm Bill to assist Kansas farmers in paying for organic certification or recertification.
Almost every farmer has said in one way or another, "My life begins with the land." Look at it any way you want but this bedrock principle remains as it has for generations. Land ownership is the key to farming and ranching. Farmers are proud of the crops they grow and the land they work.
If you are out and about in Barton County right now, you will be able to spot combines rolling through the wheat fields. To me, it is one of the best sites of the year, and I can spend hours watching harvest. All of the hard work raising a crop is coming to the end for a while, and finally, the producer will be able to see a return on the long days he has spent to bring the crop full circle. Many people I have talked to are very pleased with how well the wheat has turned out this ...
Before the rain Thursday night, wheat harvest was running full throttle and overall a much better crop than was predicted. The forecast indicates everyone should be back in the field soon if they aren't already (depending on the rainfall received). A few were commenting their crop would have been better except for late season disease pressure. What happened? Several things.
Let's go to South Africa. A group of scientists are planting a research plot to evaluate how a crop will perform. They are using a specialized planter which provides precise control and data on seed spacing and placement. Would you believe, this planter comes from halfway around the globe in the middle of Kansas?
Avian Influenza has been in the local news many times over the last several months. Bird flu, as it is otherwise called first infected humans in China in 1997. In 2003, a larger outbreak of the flu crossing species barriers caused the World Health Organization to keep a closer eye on it and track the two potential viruses that are able to infect not just birds, but mammals including humans as well. The two strains of the virus that have crossed the species barrier are HH5N1 and H7N9 with possible pandemic threats since humans do not have any immunity to ...
We live in the Age of Information. Twenty-four hour news channels, Twitter, the internet, and various forms of social media are prevalent. Many argue, and correctly, that having instant platforms for information and instant access to information is a good thing. However, there is a downside – a lack of vetting of what is presented as data and fact. In the "Good Old Days" news outlets took great pains to verify facts and researchers needed to have articles reviewed by peers for the veracity of the methods used, the analysis of the data, and the conclusions made. While this still happens ...
It seems like only yesterday when I raced my buddies down the red-carpeted ramp of the Pix Theater in Hoxie trying to nail down those good seats. You know the ones I'm talking about – those in the front row where tennis shoes could be heard latching into congealed soda from the earlier matinee.
Advancements in technology have arguably caused life to move at a much faster pace than it did even a decade ago. The speed at which change takes place today is phenomenal. While these advancements have brought about marvelous positive changes and benefits, they can inadvertently have equally dramatic and damaging negative effects.
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P.D.E.A.'s College of Engineering, Manjari(Bk.) was established by Pune District Education Association in the year 1998 with a vision to spread engineering knowledge in the rural area. The Institution affiliated by Pune University.Today the Institute is recognised as one of the centres of academic excellence in the city.
Over the years, there has been dynamic progress at C.O.E.Manjari in all academic and research activities, and a parallel improvement in facilities and infrastructure, to keep it on par with the best institutions in MAHARASHTRA. Institutes in positions of excellence grow with time. The ideas and ideals on which such institutes are built evolve and change with national aspirations, national perspectives, and trends world - wide. C.O.E.,Manjari , too, is one such institution.
Providing nurturing ground for an individual's development to make effective contribution to the society in dynamic environment through academic excellence for professional competency.
To provide the state of the art educational facilities for training students for the career in engineering and technology. To organize quality improvement programs on advances in current technology for the benefit of core stakeholders of community. To provide leadership in curriculum design and development to strengthen industry-institute commune.


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This is my favorite Japanese tea so far. It has the roasted flavor of genmaicha but doesn't have the grassy flavor I usually associate with Japanese green teas.
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This is one of my new favorite oolongs. It's very malty, like some of my favorite black teas but with more body.
Chrysanthemums helped bring out more of the flavor. I also think this tea benefits from more tea (or less water) while steeping.
Smells sweet and smokey. It's not too bland but not very bold. It's a little too bitter for my taste. It's not my favorite, but it's not bad.
The leaves of this one are very long. Usually I associate sheng with campfire smoke, but this one smells more like tobacco to me. From the strong smell, I expected this to taste more bitter and less sweet. It tastes smokey, but smooth and slightly fruity.
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I really like the flavor of this shu. It smells kind of nutty to me and the flavor reminds me slightly of yerba mate.
I enjoyed this most with about 8 grams of tea for a 4 ounce gaiwan. I like this one best steeped strong and without chrysanthemum.
Very smokey (pleasantly so).
I drank this with a spicy and creamy dish. The smokey flavor stood up well.
This took more than a few steepings to open up and darken in color. A few of the darker steepings were fairly sweet but the sweetness faded quickly.
The dry tea smells somewhat creamy like white chocolate. It's fairly mild when brewed. Very palatable
Favorites: moonlight white, ya bao, shu, Laoshan black
San Diego, CA


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Flyers goaltender Steve Mason left the ice approximately 15 minutes into the team's practice session on Wednesday at the Skate Zone in Voorhees, NJ. After practice, the Flyers goaltender declined to comment on the nature of the issue but said he would undergo an MRI later today.
Mason, who made 41 saves in regulation and overtime before stopping four of five shootout attempts in the Flyers' 2-1
Read more: Bill Meltzer


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1. In a bowl, add milk chocolate, and white chocolate. Pop it oven for 30 seconds. Stir and repeat until it melts and forms a smooth mixture.
2. Lay biscuits on a plate. Spoon chocolate mixture on top of it.
3. Spread it evenly, and sprinkle edible decoration on it.
4. Put it in the freezer for 5 minutes or refrigerator for 15 minutes.
5. Serve homemade kids Easter egg biscuits immediately.


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You gotta understand the problem before you can solve it - another life lesson
The Sierra Club and the U.S. Forest Service were presenting an alternative to the Wyoming ranchers for controlling the coyote population.
It seems that after years of the ranchers using the tried and true method of shooting or trapping the predators, the Sierra Club had a "more humane" solution to this issue.
What they were proposing was for the animals to be captured alive.
The males would then be castrated and let loose again.
This was ACTUALLY proposed by the Sierra Club and by the U.S. Forest Service.
All of the ranchers thought about this amazing idea for a couple of minutes.
Finally an old fellow wearing a big cowboy hat in the back of the conference room stood up, tipped his hat back and said; "Son, I don't think you understand our problem here... these coyotes ain't screwin' our sheep... they're eatin' 'em!"
The meeting never really got back to order.


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So if anyone has this system can you tell me why you love it? I REALLY love the look of the stroller and I know Britax has a good rep, however, when I looked at the B-safe car seat in person, I thought it looked and felt really cheap. I really want to get this system but I need some REAL reviews :) TIA!
Britax B-aglie and B-safe system
Mom to D (5/4/2007) and B (8/17/2011);
Angel (7/6/2010)
Excuse my typo in the title. B-Agile....lol
MMC (D&C 1/9/09) "Once you are real, you can't become unreal, it lasts for always." - Velveteen Rabbit
MMC (D&C 1/9/09) "Once you are real, you can't become unreal, it lasts for always." - Velveteen Rabbit
The stroller I LOVED in person. It was everything I wanted. The car seat...not so much. I wanted somethign that felt squishy and comfy. It felt hard and not comfortable at all. However, I always use this insert in my infant seats and I love it. The baby is always so snuggly. So I guess this would solve the hard part??
Riley Ann entered this world December 27,2013!
6 lbs 14 oz and 19 inches
ღ´- ☂ -`ღ´-
I'm going with a Britax B-Ready stroller and a Chicco Keyfit 30 car seat
SAHM of a 6 year old, 4 year old & 17 month old. Baby #4 due Nov 2015


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The theme will be Innovations and the programming will be co-sponsored by the College of Business and Public Affairs. The President's Performing Arts & Speakers Program (PASP) was created to enhance the vitality of MSU and to expand the intellectual engagement of our University students, faculty and staff, and community.
Nominations for the Fall 2015 program are being accepted through Dec. 5, 2014.
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Home > Academics > Special Programs > Women's and Gender Studies > News
Women's and Gender Studies
Patsy Harman, midwife and author of the memoir The Blue Cotton Gown (Beacon Press, 2008), will speak on women's health and midwives in Appalachia.
Date: Wednesday, April 1, 2009
Time: 1:30-2:30 pm.
Location: 112 Leonard (Nicholson Library)
Presented by Women's Studies
Posted on 2/9/2009 11:21:20 AM
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Lloy is a 4-time Olympian!! Lloy won a GOLD MEDAL in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
Lloy has also: Played 14 years with the USA National Team, played 15 years combined professionally in Japan, Italy, Greece and Russia. He has won 15 European and domestic league titles. He was named Best Server in the World and Best Setter in the World TWICE!!! Lloy was a 3-time 1st team NCAA All-American. He was also the NCAA Freshman of the Year.
Lloy now runs volleyball clubs, clinics and camps for all ages. His TEAM PINEAPPLE brand is used at the Ft. Wayne Pineapple VBC and the Angola PVBC. Pineapple is also the brand of his cothing liine, the brand he played the 2014 EVP beach season under and TEAM PINEAPPLE is the brand Lloy uses for his PVL indoor team that competes at the USAV Nationals every year. Team Pineapple, Pineapple VBC and the logo itself have been a trademark of Lloy Ball's since 1997.


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Garmin Ltd.
News about Garmin Ltd., including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Once-Popular Car Technologies at the End of the Road
With technology in automobiles becoming increasingly sophisticated, some products are destined for the trash heap.
February 23, 2015, Monday
Garmin Blends an Activity Tracker With a Smartwatch
Consumers suddenly have many wearable computing devices to choose from. The question is whether they will want any of them.
September 4, 2014, Thursday
A Low-Cost Head-Up Option
The Garmin HUD+ projects information drivers can see while looking through the windshield. The technology lets drivers get vital information without taking their eyes off the road.
July 27, 2014, Sunday
Experiencing a Shift in Sales, Garmin Beats Estimates
Garmin said it expected revenue to grow 10 to 15 percent from businesses other than its personal navigation device unit.
February 20, 2014, Thursday
Falcone Adds Defendants in Effort to Keep LightSquared
Days after suing the satellite television mogul Charles W. Ergen over his bankrupt wireless broadband company, Philip A. Falcone has turned his focus on the GPS industry.
August 9, 2013, Friday
App Adds Smartphone Features to a GPS
Garmin's Nuvi GPS now links to the iPhone using an app to add functions to the GPS. But some of those added functions cost extra, and some may not be worth the expense.
May 21, 2013, Tuesday
Navigating With Devices That Know Landmarks
With its Real Directions feature, some Garmin GPS units now give directions using landmarks, saying, for example, to turn left at the Starbucks.
February 17, 2013, Sunday
Garmin Exits Race After Theft
The Garmin team pulled out of the Tour of the Mediterranean ahead of the fourth stage after 17 of its bikes were stolen from a hotel parking lot in southern France.
February 10, 2013, Sunday
Portable Navigation Learns Some New Moves at C.E.S.
One company that is taking a page from built-in car systems to appeal to smartphone-addicted buyers.
January 10, 2013, Thursday
C.E.S. 2013: Driving Directions With a Human Touch
"Garmin Real Directions" are audible driving instructions that rely on physical landmarks rather than street signs.
January 9, 2013, Wednesday
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Product Specs
Product Description
These clear baby shower candy bags allow you to showcase the pretty sweet treats that are waiting inside. Personalize with your color, design, and message selection for a unique favor that guests will appreciate. Try filling with candy to match your shower décor. These favor bags are extremely versatile and functional.


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Hot answers tagged style
It isn't necessary to learn OpenLayers or Leaflet when you just want to use GeoServer. However, I have a single advice for you: because you already have a working GeoServer, do yourself a favor and go to https://github.com/boundlessgeo/suite/tree/master/geoexplorer. Follow those instructions, build a geoexplorer.war and deploy it to your servlet container. ...
After setting the symbology (colours / appearance) of your vector layer, you can save the symbology together with the shapefile. If the layer style file stays together with the other necessary parts of the shapefile (shp, shx and dbf) then it will automatically be rendered in the same way when it is next loaded into QGIS, even on another computer. Save ...
beside all answer you can make your popup as google map popup style. check out this link which will help you to make g-style popup... popup script codes, popup images, and so css... i hope it helps you..
You should use vertexRenderIntent property of ModifyFeature control. For example: var vertexStyle = { strokeColor: "#ff0000", fillColor: "#ff0000", strokeOpacity: 1, strokeWidth: 2, pointRadius: 3, graphicName: "cross" } var styleMap = new OpenLayers.StyleMap({ "default": OpenLayers.Feature.Vector.style['default'], "vertex": ...
You need to use Symbol Levels: The higher the number the later is it drawn. So black will be rendered first then the purple over top meaning that any black bits will be rendered over.
In ArcMap, Go to the Customize menu, click Style Manager. You will see a style on the left called "Dano". Under that, any categories which contain custom symbols, labels, etc. you've made will appear as a yellow folder. Click the one you're concerned with and you'll see your custom symbols on the right. Right-click to delete any you don't want. If your ...
Add another layer into your style as "marker line" and draw markers only at line ends. See the screen capture below.
One option would be to load the line as one layer and the line vertices (could be a view on the line table) as a second layer which can then be labeled. You can use ST_M() to write the measure value to a view attribute. Stylingwise, we have to deal with the challenge that there is no gradient line style yet ... But there are polygon gradient fills. So we ...
The best plugin to use to do colour ramps on rasters is the 1-band raster color table v1.10 plugin. Found in the plugin installer under the same name.
You should try TileMill. It uses gdal to access the geo-data, an editor of Carto (a css like language) to stylize your maps, and mapnick to renderize it.
Why not using the rule-based labeling? You could ease up the task a lot, if you use categories for multiple gradients based on your attribute data. From my point of view using categories in rule-based labeling is one of the mayor advantages of QGIS. For your data (without knowing the structure) i would recommend the following workflow: Make a rule based ...
In that case you should use a graduated renderer. It will sort the values correctly. Categorized renderers are meant for nominal scales. Graduated renderer will only work with numerical values. So if your column is text, you'll have to convert it to numeric format first. As Andre noted in his comment to another answer, this can be done in field calculator ...
Set the alpha channel of the fill color to 0.
The styles are normally saved in public.layer_styles. Being in the public schema it should be accessible to every user. If not, make sure it becomes using: GRANT SELECT ON TABLE public.layer_styles TO users; -- "users" is a group with all your #normal users
As a workaround you may choose "Solid Line" option for borders, set the same colour to borders and fill of the polygon and set border width to 0.0 .
It is possible to have a fill color and some diagonal lines at the same time in a single shapefile. You have a button to add a symbol layer in the style properties of your layer.
You need to change the symbol for your roads to a Cartographic Line symbol rather than a Simple Line symbol. That will give you more control over how it's drawn. When you add a line layer to ArcMap, it defaults to a Simple Line symbol, which has the rounded ends you're seeing. With a Cartographic Line symbol, you can change the line end caps. You will ...
In your library files, there is img/cloud-popup-relative.png file. You have to customize it in order to get infowindow you like
check out openlayers dark theme here. it has customization about layer switcher too.. UPDATE: oh sorry due to not reading your que. completely i give only thematic solution...I noticed that newly. new solution is that change the following style (top): .olControlLayerSwitcher { background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: ...
you can do this with some ways: defining context style: context {Object} An optional object with properties that symbolizers' property values should be evaluated against. If no context is specified, feature.attributes will be used. you you can check out here for some idea. var context = { getGraphic: ...
You can adjust the phase of your dash pattern by inserting a row in the Dash space pattern editor with a Dash of 0 length and a Space of half the length you want between your dashes. In the second row, you set the full Dash length, and half the desired Space length again. For example, if you set the Marker line to use an interval of 10, you could set your ...
Another idea would be to change the column of data to numbers from text (in ArcGIS I add a 'field', remove the shapefile from my work, and then import the .dbf file into open office Calc and turn the text into numbers in the new column then reopen the shapefile with the new improved column of data). Your color ramp will be correct if the software recognizes ...
Here, the XSL file is a style sheet language file (XSLT, or eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) for transforming the XML file into other XML documents or other objects such as HTML, plain text, pdf, etc. A priori nothing to do with QGIS, especially if one looks OS MasterMap® style guidance Transforming GML using XSLT These styles are ...
The solution to create a qml file from RGB field values was presented in Python in How to use a field-to-RGB mapping for symbology in QGIS? but, as pointed out by Ryan Garnett, the problem is to convert the CMYK colour to RGB because: "it seems that there is the notion out there that conversion from CMYK to RGB is easy. Newsflash: It's not. As every ...
This feature was added to the master branch of QGIS about 4 months ago, but only for PostgreSQL/PostGIS databases, not Spatialite. The series of commits could be squashed down to provide a concise view of how to add such support for Spatialite. Please submit a feature request, and link to this page. Interesting side note, Spatialite 4.1+ offers a new ...
The SLDs were originally created for our own use in GeoServer which supports several vendor specific options that we use for our OS OnDemand Web Services, so there are some edits that you need to manually make to the SLDs for them to work in QGIS. The first is that in the SLDs we top and tail each rule with the <FeatureTypeStyle> ...
It's possible only in QGIS 2.3 and above (so will be possible in the upcoming 2.4 stable release). Here's how (I'm assuming here you want a gap of 2mm between the two crosses and between the two dashes also): Add a simple line symbol layer, set the cap style to flat, tick "Use custom dash pattern" then click "Change" and copy the settings values below: ...
The answer provided by @evv_gis should do what you want. An alternative, practically similar to the answer posted by @hexamon, is to use Rule-based styling instead of Interval (I use QGIS 2.2 and I also do not see this option so I'm guessing it's an alternative name in another QGIS version?). Personally, I prefer rules to values as you can add various ...
Yes, very simple: Just use the Categorized Symbology. If you do not have any attributes, you can just use $id as your "Column". Result:
Zach, correct, there is no way to hide a rule from the GetLegendGraphics call. The SLD standard does not provide a way either, so someone would have to come up with an extension to the standard and then code to implement it at the Geotools and GeoServer level.
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


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1796 1C Draped Bust, Reverse of 1797 Fine 12 NGC. NC-1, B-29, R.6. Our EAC Grade VG8. ...
2014 January 10 The Adam Mervis Large Cent Collection FUN Signature Auction - Orlando #1200
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1796 NC-1, B-29 Cent, Fine 121796 1C Draped Bust, Reverse of 1797 Fine 12 NGC. NC-1, B-29, R.6. Our EAC Grade VG8. Breen Die State II. Die state data tells us that this variety was struck between states I and II of the S-92 variety. Walter Breen suggested that the reverse die for S-92 was replaced with this new reverse while being repaired, and returned to press for further use. In the meantime, only a small number of cents were produced from this die pair. Perhaps 20 of these have been identified, with this example tied for fourth finest known. It is not known who discovered this variety or when; however, it was listed in Ebenezer Gilbert's reference, published in 1909. Half a century later when Sheldon published Penny Whimsy in 1958, only five more had been located. This lovely cent has above average surfaces for the grade, with only faint abrasions and minor corrosion. A small rim bruise is present at 7 o'clock. Bland and Noyes each grade this piece VG8. Bland lists it as tied for fourth finest and Noyes says third finest known.
Third Finest Known per Noyes
Third Finest Known per Noyes
Ex: James F. Ruddy (circa 1971); Charles A. Blood; Lillian Willins; Wes Rasmussen (Heritage, 1/2005), lot 3105; Dan Holmes (Goldberg Coins, 9/2009), lot 150; Chris Victor-McCawley; Greg Hannigan.
From The Adam Mervis Large Cent Collection.(Registry values: P1) (NGC ID# 223W, PCGS# 1407)
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Rasmussen Special Edition Catalog
This hard bound volume contains the magnificent Wes Rasmussen Large Cent Collection, formed by a former President of the Early American Coppers society which was auctioned at the 2005 Florida United Numismatic Auction. Reserve your copy of this remarkable volume for just $75 today.
Rasmussen Signed Limited Edition Catalog
A hard bound limited library edition of the Wes Rasmussen Collection Catalog, signed by Wes Rasmussen, Mark Borckardt, Greg Rohan, and Denis Loring, is available while supplies last. Only 100 produced. Reserve your copy of this remarkable limited edition signed volume for just $150 today.
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Superhero Bits: Guardians of the Galaxy, Man of Steel, Deadpool, Justice League Flashpoint, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Posted on Monday, July 8th, 2013 by Germain Lussier
Would Russell Crowe do a Man of Steel prequel? Have the Guardians of the Galaxy villains been revealed? How do superheroes take selfies? Is a Guardians of the Galaxy animated series in the works? Which incarnation of Superman is the latest cast into plastic by Hot Toys? Which details about the Deadpool script did Ryan Reynolds reveal? Read about all this and more in today's Superhero Bits. Read More »


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Maryland Lady Terps at South Florida Bulls Womens Basketball
Fri, Nov 8, 2013 7:00 pm
USF Sun Dome, Tampa, FL
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Personal Space, Anonymity and Security in the 21st Century
December 26, 2014 - A recent Pew Research poll, the results released in November, paint a disturbing picture about American concerns regarding the full implications of "big data." If unfamiliar with the term "big data" it refers to collections of data sets that can be mined and analyzed for patterns and trends providing insight into human behavior.
- Len Rosen's blog
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Imagining the Future: Nostalgia for What Could Be
Nostalgia is somewhat synonymous with homesickness or a yearning for what once was. But what is the word for yearning for what could be but hasn't happened yet? Can there be nostalgia for a home we yearn for, a place we miss even though we never were there? For a reality not yet manifest or a dream still unfulfilled?
- John Renesch's blog
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NASA Meets Theologians to Discuss How We Respond to E.T.
Last week the Library of Congress hosted a two-day symposium entitled "Preparing for Discovery: A Rational Approach to the Impact of Finding Microbial, Complex, or Intelligent Life Beyond Earth." The timing seemed right with the discovery of thousands of exoplanets, some lying within Earth-like Goldilocks Zones around their parent stars, and with further evidence from Martian meteorites and discoveries made by Curiosity, the Martian rover, showing a past habitable environment on the Red Planet.
What Will Limit Government on Tomorrow's Trans-Border Digital Earth?
Do you control your screens or do they control you? Advertisers dive into your brain for free (to you) from the minute you begin to gurgle. In tomorrow's digital world you'll decide and filter what's on your screens. One control will be a personal paywall so you can be paid for your attention. When this makes your mind into your property, you will be able to sell it as often as you like.
- Dan Abelow's blog
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Where You Live on Earth Matters
Look below. Have you seen this image before? It's taken from the International Space Station flying over the Earth at night. What looks like three different land areas separated by water is not. What you are seeing here is an image of the Korean peninsula with two areas of China on the left and South Korea to the right. The black area in the middle between China and South Korea is not the Yellow Sea. It's North Korea. And what appears to be an island in the middle is North Korea's capital, a solitary point of light in a sea of darkness.
- Len Rosen's blog
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Discarding the "Too Old" Myth
I doubt that anyone is surprised that the GOP is preemptively attacking Hillary Clinton based on her age. Reince Priebus, chairman of the Republican National Committee, and Karl Rove, Republican strategist, have both been busy in the media casting doubts on whether Ms. Clinton is fit to run for office based on age and health.
- Karen Sands's blog
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The Future of Tolerance and Equality
It's amusing how words often mean the opposite of what they should intuitively mean. The trouble is that it isn't just children making their own words to rebel against authority. Adults abuse language too, and in far less innocent ways. People's minds are structured using words, and if you can bend the meaning of a word after those concepts have been assembled, all the concepts built using that word will change too.
- Ian Pearson's blog
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SUPERMONEY: The New Wealth Beyond Banks and Bitcoin
Bigger bucks ahead …because money itself is being re-invented! But it's not really about the money; material wealth may be a secondary motivator. The new money is 100% Internet-based. It flows free and fast like electrons, and it comes with superpowers.
Which Requires More Faith: Science or Religion?
In an era where the science vs. religion debate has become an increasingly polarizing issue, we see both sides using their own brand of logic as the weapon of choice to gain what they assume will be the higher moral ground.
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In This Section
Journal Forum
Clean Audio for TV broadcast: An Object-Based Approach for Hearing-Impaired Viewers - April 2015
1 comment
Audibility of a CD-Standard A/DA/A Loop Inserted into High-Resolution Audio Playback - September 2007
13 comments
Sound Board: Food for Thought, Aesthetics in Orchestra Recording - April 2015
2 comments
AES Convention Papers Forum
Modeling the Large Signal Behavior of Micro-Speakers
The mechanical and acoustical losses considered in the lumped parameter modeling of electro-dynamical transducers may become a dominant source of nonlinear distortion in micro-speakers, tweeters, headphones, and some horn compression drivers where the total quality factor Qts is not dominated by the electrical damping realized by a high force factor Bl and a low voice resistance Re. This paper presents a nonlinear model describing the generation of the distortion and a new dynamic measurement technique for identifying the nonlinear resistance Rms(v) as a function of voice coil velocity v. The theory and the identification technique are verified by comparing distortion and other nonlinear symptoms measured on micro-speakers as used in cellular phones with the corresponding behavior predicted by the nonlinear model.
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The Art Of Dumpster Diving
This Couponing Hack Could Save You Thousands
4 Tips for Moving From Employee to Entrepreneur
5 Things You Should Never Pay Full Price For
Go Inside Katharine McPhee's Celebrity Divorce
Tips to Make Unexpected Money Last
Is Getting Hitched Irrelevant These Days?
4 Signs He May Be Falling for You
'Naked Dresses' in Red Carpet History
Brad Pitt & Angelina Jolie: When is it Time to Seek Help?
Cash for Clutter: 15 Household Items You Can Sell
Bring Your Dingy Sneakers Back To Life
14 Proven Ways to Cut Food Costs While Traveling
Money-Saving Life Hacks That Will Change Your Life
Real Dating Advice: You Love It, He Loves It Not
15 Natural Cleaning Products You Can Make at Home
6 Telltale Signs You're in Great Financial Health
9 Workouts to Get Your Sexy Back!
6 Unusual Ways to Make Money From Home
Online Dating Tips That Will Lead to Love
13 Extreme Things That Frugal People Do to Save Money
10 Celebs Who Made It Through Tough Times
Our 5 Favorite Celeb BFFs
What to Do When You're Not His Priority
Should You Spring for Pet Insurance?
Tweens and Money: How to Raise a Money-Smart Kid
5 Emotional Stages of Being in a New Relationship
BBQ on a Budget: 10 Things for the Perfect Cookout
Should You Take a Super-Long-Term Car Loan?
Save Big With These Smart Shoe Hacks


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Teenage Sensations Il Volo Scheduled To Release New Album, 'We Are Love,' On 11/19
Il Volo's second album We Are Love is being released on November 19th, it was announced today by their label Interscope Records. "We Are Love", recorded in Los Angeles and Rome, is co-produced by Grammy-winning producer Humberto Gatica and Tony Renis. Executive producers on the new album are Ron Fair and Michele Torpedine (Il Volo's manager) for the two duets. The new CD includes guest appearances by Placido Domingo and Eros Ramazzotti.
We Are Love includes Il Volo's soaring version of the Aerosmith/ Diane Warren hit "I Don't Want To Miss A Thing" ("Questo Amore") along with a new Warren song "I Bring You To My Senses". Il Volo also performs a cover version of the U2 Hit "Beautiful Day" and the title cut "We Are Love" both in English. The group's members are Piero Barone (19), Gianluca Ginoble (17) and Ignazio Boschetto (18).
Il Volo is currently touring as special guests on the Barbra Streisand Tour and also completed a series of US dates that followed appearances on American Idol, Good Morning America, The Today Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Ellen, The Talk, Rachel Ray and the final episode of the HBO hit "Entourage".
The trio's live performances have received standing ovations across the US and critical acclaim. "Exhilarating" by the El Paso Times and "Il Volo means flight in Italian – and it turned out to be the perfect name for a trio of teen tenors who have been soaring to new heights. Beautiful rich voices, wonderful harmonies, uplifting their audiences with each moment full of emotion and drama" raved NY's Journal News. Their PBS Special "Il Volo – Live From The Detroit Opera House" has been one of the highest rated and highest pledged shows in PBS history and is also available on DVD and CD. The special will re-air for a third time beginning November 24th on PBS stations throughout the country. Their self-titled debut CD, released in 2011 has sold over one million copies.
Complete track listing for We Are Love is "Questo Amore (I Don't Want To Miss a Thing),""L'Ultima Volta," "I Bring You To My Senses," "Beautiful Day," "Splendida," "Historia de un Amor," "Luna Nascosta," "Il Canto" featuring Placido Domingo, "We Are Love," "Cosi'" featuring Eros Ramazzotti, "Bienvenido Nuestro Amor," and "Non Farmi Aspettare." The deluxe version of "We Are Love" includes the 12 track album plus five Christmas songs that were originally released as an EP last year. Fans can pre-order both the standard and deluxe versions of "We Are Love" now.
The group is scheduled to appear on NBC's Christmas Tree Lighting Live at Rockefeller Center on November 28th.
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Updated 04/09/2014
Though some people believe Antoine's heyday passed before the turn of the 20th century, others wouldn't leave New Orleans without at least one order of the original oysters Rockefeller—baked oysters topped with a parsley-based sauce and bread crumbs. Other notables on the bilingual menu include pommes de terre soufflées (fried potato puffs), pompano en papillote (baked in parchment paper), and baked Alaska. Tourists are generally shown to the front room, but walking through the grand labyrinth is a must. Be prepared for lackluster service. A jacket is preferred, but casually dressed diners can order most of the classic menu at the adjoining Hermes Bar.
713 St. Louis St., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70130, United States
Website: www.antoines.com
Restaurant Details:
Updated 04/09/2014
By me4meats
Jul 6, 2009
This was my first trip to Antoine's. The restaurant is like a museum loaded with history and perhaps as many as 15 dining rooms. It was a wonderful experience to dine there. The food however was pricey and fair tasting. The Oysters Rockefeller was doughy and boring. The Alligator Soup was excellent and more like a thin chili. The grilled pompano and crabmeat was a large serving and tasty. As a nice touch we were given the menu as a souvenir.
A jacket was not required for my dinner on a Saturday night.
By slg2000
Oct 26, 2007
Antoine's is not like a chain restaurant that you can find anywhere in the U.S., it's an institution. When we went there for the first time recently, we received excellent service, eat a delicious meal, and enjoyed a very unique restaurant. Afterward, we had a fun time exploring the place and looking at the family museum displays on the walls. Yes it is expensive, but we feel that got our money's worth. (They let us split a meal!)
By ljzg717
Jul 26, 2007
My family and I went to this restaurant on a resent trip to NO and we had a nice time. We ate the rockerfellow oysters which were great. The crawfish was delicoious too!!! I would recommend this restauraunt. Service was also great.
By antoine
Jul 22, 2007
Beginning with a warm greeting from the manager, Andy, at the door, sustained by professional and attentive service by Jaime and his associates at the table, warmed and nurtured by an excellent Trout Ponchartrain with asparagus hollandaise, washed by a memorable Pinot Grigio (#601) and polished off with Bananas Foster -- a truly beautiful experience. The grand old house of culinary arts and excellent hospitality is back!!
By Lionel22
Mar 25, 2007
we had the most arrogant waiter ever who told us not to eat the bread basket in which the fries were delivered. the food is ok but having to put up with major attitude from waiter was too much to bear. first and last time. if you are a tourist, you will be treated like a tourist and it is made quite clear that they could care less if you ever come back. not nice, no manners.
No Thanks


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1982 Buick Riviera Convertible, Loaded with all the options, Strong V8 5.0 Automatic with Low 101k actual miles, Beautiful White finish with matching Power... More


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Police release thermal imaging video of bombing suspect's capture
The three-minute long video shows Tsarnaev hiding under a plastic cover in a boat in at a residence in Watertown
By Marc Santora and Willian K. Rashbaum
The New York Times Blogs
BOSTON — The Massachusetts State Police released new video showing the final moments of Friday night's standoff with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, before he was taken into custody.
The three-minute long video, which shows images captured with thermal imaging technology, shows Mr. Tsarnaev hiding under a plastic cover in a boat in at a residence in Watertown, Mass., and, later, a robotic arm attached to a vehicle being used to pull the tarp back.
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Full story: Police release thermal imaging video of bombing suspect's capture
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2013 Artists
- 2 Chainz
- 360
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- American Authors
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Cherub is a sexy electro-pop duo that is the dance love-child of 80's funk and pop-music from the future. The members of Cherub, Jordan Kelley and Jason Huber, share a love for honest original music and vibrant live performance, with a common goal to share a little bit of sex, a little bit of drugs, and a whole lot of love with people across the globe.
Cherub's music is a fresh electrified take on risqué pop music that brings to mind timeless artists such as Prince or Zapp and Roger, and more contemporary artists like Pharrell and The Dream. With a live show that is bouncing with energy, Cherub dances their way into the hearts of audiences from the first falsetto hook, until the very last delay filters out.
Named one of Paste Magazine's "12 Tennessee Bands you Should Listen to Now," Cherub has had a massive 2012, with appearances at such major festivals as Bonnaroo, SXSW, Electric Forest, Hangout Fest, Snowball Music Fest, and with STS9 at Red Rocks Amphitheater.
After receiving a warm response worldwide to the digital release of the band's first record, Man of the Hour, and touring throughout the US and Mexico, Cherub released their follow up MoM & DaD in February 2012. The album includes the smash viral hit "Doses and Mimosas," which in August 2012 hit #1 on Hype Machine's most talked about songs chart.
The latest batch of Cherub songs brings a fresh, uptempo electro feel to the familiar pop sensibilities showcased on their first record. Jordan Kelley's studio production, clever songcraft, and silky smooth falsetto are complimented perfectly by Jason Huber's live production and tube-driven guitar work. Cherub's versatility in songwriting and dance music production blurs conventional genre barriers. Ranging from grooving heartfelt ballads to risqué club bangers, Cherub takes the throwback vibes of old drum machines and washed out keyboards and marries them with timeless writing and a very modern approach to music production and performance. Playful guitar licks and lush synthesizer textures dance around in the mix, as listeners are treated to sing-a-long hook after hook the entire way through the tunes.
"Melding a club-spawn, skull-shaking low end with a wall of guitars and talkbox pyrotechnics, the duo comprising Cherub also sport the silky smooth pipes to spread their appeal to all four corners of the dance floor." – Nashville Scene


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Tax FREE - Canada to Panama on a KLR650
View Single Post
Joined: May 2008
Location: Nanaimo, Van Island, BC
Oddometer: 132
Day 42
I start the morning out with some breakfast at the attached Denny's restaurant only because its included with the price of the room (damned well best get something for that kind of money). A couple cold pancakes and an inattentive waiter make for a great experience. I make sure not to leave a tip, In fact I should have found one on anther table and stolen it.
The familiar drive along CA-1 towards the border crossing to Nicaragua take about 3 hours. I stop in Liberia for a coffee and muffin at a local spot where I meet a couple texans with nothing good to say about there time here and chat with a very nice (and gorgeous) young woman from Washington, DC who had been down here teaching English for the last 6 months, today was her last day in country before heading home.
After some good conversation and tips on where to go and what to see in Nicaragua i carry on to the border. If you recall our last trip through this crossing was a zoo that took nearly 3 hours, today however there are almost no lineups at all. I ride right in to the customs office now that I knew where everything was and cancel my CR import permit before heading down the road to CR Immigration to get stamped out of the country.
The Nicaraguan side is more complex but not by much. I ride in past all the Semi-trucks and get in line at immigration, pay my entry fee, get my stamp and start the process of importing the bike. As with exiting the country you need the signatures of the on duty Auduana agent and police officer as well as receipts for the payments you've made before you'll be given the precious piece of paper and sent on your way.
Looking back on Costa-Rica Immigration
NIcaraguan Customs, as I sit waiting for my importation permission...
Back in Nicaragua I make a beeline for Grenada. We stopped in briefly on our way south and it was a city that I felt I could have spent more time in. I would work out well, Arriving in town around 4pm the search for a hotel goes well with a $15 room at a local hostel nice and close to the town square. I find secure parking for the moto grab my camera and head out on the town for some photo's as the light fades to a perfect golden glow.
Isla de Ometepe, formed by two volcanoes in the middle of Lago Nicaragua.
Currious cow, caught me watering the grass...
Windmills windmills everywhere...
Ahhh, the glory that is Granada... Loved it here!
Colorfull, Colonial and Fun - Great city!
Even the locals are enjoying themselves!
A local church...
Statue in the central square at sunset...
Gazebo in the sqaure, a favorite local hangout...
I'm told they only turn it on for "real tourist season"
Ever since leaving Mexico the food has been downhill, its been good, just bland, missing flavor, so tonight when I walked past a fairly authentic looking Mexican restaurant my fate was sealed. I ask for the house speciality and get a plate stacked full of food, Chicken enchiladas, a stuffed chilli, re-fried beans, guacamole and salsa... When I get a chance to enjoy my dinner between begging kids and people selling all manor of things, its delicious, a welcome change from the normal!
After dinner I find a $3 haircut a the "special lady" (no joke) salon before heading back to the hostel...
Hostel cat says " I's sleeping, go away"...
Vancouver Island, BC, Canada - TentSpace Available!
BC, Canada to Panama on a clapped out KLR
- 2010
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ALAMEDA, Calif. (AP) — The Oakland Raiders have their entire draft class under contract after signing a deal with third-round pick guard Gabe Jackson.
Jackson became the eighth draftee to sign when he finalized his deal Thursday. Jackson was taken 81st overall out of Mississippi State and is expected to compete for a starting job.
"I'm ready to go to work," Jackson said in a video tweeted out by the Oakland Raiders on Thursday afternoon.
Jackson started all 52 games at left guard for the bulldog. He was a two-time All-American selection two-time All-Southeastern Conference First Team selection.
He won the Conerly Trophy, given to Mississippi's top college player, in his last year with the Bulldogs. He also won the inaugural Kent Hull Award, given to the state's top offensive lineman.
The Raiders also signed free agent receivers David Gilreath and Rahsaan Vaughn and undrafted free agent kicker/punter Michael Palardy.
Gilreath played three games with Pittsburgh in 2012 and set Big Ten records for kickoff returns (135) and yards returning (3,025) at Wisconsin.
Vaughn spent time last season on the New York Jets practice squad.
Oakland waived receivers Jared Green and Noel Grigsby and punter Daniel Zychlinski.
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FireKing Fireproof 36" Storage Cabinet
FireKing Fireproof 36" Storage Cabinet
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Storage cabinet
|Application: Institutional; Office
|Finish: Parchment
|Finished Back: Yes
|Hardware Finish: Chrome
|Style: Contemporary
|Primary Material: Steel
|Powder Coated Finish: Yes
|Fire Resistant: Yes
|Scratch Resistant: Yes
|Shelves Included: Yes
|Doors Included: Yes
|Drawers Included: No
|Wardrobe Cabinet: Yes
|Wheels/Casters Included: No
|Legs Included: No
|Non Toxic: Yes
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Assembly Required: No
|Product Warranty: Lifetime after fire replacement. Lifetime limited mfg warranty.
|GSA Approved: Yes
|ANSI/BIFMA Compliant: Yes
About the ManufacturerFKI Security Group has been committed to loss prevention since its beginning in 1951 as a manufacturer of high-quality FireKing fireproof files. After acquiring Meilink in 1991 and Gary Safe Company and NKL Industries in 1999, it evolved from records protection into a broad-based security company. Today, having added Image Vault™ (multifunction digital recorders) FireKing is fast becoming one of the premier security and loss prevention companies in the nation.
Every product they make, whether it carries the FireKing name or that of one of their subsidiaries, is manufactured using the latest available technology. So, whether you're looking for a simple fire safe to store overnight receipts or a computer-based intelligent safe to protect against employee theft, or anything in between, if it's from the FireKing family of products, you know it'll protect your company's assets. FireKing products have stood up to tornadoes, fires, falls and break-ins. And just as important, they've stood up to the test of time. No wonder FireKing works with America's foremost companies and their products are distributed in over 85 countries worldwide.
FireKing Fireproof 36" Storage Cabinet
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OUR SKU # FK2248Fireproof 36" Storage Cabinet is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: CF7236-D


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Learn more about PU Leather Case with DETACHABLE Bluetooth Keyboard for Apple iPad 2:
Manufacturer: K.H.O.M.O
Mfg Part#: ipad2-detachable-case
Sku: 224129555
See more in Accessories
|This iPad 2 leather case comes with a detachable bluetooth keyboard that seamlessly connects with the iPad 2 for a quicker and more comfortable typing. This iPad 2 case holder can easily convert into a laptop style position for a more comfortable typing, as well as for tablet use, by folding the iPad leather case which then hides the keyboard out of sight. This iPad leather case simply opens like a book while providing full protection for the iPad screen. It also allows access to all the controls and ports at all times, meaning you have full functionality whilst your iPad is still inside the case. This perfect innovative iPad 2 leather case is ideal for people who regularly use their iPad 2 for e-mailing, making notes, and writing documents; whilst its clever design makes sure your iPad is always safe and secure.


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Glory Daze - Scene 3
Get Your Gay Access Now!
DVD Title Glory Daze
Category Cumshots
Added November 29, 2013
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Duration 16m, 12s
Tags Blowjobs, Cum Swallowing
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Junior is taking himself off to a glory hole and knowing that he's going to be looking damn delicious. There's nothing quite like seeing the way that he attacks that big dick going through the gloryhole. He wants to open his mouth up as wide as possible, and he gets off on not knowing who the person is behind the plywood. He is damn good at giving blowjobs too, so he's never going to have to wait for a cock to come right to his mouth. He is moaning the entire time, his own dick hard as a rock as he sucks away.
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Glory Daze
November 29 2013
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- Scene 3 - Gay Guy Sucks Off A Dick Through A Glory Hole
- Scene 1 - Guy With Hate Sucks Stranger's Cock In Glorly Hole
- Scene 2 - Florian Sticks His Cock In A Glory Hole And Blows His Load
- Scene 4 - Gay Star Sucks A Stranger's Cock At A Glory Hole
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Girl Scouts River Valleys invites your troop or family to volunteer at Little Farm Hands at the Minnesota State Fair!
Posts Tagged volunteer opportunities
First Lady's Special Girl Scout Message
26 September 2013 . 2 comments (comments are closed)
Watch this exciting video from Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) that features Honorary Girl Scouts National President, Michelle Obama. Please share it with your friends and networks. The First ...more First Lady's Special Girl Scout Message
Pack Food to Feed the Need
5 April 2013
Emergency Foodshelf Network, River Valleys' Feed The Need partner, is offering the opportunity for girls to help pack food and learn about hunger in our communities. Emergency Foodshelf Network is ...more Pack Food to Feed the Need
Sign up to be a Color Guard
20 November 2012
River Valleys is currently seeking interested Girl Scouts to participate in future color guard opportunities. Color guards honor the American flag and formally represent Girl Scouts at events. Getting involved is ...more Sign up to be a Color Guard
Volunteer Opportunities — October 2012
15 October 2012
Alumnae Association Volunteer Options Use your Girl Scout knowledge to help the Alumnae Association. We are looking for volunteers to help in a variety of ways: Serve on an Alumnae ...more Volunteer Opportunities — October 2012
Troop Leaders Needed for New Girl Scout Members
20 July 2012
Each fall, the council receives a significant level of interest from girls and families who are eager to join a troop and begin their Girl Scout journey. Council staff and ...more Troop Leaders Needed for New Girl Scout Members
Volunteer at this year's Juliette Gordon Low Society Luncheon
4 June 2012
Want to participate in a unique volunteer opportunity this fall? The 2012 Juliette Gordon Low Society Luncheon is a great opportunity for volunteers and troops to represent Girl Scouts and ...more Volunteer at this year's Juliette Gordon Low Society Luncheon
ConnectZ Cookie Manager — Troop Level Needed
18 April 2012
Girl Scout ConnectZ is a new initiative to reach under-served girls by partnering with school districts and community organizations to have River Valleys' staff and volunteers deliver the Girl Scout ...more ConnectZ Cookie Manager — Troop Level Needed
More Service Project Grant Opportunities
28 October 2010
If you are working on your Girl Scout Bronze, Silver, or Gold Award, you may want to consider applying for these grants. Please note that River Valleys does not manage ...more More Service Project Grant Opportunities
Volunteer as a Cookie Coach!
4 October 2010
Starting today – Coach girls to success! Partner with one of our River Valley's Cultural Initiative troops for a successful Cookie Program Activity. Coach girls in goal development, financial literacy, ...more Volunteer as a Cookie Coach!