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You might have heard about — or seen big store displays of — the weight-loss pill "Alli" (pronounced: AL-eye). Could it be the diet miracle you're waiting for?
Probably not.
Alli (generic name orlistat) is only for overweight adults. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Alli's manufacturer both say that anyone younger than 18 should not use Alli. That's because experts aren't sure if it could interfere with the way a teen's body grows and develops, or if it might cause other health problems.
A prescription version of the same drug (called Xenical) is approved for use in people who are 12 or older — a doctor's prescription is required, so the drug can be used by teens only when under medical supervision.
Alli works by preventing a person's body from absorbing some of the fat that's in food. That may sound like a good thing — after all, if fat calories are not absorbed, there's no chance they can be stored in the body as extra pounds.
But not getting enough fat could interfere with normal growth and development in both girls and guys. Fat also helps the body absorb and process many of the vitamins we need for good health.
Some potentially unpleasant (and embarrassing) side effects go with taking Alli (the company calls these "treatment effects"). All that undigested fat has to go somewhere, and the only way for it to leave the body is as an oily discharge through the anus.
This means the following things could happen to someone taking the drug:
Alli can also cause problems for people who have certain health conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, gallbladder problems, or kidney stones.
Although Alli is approved as safe and effective for adults, it's no quick fix. For one thing, just like dieting, it takes time to lose weight with Alli. People who take the drug don't see instant results.
Taking Alli requires as much discipline and willpower as sticking to a diet: People using it have to keep careful track of the amount of fat they eat at each meal to be sure they don't get too much. Taking Alli with meals that contain more than 15 grams of fat can worsen the side effects mentioned above (15 grams is about the amount of fat in 2 tablespoons of peanut butter or one chocolate bar). So Alli is not a free pass to eat more fatty foods without gaining weight.
The bottom line is, when you're young, it's best to talk to a doctor about weight loss. Only a doctor can know your personal history — such as whether any recent weight gain is just a temporary part of the growing up process.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: January 2014
|U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.
|National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics Offering nutrition information, resources, and access to registered dietitians.
|The Deal With Diets With all the focus on dieting, how do you figure out what's healthy and what isn't? Read this article to get the basics on dieting.
|Staying at a Healthy Weight Here are some practical, everyday tips on making exercise and healthy eating work for you instead of feeling like it's the other way around.
|Figuring Out Fat and Calories From all you hear, you'd think fat and calories are really bad for you, but we all need a certain amount of them in our diets. Find out the truth about fat and calories.
|Healthy Weight: Your Personal Plan Anyone who has tried to lose weight knows it can be a struggle. The best way to lose weight is to focus on making small, specific changes that are easy to stick with in the long run. Use our plan to get there!
|How Can I Lose Weight Safely? Lots of people are unhappy with their present weight, but aren't sure how to change it - or even if they need to. Get the facts on weight loss here.
|Why Exercise Is Wise Getting the right amount of exercise can rev up your energy levels and even help you to feel better emotionally. Find out why.
|Are Detox Diets Safe? The name sounds reassuring - everyone knows that anything toxic is bad for you. But detox diets aren't good for teens. Find out why.
|What's the Right Weight for My Height? One of the biggest questions guys and girls have is whether they're the right weight. Because the body is growing and changing so much during adolescence, it can be tough to answer this question.
|Are Diet Pills Bad for You? Find out what the experts have to say!
|How Much Food Should I Eat? Lots of us don't realize we're eating too much because we've become so used to large portions. This article for teens helps you take control of your plate.
|5 Ways to Spot a Fad Diet Here are 5 clues that a diet may be more about empty promises than real results.
|5 Ways to Reach a Healthy Weight Most dieters regain the weight they lost by dieting when they go back to their old eating habits. Get our tips on the best ways to drop excess weight.
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My answer to: Online School Loan http://t.co/EGGzaS4Pq9- Friday Apr 24 - 7:33pm

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Elk River Legion baseball took a seven-game win streak into the Delano July 4 Tournament semifinals but wound up losing twice and finished fourth. The Elks (12-5) were 3-0 in Delano pool play over the weekend, then lost to Minneapolis Southwest 5-3 in the semifinals on Tuesday and to Edilna 7-4 in t...Read More
Elk River Legion baseball
Elk River Legion baseball picked up its seventh straight win, 5-4 over St. Cloud 76ers, in eight innings at home Monday evening. The Elks (13-3) will play in the Delano July 4th Tournament semifinals Tuesday evening after winning three pool play games over the weekend. In the win over the 7...Read More
Tucker Morrell pitched four shutout innings, and Brandon O'Connor and Matt Baker knocked in three runs each, as Elk River Legion won 11-0 over St. Augusta in five innings on Thursday evening. Morrell struck out seven and walked two in becoming the first Elk to pick up his second win. Seven oth...Read More
Tim Sanford drilled a three-run homer and Sam Wirtz added a solo shot as Elk River topped Zimmerman 12-4 in Legion baseball on Wednesday evening. Joey Hudson pitched 2 2/3 innings, giving up three runs (three hits, three walks, two hit batters) and Brady Givens got the win as he finished the five-in...Read More
Sam Wirtz knocked in three runs and Terry Hadden homered, while the sane pair did the pitching as well, leading Elk River Legion past Sartell 11-6 on Monday. The Elks also lost to Osseo 4-3 last Friday. They are 4-1 in league play and 7-3 overall. They will play at Zimmerman on Wednesday and at [......Read More
The Elk River Legion baseball team has a 6-2 record, with six different pitchers notching a win apiece, reports coach Josh Juntunen. The Elks lost their opener to Waite Park 10-8, then defeated Zimmerman 9-2 with Joey Hudson going the distance, and defeated Big Lake 2-0 with Porter Morrell going six...Read More


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| | Other topics
News articles on saving rainforests
Mongabay.com news articles on saving rainforests in blog format. Updated regularly.
U.S. hijacks climate talks, kills rainforest conservation plan
(12/11/2007) The United States again wrought havoc at UN Climate Change talks. In the early morning hours of talks, as diplomats faced exhaustion, the United States pulled the equivalent of a diplomatic nuclear option, scuttling frantic global efforts to save tropical forests.
U.S. contributes $0 to World Bank's new $300m forest carbon fund
(12/11/2007) At U.N. climate talks in Bali, the World Bank officially unveiled its $300 million Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, a scheme that will offer tropical countries carbon offset credits to preserve forests.
10% of global CO2 emissions result from swamp destruction
(12/10/2007) More than 10 percent of annual carbon dioxide emissions result from the degradation and destruction of peat swamps, reports the first comprehensive global assessment on the links between peatland degradation and climate change.
Norway puts $560m toward rainforest conservation
(12/09/2007) Norway will commit NOK 3 billion ($560m) to rainforest conservation efforts in an effort to slow climate change, reports Aftenposten, a Norwegian newspaper.
REDD will fail if needs of forest communities aren't addressed
(12/07/2007) Initiatives to reduce emissions by reducing tropical deforestation (REDD) will fail unless policymakers adequately address the underlying drivers of forest degradation and destruction, argues a new report published by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Global warming accelerates destruction of the Amazon
(12/06/2007) Deforestation and climate change could damage or destroy as much as 60 percent of the Amazon rainforest by 2030, according to a new report from environmental group WWF. The report, The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse, shows that degradation in the Amazon could release 55-97 million tons of carbon dioxide by 2030. Forest loss could also dramatically impact water cycles in the region, affecting rainfall that is critical for river flows and agriculture.
U.S. to cut funding for rainforest conservation during Bali climate talks
(12/06/2007) While delegates meet in Bali to discuss a post-Kyoto framework on climate change, it appears likely that the U.S. Treasury Department will cut funding for the Tropical Forest conservation Act (TFCA), the largest pool of U.S. government money exclusively for helping developing countries conserve threatened tropical forests, according to the Tropical Forest Group, a forest policy group based in Santa Barbara.
Merrill Lynch announces carbon credits-for-forest conservation partnership
(12/06/2007) Merrill Lynch is working with Carbon conservation, an ecosystem services firms, to explore opportunities in avoided deforestation and integrated sustainable land management. The partnership was announced Thursday in Bali, Indonesia, where more than 10,000 policymakers, scientists, and activists are meeting to discuss a post-Kyoto framework on limiting climate change.
Tropical forests face huge threat from industrial agriculture
(12/05/2007) With forest conversion for large-scale agriculture rapidly emerging as a leading driver of tropical deforestation, a new report from the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) suggests the trend is likely to continue with Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Peru, and Colombia containing 75 percent of the world's forested land that is highly suitable for industrial agriculture expansion. Nevertheless the study identifies forests that may be best suited (low population density, unsuitable climate and soils) for "Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation" (REDD) initiatives which compensate countries for preserving forest lands in exchange for carbon credits.
New satellite system will penetrate clouds to track deforestation
(12/05/2007) Satellite monitoring will play a critical role in any agreement that compensates tropical countries for preserving their forests, such as "Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation" (REDD) mechanisms currently under discussion at UN climate talks in Bali. Released Tuesday, a new study, "New Eyes in the Sky: Cloud-Free Tropical Forest Monitoring for REDD with the Japanese Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS)", details significant advancements in the field of remote sensing of forests.
Returns from carbon offsets could beat palm oil in Congo DRC
(12/04/2007) A proposal to pay the Democratic of Congo (DRC) for reducing deforestation could add 15-50 percent to the amount of international aid given to the warn-torn country, reports a new study published by scientists at the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC). The funds would help alleviate rural poverty while cutting emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting threatened biodiversity.
Amazon deforestation could be eliminated with carbon priced at $3
(12/04/2007) The Amazon rainforest could play a major part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions that result from deforestation, reports a new study published by scientists at the Woods Hole Research Center, the Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, and the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. At a carbon price of $3 per ton, protecting the Amazon for its carbon value could outweigh the opportunity costs of forgoing logging, cattle ranching, and soy expansion in the region. 2008 certified emission-reduction credits for carbon currently trade at more than $90 per ton ($25 per ton of CO2).
Could the carbon market save the Amazon rainforest?
(11/29/2007) The global carbon market could play a key role in saving the Amazon from the effects of climate change and economic development, which could otherwise trigger dramatic ecological changes, reports a new paper published in Science. The authors argue that a well-articulated plan, financed by carbon markets, could prevent the worst outcomes for the Amazon forest while generating economic benefits for the region's inhabitants.
Ground-breaking Amazon rainforest imagery will help monitor deforestation
(11/27/2007) Scientists have developed a ground-breaking high resolution snapshot of 400,000 square kilometers of Amazon rainforest. The work will help researchers remotely monitor deforestation, according to the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC).
Dutch bank arranges carbon-conservation deal in the Amazon rainforest
(11/27/2007) Dutch bank Rabobank will launch the first-ever carbon credits project in the Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon, reports The Financial Times.
Carbon credits for forest conservation concept faces challenges
(11/27/2007) While environmentalists, scientists, development exports, and policymakers across the political spectrum are ethusiastic about the idea of offsetting carbon emissions by preventing deforestation (a concept known as "avoided deforestation" or Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD)), the concept still faces many challenges, especially in implementation.
Can wildlife conservation banking generate investment returns?
(11/27/2007) A commercial venture in the Malaysian rainforest will seek to generate competitive returns on investment by protecting wildlife. The scheme -- signed by the Sabah government and Sydney-based New Forests Pty Ltd -- will establish a wildlife habitat conservation bank to manage the 34,000 ha Malua Forest Reserve on the island of Borneo.
Madagascar fires mapped with Google Earth in real-time
(10/29/2007) Every year as much as one-third of Madagascar, one of the planet's most biodiverse islands, goes up in flames. Now a new tool gives scientists the ability to monitor and track Madagascar's fires in real-time through the Internet.
Avoided deforestation beats timber, palm oil, in tax revenue for Indonesia
(10/29/2007) Indonesia could more than double its tax revenue by protecting forests and selling the resulting carbon emission credits instead of timber and palm oil, a University of Michigan researcher told Bloomberg.
Costa Rica gets $26M debt-for-nature swap
(10/18/2007) Under an agreement signed Wednesday by the governments of the United States and environmental groups, $26 million of Costa Rican debt will be forgiven in exchange for tropical forest conservation. The debt-for-nature swap comes under the Tropical Forest conservation Act of 1998, legislation intended to allow eligible developing countries to forego paying back debt owed to the U.S. in exchange for supporting local tropical forest conservation activities.
Environmentalists and palm oil producers should work together
(09/25/2007) Environmentalists and palm-oil producers are increasingly at odds. Greens groups say palm oil is driving the conversion of tens of thousands of hectares of peatlands and lowland forest in Indonesia, putting wildlife at risk, increasing the vulnerability of forests to fires, and triggering large emissions of greenhouse gases.
China urged to join sustainable soy efforts in the Amazon
(09/12/2007) Brazilian soy crushers have urged China to join an alliance to promote sustainable soybean production in the Amazon, according to Reuters. Brazil, soon to be the world's largest producer of soybeans, recently formed the Global Roundtable on Responsible Soy Association as concerns grow that global demand for biofuels will level the Amazon rainforest. Environmentalists say demand from China is playing an important role in surging soybean production in the region.
Australia puts $100M toward protecting forest in Borneo
(09/09/2007) Australian and Indonesian ministers signed a AU$100 million ($82M) deal to protect highly threatened forests on the island of Borneo, according to the Sydney Morning Herald. Funds will go towards conservation and rehabilitation of degraded forests and peatlands.
NGOs should use palm oil to drive conservation
(08/29/2007) Environmentalists view the expansion of oil palm plantations in southeast Asia as one of the greatest threats to the region's forests and biodiversity. Campaigners say oil palm is driving the conversion of tens of thousands of hectares of peatlands and lowland forest in Indonesia and Malaysia, putting wildlife at risk, increasing the vulnerability of the forests to fires, and triggering large emissions of greenhouse gases. Pressure from these groups have in recent months convinced European policymakers to reconsider sourcing energy crop production to the region.
Amazon deforestation in Brazil falls 29% for 2007
(08/13/2007) Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon fell 29 percent for the 2006-2007 year, compared with the prior period. The loss of 3,863 square miles (10,010 square kilometers) of rainforest was the lowest since the Brazilian government started tracking deforestation on a yearly basis in 1988.
Amazon deforestation rate falls to lowest on record
(08/10/2007) Deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon for the previous year were the lowest on record, according to preliminary figures released by INPE, Brazil's National Institute of Space Research.
Experts: parks effectively protect rainforest in Peru
(08/09/2007) High-resolution satellite monitoring of the Amazon rainforest in Peru shows that land-use and conservation policies have had a measurable impact on deforestation rates. The research is published in the August 9, 2007, on-line edition of Science Express.
Australia funds first global deforestation monitoring system
(07/23/2007) At a High Level Meeting on Forests and Climate being held in Sydney, Australia today announced a series of measures to slow deforestation and fight global warming.
An interview with author and eco-lodge pioneer Jack Ewing
(06/12/2007) In 1970 a young man went to Costa Rica, a place he initially confused with Puerto Rico, on an assignment to accompany 150 head of cattle. 37 years and several lifetimes' worth of adventures later, Jack Ewing runs a eco-lodge that serves as a model for a country now considered the world leader in nature travel.
World Bank to raise $250M for avoided deforestation in tropics
(06/11/2007) The World Bank will soon launch an "avoided deforestation" pilot project that will pay tropical countries for preserving their forests, reports The Wall Street Journal. The $250 million fund will reward Indonesia, Brazil, Congo and other tropical forest countries for offsetting global warming emissions. Tropical deforestation accounts for roughly 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, but slowing deforestation slows emissions of heat-trapping emissions. Researchers estimate that "avoided deforestation" schemes may be one of the most cost effective ways to slow climate change. Further, avoided deforestation offers simultaneous benefits including preservation of ecosystem services and biodiversity.
Google helps protect Amazon rainforest
(06/10/2007) Google is working with a indigenous tribe deep in the Amazon rainforest to protect their lands from illegal encroachment, reports the San Francisco Chronicle. For the first time, Google has confirmed details of the project. Working in conjuction with the Amazon conservation Team, Google Earth's technology is being used to monitor illegal mining and logging that threaten the lands of the Surui tribe in Brazil. Google is working with satellite providers to significantly improve image resolution in some of the most remote parts of the Amazon basin.
Can cattle ranchers and soy farmers save the Amazon?
(06/06/2007) John Cain Carter, a Texas rancher who moved to the heart of the Amazon 11 years ago and founded what is perhaps the most innovative organization working in the Amazon, Alianca da Terra, believes the only way to save the Amazon is through the market. Carter says that by giving producers incentives to reduce their impact on the forest, the market can succeed where conservation efforts have failed. What is most remarkable about Alianca's system is that it has the potential to be applied to any commodity anywhere in the world. That means palm oil in Borneo could be certified just as easily as sugar cane in Brazil or sheep in New Zealand. By addressing the supply chain, tracing agricultural products back to the specific fields where they were produced, the system offers perhaps the best market-based solution to combating deforestation. Combining these approaches with large-scale land conservation and scientific research offers what may be the best hope for saving the Amazon.
Globalization could save the Amazon rainforest
(06/03/2007) The Amazon basin is home to the world's largest rainforest, an ecosystem that supports perhaps 30 percent of the world's terrestrial species, stores vast amounts of carbon, and exerts considerable influence on global weather patterns and climate. Few would dispute that it is one of the planet's most important landscapes. Despite its scale, the Amazon is also one of the fastest changing ecosystems, largely as a result of human activities, including deforestation, forest fires, and, increasingly, climate change. Few people understand these impacts better than Dr. Daniel Nepstad, one of the world's foremost experts on the Amazon rainforest. Now head of the Woods Hole Research Center's Amazon program in Belem, Brazil, Nepstad has spent more than 23 years in the Amazon, studying subjects ranging from forest fires and forest management policy to sustainable development. Nepstad says the Amazon is presently at a point unlike any he's ever seen, one where there are unparalleled risks and opportunities. While he's hopeful about some of the trends, he knows the Amazon faces difficult and immediate challenges.
Reducing tropical deforestation will help fight global warming
(05/10/2007) Scientists have lent support to a plan by developing countries to fight global warming by reducing deforestation rates. Tropical deforestation releases more than 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year, though in some years, like the 1997-1998 el Nino year when fires released some 2 billion tons of carbon from peat swamps alone in Indonesia, emissions are more than twice that. Writing in the journal Science, an international team of scientists argue that the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation (RED) initiative, launched in 2005 by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is scientifically and technologically sound, and that political and economic challenges facing the plan can be overcome.
Military technology uses satellite signals to catch poachers
(05/02/2007) Wild animals sought by poachers for their skins, meat and bones have a new means of protection developed by a visiting scholar at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF). Steve Gulick, an electrical engineer who calls himself a biologist wannabe, has designed a metal detector specifically to pick up the presence of poachers' weapons and send an electronic signal, via satellite, to law enforcement authorities.
Commercial hunting is a major threat to tropical rainforests
(05/01/2007) Commercial hunting is decimating wildlife populations across the tropics and may be one of the gravest threats presently facing rainforests, reports a series of studies published in the May issue of the journal Biotropica. The research reveals that large-scale loss of wildlife is already affecting forest health and regeneration.
Ecuador: pay us not to develop Amazon oil reserves
(04/27/2007) Ecuador says it will wait a year to see whether the international community takes its offer to forsake development of a giant oil field in the Amazon rainforest in exchange for compensation, reports the Environmental News Service.
Indonesia's Aceh, Papua pledge to protect forests
(04/26/2007) Governors from three Indonesian provinces which are home to most of the country's rainforests pledged on Thursday to conserve them as part of efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change.
China to push for sustainable logging overseas
(04/25/2007) In a surprising move, China has developed guidelines for the establishment of sustainable forest plantations abroad by Chinese firms, according to the International Tropical Timber Organization's (ITTO) April 1 Tropical Timber Market Report. The move comes as China faces increasing criticism from environmental groups for pillaging the world's forests to feed its rapidly growing economy.
Indonesia urges rich countries to ban illegally logged wood products
(04/25/2007) Indonesia has urged rich countries not to buy products made from illegally logged timber, echoing a similar call from Malaysia last month, according to the International Tropical Timber Organization's (ITTO) April 1 Tropical Timber Market Report.
How to stop haze and forest fires in Indonesia
(04/19/2007) In recent years, annual forest fires in Indonesian have destroyed millions of hectares of forest and caused billions of dollars in economic damage. After each episode of fires the Indonesian government, facing criticism from neighboring governments, promises it will crack down. Nothing happens and the fires burn again the next year.
Australia puts $200M toward rainforest conservation
(03/30/2007) Australia has committed A$200m ($160m) to global forest conservation efforts to help fight illegal logging and slow global warming. The fund is one of the largest ever established by a government for reducing tropical deforestation. The new fund, known as the Global Initiative on Forests and Climate, aims to cut deforestation rates and promote reforestation schemes.
Brazil to give Amazonian tribes Internet access to fight deforestation
(03/30/2007) Brazil will offer free satellite Internet connections to indigenous tribes in the Amazon according to a report from Reuters. It says that the plan will help reduce illegal logging by enabling natives to monitor and report on illicit activities.
Rainforest education site recognized with community award
(03/29/2007) Mongabay.com, a leading environmental science web site, was awarded as this week's Cingular Spotlight community hero.by San Francisco-based radio station Energy 92.7 FM. The $500 cash prize was donated to the Amazon conservation Team, a group doing pioneering work in protecting the Amazon rainforest.
Important Congo basin parks get funding
(03/28/2007) A network of national parks and protected areas spanning three nations in Central Africa's Congo Basin, has received long-term funding through the establishment of a trust fund, thus ensuring further protection of the region's wildlife, according to the Wildlife conservation Society.
Malaysia to use certification to crack down on illegal logging
(03/27/2007) Malaysia will ask its timber suppliers in other countries to provide certification on the origin of wood according to a report from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The move will help Malaysia fight allegations that its timber processors are complicit in the illegal logging industry.
Britain invests $100M to protect Congo rainforest
(03/23/2007) Britain will invest nearly $100 million in a initiative to protect the Congo rainforest, the second largest tropical forest in the world. Ten other countries are also supporting the project.
Timber industry teams with greens on new anti-illegal logging bill
(03/15/2007) A bipartisan group of U.S. lawmakers introduced a bill to ban the use of illegally-harvested timber and wood products. Led by Congressmen Earl Blumenauer (D-OR), Robert Wexler (D-FL), and Jerry Weller (R-IL) the legislation would make it a crime to import, export, possess, purchase or sell illicit timber.
Can new loan really bring sustainable cattle ranching to the Amazon?
(03/12/2007) Brazil's second largest exporter of beef has won approval of a controversial loan from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private equity lender of the World Bank, according to a report from the Associated Press. Environmentalists say the deal will drive further deforestation in the biologically rich Amazon rainforest. Cattle ranching is responsible for more than half of forest loss in the region.
Biodiversity extinction crisis looms says renowned biologist
(03/12/2007) While there is considerable debate over the scale at which biodiversity extinction is occurring, there is little doubt we are presently in an age where species loss is well above the established biological norm. Extinction has certainly occurred in the past, and in fact, it is the fate of all species, but today the rate appears to be at least 100 times the background rate of one species per million per year and may be headed towards a magnitude thousands of times greater. Few people know more about extinction than Dr. Peter Raven, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden. He is the author of hundreds of scientific papers and books, and has an encyclopedic list of achievements and accolades from a lifetime of biological research. These make him one of the world's preeminent biodiversity experts. He is also extremely worried about the present biodiversity crisis, one that has been termed the sixth great extinction.
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Michael Irvin Thinks JJ Watt Should Be Paid
The playmaker stops by to talk to Mike and Seth
O'Brien Can't Afford Many/Any(?) More Like These
For O'Brien's approach to correcting mental errors, and being successful – which it clearly was not on Saturday night – he must win. With the embarrassing performance in Arizona the length of rope for how long he has before his tactics prove successful just shrank.
DJ Swearinger Won't Quit Trash Talking, But Will Clean It Up
"that's when you know you're in their head"
11 Times Arian Foster Became The Worst Teammate He Could Possibly Be
By John P. Lopez His passive aggression was as thinly veiled as his attempts at concealing the discomfort in his back. Arian Foster returned to the Texans practice field Wednesday, briefly, and could have walked […]
Texans Voluntary Mini Camp: News & Notes
What went down during Texans Voluntary camp
Mike Florio Thinks Five QB'S Go In The 1st Round
Who are the Texans going to draft at 1??
Manziel Makes Strong Case To Be Top Pick In Draft
HOUSTON (CBS Houston) "BOOM!" That was immediately followed by ooohs, aaahhhs, claps and cheers. The "Boom" came courtesy of George Whitfield, the Quarterback Guru working with Texas A&M's most famous soon-to-be NFLer. The crowd, likely […]
Brien Straw and Paul Gallant Talk Quarterbacks
B-Straw and Pauly G asses the top three quarterbacks in this years draft and how each of their unique skill sets make them a desirable asset to the Texans offense. Paul chooses Teddy Bridgewater as the top QB in the draft for his ability to read defenses and break down plays in front of Jon Gruden.
Texans and Free Agent Possibilities
The Texans most likely are not yet done in free agency. Depth and experience are still needed for certain positions prior to the draft. Take a look at these considerations.
Dr. Wayne Winston Talks NFL Analytics
University of Houston Professor Wayne Winston discusses with Paul and Brien about the benefits of using analytics in the NFL.The NFL is steadily adapting the "Moneyball" mindset established in the MLB and recently adopted in the NBA. Dr. Winston uses an analytical approach to justify the drafting of Johnny Manziel with the number one overall pick. He believes NFL teams can create data sets to analyze the worth of players and to determine their position in the upcoming draft.
Photo Galleries
The 6-10s At The Texans Home Opener
The 6-10s were out at the Texans tailgate for the first regular season home game on Sunday September 7th!


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"Mohabbatein" girl Preeti Jhangiani, who was last seen in the 2011 film "Sahi Dhandhe Galat Bande", currently has as many as five films ready for release.
"Two of my films are ready for release - 'Ye Hai Mumbai' and 'Kaash Tum Hote.' I have done a Bengali, Punjabi and a Kannada film as well. They are all ready for release now," the 32-year-old said here Monday at the opening of Rudhra7 Entertainment, a production house.
Preeti is married to actor Parvin Dabbas and turned producer with "Sahi Dhande Galat Bande", which also marked Parvin's directorial debut.
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Can I get class properties if i have class name as string? My entities are in class library project and I tried different methods to get type and get assembly but i am unable to get the class instance.
var obj = (object)"User";
var type = obj.GetType();
object oform;
var clsName = System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CreateInstance("[namespace].[formname]");
Type type = Type.GetType("BOEntities.User");
Object user = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
nothing is working


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Originally written on Five Tool Tool | Last updated 12/4/12
Rassing Frassing 10) He was mean to Juan Castillo, who, as this season has shown, is the greatest coach in the history of the franchise9) It's not everyday you can find someone who has held the same position as the fired guy just hanging around, unemployed8) Washburn teaches the Wide Nine technique, which might make him History's Greatest Monster to Eagle Fans7) The worst losing streak since 1968 must be fed with blood, blood, blood6) Andy Reid wants to spend the last few weeks of his Eagles coaching career surrounded by friends and loved ones, well-fed and at peace5) Washburn had spent the last week making mean-spirited comments about how Brandon Graham and Vinnie Curry weren't nearly as cute as Jason Babin4) Owner Jeffrey Lurie keeps making cryptic hints about how if he just fires one magical person, he gets to keep his job3) This is just the kind of grace under pressure and loyalty that Reid is certain is going to impress his next employer2) Washburn has reportedly threatened to...
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Child of slum wins presidency of Indonesia; rival cries fraud
Posted: July 23, 2014 at 3:40 a.m.
JAKARTA, Indonesia -- Joko Widodo, the governor of Jakarta, was declared the winner of Indonesia's presidential election Tuesday, completing an improbable ascent from slum child to leader of the world's fourth most populous nation.
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A system and method is disclosed for the secure distribution and consumption of electronic documents using a standard rendering engine. The documents have usage rights associated therewith. A server stores the documents in computer readable form. A user operates a client having a standard application program including a rendering engine capable of rendering unencrypted documents for viewing. The client and the server are coupled by a communications network. A rights management module receives a request from the client for at least one of the documents on the server and delivers the document and a set of rights associated with the document to the client. A connection module attached to the rendering engine receives the set of rights associated with the document. A user interface module attached to the rendering engine controls the user's access to the document in accordance with the list of rights for the user associated with the document.
1. A system for distributing and enforcing use of digital documents having usage rights associated therewith, said system comprising:
a server having at least one document stored thereon in computer readable form;
a client having a standard application program including a rendering engine capable of rendering unencrypted documents for viewing;
a communications network coupled to said client and said server;
a rights management module included in said server and configured for receiving a request for at least one of the documents from said client and delivering the at least one document and a set of rights associated with and for enforcing use of the at least one document to said client;
a connection module which is downloaded and included in said client and is attached to but separate from said rendering engine for receiving the set of rights associated with the at least one document, for verifying the integrity of the client by confirming a user interface module is attached to said rendering engine, and for verifying the integrity of the rendering engine;
a user interface module which is downloaded and included in said client and is attached to but separate from said rendering engine for controlling access by the client to the at least one document for enforcing use of the at least one document in accordance with the set of rights associated with said at least one document.
2. A system as recited in
3. A system as recited in
4. A system as recited in
5. A system as recited in
6. A system as recited in
7. A system as recited in
8. A system as recited in
9. A system as recited in
10. A method for distributing and enforcing use of digital documents having one or more usage rights associated therewith, said method comprising the steps of:
storing at least one document on a server in computer readable form;
accessing the server with a client having a standard application program including a rendering engine capable of rendering unencrypted documents;
receiving by a rights management module included in said server a request for at least one of the documents from the client;
delivering by said rights management module the at least one of the documents and a set of rights associated with and for enforcing use of the at least one of the documents to the client;
downloading a connection module and a user interface module to said client;
receiving the list of rights associated with the at least one of the documents with said connection module included in said client and attached to but separate from the rendering engine and that verifies the integrity of the client by confirming a user interface module is attached to said rendering engine and verifies the integrity of the rendering engine;
controlling access by the client to the at least one of the documents for enforcing use of the at least one document in accordance with the set of rights associated with the at least one of the documents through said user interface module included in said client and attached to but separate from the rendering engine.
11. A method as recited in
12. A method as recited in
13. A method as recited in
14. A method as recited in
15. A method as recited in
16. A method as recited in
17. A method as recited in
18. A method as recited in
19. In a computer architecture including a server having documents stored thereon, a start page for accessing the documents, and a client running an application program having a rendering engine, a method of distributing and enforcing use of documents comprising the steps of:
installing a rights management module on the server;
downloading a connection module and a user interface module to said client;
attaching said user interface module and said connection module to the rendering engines,
wherein said user interface module and said connection module are separate from said rendering engine;
creating a secure start page on the server;
placing the documents in directory;
programming the rights management module to include a pointer to the directory;
encrypting an address to the directory;
modifying the secure interface display to reference the user interface module and the start page;
verifying the integrity of the client with the connection module by confirming the user interface module is attached to the rendering engine;
verifying the integrity of the rendering engine with the connection module;
unencrypting the address to the directory with the connection module to permit access to the start page and the documents on the server; and
enforcing use of the documents with the user interface module in accordance with a set of rights associated with the documents.
20. A method as recited in
21. A method as recited in
accessing the secure start Web page by issuing a URL to the start page;
directing the user interface module to the start page through the reference to the start page in the secure start Web page;
creating an instance of the rendering engine;
loading the start page in the instance of the rendering engine to display the start page on the client; and
directing the instance of the rendering engine, under control of the user interface module, to retrieve one or more of the documents from the server.
22. A method as recited in
23. A method as recited in
24. A method as recited in
25. A method as recited in
26. A method as recited in
The invention relates to distribution and consumption of documents, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for controlling various rights in, and access to, the content of documents displayed with the rendering engine of a standard application program, such as an Internet Web Browser.
The Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked together by various hardware communication links all running a standard suite of protocols known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol). The growth of the Internet over the last several years has been explosive, fueled in the most part by the widespread use of software tools (known as "browsers") which allow both HTML (hypertext markup language) viewing and HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) navigation (known as "browsers"). Browsers allow a simple GUI (graphical user interface) to be used to communicate over the Internet. Browsers generally reside on the computer used to access content on the Internet, i.e. the client computer. HTTP is a component on top of TCP/IP and provides users access to documents of various formats using the standard page description language known as HTML and more recently XML (extensible markup language) and XHTML (extensible hypertext markup language), a reformulation of HTML into XML. The collection of servers on the Internet using HTML/HTTP has become known as the "World Wide Web" or simply the "Web."
Through HTML, XHTML, and interactive programming protocols, the author of content is able to make the content available to others by placing the content, in the form of a Web page, on an Internet Web server. The network path to the server is identified by a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and, generally, any client running a Web browser can access the Web server by using the URL. A client computer running a browser can request a display of a Web page stored on a Web server by issuing a URL request through the Internet to the Web in a known manner.
Since the Web utilizes standard protocols and a standard rendering engine, i.e. the rendering engine of the browser, the Web has become ubiquitous. One of the primary applications of the Web has been distribution of content in the form of documents. A "document", as the term is used herein, is any unit of information subject to distribution or transfer, including but not limited to correspondence, books, magazines, journals, newspapers, other papers, software, photographs and other images, audio and video clips, and other multimedia presentations. A document may be embodied in printed form on paper, as digital data on a storage medium, or in any other known manner on a variety of media.
However, one of the most important issues impeding the widespread distribution of digital documents, i.e. documents in forms readable by computers, via electronic means, and the Internet in particular, is the current lack of protection of the intellectual property rights of content owners during the distribution and use of those digital documents. Efforts to resolve this problem have been termed "Intellectual Property Rights Management" ("IPRM"), "Digital Property Rights Management" ("DPRM"), "Intellectual Property Management" ("IPM"), "Rights Management" ("RM"), and "Electronic Copyright Management" ("ECM"), collectively referred to as "Digital rights management (DRM)" herein. There are a number of issues in rights management module: authentication, authorization, accounting, payment and financial clearing, rights specification, rights verification, rights enforcement, and document protection for example.
In the world of printed documents, a work created by an author is usually provided, to a publisher, which formats and prints numerous copies of the work. The copies are then sent by a distributor to bookstores or other retail outlets, from which the copies are purchased by end users. While the low quality of copying and the high cost of distributing printed material have served as deterrents to unauthorized copying of most printed documents, it is far too easy to copy, modify, and redistribute unprotected digital documents. Accordingly, some method of protecting digital documents is necessary to make it more difficult to copy them without authorization.
Unfortunately, it has been widely recognized that it is difficult to prevent, or even deter people from making unauthorized distributions of electronic documents within current general-purpose computing and communications systems such as personal computers, workstations, and other devices connected over communications networks, such as local area networks (LANs), intranets, and the Internet. Many attempts to provide hardware-based solutions to prevent unauthorized copying have proven to be unsuccessful. The proliferation of "broadband" communications technologies and the development of what is presently know as the "National Information Infrastructure" (NII) will render it even more convenient to distribute large documents electronically, including video files such as full length motion pictures, and thus will remove any remaining deterrents to unauthorized distribution of documents. Accordingly, DRM technologies are becoming very useful.
Two basic schemes have been employed to attempt to solve the document protection problem: secure containers and trusted systems. A "secure container" (or simply an encrypted document) offers a way to keep document contents encrypted until a set of authorization conditions are met and some copyright terms are honored (e.g., payment for use). After the various conditions and terms are verified with the document provider, the document is released to the user in clear form. Commercial products such as IBM's Cryptolopes and InterTrust's Digiboxes fall into this category. Clearly, the secure container approach provides a solution to protecting the document during delivery over insecure channels, but does not provide any mechanism to prevent legitimate users from obtaining the clear document and then using and redistributing it in violation of content owners' intellectual property.
Cryptographic mechanisms are typically used to encrypt (or "encipher") documents that are then distributed and stored publicly, and ultimately privately deciphered by authorized users. This provides a basic form of protection during document delivery from a document distributor to an intended user over a public network, as well as during document storage on an insecure medium.
In the "trusted system" approach, the entire system is responsible for preventing unauthorized use and distribution of the document. Building a trusted system usually entails introducing new hardware such as a secure processor, secure storage and secure rendering devices. This also requires that all software applications that run on trusted systems be certified to be trusted. While building tamper-proof trusted systems is still a real challenge to existing technologies, current market trends suggest that open and untrusted systems such as PC's and workstations using browsers to access the Web, will be the dominant systems used to access copyrighted documents. In this sense, existing computing environments such as PC's and workstations equipped with popular operating systems (e.g., Windows™, Linux™, and UNIX) and render applications such as browsers are not trusted systems and cannot be made trusted without significantly altering their architectures. Of course, alteration of the architecture defeats a primary purpose of the Web, i.e. flexibility and compatibility.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,403, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system for controlling the distribution of digital documents. Each rendering device has a repository associated therewith. A predetermined set of usage transaction steps define a protocol used by the repositories for carrying out usage rights associated with a document. However, the use of repositories renders application of the system to distributed networks, such as the Internet, difficult without assuming that the repositories are physically secure and behave in a trusted manner (which may require use of proprietary rendering engine to enforce usage rights associated with documents).
Accordingly, two basic approaches have been taken to control the distribution of documents over the Web. The first approach is the use of subscription based services in which the user is only granted access to content after paying a subscription fee. However, once the subscription fee is paid and the document is rendered by the browser, the user can copy, print, and modify the document, i.e. all control of the document by the publisher is lost.
The second approach is to utilize proprietary formats wherein the document can only be rendered by a select rendering engine that is obligated to enforce the publisher's rights. Of course, this approach requires the use of a single proprietary format and loses the ability to combine plural popular formats and the richness of content associated therewith. Further, this approach requires the user to use a previously unknown rendering application and requires development of the rendering application for each format to be rendered in a secure manner. Further, the documents must be generated or converted using non-standard tools.
Further, there are various known mechanisms by which functionality can be added to a standard rendering engine, such as a Web browser. For example, an ActiveX control can be automatically downloaded and executed by a Web browser. ActiveX is a set of rules for how applications should share information and ActiveX controls can be developed in a variety of programming languages, including C, C++, Visual Basic, and Java.
An ActiveX control is similar to a Java applet. Unlike Java applets, however, ActiveX controls have full access to the Windows™ operating system. Microsoft™ has developed a registration system so that browsers can identify and authenticate an ActiveX control before downloading it run on all platforms, whereas ActiveX controls are currently limited to Windows environments.
VYOU.COM has developed a system for protecting intellectual property in documents distributed over the Web. The system includes a software plug-in, to the user's Web browser. The plug-in includes a rendering engine for the proprietary format in which documents are represented and transmitted. Accordingly, documents must be reformatted into the proprietary format and the plug-in rendering engine for the appropriate final viewing format is used in place of the standard browser rendering engine. This arrangement requires the rendering engine for each format must be developed. Therefore, this system is difficult to implement and loses the advantages of the Web as an open architecture.
The proliferation of the Web, and its usefulness in document distribution, makes it desirable to apply DRM features to Web browsers and other standard rendering engines without requiring the rendering engines to be rewritten. However, conventional DRM technologies are not easily adapted to use with Web browsers and other standard rendering engines because they require proprietary formats and rendering engines which contradict the open architecture of the Web. The inability to control application programs, such as Web browsers, independently from their rendering engines has made it difficult to apply DRM features over distribution networks.
It is an object of the invention to facilitate distribution of digital documents.
It is another object of the invention to control the usage rights associated with a digital document.
It is another object of the invention to add DRM features to documents rendered with standard rendering engines.
It is another object of the invention to apply DRM technologies to an open system over a distributed network without the need for proprietary formats or a plurality of proprietary rendering engines.
It is another object of the invention to minimize the need for modifying standard rendering engines when applying DRM technologies.
It is another object of the invention to facilitate compensation to authors, distributors, and other parties for publishing and distribution of digital documents.
It is another object of the invention to control standard application programs independently of their associated rendering engines.
It is another object of the invention to allow the owners of content to create and distribute their content using industry standard tools and formats without having to convert the content to a proprietary format.
To achieve these objects, a first aspect of the invention is a system for distributing digital documents having one or more usage rights associated therewith. The system comprises a server having at least one document stored thereon in computer readable form, a client having a standard application program including a rendering engine capable of rendering unencrypted documents for viewing, a communications network coupled to the client and the server, a rights management module module for receiving a request for at least one of the documents from the client and delivering the at least one document and a set of rights associated with the at least one document to the client, a connection module adapted to be attached to the rendering engine for receiving the list of rights associated with the at least one document, a user interface module adapted to be attached to the rendering engine for controlling the access by the client to the at least one document in accordance with the set of rights associated with the at least one document.
The invention is described through a preferred embodiment and the attached drawing in which:
The invention is described below with reference to a preferred embodiment. It will be apparent that the invention can be embodied in a wide variety of forms, some of which may be quite different from those of the disclosed embodiment. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative and do not limit the scope of the invention.
Author 110 creates original content 112 and passes it to a distributor 120 for distribution. Ordinarily, author 110 is the creator of the content. However, the term "author" as used herein can be the creator, owner, editor, or other entity controlling the content or an agent (e.g. a publisher) of one of those entities. Also author 110 may distribute documents directly, without involving another party as distributor 120 and thus the author and distributor may be the same entity. However, the division of functions set forth in
Payment for the document is passed from user 130 to distributor 120 by way of clearinghouse 150 which collects requests from user 130 and from other users who wish to view a particular document. Clearinghouse 150 also collects payment information, such as debit transactions, credit card transactions, or other known electronic payment schemes, and forwards the collected payments as a payment batch to distributor 120. Of course, clearinghouse 150 may retain a share of the payment as a fee for the above-noted services. Distributor 120 may retain a portion of the batch payment from clearinghouse 150 for distribution services and forward a payment (for example royalties) to author 110. Distributor 120 may await a bundle of user requests for a single document before distributing the document. In such a case, a single encrypted document can be generated for unencryption by all of the requesting users 130.
Each time user 130 requests (or uses) a document, an accounting message is sent to audit server 140 which ensures that each request by user 130 matches with a document sent by distributor 120. Accounting information is received by audit server 140 directly from distributor 120. Any inconsistencies are transmitted via a report to clearinghouse 150, which can then adjust the payment batches made to distributor 120 accordingly. This accounting scheme is present to reduce the possibility of fraud in electronic document distribution and to handle any time-dependent usage permissions that may result in charges that vary, depending on the duration or other extent of use. The model for electronic document distribution illustrated in
As illustrated in
Server 220 has a plurality of documents 222 stored thereon, in the form of Web pages, for distribution. Documents 222 can be stored in an encrypted format. The term "encrypted", as used herein, refers to any mechanism by which accessibility of content is partially or completely prohibited, such as by use of asymmetric or symmetric encryption algorithms, scrambling algorithms, or the like. Server 220 also includes rights management module 224, in the form of software, for storing and managing rights associated with particular documents 222, users, and/or payment amounts as will be described in greater detail below.
Client 230 also has user interface (UI) module 234 and connection module 236 each in the form of software and each adapted to attach to browser 232 without the need for modification of browser 232. For example, UI module 234 and connection module 236 can be in the form of plug-ins, ActiveX controls, or in any form that allows attachment to the rendering engine of browser 232 without the need for modifying the code of browser 232. Such attachment is described in greater detail below.
Rights management module 224 is a server side component that identifies which rights are associated with each document 222. The rights also can vary based on the identity of the user requesting access to document 222, and/or any payment made by the user through a clearinghouse or the like. For example, the user may have the option of paying one fee to view document 222 or a higher fee for viewing and printing the same document 222, as is well known. Rights management module 224 is also operative to deliver the appropriate list of rights along with the document, via communications network 300, to connection module 236 of client 230 as described below.
Connection module 236 is a client side software component which verifies the integrity of the environment of client 230 by verifying that UI module 234 is attached to browser 232, identifies the user of client 230, i.e. the person requesting content, retrieves the document and the appropriate list of rights sent by rights management module 224, and in appropriate circumstances, unencrypts any retrieved documents that are encrypted. UI module 234 is a client side component that that monitors requests from the user to access content of documents 222 and either grants or denies the request based on the list of rights retrieved by connection module 236. Further, UI module 234 can disable specified functions of browser 232 and the operating system of client 230 based on the list of rights in the manner described below, by interfacing with the operating system API and intercepting and redirecting commands for example. Connection module 236 verifies that the industry standard rendering engine running in the environment of client 230 has not been tampered with or otherwise compromised in a way that may allow the user to access protected content in a way that bypasses UI module 234.
The invention can be implemented in connection with known client/server networking architectures, such as the Web, without modifying obviating, or bypassing the standard client software, server software, and rendering engines. Rights management module 224 is installed in server 220 along side the existing server software 226. As noted above, rights management module 224 identifies which rights are associated with documents 222 existing on server 220 or later stored on server 222. For example rights management module 224 can have a programmable database, lookup table, or the like including the various rights associated with each document 222 and other variables, such as the identity of the user and the payment made by the user, in a well known manner. Rights management module 224 further interfaces with the operating system API of server 220 to cause server software 226 to only respond to connections from client(s) 230 having connection module 236 and UI module 234. In particular, once rights management module 224 is installed, the procedure illustrated in
Alternatively, connection module 236 can generate a signature and send the signature to server 220 with any URL request to server 220. Access to the Web site on server 220 will only be granted if the signature is present and valid. In this alternative, rights management module 224 can include code to validate the signature.
When a user of client computer 230 attempts to access server 220 having rights management module 224, rights management module 224 verifies if UI module 234 is installed on client 230 as described above. If not, instructions in the DRM start Web page, in the form of a java applet, ActiveX control, or the like, instruct browser 232 to download and install UI module 234. Download can be accomplished from server 220 or another server coupled to communications network 300. Such download and installation can be accomplished in a known manner using conventional mechanisms, and the user can be prompted to authorize installation and to enter other necessary information, such as where to store the installation files. Connection module 236 can be imbedded in UI module 234 and downloaded and installed simultaneously or through a separate download and installation process. Of course, if UI module 234 is detected as installed on server 230, the installation step can be skipped. If UI module 234 is not installed on client 230, and the user does not authorize such installation, access to documents on server 222 is prohibited, or limited only to documents specified as being freely distributable.
As noted above, UI module 234 and connection module 236 are in a form in which they can be attached to browser 232 without the need to modify the code of browser 232. The term "attached" as used herein with respect to the modules, refers to software modules that can be combined or coupled with browser without modifying the code of browser 232. For example, UI module 234 and connection module 236 are in the form of plug-ins, in the case of Netscape Navigator™ or ActiveX Controls in the case of Internet Explorer™. The mechanisms for developing and installing such components are well known.
The procedure for accessing protected content stored on server 220 is illustrated in
More specifically, when connection module 236 receives a request from the rendering engine of browser 232, connection module 236 validates that the rendering engine is protected by UI module 234, i.e. UI module 234 is attached, and that the rendering engine has not been tampered with or otherwise compromised. If so, connection module 236 permits connection to rights management module 224 of server 220 and negotiates permission to retrieve the original start Web page on server 220 and the set of rights for the user for the Web page. Rights management module 224 then initiates a connection between server software 226 of server 220 and connection module 236 of client 230. The connection can be established using any protocol, such as HTTP or HTTPS or any other standard or proprietary connection protocol. The requested document 222 is then retrieved and delivered to connection module 236 which unencrypts document 222, if encrypted on server 220, and delivers the document in unencrypted form to the new instance of the rendering engine of browser 232 along with the set of rights associated with the document. Once again, the contents of the set of rights may be determined based on the document, the user's identity, a payment made by the user, or any other appropriate parameter. Connection module 236 then transmits the set of rights to UI module 234 which limits the functions available to the user based on the set of rights by controlling the new instance of the rendering engine of browser 236 as described above.
The content of the document is now viewable in a window of browser 232 as any other Web page would be. However, browser 232 does not have direct access to the Web page of the document because browser 232 is "wrapped" by UI module 234. UI modules 234 prevents browser 232 from performing any prohibited functions outside of the scope of the set of rights for the document.
The invention utilizes a standard rendering engine of an application program, such as a browser, a word processor, or any other application or display program. The invention achieves this by interfacing with the application and standing between the application and the document to control access to the document. Accordingly, the invention does not require a separate proprietary rendering engine for each document format because the application rendering engine is used. Further, any data format supported by the application will be supposed by the invention without modification.
The invention can be implemented over any type of communications Network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), direct computer connections, or the like, using any type of communication hardware and protocols. Any type of hardware or combination of hardware can be used for the various clients and servers. Accordingly, the terms "client" and "server" as used herein, can refer to any type of computing device or data terminal, such as a personal computer, a portable computer, a dumb terminal, a thin client, a hand held device, a wireless phone, or any combination of such devices. The various clients and servers can be a single computer at a single location or multiple computers at a single or multiple locations. For example a server may be comprised of a plurality of redundant computers disposed in co-location facilities at various locations to facilitate scalability. There can be any number of clients and any number of servers. The client can physically be located on the same hardware as the server.
Any appropriate server or client software can be used and any communication protocols can be used. Communication can be accomplished over electric cable, fiber optic cable, or any other cable, or in a wireless manner using radio frequency, infrared, or other technologies. The various information can be stored in any format and thus the term "database" as used herein refers to any collection of information such as a database file, a lookup table, or the like. The documents can be of any type and can contain any type of content, such as text, audio information, video information, or combinations of plural types of content. The portions of the invention described above that are described as software components could be implemented as hardware. Moreover, while certain functional blocks are described herein as separate and independent from each other, these functional blocks can be consolidated and performed on a single general-purpose computer, or further broken down into sub-functions as recognized in the art. The set of rights can be one or more rights or rules governing use of the document, can be in any appropriate form, and can be based on various parameters such as the document type, the user's identity, a payment by the user, and the like. The various software modules can be located on the client or the server.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described in detail above, it should be recognized that other forms, alternatives, modifications, versions and variations of the invention are equally operative and would be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosure is not intended to limit the invention to any particular embodiment, and is intended to embrace all such forms, alternatives, modifications, versions and variations. Accordingly, the true scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and legal equivalents.
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About the Film
Steven is an aging white man obsessed with marrying an Asian woman, dreaming of a devoted young wife. Sandy is the young, feisty, ambitious Chinese woman he finds online. This engaging documentary follows their tumultuous love story.
For years, twice-divorced airport garage attendant Steven has been writing to numerous women through an online dating site that specializes in connecting Western men with Asian women. At times, his pursuit seems like utter fantasy. He falls for a 24-year-old woman across the Pacific entirely through pictures and email. When she eventually breaks his heart, he meets another Chinese woman, 30-year-old Sandy. They become engaged, and she flies to San Francisco to marry him.
Steven and Sandy negotiate cross-cultural differences huddled around Google Translate as they try to communicate despite an enormous language barrier. While they attempt to work out the significant bumps in their relationship, filmmaker Debbie Lum finds herself becoming more than an outside observer: Steven and Sandy begin to rely heavily on Lum to bridge the large gap between their two disparate cultures.
"One day Steven calls me in desperation," Lum says. "He and Sandy have had a huge fight. I rush over to film them — but quickly become enlisted as translator using the broken Mandarin I learned in college. Finding myself caught in the middle of their tumultuous lives, I begin to see their complicated relationship from many different angles."
Sandy comes to realize that both Steven and life in America are not as ideal as she had expected. But as she confronts many of Steven's bad habits, he begins to change. His obsession with many Asian women becomes a deep commitment to one — and he recognizes that in order to keep Sandy, he must learn how to be a caring, respectful, and culturally sensitive husband. Above all he must confront the reality of marriage — not to the sweet innocent girl he imagined, but to a demanding, strong-willed Asian woman.
Seeking Asian Female is a film about facing and unlearning stereotypes and the judgments that stem from them. "All three of us — Steven, Sandy and myself — changed the expectations that we held of each other before we met," says Lum.
The Filmmaker
Debbie Lum is a San Francisco-based filmmaker and editor. Seeking Asian Female is her feature-length directing debut. For years she has worked as a documentary editor. Her credits include A.K.A. Don Bonus (winner, National Emmy), Kelly Loves Tony (nominee, IDA Best Documentary) which she also co-produced, and To You Sweetheart, Aloha (PBS).


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susceptibility: Recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(5): 355–361.Fleming GF, et al. (2009). Epithelial ovarian cancer. In RR Barakat et al., eds., Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 763–835. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
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8:05 am
Sun December 22, 2013
A Big Helping Of Christmas Compassion At Joseph's House
By editor
Originally published on Sun December 22, 2013 12:33 pm
Joseph's House is a hospice in Washington, D.C., for people who don't have a home. Started in 1990, it's a spot where people with end-stage AIDS and cancer can come to receive food, shelter, medication and community. NPR's Rachel Martin checks in for the holidays.


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Let's make cool stuff
April 17 · 11:00 AMThe Largest Professional 3D Printing Event Returns to New York3D Print Week is happening from Monday the 13th to Friday the 17th of April so if anyone is down to check it out I'm just passing along the info. It's free if you... Learn more
February 11, 2014 · 7:00 PMMeet Blokify: Simplified 3D Modeling SoftwareCome join us for an evening of fun centered around a model build off using the new 3D modeling app Blokify. The best modelers will take home some cool swag and off... Learn more
December 20, 2013 · 7:30 PMHow about finding the latest research and advances of 3D printing?The 3D heights 3D printing store is going to be opening soon. Jerry Castanos is giving us the opportunity to get a preview before the grand opening so the 3D printing... Learn more
October 22, 2013 · 7:00 PMField Trip: Zahn Center - Explore the Latest advances of 3D printingWe are going to head out on a field trip to check out the Zahn Center! The Zahn Center is a startup incubator with a focus on hardware startups. They have an in-house... Learn more
September 17, 2013 · 7:00 PMConey Island Scan-A-RamaFred Kahl AKA Coney Island's Great Fredini will will lead a presentation and discussion about his latest project: Coney Island Scan-A-Rama. Coney Island Scan-A-Rama is... Learn more
- More Meetups


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Cooking Method - Simmer
This stock is good enough to serve as a first course consommé, in addition to using it as a basis for some of the recipes that follow. Baking or caramelizing the vegetables before adding the water gives an additional richness to the stock. If you wish, adding a 1 to 2 inch piece of kombu seaweed will also add a further depth of flavor. This stock will keep for 2 days, covered, in the refrigerator. It can also be frozen; divide it into 2- or 3-cup freezer containers. Feel free to add any vegetable trimmings from the bag in your freezer, but beware of cabbage or broccoli, whose flavors tend to dominate the stock.
Read Dave DeWitt's article on Veggie Soups for Spring here.
This recipe and others can be found in the 12-part illustrated series "A World of Curries". You can read all about this unique Indian flavor here.
Here is the traditional way the Sumatrans cook the often-tough meat of the water buffalo--by slowly simmering it in coconut milk. This recipe takes some time to make, but it's worth it. It keeps for months in the freezer, so make a lot. Serve the rendang over rice.
Sauces in the annual Jack Daniel's barbecue contest must include some of the host's product. This recipe is a good example of what the judges look for. It comes from the Jack Daniel's Old Time Barbecue Cookbook.
This recipe and others can be found in the following article:
Ice cream with hot sauce is all the rage in both South Africa and the U.S.
Nowadays it's easy to re-create the chili that Wick used in the first cook-off against H. Allen Smith--just buy some of the famous Wick Fowler 2-Alarm Chili Mix. Or, you can follow the recipe below, which chili legend holds is Wick&rquo;s original version that he cooked in Terlingua in 1967. Remember to remove the Japanese chiles and the chilipiquins before serving. If this chili is too hot, Wick recommended drinking a pint of buttermilk.
Jambalaya is the kind of dish that can feed a big crowd. It takes a long time to cook, but it seems to get eaten pretty fast! Normally made with some combination of shrimp, chicken and andouille sausage, this recipe takes on an exotic twist with smoky wild boar bacon, chunks of alligator tail meat and kangaroo sausage.
This is a typical Calabrian dish, but it is also a favorite in some Puglian villages. In Italy, and maybe in some Italian specialty stores in the U.S., the wild onions can be found in jars in oil. They have a very distinctive taste, like (unedible) daffodils, which are botanically a close relative. Most likely though you will have to use scallions.
This recipe is also attributed to Big Daddy. Since yak meat is impossible to find, substitute buffalo or very lean beef.


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Boys Don't Knit
Boys Don't Knit ©
Michael Casey
Boys don't knit, your nan does, your mum did, your aunty does, but boys don't knit. I do confess when I was 9 I did try it. Mum had knitting needles in the back of the dinner table's drawers. A heavy mahogany table with curvy ends with holes in, it's probably an antique now, it's still in the old family house. It weighs a ton and a ton of food passed over that table over the years.
So having found the needles I went in search of wool, I found it in mum's plastic wicker basket which was in the back of the pantry under the stairs. So off I went knitting. Only my knitting was totally linear, I filled up one needle then another. My knitting did not grow, or whatever is the official word for it. Iwas no Kaffe Fassett I could only produce one line, it would be ok if I were making a jumper for a caterpillar, but for a human, my knitting just would not do.
So that was 40 years plus ago, now we have a new knitter in the family, my eldest daughter. And she knows how to make her knitting grow, I am so impressed. She got a knitting set and soon ran out of wool, she made a scarf, not as long as Dr Who's but just as nice. I was impressed.
Being a good dad I had to go and find more wool for her. A man asking for wool does raise eyebrows, but a modern dad has to do what a modern dad does. I found some in the plastic shop, it's a shop that sells all things that are made of plastic, and everything else, a modern bazar. Then I wondered would our local market have a wool section.
In the market, halfway up on the right I found wools galore. All sizes and colours, you cannot imagine the variety of wools there are. Sparkly wool, fluffy wool, fat wool, thin wool, neon coloured wool. I've never noticed this on the sheep when we've driven past in the car, the sheep must keep their secrets to themselves, until they are sheared.
So my daughter has knitting as a hobby now, she says its relaxing, after all the choir and piano practice, not to mention maths and book reading. I know she'll never starve as she can always knit jumpers as an occupation into her old age, imagine 80 years of knitting.
My mother used to knit for all of us her children, I can remember her holding up the knitting against my back to see how much more she had to knit. We had so many jumpers in the house. We used to have a corner cupboard that held all our jumpers. One day when mum was out, just for fun we made our little sister wear all 9 or ten jumpers. There were so many jumpers that my sister could not put her arms down. Her arms were outstretched, she was like a letter T. Mum was not happy when she came home to see our little sister standing like a letter of the alphabet. T.
Nobody knits nowadays; it's cheaper to buy jumpers in the shop. Which is such a pity, as knitting is so much fun, especially if you don't sit on the knitting needles!


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|Jeffrey "JC" Cox (REP) - Justice of the Peace, District: Highland
|Jeffrey "JC" Cox
|2656 E. Harrison Ct., Gilbert
|Campaign Phone:
|Campaign EMail:
|Campaign Website:
|Occupation/Main source(s) of income:
|Business Analyst
|Previous Occupations:
|IT Project Manager
|BS Business/IS, MS IS, Juris Doctor Candidate (12/08)
|Birth Date:
|Married for 16 years, 4 children
|How long have you lived in Arizona?
|9 years
|What is your party registration and how long have you been registered as a member of that party?
|Republican - 20 years
|Previous public offices you have sought/held:
|Civic organizations in which you have been active?
|Boy Scouts of America, Higley School District, Church Service
|Are you using public funds in your campaign?
|Do you have any sort of a criminal record or any outstanding civil judgments? Please be specific.
|What is the best piece of political advice you ever received?
|While gathering petition signatures I had a picture of me and my family on the clipboard. An older gentleman signed my petition, then pointed at my family and said, "Never forget who you are and what is really important." I think that being grounded in the principles I hold dear - my relationship with my family, and my personal integrity - are critical to being successful in any venture; politcs probably most of all.
|What character trait best serves a public official?
|I think the ability to act and not react. The decisions we make purely as a reaction to someone or some situation are frequently those we regret the most. The ability to reflect on the situation, and make a decision based on personal and community priorities, beliefs, morals, ethics, etc. is a trait that is crucial for someone that is serving the public.
|What character flaw most harms a public official?
|Trying to please everyone rather than serving based on community goals and objectives and personal integrity.
|What is your favorite book (besides a spiritual text)?
|Lord of the Flies. It's scary what can happen when we lose sight of what is truly important. It reflects in many ways what we see in our society today. People get so focussed on one aspect of life that they forget their duty to society as a whole. Mahatma Ghandi said that every right is based on a duty. If we focus solely on our rights, and neglect to perform the accompanying duty, soon we will have no rights.
|What is your favorite place in Arizona?
|My home. We enjoy many places in Arizona (Tonto Natural Bridge, Grand Canyon, camping, etc.) - but always look forward to being back home as a family.
|Which Arizona political figure past or present do you most admire and why?
|Jeff Flake. I can't say that I have always agreed with every position he has taken, but I have always believed that he tried to do what he truly believed was best for our state and our country. He conducts himself with dignity and respect. I have never heard him denegrate someone personally, even when he disagrees with them politically.
|Should Justices of the Peace have term limits? Why or why not?
|I do not believe this is necessary. I believe in the political process we have established. If someone is not performing as they should, there are methods to remove him or her. These are the elections, or removal if they commit misconduct. However, to arbitrarily remove someone who is functioning well in the position seems counter-intuitive.
|Should the requirements for Justice of the Peace be more stringent? Why or why not?
|This is a difficult questions. My initial response is yes, but I would qualify that. I believe that a knowledge of the law is essential for anyone who stands as an arbiter of justice. However, what that knowledge is, and how it should be attained is debatable. I believe my own legal education gives me a distinct advantage in serving as a JP. However, the purpose of the justice courts is to give people a forum that is presided over by someone with common experience with the members of the community. I don't think someone needs to have attended law school to serve as a JP, but the JP has a duty to the citizens and community to understand the law. We require hearing officers to go through a training program, I think JP's should have a similar requirement before they can run.
|Should Justices of the Peace have formal legal training? Why or why not?
|Yes, but not necessarily require them to complete law school. I think a training focussed on the types of issues that come into the justice courts is important. In addition, it should provide training on how to do legal research so justices are equipped with tools to gain knowledge in other areas of law as they are needed. This type of requirement would serve two purposes: (1) it would help increase the competency of new JPs; and (2) it would help potential JP candidates understand more fully the duties they will undertake and the obligations they will have to the community.
|What has greater merit: Justices of the Peace being elected or JPs being chosen by a merit selection process? Why?
|I like the idea of JPs being elected by the people of the community in which they will serve. This also holds the JP accountable to the members of the community. However, it is difficult for voters to really know who the candidates are, and who is best suited to serve as JP.
|How much supervision should Justices of the Peace have from Superior Court?
|I think there should be a mentoring relationship between the JPs and the Superior Court. As a new JP, there should be a person, or committee within the Superior Court that the JP can go to for questions - legal and administrative. Naturally, the need for this would reduce over time as the JP becomes more experienced, but it would be tremendously beneficial, especially for those JPs that have no legal background. Certainly the JP should be answerable to the Superior Court for the work he performs.
|How do you justify the existence of Justice Courts when some argue it would be more cost-efficient to shift those cases to municipal courts?
|Justice courts have a limited jurisdiction, as do municipal courts. They are very similar in many ways. Whether it would be more cost-effective or not to consolidate everything into the municipal courts, I cannot say. This is a judgment call made by the AZ court system. If municipal courts were tasked with adjudicating the cases currently handled by the justice courts, they would have to significantly expand.
Arizona's budget debate
Lawmakers outline top priorities, debate surplus, sales-tax cliff, debt.


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Mall Santas, 'rollover' data, and our most-wanted gifts on The CultCast
Merry CultCast, boys and girls! This week: Santa gets a little "grabby"; Apple wins a major lawsuit; our iPhones deserve "rollover" data plans; the incredibly low payouts artists get from Spotify; and the high-end gifts we really want but will never get on an all-new Get To Know Your Cultist.
Thanks to Audible for supporting this episode. Audible, the home of over 150,000 audio books from practically every genre in existence. Grab our Leander Kahney's book, Jony Ive: The Genius Behind Apple's Greatest Products, for free with a 30-day Audible trial.
Catch the full show notes ahead.


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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
This is a game to play if you loved the Fire Emblem series. Luminous Arc 2 is a tactical strategy RPG similar to that of Fire Emblem, but with some new mechanics built in (i.e. the direction you face makes all the difference in battle). Addictive!
Game Traits applied to Luminous Arc 2 (DS) by Kniteryder
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text: The new Photoshop CS6 has some really incredible new features, as well as a faster processing engine. If you do not have a 64 bit computer it might be worth upgrading to. I am really amazed just how robust and fast the the software is. Not only faster but some great new features and filters that you should be aware of. One of the most important things about working in PS or LR is being able to optimize your workflow. There really is no reason to take forever on projects now. I would be happy to share some of my workflow ideas and tips should you be interested. It might be some of the best money spent.


text: Summer Program Session june 22- August 30 Registration Dates: Members: Friday, June 5 Community: Tuesday, June 16 Youth Development Nurturing the potential of every child and teen Programs for youth and teens, like swimming lessons, sports leagues and the arts. Healthy Living Improving the nation's health and well-being Programs for adults and families, like fitness, adult sports leagues, road races, family nights and birthday parties. Social Responsibility Giving back to our neighbors and friends Fundraising and volunteerism, as well as housing, community outreach and educational certification programs. Everyone belongs at the Y, regardless of income. If you thought you couldn't be part of the Y, think again! Learn more about Financial Assistance »


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From Our Editors
Star Struck is the official provider of authentic Blackhawks and Bulls apparel, and carries tons of tees, caps, and more for all Chicago sports teams. Stay warm with a Blackhawks tassel knit hat ($15), or put your Groupon toward a Bulls playbook pullover hoodie by Adidas ($45). Pass yourself off as number one with a Jay Cutler women's jersey ($65), go vintage with a faded Blackhawks zip hoodie ($65), or layer for the Chicago cold with either a Blackhawks or Bulls three-in-one T-shirt combo pack ($30). Sports apparel also makes a great gift for all your expecting friends, whose soon-to-be babies would be naked if not for the Cubs onesies ($16) you so graciously provided.