text:
Transmitting non-polluting dummy pilot signals in a wireless communication network permits estimation of the downlink propagation channels between a number of joint transmitters and a lesser number of receivers. With fewer receivers than transmitters, loop back information from the receivers is not sufficient to determine the downlink propagation channels between the transmitters and receivers. For N transmitters and M receivers, (N-M) dummy pilot symbols are transmitted to facilitate downlink channel estimation. Each dummy pilot signal is transmitted to an imagined or dummy receiver that is virtually located such that its downlink channel coefficient vector is orthogonal to those of the real receivers. Transmit pre-filtering based on estimated propagation channels is applied to the information signals for the real receivers and to the dummy pilot signals. The extent to which the dummy pilot signals interfere at each receiver is an indication of mismatch between estimated and actual propagation channels.
1. A method of facilitating estimation of propagation channels between a first number of transmitters and a lesser number of receivers, the method comprising:
transmitting information signals for said receivers jointly from said transmitters based on propagation channel estimates, such that interference between information signals is reduced at each said receiver; and
transmitting a number of dummy pilot signals equal to a difference between the number of transmitters and receivers, such that said dummy pilot signals cause substantially no interference in reception of said information signals by said receivers when said propagation channel estimates substantially match said propagation channels.
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determining dummy pilot signal interference at said receivers; and
adjusting said propagation channel estimates based on said determined dummy pilot signal interference.
11. A method of estimating propagation channels between a number transmitters and a lesser number of receivers, the method comprising:
initializing a set of propagation channel estimates for said propagation channels;
generating a number of dummy pilot signals equal in number to a difference between said number of transmitters and receivers;
determining supplemental propagation channel coefficients for each said dummy pilot signal based on said propagation channel estimates intended to cause said dummy pilot signals to substantially cancel at each said receiver, thus causing no interference at said receivers;
pre-filtering said dummy pilot signals and an information signal for each said receiver using said propagation channel estimates and said supplemental propagation channel estimates;
transmitting said information signals and said dummy pilot signals jointly from said transmitters to said receivers after said pre-filtering; and
adjusting said propagation channel estimates based on observed dummy pilot signal interference at said receivers.
The present invention generally relates to wireless communication networks, and particularly relates to using non-polluting pilot codes in wireless networks employing coherent transmit diversity techniques that improve communication performance and efficiency.
Wireless communication networks employ various techniques to maximize their communication efficiency, performance, and economy. Economy and efficiency may be measured from the service provider's perspective, and generally relate to supporting the greatest possible number of users for lowest possible service and equipment costs. Performance may be measured from the perspective of both service providers and subscribers, and centers on providing the highest possible reliability at whatever data rate is being used.
Approaches to improving communication reliability are at least as numerous as the factors influencing that reliability. Thus, one sees a broad range of technologies and methods in modern communication systems, all meant to improve the underlying reliability of the communication services provided. Of these varied approaches, diversity communications itself represents a varied mix of techniques.
In wireless communication, successful reception depends on a relatively unobstructed signal path between a receiver and a supporting transmitter. If the path is obstructed, fading may occur. Fading may be particularly problematic when the wireless receiver is moving with respect to the transmitter. In this scenario, the signal path is ever changing and fading becomes a highly dynamic factor influencing reception quality.
Diversity combats fading by providing additional communication elements capable of transmitting or receiving on different signal paths in the hope that at least one of these signal paths will remain un-faded at any particular instant in time. Diversity may be implemented on the transmit side using different frequencies, antennas, polarizations, or combinations thereof to transmit to a given receiver.
Implementing diversity on the receive side, which is a more common practice, usually entails providing multiple receiving elements, such as two or more receive antennas. With multiple receiving elements, the receiver may receive its signal of interest on multiple signal paths, thus increasing the likelihood that at least one of the signal paths will be unobstructed at any instant in time.
With transmit macro-diversity multiple transmitting antennas may be used to transmit signals to a given wireless receiver. When the antennas are individual elements in an antenna array, coherent transmit beamforming may be used to advantage. With this technique, reception performance is improved by the summation of transmit powers received from the multiple transmit antenna elements, as well as by the focusing of the transmit signal towards the receiver.
If the transmit antenna elements are not co-located, spatial transmit diversity may be achieved by transmitting the same signal from multiple, spaced-apart transmit antennas. However, non-coherent (e.g., time-offset) diversity signals transmitted in this manner increase the geographical spread of interference between different wireless receivers using the same communication channel.
With spatial diversity, multiple base stations may be employed to simultaneously transmit to one or more wireless receivers. Individual base stations identify themselves to the respective receivers by transmitting unique pilot codes. In many CDMA systems, the collection of base stations transmit the same pilot code sequence, but each base station uses a different code offset to uniquely identify itself. Under some circumstances, pilot codes from multiple base stations cause interference at the wireless receivers receiving these multiple pilot code signals. Such interference is termed pilot code pollution.
The present invention relates to a method of generating and using non-polluting pilot codes or other dummy signals in a wireless network that employs coherent transmit macro-diversity to permit determination of the requisite downlink channel parameters where there are fewer receivers than transmitters. Downlink channels are the signal propagation paths between network transmitters and the various wireless receivers served by the network. Dummy pilot signals are transmitted to imaginary wireless receivers in a manner that allows characterization of downlink channels between N transmitters (e.g., antennas) and M receivers, where N>M. The pilot codes are generated in a manner that does not cause interference in the real receivers. In an exemplary embodiment, the non-polluting pilot signals are used in a cellular radiotelephone system that employs coherent transmit macro-diversity.
With coherent transmit macro-diversity, more than one transmit signal is used to carry information for a wireless receiver. When multiple wireless receivers are involved, each transmit signal comprises a weighted combination of the individual information signals intended for the different receivers. The weighting is based on the propagation channels between each receiver and each transmitter, and is designed to cause reinforcement of the wanted signal with simultaneous cancellation of the unwanted signals at each receiver. That is, the various transmit signals combine at each receiver to cancel out all but that receiver's wanted signal.
Each receiver provides some form of loop back signal that the network uses to estimate the downlink channel between that receiver and the various transmitters being used to transmit to the receiver. A channel estimate matrix may be formed using this information, where each matrix column represents one of the N transmitters, and each matrix row represents one of the M wireless receivers, thus defining an N�M matrix. Where N>M, the channel estimate matrix is rank deficient and does not provide enough information for the network to determine the downlink channels between each transmitter and each receiver.
In a simple example where two transmitters transmit to one receiver, the present invention imagines a second, dummy receiver to exist where the propagation coefficients for the position of the imagined receiver are in some sense orthogonal to those of the real receiver. A pilot symbol stream is transmitted to the dummy receiver that is statistically independent and preferably orthogonal. Channel estimates for the downlink channels between the two transmitters and the one actual receiver are used in pre-filtering the pilot symbol stream for the dummy receiver. To the extent that the downlink channel estimates are accurate, the pilot symbol stream for the dummy terminal will be non-polluting with regard to the real receiver. Thus, correlation operations may be performed using the non-polluting pilot code based on loop back information from the real receiver to calculate the downlink channels to the real receiver.
In general, where there are N transmitters and M receivers, (N-M) dummy receivers are imagined and dummy pilot code symbol streams are transmitted to each one. Various techniques are available for figuratively locating the dummy receivers at positions having downlink path coefficients orthogonal to the paths of the real receivers. Such techniques may involve arbitrarily rotating multi-dimensional vectors about one or more similarly dimensioned vectors representing the estimated path coefficients to the real receivers.
In the above operations, adding dummy receivers is equivalent to adding rows to the channel estimate matrix. It may be seen that by adding each row as the time-reverse conjugate of its own co-factors, the determinant of the resultant expanded matrix is the same as the inverse of the original channel estimate matrix multiplied by its time-reverse conjugate. Thus, the above technique preserves the denominator poles of the original matrix, which means that the desired signal gain achieved from using coherent transmit macro-diversity is preserved when using non-polluting pilot codes in accordance with the present invention.
In the Applicant's co-pending application, "COHERENT TRANSMIT MACRO-DIVERSITY IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION," a novel system and method for practicing coherent transmit macro-diversity are presented. This co-pending application is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. With coherent transmit macro-diversity, two or more transmitters are used to simultaneously transmit to a wireless receiver. The transmit signals are weighted based on the downlink propagation channels between each of the transmitters and the receiver. At the receiver, the transmit signals combine in a manner that reinforces the receiver's desired information signal, while canceling other information signals intended for other receivers that might also be carried in the transmit signals. Interference cancellation in this manner relies on forming the transmit signals based on downlink channel estimates.
As illustrated, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the number of antennas 14 (e.g., transmitting elements or stations) and the number of mobile terminals 16. However, the ratio may be varied such that there are more or fewer transmit stations than there are wireless receivers. Indeed, the non-polluting pilot codes of the present invention provide exemplary techniques for practicing coherent transmit macro-diversity where there are fewer receivers than transmitters.
Referring again to the illustration, base station 12A broadcasts transmit signal T1 via antenna 14A, and likewise, base stations 12B and 12C broadcast transmit signals T2 and T3 via antennas 14B and 14C, respectively. Each transmit signal Tx represents a weighted combination of the different information signals intended for respective ones of the mobile terminals 16. Each mobile terminal 16 receives each of the transmit signals, albeit through different downlink propagation channels. That is, each mobile terminal 16 receives the combination of T1, T2, and T3, as affected by the propagation channels between that mobile terminal 16 and point of transmission for T1, T2, and T3.
The set of downlink channels between each transmit antenna 14 and each mobile terminal 16 may be represented using the nomenclature Cjk. This symbol denotes the channel between the jth wireless receiver (e.g., a given one of the mobile terminals 16) and the kth transmitter (e.g., a given one of the transmit antennas 14). Thus, in the illustration, C11 denotes the channel between mobile terminal 16A and transmit antenna 14A, C12 denotes the channel between mobile terminal 16A and transmit antenna 14B, and so on.
Typically, the propagation channel between a given antenna 14 and a given mobile terminal 16 comprises a number of downlink propagation paths. These multiple propagation paths, referred to as multipaths, each have characteristic attenuation, phase, and delay attributes, which may be expressed as a complex coefficient representing magnitude and phase, and a corresponding delay attribute. Thus, channel coefficient Cjk may be represented by the polynomial C0+C1z−1+C2z−2+ . . . +Cn−1z−(n−1), where Cn represents the channel coefficient associated with a single multipath and Zx is a delay operator that represents the unit delay of the various multipaths relative to the first received multipath. The time delay operator could be expressed relative to a multipath other than the first received multipath, in which case the above expression might include channel coefficients with positive delay elements (e.g., Cxz+4, Cx−1z+3, and so on).
In any case, the above expressions demonstrate that the multipath channel between any transmit antenna 14 and a mobile terminal 16 may be expressed as a polynomial in z, based on the channel coefficients and corresponding path delays associated with the multipaths involved. The complete set of channel coefficients from all antennas to all receivers forms a channel estimate matrix and may be expressed as follows:
In this example, the channel estimate matrix is used to generate transmit signals T1, T2, and T3 in such a manner as to allow the same downlink communication channel to be used by multiple mobile terminals 16 operating within the same service area. The transmit signals T1, T2, and T3 comprise weighted combinations of information signals S1, S2, and S3, which are intended for three different mobile terminals. Information signals S1, S2, and S3 are combined such that each mobile terminal 16 receives only its wanted signal, with the unwanted signals (e.g., those intended for the other mobile terminals 16) canceling.
To better understand the approach to the unwanted signal cancellation, it is helpful to examine the received signal R at any one of the receivers (e.g., mobile terminals 16). The signal received by a mobile terminal 16 during a given symbol period may be described by the following equation,
The combination of a signal with itself delayed in steps of one symbol period may also be described by the use of the Z-transform. A discrete-time signal S that is delayed by one sample is denoted by z−1�S, where "z" is the time advance operator and its reciprocal is the time delay operator. Thus the polynomial a+bz−1+cz−2 times S means aS(i)+bS(i−1)+cS(i−2).
Therefore, equation (1) can be written as:
If Rj denotes the signal received at receiver j and Tk denotes the signal transmitted by transmit antenna k, the entire picture of propagation from all antennas 14 to all mobile terminals 16 may be described by the matrix equation,
If we desire each receiver j (e.g., a given mobile terminal 16) to receive only its intended symbol stream Sj, then the transmit signals Tk needed to achieve that are given by,
Matrix theory describes the procedure for computing the inverse of a matrix as follows. First, transpose the matrix then replace every element by its cofactor to obtain a matrix known as the adjoint matrix. Then divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant of the original matrix to obtain the inverse matrix.
The determinant of a matrix is given by sums of products of its elements and is computable in a deterministic fashion. For example, assuming the following 3�3 channel estimate matrix,
When each matrix element Cjk in the above expression is a z-polynomial, it may be deduced that the expression's numerator is a z-polynomial of twice the order of the Cjk, while the denominator is a polynomial of three times the order of Cjk. Therefore, the inverse matrix comprises elements that have both a numerator z-polynomial and a denominator z-polynomial. According to Eq. 6, information bearing signals Sj to be transmitted to the mobile terminals 16 must be processed by multiplication with respective inverse matrix elements and summed to produce the transmit signals Tk.
If the exact inverse C-matrix (downlink channel coefficient matrix) is applied to the information signals Sj to form the transmit signals Tk from each of the antennas 14, the mobile terminals 16 will receive only their intended information signal Sj with multipath interference already cancelled at the transmitter, since the resulting channel from the transmitter to the receiver is [C]�[C]−1, which is unity.
Referring still to
The transmit signals Tk are relayed from the transmit processor 18 to respective base stations 12A, 12B, and 12C, where they are converted to continuous time waveforms by digital-to-analog converters (not shown) and up-converted to a desired radio frequency channel by modulators 22 in respective base stations 12A, 12B, and 12C. The up-converted signals are then amplified to desired transmit power levels by PAs 26 in each of the base stations 12 and transmitted by respective antennas 14A, 14B, and 14C. Jointly transmitting the desired information signals as combined transmit signals from the respective transmitters may be synchronized, for example, by the MSC 19, which could provide a synchronization signal to each of the transmitting base stations 12.
The transmit signals Tk (e.g., T1, T2, and T3) propagate to the mobile terminals 16A, 16B, and 16C by way of the multipath channels Cjk. With the generation of the transmit signals Tk, each mobile terminal 16 receives only the information signal intended for that mobile terminal 16 with the unwanted information signals canceling.
The channel estimator 36 derives the set of channel coefficients characterizing the multipath channels Cjk between each of the antennas 14 and each of the mobile terminals 16. The set of coefficients output from channel estimator 36 is referred to herein as channel state information (CSI). The channel estimator 36 outputs these channel coefficients to the matrix calculator 38, which calculates the coefficients of the IIR and FIR filters as previously described. More particularly, the channel estimator 36 provides N�N�L channel coefficients describing the N�N multipath channels Cjk from each one of the N antennas 14 to each one of the N mobile terminals 16. L is the impulse response length of the multipath channels Cjk, which equates to the number of multipaths in each multipath channel Cjk.
Treating each set of channel coefficients as a z-polynomial of order L and as an element of an N�N square matrix (i.e., the channel estimate matrix above), the matrix calculator 38 forms the N�N adjoint matrix, whose elements are polynomials of order (N −1)L, and a determinant polynomial of order NL. Matrix calculator 38 factors the determinant polynomial to determine the NL roots of the determinant polynomial and deletes the L roots having smallest absolute value of logmagnitude, leaving (N−1)L roots forming a reduced determinant polynomial of order (N−1)L. The reduced determinant polynomial determines the IIR filter as previously described and the adjoint matrix determines the coefficients of the FIR filters 34 in filter array 32.
The information bearing signals Sj (e.g., symbol streams S1, S2, and S3) carrying desired information for mobile terminals 16A, 16B, and 16C, respectively are input to numerical processor 20. Within the numerical processor 20, signals Sj are processed through IIR filters 30 of order (N−1)L corresponding to the reduced denominator polynomial and through FIR filters 34 of order (N−1)L corresponding to the adjoint matrix polynomials as follows.
Information blocks intended to be transmitted to different mobile terminals 16 are assembled in the transmit processor 18. First the information signals are IIR filtered by the respective IIR filters 30A-30N, which compensates for anticipated intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by delayed versions of the same signal Sj. In this exemplary implementation, the IIR filters 30 are formed from the determinant z-polynomial of the channel estimate matrix [C], and may be reduced in order by omission of factors corresponding to roots closest to the unit circle as previously described. The number of roots omitted may be anything from none up to the equalizer capability of the respective mobile terminals 16. The IIR filters 30 comprise one or more filter elements corresponding to the reciprocals of the roots of the reduced determinant z-polynomial. Each information block is passed in the reverse time direction through those filter elements formed from the reciprocals of roots of the reduced determinant that have a magnitude greater than unity and in the forward time direction through filter elements formed from the reduced determinant roots of magnitude less than unity to obtain IIR-processed blocks.
The IIR processed blocks are then FIR processed by matrix multiplication with the adjoint matrix polynomials to obtain transmit signal blocks. Filter array 32, comprising FIR filters 34, processes the IIR-filtered signals to compensate for interference between signals S1, S2, and S3 at the mobile terminals 16. Each signal is processed by a corresponding row of FIR filters 34 in the FIR filter array 32. The output signals from FIR filters 34 are summed down filter array columns, indicated by the + sign at the junction of the line from one output to another. These summed outputs represent the baseband combined transmit signals relayed by the transmit processor 18 to the modulators 22 used to generate transmit signals T1 . . . TN, which are in turn transmitted by transmit antennas 14A . . . 14N.
Note that each of the FIR filters 34 is updated with new coefficients as needed based on changing propagation path channel coefficients. Also, note that the FIR filters 34 in the filter array 32 correspond to elements in the adjoint of the channel estimate matrix C. Thus, each signal input into the filter array 32 is processed by a row of filters 34 corresponding to a respective row in the adjoint matrix discussed above.
The transmit signal may be further filtered to restrict transmission bandwidth and up-sampled and converted to continuous time signals. The transmit signals, denoted as T1, T2, and T3 in the illustration, are output by the transmit processor 18 and coupled to corresponding base stations 12, which may be base transceiver stations (BTSs). A modulator 22 in each BTS modulates the input transmit signal onto an RF carrier signal provided by a RF a generator 24, which is amplified by a suitable RF power amplifier (PA) 26 to make the transmit signals (i.e., T1, T2, or T3) discussed above suitable for transmission. Since IIR, FIR and bandwidth-restriction filtering are all linear processes, they may be carried out in any order. Generating T1, T2, and T3 in this manner causes the combination of transmit signals to cancel differently at each mobile terminal 16, such that each mobile terminal 16 receives only its desired signal.
Earlier reference was made to practicing coherent transmit macro-diversity with varying ratios of transmitters and receivers.
The resultant two transmit signals P1(z)X(z) and P2(z)X(z) are passed to the base station 12, where they are translated into a format suitable for transmission from the dual polarized antenna 14. That is, the two transmit signals are each transmitted to the mobile terminal 16 on different polarizations. The mobile terminal 16 receives the signals after propagation through the different propagation channels for the two signal polarizations, where the RHC channel is expressed as CR′(z) and the LHC channel as CL′(z). The mobile terminal thus receives Y(z)=(P1(z)CR′(z)+P2(z)CL′(z)X(z).
The mobile terminal 16 provides a network receiving system 50 with a composite loop back signal. Note that the receiving system 50 is diagrammed separately here for clarity of discussion, but in actual application may simply be incorporated into the base station 12 as part of its normal radio transceiver interface. Loop back processing entails correlating the loop back signal from the mobile terminal 16 in the loop back processor 52 and correcting for uplink channel effects, after which the Y(z) signal is recovered and the composite downlink channel P1(z)CR′(z)+P2(z)CL′(z) is obtained.
However, this cannot be uniquely portioned to determine estimated downlink channels CR(z) and CL(z) corresponding to the actual channels CR′(z) and CL′(z) given P1(z) and P2(z), as witnessed by the fact that the above expression is identical to P1(z)(CR′(z)+aP2(z))+P2(z)(CL′(z)−aP1(z)). Thus, because the terms P1(z)aP2(z) and −P2(z)aP1(z) cancel, it is not possible to determine an estimate for CR′(z) within an arbitrary multiple "a" of P2(z) nor is it possible to determine an estimate of CL′(z) within an arbitrary multiple "a" of P1(z).
The present invention determines one or more other information signals, streams, or pilot codes for joint transmission with the information signal transmissions to the real receivers that enables determination of the downlink channels between the transmitters and the real receivers. In the current example, transmitting a dummy pilot code as an additional pilot code signal permits estimation of CR′(z) and CL′(z) without causing added interference at the mobile terminal 16. In general, one or more dummy signals are transmitted along with the information signals. The dummy signals are pre-filtered along with the information signals in the transmit processor 18 in a manner that will result in cancellation of the dummy signals at each mobile terminal 16, provided that the propagation channel estimates used by the transmit processor 18 in transmit pre-filtering substantially match the actual propagation channels between the transmitters and the receivers. In this way, the extent to which the dummy signal does interfere at the receivers may be used to guide adjustment of the propagation channel estimates so that they more closely match the actual channel characteristics.
In the context of the current dual-polarization, single mobile terminal example, a dummy pilot code S(z) is transmitted on each antenna polarization. Pre-filtering is applied to the signal S(z), such that −CL(z)S(z) is transmitted from the RHC antenna element of antenna 14, while CR(z)S(z) is transmitted by the LHC antenna element. Here, the CL(z) and CR(z) terms are estimates of the actual downlink channels CL′(z) and CR′(z), rather than the actual downlink channels.
Thus, the mobile terminal 16 receives (−CL(z)CR′(z)+CR(z)CL′(z))S(z), which equals zero (0) if the channel estimates match the actual downlink channels. That is, the dummy pilot signal cancels out at the mobile terminal 16 if the pre-filtering polynomial CL(z) matches CL′(z) and pre-filtering polynomial CR(z) matches CR′(z). The dummy pilot code S(z) would be received strongest at a virtual receiver location to which the propagation channels were −CL(z)# for the RHC and CR(z)# for the LHC. Here the "#" symbol denotes the time-reverse, conjugate transpose of a matrix. Detailed descriptions of this notation and the underlying operations appear in the previously incorporated, co-pending application entitled "COHERENT TRANSMIT MACRO-DIVERSITY."
The channel estimate matrix for the intended signal to the mobile terminal 16 and the dummy pilot signal is thus given as,
Imagining a virtual or dummy terminal to exist where its propagation channels were in some sense orthogonal to those of the real mobile terminal 16 solved the information deficiency in the above example where the channel estimate matrix was 1 row�2 columns (i.e., one real information signal and receiver and two transmitters). Adding the dummy pilot signal S(z) made this matrix square (2�2). The matrix elements in the additional row arising from S(z) being transmitted to the virtual location of the dummy terminal may be seen to be the time-reverse conjugates of the elements' cofactors. The determinant of the 2�2 channel estimate matrix is thus of the form,
A solution for a three-transmitter/two-receiver scenario may be deduced as follows:
Let the starting, information deficient 2�3 channel estimate matrix be expressed as,
The imagined third receiver needed to make the above channel estimate matrix square should have dummy propagation channels forming a third row vector of polynomials that is orthogonal to both of the first two rows. A three-element vector "V" perpendicular to the two given three-element vectors represented by rows 1 and 2 can be formed from the cross product of row 1 and row 2 as,
The virtual channel, that is the channel(s) to the imagined or dummy terminal, should be chosen to be the time-reverse conjugate of the above. Namely, row 3 should be chosen as V#, such that,
Where three transmitters, such as three base stations 12, collaborate to form a coherent macro-diversity transmission to a single mobile terminal 16, two non-polluting pilot-code transmissions (e.g., S1(z) and S2(z)) are added. The virtual location of the two dummy terminals are selected based on orthogonality considerations with respect to propagation channel(s) of the real terminal 16.
When two vectors are given in three-dimensional space, a third vector perpendicular to both of them is unique; however, when only one vector in three-dimensional space is given, constructing another two perpendicular vectors is not represented by a unique solution. Instead, such vector construction involves the arbitrary rotation about the given vector.
For example, given channels C11, C12, and C13 in the first row, a dummy vector may be constructed for the second row as 0, −C13 #, and C12 #, and used for transmitting a first dummy pilot signal S1(z). Then, the elements in the third row vector for transmitting the second dummy pilot signal S2(z) may be determined to be equal to the time-reverse conjugate of the elements' cofactors. This may be expressed as,
Generally, a mobile terminal 16 may be located within a triangle of three base stations 12, and therefore the above discussion of polynomial matrices was limited to a maximum dimension of three. However, it may be deduced by extrapolation that the elements in a virtual Nth row in an N−1�N over-dimensioned channel estimate matrix would turn out to be the time-reversed conjugate of those elements' cofactors in the squared up N�N channel estimate matrix. Likewise, in an N−2�N problem, the N−1 row may be determined by setting any polynomial element in the N−2 row to zero and making the remaining N−1 polynomials in that row the time-reverse conjugates of their own cofactors in the N−1�N−1 matrix formed from the remaining rows and columns not containing the zero polynomial. Then, the Nth row may be filled in as above.
As an example, assume that four base stations 12 will transmit information signals to two mobile terminals 16. The channel estimate matrix initially comprises a 2�4 matrix expressed as,
Here, the starting matrix C will be supplemented with two additional rows corresponding to dummy pilot signals in order to make the channel estimate matrix square. First, a 3�4 matrix is formed by adding the first supplemental row to the starting matrix as its third row. The supplemental row may be considered to be a channel estimate vector for the propagation channels between the four transmitters and the imagined location of the virtual receiver to which the first dummy pilot signal will be transmitted.
To determine the values of each element in this third row, one row element is made zero, and the column in which that element is located is not considered in cofactor calculations for the remaining elements in the third row. The cofactor of each remaining element in the third row of the 3�4 matrix is then calculated using the various 2�2 cofactor matrices formed using the values in the two starting rows, with the final value of each third row element being set as the time-reverse conjugate of its cofactor. Thus, the 3�4 channel matrix now appears as,
Now, with the N−1 row added (i.e., the third row), the Nth or fourth row is added. The elements of the fourth row are calculated as the time-reverse conjugates of each row element's cofactor. Thus, the channel estimate matrix used to pre-filter the jointly transmitted information signals and dummy pilot signals is given as,
The above channel estimate matrix thus represents the original or starting 2�4 matrix supplemented with two additional rows (i.e., rows 3 and 4) corresponding to two dummy pilot signals. Because the matrix elements in rows 3 and 4 are computed or manipulated such that they are in some sense orthogonal to rows 1 and 2, the two dummy pilot signals should not cause interference at the mobile terminals 16.
However, to the extent that the estimated channel coefficients in the starting rows do not match the actual propagation channel characteristics to the real mobile terminals 16, the supplemental row values will not cause the desired cancellation of the dummy pilot signals at the mobile terminals 16. Thus, the extent to which the dummy pilot signals interfere with reception at the real receivers may be taken as an indicator of how well the channel estimates for the real receivers match actual channel conditions.
On this basis, the mobile terminals 16 may provide an indication of such interference by providing the loop back signals discussed above to the network 10. Correlation operations between the loop back signals and the pilot and information signals allows the network 10 to determine the extent of pilot signal interference, and thus change or update the channel estimates for the real receivers to reduce such interference.
Thus, dummy signals transmitted in accordance with the above discussion permit determination of the downlink channel estimates for the propagation paths between the involved transmitters and the wireless receivers being served by those transmitters. The signals being transmitted to a reduced number of mobile terminals 16 (i.e., N transmitters transmitting to M receivers where N>M) may be pre-filtered for transmission such that the dummy signals allowing channel estimation cause no interference or pilot pollution at the real mobile terminals 16.
Note that the transmit processor 18, the loop back processor 52, and various other portions of the network 10 are subject to much variation in terms of implementation. Generally, the transmit processor 18 and loop back processor 52 comprise one or more signal processors, or comprise portions of other network processing systems within the network 10. For example, if the MSC 19 contains the transmit processor 18, it may be that the transmit processor 18 comprises processing resources within the MSC 19. It may be that the loop back processor 52 is formed as part of the transmit processor 18, such that a central processing system of the network 10 determines transmit pre-filtering based on receiving and processing loop back signal information.
Of course, the present invention is in general subject to much variation, and the above examples should be considered as exemplary rather than limiting. Indeed, the present invention is limited only by the following claims and the reasonable equivalents thereof.
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The price of oil broke two days of steep losses Friday and scrambled back to above $93 a barrel after official predictions that economic growth in Europe would pick up pace in the second half of the year. Ample supplies kept gains in check.
By early afternoon in Europe, benchmark crude for April delivery was up 30 cents to $93.14 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
The contract fell $2.38, or 2.5 percent, to finish at $92.84 per barrel in New York on Thursday, the second drop of 2 percent or more in two days.
The European Union's executive arm, the Commission, said Friday that it expects the recession currently afflicting the economy of the 17 EU countries sharing the euro to bottom out during the first half of 2013, with growth seen reaching an annual rate of 0.7 percent in the last three months of the year. In 2014, growth in the eurozone is forecast to accelerate to 1.4 percent.
Crude oil's recent slide is a result of ample supplies and recent speculation that the Federal Reserve may soon allow interest rates to rise, which would reduce the supply of easy cash investors have been using to buy commodities such as oil.
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There are two incidences that have received the name the 'Boston Massacre.' One, was the original incident which took place March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five colonists and injured six others. The other was in 1978 when the New York Yankees won all four games in a September series by a combined score of 42–9. Yankees fans have been able to buy a T-shirt made by Nike that says "Boston Massacre" for the past few years, but the clothing line will discontinue production and sales of the T-shirt in response to last week's Boston Marathon bombings. Via the AP: "We conducted this process as quickly as possible and are confident the product has been removed from distribution," Nike spokeswoman Mary Remuzzi said in a statement emailed to The Associated Press. It seems a bit excessive, as most people wouldn't associate the term with the tragedy that took place last week. But in this day in age, companies don't want to take the chance with offending anyone, so they typically err on the side of caution.
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Bunionectomy Program - Podiatry in Austin TX
Dr. Michael Golf discusses a Bunionectomy Program.
Bunions are caused by the way the bones move in your feet which is an inherited characteristic from your ancestors. The bunion develops slowly as a result of normal walking over years beginning when you began to walk as a child. We do see some bunions as early as age 9 or 10 called juvenile bunions. Bunions are rarely symptomatic unless patient's wear shoes that aggravate them. The bunions themselves are not symptomatic but pressure from the shoe is what causes the pain with bunions. There are some deformities in the bunion category that involve arthritis which can be painful without shoes. Overall most young adult patients do not develop arthritis with bunions. Bunions can be completely managed and accommodated conservatively with shoes. The bunion deformities in children can be slowed down with arch supports called orthotics. Often time bunions reach the point where they need to be operated on.
Bunionectomies are designed to reduce the everyday pain caused by the bunion and are broken up into many categories. I will discuss the most common. The first category is a simple bunionectomy where the bony prominence is removed and some soft tissue releases are performed. The second type of bunionectomy, which is for a moderate deformity, requires a cut in the bone called an osteotomy. This is by far the most common type of bunionectomy performed. The third bunionectomy is performed for a severe deformity and involves 6 to 8 weeks non weight-bearing and 6 weeks in a boot. The fourth type of bunionectomy usually involves arthritis in the joint or such a severe deformity that the joint needs to be fused or replaced. Most patients with moderate bunion deformities need to the second example, the bunionectomy with osteotomy at the head of the metatarsal which requires some non weight-bearing for 3-5 days. This type of bunionectomy requires that you take one week off work and is 80% healed in 6 weeks. This bunionectomy is designed to last 20 to 30 years.
In general patients cannot exercise, run or jump, for 3-6 months. It takes approximately six months to completely heal from a bunionectomy. The foot remains swollen for about six months post-operatively, this is the most common problem after surgery. This procedure is done on an outpatient basis usually under local anesthesia with IV sedation, however patients may be given a general anesthetic if they desire, and takes about 45 minutes.
We do research studies that involve free bunionectomies. However you do need to take an experimental medication and stay at our clinic for 3-5 days. Ask about these studies if you are interested. In most cases patients receive compensation for their time.
Visit our website: http://www.michaelgolf.com


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Multiple international agreements to ban commercial whaling and stop the trade in endangered species haven't stopped Iceland's Kristjan Loftsson. The multi-millionaire continues to thumb his nose at the ...On May 21, 2015 / By Phil Kline
The International Whaling Commission met this past week in Portoroz, Slovenia. This was the seventh meeting I've attended as an observer, and for the first time, I left ...On September 19, 2014 / By Phil Kline
Originally posted to Huffington Post LOS ANGELES (AP) — A new analysis suggests there are as many blue whales living off the coast of California as there were before ...On September 8, 2014 / By Guest Post
UPDATE: Great news for whales! Shortly after we shared this information, we were contacted by a senior US official who assured us that the US will NOT be ...On July 10, 2014 / By Phil Kline
Despite an international ban on trading in endangered species such as the fin whale, Iceland has caught its first two endangered fin whales of 2014. The endangered whales are ...On June 23, 2014 / By Phil Kline
First, I'd like to thank the 40,000 of you who have sent President Obama a message asking him to impose targeted economic sanctions on Icelandic companies directly linked ...On March 20, 2014 / By Phil Kline
Fin whales are the second largest animals in the world, after blue whales. They are sleek and swift, not as bulky as their larger cousins. Usually solitary, fin ...On March 13, 2014 / By Jason Schwartz
This past year more than 186,000 supporters and whale lovers, answered Greenpeace's call to contact decision makers here in DC asking them to help save whales, dolphins and ...On December 16, 2013 / By Phil Kline
Greenpeace called on the Japanese government to end its unprofitable whaling operations as the factory ship of the country's so-called 'scientific' whaling fleet departed for the Antarctic from Shimonoseki Port on December 7th. "The Board of Audit of Japan has ...On December 9, 2013 / By Cassady Sharp
Whaling remains, unfortunately, an active campaign for Greenpeace. One of the organization's first, the battle is still not won. After a two-year hiatus, Iceland has recently resumed its ...On September 4, 2013 / By Cassady Sharp
Greenpeace is an independent organization that does not take money from corporations or government. We rely on individual donations from people just like you.Donate


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Cast: Sarika, Padmini Kolhapure, Suresh Oberoi, Shammi Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt, Sanjeev Kumar, Dilip Kumar, Amrish Puri
Producer: Gulshan Rai
Director: Subhash Ghai
Release Date: 03 December,1982
Storyline: Vidhaata is a 1982 bollywood movie directed by subhash ghai and produced by gulshan rai's company trimurti films. it stars dilip kumar, sanjay dutt and padmini kolhapure in lead roles, and, shammi kapoor, sanjeev kumar, amrish puri, madan puri, suresh oberoi and sarika in supporting roles. Read on Wikipedia
Vidhaata : Cast
Cast overview


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Sandhu, SS; Kaisary, AV; (1997) Localised carcinoma of the prostate: A paradigm of uncertainty. Postgraduate Medical Journal , 73 (865) 691 - 696.
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|Localised carcinoma of the prostate: A paradigm of uncertainty
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences > Surgery and Interventional Science (Division of)
Archive Staff Only: edit this record


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Helen Dunmore reads 'My Oedipus Complex' by Frank O'Connor
Helen Dunmore reads 'My Oedipus Complex', Frank O'Connor's "poignant, flowing" story of a boy whose father has returned from the war.
For more podcasts, including Anne Enright reading Raymond Carver and William Boyd reading JG Ballard, visit the Guardian short stories podcast page. To nominate your own favourite short story, join the discussion on our open thread


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Back in October 2010, William Hall was convicted of "attempted sexual exploitation of a minor" and "surreptitious photographing." His sentence seems on the surface fairly light: 10 years of probation and having his name and photo added to the sex offender registry. But one of the conditions of his probation was that he "refrain from using or possessing computer equipment or accessing the Internet without prior written approval" from his probation officer. This is an increasingly common punishment for sex offenders, trying to keep them off the Internet where we fear they will continue seeking out "prey." This condition was particularly tough for Hall, though, because of his job: he's a Web designer.
His probation officer let him get a laptop, but loaded it up with spyware so that he could monitor Hall's activity. And as part of his probation, Hall agreed, that he would "not use an electronic bulletin board system, Internet relay chat channel, DCC chat channel, instant messaging, newsgroup, user group, peer to peer (e.g.Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, etc)." (What about Facebook? Based on the language and site examples, it's obvious that these probation guidelines are a bit dated.)
A couple of months later, when the probation officer checked out Hall's activity on his laptop, he discovered he was in fact visiting Facebook and MySpace, so the probation officer blocked those sites on the laptop. Hall did not stop, though, and allegedly began going to Facebook and MySpace using the desktop computer that he had not in fact gotten rid of.
It's pretty hard to work up a lot of sympathy for sex offenders (though journalists have successfully done so at times, such as the Details writer who interviewed sex offenders in Miami a few years back who were not allowed to leave the city, but also not allowed to live anywhere in the city due to restrictions on being close to schools and playgrounds, forcing them to hunker down en masse under a bridge like trolls). Some have criticized heavy Internet restrictions for sex offenders, given the centrality of the Internet and social networking sites in our day-to-day lives. Telling them they can't use the Internet thus exiles them to a kind of digital no-man's land, as challenging a place to be as under a bridge in Florida. (In Louisiana, a judge ruled recently that it's unconstitutional to ban sex offenders from using social networking sites.)
Hall told his probation officer that he routinely used Facebook as "a successful part of his marketing strategy" for his web-design business. Hall claims that his probation officer did not alert him that Facebook was one of those "electronic bulletin boards" that he shouldn't be visiting, and that he didn't realize Facebook and MySpace were off-limits since they weren't listed as prohibited sites.
When Hall suddenly moved to a new residence without alerting his probation officer, the officer tracked him down and discovered he still had the desktop computer and was still going on Facebook and MySpace after they had been blocked on his desktop. The officer filed a notice with the court that Hall had violated the terms of his probation. The court agreed and revoked Hall's probation, so that the 10-year probation became a 10-year prison sentence. Ouch.
Hall appealed the decision, but an Arizona appeals court ruled last month that Hall should have realized that his continuing visits to Facebook violated the ban on using "electronic bulletin board systems," even if social networking sites were not specifically listed there. The court rejected "Hall's argument that 'Facebook' was not a listed example," because "the list of examples ends with 'et cetera.'"
It sounds like Hall is going to prison for 10 years, in part because of attempted molestation and secret photo-taking, but also because he was addicted to Facebook. The decision includes this testimony from Hall's probation officer:
Q: So you were monitoring [Hall] after you told him no social networking, you specifically blocked Facebook and MySpace.
OFFICER: Correct.
Q: Then you monitored-then you were watching what he was doing. You saw that he
was trying to access other social networks, and then you blocked those sites?
OFFICER: Correct.
Q: And then he-was he trying continually to try to get [to] the social
networking sites and [you] kept on blocking them?
OFFICER: Yes.
"Potentially being banned from Facebook for life" is just one more addition to the long list of reasons not to molest — or to attempt to molest — children.
STATE of Arizona, Appellee v. William H. HALL, III, Appellant. [Court of Appeals of Arizona]
Court Rules La. Can't Ban Sex Offenders from Facebook [AP]


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ACT News Queanbeyan Braidwood Goulburn Yass Cooma Batemans Bay
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ACT police, firefighters on lookout for arsonists
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Evidence questions Obeid's statements
For years before he left NSW Parliament, Eddie Obeid entered ''not applicable'' in the section of his pecuniary interest declaration asking whether he had received income from a trust.
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MARISSA CALLIGEROS You've heard of internet dating, speed dating and blind dating... but pole dating? One Brisbane woman has taken her search for love to the streets.
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Many lucky escapes precede baby's death
ALEISHA ORR 5:00am Police say it was just a matter of time before someone died when a car hit a house, after an eight-month-old baby boy died as a result of a vehicle crashing through his bedroom on Friday morning.
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Katy Perry talks about the perils of fame, pesky paparazzi and precisely one Filipino "chicken bomb" in the new issue of Interview magazine.
Perry sat down with "Saturday Night Live" star Kristen Wiig for the magazine, and while some of their conversation understandably veers into the ridiculous — Katy describes in great detail how a backpack stuffed with chicken drew the attention of bomb-sniffing dogs and very nearly led to the cancellation of her concert in Manila — there are moments when she touches on details of her personal life, including her recent divorce from Russell Brand.
In one exchange, Wiig mentions a handful of acts that remind her of Perry's music (the Go-Go's, Madonna, the Bangles), describing them as "really happy, fun music," to which Perry replies, "Yeah, well, my music is about to get real f—ing dark."
Wiig then suggests Perry should cover the Smiths for her new album , to which she joked, "I'll be shoe-gazing. You'll never see my face because my hair is in my face."
Elsewhere in the interview, Perry lashes out at the paparazzi, calling their constant coverage of her life "disgusting," but admitting that it's something she's learning to deal with … especially given her rise to superstardom over the past few years.
"I don't really ever tolerate it — especially when it comes to my personal life or my family. When I'm working, I'm all yours. But when I'm not working, stay the f— away. That's how it goes," she told Wiig. "If I'm working, then I'm just kind of 100-percent up for the public. But if I'm not working, then, again, I'm very cautious. Today, for example, I'm not working. But if I decide to go out and get a coffee, and there's a paparazzi up in my face … What I wanted to be and who I am is a singer and a songwriter. I wanted to be onstage, and I wanted the world to hear my music. The product of that is fame and the disgusting celebrity that goes along with it. But celebrity does not equal creativity, and the reason I'm here is because I want to create."
Perry also said that she's contemplating taking on some roles in movies, and compared her career post-Teenage Dream to Wiig's ascent following the success of her film "Bridesmaids," suggesting that, perhaps, the best way to keep advancing after a blockbuster is to try something completely new.
"Maybe you need to try something different, at least for now. That's what I'm hoping I can do," Perry said. "When I first came to L.A., I used to audition, and I had such fear because nobody really believed in my music. Now I have a confidence because my research shows that I should really just trust my instincts."


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Author learns 'home' is a state of mind
In "Harlem Is Nowhere," her incisive and moving study of what she calls "the Mecca of Black America," Sharifa Rhodes-Pitts describes African-Americans' longing for a never-known homeland as "the melancholy that compels us all: a yearning for the past from which our ancestors were irrevocably torn."
That same yearning consumes Emily Raboteau, whose African-American grandfather was shot dead in 1943 Mississippi "for defending a black woman to a white man." »Read Full Article
Singing, acting both stellar in 'Figaro'
Actors are taught to act and opera singers are taught to sing - and all too rarely do the twain really meet.
The Florentine Opera Company's production of Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro," directed by Candace Evans, cast that notion aside Friday evening with a spot-on blend of absolutely sterling singing and audience-connected acting. »Read Full Article
Theatre Gigante taps dark, creative energy in 'Electra'
While her father is out of town on business, her mother takes a lover. When her father comes home, Mom and her new consort stab him. She herself is thrown out of the house. Her baby brother now lives in exile.
No wonder Electra has a complex. The question is whether her righteous anger regarding the murder of her father (Agamemnon) can justify plotting with her brother (Orestes) to murder Mom (Clytemnestra) and Mom's new squeeze (Aegisthus). »Read Full Article
UWM work exhibited at Cannes film fest
Fourteen films by students, faculty and alumni of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Department of Film, Video, Animation and New Genres have been accepted into the short-film showcase at this year's Cannes International Film Festival, which kicks off Wednesday on the French Riviera.
The total is more than double the number of short films that made it into the Cannes Court Métrage Short Film Corner last year. »Read Full Article


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1993 GMC Sonoma Q&A
1993 GMC Sonoma Question: Replacing 4WD actuator, electronic switch, how to?
My 4WD decided to stop working on my truck. I had a mechanic tell me that it's probably the actuator, so I would like to replace it myself to save some money(the part is like $50 at Autozone). I've been looking online for a guide to doing it but can't seem to find one. Can somebody refer me to some instructions for it and tell me what tools I would need? - shoeman12
Answer 1
Autozone have some popular workshop manuals for free on line once you register (for free) on their website http://bit.ly/autozone_repair_info. There is a company that independent auto repair shops get their information from, this same information is available inexpensively for people that work on their own cars.. The information is year make and model specific, covering repair procedures, torque specifications, fluid capacities and specifications, service bulletins, component locations, wiring diagrams ect.... Alldata is very easy to navigate http://bit.ly/AllData_Repair_Manuals_Online - patrick mannion
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Average Customer Review
Share your thoughts with other customersCreate your own review
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Hot Day In Brooklyn
Spike Lee's 1989 film Do The Right Thing is among a handful of films that rise above the level of actual entertainment. It is thought-provoking, educational study of race relations. The film takes place during one extremely hot day in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is predominately black, but the film centers around a pizzeria owned by Sal...
Published on Jan. 3 2003 by P Magnum
2.0 out of 5 stars An Overrated Effort that was Almost Great
This film had so much promise: the beautiful colors, the eventual all-star ensemble cast in great roles, the poignant topic, the up-and-coming director's early film, and so on. It looked like an intelligent French art film. The ending ruined it for me, however, and cheapened the whole experience.
For a while, I got the feeling that Lee was making a film critical of...
Published on Nov. 30 2003 by ixta_coyotl
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Hot Day In Brooklyn,
P Magnum (NJ, USA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) (DVD)
Spike Lee's 1989 film Do The Right Thing is among a handful of films that rise above the level of actual entertainment. It is thought-provoking, educational study of race relations. The film takes place during one extremely hot day in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is predominately black, but the film centers around a pizzeria owned by Sal (Danny Aiello) who is white. All of Sal's customers are the black, but on his wall he has pictures of white film and music stars. This is a source of irritation to some customers, especially the radically minded Buggin' Out (Giancarlo Esposito). But Sal refuses to change and he goes about his business. Sal's two sons, Pino (John Turturro) and Vito (Richard Edson) also work at the pizzeria as does Mookie (Mr. Lee) who is Sal's delivery boy. Pino is highly bigoted and isn't afraid to let his opinions be know, while Vito is more sensitive and adverse to confrontation. Real life husband and wife Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee appear as the neighborhood elders, Da Mayor & Mother Sister who are constantly trading humorous barbs at one another while dispensing advice to the locals. Other interesting characters such as Radio Raheem, Sweet Dick Willie & DJ Mister Senor Love Daddy are featured throughout the film. Mr. Lee does a brilliant job of conveying the extreme heat that has overtaken the neighborhood. You can almost feel the heat while watching the film. Tensions also slowly rise through the film until the climatic riot scene where Sal's pizzeria is burned down, started by Mookie throwing a garbage can through the window. This is particularly devastating to Sal as he genuinely cared for Mookie and can't believe Mookie would do this to him. Mr. Lee's message in the film is that one doesn't know exactly what the right thing is. He illustrates this by the messages of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Dr. King was for a peaceful solution to racism while Malcolm X said to fight for equality by any means necessary. Is passively sitting back right or is violence right? Mr. Lee never answers the question, which is exactly his point. Do The Right Thing was shunned at the 1989 Academy Awards garnering only a nomination for Mr. Aiello (which was richly deserved) in the Best Supporting Actor category. Ironically the film that won Best Picture was Driving Miss Daisy which was the stereotypical Hollywood portrayal of blacks as subservient workers and the type of film that Mr. Lee's pictures were the antithesis of. All in all, Do The Right Thing is a brilliant movie and one that deserves all the accolades that it received.
5.0 out of 5 stars "The left hand is hate. The right hand is love.",
QUEEN_OF_EVERYTHING (Outside Philly) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) (DVD)
This movie is largely an angry, outrageous film. But it is also a beautiful and enlightening one. DO THE RIGHT THING garnered Spike Lee, writer, director, and star of the film, both praise and criticism. But what you must remember, those who either praise it or look down upon it, is that DO THE RIGHT THING couldn't be further from the truth.
DO THE RIGHT THING was an introduction to Lee's brazen and bold style of filmmaking. He had a part in every aspect: direction, cast, production, writing the screenplay, etc. That's why, if someone is interested in seeing a "Spike Lee joint", I will definitely recommend DO THE RIGHT THING first and foremost.
It's a look at race relations in America circa 1989, a drastic glimpse in which the outsiders, meaning the audience, can feel as if they are right there in Harlem with Mookie (Spike Lee).
Mookie is an unmarried father, a boyfriend to Tina (Rosie Perez), loud and outspoken with her buxom figure. She pushes Mookie to spend more time with her and their son, complaining about him being a deadbeat dad. His excuse? Work.
True, much of Mookie's time is spent working at Sal's, a pizzeria in Harlem, run by white Italians in a neighborhood where the population appears to be around 99.5 percent black.
Other characters include Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn), Da Mayor (Ossie Davis), Mother Sister (Ruby Dee), Buggin' Out (Giancarlo Esposito) and Jade, Mookie's sister (Joie Lee). Radio Raheem's dialogue throughout the film it limited - he more or less expresses his freedom through his incessantly blaring radio. In fact, throughout the entire movie, Public Enemy's "FIGHT THE POWER" blasts throughout the neighborhood. Buggin' Out is irked with a situation at Sal's that he feels must immediately be taken care of. He just wants Sal to "put some brothas" up on his restaurant's walls, right beside pics of Frank Sinatra and Clark Gable. Sal (Danny Aiello) refuses to comply with Buggin' Out's request.
In the end, Radio Raheem and Buggin' Out fuel an argument that quickly evolves into a neighborhoodwide conflagration. Alas, Mookie fuels the fire by hurling a trashcan through the glass window of the pizzeria - his boss' pizzeria - and the brawl proceeds, with Sal and his sons standing on the sidelines.
DO THE RIGHT THING is an odd title for a film like this, some people may think. Is the right thing done? Does Lee believe that the characters in his film did the right thing? I'm not sure. The title can be interpreted in a number of ways, I suppose. First, I suspected it was irony. No, Mookie didn't do the right thing! He fueled the fire and instigated the riot to mammoth proportions! Property was destroyed and damaged! My second conclusion was merely that "doing the right thing" serves as an argument for the people, for people unwilling to make compromises or verbally come to an agreement through reasonable, mature conversation. In reality, the film isn't about who is right and who is wrong and why. You had people like Mookie, who seemed to act on impulse, and then you had Da Mayor, trying to calm the livid people down, trying to talk sense into their heads. People evidently followed Mookie's lead and in the process, they hurt and killed others, seriously damaged and neighborhood properties. Not only that, but mere misunderstanding and hate seems to exist between them, even after the riot ends. That's a sad thing, yet it's also a very true thing.
Lee's picture clarifies the fact that yes, misunderstanding between peoples does fuel hate, which, in turn, fuels even bigger and uglier physical problems. DO THE RIGHT THING was taboo for how it portrayed peoples of different races, yet for film's time, the state of Harlem and its residents was portrayed with frank and genuine realness that simply can't be denied. Certain characters, settings, and events rung clear and true. DO THE RIGHT THING is arguably one of the finest examples of race relations illustrated in film. You can watch and rewatch - and learn - from this tumultuous and dramatic "Spike Lee joint".
5.0 out of 5 stars That�s the double-truth� Ruth,
Itamar Katz (Ramat-Gan, Israel) - See all my reviews
In all likelihood Spike Lee's most important achievement - as director, writer and actor (though to my taste Mo' Better Blues is just as good a picture) and one of the strongest films you'll see about race relations, 'Do The Right Thing' looks dated at times, but it lost none of its impact and relevance. The movie takes place in a particularly hot day in a primarily African-American neighborhood in Brooklyn, and follows the various personalities who live there throughout the day; the center of the story is Sal's Famous Pizzeria - its owners, some of the few white people living in the neighborhood: Sal (Oscar nominated performance for Danny Aiello) and his two sons (John Torturro and Richard Edson), and Mookie (Spike Lee himself), the black delivery boy. What starts out as a light, entertaining movie with some amusing characters and light humor, gradually builds up tension to the point of being unbearable, up to the dramatic and tragic climax. Spike doesn't put as much emphasis on the characters themselves as he does on the relationships and the tension between them; and in this image of a very specific and small frame in time and place, makes a strong and important message about racism and race relations in general.
The film is populated with many different characters, all of them very memorable and each one a representative of a certain belief, mode of behavior or state of mind - on both sides of the conflict. From the uninhibited anger of Buggin Out (Giancarlo Esposito) and Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn) on one side and Pino (John Torturro) on the other side, to Jade (Joie Lee, Spike's sister in the film and in real life) and Vito (Richard Edson), who are trying to connect and live at peace with the other side, to Da Mayor (Ossie Davis), in his isolated but peaceful state of mind, living in complete peace with the world around him, and Smiley (Roger Smith), living in his own isolated existence. Then there's Mookie, who is stuck in the middle, torn between his commitment and responsibilities to both sides. Finally we have Mister Senor Love Daddy - played gorgeously by the one and only Samuel L. Jackson, in one of his finest performances - half active character and half all-knowing narrator - who represents the voice of reason in the conflict, the reason which is bound, ultimately, to collapse. Each and every character plays an important part in the climatic and dramatic conflict to which the movie builds up, and though it's the radical ones - Buggin Out and Radio Raheem - who trigger the events that cause the tragedy, they are not necessarily the ones who finish it. It is Mookie and Sal, in fact, who ultimately play the main part.
Do The Right Thing is not an easy watch; it's a mesmerizing, tense, difficult film that breaks many taboos and slaughters many holy cows. But in the end of it - hopefully - you'll be wiser than you were in the beginning, and that's what Lee have always tried to achieve in all his films. Watch it to get a real view on racism that doesn't duck the difficult issues and isn't afraid to tackle the real problem, and to see a master director at work. It's one of the best films of its time.
4.0 out of 5 stars a controversal film that explores racism,
Ted "Ted" (Pennsylvania, USA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) (DVD)
This review is for the Criterion Collection DVD edition of the film.
Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing" is a groundbreaking film indeed. It takes place in Brooklyn NY on a hot summer day. The heat is causing people to be more irritable and when one thing leads to another, the situation explodes into a riot.
I thought that the film depicted Blacks in a very stereotypical manner. But since the director is black, I guess it would not be considered racist. The film had a well deserved R rating for a scene of sexual content, a scene of violence, and a lot of profanity.
The film only shows shat racism is alive and well in America and that it is unlikely to end soon. As a Christian, I feel that this is an important film to see and the negative effect racism has on society, but feel that they could have made the film a bit tamer as far as the nudity is concerned. The violence and use of the N-word, while disturbing to many, is necessary to demonstrate how bad the problem is and why racism must end.
The DVD is a double disc feature with many special features on it.
Disc one contains the film with optional audio commentary with Spike Lee, Ernest Dickerson, Wynn Thomas, and Joie Lee
Disc two contains, Theatrical trailers and TV spots, an excerpt from the Cannes film festival press conference. There is an hour long documentary on the making of the film with preproduction scenes including a script reading. There is a second making-of documentary, the music video for the movie's theme song "Fight the Power" by Public Enemy, storyboards for the riot scene, and an interview with editor Barry Brown. In addition to this, many of the features include a brief introduction by director Spike Lee.
This remains an important film that shows the negative effect of racism.
5.0 out of 5 stars Do The Right Thing,
Ah, Spike Lee's ''Do The Right Thing'' made in 1989 is one of the most controversial ever made, it brought bough negative and critical acclaim for Spike Lee, it was
probably his best movie during his rise to fame. He had just done ''She's gotta
have it'' which was basically a hormonal sex based movie and ''School Daze'', not necessary Oscar material so Spike got serious and gave us his best effort to date. He has since gone a spiral delivering some good hits and some misses but Spike whether the film is bad or not, is one director that I can say no matter what strikes a chord with you after watching one of his film (with the exception of the first 2).
''Do the Right Thing'' was made during the long hot summer of 1988 , shot on location in the bed sluy slums of Brooklyn New York. The special 2 disc dvd of the film revealed several details of the film which I found interesting, though not surprising which I will explain but first the plot.
Well this is a film about racism plain and simple, however the debate seems to be which party in the film is right and which party is wrong.
Danny Aieloo plays Sal owner of Sal's Pizzaria in NY. Sal is a very proud Italian American who has had his business for over 25 yrs years with his sons Pino (John Turturo) and ML (Paul Benjamin). Sal is an oldfashioned, hard working man who makes his living of his pizzas. He does have some views, he views Italian American's as the best people around around. His son on the other hand Pino (John Turturo) can be called a racist, he views black people as ''monkey'' and ''apes'' and hates
the sight of one. His brother ML on the other hand is very tolerant of the people around him.
Sal has a worker named ''Mookie'' (Spike Lee) a somewhat deadbeat father with a loudmouth Puerto Rican girlfriend (Rosie Perez). In fact his girlfriend doesn't seem
that fond of Mookie. Mookie as it turns out like Pino has some racist views of his son, he doesn't particulary like white folks and when he brings in his black friends Radio Raseem (Bill Nun)and CoconuT sID (Frankie Faison) to stir up trouble in Sal's
pizzarria well sooner a clash of cultures will erupt in violence. However the debate is which side is right and is this really a movie about race or a movie where one race tries to impose their culture on someone else's ideals?
For instance, Sal (Aiello) does not invite Mookie's friends to the Pizzarria. He dislikes them very much. Mookie's friends equally dislike Sal because for one , he doesn't put black people on his walls, but then the questions arises. If Mookie's friends dont like Sal, why do they come to eat pizza there? Why do they time and time again impose their black culture on him? You can very much make the argument the black characters although they are trying to make out Sal as this monster racist, actually come to be the racists themselves. Sal himself almost throughout the whole movie displays no violence. He yells at these guys and tells them to leave but it never reaches an an extreme the Mookie character who by the end purposedly starts a riot. In fact there is one great where Sal tells the group that this is his place and if they don't like it they can go somehwere else, but they never do. By that alone Sal, has acted in the most nonviolent way possible and still standing up for himself and his ideals.
Before that, we see more of this bigoted racists attitude but not on Sal, but on Korean characters in the movie. During one point, a couple of black unemployed old men, start pointing several of the neighborhood Korean shops and immediately start throwing obscenities about the Korean people working in them.They never once consider the situation from the point of the Koreans,the shop is their only livelihood, but as far these racist black men go, the Koreans are taking the jobs away. It's a very stupid and racist attitude to have, even Sal's attitude never reaches that extreme.
Going back to near the end movie it's the black characters who become the aggesor such as when Radio Raseem invades Sal's pizzarria and turns his radio on loudly inside the man's shop, not only is it disrespectful, when Sal himself has said not to do it, but it's an act of aggresion, it's an antagonizing to bait other people to do the same thing and bring on harm to Sal's pizzaria.
So you can see although Spike Lee tries to make this film about race and race culture, he doesn't do a great job in that end because one side ultimately looks worse than the other. His message of trying to create an atmosphere where both blacks and whites are at fault for the disintegrating situation fall fault.
Still ''Do The Right Thing'' as flawed and misguided as it is, does bring up this topic of race relation and the wrong way of trying to reconcile a bad situation in that regard, the movie should actually be called ''Doing the Wrong Thing''.
The 2 disc dvd I saw were great providing a great variety of info on the movie such as the 60 minute documentary on the making of the film which is very intriguing. The audio commentary by Spike Lee is there too as is a ''Look Back'' 10 yrs at the events of the film, how it has somewhat affected peoples views. Overall the DVDs for the
film were great, including the music video by RunDMC ''Fight the Power'', but it wasn't something that presented anything I already didnt know.
But check out the dvds and if you don't have a copy check out the vhs as ''Do The Right Thing'' is a bit of phenomen with some important views on racism although it just doesn't present them in the best possible manner.
5.0 out of 5 stars Do The Right Thing,
Geminigirl (Philadelphia, PA United States) - See all my reviews
I still remember coming out of the movie theatre crying after seeing this film. Spike Lee is one of the most thought provoking writer/directors of his time and this film proves it.
Using the hottest day in Bed-Sty as the backdrop for escalating racial tensions was genius. Watching the film, one never knows why on this particular day Buggin Out became enraged about the fact that there were no pictures of African Americans on the pizzaria's wall of fame but then, one doesn't have to. The message in the film was & is to this day that racial unrest/tensions simmer just below the surface in situations, neighborhoods, and work and ANYTHING at any time came cause those passions to escalate into an out of control situation.
The title Do The Right Thing encourages each viewer to ask him/herself exactly what the right thing is. The character of Mookie was not there to show that his actions were the "right thing" only how one young man reacted in a given situation.
I still remember reviewers advising strong police turnouts at theatres showing this film stating that "the natives" might riot due to the nature of the film - patented to keep the white people scared and away from the film. Thankfully it didn't work and hopefully people who view this movie do so with open minds - it's a great commentary on race relations because quite frankly, a lot of us live in neighborhoods just like this one.
5.0 out of 5 stars A classic !,
nadav haber (jerusalem Israel) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (VHS Tape)
I first saw this movie in 1990. I have seen it a few more times since then, and today I am convinced that the movie stands the test of time.
The reason for its success is its apparent banality, everyday quality. It seems like nothing happens, a regular day in a black neighborhood. Some people work, some stay home, and some just hang out. Nothing special.
But a tension is built. Small things, almost unnoticable. Then suddenly, everything explodes, emotions burst out, and destruction follows. What Lee shows in the movie is the daily dynamics of countless neighborhood in the world, wherever the residents of the neighborhood feel frustrated, discriminated against, closed in. Nothing special indeed, regretfully.
Is Lee right ? Is he wrong ? By breaking the Pizza's window he probably saved Sal's life, but that is not the issue. Even the cop who killed Radio Raheem is shown not to have meant it. We cannot judge what has happenned without looking into politics - who controls the budget, the school system, the Media ? It is not Sal, nor Mookie, nor even the violent cop. They are mere puppets on strings, playing out the roles expected of them.
See the movie !!!
2.0 out of 5 stars An Overrated Effort that was Almost Great,
ixta_coyotl (Seattle, WA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) (DVD)
This film had so much promise: the beautiful colors, the eventual all-star ensemble cast in great roles, the poignant topic, the up-and-coming director's early film, and so on. It looked like an intelligent French art film. The ending ruined it for me, however, and cheapened the whole experience.
For a while, I got the feeling that Lee was making a film critical of his own community for creating many of their own problems, while not ignoring the external ones (as evident in John Tuturro's character and the NYPD), in a way a white director could never get away with these days. During those scenes, Lee also portrays simple, stereotypical images of Koreans, Puerto Ricans, and Italian-Americans. But it was all colorful and entertaining, leading us towards the climactic finale...
What was Lee's message in this film? Ultimately, I got the feeling that he felt his character "did the right thing" by inciting a riot. If that is the case, then this film is utter trash. If not, he should have told us so in some manner, however obscure, before it ended. In either event, the film's ultimate failure at poignancy destroys all the beautiful art that came before. In the end, I felt much less empathy with the plight of the African American community than I did before. The only character that seemed to be vindicated by the events was the racist Italian son. Is that what Lee was aiming for? Result: A sad failure.
If you want to see a good Spike Lee "joint", I recommend you watch Clockers, Malcolm X, or even Son of Sam.
A final note, history has not been kind to this film. One scene shows graffiti saying "Tawana told the truth" (in fact, we now know she lied), and in another, Lee defends Jessie Jackson's honor (now seriously in question on numerous counts). That certainly doesn't help the cause of Lee's preachy tone, nor his apparent belief that Mookie "did the right thing".
5.0 out of 5 stars Do the Right Thing Review,
Crazy Jim (Massachusetts) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (VHS Tape)
It's the hottest day of the summer and racial tensions run deep in the Bed-Stuy section of Brooklyn, New York. This is the backdrop for Spike Lee's controversial 1989 film, "Do The Right Thing". Many critics and movie-goers were quick to blast this film for being what they perceived to be a "racist" movie. Most people who say this have probably only seen the movie once and were so quick to complain about its tension-filled ending.
"Right Thing" stars writer-director Lee as Mookie, a somewhat lazy pizza delivery boy who works at the local pizzeria run by Sal and his Italian-American sons. Through Mookie's many trips through the neighborhood, we get acquainted with some of the other "characters" such as the block's "wise man" (or "town drunk", depending on how you perceive him), "Da Mayor" (Ossie Davis). We also get introduced to the trouble-making Buggin' It Out who is intent on boycotting Sal's Famous until they "put some brothas on the wall". Then, there's Radio Raheem, whose boombox blasts Public Enemy's "Fight The Power" loudly through out the movie. He doesn't speak much as the music seems to be his outlet of expression. It also happens to get him in a lot of trouble as the movie progresses.
Lee's treatmant of certain characters in "Right Thing" is questionable at times. He seems to feel strongly that many of the white characters in this New York neighborhood would root for Boston sports teams because their top players are also white. At times, Danny Aiello's Sal seems sympathetic and kind while in the end, he is more or less portrayed as a "closet racist". This might be why some of us are so fast to make observations about the film's racial biases but I've never felt that "Do The Right Thing" has ever been about who is right and who is wrong. In the end, everyone loses out because rather than go about handling certain small problems by compromising, people choose to argue over who is "doing the right thing" and who isn't. In the end, people are hurt and killed, property is destroyed, and all that seems to remain is animosity.
While I may argue with the way that Spike wrote certain characters, this is "his" movie. Would the ending situation have been any different if he had re-wrote them? Probably not. So many of its critics fail to see the big picture with "Do The Right Thing". It isn't about whether Sal was right or whether Mookie was right or Buggin' It Out. The original problem was so small, so minor, and each of the characters allowed it to balloon into a big one. Even the less important characters contributed to the problem by instigating it further. The only character who seemed to understand what was going on was Samuel L. Jackson's almost narrator-like radio DJ, Senor Love Daddy. He understands it, he sees the tension esculating, and he is telling everyone to relax but it's too late. "And that's the triple truth, Ruth".
5.0 out of 5 stars One Personal Reaction/Opinion,
By A Customer
This review is from: Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) (DVD)
I finally saw Do the Right Thing, the 1988 Spike Lee film regarded as a modern masterpiece. I found so much about it intriguing, especially the screenplay. The dialogue bounces back and forth between characters like a profane yet graceful ping pong match. God, it's cool. I also liked the comic scenes of youthful mischief, and the ragged, brilliant speeches of Da Mayer. Though Spike Lee nearly sabatoged his own creation with his dreadful acting. Consequently the ice cube erotic scene was terribly lame; the self-indulgence of Spike Lee's insertion of himself into an erotic scene with a beautiful naked woman (Rosie Perez) smothered any charm, eroticism, or point the scene could have had with a different, more capable, frankly- less dweebish actor. If Spike Lee proved himself a terrible actor, he certainly proved himself a gifted filmmaker. The movie was thought-provoking, provided no easy answers, and demonstrated a flair for dialogue, visual panache, and a storyteller's gift for slowly building tension in the narrative. It didn't provide pleasure in the traditional sense of movies-as-entertainment; in fact, most of the movie, I was [ticked] off. A movie about race relations in America should by definition [tick] you off though. There are no antagonists or protoganists in this struggle. Just petty misunderstandings galvanized. Its lack of typical character associations makes Do the Right Thing an occasionally frustrating but ultimately unique and rewarding viewing experience. Spike Lee should be commended for this accomplishment, whose lessons can be applied to daily conflicts of any kind. This movie has something to say about psychology, race relations, and America. And all things considered, it definitely exceeds any damage he might have done by way of his acting.
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Do the Right Thing (Widescreen) by Spike Lee (DVD - 2002)
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