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A bone or dental implant material in the form of a paste includes a mixture of calcium phosphate and/or calcium-containing powders and a solution that is (1) an acidic calcium phosphate solution saturated with respect to one or more calcium phosphate compounds, (2) a concentrated acid solution, or (3) salt solutions with a cationic component other than calcium. The paste is stable, resistant to washout and will form hydroxyapatite and harden relatively rapidly to a cement.
1. A composition of matter for dental restoration and bone implants and restoration comprising:
a powdered calcium compound including one or more calcium phosphate salts selected from the group consisting of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, octacalcium phosphate, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate and combinations thereof; and
an acidic calcium phosphate solution saturated with respect to monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, monocalcium phosphate anhydrous or combinations thereof.
2. The composition of
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8. A composition of matter for dental restoration and bone implants and restoration comprising:
a powdered calcium compound including one or more calcium phosphate salts selected from the group consisting of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, octacalcium phosphate, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate and combinations thereof; and
an acidic calcium phosphate solution saturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and combinations thereof.
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15. A method of repairing bone and tooth defects comprising:
(a) preparing the composition of any one of
(b) filling the defect with the composition prior to hardening of the composition.
16. A calcium phosphate bone cement that self-hardens at ambient temperature and is resorbable when implanted in contact with living bone comprising the composition of any one of
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/057,554, filed Jan. 23, 2002, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,725, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/263,894, filed on Jan. 24, 2001. This application also is based on and claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/536,899, filed on Jan. 16, 2004. The parent specifications each are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This development was supported in part by USPHS Research Grant DE11789 to the American Dental Association Foundation from the NIDCR. The United States or an agency thereof may have certain rights to the claimed invention.
The various embodiments of the present invention relate to self-hardening calcium phosphate-containing and/or calcium-containing paste and cement compositions. The compositions may be used to form pastes for bone and tooth restoration and similar applications, where the paste will harden within a desired time after being delivered to a repair site.
Most conventional calcium phosphate cements are mixed with an aqueous solution immediately before application. In the clinical situation, the ability of the surgeon to properly mix the cement and then place the cement paste in the defect within the prescribed time is a crucial factor in achieving optimum results.
A self-hardening calcium phosphate cement (CPC), consisting of tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2O, also referred to as "TTCP") and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4, also referred to as "DCPA"), has been shown in clinical studies to be efficacious for repairing bone defects. The hardening time of such conventional cements is as long as about 30 minutes with water, although hardening time can be shortened if a phosphate solution is used as the cement liquid. Hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH, also referred to as "HA") is formed as the product. More recently, additional CPCs that do not contain TTCP, e.g., α-tricalcium phosphate (α-Ca3(PO4)2, also referred to as "α-TCP") and CaCO3 or DCPA and Ca(OH)2, have also been developed. These cements may harden in about 10 minutes when a phosphate solution is used as the cement liquid. They also form hydroxyapatite as the final product.
A premixed CPC paste containing the TTCP and DCPA powders and glycerol as the cement liquid has been used for root canal filling and sealing by injection techniques. The cement paste was found to be stable in a syringe but hardened only after being delivered into the root canal where it became exposed to water from the surrounding tissues. Because the cement paste was injected into a confined area, there was little concern of disintegration of the paste due to washout. Although the premixed CPC was shown to have improved biocompatibility with periapical bone tissue than a number of conventional root canal filling or sealing materials, the premixed CPC-glycerol paste did not exhibit a good washout resistance when it was applied to an open wet field.
The patent literature also describes at least one class of calcium phosphate cement compositions which are precursors for the formation of hydroxyapatite and are biologically compatible, and have two unique properties that are not attainable in other calcium phosphate biomaterials: (1) self-hardening to form a mass with sufficient strength for many medical and dental applications, and (2) when implanted in bone, the cement resorbs slowly and is completely replaced by new bone formation with no loss in the volume or integrity of the tissue that receives the implant. See U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 33,221 and Re 33,161 to Brown and Chow, which teach preparation of calcium phosphate remineralization compositions and of finely crystalline, non-ceramic, gradually resorbable hydroxyapatite cement based on the same calcium phosphate compositions.
The major components of the calcium phosphate remineralizing slurries, pastes and cements taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 33,221 and Re. 33,161 are preferably tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2O), and at least one other sparingly soluble calcium phosphate, preferably dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4), or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O). These react in an aqueous environment to form hydroxyapatite, the principal mineral in teeth and bones, as the final product. Because of the apatitic nature of the set cement, it is highly compatible with soft and hard tissues. This material, if applied intraoperatively as a paste, subsequently sets to a structurally stable implant composed of microporous hydroxyapatite.
A virtually identical calcium phosphate system which consists of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA) or its monohydrate form (MCPM) was described by Constantz et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,053,212 and 5,129,905). This cement system is believed to involve conversion of the MCPA to dicalcium phosphate which reacts with TTCP and forms hydroxyapatite, the major mineral component of teeth and bone, as the end product.
Constantz et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,610 and 5,047,031 describe another cement system that consists of a mixture of solid phosphoric acid crystals, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide as the cement powder and a 7.4 mol/L NaOH solution (4.5 g NaOH in 15 mL of water) as the cement liquid. Data on the physical and chemical properties (compressive strength, hardening time, nature of end product, pH of the cement fluid, heat of mixing etc.) of this cement have not been located in the patent or scientific literature.
The various embodiments of the present invention comprise compositions and means for formulating calcium phosphate cement pastes that are stable in a package, resistant to washout and harden within a desired time after being delivered to a defect or implant site. Solutions are provided for promoting rapid setting of calcium phosphate cements upon blending of a solution with a calcium phosphate cement powder. The solutions and powders are stable and, when blended together, yield cement slurries having reduced hardening times.
Numerous solutions may be used in accordance with the present invention, however, the solutions each are capable of accelerating cement setting reactions upon blending with a calcium phosphate cement powder. In one embodiment, one or more calcium phosphate salts are present in a relatively reactive form, which accelerates cement setting reactions by acting as "seeds" to promote more rapid formation of hydroxyapatite and, thus, hardening of the cement. The solution can be an acidic calcium phosphate solution. The solution also can be a concentrated acidic solution. Dissolution of a calcium phosphate cement powder in such solutions results in precipitation of a calcium phosphate compound from solution. The precipitated compound is very reactive and enhances cement setting reactions to reduce cement hardening times.
In another embodiment, solutions of one or more salts that are not calcium salts can be mixed with calcium phosphate cement powders to increase the solution phosphate concentration and accelerate formation of hydroxyapatite. The solution can be a salt: (a) where the cationic component is not calcium and one or more of the anionic components form strong calcium complexes in solution, or (b) the cationic component is not calcium and one or more of the anionic components form insoluble salts with calcium. Dissolution of a calcium phosphate cement powder in the solution results in an increase in the phosphate concentration in the solution, which enhances cement setting reactions to reduce cement hardening times.
Another embodiment of the invention is a method of preparing a cement paste from a slurry for bone and tooth restoration. The method includes preparing a cement slurry from a solution and a calcium phosphate powder. The cement slurry hardens relatively rapidly into a formable paste that can be shaped before it hardens into a cement.
Still another embodiment of the invention is a method of repairing bone and tooth defects. The method includes blending the solutions and powders described above to provide a cement paste and filling a defect with the cement paste before it hardens substantially into a cement.
The invention further contemplates the improved calcium phosphate cement mixtures prepared by this method, the cement component(s) provided to the user in a pre-manufactured kit or delivery device, the methods of using the improved cement, and the biological implants made from the cement. A rapid-hardening industrial cement is also contemplated.
The invention includes a method for preparing calcium phosphate cement compositions, which self-harden substantially to hydroxyapatite at ambient temperature when in contact with an aqueous medium, the method including combining one or more calcium phosphate salts or calcium salts with a solution that is (1) an acidic calcium phosphate solution saturated with respect to more or more calcium phosphate compounds, (2) a concentrated acid solution, or (3) salt solutions with a cationic component other than calcium.
Calcium phosphate cement compositions are prepared that yield a product that self-sets at ambient temperatures (i.e., room or body temperature) to hydroxyapatite (HA). The calcium phosphate cement compositions include a liquid solution and a powder composition. The use of certain calcium phosphate precursor cement slurry compositions results in a cement which sets reliably and quickly to HA. The setting rate can be adjusted for various end uses, and may be quite rapid if desired. The resulting hydroxyapatite cement is believed to be both biocompatible and resorbable (biodegradable) with bone replacement when in contact with living bone.
The calcium phosphate cement pastes can be used in bone graft and similar medical repair applications. The calcium phosphate cements can be mixed and/or shaped prior to delivery to a bone or tooth defect site. The pastes also can be provided in an injectable form for delivery to the bone or tooth defect site. The calcium phosphate cements harden relatively rapidly to form HA.
Formation of HA from the calcium phosphate cement slurries can be greatly accelerated by use of the inventive solutions that, when mixed with any one or more of a wide variety of calcium phosphate cement powders to form a slurry composition, results in: (1) an increase in phosphate concentration in the slurry composition and/or (2) an increase in the pH of the slurry composition. Without wishing to be bound by any theories, it is believed that the cement solutions provide effective means to accelerate the HA formation in the slurry systems because of the formation of intermediate compounds and/or calcium complexes either of which will precipitate more readily than HA at the lower solution pH. Such intermediate compounds and complexes are less soluble than HA at lower pH (below a pH of about 4), whereas HA is the least soluble phase at a pH of about 4 and greater.
The dashed lines are used to illustrate the changing solution compositions that occur when HA dissolves into H3PO4 solutions of different concentrations. By way of example, it can be seen that when HA dissolves into a 10% H3PO4 solution, the dissolution line will first cross the DCPA isotherm, at which point the solution becomes saturated with respect to DCPA. Being an anhydrous salt, DCPA does not always readily precipitate, allowing the HA dissolution line to cross the DCPD isotherm. Further HA dissolution will lead to DCPD precipitation. Similarly, when HA dissolves into a 30% H3PO4 solution, the dissolution line will cross the DCPA isotherm and then the MCPM isotherm, resulting in precipitation of DCPA or MCPM or both. In contrast, dissolution of HA into a 50% or 70% H3PO4 solution will lead to MCPM precipitation only. The above illustrates how the phase diagram of
The lower left corner of the phase diagram, sometimes referred to as the "water corner," represents the region of the solubility phase diagram for the Ca(OH)2—H3PO4—H2O system where the pH is about 4 or above. Because the Ca and P concentrations of the solutions for this region are much lower than those in the acidic region, another solubility phase diagram that employs logarithmic scales is used to illustrate the relative stability of the various calcium phosphate phases, which is the major driving force for phase transformation reactions, as a function of pH.
It can be seen in the figures that among all calcium phosphate salts, HA is the least soluble in a wide range of solution pHs, ranging approximately from 4.5 to 14. Thus, within this pH range, any other calcium phosphate or mixture of calcium phosphates has the tendency to dissolve and reprecipitate as HA. However, in general the rate of HA formation is very slow such that a slurry of DCPD, DCPA, octacalcium phosphate (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O, or "OCP"), amorphous calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, or "ACP"), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-Ca3(PO4)2, or "α-TCP"), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca3(PO4)2, or "β-TCP"), or a mixture of these salts does not produce a setting cement or act as an effective remineralizing agent.
Acceleration of HA formation can be achieved using the present solutions with calcium phosphate cement powders because of increased phosphate concentration and/or increased solution pH. The intermediate compounds will form initially. As the cement setting reactions proceed, the solution pH increases and the compounds will begin to dissolve. The formation of HA and dissolution of the more soluble intermediate compounds are responsible for the hardening of the cement. Preferably, the pH of the prepared cement paste systems increases with time to be in the range of approximately 4.5 to 14, the range in which HA is the most stable phase. With these conditions, more rapid HA formation and subsequent cementation can occur.
A variety of solutions can be used in accordance with the invention. Generally, the solutions can be grouped based on the mechanism by which the solutions accelerate cement setting reactions.
In one embodiment, one or more calcium phosphate salts in the cement solutions are generally very reactive with respect to hydroxyapatite formation, thereby promoting more rapid formation of hydroxyapatite and reducing hardening time of the cements. Without wishing to be bound by any theories, it is believed that the calcium phosphate salts act as "seeds" that promote hydroxyapatite formation. That is, the calcium phosphate salts precipitate to form reactive particles that provide the foundation from which hydroxyapatite forms. At least initially, when the solution is at a lower pH, the calcium phosphate particles are not highly soluble in the non-aqueous solutions or water. The phosphate concentration of the paste is not expected to increase by any significant amount if exposed to an aqueous environment. The calcium phosphate "seeds" provide a template for growth of hydroxyapatite crystal growth, which enhances the rate of formation of hydroxyapatite and provides more rapid hardening of the cement.
In a first group of solutions, the solutions are acidic calcium phosphate solutions that are saturated with respect to monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O, or "MCPM") or monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (Ca(H2PO4)2, or "MCPA"). These solutions generally have a pH between about 0 to about 1.9, a Ca(OH)2 content from about 0.3% to about 8.5%, and a H3PO4 content of about 30% to about 80% (see the solid curve for MCPM in
In a second group of solutions, the solutions are acidic calcium phosphate solutions that are saturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O, or "DCPD") or dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4, or "DCPA"). These solutions generally have a pH between about 1.9 to about 4.3, a Ca(OH)2 content from about 0.05% to about 8.5%, and a H3PO4 content of about 0.1% to about 30% (see the solid curves for DCPA and DCPD in
In third group of solutions, the solutions are concentrated acid solutions. Suitable solutions include hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), glycerolphosphoric acid ((HOCH2)2CHOPO(OH)2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). The pH of these solutions is highly acidic. When the solution is mixed with a calcium phosphate cement powder, the powder dissolves. MCPM, MCPA, DCPD, DCPA and combinations thereof will precipitate according to the acid strength and concentration. That is, MCPM and MCPA are expected to precipitate in a stronger acid solution, and DCPD and DCPA are expected to precipitate in a weaker acid solution. The MCPM, MCPA, DCPD and DCPA formed in situ are highly reactive. The precipitate acts as "seeds" that accelerate cement setting reactions and reduce cement hardening time.
Solution concentrations should be sufficiently high enough so that MCPM, MCPA, DCPD, and/or DCPA will form when using solutions of the third group. For example, the H3PO4 concentration preferably is at least about 0.015 M. The minimum concentrations of other acid solutions in the third group are likely somewhat higher because they do not contain phosphate ions. It is anticipated that the effectiveness of the acid solutions in providing a rapidly setting cement generally will decrease with decreasing acid concentration. Thus, for a given acid solution, it is anticipated that there will be a particular concentration range that will provide a desired setting time.
In another embodiment, the solutions are solutions of a salt where the cationic component(s) is not calcium and one or more of the anionic component(s) form strong calcium complexes in the solution. Suitable solutions of this type include sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium cacodylate and the like. Alternatively, the solutions are solutions of a salt where the cationic component(s) is not calcium and one or more of the anionic components form insoluble salts with calcium. Suitable solutions of this type include sodium fluoride, potassium oxalate, sodium sulfate and the like. When solutions of either of these types are mixed with a calcium phosphate cement powder, the concentration of the free, or uncombined, form of the anionic component(s) in the solution and the concentration of the free calcium in the solution decrease, as a result at least in part, of complex formation or precipitation. Correspondingly, the concentration of phosphate in the solution increases to maintain the electroneutrality in the solution. An increased concentration of phosphate accelerates cement setting reactions. The pH of the solution may vary but should promote at least some degree of solubility of the calcium phosphate powders. Preferably, the pH is selected to promote a higher degree of powder solubility.
The cement compositions also include one or more cement powders. Powders that can be mixed with any of the above solutions to yield a rapid-hardening cement include (1) one or more calcium phosphate salts, or (2) one or more calcium phosphate salts and one or more calcium salts. Suitable calcium phosphate salts include (in the order of increasing calcium to phosphate ratio) but are not limited to MCPM, MCPA, DCPD, DCPA, OCP, ACP, α-TCP, β-TCP, HA, carbonated HA, calcium-deficient HA, poorly crystalline HA, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), and precipitated or high temperature products that are homogeneous mixtures of one or more of the above salts. Suitable calcium salts are sparingly to moderately soluble calcium-containing compounds, which include but are not limited to calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium glycerophosphate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, and calcium sulfate.
The particle sizes of the powders preferably are in the range of between about 0.05 μm to about 500 μm, more preferably between about 1 μm to about 100 μm. The crystallinity of the powders can range from very low (amorphous) to high.
The compositions also may include one or more additives to enhance the properties of the compositions, such as when used in clinical applications. Additives may include medicaments, filler materials, crystal adjustors, viscosity modifiers, gelling agents, pore forming agents, resorbable and nonresorbable fibers and meshes, osteoinductive factors, bone morphogenic proteins, other proteins, and combinations thereof.
The cement compositions may include one or more non-toxic gelling agents to enhance paste cohesiveness and washout resistance. The gelling agent may include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxylmethylcellulose, starch, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, gum, gelatin, and alginate, and combinations thereof. Use of a gelling agent can increase the rate of hardening of the cement.
Filler materials can be added in amounts effective for enhancing the strength of the cement. Suitable filler materials include but are not limited to non-toxic biocompatible natural or synthetic polymers, non-toxic biocompatible metals, and other non-toxic biocompatible organic and inorganic materials. Fillers can be in the form of granules, fibers, rods, sheets, grids or other suitable forms.
Pore forming agents can be selected to form pores having diameters effective to result in vascularization of tissue that infiltrates the composition. Preferably, the pore diameter ranges between about 30 μm to about 500 μm, or more preferably, between about 100 μm to about 350 μm. The pore forming agents are selected from materials that are sufficiently insoluble in the cement pastes to enable incorporation of the pore forming agents into the hardened cement but that are sufficiently soluble to be substantially removed by dissolution in physiological fluids or resorbed by actions of cells after implantation. Alternatively, the agents can be removed after hardening of the cement using solvents or heating. Suitable solvents include water, ethanol, acetone, ether, and any other organic solvent in which the pore forming agent dissolves. If heated, the temperature should be sufficiently high enough to remove the pore forming agent by decomposition, sublimation, evaporation, combustion, etc. Preferably, the cement is heated to a temperature range of from about 100° C. to about 1200° C., although other heating temperatures also may be employed. The pore forming agents may include sugar, sodium bicarbonate and phosphate salts. Phosphate salts are effective pore forming agents because the use of concentrated phosphate solutions in the cement makes them relatively insoluble in the cement. A particularly useful phosphate salt is disodium phosphate.
Preferably, the precipitated calcium phosphate seeds that form in the slurry compositions are an acidic calcium phosphate compound. Such compounds include, inter alia, DCPA, DCPD, MCPA, MCPM, ACP and HA. Preferably, the compound is DCPD or MCPM, and combinations thereof.
The particle size of the calcium phosphate seeds can vary. By way of example, nanometer-size particles of calcium phosphate compounds will promote hydroxyapatite formation.
The compositions may be employed as rapid-hardening cement pastes in a variety of medical and dental procedures for repairing or restoring missing or defective bone or tooth tissue. The cement pastes may be applied to the defect site using any suitable methods, including injecting with a syringe or depositing with a spatula, and also molded or sculpted in vivo as desired. When the solutions are mixed with the cement powders, the resulting slurry compositions will harden relatively rapidly.
For most clinical applications, a cement hardening time of more than 60 minutes is too long. Additionally, if the cement sets too rapidly, the time to sculpt the paste into the desired shape and deposit it at the defect site may not be sufficient. The cement composition in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention will have a hardening, or setting, time of no more than about 35 minutes, preferably no more than 20 minutes and even more preferably between about 5 to about 15 minutes.
The following examples further illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention but are not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Various cement paste systems were prepared. Setting times and other properties of the pastes were evaluated.
Preparation of Cement Powders: TTCP, α-TCP and β-TCP are prepared using conventional methods known to those of skill in the art and described below. DCPA, DCPD, HA, CaCO3, and Ca(OH)2 are commercially available reagent grade chemicals, such as available from J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N.J.
TTCP is prepared by heating an equimolar mixture of commercially obtained DCPA (Baker Analytical Reagents, J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N.J.) and CaCO3 (J.T. Baker Chemical Co.) at about 1500° C. for about 6 hours in a furnace and quenched at room temperature. Alternatively, appropriate amounts of DCPA and CaCO3 are used to obtain a Ca/P molar ratio of between about 1.8 to about 2.2 if it is desired to have TTCP in the final product and minor amounts of other phases including α-TCP, HA, and CaO. α-TCP is prepared by heating a mixture that contains about 2 mol of DCPA and about 1 mol of CaCO3 to about 1500° C. for about 6 hours and then quenching in air. Alternatively, appropriate amounts of DCPA and CaCO3 are used to obtain a Ca/P molar ratio of between about 1.5 to about 1.7 if it is desired to have α-TCP in the final product and various amounts of HA. β-TCP is similarly prepared, except that the mixture is heated to about 1200° C. and allowed to cool to room temperature in the furnace. The powders are ground individually in a planetary ball mill in cyclohexane, ethanol, or without a liquid to obtain the median particle sizes indicated in the tables below. When not indicated in the tables, the median particle size of TTCP is about 17 μm, α-TCP is about 5 μm, DCPA is about 1 μm, CaCO3 is about 4 μm, and Ca(OH)2 is about 2 μm.
Preparation of Solutions: The various cement solutions are prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of the indicated compounds in distilled water to obtain the concentrations indicated below. Solutions of Examples 1 and 2 are prepared using conventional methods known to those of skill in the art and described in the literature. All other solutions are prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of the indicated compounds in distilled water to obtain the concentrations indicated in the tables below.
Test Methods: The selected solutions and powders are blended at a mass ratio of between about 0.25 to about 0.5 to form a smooth paste composition. The paste is placed in a mold, and the mold is maintained at a temperature of about 37° C. and 100% humidity to simulate expected conditions at a defect site.
Cement setting time is measured with a Gilmore needle apparatus using a heavy Gilmore needle (453.5 g load, 1.06 mm diameter). The cement is considered set when the needle fails to leave a visible indentation when placed over the surface of the cement. Compressive strength measurements are performed on 24-hour, wet specimens using a computer-controlled Universal Testing Machine (Instron, United Calibration Corp., Garden Grove, Calif.). Powder X-ray diffraction analysis (Rigaku, Danvers, Mass., USA) is used to identify the phases that are present in 24-hour cement samples.
In this example, a MCPM-forming solution having a pH of about 1, a calcium concentration of about 0.66 M, and a phosphorus concentration of about 7.6 M is used as the cement liquid. This solution is prepared by stirring an excess amount of MCPM in a solution of H3PO4 (about 6.3 M) until equilibrium, followed by filtration.
The powders also are mixed with water to provide comparative setting times.
This example illustrates that the inventive solutions promote relatively rapid hardening and that the cements do not harden as a result of the cement powders contacting an aqueous solution (water alone).
In this example, a DCPD-forming solution having a pH of about 2.1, a calcium concentration of about 1.5 M and a phosphorus concentration of about 4.4 M is used as the cement liquid. The solution is prepared by stirring an excess amount of DCPD in a solution of H3PO4 (about 2.9 M) until equilibrium, followed by filtration. The powders also are mixed with water to provide comparative setting times.
This example illustrates that the inventive solutions promote relatively rapid hardening and that the cements do not harden as a result of the cement powders contacting an aqueous solution (water alone).
In this example, concentrated acid solutions are used as the cement liquid. The powders also are mixed with water to provide comparative setting times.
This example illustrates that the inventive solutions promote relatively rapid hardening and that the cements do not harden as a result of the cement powders contacting an aqueous solution (water alone).
In this example, salt solutions that form calcium-complexes or insoluble calcium salts are used as the cement liquid. The powders also are mixed with water to provide comparative setting times.
This example illustrates that the inventive solutions promote relatively rapid hardening and that the cements do not harden as a result of the cement powders contacting an aqueous solution (water alone).
This example illustrates the effects of the solutions of Example 4 on the phosphate concentration of cement liquid during setting.
Method and Materials: Approximately 0.4 g of an equimolar TTCP (median size=17 μm) and DCPA (1 μm) mixture is mixed with 1 mL of the various test solutions for the times set forth in Table 5. Phosphate concentration in the solution phase is determined.
When the solutions of Example 4 are used as the cement solutions, the phosphate concentrations in solution are significantly higher than when water is used. These results provide further support the mechanism of accelerated setting reaction postulated above when the solutions of Example 4 are used.
Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto as modifications may be made by persons skilled in the art. The present application contemplates any and all modifications that fall within the spirit and scope of the underlying invention disclosed herein.
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The UK's fastest-growing regional news network
See the full forecast for your area.
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Home Dartford Sport Article
Since bursting on to the scene at the start of the 2012 outdoor season, Gemili has carried the weight of a nation's sprinting hopes on his shoulders.
And this summer, while still a teenager, he raised the bar even higher as reached the 200m final at the World Athletics Championships in Moscow.
En route to finishing fifth in his first major final, Gemili became only the second Briton to dip under 20 seconds by qualifying second-fastest in 19.98sec – the fastest-ever European teenager to do so.
But while admitting there is plenty to get excited about, Cowan doesn't want anyone getting too carried away until Gemili finds some consistency.
"I think Steve Fudge (Gemili's personal coach) and his team learned this year from things they did earlier in the season," said Cowan, speaking at the UK Coaching Awards, supported by Gillette.
"They think it will be a great season next year and, at the European Championships, Adam will be a favourite. At the Commonwealth Games, it will be different because the Jamaicans can put out a B-string team and they'd still be good enough to get a winning time.
"Adam will grow from his experiences but we need to have some consistency in performances at championship level." Having tasted the Olympic atmosphere at London 2012 – reaching the semi-finals – Gemili, now 20, will be eager to get in on the act in Rio. But Cowan says there is still plenty of work to be done.
He said: "We're in a good state but we've got to be real – we haven't got any kids running 9.6 in the 100m. So in reality, until we find a kid who can run a 9.7, we're just in a good state.
"We've got James Dasaolu, who ran 9.92 in the trials and 9.98 in the World Championships. We've got Adam, who ran 19.98 at the World Championships in the 200m but they're still development athletes. I'm more looking at Rio and also Tokyo 2020 for those guys to be established."
The 2013 Gillette Great Starts' campaign celebrates community coaches and inspires the next generation of coaches by providing them with grants to fund their next level qualifications. Applications for coaching grants available through the scheme will reopen in 2014, visit www.facebook.com/GilletteUK for more details.
Click here for more sport from Dartford.
Click here for more news from around the county.


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Gear Review
Banning Lyon
MSR = bombproof
I practically live in my Hubba in the summer, and this footprint sees a lot of use on bare, abrasive granite. It still looks brand new. Sure, you could just buy some Tyvek and save a couple ounces, and do without the clip-in grommets, but I'll stick with this till I wear it out... which should be, oh, another several decades.
View More Details on MSR Hubba & Hubba HP Footprint


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Remember an incident in the 1980s when the news on Doordarshan was deferred by a few minutes so that a film that was telecast was over?
Or do you know that the song 'Sham-e-gham ki kasam' from "Footpath" was put together from slices of different recordings by composer Khayyam, when such practices were frowned upon in the early 1950s?
These and several other titbits related to Hindi films find mention in a new book titled "40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed" by Avijit Ghosh.
According to the author, the book, published by Tranquebar, is an attempt to revisit a "bunch of special films that either did not get their due or have been largely forgotten".
While working on the book, Ghosh stumbled upon some interesting sidelights like "Majboor" has shots inserted from (not inspired by) Charles Bronson's film "Cold Sweat" and Mahesh Bhatt was dead drunk when he first saw Shernaz Patel, the heroine of his film "Janam" in a video.
Recalling the Doordarshan incident involving his film, director Bhatt says, "For the first time in popular memory the news was delayed by 14 minutes till the film was over."
"Janam", a 16-mm telefilm shot on a shoestring budget with Kumar Gaurav and debutante Shernaz Patel in the lead, was just an hour and 45 minutes long, but the "advertisements in between stretched it past the sacrosanct newshour in the pre-satellite era. Then the unthinkable happened: rather than stop the movie, the news was deferred".
But "Janam" didn't just create a furore; it also made an impact. The story of an 'illegitimate' son trying to be acknowledged by his father had something raw and real.
"I was going through it. It was the unfolding of my life. I wrote it as I lived it," says Bhatt.
According to the author, "Janam" is an autobiographical movie told from the guts.
How Bhatt spotted Shernaz is also an interesting story.
He recalls, "I had gone to a party with Soni Razdan (now wife). We ran into Simi Garewal there. She took us home. I kept drinking there till 3 a.m. Some time that night she showed me some video footage. And despite the drunken haze, I remembered that a girl was brilliant in the video. She was Shernaz Patel. What Bhatt saw was actually an episode from Garewal's own television show "It's a Woman's World'."
Ghosh says his book's objective is to bring some deserving films back to popular notice.
"In these times of too much information, it is easy to forget without even trying to know. This book is about giving them a second chance," he says.
Interestingly, quite a few of these films were financed by the state-owned Film Finance Corporation (now National Film Development Corporation), which only underlines how the state played a vital role in supporting and promoting good cinema, especially in the 1970s and 1980s.
Even Doordarshan produced some fine movies during this period. One …continued »
Best of Express


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To Live is to Die: The Life and Death of "Metallica"'s Cliff BurtonPaperback
List price $23.47
You save $6.12 26% off
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- Publisher: Jawbone
- Format: Paperback | 336 pages
- Dimensions: 148mm x 212mm x 26mm | 658g
- Publication date: 1 July 2009
- Publication City/Country: London
- Edition statement: Original
- Illustrations note: 20 colour and black and white pictures in plate section
- Sales rank: 65,958
Product description
Metallica, the seventh-biggest recording act in American history, are consummate musicians - but it wasn't always that way. A significant proportion of their playing expertise was acquired from a pivotal three-year period in their history - 1983 to 1986 - during which their music, a potent variant of thrash metal, evolved from garage level to sophisticated, progressive heights thanks to the teachings of their bass player, Cliff Burton. The San Francisco-raised Burton, born in 1962, pushed the band to new musical levels with his musical training, songwriting ability and phenomenal bass guitar skills. Across three albums - "Kill 'Em All" (1983), "Ride The Lightning" (1985) and Metallica's undisputed masterpiece, "Master Of Puppets" (1986) - Burton's awe-inspiring playing, derived from a unique blend of classical and punk approaches, received worldwide recognition from fans and bass players alike. He was the first heavy metal bassist since Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler to regard the bass as a lead instrument, delivering intricate live solos based on classical fugues and even laying down a solo track on Metallica's debut album. Cliff's life was short but influential; his death was sudden and shocking. At the age of just 24, he was killed when Metallica's tour bus overturned on a remote Swedish mountain road in the early hours of September 27, 1986 for reasons which have still not been ascertained: he was crushed to death after being thrown from his bunk through a window. The driver, who has never been identified, told the rest of the band that the bus had hit black ice, leading to the accident: singer James Hetfield refused to believe him and has often spoken publicly about his doubts. With Cliff's death, Metallica's most critically acclaimed period of activity ended. They went on to record huge-selling albums, but by their own admission never pushed the creative envelope as radically as they had done in the first four years of their career. In 2006, a group of dedicated Metallica fans unveiled a memorial to Cliff at the site of his death: the cult of Burton grows year on year, with bassists of many musical styles (even outside heavy metal) acknowledging his influence.
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Joel McIver writes for Total Guitar, Metal Hammer and many other music magazines and is the author of 12 books to date. The best-known of these is Justice For All: The Truth About Metallica (2004), which has sold over 30,000 copies in eight languages. He makes regular appearances on radio and TV.


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Narrow your search
At its Build conference today, the company showed ways developers can make add-ons for Office 365, as major companies such as LinkedIn and Uber are already doing.
Previously for iPad only, this smart mail-manager automatically separates the wheat from the chaff.
Many software developers are cribbing code, and its flaws, that someone else created. And the problem is only getting harder to keep up with.
For the thousands who buy and sell photos, the rules are changing again as Adobe links its software to its own stock-art site. Next up: an upstream connection so photographers can contribute works to the marketplace.
The German firm, which helped clients build augmented-reality apps, appears to have transferred its shares to Apple.
The company is creating its first Android apps and is making some software open source, but that doesn't mean it's going to give up on its walled iOS garden.
The Uber for home cleaning, Helpling, lets you hire house cleaners either online or through an app. It's attracted a workforce of students who love the job's flexibility.
Launched last year as a standalone download, the Translator feature will roll out to Windows desktop users by the end of summer, says Microsoft.
From starting your own channel to monetising your music, here's how you can make your videos sing.
A lesson in why being a nerd is good if you're an aspiring member of the paparazzi -- and the Streisand effect.


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Ray-J finally breaks his silence following Whitney Houston's death.
Man, this is so sad!
Read what Ray-J had to say
Filed under Whitney Houston | No Comments
Man, this is so sad!
Whitney Houston's family has revealed that they are profiting from footage of her funeral. The proceeds will benefit the estate of the late singer. According to TMZ:
Whitney Houston's "home going" ceremony has turned into a money maker for her Estate — which very quietly struck a deal to sell the video of the funeral.
Here's how it went down … Associated Press provided a live pool feed of the funeral to media outlets around the world (including TMZ) on Saturday — but everyone had to pull the footage 24 hours later. Why?
A rep for the family confirms the family has now "agreed to license footage to several media outlets." The rep says the family is charging "customary fees" to … "help maximize the estate for the benefit of Bobbi Kristina."
Tacky? Or financially smart decision?
I have to admit that I didn't watch a single bit of the funeral because it felt SO strange to me to watch someone's funeral via livestream. Did you watch?
Whitney Houston was laid to rest Sunday at a private ceremony in New Jersey, her home state. The ceremony took place at a church in Newark where she sang as a little girl. While the family opted for a private funeral, they did allow media cameras to film it – meaning it was broadcast on channels like CNN.
Whintey's family, friends and costars attended the funeral to celebrate her career, and mourn the loss of such an amazing talent. She was remembered by people like Stevie Wonder, Alicia Keys, Mariah Carey, Clive Davis and Kevin Costner.
After the ceremony, her body was taken to a nearby cemetery, where she would be laid to rest next to her father, who died in 2003. Fans gathered near the funeral home, and slowly ran alongsie the hearse as it journeyed to Houston's gravesite.
Here is more of what happened on Sunday:
Bobbi Kristina sat by her grandmother's side during the 3.5 hour funeral. Shortly after the funeral was over, the 18-year-old went missing. Several sources speculate that she's on drugs again. "There was some confusion about Bobbi Kristina's whereabouts last night for a short time, but she's OK," a Houston family spokesperson told The Daily Beast on Sunday, adding that drugs were not part of the equation. "She needed some time alone."
"My daughter Bobbi Kristina is doing much better," he told ABC News in a new statement late Tuesday. "We continue to provide love and support to Bobbi Kristina. She is dealing with the tragedy of her mother's death and would prefer to do it outside of the public eye. I ask again that our privacy be respected." (US Weekly)
There were 1,500 invitations sent out, but Bobbi Brown only got one – for himself. "According to New Jersey paper The Star Ledger, the R&B singer, 43, arrived outside of the New Hope Baptist Church Saturday afternoon with an entourage of nine people in tow, demanding that they all get seats in the front row. The paper adds that Brown himself was allowed in, but he opted to leave with the rest of the people not admitted. "He was allowed to go in, pay his respects and then he had to leave," a witness tells Us Weekly. "He was red-eyed going up to the casket and then left. He was there for 15 minutes." A source has told Us that there is still underlying tension between Houston's relatives and Brown, who married Houston in 1992. Their divorce was finalized in 2007. "There are family members who felt Bobby drove Whitney into drugs," one source explained. "But now Bobby is clean and Whitney has unfortunately passed. So there's resentment." (US Weekly)
After leaving the funeral, Bobbi released a statement: "My children and I were invited to the funeral of my ex-wife Whitney Houston," he said, referring to his three kids from previous relationships Landon, 26, La'princia, 11, Robert Jr., 10, plus Cassius, his two-year-old with wife Alicia Etheridge. "We were seated by security and then subsequently asked to move on three separate occasions. I fail to understand why security treated my family this way and continue to ask us and no one else to move. Security then prevented me from attempting to see my daughter Bobbi Kristina. In light of the events, I gave a kiss to the casket of my ex-wife and departed as I refused to create a scene. My children are completely distraught over the events. This was a day to honor Whitney. I doubt Whitney would have wanted this to occur. I will continue to pay my respects to my ex-wife the best way I know how."
Kevin Costner spoke at the funeral. In part, he said: "To you, Bobbi Kristina, and to all those young girls who are dreaming that dream, thinking that maybe they aren't good enough, I think Whitney would tell you, guard your bodies. And guard the precious miracle of your own life. Then sing your hearts out." In closing, he got choked up and said, "Off you go Whitney, off you go. Escorted by an army of angels to your heavenly Father. When you sing before him, don't you worry. You'll be good enough."
Whitney's casket was carried out to "I Will Always Love You".
R.I.P. Whitney!
Photos: Fame/Flynet
Country singer LeAnn Rimes performed an incredibly beautiful tribute to Whitney Houston, who passed over the weekend.
LeAnn was emotional – and got choked up during her rendition of "I Will Always Love You".
Rimes was singing in Reno on Saturday – the same day Whitney died in Beverly Hills.
Before the show, Rimes tweeted "Wow, I learned how to do what I do because of 3 great women, one being Whitney. She was always so kind to me. This is not gonna be an easy show for sure. I'm doing what she taught me to do by listening to her records over & over as a little girl. Her death is very surreal."
Here are some new pictures of LeAnn at LAX.
Photos: Fame/Flynet


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At any one time, between five and 15 percent of Americans suffer from clinical depression. What are the typical characteristics? What is the likelihood of recovery? What differentiates depression from other disorders? What environmental and biological influences may cause depression? What are the biological influences and treatments? What are the most effective treatments medication, psychotherapy, or both?
Youll find easy-to-grasp answers to these and other questions plus pros and cons of different clinical strategies in this condensed resource. Plus:
Learning Objectives
Table of Contents
Dr. Tolman has treated people with depression in hospital and community settings for over 20 years. He is a professor at Grand Valley State University and previous Director of Psychological Services at the Wyoming State Hospital.
This CE course is designated as intermediate to advanced.


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Updating to the latest .net compact framework in order to run this utility seems to kill the speed and responsiveness of the phone. I realy liked some of the functions thet the Advanced Configuration tool so is there another good app like this that doesn't require the .net framework update?
Edited by shirozina, 01 March 2009 - 10:19 PM.


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Articles tagged jody nelson
30 May 2007 // 11:03 PM
- //Music
Through the Sparks are multi-instrumentalists who temper their fondness for prog rock with swathes of barrelhouse piano, grandiose harmonies and sweet southern-soul horns.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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Register your time working on your favorite tools like Trello, Basecamp, Podio, QuickBooks, Xero, Asana, Activecolab, Jira, Pivotal Tracker, Assembla, Wunderlist, Easy Redmine and more. Thanks to third-party add-ons and integration with numerous project management, accounting, CRM, and workspace apps, you can easily, quickly, and conveniently track your valuable minutes. TimeCamp works automatically and intuitively, so there's no need to worry about the operating process—simply focus on your tasks. All your projects and tasks are imported into TimeCamp, and the whole structure is synchronized. Thanks to TimeCamp, you won't lose track of what is being done and will be able to monitor all progress in terms of time allocation.Read more
"It perfectly tracks the time our staff spent on development. This helps us effectively forecast the time and costs for future projects."
"The software allows us easily track the time spent collectively on each project. It also allows employees to self-monitor their own productivity."
"The tool is very well suited to IT projects. It solves the complexity of automated time tracking elegantly without much manual intervention."


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You limited your search to:
Partner: UNT Libraries
Degree Discipline: Information Science
Collection: UNT Theses and Dissertations
The Impact of Computer Instruction on the Near Transfer and Far Transfer of a General Problem Solving Strategy
Date: August 1992
Creator: Abbey, Beverly G. (Beverly Gene)
Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of computer instruction on the near transfer and far transfer of a means-end analysis problem solving strategy.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
The Role of Information in the Selection Process of a Primary Care Physician
Date: December 1993
Creator: Butler, E. Sonny
Description: There is a paucity of information about the various factors that influence the selection of primary care physicians. Also, the relative significance of these factors is not known, making it difficult to properly address ways to improve the information flow to patients when they select a primary care physician.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Information Management in Local Area Networks: Impact on Users' Perceptions
Date: May 1994
Creator: Norton, Melanie J.
Description: In this study, computer human interaction factors are examined as a possible source of information to aid in the operation and management of local area computer networks. Users' perceptions of computer performance and response time are evaluated in relation to specific modifications in the information organization of a file server in a local area network configuration running in Novell 3.11.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
The Effects of Computer Performance Assessment on Student Scores in a Computer Applications Course
Date: July 1994
Creator: Casey, Sue Hartness
Description: The goal of this study was to determine if performance-based tests should be routinely administered to students in computer application courses. The purpose was to determine the most appropriate mode of testing for individuals taking a computer applications course. The study is divided into areas of assessment, personality traits, and computer attitudes.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Evaluation by Korean Students of Major Online Public Access Catalogs in Selected Academic Libraries
Date: December 1994
Creator: Park, Il-jong
Description: The objective of this study was to provide information on the characteristics of a specific group of international college students from a developing country in order to assist system managers in the selection of OPACs.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Diagnosing Learner Deficiencies in Algorithmic Reasoning
Date: May 1995
Creator: Hubbard, George U.
Description: It is hypothesized that useful diagnostic information can reside in the wrong answers of multiple-choice tests, and that properly designed distractors can yield indications of misinformation and missing information in algorithmic reasoning on the part of the test taker. In addition to summarizing the literature regarding diagnostic research as opposed to scoring research, this study proposes a methodology for analyzing test results and compares the findings with those from the research of Birenbaum and Tatsuoka and others. The proposed method identifies the conditions of misinformation and missing information, and it contains a statistical compensation for careless errors. Strengths and weaknesses of the method are explored, and suggestions for further research are offered.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Information Use Environment of Self-managed Teams : A Case Study
Date: May 1996
Creator: Barnes, Deborah M. (Deborah Manning)
Description: This research investigated how self-managed teams get the information they need to perform their job tasks. Two important factors prompted this study: the growing importance of self-managed teams in the workplace and the impact of the information system on team performance.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Increasing Telecommunications Channel Capacity: Impacts on Firm Profitability
Date: August 1997
Creator: Clower, Terry L.
Description: In calling for the deployment of high-capacity telecommunications infrastructures, the Clinton Administration is relying on market forces to drive demand toward self-sustaining development. There is little doubt that many firms will embrace the new telecommunications services for a variety of reasons including market differentiation, vertical market integration, and other organization-specific factors. However, there is little evidence at the firm level that adopting the use of increased-capacity telecommunications technologies is associated with improvements in firm profitability. This study seeks to identify the presence of impacts on firm income that can be associated with the adoption of T1 telecommunications services.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Social Context of Human Computer Interaction : An Examination of User Adoption of Electronic Journals
Date: December 1997
Creator: Scannell, Janette Bradley
Description: This study sought to determine whether or not factors such as relative advantage, compatibility, result demonstrability, ease of use, image, visibility, and voluntariness were involved in users' adoption of a refereed Web-based journal for informational, citation, and publication purposes. In addition, the study tested whether or not exposure to a prototype of a refereed Web-based journal would change users' perceptions concerning how well they would interact with the journal.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Three-dimensional Information Space : An Exploration of a World Wide Web-based, Three-dimensional, Hierarchical Information Retrieval Interface Using Virtual Reality Modeling Language
Date: December 1997
Creator: Scannell, Peter
Description: This study examined the differences between a 3-D, VRML search interface, similar to Cone Trees, as a front-end to Yahoo on the World Wide Web and a conventional text-based, 1-Dinterface to the same database. The study sought to determine how quickly users could find information using both interfaces, their degree of satisfaction with both search interfaces, and which interface they preferred.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


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Chicken Salad Pie
30 Dec 2010
|Sifted all purpose flour
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Shredded sharp process american cheese
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Cooked cubed chicken
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Canned pineapple tidbits
|8 3⁄4 Ounce, drained (1 Can)
|Sliced celery
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Slivered almonds
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), toasted
|Dairy sour cream
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
Sift flour and 1/4 teaspoon salt together; cut in shortening and 1/4 CUP cheese till pieces are size of small peas.
Sprinkle 3 to 4 tablespoons cold water over, 1 tablespoon at a time, gently tossing with fork till all the mixture is moistened.
Form into ball.
Roll on lightly floured surface to 1/8 mcn thickness.
Fit into 8-inch pie plate.
Bake at 450° for 8 to 10 minutes.
Cool before fixing with salad mixture.
Combine chicken, pineapple, celery, and half the nuts.
Blend together sour cream and mayonnaise.
Add 2/3 cup sour cream mixture to chicken mixture and blend well.
Spoon into pastry shell.
Spread remaining sour cream mixture over.
Sprinkle with remaining cheese.
Chill thoroughly.
Trim with remaining toasted almonds.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:Easy
Course:Side Dish
Preparation Time:5 Minutes
Cook Time:10 Minutes
Ready In:15 Minutes
Rate It
0 Comments
Chicken Salad Pie Recipe


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1983 SPCN Cobra 289 Replica. Engine: 289ci HP block; balanced and high end components (call for complete list) Trans : Borg Warner Super T-10 transmission with... More
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When the Cobra made its appearance over fifty years ago, it set levels of performance that even modern day supercars find hard to beat.... More
1952 MG/VW, NOS 1983 FiberFab replica on fresh VW platform.Never on the road,complete,as new.$3,500 Cold Springs Farm 717-259-0187, East Berlin,PA... More
1965 Shelby 427 S/C Cobra (by Superformance) If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions, please call August at 503-781-7956 This is a factory... More
Up for sale is an Everett Morrison built 1967 Shelby Cobra replica with 5649 miles. It was built in 1996 and all of the... More
1936 MERCEDES BENZ 500K HERITAGE REPLICA, CALL 732-735-0125 1936 MERCEDES BENZ 500 K REPLICA. THIS CAR IS NAMED THE MARLENE AS IN 1936 WHEN MERCEDES... More
1957 Replica Speedster - Call 732-735-0125 MANUFACTURED AND BUILT BY BECK. ABOVE ALL OTHERS. THIS CAR IS ABSOLUTELY EQUIVALENT TO BRAND NEW AND STILL HAS... More
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Our in-house team just finished a full upgrade of this A Coupe Replica for one of our customers. We did a complete color change... More
Beautiful color combination of Tuxedo Back with a Sand/Fawn interior and Black canvas soft top Speedster replica. Peppy running gear for both in town... More
Built on a full tubular frame chassis, this Tuxedo black with a new Dove Gray interior speedster replica boasts an Eyeball Engineering fully independent... More
This 2010 Factory Five Shelby Cobra not only looks great but is powered by a Roush built 427 c.i. 515hp motor. This car was... More
What we have here is another beautiful example of a Shelby Cobra Replica. This Factory 5 replica was built in 2002 an has been... More
What we have here is another beautiful example of a Shelby Cobra Replica. This Factory 5 replica was built in 2002 an has been... More
2004 Shelby Cobra Roadster Factory Five Mark II roadster. Great Build, Roll bar, Side pipes, Low miles. Motor: New Ford 302 block Bored .030 over makes it... More
Price reduced! All vehicle trades considered, including classics and performance. Here is a great car for the summer. This 1963 Austin Healey 3000 replica captures... More
SPEEDSTER REPLICA $39,995.00 Registered as a 1961 Volkswagen, these cars are in fact just that a re-bodied Volkswagen. What you get is incredible Volkswagen reliability,... More
1967 Shelby Cobra 2D Roadster, Description: All Star Car Sales is excited to announce arrival of this beautiful 1967 Shelby Cobra Replica by Everett Morrison! Finished... More
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This car is in excellent condtion. Never been smoked in. Everything about it is tip top shape. The only reason selling is need the... More
1967 AC Cobra 427 Wide flare replica for sale. Classic roadsters kit. Built in 1999. Wide flare body style. 5.0 litre motor. T5 transmisssion.... More
This is one of the many professionally designed replicas of the 1962 Lotus 7. The car was designed in Florida and is known as... More
1929 Ford Model A replica, factory built by "Shay" in 1980, & sold only through Ford dealers, & the body molds were from the... More
The Seven 360 has been refined to encompass many of the engineering developments and upgrades obtained from our experience of the various race models... More
1955 was a pivotal year in the world of auto racing with the introduction of the Spyder onto the international scene. Besting the much... More
1981 MP Lafer Roadster, The MP Lafer is a Brazilian two seat roadster made from 1974 thru 1988 whose design was loosely based on... More
1995 AC Shelby Cobra North American Fiberglass 289 FIA ROADSTER. Titled as a 1965 Cobra Built in1995 in Tempe,Arizona. NAF is regarded as one of... More
Immaculate condition Beck factory built speedster replica in German Racing Silver exterior, black full leather interior and black canvas Stayfast top. Fully optioned including... More
1975 Thoroughbred Witton Thoroughbred Tiger, A kit car that's more than simple cosmetics" Built with a rigid twin-tube chassis-a rectangular, box-type ladder frame made of... More
This Speedster ReCreation looks and drives like new, shows virtually no wear. It has the ever popular German Racing Silver exterior with new black... More
Beautiful combination of Tuxedo Black exterior with Dove Gray interior and new Black Stayfast canvas top completes the out ward beauty while the beastly... More
This is the most highly optioned Intermeccanica Convertible d/ Roadster ever built at their factory in Vancouver, Canada. The exterior is an exquisite GM... More
Rare and Unusual Spyder replica with Ferrari Fly Yellow exterior, Red leather and Oatmeal German Square weave interior. Powered by a 2110cc VW Type... More
This Convertible d/ Roadster replica was built at the Intermeccanica factory in 1986. Featuring a refreshed high performance 1600cc VW Type 1 motor with... More
Built in 2006 by Vintage Spyders who started with a powder coated tube chassis to which is added a VW front end with Sway-A-Way... More
Almost brand new German Racing Silver Beck factory built Spyder replica with a Subaru 2.5 litre SOHC fuel injected water cooled 176HP engine mated... More
This Super Nice 2000 AC Cobra is Clean, Strong and a top performer that never fails to impress. With no love or expense spared this... More
This Pristine Beck Speedster Replica carries the ever desirable Ruby Red and Whiskey Tan leather interior, tan canvas top combination. Hardly used with just... More
Intermeccanica built less than 20 of these Convertible d Turbo replicas in the 1980s. Combining the taller windshield, roll up glass windows and taller,... More
1965 COBRA REPLICA as created by Contemporary Cobra with the proper body of the 427 SC, presented with the fantastic build finished in Bright... More
Immaculate low mileage Ivory Speedster replica with full leather interior in black with ivory piping. Like new Stayfast black canvas soft top, side windows... More
Beck Spyder replica built in 2005. Traditional German Racing Silver and Red leather interior. Tubular frame chassis. 1915cc VW Type 1 engine mated to... More
The ever popular Ivory exterior with tan leather interior and black canvas soft top makes this1993 Intermeccanica factory built tubular frame convertible d one... More
This is one unique, exotic Speedster replica. Gulf blue with black interior and black canvas soft top. Mid engine tube frame chassis supports an... More
Custom built Speedster replica in a mild outlaw look with tasteful flared fenders, nerf bars, license plate recess, rear cooling slots, custom tail lights... More
Popular color combination of Tuxedo Black with Tan interior and Black canvas soft top. This low mileage speedster has the peppy 1776cc VW Type... More
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Immaculate factory color sand beige exterior with whiskey tan full leather interior and tan stayfast canvas soft top. Beck factory built replica with very... More
Beautiful Bali Blue with Black interior A Coupe replica. Engine completely gone through with all new seals. Currently in a mild outlaw look configuration... More
Beautiful Factory Built Beck Speedster with only 3600 miles, Merlot red with Tan leather interior, options include Blaupunkt AM/FM/CD with twin speakers, Nardi wood... More


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Updated 02/02/2015
To really get your pulse on the local fashion scene, seek out the Residents Apparel Gallery. Bay Area designers rent racks to showcase their deconstructed tees and socially responsible designs. Information about the aspiring designers is available and often displayed near the racks.
541 Octavia St., between Hayes and Grove Sts., San Francisco, California, 94102, United States
Website: www.ragsf.com
Updated 02/02/2015
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text: GamesBeat King unleashes Dreamworld expansion for Candy Crush Saga Above: King's Candy Crush Saga for mobile devices.Image Credit: King December 17, 2013 7:30 AM Jeff Grubb 0 Gaming is in its golden age, and big and small players alike are maneuvering like kings and queens in A Game of Thrones. Register now for our GamesBeat 2015 event, Oct. 12-Oct.13, where we'll explore strategies in the new world of gaming. Candy Crush Saga has new content available in a fresh expansion available today for the iOS, Android, and Facebook game. Developer King released the Dreamworld pack for Candy Crush Saga that takes players who finished level 50 of the popular match-3 puzzler — the most downloaded free-to-play game of 2013 on iOS devices — to a new, dream-inspired land. In Dreamworld, players meet Odus the Owl, who adds an extra layer to Candy Crush Saga's gameplay. "We're thrilled to offer new and existing Candy Crush Saga players an exciting new way of playing the game," King designer Tommy Palm said in a statement. While players are crushing candies, Odus the Owl asks them to crush certain treats to help keep him on his perch. This adds just a bit more pressure to King's popular puzzler. "We hope that the new Dreamworld mode will prove a fun twist for newcomers to the game and a tantalizing challenge for our loyal fanbase," said Palm. "As with all our games, we endeavor to offer our valued players a regular flow of exciting new content – we hope that they will love the new map, as much as we've enjoyed developing it." Candy Crush Saga is a puzzle title where players must match certain colored candies to eliminate them. It's free to play, and it's regularly among the most-downloaded and highest-grossing games of the year on iOS and Android. Related articles Candy Crush Saga reaches new heights as designer explains its success Candy Crush Saga launches on hot messaging system Kakao Talk in Korea King is running TV commercials for Candy Crush in Japan, and they're working GamesBeat weekly roundup: Anita Sarkeesian conquers bullies, Candy Crush Saga rules mobile Nokia's Lumia 1020 : the best smartphone camera ever made – too bad it's wasted on Windows Phone More information: King Digital Entertainment Apple iOS King is a leading interactive entertainment company for the mobile world, with people all around the world playing one or more King games. King has more than 190 fun titles in over 200 countries. Hits include Candy Crush Saga, Farm Her... read more » iOS is the world's most advanced mobile operating system, continually redefining what people can do with a mobile device. Together, the iOS SDK and Xcode IDE make it easy for developers to create revolutionary mobile apps.... read more » Powered by VBProfiles VB's research team is studying mobile user acquisition... Chime in here, and we'll share the results.


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Yeah, Thompson took over a bit late in the fight,but off of the top of my head I still remember thinking that Gil still 3 rounds to 2.
There is definitely something to be said, though, about the guy who is doing better towards the end of the fight and still has "more fight left in him", but as far as MMA judging criteria goes, thought Gil won 3 rounds to 2.
That's been the story with a few Diaz fights (both bros), they get outwrestled earlier in their fights while taking minimal-mild damage but then they out-cardio their opponent and have a really effective 3rd round while their opponent looks spent, but they just don't have enough time to get it done before the 3rd horn sounds.
Last edited by dbader08; 01-31-2013 at 05:23 PM.
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ROCKVILLE, Md., May 7, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) today launched three customized, online educational modules to promote safe use of acetaminophen products. The most common drug ingredient in America, acetaminophen, is found in more than 600 different prescription and over-the-counter medicines, including pain relievers, fever reducers, and sleep aids as well as cough, cold, and allergy medicines. When used as directed, acetaminophen is safe and effective. But there is a limit to how much can be safely used in one day; overdoses can potentially lead to liver damage.
To help raise awareness about acetaminophen safety by distinct populations who use it, NCPIE's modules integrate tailored messaging, free downloads, and useful links to external resources on the safe use of products that contain acetaminophen. Individual online modules – described below – can be used for self education, or as resources for community outreach and education.
"Unfortunately, it's easy to overlook common medicine precautions," noted NCPIE Chair N. Lee Rucker, M.S.P.H. "With many people using more prescription medicines than ever before, as well as our abundance of choices for self-treatment, everyone needs to make a conscious effort to read the labels; and ask questions of pharmacists, doctors, nurses and other prescribers. For 30 years, NCPIE has been working to enhance that vital patient-clinician communication about safe medicine use. These new modules about safe use of acetaminophen are tailored for various medicine users, across the age spectrum." Rucker added, "As we age, our learning preferences and lifestyles change; so too does technology. NCPIE has interwoven all of these elements into these new communication platforms to promote safe, appropriate medicine use."
About NCPIE's Acetaminophen Safe Use Modules<
SOURCE The National Council on Patient Information and Education
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved
Related medicine technology :
1. Ranbaxy Receives Approval to Manufacture and Market Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets USP
2. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Completes Enrollment of Pivotal Phase III Trial for Intravenous Acetaminophen Ahead of Schedule
3. Abbott Receives Complete Response Letter From FDA for Controlled-Release Hydrocodone With Acetaminophen
4. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Extends New Drug Application Review for Intravenous Acetaminophen by Three Months
5. FDA Limits Acetaminophen in Prescription Combination Products; Requires Liver Toxicity Warnings
6. FDA Consumer Health Information - New Steps Aimed at Cutting Risks from Acetaminophen
7. Abuse Deterrent Hydrocodone / Acetaminophen Leads NDA Pipeline
8. Boca Pharmacal Receives FDA Approval for Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets
9. Qualitest Pharmaceuticals Issues Voluntary, Nationwide Recall of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, USP 10 mg / 500 mg, NDC 0603-3888-20, 60 Count, Lot Numbers T150G10B, T120J10E and T023M10A and Phenobarbital Tablets, USP 32.4 mg, ND
10. OTC Industry Announces Voluntary Transition to One Concentration of Single-Ingredient Pediatric Liquid Acetaminophen Medicines
11. AccuDial Recommendations for Safer and Effective Dosing to Pediatric Acetaminophen Advisory Committee


text: iXboxLive Brings Gimped Version of Live to iPhone 1 Brian Crecente and 81 othersEditDelete Invite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for kotakuHide I've been pouring over all of the games and applications pouring into the iPhone App Store since it launched. It's actually a sort of OCD nightly ritual. I'm not sure why I'm so obsessed with them and I rarely buy any. Since day one, one of the apps I've been on the look out for was the inevitable Xbox Live app. It… » 8/08/08 7:20pm 8/08/08 7:20pm


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The home mortgage interest deduction, one of our most cherished and expensive tax subsidies, may be on its way out. If the recommendations of President Obama's National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform are part of a deficit reduction package, the mortgage interest and other itemized deductions are toast.
More than 35 million Americans claim it, at an estimated cost to Uncle Sam of $131 billion in forgone revenue for 2012. Its sheer size and popularity has made it a political third rail. Cynics think Congress won't dare touch it.Maybe so, but with growing numbers of Americans coming to understand that the trajectory of our mounting deficits and national debt is likely to bring us a financial catastrophe, political pressure for wiping out tax subsidies is growing stronger.
Now the breathtaking magnitude of the country's fiscal problems—a $1.3 trillion deficit last year and a steeply-mounting $14 trillion debt overall—may have the effect of a cold shower. Some Republicans and Democrats, concerned about our fiscal path as a matter of national security, are starting to work together to craft plans to reduce the deficit through both expenditure reductions and closing the backdoor subsidies implemented through the tax code.What is the rationale for the mortgage interest deduction? Its off-claimed virtue of encouraging home ownership is wide of the mark. Our northern neighbor Canada, for example, has roughly the same level of home ownership as we do, but no mortgage interest deduction.
And why subsidize the ownership of homes with a tax deduction and not other assets? Like automobiles? Or boats?
And what about the discrimination against tenants? Why should homeowners be permitted to deduct payments of mortgage interest and real estate taxes while residential rent is a wholly nondeductible personal expense. Insult is added to injury by the fact that part of the tenant's rent is indirectly attributable to the landlord's deductible real estate taxes and mortgage interest.
The current tax code is riddled with deductions and credits that are nothing but out-of-sight back-door federal outlays, amounting to over $1 trillion of lost tax revenue, including the loss caused by the homeowners' mortgage interest subsidy. There's no likelihood of serious deficit reduction without slashing these out-of-sight costs.
The resistance of entrenched and lobby-rich industry groups to the elimination of the deduction will be a tooth and nail fight. "The mortgage interest deduction is one of the pillars of our national housing policy," according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. "Limiting its use will have negative repercussions for consumers and home values up and down the housing chain."
The National Association of Realtors with its huge army of real estate agents and lobbyists will perhaps be the most formidable foe. No sooner was a plan announced for the interest deduction's elimination than it issued a "Call for Action" to its members encouraging them to make "quick phone calls to lawmakers asking them to defend the deduction from any cuts or reduction." According to this industry group, "the mortgage interest deduction is vital to the stability of the American housing market and economy."
But if it's vital to the stability of the American housing market and economy, how come it's not vital to the stability of the Canadian housing market and economy when the Canadian income tax does not allow the deduction? And how come the economy didn't stagger in 1986 when the deduction for personal interest on loans for the purchase of cars and other consumer items was terminated?
The cries of alarm of the special interest groups seem to be just another example of their self-interested attempts to influence public policy to favor financial benefits for themselves and their constituents.


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No matter the sport or the contract value, perhaps the hardest thing for an athlete is to patiently wait for playing time.
In the case of Nuggets center Johan Petro, it has been wait and wait and wait and wait.
But Sunday, what was four minutes here and seven minutes there became a start and 23 minutes against Portland. The time was made possible because of the knee injury to Kenyon Martin, and Petro made the best of it with six points and 10 rebounds in the Nuggets' win.
With Martin out for the foreseeable future, Petro is staring at a real chance to show the Nuggets they don't need to look outside the organization for help in the paint.
"He's a seven-footer who is athletic and can play," guard Chauncey Billups said. "I just told him go out and play, don't put too much pressure on yourself. Just do what you do in practice every day. We're not going to expect him to be Kenyon Martin. I think a lot of people are going to get the chance to see that he is a really good basketball player, just hasn't gotten the opportunity."
Generally, when Petro has been called upon to fill in, he's played well. Last season, when Chris Andersen was unexpectedly out of the lineup for the Nuggets' game at Orlando in February, Petro answered the bell with two points, seven rebounds, a block and a steal.
A reserve the majority of his career, Petro understands having to stay ready. But it didn't make waiting this season any easier.
"It was super hard," Petro said. "I had some ups and downs. Sometimes I didn't feel like coming (to practice). I felt like quitting, a little bit. But I always found a way to keep myself going. The league is about opportunities, and you never know when your number will be called. So you want to be ready for it, and I think that's what I've been trying to do here.
"I'm probably going to be more focused because I definitely have a lot to prove."
Petro started Sunday and may get that chance again tonight against Minnesota, but expect him to be used in a mix-and-match strategy going forward with Malik Allen and Joey Graham.
Still, Petro impressed coaches and teammates.
"He just played smart," guard Arron Afflalo said. "I think he had 10 rebounds, which was good. He actually made a couple of elbow jump shots at a point in the game when we needed them. So he played well. And as long as he continues to be a good defensive presence, he'll be good for us."
Petro, who averages 2.1 points and 2.3 rebounds in 6.7 minutes per game, said he needs to "basically do what I did last game — try to rebound the ball, be a presence under the basket, try to get the guys open, and run the floor."
Petro will face a tough matchup in Minnesota big man Al Jefferson.
"It's the opportunity for other guys to step up and play with Kenyon being out," said assistant coach Adrian Dantley, who is taking over for coach George Karl tonight. "We've just got to pick it up. Petro played real well, so he'll just have to keep playing real well."
Chris Dempsey: 303-954-1279 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Denver at Minnesota
6 p.m., ALT, KCKK 1510 AM
Spotlight on Jonny Flynn: Because of the sad state of his team, Flynn largely has been overlooked in the rookie of the year chase, yet he has had a solid season. His 13.7 points ranks fourth among rookies and his 4.4 assists per game ranks fifth among first-year players.
Nuggets: Guard Ty Lawson (shoulder) is out for the game, as is forward Kenyon Martin (knee). Martin made the trip with the team. . . . Tonight's game is one of just three Northwest Division games remaining for the Nuggets. Games against Portland and Oklahoma City in April wrap up division play. . . . The Nuggets have won five games in a row in Minnesota.
Timberwolves: Minnesota general manager David Khan recently told TrueHoop.com he expected point guard Ricky Rubio, a lottery pick last year, to join the team for the 2011-12 season. . . . Head coach Kurt Rambis expressed interest in holding on to forward Darko Milicic, even though the player has said he wants to return to Europe after the season ends.
Chris Dempsey, The Denver Post


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1908-D $10 No Motto MS64 PCGS. CAC....
2012 July 12-15 US Coin Summer FUN Signature Auction - Orlando #1172
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Orange County Convention Center
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Only Seven Finer PCGS Coins
Only 210,000 eagles were struck in Denver prior to the 1908 updated design, and few of those No Motto coins have survived in higher grades. This Choice Mint State example has brilliant yellow luster, with soft, frosty surfaces and excellent eye appeal. Population: 44 in 64 (4 in 64+), 7 finer (6/12).(Registry values: N4719) (NGC ID# 28GH, PCGS# 8854)
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Revised Edition by James L. Halperin, Mark R. Borckardt, Mark Van Winkle, Jon Amato, and Gregory J. Rohan, with special contributor David W. Akers
The Coinage of Augustus Saint-Gaudens is an issue-by-issue examination of these two artistically inspired series of gold coins.
Each date and mintmark is reviewed with up-to-date information, much of which has never been previously published. The book is based on
two extraordinary collections: The Phillip H. Morse collection and the Dr. and Mrs. Steven L. Duckor collection.
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This Mother's Day treat Mom (or yourself!) to some of these sweet and savory dishes, perfect for breakfast or brunch. Serve up the Double Chocolate Velvet Pancakes with Banana Love Sauce for brunch or dessert, feel downright royal with Queen Elizabeth's Drop Scones (her actual recipe), or try these easy Sun Dried Tomatoes and Herb Baked Eggs. There are even two tasty morning-approved cocktail recipes below, so read on for some Mother's Day goodness.
Open-Face Egg Sandwich with Bacon, Asparagus and Pesto
From Home Skillet Cooking Blog
Double Chocolate Velvet Pancakes With Banana Love Sauce
From Just Making Noise: Sound Bites From a Deaf Mama
Berries and Cream Yogurt Parfait
Queen Elizabeth's Drop Scones
In August 1959, Queen Elizabeth entertained President Dwight Eisenhower at Balmoral Castle near Edinburgh. At a barbecue in the Scottish highlands, the Queen made drop scones for the President using this family recipe. Serve as you would pancakes with syrup or your favorite jam or jelly.
Sun Dried Tomato and Herb Baked Eggs
From Munchin with Munchkin
Lemon Ricotta Blueberry Pancakes
From Driscoll's
Smoked Salmon Eggs Benedict With Lemon Dill Hollandaise
From Princess Aioli
Caramel Apple Cream And White Chocolate Stuffed French Toast
From Tipsy Culinary Queen
Bacon Wrapped Egg Cups with Horseradish and Cheddar
From Home Skillet Cooking Blog
The Shandy Cocktail
From RecipeRehab
The British have been mixing up this refreshingly light and tasty beer and citrus juice beverage since the 1600s.
Poinsettia Cocktail
From Diethood
This tasty cocktail is cousin of the mimosa features cranberry juice in lieu of orange. It also has a nice splash of Cointreau.
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