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In a method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer. Data packets are forwarded to a lower protocol layer for transmission and the transmission is performed with variable channel access delays. The upper protocol layer is notified by the lower protocol layer when a transmission is started to allow a synchronization of timers in the upper protocol layer. If a layer performs a scheduling of data packets for the transmission, a rescheduling is performed alternatively or in addition during a channel access delay. Devices and software programs embodying the invention are also described.
1. Method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, wherein data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer and said processing is controlled according to at least one timer of the upper protocol layer, wherein the data packets are forwarded to a lower protocol layer for transmission, wherein said transmission is controlled by the lower protocol layer and the transmission is performed with variable channel access delays, the method comprising the steps of
detection of the start of a transmission by the lower protocol layer,
notification of the upper protocol layer by the lower protocol layer when a transmission is started,
synchronization of at least one timer of the upper protocol layer according to the notification.
2. Method according to
3. Method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, wherein data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer and are forwarded to a lower protocol layer controlling the transmission, wherein transmissions are performed with a channel access delay and wherein at least one of said layers performs a scheduling of data packets for the transmission,
characterized in that
a scheduling of first data packets for transmission is performed,
a channel access delay is detected on the lower layer,
a check is performed whether additional data packets are ready for forwarding to the lower layer at or before the end of the channel access delay,
a further scheduling of the first and additional data packets is performed,
the data packets are transmitted according to the further scheduling.
4. Method according to
5. Method according to
6. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein a notification is sent at the start of a transmission or at the end of a delay.
7. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein a total channel access delay comprises at least two separate components and a notification is sent between the components.
8. Method according to
9. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein a scheduling process is finished immediately before the scheduled data packets are transmitted.
10. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein a notification is a primitive.
11. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein the lower protocol layer is a medium access control sub-layer of a data link layer.
12. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein the upper protocol layer is a radio link control sub-layer of a data link layer.
13. Method according to any preceding claim, wherein the transmission is performed on a channel which can be shared by several users and/or data flows.
14. Device in a communication system, characterized in that the device performs a method according to any of the
15. Device according to
16. Program unit on a data carrier or loadable into a device in a communication system comprising code for performing the steps of a method according to any of the
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, wherein data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer and are forwarded to a lower protocol layer controlling the transmission and wherein transmissions are performed with a channel access delay. Devices and software programs embodying the invention are also described.
[0002] A communication system is generally specified using a layered approach. A layer either corresponds to a protocol or can be partitioned into two or more sub-layers corresponding to a protocol each. Every protocol has specific responsibilities for the handling of information which is performed by a specific set of functions and services for the protocol. A central idea behind dividing the functionality between protocols is to achieve a more understandable model of the system and hide details in the different protocols to higher layers in the protocol stack.
[0003] An example of a mobile communication system in which layers are subdivided into sub-layers or protocols is a WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) specifications. In this system, the data link layer is subdivided into the protocols PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Medium Access Control) as described in 3G TS 25.301 V 3.4.0 (3rd Generation Partnership Project).
[0004] Information units denoted as primitives are exchanged between different protocol layers to communicate with each other. The primitives are used in message sequence diagrams to illustrate the functional split between the layers and how the protocols interact with each other when a specific high level function is executed. A description of common interlayer service primitives and the interactions of different protocol layers can be found for the above protocols in 3G TS 25.303 V 3.3.0.
[0005] One example of a high level function is transmitting data between applications using a random access channel. To perform this function several protocols are involved. A random access channel (RACH) is a well-known concept for communication systems. Several users can transmit data on a RACH independent of each other which results in a risk of collision between transmissions from or to different users. In order to reduce the probability of collisions and increase the probability of successful transmissions on a RACH certain transmission rules are specified, especially waiting times delaying the transmission of data. One example of a waiting time is called a "back-off time" since the user backs off from transmitting any information on the RACH for an interval of time. Waiting times can vary in their length depending on control parameters which are selected for example according to the number of users that use the RACH, i.e. the system load, or the interference level for a radio channel.
[0006] Generally, the protocol controlling the transmissions does not indicate the duration of a channel access delay to other protocols which are thus unaware of how much delay is introduced before the transmission starts on the RACH. In a communication system according to 3GPP specifications, the control of random access transmissions is executed in the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol as described in 3G TS 25.321 V3.3.0.
[0007] The channel access delay introduced before a transmission is started on a channel can vary considerably. This is a problem if the data transmitted on a channel originates from a protocol comprising timers, for example an ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) protocol that includes retransmission timers. It is difficult to set proper expiry values on such timers due to the large variance of the delay introduced by the protocol layer controlling the transmission. A timer value can for example be set too large according to some worst case delay, resulting in a slower retransmission time than necessary or according to a value which is too small with a risk that the timer expires and an unnecessary retransmission is performed.
[0008] Furthermore, new data will often become available for transmission in the user equipment or a radio base station, e.g. in the RLC protocol, while the protocol controlling transmissions, e.g. MAC, is delaying a transmission of previous data. The additional data is sometimes time critical while the transmission of previous data is less urgent. When new data is ready for transmission on a higher layer, e.g. on the RLC protocol during a RACH procedure, it is not handled by the lower protocol, e.g. MAC, until the transmission procedure for the previous data has ended, i.e. when the data is transmitted on the physical layer. For example if an SMS (Short Message Service) message is sent on the RACH this will delay higher priority data such as a call set-up message until the RACH procedure for the SMS message is finished in the MAC protocol.
[0009] It is an object of the present invention to obviate the above disadvantages and provide methods which improve the control of channel access delays and the efficiency of data transmissions in a communication system.
[0010] According to the invention, the method described in claim 1 is performed. An alternative or supplementary embodiment is described in claim 3. Furthermore, the invention is embodied in devices and program units as described in claims 14 and 16. Advantageous embodiments are described in the dependent claims.
[0011] The proposed method is performed in a communication system with a layered protocol stack. Data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer and said processing is performed according to at least one timer of the upper protocol layer. The data packets are forwarded to a lower protocol layer for transmission on a channel, wherein said transmission is controlled by the lower protocol layer. Additionally, the protocol stack can comprise one or more further layers, e.g. a physical layer below the lower layer, the physical layer executing the transmissions, or a layer executing applications. The transmission is performed with variable channel access delays which are caused for example by the control procedures or external conditions.
[0012] According to the invention, the start of a transmission is detected by the lower protocol layer. Generally an event, especially the sending of a primitive from the lower protocol layer to a physical layer, initiates the transmission on the channel. If the period of time between event and transmission is defined, it is often preferable to perform the detection of said event. When the start of the transmission is detected, the upper protocol layer is notified by the lower protocol layer of the starting time. At least one timer of the upper protocol layer is synchronized according to the notification. Especially, the notification can be sent at the start of the transmission and the timers can be started when the notification is received. If the transmission is started with an offset from a detected event, timers can be corrected by the offset.
[0013] The proposed method allows to set timers according to actual transmission times and remove the influence of variable channel access delays. In this way the precision of the timing and the control of the delays is significantly enhanced and the efficiency of transmissions can be considerably improved.
[0014] The method is especially suitable for a timer which models a round trip time or a back-off time because the performance of the communication system is sensitive to the correct setting of these timers. It is possible that more than one corresponding timer is synchronized in this way.
[0015] In a further method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, data packets are also processed on an upper protocol layer and are forwarded to a lower protocol layer controlling the transmission on a channel. Transmissions are performed with a channel access delay and the upper or the lower layer performs a scheduling of data packets before the transmission. In the scheduling, data packets are reordered or priorities are attributed to data packets wherein the priorities determine which data packets are transmitted with preference.
[0016] After the scheduling of the data packets is performed, channel access delays can occur. A channel access delay is detected on the lower layer. If necessary, the upper layer can be notified of the length or end of the channel access delay, e.g. by a corresponding primitive. A check is performed whether additional data packets are ready for forwarding to the lower layer at or before the end of the channel access delay. The check can be performed for example by the upper layer or by the lower layer, especially if the latter performs the scheduling. If the traffic situation has changed, i.e. if additional data packets are ready for forwarding or transmission at or before the end of the channel access delay, a further scheduling including the additional and the first data packets is performed, i.e. the data packets are rescheduled for transmission on the channel. If the lower layer performs the scheduling, the data packets or information about the data packets can be forwarded from the upper layer for this purpose. Finally, the data packets are transmitted according to the rescheduling.
[0017] The proposed method avoids a blocking of time critical traffic by data packets which were scheduled for transmission at an earlier time. A repeated rescheduling is possible, especially in the case of any subsequent channel access delay. Preferably, the rescheduling is performed as close as possible before the transmission of data packets on a channel. The minimum period which is allowable between the start of the rescheduling and the start of the transmission is the processing time necessary for rescheduling and preparing of the data packets for transmission, which is determined by the processing speed of the device performing the transmission.
[0018] In a preferable embodiment of the method, the scheduling is performed on the lower layer. In this case, a notification can be sent from the lower layer to the upper layer requesting a transfer of additional data packets or information about the additional data packets. The upper layer transfers the information or additional data packets to the lower layer in reply to the request. In an alternative embodiment, the lower layer can access a memory which stores corresponding information from the upper layer.
[0019] Alternatively, the scheduling is performed on the upper layer. In this case, a notification of the channel access delay by the lower layer initiates the further scheduling. The notification can include the length or end of the channel access delay.
[0020] Preferably, protocols for an improved control of the delay in a communication system embody both the above methods for synchronizing timers and rescheduling data.
[0021] For the above methods, a notification is preferably sent at the start of a transmission or the end of a delay, especially if the duration of a delay is arbitrary. This allows a simple embodiment of the proposed methods. Alternatively, the notification can comprise a length of a delay before a transmission is started if the length is defined when the notification is sent. This allows an increased processing time, e.g. for the scheduling of data packets.
[0022] A total channel access delay can comprise two or more separate components which are determined by different parameters or conditions, e.g. a random initial delay and an access delay. It is often advantageous to perform a notification between the components, especially if the duration of the second component is arbitrary.
[0023] When the length of a component of the channel access delay is arbitrary, e.g. determined by a random parameter or external parameters which are not controlled by the communication system, a suitable time for a scheduling or rescheduling is before the arbitrary delay component to ensure sufficient processing time.
[0024] Preferably, a scheduling process is finished immediately before the scheduled data packets are transmitted, i.e. the delay between the scheduling procedure and the physical transmission is minimized.
[0025] The notification is preferably a primitive which can also be part of a communication procedure consisting of two or more primitives. Information between different protocols can also be exchanged in other ways, for example using shared memories by two or more protocols.
[0026] The proposed method is especially suitable for a lower protocol layer which is a medium access control sub-layer of a data link layer, e.g. according to 3GPP specifications. A preferable upper protocol layer is a radio link control sub-layer of a data link layer.
[0027] The method is preferable if large variations in the channel access delay are possible. This is especially the case if the transmission is performed on a channel which can be shared by several users and/or data flows because transmission attempts may be unsuccessful due to access collisions or because mechanisms to avoid access collisions introduce variable delays. Examples are a Random Access Channel (RACH) or a Common Packet Channel (CPCH) in the up-link from a user equipment to a base station. A CPCH is defined in the 3GPP specifications for data packet transmission on a channel shared by several users. The method is also applicable for down-link channels from a base station to user equipment, e.g. on a FACH (Forward Access Channel) or on a Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) on which delays can vary due to traffic queuing.
[0028] According to the invention, a device in a communication system is adapted to perform at least one of the above methods. The device is for example a network node like a radio base station for providing wireless access of user equipment to the communication system or a controller of a base station. The device can also be a user equipment like a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant or a laptop computer.
[0029] The proposed method can especially be embodied by a program unit on a data carrier or loadable into a device, e.g. a radio base station or user equipment, in a communication system, the unit comprising code for performing the steps of at least one of the above-described methods.
[0030] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in the following detailed description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
[0031]FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of devices in a communication system with different protocol layers.
[0032]FIG. 2 shows the radio interface protocol architecture in a communication system in the state of the art.
[0033]FIG. 3 shows a random access transmission sequence in a communication system in the state of the art.
[0034]FIG. 4 shows a random access channel transmission control procedure in the state of the art.
[0035]FIG. 5 shows a schematic random access control procedure according to the invention.
[0036]FIG. 6 shows a random access transmission sequence according to the invention.
[0037]FIG. 7 shows a detailed random access channel transmission control procedure according to the invention.
[0038] In FIG. 1, devices in a mobile communication system are schematically depicted. A mobile communication system comprises radio base stations BS which provide access to user equipment UE by wireless connections WL and a core network interconnecting the base stations BS and providing connections to further communication systems. Both user equipment UE and bases stations BS are provided with one or more transmitters and receivers, generally combined into transceivers, to send and receive data on a wireless connection WL. Connections CO of one or several radio base stations BS to the core network are usually established via a controller, e.g. a radio network controller (RNC) which is not shown to simplify the drawing.
[0039] On every connection CO, WL, a protocol stack with layers corresponding to each other in the connected devices is defined. As indicated, not all upper layers need to be terminated in adjacent devices as information on said layers can be relayed to further devices. On the wireless connection WL, the protocol stack consists of five layers L1-L5. The data transmission is performed on the physical layer L1. The transmission is controlled by the data link layer L2. Above the data link layer L2, the communication system in the example comprises a network layer L3 for radio resource control, a transport layer L4 and an application layer L5 for performing applications. Lower layers provide services to higher layers while details how the execution of the services is performed are generally not provided to the higher layers. The services are preferably executed by software programs run in a processing system of the base station and user equipment, respectively. Typically, a different protocol stack PS′ is used for the transmission of data over the connection CO to the core network. Generally, information from several radio connections WL is multiplexed on a single connection CO to the core network.
[0040]FIG. 2 shows an example of subdivided layers in a communication system with a layered protocol structure as described in 3rd Generation Partnership Project specification 3G TS 25.301. Embodiments of the invention are described using this system as an example although the invention is not restricted to a WCDMA system and can be applied to any communication system with a layered protocol stack if the system has channel access delays and timers controlling the transmission or performs a scheduling of data packets.
[0041] In FIG. 2, the data link layer L2 between the physical layer L1 and the network layer L3 with the radio resource control RRC is subdivided and comprises the protocols PDCP, BMC and MAC. Higher layers control the functionality in lower layers as indicated by lines. The functionality of some layers, e.g. PDCP, is only attributed to selected connections. In the protocols PDCP and RLC (radio link control), separate function entities are attributed to different connections. As indicated by the oval shapes, interfaces allow a redistribution of information between connections on the different layers.
[0042] The protocol RLC is an ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) protocol and a further sub-layer of the data link layer L2. Timers are part of the ARQ functionality and are started when RLC packet data units are transferred to the MAC protocol layer for further transfer to the physical layer. Since the delay introduced by MAC between the reception and further transfer of packet data units can vary considerably, it is impossible to set the timers in RLC to optimal values. The delay introduced before transmission on a channel can also depend on external parameters. For example, RACH load control parameters like the persistence value in a communication system according to 3GPP specifications are broadcast by the radio network nodes, e.g. base stations, to adapt delays to the present interference level or to the present load of the communication system and avoid congestion.
[0043]FIG. 3 shows service primitives sent between the involved protocols when RLC packet data units are transmitted from a user equipment on the random access channel in a WCDMA system in the state of the art. Details of the depicted primitives, messages and interfaces are described in 3G TS 25.303. The wireless connection between user equipment UE and base station BS is performed over the interface 18 Uu while the connection between base station and the controller RNC corresponds to the interface 19 lub. The part left of the interface Uu in FIG. 3 describes the handling of data within the user equipment.
[0044] For the initiation of a transmission between the user equipment and a base station, upper layers at first perform a configuration of lower protocol layers by corresponding primitives 20, 21. Then, the primitive 22 "MAC-Data-Req" transfers data packets for transmission from the RLC protocol to the MAC protocol. Furthermore, the time of sending primitive 22 "MAC-Data-Req" is used in the state of the art to start timers within RLC although the transmission on the Uu interface 18 is not started until a message 30 "RACH Data". Before message 30, an initial back-off time 24 elapses. A further delay 25 is due to the channel access attempts that are performed repeatedly with increasing power until a successful reception of a transmission header is confirmed by the radio base station BS with an acknowledgement 28. Still further delays may be caused by one or more subsequent back-off times 26 with corresponding access delays 27 if the first access attempt was unsuccessful, e.g. rejected by a negative acknowledgement 29. As a result, typical total channel access delays between the primitive "MAC-Data-Req" 22 and the transmission of the packet data units on the RACH from the user equipment to the radio base station with the message 30 "RACH Data" can vary between 10 ms and 1.5 s with even higher values possible in congested situations.
[0045]FIG. 4 shows the corresponding flow chart for the transmission control procedure in the MAC protocol as described in detail in 3G TS 25.321. After configuration 40, checks 41 are performed by the MAC protocol whether data packets are ready for transmission. If this is the case, a scheduling according to the priority of the data packets is performed in step 42. Furthermore, a variable access back-off delay is enabled by assigning a constant Pi to data packets or groups of data packets i in step 43. A loop 44 is entered which delays the channel access for a random time to avoid access collisions. To accomplish a statistical distribution of accesses, a random number is calculated and compared to the constant Pi attributed to a data packet or group of data packets. Loop 44 which corresponds to the initial back-off time is ended when the random number is smaller than or equal to constant Pi while else a further random draw is performed after a waiting period. By transmitting a message to initiate an update 45 to change allowed ranges for the constant Pi, the network is able to control the load on the random access channel.
[0046] After the initial back-off delay, access attempts are performed as described with respect to FIG. 3. In case of a successful attempt, the data is forwarded to the physical layer for transmission to the base station in step 50. Else loop 44 is again entered after a waiting time 46, 48. Different lengths of the waiting time 46, 48 can be specified if the user equipment can distinguish different reasons for an unsuccessful access. A counter M ensures an error handling if a specified number of access attempts was unsuccessful.
[0047] The proposed methods comprise two basic parts which are both depicted in FIG. 5. In a first part, different protocol layers within a user equipment are synchronized so that timers are not started too early or late when a transmission of data is delayed. The start of the timers is synchronized with the actual transmission of data on a channel, e.g. a random access channel. The corresponding communication system includes a first protocol, e.g. RLC, with timers determining the processing of data by the first protocol. Other protocols, e.g. MAC, add delays before protocol data units generated by the first protocol are transmitted on a physical channel in the communication system. The start of timers in the first protocol is synchronized with the event that the data is transmitted on the physical channel.
[0048] Said first part improves the interlayer communication, for example between the physical layer, MAC and RLC in a user equipment. It enables higher layers to consider delays caused by lower layers, e.g. allows to MAC and RLC to react to changes in the random access delay. The indication to start timers is performed upon successful channel access which avoids variations and inaccuracies caused by the delays, e.g. in a random access procedure.
[0049] In a second part, a rescheduling of data ready for transmission on a channel is performed when additional data becomes available. The corresponding communication system includes a protocol, e.g. MAC, that performs the scheduling of data units for transmission. If transmissions on the channel are delayed, e.g. due to access attempt delays or back-off times, rescheduling of additionally received data is performed by said protocol before previously received data is transmitted. The second part enables the protocol to perform rescheduling especially during a random access control procedure when the traffic situation has changed.
[0050] Both parts are illustrated in the schematic block diagram of FIG. 5 which comprises components of a typical random access procedure for a user equipment in the protocol controlling the transmission, e.g. in the MAC sub-layer of the data link layer. Random access procedures in a mobile communication system typically consist of several components, all contributing to the total delay that packets from higher layer experience during the procedure. Details of the access procedure can vary depending on the communication system considered.
[0051] After data packets are forwarded from a higher layer in the protocol stack in step 60 for transmission, an initial back-off delay 64 spreads random access attempts in time to minimize the collision probability during the channel access phase when more than one user equipment uses the same random access channel. The length of initial back-off delay 64 is variable following a statistical distribution, e.g. due to a loop 44 as described above, and parameters influencing the length of the delay can be varying in time. The subsequent access attempt delay 65 corresponds to the time required to access the random access channel. For instance in a communication system applying Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), access attempt delay 65 preferably corresponds to the carrier sense phase, in which the channel is sensed for ongoing transmissions from other parties. In a communication system using power ramping, access attempt delay 65 preferably corresponds to the power ramping phase. The power ramping adapts the transmission power of user equipment to the present channel conditions and consists of subsequent preamble transmission attempts with increasing power. When a sufficient power level is reached, i.e. when the preamble is successfully received by a radio base station, the network acknowledges the preamble. The reception of the acknowledgement ends the access attempt delay 65.
[0052] When an access attempt during the access attempt delay 65 is successful as detected in check 70, the transmission 74 of the data on a physical channel is performed. If the result of check 70 is that a channel access attempt has failed, the protocol falls back into a subsequent back-off delay 66, 68. In FIG. 5, the protocol distinguishes different reasons for a failed attempt in further check 71 and the duration of the subsequent back-off delay 66, 68 depends on the reason for the unsuccessful channel access. When the user equipment does not receive an acknowledgement from the network confirming a successful channel access, the subsequent access is delayed by a certain amount of time as indicated by "Subsequent Backoff Delay 1" 66. If a negative acknowledgement as an indication of congestion is returned from the network, the user equipment uses a longer "Subsequent Backoff Delay 2" 68 to ease the load on the channel. Additional reasons corresponding to further subsequent back-off branches are possible.
[0053] When timers in a higher layer of the communication system are started with forwarding step 60, the starting of the timers may differ significantly from the time of the physical transmission 74 due the variable and often unpredictable lengths of delays 64-66, 68. Therefore, it is proposed that the depicted protocol layer informs a higher protocol layer close to the time of the physical transmission 74 in step 72, e.g. by a primitive, when the data is forwarded to the physical layer after check 70 indicated a successful access attempt. In this way it is ensured that the timers are started at the time of transmission. If a processing time is necessary for the data packets between check 70 and transmission 74, the length of the processing time is constant and can therefore be considered in setting timers and it is generally small compared to the delays 64, 65.
[0054] In one embodiment, the proposed rescheduling 69 a is performed after the initial back-off delay 64. The user equipment is not in control of the duration of the access attempt delay 65 which is determined as described above by transmission conditions or behavior of other users of the communication system and therefore generally unpredictable. Implementation reasons can require to perform the rescheduling a period of time before transmission 74. For example, for a communication system according to 3GPP specifications, transmission 74 is specified to start within a limited period after an acknowledgement by the network indicates a successful access attempt. This period is not always sufficient for data packet processing. Therefore, a suitable time for the rescheduling 69 a is before access attempt delay 65 to provide sufficient time for the user equipment for packet processing like for example channel coding, interleaving or cyclic redundancy check calculation.
[0055] However, a rescheduling at any time during the channel access delay, i.e. between step 60 and transmission 74, can improve the performance of the communication system. Examples are rescheduling 69 b, 69 c which may be performed alternatively or in addition to rescheduling 69 a. It is possible to reschedule once or more than once and at any time during the channel access delay. It is preferable to perform a rescheduling as close as possible before transmission 74. For a sufficiently high processing speed of the data packets, the preferred time of the rescheduling coincides with step 72 immediately before transmission 74.
[0056] It is possible, that data which is to be transmitted on a physical channel is grouped into different access classes. Access classes can correspond for example to data of users with different subscriptions corresponding to different quality-of-service classes to which a user is entitled. In this case, parameters which determine the duration of a delay 64-66, 68 can differ between the access classes. An improvement of the performance can be achieved by allowing a rescheduling between data of different access classes. In other situations it may be advantageous to allow a rescheduling only within a current access class or between a subset of access classes. Different rules for a rescheduling can apply at different times during the channel access delay. Especially, it is possible that a change of the access class is not allowed for a rescheduling at step 72 while it is possible for a rescheduling 69 a-69 c.
[0057] In a random access transmission sequence according to the proposed methods, two new primitives are introduced which are denoted MAC-Re-Schedule primitive 100, 104 and MAC-Data-CNF primitive 108. Primitives 100, 104 MAC-Re-Schedule are used by MAC to request additional data from the RLC protocol. The primitive can for example be sent after a rescheduling has been performed or in order to trigger a rescheduling. The primitive 108 MAC-Data-CNF is used by MAC to inform RLC that the random access control procedure is finished and the transmission of a set of packets has started. RLC uses the reception of primitive 108 as trigger to start timers.
[0058]FIG. 6 depicts how the primitives 100, 104, 108 can be used to improve the random access procedure in a WCDMA system. After a transmission between the user equipment and a base station is initiated and lower protocol layers are configured, the primitive 82 "MAC-Data-Req" indicates to the MAC protocol that one or more RLC protocol data units are ready for transmission. After subsequent initial back-off time 84, additional data with higher priority may be available on RLC. In a preferred embodiment, MAC has access to information on the buffer situation of RLC, for instance by a shared memory area. Based on this information, MAC makes a rescheduling decision in which both the data packets originally scheduled for transmission and the additional data are considered. MAC then informs RLC with the primitive 100 that it has made the rescheduling and that RLC shall prepare the data for transmission according to the rescheduling. The preparation consists of e.g. setting fields in the header of the RLC protocol data unit. When the RLC protocol data units are ready, RLC replies to primitive 100 with the data for transmission according to the rescheduling in primitive 102 "MAC-Data-Req". Persistence value constants Pi assigned to data can be changed after the rescheduling.
[0059] A corresponding dialogue with a further rescheduling can be performed after any subsequent back-off time 86 with exchange of a further MAC-reschedule primitive 104 and a further MAC-Data-REQ primitive 106. It should be noted that the subsequent back-off time 86 can comprise different components, e.g. both an initial back-off delay 64 and a subsequent back-off delay 66, 68 as described with respect to FIG. 5. When the MAC protocol layer receives the primitive 89 PHY-Access-CNF indicating the start of the actual transmission, MAC uses the MAC-Data-CNF primitive 108 to inform RLC to start timers. In this way, erroneous timer settings due to the variable back-off times 84, 86 and access delays 85, 87 can be avoided because the offset between the primitive 89 PHY-Access-CNF and the transmission of the data on the physical channel with the message 90 RACH data is constant and predefined.
[0060] It should be noted that a rescheduling is possible at any time between primitive 82 MAC-Data-Req and primitive 109 PHY-Data-Req, e.g. initiated by a communication procedure with primitives 100, 102. If the device has sufficient processing speed to perform the data handling in time for the sending of the message 90 RACH data which must, according to 3GPP specifications, be performed in a specified interval after reception of the acknowledgement 91 of a channel access, it is preferable to perform the scheduling close to sending the primitive 109 PHY-Data-Req. For example, primitives 100, 108 could be sent almost simultaneously in this case.
[0061] Several alternative embodiments of the invention are possible. Especially, the rescheduling can be performed by the RLC protocol. In this case, the primitives 100, 104 request the rescheduling by the RLC protocol and rescheduled data is transmitted with primitives 102, 106. Different alternative options are applicable for this case:
[0062] The RLC protocol can send additional data only if the priority is higher than that of the previous data. In this case, the MAC protocol queues the previous data and forwards the additional data with higher priority. Alternatively, the MAC protocol discards the previous data and the RLC protocol marks the previous data as not sent in the RLC transmission buffer.
[0063] The RLC protocol can send to the MAC protocol both the additional data and the original data with the rescheduled priorities. Then the original data packets stored by the MAC protocol are deleted.
[0064]FIG. 7 shows an improved RACH transmission control procedure for an alternative embodiment compared to the method depicted in FIG. 6. The MAC rescheduling and triggering of RLC timers is amended compared to FIG. 4 while the other elements in FIG. 7 correspond to those in FIG. 4. After the initial back-off delay in loop 110, a check 112 is performed whether a MAC rescheduling is necessary, e.g. a primitive is sent to RLC to request additional data which is ready for transmission and the reception of a reply with additional data in a primitive is waited for. If additional data packets are received, a rescheduling 114 of the data packets is performed. Additionally, new constants Pi may be assigned to the data packets in step 113 and optionally the parameter M can be reset. The MAC-Re-Schedule primitive is sent in step 115. At a defined time with respect to the initiation of the transmission of data packets on the physical layer by the primitive PHY-DATA-REQ 118, preferably simultaneously to or immediately before or after the sending of primitive 118, the MAC protocol sends a MAC-Data-CNF primitive 108 in step 116 to the RLC protocol. The order of the steps 113, 115 and rescheduling 114 in the previous description can vary, e.g. depending on which protocol performs the scheduling. Furthermore, a rescheduling check 112 can be performed at any other time in FIG. 7 between the initial scheduling and the sending of the MAC-Data-CNF primitive in step 116.
[0065] The primitives depicted in FIGS. 6, 7 do not necessarily illustrate a single transfer of information but can also correspond to a communication procedure instead. A depicted primitive can represent an exchange of information between protocols in both directions. Information between protocols can also be exchanged by access to a memory which is shared by two or more protocols. For example, any of the primitives 100, 104 MAC-Data-Req, primitives 102, 106 MAC-Re-Schedule or primitive 108 MAC-Data-CNF can include an exchange of information on RLC buffer levels, changes in RLC buffer levels or transport channel parameters. In this way, information can be exchanged on, e.g., the number of data packets which can be transferred. Corresponding information exchange between the protocols is also possible at other times during the channel access delay, e.g. triggered by the arrival of additional data at the RLC protocol or changes of parameters of the physical channel.
[0066] RLC timers are very sensitive to changes in round trip time and only with an exact value it is possible to configure RLC in an optimum way for RACH transmissions. The transmission in the reverse direction, i.e. in the down-link from base station to user equipment, is generally performed on a Forward Access Channel (FACH). The proposed methods allow to set the RLC timers according to the actual transmission time. The RLC round trip time then depends only on the variable Forward Access Channel scheduling delay in the down-link. In the state of the art it additionally depends on the variable RACH access delay in the up-link. Therefore, one of two variable contributions to the round trip time is removed and the estimation of the round trip time improved.
[0067] By checking before the channel access whether additional data is ready for transmission, rescheduling of data according to priorities at the moment of transmission is possible. This allows to give priority to important RLC packet data units close to the actual transmission time and avoid situations in which important traffic is delayed by less important traffic.
[0068] The proposed methods can be used both in a communication system with Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and with Time Division Duplex (TDD).
[0069] The above embodiments admirably achieve the objects of the invention. However, it will be appreciated that departures can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention which is limited only by the claims.
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text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. Max & Cleo black cotton blend lace 'Chloe' cap sleeve dress overview details Retail: $128.00 Reduced: $74.99 50% Off : $37.50 color : We're sorry. This style is sold out. Black Max & Cleo make it easy to look effortlessly chic with cute dresses you'll love. Color: Black Lightweight cotton blend lace Crewneck Cap sleeves Rear concealed zip Fully lined Size 4 measures approximately 22'' long from natural waist; may vary by size Self: 76&% Cotton / 24% Nylon; Lining: 100% Polyester; Dry Clean; Imported; style#325469101

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NOLAN COUNTY ŌĆō Construction on the US 84 overpass at westbound I-20 in Nolan County is now complete. The bridge has been opened to traffic. Drivers are urged to use caution in the area today as crews finish removing signs and barricades.


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I have the same problem. It started all of sudden and I really can't find any one reason that causes it. The screen (actually I think it is only the backlight sometimes) just turns off and back on again some time later. I did also notice that the green light by the earpiece now flashes green and then orange, which indicates a low battery...I think. However, the battery is fully charged and the battery status indicator also shows fully charged. I just did a fully reset back to factory and all of the same issues are present...including the green / orange flashing light. I am not using tornado. I was thinking maybe it does have something to do with the battery, but it just happened again with the phone plugged in and charging. I am out of ideas.
Random Screen turn off!
Started by JamminJP , Aug 19 2007 08:01 PM
Posted 21 October 2008 - 03:04 AM
Posted 07 November 2008 - 09:36 PM
I think I figured it out. It seems to be the battery, which fits with the fact that light by the earpiece was flashing "green" then "amber". I borrowed a battery from a friends S710, swapped it into my phone, and I have not had the problem since. Just as a point of information, my brother's S710 had the infinite boot loop problem where the phone would constantly restart. HTC recommended a new battery and sure enough, it solved his problem as well. I would have never thought that the battery would cause those problems.
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Brittany Hudson is a children's author who has created a whole world of short and simple stories designed to help children everywhere learning the facts of life. Brittany Hudson started writing fun poems for kids when she was in 5th grade. Then in High School she wrote her first children´s book, ´A Halloween Tale´, as a project for her Creative Writing class. Many years later, with inspiration from her 2-year-old son, she decided to self-publish. The book went on to sell very well but still, Brittany had been looking for more support in the literary universe. After a series of phone calls with Derek, the CEO of Sakura Publishing, she knew that this would be the place for her to publish all future books. In fact, Brittany started working on writing more children's books like 'It's Good to Share' and 'Let's Count to 10′. It is through Sakura Publishing that she not only plans to have these books readily available for parents everywhere to buy their children, but she is also working on a website that will allow anyone in the world to be part of a learning community for children. She couldn't be more happier working with Sakura Publishing to achieve this vision. Not only that, she also has created booksare4kids.com, a website devoted to bringing educational and fun books to children and parents who love their children everywhere.


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Book your room at Hotel Kroma
Standard Double or Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 1 infant)
Single RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 infant)
Double Room Single UseMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Economy Quadruple RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 1 infant)
Triple RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)
Economy Double RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)
Economy Triple RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)
Quadruple RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 1 infant)
Get an overview of this hotel3-star hotel with free breakfast and restaurant
Located in the heart of Ragusa, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Museo Archeologico Regionale Ibleo, Iblean Archaeological Museum, and Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista. Cathedral of St. John the Baptist and Palazzo Bertini are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this hotel has a bar/lounge and self parking. Free buffet breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Other amenities include meeting rooms, laundry facilities, and a 24-hour front desk.
Room Amenities
All 34 rooms offer free WiFi, balconies, and LCD TVs with digital channels. Minibars, down comforters, and safes are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This Ragusa hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and laundry facilities. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 34
- Number of floors - 3
- Bar/lounge
- Free breakfast
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Year Built 1962
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Television in lobby
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Balcony
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Shower/tub combination
- Bidet
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Desk
- Climate control
- Digital TV service
- Free WiFi
- Dial-up Internet access (surcharge)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Down comforter
- In-room safe
- Cribs/infant beds available
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Hotel Kroma has a restaurant serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1 per person, per night, up to 15 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 14 years of age.
- Valet parking fee: EUR 8.00 per day
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 10.00 per day
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.


text: First night in Bergamo and decided to try this place as well recommended on tripadvisor...big plus was it was just round the corner from our B & B too ! Saturday night, hadn't booked but arrived before 8 and no trouble with a table. Very deceptive..looks small from the front but it goes back miles... read more


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Britain's Cruising Association is a leading organisation for cruising sailors, not only in Britain but around the world, and it has a new 'Skipper'.
Cruising Association - new 'Skipper'
The three-year term of Cruising Association President Stuart Bradley is up, and long time executive, Committee member and Vice-President Desmond Scott has been elected to take his place.
As a sailor, the new 'Skipper' sails his own 32ft boat so is aware of the issues of cruising sailors.
Like many another cruising sailor, he came originally from a racing fraternity, but saw the light and gave competition away for cruising and joined the Cruising Association in 1997.
The organisation, whose patron is Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, provides services, information, help and advice to sailors worldwide.
Founded in 1908 to meet the needs of cruising sailors, the CA has been a home to many of the great names in sailing.
It publishes an almanac which covers the whole of the British Isles and Atlantic seaboard of Europe and has local representatives all over the world.
The CA has 17 UK and worldwide Sections providing specialised knowledge and events wherever the members cruise.
For more information about the Cruising Association, go to their http://www.cruising.org.uk/!website.


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Mfg.: Waring
Model: Waring WDF1000
This item is brand new and ships directly from the supplier. Please note the image above is for reference only.
Item:Waring 10lb Electric Countertop Fryer Stainless 120v w/ Baskets & Timer
Model: WDF1000
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Award winning Craig Karges, mentalist and illusionist, mystified a packed Hoover Auditorium on Thursday night. Karges had volunteers of all ages from the audience help in his performances. One of his "illusions" included being not only blindfolded, but having half dollars, tape, and then a black blindfold put over his eyes, as he read serial numbers off a foreign paper money, describing the type of card that was put in his hand and smashing paper cups making sure not to smash onto a spike.
An audience member was also asked on stage to help Karges with the mystical raising of a table then "floating" it across the stage. Karges also read minds of several audience members. Karges had also added humor to his performance.
Karges is a native of Wheeling, West Virginia. He was named Entertainer of the Year six times by the National Association for Campus Activities while he was touring college campuses. Karges has amazed audiences in more than 5,000 shows in 22 countries on four continents. Karges has also traveled more than five million miles in his career. He has appeared on "The Tonight Show", "Larry King Live", "E! Entertainment" and more. Not only is Karges an illusionist, he is also an author to several books.
At the closing of the show, Karges left the audience shaking their heads with amazement.


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Baked Fish with Herb Stuffing
|Whole fish
|5 Pound (Cod, Red Snapper, Haddock, Rock, Halibut, Bass Or Whitefish)
|Instant minced onion
|2 Tablespoon
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), diced
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Marjoram leaves
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Rubbed sage
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Parsley flakes
|1 Teaspoon
|Tarragon leaves
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Dill weed
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Bon appetit
|1 Teaspoon
|Lemon peel
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1 , beaten
|Soft bread crumbs
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs), melted
|Dry mustard
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Monosodium glutamate
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Fennel seed
|1⁄2 Teaspoon, crushed
|Bon appetit
|1 Tablespoon
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
1) Clean and rinse the fish thoroughly.
2) Preheat the oven to 400°F.
3) In a skillet, saute the onion and celery in 1/2 cup butter, until the onion is lightly browned.
4) Blend in the marjoram, sage, parsely, tarragon, dill, Bon Appetit, lemon peel and savory.
5) Mix thoroughly and remove from heat.
6) In a bowl, combine the onion mixture, beaten egg and bread crumbs, toss lightly.
7) Stuff the mixture into the fish cavity, secure with toothpicks or skewers, then draw the edges together and lace with a string.
8) Place the fish on a oiled, heavy paper or aluminum foil and keep in a shallow baking pan.
9) Combine rest of the ingredients and brush the fish thoroughly with some of the mixture.
10) Bake in the preheated oven, basting occasionally with the seasoned butter, until the fish flakes easily, allowing 12 to 15 minutes per pound.
11) Garnish the Baked Fish with Herb Stuffing with parsley, tomato wedges and sliced lemon centered with whole Clove and serve on a platter.


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Fatless Sponge
|Castor sugar
|2 Ounce (60 Gram)
|Self rising flour
|2 Ounce (60 Gram)
|Vanilla essence
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
Grease and lightly flour two 15 cm/6 inch sandwich-tins, or one 20 cm/8 inch tin.
For best results, the ingredients should all be at room temperature.
Put the sugar and eggs into a bowl set over a pan of barely simmering water.
Whisk the mixture until it is pale, fluffy and a clear trail is left on the surface when the whisk is lifted.
Remove the bowl from the pan and continue to whisk until the mixture is cool; this is an important step, for if the flour is added to the warm mixture the result will be heavy.
Sift the flour once, then sift again over the egg mixture.
Gently fold in the flour with a metal spoon, using a figure-of-eight movement.
Don't overmix, or all the air laboriously beaten into the mixture will be lost.
Add the vanilla as you finish folding in the flour.
Divide the mixture between the two prepared tins (if used), level off the top and bake both (on the same shelf) at 180°C/ 350°F/Gas Mark 4.
It will need 18-20 minutes if in two tins or 20-25 minutes for the single cake.
Even if you have made a single cake, it should be treated as a sandwich cake and split so that you can fill it with whipped cream, jam or fresh fruits.


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Kevin NashKevin Scott Nash
- Birthdate: 07/09/1959 (age 55)
- Height: 6'10"
- Weight: 315 Ib
Kevin Nash is signed to a five-year contract wi...
Read More »Kevin Nash and Keiji Mutoh (The Great Muta) won the semi-mian event of All Japan Pro Wrestling's show in Yokohoma. Nash won with a Jackknife Powerbomb. After the match, Nash, Mutoh and Masahiro Chono posed for an nWo/nWo Japan reunion.
Meanwhile, Tanahashi retained the IWGP Heavyweight title against Naomichi Marufuji in the main event of NJPW's "Destruction" show and Kota Ibushi retained the IWGP Jr Heavyewight title. After the match, Low Ki challenged Ibushi to a future title defense.
You can find full results, plus a photo of the reunion, here.


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You will receive an E-Ticket for your tour/activity within 72 hours (if your tour/activity is in less than 10 days). If your tour/activity is within the next 72 hours, your E-Ticket will be processed as quickly as possible. Learn more
Two popular tours. One great price! This entertaining and informative combination tour visits Chicago's most interesting and historic sights by mini-bus, followed by a fantastic Chicago River/Architecture boat tour. The tours are conducted in large-windowed mini-buses, which that are small enough so you can ask questions of your driver/guide while exploring Chicago's best-known sights and neighborhoods. This tour also includes complimentary pick-up from most downtown hotels.
This award winning city tour takes you on an entertaining, narrated journey around the downtown area and through several of Chicago's distinct neighborhoods. Along the way, you will be able to get out at several picturesque stops and take some wonderful photos. Comfortable, climate controlled, large windowed mini buses allow you to ride in style. This tour also includes complimentary pick-up from most downtown hotels.
The Chicago Grand Tour is the ultimate tour of the city of Chicago!
Enjoy a comprehensive tour of the major sights in Chicago plus a visit to the 94th Floor Observatory at the Hancock Tower!
Take a sightseeing hop on and hop off trolley tour in Chicago, Illinois. The trolley tour of the Windy City provides a comprehensive tour of Chicago, and you may hop on and hop off at a number of popular locations.
The premier tour to experience the vitality and excitement of Chicago.
The Chicago South Shore Tour is a tour full of interest, history and beauty. See Grant Park, Soldier Field, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Shedd Aquarium, Orchestra Hall, the Field Museum, the South Commons, Jackson Park, Navy Pier, Adler Planetarium and more.
Travel into the Chicago underworld of criminals and gangsters. See the darker side of Chicago's past from the comfort of a crime bus tour. You'll enjoy sightseeing in a comfortable, climate controlled bus as you tour Chicago's River North, Gold Coast, Lincoln Park, Old Town, Loop and Magnificent Mile neighborhoods in search of crime scenes from the 19th century through modern times.
Take a circle tour in a trolley or a motor coach around downtown Chicago and see the sights and holiday lights. This tour will take you through the brightly decorated streets of Chicago. Join the festive atmosphere of the city and you will be quickly caught up in the spirit of the holiday. This tour includes a stop at the popular German Christkindlmarket. Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays!
Experience a "real taste of Chicago" on this comprehensive tour of the most popular highlights Chicago has to offer - including her PIZZA! Travel through both the North Side and South Side business and residential districts, the Loop, Downtown Chicago, and the Lakefront. It's a feast for your eyes and your stomach!


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2015 MG GTS Unveiled
2015 MG GTS Unveiled
2015 MG GTS Unveiled
MG3 Trophy Championship Concept Makes Debut
MG is going to celebrate their 90th anniversary with an all-new model called Dynamo Concept. The electric vehicle is developed by SAIC's European Design and Technical Center and "encompasses the latest in design and engineering technology." The manufacturer didn't release any further specifications, but said that the concept was created to
Magnum MK5 which was teased couple of times in the past weeks is now fully revealed. The vehicle is the first track-focused street-legal lightweight supercar produced in Canada. MK5 has the goal to offer an unforgettable and unique driving experience similar to a one that a real racecar can deliver. For this reason the sportcar was equipped with
Exactly a week ago the Canadian manufacturer Magnum Cars has announced that it is going to build a brand new super-light sports-vehicle with the release of a teaser video and some
Another teaser for the day comes from the Canadian manufacturer Magnum Cars, but this time in video form. The racecar specialists are going to introduce to the automotive world very soon a new lightweight supercar. The veil will be lifted on 30th of October, when the high performance two-seater supercar, named the Magnum MK5 will show its full g
MG has announced the pricing of the MG3 Supermini, which will hit the market from September 2013. There are four models of MG3 to choose from and a full range of options and accessories priced as keenly as the car itself, to ensure that specifying and buying an MG3 is as much fun as owning and driving it. The entry level model MG3 3TIME cost
MG3 was officially unveiled in all its glamour at the Birmingham-based European Design Centre. It showed its inherent visual attributes which aim to grab the attention of the young and style buyers. MG3 is all about personal style, because it offers the ability for individualization. It is going to be offered with three trim levels, 10 colours a
MG has revealed the new CS Concept at the 2013 Auto Shanghai. The concept car is designed to slot into the compact SUV sector, one of the fastest growing areas of the global automotive market where style and sports utility dominate fashion trends. The MG CS has many strikingly unique features, including the headlights which have a multi-face
MG CS Urban SUV Concept is a stunning new vehicle that is going to be unveiled at the Shanghai Motor Show later this month. The new cutting-edge MG CS Concept aims to contribute to


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The National Academies | 500 Fifth St. N.W. | Washington, D.C. 20001
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Data on Federal Research and Development Investments: A Pathway to Modernization . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,
2010 .
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Showing 72 Results for hank Williams Jr
Is There Hope for Preservation of Historic RCA Studio A?
Authorities outside Detroit are ruling the death of a man who fought with a teenager at a Hank Williams Junior concert as a homicide.
Man Dies After Being Assaulted at Hank Williams, Jr. Concert in Michigan
A Michigan man has died after being assaulted at a Hank Williams, Jr. concert on Sunday (Aug. 17).
55 Year Old Man Has Died From Injuries Suffered At Hank Williams Jr. Concert
Hank Williams Jr. Will Tell You His Life's Story In Just Four Minutes
'The Highwayman' Could Well Have Been A Glen Campbell Smash Hit
Brad Paisley Brings Country Nation Tour to Taste of Country Music Festival [Pictures]
Brad Paisley closed the Taste of Country Music Festival on Saturday night (June 14). A familiar song finished his nearly two-hour long set, but there was little ordinary about his show.
Tim McGraw Announced as 2015 Taste of Country Music Festival Headliner
The Taste of Country Music Festival continues to get bigger. Tim McGraw has just been announced as the first headliner for the 2015 Taste of Country Music Festival in Hunter, N.Y. Next year's event will run Friday, Saturday and Sunday, June 12-14, 2015.


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Environmental Studies Info?
Hey, all! I'm looking to change majors from the College of Engineering to pursue Environmental Studies at Huxley this fall. I've been looking at Geography and GIS concentrations in particular, but I'd love to talk to students who are in these programs (those in additional ENVS programs, such as urban planning, would also be useful) to gain a better understanding of what to expect and what recommendations you might have.
Feel free to post here or shoot me a message. Thanks in...
Actors & Crew Needed for Short Horror Film
A buddy and I are shooting a short, likely at the end of August, and we are looking for anyone that has interest in film making. Whether you have loads of experience or no experience at all, if you have a passion for films and want to be a part of the film making process, we want you! The script is going through a 2nd draft process as we speak. We have friends who want to be a part of this, but history tells us it's difficult to get a commitment out of them. So, if you can commit to...
IN NEED OF 4pm graduation tickets!
Looking for 1 or 2 graduation tickets for the 4PM ceremony! Please email email@example.com if you are interested in selling your tickets or text (253) 651-9226!
Thank you!
Room (maybe two) in need of a sublet this summer!
I'm looking for one or two individuals in need of a place to live for July and August. My house is located on High Street, about three blocks from downtown, a bus stop right outside the door, and Western's campus about a ten-fifteen minute walk. There are five people living in the house right now. I ask for possibly two individuals because another roommate is also in need of a sublet, so if there are two girls, two guys, one girl one guy that want to live in the same house for the summer,...
Selling 3rd Ceremony ticket!
Selling a ticket for the 4pm Ceremony, $45. You can email me at firstname.lastname@example.com
Looking to buy 4pm graduation tickets
Email me at email@example.com or reach me at 425-463-6368
4pm Graduation Ticket for Sale $45
I have a one graduation ticket for the 4 pm commencement ceremony for sale. Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com or text me at 2534865957 if you are interested. -CH
Selling Ticket for Spring Graduation, 9 AM ceremony, $45
Ticket for sale, $45. Text (307)-399-6160 or email at email@example.com
Marina P Jackin replied to the discussion Viking Village Guidelines for Discussion, last edited 9/3/2014
Selling 3rd Ceremony Graduation Ticket
I am selling one ticket for the 3rd graduation ceremony (4pm). Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com with how much you are willing to pay before Wednesday the 10th.
SELL-Graduation ticket for June 13 9am
I have one extra 9am graduation ticket for sale. If you are interested, email me at email@example.com with your name and the price you are willing to pay.
WANTED: 1 Spring Quarter (12:30) Graduation ticket!!
If you have a spare graduation ticket please let me know. Email me at email@example.com. Willing to pay! Thanks.
Spring Graduation Tickets Wanted
If anyone has extra tickets that they would like to sell for the third graduation ceremony (4:00pm) on June 13th, please contact me at email@example.com as soon as possible. I have quite a large family joining me to celebrate my graduation from Western, and unfortunately 4 tickets is not enough.
Please help me out if you can! Thanks.
Anyone dancing this summer?
Hello everyone!
For those awesome people who are staying in Bellingham for the summer, I was looking to see if anyone is interested in getting a group (or partner) together for designated dance nights! I have previous experience in Hip-Hop and East Coast Swing, but I've mostly been doing Fusion dancing this past quarter.
Anyway, there's Fusion at State St. on Wed. nights and Bellingham Blues on Thurs. nights. I'm aware that the Bellingham Dance Company is open to dancing...
Permaculture Design Certificate
Western is offering a two-week, non-credit course beginning this July focused on ecological systems and permaculture design.
The course is broken up into two weeks, each with a different focus. Participants have the option of completing one of the courses, but are only eligible to receive a Permaculture Design Certificate by completing both weeks of the program.
Check out what this course has to offer:
Week 1: Ecological Systems Design Intensive (July 6 – 11): In...
One ticket for 12:30 graduation
Hey! I am looking for one graduation ticket for the 12:30 ceremony. I am willing to pay a reasonable amount!
Seeking for 2 Tickets for Graduation (Ceremony #2)
I am seeking for 2 tickets for graduation for ceremony #2. If anyone has any extra tickets, PLEASE let me know. My email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. We can discuss price range then, because I AM willing to pay $$$!
Please! Please! Please!
Summer Sublet in York District
I have an out-of-state job this summer and am looking for someone to sublet my room for three months (mid-June through mid-September) in my beautiful three-story house on Franklin St. in the York District. Rent is $407.15 a month plus utilities which are low in the summer. My room is in the basement with only one other roommate and can come furnished with a bed, bedside table, small dresser, and plastic set of three drawers (all can be found in the pictures). The basement used to be a...
Seeking Ceremony Two Tickets!
Hey, looking to buy spare Ceremony Two Tickets for Spring Graduation!
I'd be super grateful if someone had one to give. Not having enough tickets would literally tear my family apart. So sad. Don't let it happen.
Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com and prevent this tragedy.
Communication and Conflict
Discover the relationship between communication and conflict in a 5-credit course titled Communication and Conflict (COMM 297A). The course is being offered this summer, online.
Associate Professor, Dr. Tara Perry, will lead students in an exploration of methods and models relating to conflict in a diverse range of contexts.
Each summer, Western provides ample opportunity for students to earn credit and get one step closer to receiving their degree. For...
Get started on your major!
Business Majors,
Summer is a great time to kick start your academic career and get one step closer to graduation.
Did you know that Western's CBE is offering upper division classes online in addition to classes on campus this summer? So whether you are home for the summer or staying on campus, consider signing up for a summer course.
Check out what upper division business courses are being offered during the summer:
DSCI 305 – Applied Business Statistics //...


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Mfg.: Krowne Metal
Model: Krowne Metal 17-204WL
Low lead compliant faucets are required for California, Maryland, and Vermont.
This item is brand new and ships directly from the supplier. Please note the image above is for reference only.
Item: Krowne Royal 4" Center Pre-Rinse Faucet Deck Mount LOW LEAD Heavy Duty NSF
Description: This pre-rinse faucet with is perfect in conjunction with a commercial compartment sink.
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BATMAN #3 annual 1940-2011 | Volume 1 | DC Castle1473 | $100.00
STAR WARS #1E 1977-1986 | Volume 1 | Marvel ImpactComics | $25.00
GREEN LANTERN #5 1960-1986 | Volume 2 | DC Tmurfet | $55.00
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Sam (Gate of Mordor) - Action Figure Gallery
Lord of the Rings - Trilogy Two Towers - Series 4 Sam (Gate of Mordor)
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PS3 firmware 3.56 allegedly includes rootkit
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Join Date: Aug 2004
Posts: 1,550
Re: PS3 firmware 3.56 allegedly includes rootkit
Originally Posted by
No removing software would not be in violation. Like you stated they can revoke the license to use that software, which they can do by locking it or removing it. It's no different with Windows Validation system that can stop windows from operating at its full capabilities or randomly reboot.
Sony can argue that your license extends to the OS so disabling it to violators is there right. They are not stopping users from using the "hardware"... since thats something physical... they can make it still boot and just display a message that access to the PS3 OS has been revoked.
Disabling the software is completely different from erasing it from the bios. The reason MS disables features when WGA fails but does NOT delete the software from the HD is because they legally cannot do it. Erasing the software, in this case the bios, is modifying the hardware. It could also be considered modifying the hardware in the case of erasing parts or all of the bits stored on a HD. There is a reason why those 30 day trial software and demos don't auto uninstall themselves but just disables themselves or their features. Once the license to use is terminated, then the software loses the right to modify the hardware. This includes the ability to erase itself.
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REUTERS - Sports news in brief from around the world:
Badminton - World number one Lee Chong Wei has confirmed his participation in next month's India Open, domestic media reported on Wednesday.
The Malaysian will head a field which includes former Olympic champion Taufik Hidayat and former all England champion Muhammad Hafiz Hashim, the Times of India reported quoting organisers. The India Open has prize money of $120,000 and will be played in Hyderabad from March 24-29.
- -
Rugby - Wellington Hurricanes hooker Dane Coles will miss Friday's clash with the Canterbury Crusaders after being suspended for a week and fined NZ$1000 ($513.1) following his arrest for disorderly behaviour last weekend, the New Zealand Rugby Union said.
Coles, the Super 14 franchise's first choice hooker this season, has also been ordered by the NZRU to undergo counselling for alcohol and behaviour management.
- -
Rugby - Irish rugby club Connacht have snapped up second row forward Bernie Upton from North Harbour in New Zealand.
The 27-year-old former Super 14 player with the Chiefs and the Hurricanes will join in the northern summer on a two-year contract, Connacht said.
Replays: Sudirman Cup 2015
Baku: Spain's Pablo Abian has beaten Denmark's Emil Holst 2-
Singapore: Lee Chong Wei made wish come true for a young fan
Singapore: Indonesia's Jonatan Christie again proved resis
Nanjing: Two times Olympic gold medalist Lin Dan was one of
By Cheryl Tay The love story of Singapore badminton players
Madrid: The winner of 2014 BWF Badminton World Championships


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Simply beautiful and superbly fashioned in solid brass....each arm is 9" in length. Some very minor wear signs only. The back plates are marked as CM 685.We date these as late Victorian to Edwardian....some signs of the Art Nouveau style but probably at early stages circa 1890 or into the late Edwardian era.
At Molloy's of Milford Antiques Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Specialists in Pacific Islands Items, Victoriana, And a Fascinating Range of General Collectibles
|To Be Determined
|To Be Determined
Price for shipping to USA change location


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Greenwood, K; Cox, P; Mehmet, H; Penrice, J; Amess, PN; Cady, EB; ... Edwards, AD; + view all Greenwood, K; Cox, P; Mehmet, H; Penrice, J; Amess, PN; Cady, EB; Wyatt, JS; Edwards, AD; - view fewer (2000) Magnesium sulfate treatment after transient hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet does not protect against cerebral damage. PEDIATR RES , 48 (3) 346 - 350.
Full text not available from this repository.
Transient perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can lead to delayed cerebral damage beginning 8-24 h after resuscitation. Cerebroprotective therapies applied soon after HI may thus reduce the severity of brain injury. We have previously shown that MgSO4 administration to newborn piglets after HI fails to prevent the delayed global impairment in cerebral energy metabolism characteristic of severe brain damage. However, high extracellular concentrations of magnesium ions have been found to prevent specific excitotoxic neural cell death in vivo and in vitro. This study therefore examined the hypothesis that MgSO4 administration after HI reduces damage in some regions of the brain even though global energy metabolism is unaffected. Twelve newborn piglets were subjected to global cerebral HI by transient occlusion of both common carotid arteries and reduction of the inspired oxygen fraction to 0.12 until cerebral high-energy phosphates, measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were significantly depleted. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of six: the first received MgSO4 (three doses, 400 mg/kg 1 h after resuscitation and 200 mg/kg at 12 and 24 h), and the second received placebo infusions. At 48 h after the start of the experiment, the piglets were killed and their brains were perfused, fixed, and embedded in paraffin wax. Five-micrometer sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to allow semiquantitative analysis of the severity and extent of injury to the hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, and striatum and the white matter tracts. There was no difference in the severity of tissue damage between the MgSO4-treated group and the placebo-treated animals in any brain region.
|Magnesium sulfate treatment after transient hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet does not protect against cerebral damage
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Medical Physics and Bioengineering
Archive Staff Only: edit this record


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Russia follows through, shuts out West's food
Battles rage in east Ukraine
Posted: August 8, 2014 at 3:25 a.m.
MOSCOW -- Russia struck back at U.S. and European Union sanctions with a ban on a range of food Thursday as Ukrainian troops pressed the attack on pro-Russia rebels in a bid to drive them out of their last strongholds in eastern Ukraine.
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Police investigate LR slaying report
Posted: August 26, 2014 at 3:22 a.m.
Little Rock police were investigating a reported homicide late Monday in the 11500 block of David O. Dodd Road, according to the department's Twitter account.
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The University of Arkansas at Little Rock Sequoyah National Research Center is preparing to showcase the exhibit Toy Tipis and Totem Poles: Native American Stereotypes in t... Read »
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North Little Rock residents who keep belongings on their carports, porches or in their yards that weren't meant to be outside will have to move them or risk a ticket come J... Read »


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PAUL WILLIAMS STILL ALIVE Set for NYC and LA Release, 6/8 & 6/22
Paul Williams STILL ALIVE, directed by Stephen Kessler, will be released theatrically in New York on June 8th at The Angelika and in Los Angeles on June 22nd at the Nuart with a national rollout to follow.
The film premiered to acclaim at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and had its U.S. premiere at the 2012 SXSW Film Festival.
From the company that brought you ANVIL: THE STORY OF ANVIL comes Paul Williams STILL ALIVE which critics are hailing as a "remarkable achievement in a documentary" and a "stirring and sweet story of survival."
Paul Wiliams won Grammys and an Academy Award; wrote many #1 songs from Barbara Streisand's "Evergreen" to the Carpenter's "We've Only Just Begun" as well as Kermit the Frog's biggest hit, "The Rainbow Connection"; starred in a Brian DePalma movie; put out his own hit records and albums; was a guest on The Tonight Show fifty times; and is the president of ASCAP... and you might not have heard of him. In the 1970's, Paul Williams was the singer / actor / songwriter that emotional, alienated teenage boys all over the world wanted to be, a sex symbol before MTV, when sex symbols could be 5"2 and sing songs about loneliness with the Muppets. One of those boys was Steve Kessler, a chubby kid from Queens. Thirty years later, Kessler discovered something amazing: Paul Williams didn't die. And no one had ever tried to make a documentary about him. A wistful musical journey that will re-introduce a new generation to Williams' soulful classics, Paul Williams: Still Alive is the charmingly self-narrated story of Stephen Kessler's lifelong obsession with the former superstar-and what happens when the nostalgic filmmaker finally catches up with him.
Running time is 84 minutes.
About Author
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- Kirk Cameron, Kelsey Grammer, ANNIE and More Top 2015 RAZZIE AWARDS; Full List!
- LA Kings & San Jose Sharks Face-Off in First Outdoor NHL Game, Live in Theaters Today
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While everyone is prepping for Black Friday or Cyber Monday , we decided to take a look back at the tech goodies of yesteryear. What was the must-have gadget from fourteen years ago? What was the one item that we needed to have, to hold in our hands? What were we lusting after?
In order to answer those questions, and many, many more, may we present the Lust List from boot December 1996. We got Editorial Director Jon Phillips and Reviews Editor Michael Brown to chime in about their picks from '96.
"Yikes. I don't know which is more cringe-worthy: Me lusting over the Global Village NewsCatcher (10 bucks a month for online news? Really?), or the photo of me wearing granny glasses. The Cambridge SoundWorks MicroWorks, on the other hand, remains a solid speaker system to this day.
Looking at some of my former colleagues' lists, I can't imagine what the world would be like today if a 9GB hard drive cost three grand, a 100Mb/sec Ethernet hub cost $2,400, and we accessed the Internet using 56Kb/sec modems." -Reviews Editor, Michael Brown
"I must have written my Lust List just a few months before I transitioned from full-time work on The Net magazine to boot. Yet even before I became a diehard hardware enthusiast – which is what boot would do to you, back in the day -- it seems I was lusting after lasers. In 1996, it was a table-top laser that cost more than $100,000. Some 15 years later, it's a $300 laser you can hold in your hand. But I bet today's $300 model is even more powerful than the $100,000 model from 1996. Is there a Moore's Law for lasers?" - Editorial Director, Jon Phillips


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This 2 day practical course explores the best practice in operational risk management, at all stages, from assessment to implementation. You will gain tools to manage risk and to create environment where this function is perceived as a value added proposition increasing profitability and structural strength of an organisation.
Main topics covered include:
• Risk management drivers
• Risk and Capital - An introduction to Basel I, II and III
• Managing operational risk in the context of Basel II
• Setting up objectives, governance process and compliance requirements
• Measuring operational risk
• The COSO ERM framework
• Implementing operational risk policy and structure and designing controls
• Preparing for Black Swan events
• Scenario analysis for operational risk management planning
• Managing specific risk areas: Internal and external fraud, clients, products and business practices
• Case studies include: Société Générale and National Bank of Australia
By the end of this training you will:
• Learn about the most effective strategies for managing operational risk
• Explore operational risk in the context of Basel II and beyond
• Gain the tools to implement operational risk management in practice
• Explore through the case studies current best international practice
Register now and take advantage of the Early Bird discount!
Thu, 02/07/2015 - 15:51
A couple of years ago, the title Chief Information Security Officer, or CISO for short, was a foreign concept within the hedge fund community. The winds have changed, however, as hedge funds become increasingly targeted by cyber hackers, causing many to hire a CISO to uphold the network integrity of the firm. ... »
Mon, 29/06/2015 - 12:48
Sovereign wealth funds, though small in number and secretive in nature, wield considerable influence as investors as a result of their sizeable assets under management. This extract is taken from Preqin's latest report which features exclusive content from the 2015 Preqin Sovereign Wealth Fund Review. ... »
Tue, 16/06/2015 - 09:57
Mergers and acquisitions in recent years have changed the face of hedge fund administration. Big custodial banks are likely to dominate the HFA space in years to come, forming one part of a barbell with a number of well-run, well-capitalised independent HFAs on the other end. This report examines the implications for both hedge funds and their administrators... »
Fri, 05/06/2015 - 12:06
The North American private debt industry has seen substantial growth in assets over the last decade. This extract from the Preqin Special Report: Private Debt in North America looks at the current state of private debt fundraising and funds currently in market. ... »
Wed, 27/05/2015 - 11:00
State Street Global Advisors has unveiled the results of an in-depth survey of 420 senior executives within global private and public pension plans, endowments, foundations and sovereign wealth funds, summarised in this keynote Hedgeweek Special Report... »
Mon, 06 Jul 2015 00:00:00 GMTConsumer Associate Bulge Bracket *Urgent Hire*
Mon, 06 Jul 2015 00:00:00 GMTVP KDB/Q Developer
Mon, 06 Jul 2015 00:00:00 GMT


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Be Careful What You Download
I don't even know when it was downloaded ,but it was called Babylon-toolbar.I am pretty careful when I download stuff ,but it was hidden in something that I downloaded.They had it looking like google toolbar ,so I really did'nt notice untill my mouse started jerking and then I got a warning that my temperture was running high.I look at coretemp and the first and secound showed 84c and the other two showed 78c.I did'nt know what was happing,first I thought my fan when out ,but it was fine.Then I thought my cpu might be going bad or my motherboard since it was in a house that burned.I looked at my process in task manger and nothing look like it should draw much power to heat all my cores.I went to google to hunt something up and I notice in the adress bar it was not google.come ,but something call Babylontollbarss.comI knew that was'nt right so I went to uninstall it ,but it would'nt uninstall.So I went to google and found a Special Uninstaller which uninstall part of it and the rest to uninstall the redit was going to cost nearly $30.I used my norton registry cleaner and it got evething but the main problem,but it now would show in my Task manger issx.explorer at 99,so I deleted that and everthing went back to normal,my temps are back to 38c,38c to 36c,36c.A long story short be careful what you download ,it may look harmless but have very hidden dangous stuff inside it.
Re: Be Careful What You Download
Re: Be Careful What You Download
what kind of crappy heat sink do you own that could possibly let the cpu temp more then double?
Re: Be Careful What You Download
His sig shows an i7 paired with a TRUE.... Even without a fan 80C seems too high. Might also want to look at reseating your HSF.
Re: Be Careful What You Download
Man you need to remember "don't copy that floppy!"
Re: Be Careful What You Download
Plus it's a Nehalem, which are HOT. When I'm running at 4GHz+ I have to run with HT off in order to keep my cores below 80C with Prime95, and that's with a cooler on par with the best, the Noctua cooler, although it does take a some time for the heat to build up that high, which can eventually raise my room temp 10F, contributing to the problem. He might have been running at 100% for hours and not known it.
Re: Be Careful What You Download
This was something that got downloaded and was makeing all core run at a 100% and the temps was cazy ,but I don't think it was actually that hot because I could touch around the cpu and it did'nt fill that warm.I been running at 4.2gigs since day one almost three years. Plus I have a very good Heatsink and fan .plus I have artic silver 5 .Once I got the crap uninstall it went back to normal.even when I run prime95 at the hardest setting the highest the cores get is around 80c to82c.
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INDIANAPOLIS -- Movements so minute they cannot be detected by the human eye are being analyzed by researchers to diagnose autism spectrum disorder and determine its severity in children and young adults, according to research presented at the 2013 Society for Neuroscience annual meeting in November.
The research is the work of Jorge V. Jos, Ph.D., vice president of research at Indiana University, and Elizabeth Torres, Ph.D., the principal investigator for the study and an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology in the School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers University. They are building on earlier findings involving the random nature of movements of people with autism. The work was presented in a poster by biophysics and neuroscience Ph.D. graduate student Di Wu, who works in Dr. Jos's lab.
Earlier research looked at the speed maximum and randomness of movement during a computer exercise that involved tracking the motions of youths with autism when touching an image on the screen to indicate a decision. That research was reported in July in the Nature journal Frontiers of Neuroscience.
In the new study, the researchers looked at the entire movement involved in raising and extending a hand to touch a computer screen. The device they use can record 240 frames per second, which allows them to measure speed changes in the millisecond range.
"We looked at the curve going up and the curve going down and studied the micromovements," said Dr. Jos, who also is the James H. Rudy Distinguished Professor of Physics in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences and a professor of cellular and integrative physiology at the IU School of Medicine.
"When a person reaches for an object, the speed trajectory is not one smooth curve; it has some irregular random movements we call 'jitter,'" he said. "We looked at the properties of those very small fluctuations and identified patterns." Those patterns or signatures als
|Contact: Mary Hardin
Indiana University


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1997 Ford F-250 2dr Regular Cab LB
Bought at 62k, now at 97k. Strongest pickup I have ever owned. Trailer pulling dream. Only has the 4.6 and still pulls like a mule. 100% dependable. Moving into a Super Duty, but sure going to miss this truck.
Tight drive train. Step on it and you go, trailer in tow or not.
Has 7 stud wheels. Should be 8.
I've enjoyed this truck. It's a work
truck. I've had 4 brake jobs - too
often in my opinion. Other than that
it's been flawless and always ready to
go. Very comfortable, even on 8 hour
The load-leveling suspension. I can
load it to the max and it doesn't drop
in the rear.
Improve the brake life.
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They feel bad, so they found you these other deals to make up for it.
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Ria SolutionsRead MoreRIA Solutions is a home service company providing metro-Atlantans with home inspections, pest management and more for over 22 years. With 40,000 customers trusting us with their largest investment, the RIA team strives to live up to our core values each day. Reliability, Integrity, and Astonishment...the RIA Way!4330 South Lee StreetBuford, GA US
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STARTER Youth Texas Rangers Team Color 2013 Satin Starter® Jacket
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Every raving fan deserves game day gear that's just as loud as they are. Find the perfect hats, jerseys, apparel & more... Right here at sportsauthority.com!