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Systems and a method are described for providing protected video data to a video decoder. A network interface module receives an encrypted multimedia transport stream. The network interface module decrypts the protected multimedia transport stream. The multimedia transport stream is then re-encrypted using an encryption scheme known by a video decoder. The re-encrypted multimedia transport stream is sent to a video decoder over a peripheral component interconnect data bus. The video decoder decrypts the re-encrypted multimedia transport stream and processes video and audio data associated with the multimedia transport stream.
1. A method comprising the steps of:
receiving a protected data stream, wherein the protected data stream is scrambled using a first encryption scheme;
decoding the protected data stream using the first encryption scheme to generate an unscrambled data stream;
scrambling the unscrambled data stream using a second encryption scheme to generate a re-scrambled data stream, wherein the second encryption scheme is different from the first encryption scheme; and
providing the re-scrambled data stream to a stream decoder, through an exposed data bus, wherein the stream decoder decodes the re-scrambled data stream according to the second encryption scheme.
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12. A system comprising:
a local data bus having an input/output buffer;
a data processor having an input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the local data bus, said data processor to scramble an unprotected data stream stored in memory to generate a re-encrypted data stream;
a memory controller having:
a first input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the local data bus;
a second input/output buffer coupled to an input/output buffer of said memory;
said memory having an input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of said memory controller;
a network interface module, having an input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the local data bus, said network interface module to:
receive a protected data stream, wherein said protected data stream is scrambled using a first encryption scheme;
unscramble the protected data stream using said first encryption scheme to generate said unprotected data stream;
store said unprotected data stream in said memory;
a bus bridge having a first input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the local data bus and a second input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of a peripheral data bus, said bus bridge to handle data transfers between components coupled to the local data bus and components coupled to the peripheral data bus;
a peripheral data bus having a first input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the bus bridge and a second input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of a data decoder;
a data decoder having an input/output buffer coupled to the input/output buffer of the peripheral data bus, said data decoder to:
unscramble said re-encrypted data stream; and
processing said data stream to generate multimedia data.
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receive analog video signals; and
process said analog video signals to generate video data.
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26. A system comprising:
a data stream receiver to:
receive a protected data stream;
unscramble said protected data stream to generate an unprotected data stream;
scramble said protected data stream to generate a re-encrypted data stream;
a decoder to:
receive said re-encrypted data stream;
unscramble said re-encrypted data stream to generate an unscrambled data stream;
process said unscrambled data stream to generate multimedia data.
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[0001] The present invention relates generally to digital stream reception and more particularly to protecting digital streams.
[0002] To handle specific tasks, such as video and audio processing, many information handling systems allow peripheral hardware devices to be integrated with the system through a system bus. For example, most information handling systems include a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus for interfacing several devices with a local bus of the information handling system. A PCI interface may be used for attaching peripheral devices to the information handling system. In many system motherboards, a primary PCI bus is internal to the information handling system and used for local hardware components. Peripheral devices connect to PCI expansion ports that are located on a secondary PCI bus, separate from the primary, or local PCI bus. The secondary PCI bus is connected to the primary PCI bus through a PCI bridge device.
[0003] Transactions dealing with peripheral devices connected through PCI expansion ports must go through the PCI bridge device. Peripheral devices have no direct link with the primary PCI bus. The PCI bridge device may include a buffer to capture a transaction and let the transaction finish before the transaction actually completes at an intended destination. A source of data may then proceed with the next operation while the transaction is still making its way through the system to its final and ultimate destination; however, the transaction capture complicates event ordering because other events that the programmer intended to happen after a write transaction may happen before the write transaction is actually competed at its final destination.
[0004] A solution is to use communication between a data producer and a data consumer. The system architecture shown in prior art FIG. 1 allows the data 120, the flag element 170, the status element 160, the data producer, producer 180, and the data consumer, consumer 110, to reside anywhere in a system. Flag element 170 and the status element 160 may be positioned on primary PCI bus 150, on the side of producer 180, while data 120 and consumer 110 may reside on secondary PCI bus 130. In such a case, producer 180 initiates a data access by writing a set of data. A PCI-to-PCI bridge, bridge 140, between PCI buses 130 and 150, completes the data access associated with the set of data by posting the set of data to data 120. The producer 180 sets flag element 170, indicating that the set of data being written is now valid for consumer 110 to use. When consumer 110 reads the flag element 170, bridge 140 flushes the posted data to the final destination before allowing the read cycle of consumer 110 to flag element 170 to complete. When the consumer 110 finds flag element 170 is set, the set of data is actually known to be valid at the final destination. Producer 180 may also poll a status element 160 to determine that one set of data is consumed and that the system is able to accept a new set of data. Peripheral data buses, such as secondary data bus 130, allow various peripheral devices to be integrated with a system; however, data sent along the peripheral data bus is exposed to external probing, or tapping.
[0005] Data provided to system components external to the information handling system may need to be protected. When receiving a data stream from a digital video broadcasting system or from a digital storage media, the received stream must be encrypted to satisfy copy protection or pay-per-view specification needs. The broadcast industry and content producers do not allow any decoder architecture that exposes a single or multiple program multiplexed data stream on any connector or inter-chip parallel or serial bus where unauthorized stream access can occur. A current solution to this problem requires an embedded stream descrambler integrated with a stream decoder used to decode the stream data, in order to carry encrypted stream on interconnection systems. This requirement poses a serious problem to a stream decoder with no built-in descrambler, limiting a widespread use of such a decoder system (decoder with no embedded stream descrambling unit).
[0006] Some solutions are based on an external descrambling engine and the use of proprietary serial or a parallel data buses to carry in a decrypted data stream towards the stream decoder. Those solutions are usually deployed in small, private broadcast networks because the film industry considers the data busses to the stream decoder vulnerable against a highly motivated pirate who could tap and tape the decrypted data stream. Other solutions use an internal descrambling engine, but internal scrambling engines are cost ineffective because they usually need to support multiple encryption standards, (to have a high market penetration). In addition, the engines useful lifetime is limited, as they become obsolete when a new decryption standard evolves. From the above discussion it is apparent that an improved method of processing received protected data streams.
[0007] Specific embodiments of the present invention are shown and described in the drawings presented herein. Various objects, advantages, features and characteristics of the present invention, as well as methods, operations and functions of related elements of structure, and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become apparent upon consideration of the following description and claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form apart of this specification, and wherein:
[0008]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a prior-art system for handling data transactions between a primary and a secondary PCI bus using a PCI bridge;
[0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a system for handling received protected data streams, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0010]FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of handling protected data streams, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0011]FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating components of MPEG and analog video decoder within 2D/3D graphics accelerator, according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
[0012]FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an integration of a data stream descrambler within MPEG and analog video decoder and 2D/3D graphics accelerator, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] An embodiment of the present invention provides for a method of transferring protected multimedia data. The method includes receiving a protected data stream that is scrambled using a first encryption scheme. Scrambling is a method of protecting a digital data stream by encoding or encrypting the digital data stream using an encryption algorithm or scheme. The protected data stream is then decoded to generate an unscrambled data stream. The method also includes scrambling the decoded data stream using a second encryption scheme to generate a re-scrambled data stream. The second encryption scheme is different from the first, and is selected to match an encryption scheme used by a data decoder, such as MPEG video decoder. The method further includes providing the re-scrambled data stream to the data decoder. The data decoder may then unscramble the re-scrambled data stream.
[0014] Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram illustrating a system for handling received protected data streams is shown and generally referenced as system 200, according to one embodiment of the present invention. A network interface module (NIM) 240, interfaced directly with a local bus 270 of system 200, decrypts protected data stream 201. In one embodiment, NIM 240 stores the unencrypted digital stream in memory 250. The unencrypted digital stream stored in memory 250 is re-encrypted in place by a host central processing unit (CPU) 205 and placed back in memory 250. An MPEG decoder 290 may then read the re-encrypted digital data through a peripheral system bus, PCI bus 295.
[0015] System 200 includes a primary data bus, local bus 270 and a secondary bus, PCI bus 295. In one embodiment, local bus 270 is internal to system 200 and is not directly accessible to peripheral devices connected to system 200. Access to local bus 270 may be restricted to only components interfaced directly with system 200, such as static random access memory (SRAM) 210, flash memory 220, local bus arbiter 230, NIM 240, memory controller 260, and PCI bridge 280. Local bus 270 may be considered secure in that access to data passing through local bus 270 is inaccessible to external probing. External probing refers to a person attempting to read data passing through portions of system 200, such as PCI bus 295, using a signal probe or hardware device connected to system 200. Peripheral hardware devices, such as Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) decoder 290, which are to be interfaced with system 200 may be connected to PCI bus 295. A PCI bridge 280 provides an interface between local bus 270 and PCI bus 295, allowing the peripheral devices to communicate with internal hardware of system 200. In one embodiment, PCI bridge 280 handles communications between buses 270 and 295 as described in reference to prior art FIG. 1. A peripheral device, such as MPEG decoder 290, polls a flag set in an alternate device, or in memory, such as in SRAM 210, to determine if needed data has been fully passed to a destination peripheral device. PCI bridge 280 ensures that the data has been completely transferred before allowing a read access of the flag to be completed.
[0016] In one embodiment, system 200 includes memory devices, such as SRAM 210 and flash memory 220, interfaced directly with local bus 270. SRAM 210 and flash memory 220 may be used to store data associated with an encryption scheme. System 200 may also include a memory controller 260 for providing access to system memory, such as memory 250. A local bus arbiter 230 may be used to arbitrate among various memory requests sent along local bus 270. Local bus arbiter 230 may be used to select requests to submit to memory controller 260 from among the memory requests placed on local bus 270. In one embodiment, the local bus arbiter selects among the memory requests to ensure that requests that are dependent on other requests being processed are processed in an appropriate order. Local memory arbiter 230 may provide memory requests to memory controller 260 to allow the memory requests to be efficiently handled through memory 250. In one embodiment, local memory arbiter 230 ensures that requests associated with current open memory pages are processed while the page is still open to avoid delays associated with memory page hits. In another embodiment, local bus arbiter 230 selects from the memory requests in a round robin fashion in which a single request from each of available memory requesters is selected in turn, as in a round-robin configuration.
[0017] A data stream receiver, such as NIM 240, provides an input interface for system 200, receiving protected data stream 201 for system 200. NIM 240 includes a descrambler 245 for unscrambling, or decoding, encrypted data of protected digital stream. In one embodiment, protected data stream 201 is encoded with an encryption algorithm, such as through data encryption standard (DES), digital video broadcasting (DVB) standards, or a proprietary encryption standard. Descrambler 245 is used to decrypt the protected data stream 201 according to the encryption standard selected. In one embodiment, NIM 240 stores data decrypted by descrambler 245 in memory 250, through local bus 270 and memory controller 260. Descrambler 245 matches the standard used to encrypt protected data stream 201. If the encryption standard used to encrypt protected data stream 201 is changed, the decryption standard used by descrambler 245 must also be changed. In one embodiment, NIM 240 is replaced with a new NIM module to match the encryption standards used to encrypt protected data stream 201. In another embodiment, a descrambler 245 is replaced to match the new decryption standard needed. Alternatively, a firmware associated with NIM 240 may be updated to match the decryption standard needed.
[0018] It should be noted that different types of NIM 240 may be used for receiving different types of digital data streams, such as protected data stream 201, without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, NIM 240 may include a cable demodulator supporting quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-64 and -256, a terrestrial demodulator supporting Vestigial Side Band (VSM)-8 and -16 modulation, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, or a satellite quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation. NIM 240 may also include digital data stream receiver for receiving digital data through an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, IEEE 1394 (firewire) interface, digital cable interface, digital satellite interface, or a video conferencing interface.
[0019] In one embodiment, once the descrambled data associated with protected data stream 201 has been placed in memory 250, host CPU 205 may be used to re-encrypt the data according to a second encryption scheme, different from the first encryption scheme used to encrypt protected data stream 201. For example, an application program in system 200 may provide instructions to host CPU 205 for re-encrypting the unscrambled digital data to DES encrypted data. Host CPU 205 is used to encrypt the data according to an encryption standard expected by MPEG decoder 290. In one embodiment, once the data has been re-encrypted by host CPU 205, host CPU 205 places the re-encrypted data back in memory 250. Once the data is stored, host CPU 205 may be used to send a command to MPEG decoder 290 indicating the data is ready for transfer over PCI bridge 280. In one embodiment, multiple buffers are arranged in memory 250 to store multiple sets of data. Host CPU 205 provides an indication to MPEG decoder 290 that data in a first buffer is ready for transfer. While MPEG decoder 290 begins to receive the data from the first buffer, host CPU 205 may re-encrypt data in the second buffer. While the discussion provided describes a method of re-encrypting descrambled data using host CPU 205, it should be noted that NIM 240 may also be used to re-encrypt data descrambled from protected data stream 201. Data unscrambled using descrambler 245 may be re-encrypted using an encryption component (not shown) of NIM 240. NIM 240 may then store the re-encrypted data stream in memory 250.
[0020] Once MPEG decoder 290 receives the indication from host CPU 205 that the data is ready for transfer, MPEG decoder submits commands to PCI bridge 280 to transfer the data from memory 250, through local bus 270, to MPEG decoder 290 through PCI bus 295. MPEG decoder 290 may be used to decode the re-encrypted data. In one embodiment, MPEG decoder 290 includes a decryption component (not shown) for decoding the data transferred from memory 250. The type of decryption component used by MPEG decoder 290 should match the type of encryption performed by host CPU 205, or NIM 240. It should be noted that data is not allowed to be unprotected over PCI bus 295. The data must be encrypted before being passed along PCI bus 295, ensuring unprotected data is not directly accessible through PCI bus 295. In one embodiment, MPEG decoder 290 includes a DES decryption component to decode data encrypted by host CPU 205 using DES encryption methods. It should be appreciated that other methods of encryption and decryption may also be used. While DES encryption and decryption schemes are referenced herein, it should be appreciated that other encryption schemes may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. Other encryption schemes may include, but are not limited to, pretty good privacy (PGP), Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), elliptic curve encryption, etc. In at least one embodiment, the encryption scheme used includes an encryption algorithm based on an encryption/decryption key. While an MPEG decoder 290 has been described, it should be noted that other data decoders may also be used, such as audio decoders, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0021] Referring now to FIG. 3, a flow diagram illustrating a method of handling protected data streams is shown, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Received video data, which has been protected with a first encryption standard, is decrypted and re-encrypted with an encryption standard known by a data decoder, such as an integrated video decoder. The re-encrypted data is transferred over an exposed data bus to the video decoder, which internally decrypts the data and processes it into image data.
[0022] In step 310, a data stream receiver receives a protected video stream. The data receiver is interfaced directly with a local bus of an information handling system. In one embodiment, the data receiver is a NIM module designed to receive a video data stream. As previously discussed, the protected video stream may include digital cable video data, satellite video data, and such. The protected video stream is associated with video data encrypted using a first encryption standard. The encryption standard may include DES, DVB, or a form of proprietary encryption.
[0023] In step 320, the data receiver decrypts the protected video stream according to the first encryption standard. In step 330, decrypted data, associated with the protected video stream, is stored in memory. In one embodiment, the decrypted data is passed to memory through the local bus. The local bus is internal to the information handling system and is not publicly exposed. The local bus is not generally accessible to external probing. Access to the local bus by a device external to the information handling system is handled through a PCI bridge.
[0024] In step 340, at least a first portion of the decrypted data stored in memory is re-encrypted using a host CPU of the information handling system. The host CPU is used to encrypt the decrypted data according to a second encryption standard. In one embodiment, the second encryption standard is to be used by both the host CPU and a peripheral video decoder. Accordingly, the video decoder may decrypt data encrypted by the host CPU. In step 350, once the host CPU has completely re-encrypted at least the first portion of the decrypted data, the host CPU notifies the video decoder that the first portion of re-encrypted data is ready for transfer. In another embodiment, the NIM module is used to re-encrypt the decrypted data.
[0025] In step 360, the re-encrypted data is transferred from memory to a PCI bridge. As previously discussed, the PCI bridge provides a gateway between the local bus internal to the information handling system, and the PCI bus used for interfacing peripheral components to the information handling system. In one embodiment, the host CPU sets a flag stored in memory on the local bus to indicate the data has been sent. In step 370, the PCI bridge begins to transfer the data to the video decoder. The video decoder may submit a read request, through the PCI bridge, to determine if the flag has been set. Before allowing the read request to complete, the PCI bridge ensures the data has been fully transferred to the video decoder. Once the video decoder has received all the first portion of the re-encrypted data, the video decoder decrypts the data. The data is decrypted according to the standard used by the host CPU to re-encrypt the data. Once the video data has been decrypted, the data may process the data. In one embodiment, the video data is processed for presentation on a display device.
[0026] Referring now to FIG. 4, a block diagram illustrating components of a video decoder is shown and referenced generally as video decoder system 400, according to one embodiment of the present invention. A data decoder, such as graphics accelerator portion 410, is used to receive encrypted digital video data from PCI bus 429. The encrypted digital data is decrypted and processed into displayable video data. An analog video decoder portion 440 is used to receive analog video 432 from an analog tuner 430. Analog and digital video data may be processed for display through video decoder 400.
[0027] Graphics accelerator portion 410 receives and processes digital video streams sent through PCI bus 429. In one embodiment, a NIM (not shown) is used to receive a protected digital stream from a broadcasting source. The NIM unscrambles the protected digital stream to generate an unencrypted video stream. The unencrypted video stream is then re-encrypted using an encryption algorithm known by graphics accelerator portion 410. The re-encrypted video stream is sent to graphics accelerator portion 410 through PCI bus 429. A host bus interface unit (HBIU) 416 of graphics accelerator portion 410 provides an interface to PCI bus 429. Graphics accelerator portion 410 includes components to decrypt the re-encrypted video stream, such as transport demultiplexer and DES processing component 411. Unencrypted video stream data is then provided to components of graphics accelerator 410 for processing. In one embodiment, HBIU 416 has address re-mapping capabilities and byte order conversion. To allow video decoder 400 to be used in a wide variety of systems, HBIU 416 may be used to remap addresses provided through PCI bus 429. HBIU may provide byte conversion of data received and passed to PCI bus 429, such as little-to-big Endian conversion, and vice-versa.
[0028] Components of graphics accelerator 410 are used to process unencrypted digital video data. Video data provided through HBIU 416 may be stored in a frame buffer 428, through memory controller 414. Commands to be processed by graphics accelerator portion 410 and video textures may be provided to the GUI drawing engine 413. Memory controller 414 handles access requests for frame buffer 428 from various components, such as a transport demultiplexer 411, an MPEG2 video decoder 412, and GUI drawing engine 413. MPEG2 video decoder 412 is used to decode video data into displayable image data according to the MPEG-2 standards specification.
[0029] A transport demultiplexer and DES processing component 411 processes video data from a transport stream 401. In one embodiment (not illustrated), the transport stream 401 is received through host bus interface unit 416. Alternatively, transport stream 401 may be provided through an external source. Transport demultiplexer and DES processing component 411 decrypts transport stream 401 to generate unencrypted video data. Transport demultiplexer and DES processing component 411 then demultiplexes the decrypted transport stream data to generate individual packetized elementary streams (PES) for individual processing. In one embodiment, broadcast information, such as MPEG channel navigation and electronic program guide information is also decoded from within transport stream 401. Video data may be stored in frame buffer 428, through memory controller 414. In one embodiment, frame buffer 428 includes an 8-to 16-megabyte, 64-bit, 125 MHz memory buffer. It should be appreciated that other frame buffers may be used. Video data may also be received/sent from/to an external source through an IEEE 1394 (firewire) interface chip 427. Audio data selected through transport demultiplexer and DES processing component 411 may be provided to an I2S component 415. I2S component may format audio data for output through an audio codec-3 (AC3) decoder 426. A phase-locked loop (PLL) component 419 may be used for synchronizing video and audio processing to an external clock for presenting multimedia data.
[0030] An analog video decoder portion 440 is used for processing analog video data. Analog video 432 is received from an analog tuner 430 through a video input port 441. A PLL component 444 is used to synchronize operations within analog video decoder 440. A video interface port (VIP) interface 443 is used to transfer data between analog video decoder portion 440 and graphics accelerator portion 410. VIP interface 443 is an open, non-proprietary standard interface used for transferring data between video and graphics devices. In one embodiment, data passed through the vertical blanking interval (VBI), VBI data, of analog video 432 is passed to a video/NBI component 417 of graphics accelerator portion 410. In another embodiment, video data digitized from analog video 432 is also passed to video/VBI 417 for storage in frame buffer 428, through memory controller 414. Data may also be passed from graphics accelerator portion 410 to VIP interface 443, through a VIP interface 418 of graphics accelerator portion 410.
[0031] A display engine 420 of graphics accelerator portion 410 is used to process digital video data for output. A graphics scaler 421 is used to scale image data associated with system graphics. A video scaler 422 is used to scale image data associated with video data. In one embodiment, the video data includes digital video data associated with analog video 432 processed through analog video decoder portion 440. Video and graphics image data are combined through an alpha blend module 423. A high-density television (HDTV) digital-to-analog converter 424 is used to generate analog video data associated with the image data for display on an HDTV monitor 425.
[0032] In one embodiment, analog video decoder portion 440 is also capable of outputting video to a display. A downscaler 442 and a scan rate converter 446 are used to format analog video data for presentation through an analog video output port 447. A multimedia peripheral port (MPP) interface 445 is used to provide video data processed through display engine 420 to scan converter 446. Accordingly, scan converter 446 may combine the video data from MPP interface 445 with analog video associated with analog video 432 for display, such as in a picture-in-picture format. Using a picture-in-picture format, one video would represent a primary video source taking the majority of a display screen while the other video would be presented in a smaller portion of the display screen. In one embodiment, MPP interface 445 is a bi-directional port for transferring video data between video and graphics devices. Analog video output 447 provides analog video to an analog display 449. In one embodiment, analog video output 447 is used to insert VBI data with the analog video being output.
[0033] Digital audio data is processed through a Sony-Phillips digital interface (SPDIF) 448 for output through an audio DAC interface 450. Audio mixer 451 may be used to mix audio output through audio DAC 450 and AC3 decoder 426. Audio data may then be output through Audio mixer 451 to an audio receiver (not shown) or set of audio speakers (not shown). It should be noted that video decoder system 400 has the capability of combining graphics image data with analog or digital video data for output to a display. Video decoder system 400 is also capable of processing and inserting VBI data.
[0034] Referring now to FIG. 5, a block diagram illustrating an integration of a data stream descrambler within a digital video decoder 510 is shown, according to one embodiment of the present invention. A digital video decoder 510 is used to decrypt and decode multimedia data associated with an encrypted transport stream. A protected transport stream is decrypted according to a first encryption standard and re-encrypted with a second encryption standard. The digital video decoder 510 includes a decryption component, such as DES decryptor 521, to decrypt the re-encrypted transport stream according to the second encryption method.
[0035] HBIU 511 is used to receive a re-encrypted transport stream through PCI bus 505. In one embodiment, bus master input module 512 and bus master output module 513 handle bus mastered communications through PCI bus 505. As previously discussed, an encrypted transport stream received through PCI bus 505 is received and decrypted in a NIM module (not shown) of a system connected to PCI bus 505 through a PCI bridge 280 (FIG. 2). The transport stream is then re-encrypted for transfer over PCI bus 505. The received re-encrypted transport stream is passed to a transport demultiplexer 514. DES decryptor 521 is used to decrypt the re-encrypted transport stream passed to the transport demultiplexer 514. A DES key exchange module 520 is used to update a current DES decryption key being used by DES decryptor 521.
[0036] In one embodiment, digital video decoder 510 is also capable of receiving a transport stream 590, through a point of deployment (POD) module 580. POD module 580 is a security module used for receiving various transport streams protected through a conditional access system (CAS). CAS allows different transport streams to be encrypted using different conditional access keys. A user provides a smartcard 582 for interface with POD module 580. Smartcard 582 includes conditional access keys for receiving particular programs from transport stream 590. Smartcard 582 may also be updated through PCI bus 505 for receiving new programs, such as for pay-per-view events.
[0037] In one embodiment, POD module 580 operates according to a copy protection scheme as described in the OpenCable POD-Copy Protection specification. POD module 580 is a method of providing a copy protection that may be updated as necessary. Systems that use POD modules, such as POD module 580, may be upgraded to match copy protection schemes of different digital cable systems by either replacing POD module 580 or by using a different smartcard 582. Accordingly, the system may also be upgraded if a new copy protection standard needs to be used for security reasons. Different cable subscribers may also update a system with their access information by inserting their smartcard 582 into POD module 580. In one embodiment, copy protection techniques are designed to meet standards defined by the Dynamic Feedback Arrangement Scrambling Technique (DFAST) specifications.
[0038] A CAS decryptor 584 is used to decrypt transport stream 590. POD module 580 also includes a DES encryptor 586 to re-encrypt the transport stream, for transfer to digital video decoder 510. To meet DFAST robustness rules, DES decryptor 521 must pass the copy protection key used by POD module 580 over PCI bus 505 in an encrypted form. In one embodiment, a 56-bit Diffie-Hellman algorithm is used to calculate a bus encryption key. The bus encryption key is used to encrypt the copy protection key. In one embodiment, the bus encryption key is refreshed every time POD module 580 or a bus-mastering agent refreshes the copy protection key. The transport stream scrambled by DES encryptor 586 is passed to transport demultiplexer 614. Transport demultiplexer 514 selects a particular program from the scrambled transport stream and DES decryptor 621 is used to descrambler the selected program. It should be noted that while the discussion provided here refers to specific standards of copy protection and encryption, other standards may be also be employed without departing from the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, an IEEE 1394 interface chip 570 is also used to receive and provide multimedia data received through a firewire interface.
[0039] Once descrambled, transport demultiplexer 514 provides the transport stream data to a set of parsers 515-519, which parse particular portions of the transport stream data. A video packetized elementary stream (PES) parser 515 selects particular video PES sets of data. An audio PES parser 516 provides audio PES data. A transport packet parser 517 provides particular transport packets. A section field parser 518 provides section field data. A system time clock (STC) parser 519 provides STC information available in the transport packet. Transport packet data may be stored in frame buffer 540 through memory controller 530. An MPEG decoder 522 may be used to decode video data to generate displayable image data, according to MPEG specifications. Decoded MPEG data may be stored in frame buffer 540, through memory controller 530. In one embodiment, lossy compression components 523 are used to store and retrieve video data stored in frame buffer 540. Lossy compression involves doing DCT transform on block of 8 pixels. DCT transform requires 16 bit precision, the coefficient are then rounded to 9 bit precision. Decompression involves reversing the sequence of processes to reconstruct the pixels. This way, the storage requirements for MPEG decoder (the size of temporal memory for I, B, P pictures) are reduced significantly.
[0040] A graphics scaler 527 may be used to scale image data associated with system graphics. A video scaler 525 may be used to scale image data associated with digital video data. In one embodiment, an alpha blend module 526 is used to combine graphics and video image data for display. Video from the alpha blend module 526 may be output through an HDTV DAC component 531. HDTV DAC component 531 generates analog video signals for display on an HDTV display device (not shown). Video from alpha blend module 526 may also be output to an analog video decoder 550 through an MPP port 529.
[0041] Analog video decoder generates video signals for display on an analog television display (not shown). In one embodiment, analog video decoder 550 also receives and digitizes video data from an analog video source (not shown), such as a broadcast analog television tuner. Video received and processed through analog video decoder 550 may also be passed to digital video decoder 510 through a video capture component 528. The video data received through video capture component 528 may be stored in frame buffer 540, for combination with other image data processed through digital video decoder 510.
[0042] An I2S component 533 is used to format digital audio data for output to an audio decoder 560. Audio decoder 560 may be used to process the digital audio data to analog audio data for output to audio speakers or an audio receiver. A cathode ray tube controller (CRTC) 532 is used to generate appropriate signals for synchronizing video data for presentation on a display device. For example, CRTC 532 may be used to generate signals to generate vertical and horizontal retraces on an external display device. In one embodiment, various registers are used for controlling processing performed through digital video decoder 510, as shown in the following table, Table 1.
[0043] As described in Table 1, several registers may be used for controlling various encryption components, such as through DES decryptor 521, of digital video decoder 510. For example, a TD_PODCP_KEY_PAIR—31—0 register may be used to select a destination device (video, audio or auxiliary) for accessing public or copy protection key registers. A BYPASS_PODCP register may be used for enabling DES decryptor 521. Various control and status registers of DES decryptor 521 may also be provided. A KE_RESET control register may be used to reset the key exchange process, such as in the case where data errors have force the DES decryptor 521 to lose synchronization. A DATA_IN_OVERRUN status register indicates data input to DES decryptor 521 has overrun. If the overrun is ignored, data corruption may occur. Similarly, a DATA_OUT_OVERRUN status register indicates data output from DES decryptor 521 has led to overrun. A CP_KEY_EXCHANGE control register may be used to select a type of copy protection key exchange which will be performed between digital video decoder 510 and a CPU of a system in which digital video decoder 510 is interfaced with. Registers CP_KEY_HI and CP_KEY_LO may be used to indicated the most and lest significant DWORD of the copy protection key, respectively. Similarly, registers PUBLIC_KEY_HI and PUBLIC_KEY_LO may be used to represent the most and least significant DWORDS of the public key, respectively, when using a Diffie-Hellman copy protection key exchange scheme. While specific registers have been described herein, Table 1 is only used to describe registers for a specific embodiment of the present invention and it should be appreciated that other forms of registers may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0044] The systems described herein may be part of an information handling system. The term "information handling system" refers to any system that is capable of processing information or transferring information from one source to another. An information handling system may be a single device, such as a computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a hand held computing device, a cable set-top box, an Internet capable device, such as a cellular phone, and the like. Alternatively, an information handling system may refer to a collection of such devices. It should be appreciated that the system described herein has the advantage of protecting video data for transfer over an exposed data bus while providing a flexible system for upgrading to new copy protection standards.
[0045] In the preceding detailed description of the embodiments, reference has been made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. To avoid detail not necessary to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the description may omit certain information known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, many other varied embodiments that incorporate the teachings of the invention may be easily constructed by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as can be reasonably included within the spirit and scope of the invention. The preceding detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.
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Interior Designer - Workplace/ Commercial - London - £NEG
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- 09 May 2014
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Interior Designer– Workplace / Commercial – London - £NEG
Our client one of London and Europe's leading workplace architects are seeking Designers with experience gained in the Commercial/ Workplace sector to join their London studio.
You will be have corporate/ workplace experience and be available for an immediate interview.
This is a fantastic opportunity to work on an exciting array of projects for a leading Architectural practice in a vibrant part of London.
Workplace/ Corporate experience
Please contact Jon Janes on 0207 415 7182 or email email@example.com discuss in more detail

subset: commoncrawl


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- Just because there is snow on the ground, doesn't mean it's acceptable to park extremely crooked.
- If you want the cashier's help during self scanning, press the button. Don't expect the cashier to acknowledge if the cashier is doing something else.
- If you see that I have just paid at the self scanning station, wait a minute or two so I can pack everything up. What happens if I accidently take something that wasn't mine?
- I am not error.
- Take your trash to the dumpster right away. Don't leave it outside your door for 2+ hours.
Ring_of_fire Blog
Bowling Green State University
by Ring_of_fire on Comments
this fall, I'll be attending BGSU for my masters degree in Music History. It's a 2 year program, so.....I'll be out of there by the time I am 25. Then I am possibly going to get a doctorate, so hopefully I am done with school by the time I am 30.
I feel like a teenager again
by Ring_of_fire on Comments
I graduated this year wiith for my undergrad degree, and now it's time to search for a graduate school. So I have to do this process all over again.....how fun........and also take more stupid standardized tests like the GRE. I thought going to college got rid of stupid college entry tests.........Oh well, life goes on, and I'll find somewhere to go.
8 (Count em, 8!) days!
by Ring_of_fire on Comments
On August 26th, 2006, I will leave for my college, SUNY Fredonia. twill be a 4-6 hour drive. But I am excited, I don't have to come back :)


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40 CFR 22.43 - Supplemental rules governing the administrative assessment of civil penalties against a federal agency under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
(a) Scope. This section shall apply, in conjunction with §§ 22.1 through 22.32, in administrative proceedings to assess a civil penalty against a federal agency under section 1447(b) of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. 300j-6(b). Where inconsistencies exist between this section and §§ 22.1 through 22.32, this section shall apply.
(b) Effective date of final penalty order. Any penalty order issued pursuant to this section and section 1447(b) of the Safe Drinking Water Act shall become effective 30 days after it has been served on the parties.
(c) Public notice of final penalty order. Upon the issuance of a final penalty order under this section, the Administrator shall provide public notice of the order by publication, and by providing notice to any person who requests such notice. The notice shall include:
(2) The address and phone number of the Regional Hearing Clerk from whom a copy of the order may be obtained;
(6) A notice that any interested person may, within 30 days of the date the order becomes final, obtain judicial review of the penalty order pursuant to section 1447(b) of the Safe Drinking Water Act, and instruction that persons seeking judicial review shall provide copies of any appeal to the persons described in 40 CFR 135.11(a).
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 40.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 40 CFR 22 after this date.


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Leave the competition in splatters with this speckled print from Sporti. Made with high quality fabric that pros seek, then you'll be able to zoom past the rest of the competition with ease. When you add this to your practice and race gear, then you'll be that much more confident and ready to take on any race.
NEW!Now you can comment & reply on customer reviews. Simply click "comment" below any review.
Fits well, wears out too fast!
The sporti brand of suits fits the same as some of the bigger brand names so if you are unfamiliar with this brand, then just order the same size as you wear in those These suits are fully lined, which is a bonus, and the splatter print did not fade like I expected it would. However, this brand became thin and stretched out more quickly than the name brands. . If you need an occasional practice suit or a meet suit for one season, this should be fine. But, if you practice several hours per day, you may only get a month's wear out of this suit or less.
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Awesome suit
I swim on a team, so I use this suit a lot, and it is great.
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Comfortable Fit
Very comfortable swimsuit at an excellent price. I bought this to replace a recently purchased suit for lap swimming (different manufacturer and did not hold up well). I bought this suit one size up since the previous was a little snug, however this Sporti suit would have assuredly been just fine in the size originally ordered. So I believe they run true to size. Now I know! I really like the softness of the material and it definitely seems to appear that it will last much longer than the other brand.
Lori W
Double Lining Does the Trick!
Great swimming suit.
Scott Plant
Nice suit
This is a really nice comfortable suit and was a great price. I swim 3 days a week for about an hour. It claims it will last longer than other suits, but I've only had this a month so I can't speak to that yet. Flattering fit and very comfortable to wear.
Bountiful, UT
Great price. Works great for those daily practices!
For daily practices, the thin straps are the best. She doesn't like the design as much as she thought she would, but that's all a matter of preference.
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I'm on my 6th suit
I love this suit as it doesn't show my Stomach and fits well. After 5 months need to replace but that is common w all suits.
Carol W.
Scarsdale, NY
Sporti swim suit
this is better than the Speedo and Tyr. The fit is perfect, the material is thick and soft but nice and firm and supportive. I love this suit
wash dc
Looks prettier in the picture
True to size, 5"8" 140 lbs, size 36, been happy with Sporti products in the past, this one should be no exception
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Great Suit!
Would buy again1
karla p.
Cambridge, MN
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Date calculator: Add to or subtract from a date
This service enables you to add or subtract days, months and years to a date to calculate a past or future date.
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Over the past decade, Salvis team has developed the animal models, allowing the researchers to explore the neurophysiological and biological mechanisms associated with tinnitus, the major focus of this new study. Ed Lobarinas, Ph.D., and Wei Sun, Ph.D., in the Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, developed the models.
One of the major goals of the project is to try to identify the neural signature of tinnitus -- what aberrant pattern of neural activity in the auditory cortex is associated with the onset of tinnitus. In another study phase, the researchers will assess neural activity throughout the entire brain using a radioactive tracer, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up preferentially into regions of the brain that are highly active metabolically.
The third phase of the study involves the use of potential therapeutic drugs to suppress salicylate- or noise-induced tinnitus. In early studies, the researchers have been able to modulate some ion channels with one unique compound, and have been able to completely eliminate aspirin-induced tinnitus using the highest doses of the compound. This phase involves collaboration with scientists at NeuroSearch Pharmaceuticals in Denmark.
|Contact: Lois Baker
716-645-5000 x1417
University at Buffalo


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The next 7 states to legalize Marijuana
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[quote:Anonymous Coward 18329162:MV8yMDk2ODk3XzM1MzEzMTE5X0I4MjU1NTA2] [quote:Angry Hierophant:MV8yMDk2ODk3XzM1MzEyOTg5X0RGNDhEODky] It would be ok if the driver was drunk and not stoned, since alchohol is accepted by the social conventions of the conditioned populace as a normal and approved drug. [/quote] :rofl: So true [/quote]
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The Berlin Wall of pot prohibition seems to be crumbling before our eyes.
By fully legalizing marijuana through direct democracy, Colorado and Washington have fundamentally changed the national conversation about cannabis. As many as 58 percent of Americans now believe marijuana should be legal. And our political establishment is catching on. Former president Jimmy Carter came out this month and endorsed taxed-and-regulated weed. "I'm in favor of it," Carter said. "I think it's OK." In a December 5th letter to Attorney General Eric Holder, Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) suggested it might be possible "to amend the Federal Controlled Substances Act to allow possession of up to one ounce of marijuana, at least in jurisdictions where it is legal under state law." Even President Obama hinted at a more flexible approach to prohibition, telling 20/20's Barbara Walters that the federal government was unlikely to crack down on recreational users in states where pot is legal, adding, "We've got bigger fish to fry."
Encouraged by the example of Colorado and Oregon, states across the country are debating the merits of treating marijuana less like crystal meth and more like Jim Beam. Here are the next seven states most likely to legalize it:
1) Oregon
Oregon could have produced a trifecta for pot legalization on election day. Like Washington and Colorado, the state had a marijuana legalization bid on the ballot in 2012, but it failed 54-46. The pro-cannabis cause was dogged by poor organization: Advocates barely qualified the initiative for the ballot, and could not attract billionaire backers like George Soros and Peter Lewis, who helped bankroll the legalization bit in Washington.
But given that Oregon's biggest city, Portland, will be just across the Columbia River from prevalent, legal marijuana, the state legislature will be under pressure to create a framework for the drug's legal use in Oregon – in particular if the revenue provisions of Washington's law are permitted to kick in and lawmakers begin to watch Washington profit from the "sin taxes" on Oregon potheads. If lawmakers stall, state voters will likely have the last word soon enough. Consider that even cannabis-crazy Colorado failed in its first legalization bid back in 2006.
"We have decades of evidence that says prohibition does not work and it's counterproductive," said Peter Buckley, co-chair of the Oregon state legislature's budget committee. For Buckley, it's a matter of dollars and common sense: "There's a source of revenue that's reasonable that is rational that is the right policy choice for our state," he said. "We are going to get there on legalization."
2) California
California is unaccustomed to being a follower on marijuana liberalization. Its landmark medical marijuana initiative in 1996 sparked a revolution that has reached 18 states and the District of Columbia. And the artful ambiguity of that statute has guaranteed easy access to the drug — even among Californians with minor aches and pains.
In 2010, the state appeared to be on track to fully legalize and tax pot with Proposition 19. The Obama administration warned of a crackdown, and the state legislature beat voters to the punch with a sweeping decriminalization of pot that treats possession not as a misdemeanor but an infraction, like a parking ticket, with just a $100 fine. In a stunningly progressive move, that law also applies to underage smokers. And removing normal teenage behavior from the criminal justice system has contributed to a staggering decline in youth "crime" in California of nearly 20 percent in 2011.
The grandaddy of less-prohibited pot is again a top candidate to fully legalize cannabis. Prop 19 failed 53-47, and pot advocates are determined not to run another initiative in an "off-year" election, likely putting ballot-box legalization off for four years. "2016 is a presidential election year, which brings out more of the youth vote we need," said Amanda Reiman, who heads up the Drug Policy Alliance's marijuana reform in California.
Economics could also force the issue sooner. Eager for new tax revenue, the state legislature could seek to normalize the marijuana trade. There's no Republican impediment: Democrats now have a supermajority in Sacramento, and Governor Brown has forcefully defended the right of states to legalize without the interference of federal "gendarmes."
3) Nevada
Whether it's gambling or prostitution, Nevada is famous for regulating that which other states prohibit. When it comes to pot, the state has already taken one swing at legalization in 2006, with an initiative that failed 56-44. "They got closer than we did in Colorado that year," says Mason Tvert, who co-chaired Colorado's initiative this year and whose first statewide effort garnered just 41 percent of the vote.
For prominent state politicians, the full legalization, taxation and regulation of weed feels all but inevitable. "Thinking we're not going to have it is unrealistic," assemblyman Tick Segerblom of Las Vegas said in November. "It's just a question of how and when."
4) Rhode Island
Pot watchers believe little Rhode Island may be the first state to legalize through the state legislature instead of a popular referendum. ''I'm hoping this goes nowhere,'' one prominent opponent in the state House told the Boston Globe. ''But I think we're getting closer and closer to doing this.''
Back in June 2012, lawmakers in Providence jumped on the decriminalization bandwagon, replacing misdemeanor charges for adult recreational use with a civil fine of $150. (Youth pay the same fine but also have to attend a drug education class and perform community service.)
In the wake of Colorado and Washington's new state laws, Rhode Island has joined a slate of New England states that are vowing to vote on tax-and-regulate bills. A regulated marijuana market in Rhode Island could reap the state nearly $30 million in new tax revenue and reduced law enforcement costs. ''Our prohibition has failed,'' said Rep. Edith Ajello of Providence, who is sponsoring the bill. ''Legalizing and taxing it, just as we did to alcohol, is the way to do it.''
5) Maine
Maine's legislature has recently expanded decriminalization and is moving on a legalization-and-regulation bill that could bring the state $8 million a year in new revenue. ''The people are far ahead of the politicians on this,'' said Rep. Diane Russell of Portland. ''Just in the past few weeks we've seen the culture shift dramatically.''
State legislators in Maine, as in other direct-democracy states, are actually wary of the ballot initiative process and may work to preempt the voters. A legalization scheme devised by lawmakers, after all, is likely to produce tighter regulation and more revenue than a bill dreamed up by pot consumers themselves.
6) Alaska
Alaska is already a pothead's paradise, and the state could move quickly to bring order to its ambiguous marijuana law. Cannabis has been effectively legal in Alaska since 1975, when the state supreme court, drawing on the unique privacy protections of the Alaska constitution, declared that authorities can't prohibit modest amounts of marijuana in the home of state residents.
That gave Alaskans the right to have up to four ounces – and 24 plants – in their homes. Following a failed bid to fully legalize pot at the ballot box in 2004 (the measure fell 56-44), the state legislature attempted to enforce prohibition, outlawing all weed in 2006. But citing the 1975 precedent, a judge later ruled the home exemption must be respected, though she sought to limit legal possession to a single ounce.
If taxation and regulation take root in nearby Washington, and perhaps more important in neighboring British Columbia (where legalization is also being considered), a ballot initiative in Alaska could win in an avalanche.
7) Vermont
Last year, Vermont finally normalized its medical marijuana law, establishing a system of government-sanctioned dispensaries. In November, the state's Democratic governor, Peter Shumlin, just cruised to re-election while strongly backing marijuana decriminalization. The city of Burlington, meanwhile, passed a nonbinding resolution in November calling for an end to prohibition – with 70 percent support. The Green Mountain State has already embraced single-payer universal health care. Legal pot cannot be far behind.
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Ojukwu and Nigeria's leadership challenge
There is no hesitation regarding the fact that one of the masterminds of the nation's narration was interred last week. In the usual Nigerian tradition, panegyrics that eluded the man during his life time were generously heaped on him by those that at one time or the other castigated him for embarking on a failed secession bid. Epithets such as warlord, rebel, failed secessionist, Igbo leader and fugitive were regularly used to describe the man during his epoch on earth. Could it then be said that Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu (1933-2012), leader of the Igbo secession bid of 1967-1970 was paid lip service encomiums during internment?
The death of Ojukwu and the transient grandiose public display surrounding it should serve as reminder on all reasonable Nigerians to ponder over why true national leader has eluded the nation in nearly 52 years of independence as a sovereign nation. We only recognise our leaders in death because while alive, we tend to give ethnic colouration to everything they did. As a Nigerian, Ojukwu was equally guilty of this foible while alive. In 1987 when the great Obafemi Awolowo died, Ojukwu described him as 'the best president Nigeria never had.' This statement from Ojukwu generated heated debates in the media for most people wondered why Awo was not in his life time recognised as the best man to rule the nation. Rather than follow his conscience upon his return from exile by teeming up with the man that his mind told him can best and effectively rule the country, Ojukwu played the politics of survival by aligning with President Shehu Shagari's National Party of Nigeria (NPN).
The problem of our inability to get national leaders but national figures is not restricted to ethnic leadership alone but their followership. How many Nigerians outside the Yoruba ethnic bloc would see Awo for instance as their true leader. The cerebral Segun Ayobolu in his Illumination column titled: 'Falsified history' last Saturday reminded of this reality when he paraphrased Chinua Achebe, the great novelist's sneering remark describing Awo 'as nothing but a sectional Yoruba leader and tribal jingoist who was absolutely undeserving of a national burial.' This Achebe comment as piercing as it was underscores the minds of Nigerians towards leaders from ethnic groups other than theirs.
The irony of the Nigerian situation is that most people can only acknowledge leadership potentials in leaders from other tribes in the inner recess of their homes or offices and at best publicly appreciate such leadership potentials as national figures and not national leaders in the true sense of the word. What was done to Awo was equally done to Ahmadu Bello, Tafawa Balewa and Nnamdi Azikiwe by people from outside their ethnic blocs. Unfortunately in this country, the defective federal structure in place has prejudiced the binoculars of the people thereby allowing them to see only what they want to see and not what could make the nation progress. There is an instructive example in this regard. The officially murdered Aare MKO Abiola won the June 12, 1993 Presidential election mandate that cut across ethnic groups in the country. His election was the first and only Pan-Nigerian mandate ever in the nation's history. Any other one so far is a counterfeit. In actual fact, Abiola defeated Bashir Tofa, a northerner in his home state of Kano but the election result was criminally annulled by Ibrahim Babangida, another northerner. In the end, the struggle to see to the re-validation of the truly national June12 election result was ethicised by tribal jingoists outside the Yoruba ethnic group of Abiola. It would be wrong not to mention the criminal collaboration of few southerners in circumventing efforts made to actualise the June12 election. The northern feudal/military hegemony made the entire struggle to look like a southern affairs which is why they will continue as long as there is Nigeria to be haunted by the ghost of MKO Abiola vis-à-vis that of June 12 and more importantly the blood of all heroes and martyrs of that democratic age.
The death of Ojukwu has once again confirmed to discerning Nigerians and other observers of the nation's history that there is no federally acknowledged national leader in the country today- for a long time, it may if the current flawed structure subsists be difficult to get. What we have are national figures that are at best admired and revered in other parts of the country.
However, Ojukwu's presence on earth was foreboding to the parasites criminally reaping from the imperfect federation called Nigeria. Ojukwu by no mean standard was a great man. Despite being born a silver spoon to the family of Sir Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu, a very successful businessman, he uplifted the family name beyond where his father left it. He reportedly hated injustice from childhood. At age 11 in 1944, he was briefly imprisoned for assaulting a white British colonial teacher who was humiliating a black woman at King's College, Lagos. That event reportedly generated widespread coverage in local newspapers of that era. His father at age 13 sent him abroad to study in the United Kingdom's Epsom and Lincoln Colleges respectively. He attended Oxford University for his first and graduate degrees in History from 1952-1955. Ojukwu lived well even as a student at Oxford University driving the best of flashy cars. Despite this comfortable lifestyle provided him by his father, he never drifted from the right path. At a time when the Nigerian Military Forces had 250 officers with just only 15 being mostly uneducated Nigerians and; 6,400 other ranks, of which 336 were British; Ojukwu dropped the garb of comfort to don the Spartan robe of the military which he joined as a rank and file because his wealthy father pulled his weight to prevent his enlistment as an officer just to discourage him from joining the military. How many children of those in power in the past/today or that of wealthy Nigerians have the focus and positive zeal of Ojukwu? Without his father's influence, he grew to become an icon of history in Nigeria and Africa. This should be poser for the political elites to reflect on; why can't they produce an Ojukwu in their family despite their wealth and power?
Permit me at this juncture to quote Sam Omatseye, the cerebral wordsmith and award winning columnist of The Nation in his last Monday's column titled: 'Born Nigerian, died Nigerian' where he declared; 'No one fathered the Igbo nation until Ojukwu led Biafra. Ojukwu roared on his people's behalf. The point was not that he lost the battle, but that he did not lose his people. They followed him last week to the grave.' Whether as a national figure or Igbo leader, Ojukwu has acquitted himself well whatever foible he may have had. Nevertheless, Ojukwu's life and courageous 'ethnic' leadership forays remain serious puzzles for generations unborn to find solutions to.
This column was unavoidably absent last week because I was ill. My appreciation goes to those that phoned or sent messages to inquire why I did not write. Thanks to you all!
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Job News : Teaching vacancies in Lagos Schools
Lagos State Ministry of Education is to recruit qualified teachers and graduates without teaching qualifications to teach twenty subjects in its junior and senior secondary ... Full story


text: It came with a 50mm f1.7 ML lens. This is a six-element lens. I already have the 7-element 50mm 1.4 ML and the small 5 element 50mm f2 ML. I probably won't use this lens. The meter did not work, but a quick inspection of the battery compartment revealed two new batteries. They were upside-down. By reversing them the meter lights worked. All the foam rubber on the camera was a gooey mess. As is usual for these cameras the outer covering had come off, leaving a slippery dirty fabric.


text:
Great article. As a Certified Dietary Manager, I see this happen every single day. The kids are just torn up about placing a parent in a nursing home. They have already looked at every option. As professionals, we are there to take care of your parents. We come to love them as much as our own families — they are part of our families now too. I've even had cooks who would check on residents to make sure they ate something. It's people who really care who go above and beyond the pale. Health care workers are just that.I feel sorry for the guy who doesn't want any part of taking care of his parents when they need him the most. I'm looking at taking my mom in within about 10 years. She's already showing signs of Alzheimers (which her mother had). When her husband dies, it's going to progress. Now she has a reason to hang on. He's not well though and refuses to move to Colorado. She'll be right down the street where I got my start as a health care professional and I'll be there daily. I'd like to get her an apartment though until she really needs the 24/7 attention. She also lost out on inheritence. She and her older sister took care of their mother and father for years — even moving in with them. Younger sister and brother took everything. It was very ugly. They might have gotten the money but they lost their family.Thanks for the very emotional writing. Nursing homes are not a bad thing. We do what we do because we love the people we take care of. — Sharon in Colorado Abigail S. Adams wrote:
Perhaps not all elderly living institutions are bad, but my family's experience was disasterous. After my mother broke her hip, the rehab center refused to take into account any of her disabilites but the hip and forced her to do exercises that caused her so much pain she woke up one night begging me to cut off her legs (basically, they had tortured her into delirium). They offered her Tylenol for this pain. The staff was so incompetent we were terrified to leave her there alone for more than an hour — they kept trying to give her medications she wasn't supposed to have, and were consistantly late with the medications she needed to keep her alive. And this was the most highly-recommended (and expensive!) center in our metropolitan area!My experience with *any* so-called "health" institution is that when you enter it, you might as well be in Gitmo — you are forced to sign away all your basic rights, even to being able to go to the bathroom when you need to (buzzers not answered in time) and eating and sleeping when you want to. (Take a look at the Geneva Conventions, and see how many of these basic rights are denied to hospital patients!)And when Mother fell one too many times, and we admitted her to our local hospital for "observation" — the staff decided she was in "terminal dementia" (ie, her behavioral problems were caused by her being in the early stages of death) and used the "no heroic measures" clause in her living well to euthanize her. They called it "terminal sedation without hydration" but it was murder, plain and simple. Two years and 4 counselors later, I am still struggling with such PTSD ("guilt" doesn't cover it) that I am about to lose my job. Maybe if I check myself into that same hospital they will "terminally sedate" me as well, and eliminate one more member of the "surplus population."Welcome to the nightmare, America — there is no good way to handle this issue, and it's only going to get worse.
riseofthemachine wrote:


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WASHINGTON, May 12 /PRNewswire/ -- The Epilepsy Foundation recently announced findings that show people with epilepsy, whose seizures have been controlled with a consistent drug therapy, have a greater chance of increased seizures, greater side effects or sudden death when their medications are switched from one version of an antiepileptic drug (AED) to another, whether the switch was brand-to-generic, generic-to-brand or generic-to-generic.
See video from the Epilepsy Foundation at: http://inr.mediaseed.tv/Epilepsy_36519/
"We strongly urge the Food and Drug Administration to inform patients and their doctors about the possible dangers of medication switching, and we're calling on the FDA to do more research into this matter and to develop a standard that ensures equivalency and safety for all patients," said Eric R. Hargis, president and CEO of the Epilepsy Foundation.
The study, which surveyed more than 1,000 people with epilepsy, reveals that seizures worsened for 59 percent of people who had switched from a brand-name to a generic AED, while side effects increased for 49 percent of that same group. Additionally, seizures worsened for 15 percent of those who had switched from a generic to brand AED, while side effects increased for 18 percent of that same group. Furthermore, more than 25 percent of respondents reported experiencing problems after switching between different generic formulations of an AED.
"Brand names of medications have different formulations than their generics, and generics also vary from each other-in the exact amount of active ingredients in the drug as well as with the amount and type of filler ingredients included. These variations can mean the difference between being seizure free and suddenly having a seizure
|SOURCE Medialink; Epilepsy Foundation
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Book your room at Four Points by Sheraton San Francisco Bay Bridge
Room, AccessibleMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Traditional Double RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Traditional Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
Traditional Double RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Deluxe Room, 2 Double BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Deluxe Room, 1 King Bed with SofabedMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Get an overview of this hotelBusiness-friendly Oakland hotel, near Bay Bridge
Central Emeryville
Located in downtown Emeryville, this hotel is 2 blocks from the Emery Bay Public Market, 8 miles from Oakland's Jack London Square, and 9 miles from downtown San Francisco.
Patio with pool
This mid-rise Four Points by Sheraton hotel has complimentary wireless Internet access, a 24-hour business center with 2 high-speed Internet access terminals, a cafe and lounge, and a patio with a pool and spa tub.
City skyline views
All 153 guestrooms at Four Points by Sheraton hotel feature views of San Francisco, the Bay Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, or Berkeley hills. Rooms also offer complimentary high-speed Internet access.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
This smoke-free Four Points has a 24-hour fitness center with climbers, stationary bikes, and treadmill. A patio harbors seasonal plantings, a small pool, spa tub, and chaise lounges with towels.
Wireless Internet access is complimentary. The 24-hour business center also includes 2 terminals with complimentary high-speed Internet access. Two large meeting/conference rooms offer 1,200 square feet of space. Services include concierge and luggage storage. Complimentary newspapers are available in the lobby. Parking is available (surcharge). Wheelchair accessible rooms are available.
- Free WiFi
- Restaurant
- Outdoor pool
- Bar/lounge
- Fitness facilities
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Business center
- Conference space
- Conference space size (feet) - 1200
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- 24-hour front desk
- Express check-out
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Multilingual staff
- Television in lobby
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- ATM/banking
- Elevator/lift
- Luggage storage
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 7
- Total number of rooms - 153
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Outdoor pool
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service
- Television
- Premium TV channels
- Pay movies
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Microwave
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Daily housekeeping
- Free newspaper
- Free bottled water
- Video-game console
- Hair dryer
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Air conditioning
- Climate control
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Where to Eat
Guests enjoy complimentary morning coffee and a daily offering of fresh apples in the hotel lobby.
Compass Cafe - American cuisine in a casual, contemporary setting. Floor-to-ceiling glass windows look out to pool and patio area. Open for breakfast and lunch.
Lobby Lounge - Serving from a full bar, with dinner from the Compass Café menu, in a comfortable lounge with cushioned chairs, tables, barstools, and TV. Open every evening except Sunday.
Nearby Things to Do
In addition to the Four Points' fitness center and small outdoor pool, guests have discounted access to a local health club 1 block away, which offers exercise classes, cardio machines, free weights, and sports courts. Boating, sailing, kayaking, and other water activities can be found at both the Emeryville and Berkeley marinas, within 1.5 miles of the hotel. Several 18-hole golf courses are within 20 miles of the hotel, including Tilden Park, which also has hiking and biking trails.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on-site or near this Oakland area hotel; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 17 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Self parking fee: USD 15 per day (in/out privileges)
- Late check-out fee: USD 89.00
We should mention
Children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


text:
Kansas City, MO 64116-0641
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA)
|Religious Affiliation
|Roman Catholic
|Grades Offered
|Grades Nursery/Preschool - 8
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|157 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 18%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|17 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|% Faculty w/Advanced Degree
|Average Class Size
|15 students
|Classroom Dress Code
(plaid jumpers, navy pants green or white polo)
Finances and Admission
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Yearly Tuition Cost
|Tuition Notes
|4,300-first student 2600-second student 1200- third student/annually
|Admissions Director
|Amy Gamble
|Total Sports Offered
|6 sports
|Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Flag Football, Track and Field, VolleyballBaseball, Basketball,
Cross Country, Flag Football,
Track and Field, Volleyball,
School Notes:
The mission of Saint Patrick School is to provide a rich and child-centered educational environment where all students experience the living presence of Jesus and where each individual student is led to attain his/her highest level of academic excellence. Through numerous opportunities for enhanced learning and individualized instruction, St. Patrick challenges its students and inspires their educational growth.
Profile last updated: 10/14/2013
Nearby Schools:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Kansas CitySt. Pius X High School
1500 NE 42nd Ter
Kansas City, MO 64116
(816)453-3450(Roman Catholic)0.1 mi | 420 students | Gr. 9-12
Kansas CityOutreach Christian Ed
2900 Ne Cates Street
Kansas City, MO 64117
(816)455-5575(Christian)1.5 mi | 90 students | Gr. PK-12
Kansas CitySt. Gabriel School
4737 N Cleveland Ave
Kansas City, MO 64117
(816)453-4443(Roman Catholic)1.6 mi | 183 students | Gr. K-9
Kansas CitySt. Charles Borromeo School
804 NE Shady Lane Dr
Kansas City, MO 64118
(816)436-1009(Roman Catholic)2.7 mi | 260 students | Gr. NS-8
Kansas CityEagle Heights Christian School
5600 N Brighton Ave
Kansas City, MO 64119
(816)454-7410(Baptist)2.7 mi | 69 students | Gr. PK-12


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- The Baltimore Red Line does need a tunnel, despite its cost
- How big are Dulles and BWI airports? These maps give you an idea
- Metro floats cutting service for the Green, Yellow, Orange, and Silver Lines
- Fears over parking are threatening a new bus service in Richmond
- We can make our roads a lot more bike-friendly. Here's how
- "Convincing" and "enjoyable" "even with the wonkiness"
- How well do you know Metro? It's whichWMATA week 57


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ROCKVILLE, Md., Nov. 6, 2013 /PRNewswire-iReach/ -- ViGene Biosciences, Inc., a leading provider of viral gene-delivery systems, today announces the launch of its world's largest collection of premade human full-length cDNA ORF and miRNA adenoviruses. The collection features over 1,240 pre-packaged human miRNA precursor adenoviruses and 6,000 pre-packaged human full-length cDNA adenoviruses. Its introduction will significantly boost high throughput drug discovery, support functional genomic studies, and make life science research more efficient and cost-effective.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20131106/MN10552)
Recombinant adenoviruses are extremely efficient gene delivery systems that are widely used in human gene therapy and in vitro gene functional studies. Compared with lentiviral vector, transfection with adenovirus can reach 100% (vs. 30% with lentivirus), and protein expression can reach up to 10-20% of the total protein. Traditionally, adenoviral vector cloning and virus production requires up to 4-6 weeks, a complex and time-consuming process. The creation of this genome-wide premade adenoviruses collection that is readily available will benefit researchers who work with difficult-to-transfect primary cells and stem cells, as well as any other researchers who use full-length cDNA clones.
"Our strength is not only the innovative technology for adenoviral vector production, but also the capability to create the most comprehensive collection of human full-length cDNA clones in the world," said Dr. Ying Chen, Vice President of Research and Development of ViGene Biosciences, Inc. "The biotech industry has been depending heavily on the MGC (Mammalian Gene Collection) for full-length cDNA clones, but the MGC only contains 13,000 full-length cDNA clones.
|SOURCE ViGene Biosciences, Inc.
Copyright©2012 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
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Catherine E Osswald
Jonesboro, AR
Basic information on Catherine E Osswald, Jonesboro AR. Find Catherine E Osswald's age, gender, possible aliases, associates and professional status.
Also Known As
Catherine E Osswald
Catherine E Osswald is in her 90's
Catherine Has Lived In
Jonesboro, AR
Catherine's Relatives
Catherine E Osswald
Zodiac SignLeo
Additional Infomation on Catherine E Osswald
Catherine E Osswald's Contact Information
Known Cities Lived In
Find out where Catherine E Osswald has lived as well as Catherine E Osswald's phone numbers and email addresses.
Catherine E Osswald Has Lived in 1 State
Arkansas Address for Catherine E Osswald
117 Cxxxxx 7xxx Rx
Jonesboro AR
Jonesboro AR
Has Lived InGet Full Address Report
Jonesboro, AR (3 Addresses)
Phone Numbers Associated with Catherine E Osswald
Get Full Phone Report
(501) ***-**** - Hot Springs National Park, AR
(870) ***-**** - Pine Bluff, AR
(870) ***-**** - Pine Bluff, AR
All trademarks, product names, company names or logos on this page are the property of their respective owners.
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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Jan 2009
Location: Columbia, SC
Oddometer: 1,294
Day 11, part 4
As we exited Capitol Reef, we hung a right and headed east, and passed the "Old Fruita Schoolhouse"
Soon after, I noticed a parking area that looked to be park-related, and made the second spur of the moment stop for the day (the 1st being way back at Cedar Breaks). After parking we walked over to this sign:
...then we played Where's Waldo for a few moments - staring at a rock cliff-face. Then Christina spotted the drawings..
We felt lucky to have stopped.
Unfortunately, the sun continued on its path - so we had to too. And the sights just kept surprising us.
I think these shots are when we neared "Capitol Dome"
'sup dude?
Some more random on the fly (upside down and left handed) shots. Trying to get to Moab before sunset...
Anybody know the story of this little building?
...Look at that rock behind it!
The composition of the rock started to change...
As I mentioned earlier (and for good reason), I stopped pushing the limits of my fuel range - as running out of gas isn't fun. At this point in the day, I was starting to run a little low, and was glad when I came across this weird gas station
I wanted to go inside, but the Support Crew was getting a little miffed at the length of the day. Did I miss anything?
A few more pics:
I will spare you the other 250 pictures I took that day, but we got to Moab right at sunset, checked into the hotel, and enjoyed the chocolate chip cookies they had out in the lobby
It really was an awesome day. They bike was running like a top, the roads were a blast, and the scenery could not have been better.
Tomorrow: Arches and Canyonlands National Parks.
guitarhack screwed with this post 07-05-2012 at
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Friday, July 03, 2015
Elaine Thompson/ASSOCIATED PRESS
Though Seattle might just now be getting over its collective post-Super Bowl hangover, it's already time to think about next year's Seahawks squad. One thing is for certain: Some players from the best team in franchise history won't be coming back. With top players like cornerback Richard Sherman and safety Earl Thomas entering the last year of their contracts, GM John Schneider (above) needs to free up money under the NFL salary cap to offer long-term extensions.
So which Seahawks will be sent packing after the first Super Bowl-winning season in team history? We picked the Hawks most likely to get their walking papers. Click through the gallery to see them all, and give us your opinion in the comments section below.
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Elite is a firm of cycling enthusiasts that has been offering the cycling world unique and cutting-edge products for over 30 years. Many legendary cyclists have ridden to victory with Elite equipment.
Used by more Champions than any other cage of the past decade, the custom race is a modern racing icon.
Key Features:
If ordered before 8pm, delivered by courier next working day. Available on orders placed before 8pm (2pm weekends and Bank Holidays) for delivery next business day. Applies to most delivery addresses within mainland UK.
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing your account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
Please see our returns policy.
(2 Reviews)
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Great bottle cages. Hold snugly but allow easy removal and return.
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Light weight cage holds bottle tight. Doesn't mark up your bottles. I will be buying more for other bike.
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12 Delicious Meals You Didn't Know Were Healthy
Enjoy these delicious meals without guilt or worry with healthified recipes from bloggers around the web.
Enjoy these delicious meals without guilt or worry with healthified recipes from bloggers around the web.
Whip your lower body into shape with our perfect leg and butt workout for a beginner or intermediate gym-goer.
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Make this divine paleo citrus bread for a delicious and satisfying treat!
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David had lived a big life. He was sick of living the big life and decided on change! He lost 125 pounds and gained a lifetime of opportunity.
Let's HUSTLE! This full body circuit targets your major muscle groups in under an hour!
By the end of the Warrior Dash race you will be yelling "THIS IS SPARTA!"