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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Pre Socratic Period
A selection of articles related to pre socratic period.
Original articles from our library related to the Pre Socratic Period. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Pre Socratic Period.
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part I: Early Dynastic Period
- I - Predynastic - Early Dynastic Period. The temples were in essence the *Home of the God* and thus a place where only Pharaoh as the Son of God and those he appointed as his deputies, could meet with the god. This goes all the way back to Archaic and...
Religions >> Egyptian
- Astrological Emphasis: Aquarius, 2001
- General | Love | Work | Health Aquarius: January, 21st- February, 19th. This article applies to Aquarians during 2001. General Those born under the sign of Aquarius are characterised by their great passion for mystery and prove to have a fighting spirit in...
Astrology >> Aquarius
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 3
- One of the very best ways to raise personal or group consciousness, is to MANIFEST spiritual Intentions into the environment at large. The projection of love into one's surroundings for instance, results in love being reflected back to the sender, like...
Mind >> World Mind
- Astrological Emphasis: Pisces, 2001
- General | Love | Work | Health Pisces: February, 21st - March, 20th. This article applies to Pisceans during 2001. General Pisces is the twelfth sign of the Zodiac, astrologically dominated by Jupiter and Neptune, exalted by the Moon and with Mercury in exile....
Astrology >> Pisces
- Story of the Celts: The Celts of Ireland
- The Celts of Ireland [ 33 ] The Celts arrived in Ireland by 350 B.C (some say earlier) and they thrive there to this day. A claim might be made that the Celtic Irish are among the world's oldest nationality groups. Despite periods when foreigners tried in...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Grimassi, Raven
- Raven Grimassi is the author of several books on Wicca and Witchcraft, including The Wiccan Mysteries, which was awarded Book of the Year and First Place-Spirituality Book by the Coalition of Visionary Retailers in 1998. Raven Grimassi was born in 1951 to an...
Real Interviews >> Authors
Pre Socratic Period is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Pre Socratic Period books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Major Greek Philosophers Before the Hellenistic Period Pre-Socratic
- Major Greek Philosophers Before the Hellenistic Period. Pre-Socratic Philosophers. The Milesians.
- web.cn.edu
- Presocratic Greek Philosophy
- Presocratic Greek Philosophy, Thomas Knierim, www.thebigview.com.
- www.wizanda.com
- A "matriarchal philosophy of nature" and a "patriarchy-critical
- philosophers from the so-called "pre-Socratic" period.
- emanzipationhumanum.de
- Development of the Western Model: Toward a Reconciliation of
- The earliest period, usually called the pre-Socratic period, is characterized by loosely defined beginnings of Wester!
- www.galileoco.com
- Chapter 1: The Pre-Socratics - The Lutterworth Press
- The Pre-Socratics. The cradle of Greek philosophy was Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.
- www.lutterworth.com
Suggested News Resources
- The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and AchievementThe Hidden Sources of
- If Brooks is referring back to the pre-Socratic period where this "tradition" actually began, one would be hard-pressed to find a mind other than one that thought, perceived and reasoned.
Suggested Web Resources
- Pre-Socratic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Pre-Socratic philosophy is Greek philosophy before Socrates (but includes schools contemporary with Socrates which were not influenced by him).
- en.wikipedia.org
- Pre-Socratic Philosophy and Greek - Ancient / Classical History
- The first period begins with Thales' prediction of a solar eclipse in 585 B.C. and ends in 400 B.
- ancienthistory.about.com
- History of Western Philosophy from the Pre-Socratic Period to the
- History of Western Philosophy from the Pre-Socratic Period to the End of the Middle Ages.
- www.unex.berkeley.edu
- Philosophy: By Historical Period > Ancient > Pre-Socratic
- www.philosophybasics.com
- Presocratics
- people.bu.edu
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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May 15, 2015
How to Make Greek Yogurt
By: Leanne Ely So guess what? In today's video we're going to make Greek yogurt. I know this might seem like I would be a hard thing to make, but it's not! Greek yogurt is basically plain yogurt with a lot of the whey taken out of it. Watch the video above and I will show you how… Read more
April 28, 2015
Why you should try dino kale (+ a recipe)!
By: Leanne Ely If you and kale have an on-again, off-again relationship, there's a good chance that you just haven't met the right kale yet. (It's not kale, it's you.) Some types of kale are better for some things than others and all varieties of kale have a slightly different taste and texture. There… Read more
February 27, 2015
What Is Ghee and How Do You Use It?
By: Leanne Ely One question that I get all the time is "what is ghee and how do you use it?" People also ask me "what's the difference between ghee and butter?" Well, what I'm holding in my hands in the video above are two grass-fed products which is very, very important. This is how… Read more
August 29, 2014
Bite into the benefits of the "new" red meat
By: Leanne Ely It's funny how suddenly people are wild about bison. But, once upon a time, these animals were a major source of protein and nutrients in North America. Bison isn't new by any means, but it is certainly enjoying a new popularity! If you're searching for a different red meat to add… Read more
May 16, 2014
Turkey talk
By: Leanne Ely If you have a large family (or if you have teenagers in the house), roasting a turkey once a week is a great, inexpensive way to keep up with all those protein needs. That's right . . . turkey does not have to be reserved for Thanksgiving! Think a whole turkey… Read more
November 5, 2013
All you need to know about pomelo
Tricks, Tips and a Recipe All you need to know about pomelo By: Leanne Ely Pomelo fruits are in season between December and April, so it won't be long before you see them popping up more often. These citrus fruits are larger than grapefruits (they are actually the largest members of the citrus family), with… Read more
June 13, 2013
Think Outside the Side Dish
Dinner Diva Think Outside the Side Dish by Leanne Ely How many of us live in households where the dinner plate consists of a serving of meat, a starch and a small portion of vegetables? Now that I eat a Paleo diet, my plate looks a lot different than it once did. No longer do… Read more
May 31, 2013
Spring in your step with spring greens
Healthy-Foods Spring in your step with spring greens By: Leanne Ely It's not easy being greens. So packed with goodness and fiber, yet so many people just push them around the plate without any respect for the nutrition in their pretty green leaves. If you want to get the nutrients you need in your system,… Read more
May 9, 2013
Top Tips for Grilled Veggies and Fruits
Dinner Diva Top Tips for Grilled Veggies and Fruits By: Leanne Ely I shared some tips with you a couple weeks ago about grilling meats but there's more to summer barbecue season than burgers and steaks! Why turn on the stove to cook your veggies when you have a perfectly good hot grill already prepped?… Read more
July 13, 2012
You can't beat beet greens
Healthy Foods You can't beat beet greens By: Leanne Ely It's no secret that I'm a big fan of kale. In fact, I might go so far as to say that kale farmers across the country should send me some kudos for all the folks I've helped nudge onto the kale train over the past… Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Good Night for 'Breaking Bad' at the Emmys
'Breaking Bad' wins big at its last Emmy Awards, taking best drama and a trio of acting honors for its stars while 'Modern Family' wins a record-tying best comedy Emmy. (Aug. 25)
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July 5, 2015
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1884 1C One Cent, Judd-1721, Pollock-1929, R.6, PR67 NGC. CAC....
2013 April 24 - 28 CSNS US Coin Signature Auction - Chicago #1184
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Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center Hotel
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|Printable auction results for all items in the 2013 April 24 - 28 CSNS US Coin Signature Auction - Chicago.
1884 'Holey' Cent Pattern1884 1C One Cent, Judd-1721, Pollock-1929, R.6, PR67 NGC. CAC.
Judd-1721, PR67
Judd-1721, PR67
Design. The center of Eastman Johnson's "holey" design for the cent is perforated with an irregular hole. The obverse bears the legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA about the upper rim and the date at the bottom. The reverse shows the denomination ONE CENT at the top with an inverted shield and two laurel sprigs below. Struck in nickel with a plain edge.
Commentary. Eastman Johnson was an American painter who lived from 1824 to 1906. Perhaps his most famous painting was his "Old Kentucky Home," also known as "Negro Life in the South." His design for the annular cent dates from the late 1870s, and sketches are known dated May 1879. Examples were struck in nickel (Judd-1721), aluminum (Judd-1722), and white metal (Judd-1723). The holes appear to be hand cut and vary in size. When the perforated planchets were struck, metal flowed inward, creating the imperfect outline to the central hole. (About two dozen specimens of Judd-1721 are extant.) There are thick and thin-planchet variants of this pattern. This piece was struck on a thick planchet, and therefore the perforation is larger than on a piece struck on a thin planchet.
Physical Description. The design elements of this magnificent Superb Gem are sharply detailed throughout and the pristine fields are hazily reflective. Traces of attractive champagne-gold toning visit the surfaces of both sides, enhancing the considerable eye appeal. An almost unimprovable example of this popular pattern. Census: 2 in 67, 0 finer (3/13).
Provenance. "Colonel" E.H.R. Green; Green Estate; Partnership of Eric P. Newman / B.G. Johnson d.b.a. St. Louis Stamp & Coin Co.; Eric P. Newman @ $22.50; Eric P. Newman Numismatic Education Society.
From The Eric P. Newman Collection. (PCGS# 62150)
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Product Details
Chevy Corvette 1997, Auto Trans Indicator Light Replacement Bulbs by Putco®. Replace your dim, worn out factory incandescent bulbs with brighter, longer lasting Putco LED bulbs. LED lights will make your vehicle more visible to other drivers, increasing your driving safety, and the cleaner, brighter light is much more attractive. They also burn longer and cooler; you'll most likely never have to replace them. And Putco LED bulbs are easy to install: just plug them into the same factory socket; no wiring modifications to your vehicle are necessary.
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Upgrade your vehicle's exterior lighting with Putco LED lights. Their brighter cleaner light will increase your vehicle's visibility and improve its appearance. Putco LED lights are also economical. They use much less power than OEM incandescent bulbs and last much longer. With a lifespan of up to 50,000 hours, you'll probably never have to replace them. Putco LED bulbs are available for almost every application in several versions and colors.10.99 30.99
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PUTCO® is the leader in several branches of the automotive accessories industry which includes: LED lighting, chrome trim, stainless steel trim, truck accessories and step bars. Putco started in 1969 and has been on the business stage for over 40 years. In recent years, Putco has steadily brought additional exclusive and luxury products to market. Putco is a company with ISO 9001:2000 certification that distributes, designs, and manufactures its products throughout North America. This includes more than 100 patents and a 3000-item spare parts inventory. The company constantly works to ensure a product of the highest quality at a competitive price. Putco products are the results of intensive research and development. Most Putco accessories install quickly and easily, enabling you to enjoy your new accessories almost as soon as you receive them. Putco makes the constant effort to please the consumer with high quality products for today's hottest truck and vehicle trends.Product Reviews (9)
Every Customer can leave a review about our service and the product that was purchased. In order to leave your review for your new product, please follow the link in the email you receive after completing your purchase. You can rate appearance, ease of installation, price/value and product quality.Putco® - Auto Trans Indicator Light Replacement BulbsAverage Rating: 4.6 of 5APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYAll Putco Reviews(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2010 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Steven | (Pasadena, MD)
Easy to install. I got the blue ones. They look really good.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2000 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Laura | (Chambersburg, PA)
Bright. For the size of the light, it's about the same size as original bulb, so it's easy to get into small spaces unlike other LED lights I've had. Also, two lights come in pack which is nice.3 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.3)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2002 Lincoln LS | Posted by Devin | (Lebanon, NJ)
The installation was easy and quick. The product got here on time. They look great in my friend's car, and I can't wait to buy more products from this site.2 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2009 Chevy Silverado | Posted by Rhet | (Lafayette, LA)
Awesome product. The bulbs look great on a white truck.4 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2012 Toyota Prius | Posted by Jerry | (Wichita, KS)
These LEDs are very bright, so if you want more light for inside of car, these are the ones to get for the overhead lighting. I would not recommend for the door lights of the Prius, the LEDs are in the wrong position and the holder will not support them.3 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY2004 Toyota Tundra | Posted by Rene | (San Antonio, TX)
Easy installation and fits perfect. The blue light matches front fog lights and gives it a nice look. Highly recommend for factory replacement.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(3.5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY| Posted by Renado | (Washington, NC)
Works great, very bright.1 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.3)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY| Posted by Steve | (Half Moon Bay, CA)
Installed them in a 2000 Ford lightning. Installed is seconds. Really pushes out the lite. A great product.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:(4.8)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY| Posted by Keith | (East Haven, CT)
The lights were the easiest mod I have done and I have done many so far! The lights are very bright and look amazing at night! Highly recommend if looking to replace dull lights and get a stylish look. They sell in many different colors.1 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful for you? YesNoShare this review:
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Product Reviews (9)
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Results 91 to 100 of 123
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Posted On:
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International Man of Pancakes
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8/17/2008 8:22pm
Style: Wu style tcc+bjj--
I recall on swordforum.com, there was some debate as to whether flexible blades could ever be useful. I'd like to see the test cutting report on these.
FWIW, I have heard that .22LR has killed more people than any other cartridge. This is probably due to the large number of fucktards with 22's than the killing power of the round.Anyone who has the power to make you believe absurdities has the power to make you commit injustices.
- Voltaire
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- Aug 2008
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Posted On:
8/17/2008 8:32pm
Style: many--
No, the .22LR trumps all other rounds in one category, age. I have a .22LR rifle made between 1926, and 1936, and they were common then too. A .22cal round also bounces around like a ping pong ball in your innards, or fragmentates if it is a hollow point. This is due to the high velocity, and low mass of the round. That is your useless information for the day.
Yes, I know the .45acp is older, but did not gain popularity as soon as the .22 did. It was also more expencive to buy/produce.
Putting the "ow" back in "flowery technique"
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So I've partially sharpened one, I did about the last 6 inches of the 29incher. Though I chose to sharpen mine on what most people would consider the "back" (more like a seax, as opposed to a katana)
Pretty moderate stroke on 1/4th" cardboard tube.
Contrasted with a Kris Cutlery wakizashi that's also very sharp
Both cuts were about equal in depth, the thinner belt sword had an easier time sliding through the tubing whereas the thicker wakizashi had to wedge the cardboard apart so I noticed more resistance on the latter.
More tests, maybe even video to come as soon as I finish sharpening it.
Style: bjj/(not enough)MT--
Anna, I would just like to say that you make me feel safer walking around downtown atlanta
- and jebus help me if I ever meet youIn summation your argument denotes a lack of intellectual honesty on your part. It is my contention that this matter would best be solved with fisticuffs. I believe I will be victorious in this regard.
I've killed FAR more deer with a .22LR than all my other caliber rifles put together. Head shot or upper neck @ the spine. Drops deer instantly so you don't have to chase/track them. Ofcourse, this is out of a 20" barrel so there is alot more velocity. I do think that a .22LR @ less then 5' to the skull of anyone would drop them, regaurdless of barrel length.


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PC-BSD Weekly Feature Digest 12/20/13
In the words of Dr. Sheldon Cooper (The Big Bang Theory TV Show), "i'm not insane…my mother had me tested". That's the way i'm sure many of the devs felt at the end of this week. While fending off the impending insanity caused by lack-of-flash-itis, the reason for our package issues with version 10.0 finally have started to come into focus. For more information on the package / pkgng debacle please see this blog post: http://blog.pcbsd.org/2013/12/end-of-the-pkg-woes/. Though we typically just recommend users just upgrade to new package sets, I personally opted to do a complete reinstall of 10.0 Beta P6. The primary issue myself and many other developers kept running into was issues with the centOS linux compatibility layer that was just too buggy to make good use of at this time.
In other similar news PC-BSD is likely to begin starting a new version naming system to help differentiate the different types of releases and hopefully offer a little more clarity to users that may be less than familiar with the conventional FreeBSD naming system. Along with the new naming system a new package release schedule will also be added to help users maintain more stability by not having to update their packages every couple of weeks. Stay tuned for more information on this as it develops.
Flash is now working in both firefox and chromium as well as many other internet browsers. The new PBI's have been approved and include the fixes to make sure flash works with all the recent changes in version PC-BSD 10.0. For Chromium look for the version of 31 ending in .63. For Firefox look for version 25_01. I'm not sure if the issue is widespread but there was an additional step needed to make flash work in firefox on one of my primary test systems. If flash is working in other browsers, but not firefox run the command nspluginwrapper -v -a -i. For some reason flashpluginctl on / off was not running the script as it was supposed to. From most mainstream testing this looks to be a fairly minor and isolated issue.
PBI's continue to be added to the PC-BSD AppCafe as well as tons of new compatibility updates for current 10.0 PBI's. Total PBI's ready for PC-BSD's 10.0 release are now in excess of 720. PC-BSD version 9.2 has also been receiving tons of PBI updates so make sure to check those out as well!
Special thanks to Ken and Kris both as well for all the bug fixes you guys have committed this week (and for listening to my non-stop rants on why flash is so important). The schedule has been insane, but the light at the end of the tunnel is near.
As we go into the new year soon we'd like to tell everyone thank you and wish you the best during the holidays. I will now leave you with a bit of holiday cheer for all of who have or will experience that inevitable holiday computer failure.
Best Regards and Happy Holidays,
On the twelfth day I left it, my PC gave to me:
Twelve programs stalling;
Eleven chips a-smoking;
Ten ports a-jamming;
Nine jails a-frying;
Eight times i'm crying;
Seven blown partitions;
Six bad controllers;
Five seeeeeeg faults; (singer should hold out seg just FYI)
Four bad blocks;
Three bad controllers;
Two faulty pools;
And a burnt-out CPU fan.
Next 10.0 Image Available
Kris has announced the availability of the next 10.0 image:
The next PC-BSD 10-STABLE image is now available for download!
This image is a very early cut of the new stable/10 branch of FreeBSD and is probably only suitable for advanced users or developers. A PKGNG repository is available for this release, however it is missing a number of packages we would normally ship with, such as virtualbox drivers, KDE accessories, etc.
If you are updating from an earlier version of 10-STABLE you may need to manually run pkg-static upgrade and remove any conflicting packages. This is due to the switch to Gnome3 and the Linux Centos 6 compatibility layer.
New Features:
- Includes FreeBSD 10-STABLE / 10.0-BETA3 from 11/20/2013
- Includes the Gnome3 / Mate / Cinnamon desktops, replacing Gnome2.
- Updated installer options for text-mode, including ZFS options
- Improved PBIs support
- Updated our Linux compatibility layer to Centos 6
- Numerous bug-fixes
10-STABLE notable features:
- Updated KMS / AMD driver support
- ISO file is a hybrid USB file, and can be "dd"ed to a USB media.
- New text-based installer
- New UEFI loader on installation media
- Able to select between GRUB/BSD loaders during installation
- New desktops! Gnome 3, Mate and Cinnamon
- And much more!
Reporting Issues:
Found a bug? Please report it, in as much detail as possible, to our Trac database.
Weekly Feature Digest 11/23/13
You can feel it in the air can't you? That time when we gather with family and friends, sit down to eat a great meal, and let the dog eat half the turkey. Oh wait maybe that was just Kris last year…doh! All kidding aside Check out all these amazing gifts that have been neatly placed under our "ports tree" (pun intended).
10.0 PBI Approvals have been moving allowing at a quick pace and the appcafe should now be populated with approximately 400 PBI's for public consumption. Please report any issues you are having directly to trac and we will work on fixing individual PBI's after approvals are finished.
In some exciting news Kris has announced that we are merging the GNOME3 / MATE /Cinnamon desktops into our 10.0 ports tree. Be advised we are still working to resolve issues with these desktops in the base system and they are more than likely not fully functional at this time. We will be testing and resolving issues as quickly as possible to try to get these ready for all of you.
FreeBSD will be releasing a security update that applies to SSH in the next few days. If you are not a SSH user this bugfix won't necessarily do anything for you, but it never hurts to be fully up to date just in case.
Bug fixes galore this week! PCDM has been updated now to correctly display the correct language chosen during selection, however it is still being tested and should officially be ready sometime in the very near future. Kris has added a ZFS dataset options to PC-BSD's new text-installer front-end for greater flexibility for power users.
That's it for this week folks, and remember feeding thanksgiving leftovers to your dog makes everyone sad. See you guys next week!
Best Regards,
PC-BSD Weekly Feature Digest 11/15/13
When Kris told me he wanted me to help act as a QA for the PC-BSD project it never occurred to me that someone had to test all those nifty PBI's in the appcafe when there's a big release. Let me tell you after a week of testing PBI's I have a whole new appreciation for what Ken does on a weekly basis. Thankfully the weekend is finally here, and it's time to look at what else has been going on over this last week.
Over 200 PBI's have been populated in to the PC-BSD 10 Stable Appcafe. We are plugging away at approving and testing more, but it is hard to know just how long it will take. Most of what I would consider the "important" PBI's have been approved. Firefox, Chromium, and Thunderbird being just a handful.
Many of you will be excited to find out that adobe flash is working perfectly on chromium in my 10.0 KDE box. I listen to youtube playlists all week and didn't find a single video that wouldn't load. Other sites that appear to be working include Vimeo, Hulu, and Amazon. I have not heard if this fix is being backported to 9.3, but I will let you guys know when we find out.
This week many PC-BSD programs received some necessary bug fixes and updates. Some of the updates include network detection in package / update manager, nvidia graphic detection, as well as security updates for PCDM. If you are experiencing an annoying bug that you've just been ignoring in version 10.0 now is the time to create a bug ticket on trac. Keep in mind the newest 10.0 iso is the "stable" branch not "current" when reporting bugs.
If you are still experiencing any difficulty with extremely slow download speeds, or downloads that continue to fail after multiple tries, make sure to send me an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com. The information we are looking for is the output of the host command in pc-bsd, or if you are not using PC-BSD as your primary desktop we can use your IP address assigned by your ISP to try and search for the log file of the failed download. I'm sure it gos without saying, but please keep your IP confidential and send it directly to me if you can help us with that information.
Enjoy your weekend!
Second 10-STABLE Image Available for Testing
Kris has announced the availability of the next 10.0 testing image:
The second PC-BSD 10-STABLE image is now available for download!
This image is a very early cut of the new stable/10 branch of FreeBSD and is probably only suitable for advanced users or developers. A PKGNG repository is available for this release, however it is missing a number of packages we would normally ship with, such as virtualbox drivers, KDE accessories, etc. The AppCafe currently has only a few items in it for testing, but more will be added soon.
NOTE: Users of the previous 10-STABLE image may not be able to online-update, due to a bug in FreeBSD Update.
New Features:
- Includes FreeBSD 10-STABLE / 10.0-BETA3 from 11/8/2013
- Switched to PCDM as the default login manager
- New 10.X artwork & themes
- Fixed a long list of bugs relating to PBIs
- Fixed issues enabling the flash plugin out of box
- Corrected some installation issues via the text-installer
- Corrected an issue changing passwords via the User Manager
- Other misc bugfixes
10-STABLE notable features:
- Updated KMS / AMD driver support
- ISO file is a hybrid USB file, and can be "dd"ed to a USB media.
- New text-based installer
- New UEFI loader on installation media
- Able to select between GRUB/BSD loaders during installation
- And much more!
Reporting Issues:
Found a bug? Please report it, in as much detail as possible, to our Trac database.
PC-BSD Weekly Feature Digest 11/1/13
This week the PC-BSD team has been busy working their magic pushing version 10.0 ahead at lightning speed, and some big things are starting to take shape. The PBI 10 format is about ready and we will begin populating the 10.0 appcafe starting next week. There are still a few small things to iron out with the approval system, but nothing too big that Kris and Ken can't work their BSD magic on! Much of this last week was spent fine-tuning and improving the PBI format for 10.0, and I think you will all be very happy with the product of that hard work.
The PCDM login manager is back and is ready to undergo rigorous security testing in preparation for its introduction into PC-BSD 10.0. Ken has been fine tuning the new login manager, and has seen a number improvements taking shape from security to stability.
We have had a handful of users reporting problems with the .iso downloads from PC-BSD's CDN network. If you have been experiencing problems with downloads not completing / resetting multiple times, then please let me know @ email@example.com. I'm specifically trying to see if we have a broader problem, or if we are simply experiencing minor intermittent download quality during off-peak hours.
This week I'd like to shine the spotlight on the new PC-BSD Disk Manager Utility (DM). The new DM Utility is a power user's dream come true. Not only does the DM utility allow you to manage / maintain your ZFS pools, but you can also start scrubs, add ARC / ZIL devices, attach disks and much more. One of the most notable features are the ability to, like life preserver, make snapshots and revert back to them via a GUI interface. The disk manager will also include the ability to make new slices / partitions on disks. You will be able to add, remove, and modify slices with relative ease, although caution should be issued as you can very easily delete a system slice as well.
Stay tuned folks, there's more great things coming next weekend!
Best Regards,
Josh Smith


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Man, your mom is going to be pissed when she finds out what you put on her credit card kid.
6 pages? Really guys?
From: MogwaiFS | Posted: 12/6/2012 11:54:21 AM | #0536 pages? Really guys?people on this board like to feed trolls for some reason
Anyone who spends $5,000 on a laptop for gaming is an idiot.
People buy vita for vita games.
You are not allowed to request a sticky.


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Are there plans to integrate SSL into WordPress? I realize there's a plugin for it, but I just upgraded, and it failed. I posted the information here, in the plugins section.<p>
However, my thought is, given that without the plugin, passwords are sent in the clear, isn't that sufficient to integrate it so it's not just a plugin, but part of the core wordpress install?
I read this page, and went through the steps to implement FORCE_SSL_ADMIN, but it seems that's only on the backend. As it seems now, any sniffer can detect passwords for wordpress install, which seems to me a major liability.
Although I realize not every ISP may offer SSL, couldn't there be an option to turn it on or off, like there is for Admin SSL? In addition, if it were more integrated with WordPress, hopefully, there would be fewer cases of tickets like this, where I tried the fix and it failed, or like this.


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Hahahaha, KARMA is a bi**h girl, what goes around comes around. Looks like yours hit you in the face! Things will be so much more peaceful now! Full Review ▶
I am a current resident of Thompson Valley Apartments. I want to update the circumstances here. The apartment manager everyone is referring to in the reviews HAS BEEN FIRED!!. There is a new maintenance person who is fantastic. The grounds are… Full Review ▶
While we loved living here, our move out was a nightmare. My husband is a maintenance director for another, much larger complex, and we did the entire turn of the apartment for these guys. The apartment was 100 times cleaner than… Full Review ▶
I lived in these apartments and I would never recommend them to anyone as long as the property manager is still working there. She absolutely has no personality and is very unprofessional. She will talk bad about you to other tenants… Full Review ▶
-------, office manager is horrible to deal with. She has no customer service skills, and no backbone to resolve issues. She will call the PD on you any time you disagree with her. I would rather live in a cardboard box… Full Review ▶
DO NOT MOVE into these apartments as long ss ------- is the manager. She is the most scandalis lady I have ever come across in my life. She lies and does m ot honor her word. Instead of conversing like most… Full Review ▶
if you get on the bad side of ------ the prop mgr she will lie, cheat. and go to extremes to get you out! she.will use her "position" to do it...also when it snows don't think they will help the.residence they… Full Review ▶
This is the absolute most horrific apartment that I have ever experienced! It is not he unit, but rather the on-site property manager (-------). She is never in the office, will lie straight to your face and make completely false claims.… Full Review ▶
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text:
In pest control there are two kinds of treatment which complement each other: preventive and curative measures. The preventive measures, which consist above all in suitable storage buildings and the careful observance of all hygiene measures, form the basis of all pest control. Without these, any other measures are bound to be of no effect arid uneconomic. Preventive pest control is described in detail in section 5.2; section 3.3 also contains relevant information.
The most important curative measure in stored-product pest control is the application of chemicals. A distinction is made between insecticides and fumigants (see chapter 9).
The parts of this chapter concerned with the use of insecticides apply only to central storage. section 4.4.3 deals with the application of insecticides in small farm storage. The remaining parts of this chapter are equally relevant for both types of storage.
General Principles
· Insecticides are always used as a supplement to hygiene
measures and can never substitute them.
· A high level of infestation makes control with insecticides more difficult. Care should therefore be taken to perform control of any pest infestation in time.
· The choice of the correct products is made by taking into account the following aspects:
· insect species present (sensitivity, resistance)
· Method of storage (bags, bulk)
· Climatic conditions (decomposition of the products by moisture and high temperatures)
· Stored commodity
· Legal restrictions (Use only approved products. If the country has no legislation, refer to the FAO/WHO code of conduct)
· Availability and price.
· Insecticides must not be stored for longer than the
indicated shelf life. Buy only quantities which will certainly be used within
one storage season (also see section 8.4) in order to avoid overstorage and
decomposition of the product.
· Prevent the development of resistance by changing the active ingredient (if possible) annually.
· The safety regulations for handling of insecticides must always be followed. Attention must be paid to any warning signs on packages which draw the user's attention to particular dangers in the use of the insecticide concerned (see also section 8.4.2).
8.1.2 Scope of Application in Central Storage
Good store management and high standards of hygiene are the basic requirements for successful pest control.
In central storage, i.e. in warehouses, the following scopes of application for insecticides apply:
Surface treatment of empty warehouses
This is an efficient curative control method to clean up warehouses before intake of new stocks. Attention must be paid to the use of suitable insecticide formulations. On surfaces the activity of EC formulations is generally very poor. WP formulations tend to perform better. All insecticides are more persistent on smooth, concrete surfaces than on rough and alkaline (white washed) ones. In extensive laboratory tests conducted in Germany the active ingredients tetrachlorvinphos, deltamethrin and phoxim showed the best overall performance.
During the last years it has been proven in several tests that residual spraying of surfaces like store walls and floors is not economic because the residual activity of most insecticides is very short under these circumstances. On absorbent surfaces like limewash, whitewash, cement, and bricks the activity of insecticide residues tends to be very short, irrespective of the active ingredient or formulation. Pyrethroids form an exception, being considerably more persistent. For residual surface protection inert dusts seem to offer considerable potential (cf. section 10.2).
It goes without saying that insecticides are much more effective on clean surfaces than on dirty ones. The cleaning of empty stores before any surface spraying should be an indispensable standard practice.
Surface treatment of bag stacks
For a long time it has been common practice to protect bag stacks from becoming infested by means of treatment with long-term contact insecticides. However, this method is unsatisfactory as the pesticides decompose too rapidly. On non-absorbent bag surfaces like polypropylene insecticide activity is better than on the highly absorbent jute bags.
As a conclusion it can be recommended to practice surface spraying of bag stacks only as non-residual application at the time of stack fumigation. Continued surface spraying could multiply resistance because of the repeated exposure of stored product insect populations to sublethal dosages.
It would be more effective to treat the individual layers of bags during stacking. Anyway, this is regarded as being less practicable.
An alternative to surface treatment consists in covering the stack of bags with light cotton or nylon sheets which provide a barrier to crawling or flying insects. Impregnation of the sheets with repellent substances (e.g. neem oil, see section 126.96.36.199) increases the effect of keeping the stored commodity uninfested. However, regular observation of the stack becomes more difficult and the costs must be considered.
Space treatment of warehouses
Space treatment is best done by fogging. It requires a tightly sealable store. This method is particularly suited for curative control of flying pests.
Evaporation strips hanging up in a well closed store serve for preventive moth control.
All kind of treatments in stores must be followed up in order to check the success.
8.1.3 Formulations
The insecticides sold on the market by manufacturers are referred to as commercial products. They contain one or more active ingredients as well as carriers and special additives. The latter improve the adhesion of the active ingredient on the surface treated and the stability, act as synergists or simply colour the insecticide as a warning agent.
Depending on the formulation, the commercial products either have to be mixed with a liquid, which is generally water, to form a spraying mixture or are sold ready for use.
The most common formulations are listed below. Abbreviations are in accordance with the FAO specifications.
- Dust formulations (DP) to be mixed with the stored
produce or for surface treatment. They contain between 0.1 and 5% active
ingredient and are ready-for-use. They are mainly applied in small farm
- Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) for admixture to the produce or for surface treatment. They contain between I and 100% active ingredient and are mixed with water, giving a stable emulsion, and primarily used in warehouses,
- Wettable powders (WP) for surface treatment. They contain between 10 and 50% active ingredient. They are mixed with water, giving instable suspensions, which have to be constantly stirred as the powder will otherwise settle.
- Flowable concentrates (SC) for surface treatment. These are liquid concentrates which are relatively stable and similar to the EC formulations. They are not yet commonly used in storage pest control.
- Hot fogging concentrates (HN). The so called 'FOG'-formulations contain up to 100% active ingredient. They are either ready-for-use or must be diluted with diesel or kerosene. Some heat resistant EC formulations can also be used for fogging.
- Aerosols as evaporation strips (VP) or in the form of smoke tins (FD) or smoke cartridges (FP) for use against moths. They are ready-for use. Smoke cartridges are also used to a certain extent in small farm and village storage They have a good knock-down effect on adult insects.
- ULV formulations (UL) for surface treatment. They are ready-for-use and applied with special ULV applicators. Their utilisation in storage is very limited.
8.1.4 Requirements for insecticides in Storage
While there is a great number of products against agricultural pests there are only few products available which meet the special requirements of pest control in storage.
Insecticides for stored product protection should meet the following requirements. None of the existing products, however, will entirely fulfil all of them:
· Good effect against most storage pests (broadspectrum
· Long persistence
· Stable under various climatic conditions
· Low toxicity to warm-blooded animals
· Low tendency to create insect resistance
· No harmful residue left in stored produce
· No influence on the smell or taste of the stored produce
· No chemical reaction with the ingredients of the stored produce (proteins, fats, etc.)
· Simple to use
· Low price
It is pan of the user's responsibility to select the correct insecticide meeting most of his specific requirements. The following information is intended as an aid for the right choice.
8.1.5 Groups of Active ingredients in Storage Pest Control
There are two main groups of active ingredients used in stored product protection, organophosphorous compounds and pyrethroids:
Organophosphorous compounds
They are effective against most storage pests, although less against the Bostrichidae (Rhyzopertha dominica, Prostephanus truncates, Dinoderus spp.). Some of these compounds are sensitive to hot and moist conditions. The following products are commonly used:
Active Ingredient
Brand names
Folithion, Sumithion
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
Nuvan, Vapona
Malathion, Malagrain etc.
They are very effective against Bostrichidae, though less against other species of beetles. They also provide a good moth control. The most common are:
Active ingredient
Brand names
Combined products
Combined products, also known as "cocktails", containing an organophosphorous compound and a pyrethroid have been used as broadspectrum insecticides for some years and have performed very well in cases of mixed infestation. The following preparations are commonly found on the market:
Active ingredients
Brand names
Pirimiphos-methyl + Permethrin
Actellic Super
Pirimiphos-methyl + Deltamethrin
K-Othrine Combi
Fenitrothion + Cyfluthrin
Baythroid Combi
Fenitrothion + Fenvalerate
Other groups of active ingredients
Chlorinated hydrocarbons which were used for a long time in storage pest control are today no longer admissible due to their high persistence and health hazard.
In the group of carbamates, carbaryl ("Sevin") is used to a limited degree in storage pest control. It is quite effective against Rhizopertha dominica.
8.1.6 Choice of insecticide with Respect to the Species and the Properties of the Surfaces to be Treated
· In the case of infestation with beetles other than
Bostrichidae organophosphorous compounds should be applied.
· Where Bostrichidae predominate (Rhyzopertha dominica, Prostephanus truncatus Dinoderus spp.) pyrethroids are recommended.
· In the case of mixed infestation with Bostrichidae and other species of beetles, a combined insecticide may be used provided this is permitted by local regulations. Otherwise an organophosphorus insecticide and a pyrethroid may be applied alternately.
· Against moths, the organophosphate dichlorvos (DDVP) gives good control. The most effective application is by fogging, otherwise by surface treatment or by using evaporation strips.
· For the treatment of whitewashed walls (rapid decomposition of most insecticides under alkaline conditions), iodofenphos and tetrachlorvinphos are the most favourable.
The following applies in general for insecticides sprayed on surfaces:
- Their effect is better
- on clean than on dirty surfaces
- on smooth than on rough surfaces
- The persistence is better
- on woods and metals than on concrete or alkaline paint
- with WP formulations than with EC formulations
In the following two tables results of laboratory tests on the persistence of stored product insecticides under tropical climate conditions are presented. These tables provide information for the choice of appropriate insecticides according to climatic conditions. For each pest insect species the maximum period with at least 90% control effect is indicated. Under practical conditions we have to suppose a shorter residual effect.
Effect Or Stored Product insecticides under Arid Conditions (Temperature: 36°C; relative humidity: 50%)
Figure 104
Effect of Stored Product insecticides under Humid Conditions (Temperature 28°C: relative humidity: 75%)
Figure 105
Figure 106
* per 100 kg of grain (according to manufacturers' instructions)
The following pages provide a summary of the most commonly used insecticides in storage pest control and their properties, as well as notes on their application. For each active ingredient, the following data are provided (for definitions refer to sections 8.1.7 and 8.1.8):
· Toxicity, indicated as oral LD50 in mg active ingredient
kg of body weight
· Maximum residue limit (MRL) for cereal grains in ppm as recommended by the FAO/WHO Joint Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
· Recommended dosage rate for admixture to cereals in ppm
· Recommended concentration of spray mixture for surface treatments in %
· Recommendations for space treatments in stores
· General remarks
- Organophosphorous compounds:
LD50: 1630 - 2140 mg/kg
MRL: 10 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 10 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.5 - 1%
Insecticide with contact, stomach and vapour action it has a moderate persistence and controls a wide spectrum of stored product pests (except
Rhyzopertha dominica). Resistances have been repotted repeatedly for several insect species.
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
LD50: 56 - 108 mg / kg
MRL: 2 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 2 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.250/D
Space treatments: dilute with diesel to up to 1% (I - 2//1 000 m³); preventive: 1 strip/30m³
Insecticide with a high vapour pressure and strong "knock down" effect. It is efficient against most stored product pests; especially against larval stages within the grain (high penetrating effect) and also against moths. Short residual stability. Recent tests proved DDVP to be potentially carcinogenous, so that restricted use or ban can be expected for the future.
LD50: 800 mg / kg
MRL: 10 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 10 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.5%
Fenitrothion has a broad-spectrum effect against all species, though it is not fully effective against Rhyzopertha dominica Good stability for more than 12 months. Suitable for use under traditional storage conditions as dustable powder.
LD50: 2 100 mg/kg
MRL: no recommendation
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 1 - 2%
lodofenphos is only used for surface treatments. It has a wide range effect against stored product pests, though less effective against Rhyzopertha dominica and Trogoderma granarium. It is often used for pest control on cement surfaces in warehouses as it shows relative good stability under alkaline conditions. The persistence is lower than that of fenitrothion.
LD50: 2 800 mg/kg
MRL: 8 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 8 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 2%
Malathion has been widely used for over 20 years what has led to marked resistances of stored product pests world-wide. In the United States the production has been stopped since 1991, partly in consequence of studies proving that intolerably high residues are very common in foodstuff in countries, where this cheap and generally efficient insecticide has not been intensively applicated in the past and resistances are not usual, it can still be used in small farmers' storage as dustable powder. Malathion has a weaker effect than most other organophosphorous insecticides and degrades comparatively quickly under hot and humid and alkaline conditions.
LD50: 678 mg/kg
MRL: 10 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 10 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.5%
Space treatments: 5% as fog-solution (1l/1 000 m³)
Methacrifos acts as contact, vapour and stomach poison against all important storage pests and their larval stages within the grain. It is effective against many malathion-resistant insects. It has a pronounced "knock-down" effect and controls also Rhyzopertha dominica. It degrades significantly at high temperature and humidity.
LD50: 1975 mg / kg
MRL: no recommendation
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.2% in empty stores
Space treatments: 5% as fog-solution (I - 2//1 000 m³)
Phoxim is mainly used for surface and space treatments in empty warehouses and concrete silos. It has a broad spectrum of activity with stomach and contact action. Phoxim is a short-term insecticide with a "knock-down" effect. It shows cross resistance to malathion-resistant insects.
LD50: 2050 mg/kg
MRL: 10 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 10 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.5%
Space treatments: dilute with diesel to up to 5% (1 - 2 l/1 000 m³)
Pirimiphos-methyl is a fast acting wide range insecticide with contact and vapour action. It has long lasting effect to a wide range of stored product pests, but it is not sufficiently effective against Rhyzopertha dominica. The effect is comparable to that of fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos-methyl, but pirimiphos-methyl appears more potent to malathion-resistant strains. In the last years pirimiphos-methyl-resistances have already been occasionally reported.
LD50: 4 000 tug kg
MRL: no recommendation
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 15 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 1 - 2%
This insecticide has shown to be effective against many species stored product pests. It has a good persistence on alkaline surfaces and is therefore used for structural treatments of warehouses and concrete silos.
- Pyrethroids:
LD50: 500 mg / kg
MRL: 2 ppm (in Australia)
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 1 - 2 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.4 - 0.8%
Cyfluthrin provides reliable protection of stored products against crawling and flying insects. It controls insect strains resistant to organophosphorous compounds. It has a long residual activity also on alkaline surfaces.
LD50: 135 - 5 000 mg / kg
MRL: 1 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 1 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.1 - 0.1 5%
Space treatments: dilute with diesel to up to 1% (1 l/1 000 m³)
Deltamethrin is one of the most potent active ingredients of the synthetic pyrethroids. It is effective against most storage pests (exception: Sitophilus spp.), in particular against all species of the family of Bostrichidae such as Rhyzopertha dominica and Prostephanus truncates. It shows a delayed but long lasting action.
LD50: 451 mg/kg
MRL: 2 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 2 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.5%
Fenvalerate has shown to be effective against Rhyzopertha dominica It acts as a contact and stomach poison against most insect species and has an adequate stability.
LD50: 430 - 4 000 mg/kg
MRL: 2 ppm
Dosage rate (admixture to cereals): 2 ppm
Dosage rate (surface treatment): 0.25%
Permethrin is effective against a wide range of stored product pests, particularly against Rhyzopertha dominica and Prostephanus truncates, but it has only weak action on species of Tribolium. It is most valuable when used in combination with organophosphorous insecticides and has a long stability.
- Combined products:
The following dosages apply for the admixture of combined products formulated as dustable powders to stored cereals:
Fenitrothion + Cyfluthrin:
8 + 0.2 ppm
Fenitrothion + Fenvalerate:
5 + 1 ppm
Pirimiphos-methyl + Deltamethrin:
5 + 0.5 ppm
Pirimiphos-methyl + Permethrin:
8 + 1.5 ppm
For combined products MRL are not yet defined by FAO/WHO, as it is difficult to assess synergistic effects which may occur.
8.1.7 Toxicity of Insecticides
Insecticides are not only poisonous to the target organisms but also in varying degrees to humans, animals and the environment.
The "LD50" of an insecticide is used to assess its potential danger. LD stands for Lethal Dose. The LD50 is stated in milligrams (mg) of the relevant insecticide per kilogram body weight of test animals, usually rats. The LD50 is the amount of an active ingredient which will lead to the death of 50% of a group of test animals after a single application. As the toxicity of an insecticide also varies according to the kind of contact with the body, a distinction is made between LD50 (oral) and LD50 (dermal).
Insecticides are classified according to their toxicity as follows:
LD50 for rats (mg/kg body weight)
Extremely hazardous
under 25
under 50
Highly hazardous
25 - 200
50 - 400
Moderately hazardous
200 - 2 000
400 - 2 000
Slightly hazardous
over 2 000
over 2 000
The LD50 applies to the pure active ingredient of an insecticide although the concentration as well as the type of formulation and application also play a role. Insecticides with a high LD50 have a relatively low acute toxicity. This does not affect, however, possible long-term (chronic) dangers to health.
In order to estimate the long-term effects of an insecticide, the "no effect dose" is used. This dose is generally referred to as NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level). This refers to the highest concentration of an active ingredient in mg kg body weight of test animals administered daily in long-term tests without causing any symptoms of poisoning.
This value is divided by a safety factor, usually of 100. The result is the maximum amount of an active ingredient (in mg/kg body weight) which a person can consume daily over the complete lifespan without any damage to her or his health according to the present state of knowledge. This value is called the ADI (acceptable daily intake). Regrettably, adequate data are still lacking today in many respects, particularly as far as the combined effect of a number of chemicals is concerned.
8.1.8 Residues
Contamination with insecticide residues takes place first and foremost by eating contaminated produce. Insecticides and their decomposition products can still be found as residues in the produce treated a fairly long period ago. If the insecticide concerned has a high acute toxicity, immediate illness may result (see section 8.4.3).
Active ingredients which are chemically very stable and thus decompose slowly (i.e. which have a high persistence) may have a long term effect. Even with lower acute toxicity they may lead to chronic poisoning as a result of their accumulation, particularly in fatty tissue. This is the case, for example, with DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. Regrettably, these are still used in stored product pest control, even though they are no longer officially permitted in most countries.
"Maximum residue limits" (MRL) have been laid down for all insecticides to protect consumers. MRL refer to the relevant foodstuff As a large amount of the insecticide is decomposed in processing, higher residue limits are permitted in primary products (e.g. raw grain) than in processed products (e.g. flour). it is assumed that people eating foods containing insecticide residues not exceeding the MRL will not reach the amount stated in the ADI value (see section 8. 1.7).
As it may occur that produce treated, e.g. grain, will be eaten soon after treatment, the amount of insecticide applied must not exceed the admissible maximum residue limits. Attention is paid to this requirement in the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Joint Codex Committee and in national legislations.
In the last years preoccupation with human health has brought forth new approaches to the toxicological evaluation of insecticides. Therefore the TMDI (theoretical maximum daily intake) has been introduced, which is based on the multiplication of the MRL of staple items of national diets by their estimated daily consumption.
As it is practically impossible to predict the TMDI it has been proposed by FAO/WHO to use the estimated maximum daily intake (EMDI) for a more realistic assessment of health hazards for consumers. A further refinement is the estimated daily intake (EDI). Calculation of these factors is, however, only possible for countries with reliable databases, so that their practical value is rather limited.
In order to keep the intake of insecticides as low as possible, the following measures should be taken:
- Only use active ingredients and formulations which are
officially approved for use in stored product pest control!
- Exactly observe the recommended application rates!
- Treat stored product only once and avoid local overdosages!
- Avoid any unnecessary insecticide treatment!
- Do not treat the produce shortly before it is sold or eaten!
8.1.9 Resistance
Resistance means that the target pests are no longer controlled by the originally recommended application rate of an insecticide. Resistance develops as a result of a selection process. In a pest population there are always individuals which react less sensitively than the majority to any insecticide treatment. They have a chance of surviving and of reproducing. If they succeed they pass on their insensibility to the next generation. Thus, over a period of time, a process of selection of resistant insects takes place.
Insect species with a high rate of reproduction (short generation periods, large number of offspring) build up resistance more rapidly than others. The climate in the tropics and the resulting short generation periods are particularly favourable to the development of resistance. The process of resistance development is speeded up, if
· the same active ingredient is used over a long
· the insecticide is partly degraded due to overstorage
· the insecticide is underdosed
· the insecticide is partly degraded due to overstorage
· the active ingredient is unevenly distributed
· insecticide applications are performed frequently
· bad hygiene conditions exist.
An insect population may become resistant to two different insecticides, even if they have only been treated with one of them. I his phenomenon is called cross resistance and may even occur if the two insecticides belong to two different chemical groups.
When insects show resistance against different active ingredients as well as against different groups of insecticides multi-resistance exists.
A distinction is made between various forms of resistance:
- Physiological resistance: the insects have the ability
to neutralize the active ingredient in their metabolism before it can take toxic
- Morphological resistance: the insects have adapted their physical structure, e.g. wax layer or hairs to avoid penetration of the insecticide into the insect's body.
- Behavioural resistance: the insects actively avoid coming into contact with the insecticide.
The following measures should be taken to prevent resistance:
- Change the active ingredient regularly (if possible once a
- Use insecticides only under perfect hygiene conditions!
- Ensure that dosage and application are correct!
- Do not use insecticides unless necessary!
Increasing the amount of insecticide is no solution as it promotes further resistance. I his approach is also uneconomical and not permitted because of let al stipulations of maximum residue limits.
Note: As a result of the intensive application of malathion in recent years, resistance to this insecticide has developed world-wide. It is therefore no longer possible to generally recommend it for pest control in storage. Malathion-resistant insects frequently exhibit cross resistances to newer organophosphorous compounds.
Attention should be paid to the fact, that resistances against chorpyrifos-methyl are already rather widespread and first resistances against pirimiphos-methyl have already appeared in countries, where it is applied frequently. Resistant insect strains may be world-wide distributed by the trade.
8.2.1 Surface Treatment Using Sprays
Sprays for storage pest control are prepared of EC- and WP-formulations (see section 8.1.3). They are used for surface treatment of both storage rooms and stacks of bags. They may also be used to spray produce during its transportation on conveyor belts into silos.
22.214.171.124 Sprayers
Depending on the height and size of the area being treated, manually operated or motor-driven knapsack or mobile pump sprayers with a capacity of between 10 and 100 litres are used The latter are particularly recommendable for the treatment of the roof area in large stores illustrations of some of the most
The operating instructions must be carefully observed when using the sprayers in order to avoid any incorrect treatment, health damage or damage to the sprayers. Regular care and maintenance of the sprayers is a matter of course. Thorough cleaning after use is particularly necessary.
Figure 107
18.104.22.168 Preparing the Spraying Liquid
The spraying liquid should always be prepared in a bucket and not directly in the sprayer. This ensures a thorough mixing.
For the preparation of EC formulations pour the required amount of water in a bucket (1), add the calculated amount of insecticide with a measuring cup (2) and thoroughly mix using a stick (3). The mixture should then be filled into the sprayer through the filter located on the insecticide tank (4) in order to avoid the clogging of the nozzle by din. EC liquids for spraying are stable mixtures (emulsions) which do not separate even after longer periods.
Figure 108
For the preparation of WP formulations weigh the necessary amount, mix it to a thick paste with a little water and then dilute by slowly adding the remaining water. Stir thoroughly with a stick. WP mixtures for spraying are instable suspensions and must be continually stirred while being applied to avoid the powder settling on the bottom of the spray tank.
220.127.116.11 Application of the Spray
Treatment should start immediately after the mixture is ready. If any liquid is left in the sprayer for a while, it should be mixed again before being applied.
It is important that the amount calculated and prepared for the area being treated (see section 184.108.40.206) is applied evenly. This requires some experience on the part of the user. In case of remaining or not sufficient spraying liquid quicker or slower operation should be performed the next time in order to treat the intended area.
When treating surfaces it is important to proceed systematically. On walls, even distribution is achieved by proceeding like shown in the following illustration:
In doing so, markers such as joints, beams or patches should be used as orientation points to avoid leaving any spaces or treating other parts twice. The standing distance from the wall should be chosen so that the spray covers the wall with the smallest possible droplets. This means in practice that it is necessary to stand closer to the wall when treating the upper parts and further away when treating the bottom:
Standing too far away from the wall will mean that the insecticide spray only partly reaches the surface of the wall. Standing too near to the wall means that a large amount of insecticide will be concentrated on a small area, causing the liquid to run down the wall. Both of these faults must definitely be avoided. The roof can be best treated from the bag stacks if no motor operated high pressure pump sprayer is available.
Figure 109
Figure 110
When treating bag stacks, the upper surface should be treated first, followed by the sides. Particular attention should be paid to the spaces between the bags in order to prevent untreated places.
The area underneath the pallets should be sprayed as far as the range of the sprayer being used permits.
The floor of a store is treated last working from the back of the store towards the doors.
Any remaining spray can be used for areas of particular risk, such as edges and gaps or empty pallets where insects may hide.
After treatment, the sprayer must be rinsed immediately using clean water. Special care should be given to the nozzle.
Figure 111
8.2.2 Fogging
Fogging is performed using FOG (HN) formulations which are ready-for-use or suitable (heat resistant) EC-formulations mixed with diesel oil. They are applied using a thermal fogger. This method is particularly suited for dealing with flying pests, particularly with moths.
FOG formulations do not penetrate the stored produce. Therefore, fogging is of no use against infestation with beetles or larvae.
It is advisable to repeat fogging after about a fortnight in order to deal with any moths which have hatched in the meantime. The necessity of this procedure has to be checked before doing so.
The basic requirement for the success of fogging is that the active ingredient acts for at least 12 hours. This means that the store must be adequately sealed. If the fog is able to escape through holes, gaps, ventilation openings, doors etc. the treatment will not be very effective.
Application is simple. The FOG formulation has to be filed into the insecticide tank of the fogger. Place the machine in the ajar door of the store and start it.
Figure 112
Switch off any electric lights in the store before treatment as explosion might occur. Keep attention that the tube of the fogging machine is not too close to the bag stack as fire is possible. When fogging stops remove the machine and lock the door. Remember to put up warning signs!
In very large halls, it is advisable to enter the store with the fogger, switch it on and slowly move backwards to the exit in front of the cloud of fog. Wear a mask!
It is advisable to fog during the weekend when nobody is working. After treatment, ventilate the store well for several hours before entering.
Commercial smoke cartridges may be used if no thermal fogger is available.
Figure 113
Great care should be paid in calculating the amount of insecticide to be used, because:
- if the dosage it too low, it
· lack of efficient control
· waste of money
· promotion of resistance
- if the dosage is too high, it
· danger to users and consumers
· uneconomic usage
Only the correct dosage guarantees optimum pest control whilst also keeping all risks to a minimum (see sections 8.1.5 and 8.1.6). The details as to the recommended application rates and to the active ingredient content are to be found on the label of the container in which the insecticide is sold.
Stored produce which is to be treated directly must be weighed.
Surface areas to be treated must be measured and calculated.
For organizations with a number of stores, it is advisable to introduce standardized stack sizes and issue technical instructions for treatments. These must include the following details on making up spray mixtures:
· Amount of water per standardized stack (in
· Specification and amount of insecticide per standardized stack (in ml for EC formulations and g for WP formulations)
This simplifies carrying out treatments and avoids wrong dosages being made.
8.3.1 Calculating the Dosage for Surface Treatment Using Dust Formulations
Recommended application rates given in g/m²
(= g commercial product/m² surface area)
Details required for calculation:
- surface area to be treated (in m²)
- recommended application rate of insecticide (in g/m²)
The calculated surface area to be treated (in m²) is multiplied by the recommended application rate of the insecticide.
Example: A stack of bags has a surface area of 120 m². It is to be treated with a 5% dustable powder formulation. The recommended application rate is 10 g / m².
10 g/m² × l20m² = 1200g
of the 5% dust formulation is thus required to treat the stack.
8.3.2 Calculating the Dosage for Surface Treatment Using EC and WP Formulations
Two questions have to be answered in order to calculate the dosage for EC and WP formulations:
1. How much spray mixture is required to treat the surface area?
2. How much insecticide is required for the correct amount of spray mixture?
18.104.22.168 Amount of Spray Mixture for Surface Treatments
Details for calculation:
· surface area to be treated (in m²)
· recommended application rate of spray mixture (in l/100 m²).
The following basic principle applies: The smoother the surface, the less spray mixture will be required.
The following amounts are recommended for surface treatments of:
smooth walls: 3 - 51/100 m²
rough walls: 6 - 8//100 m²
jute bags: 8 - 101/100 m²
plastic bags: 3 - 5//100 m².
To calculate the required amount of spray mixture, the recommended application rate is multiplied by the actual surface area to be treated.
Example: A stack of jute bags has a surface area of 160 m². The recommended application rate is 8l/100 m².
8l/ 100 m² × 160 m ²= 12.8 l
of spray mixture is thus required to treat the stack.
184.108.40.206 Calculating the Amount of insecticide Required for the Spray Mixture
- Recommended application rate given in ml/l (EC) or g/l
(= ml or g of commercial product/l of spray mixture)
Details for calculation:
· amount of spray mixture (in l)
· recommended application rate of insecticide (in ml/l for EC or g/l for WP formulations)
The recommended application rate of the insecticide is multiplied by the amount of spray mixture calculated.
Example: 12.8 l of spray mixture is required to treat a stack of bags
a) it is to be treated with an EC formulation with 50% active ingredient. The recommended application rate is 20 ml/l.
20 ml/l x 12.8 l = 256 ml
of the EC formulation is thus required.
b) it is to be treated with a WP formulation with 40% active ingredient. The recommended application rate is 30 g/l.
30 g/l x 1 2.8 = 384 g
of the WP formulation is thus required.
- Recommended application rate of insecticide given in %
(= % of active ingredient in spray mixture)
Details for calculation: · Amount of spray mixture required (in 1) · Active ingredient content of the insecticide (in %) · Recommended application rate of the insecticide (in %)
In this case, the amount of insecticide required can be seen from the following per cent table by means of the concentration of active ingredient in the commercial product and the recommended rate of the active ingredient in the spray mixture. The amounts of insecticide listed are in ml/l for EC and g/l of spray mixture for WP formulations. The dosage can be calculated in four steps with the aid of the % table:
1. The top row shows various application rates in %. Find the correct column for the amount stated!
2. The left column shows various concentrations of active ingredients in insecticides in %.
Find the correct row for the concentration of the active ingredient stated on the label of the insecticide used!
3. Find the intersection of the chosen row and column! The figure listed there is the amount of EC or WP formulation in ml or g required for 1 litre of spray mixture.
4. Calculate the amount of insecticide to prepare the actual amount of spray mixture required!
Example: 12.8 litres of spray mixture are required. A SO EC insecticide is to be used (concentration of active ingredient = 50%). The recommended application rate is 0.25% (concentration of active ingredient in the spraying mixture).
The point where the 50% row crosses the 0.25% column shows the amount required for 1 litre of spray mixture: 5 ml of the EC50 formulation.
5 ml/l × 12.8 l = 64 ml
of the insecticide are thus required for 12.8 litres of spray mixture.
The increase in volume of the spray mixture resulting from adding the insecticide to the water can be disregarded. Calculations of WP formulations are made as for EC formulations.
Table for the calculation of the amount of insecticide needed for 1 litre of spray mixture
Figure 114
8.3.3 Calculating the Dosage for Fogging
The dosage of a togging concentrate depends on the volume of the free space in the store. It is thus necessary to first determine the total volume of the store and deduct the volume of the stacks from this figure.
Recommended application rates of ready-to-use fog formulations are generally stated in ml/100 m³ volume.
A store which is 40 m long, 15 m wide and 8 m high contains 10 stacks of bags of the same size, all measuring 5 m x 5 m x 4 m. Infestation with moths is to be dealt with using Dichlorvos, a ready-to-use commercial fog formulation. The recommended application rate is 100 ml/100 m³
Calculation of the volume of empty space in the store:
Store: 40 m x 15 m x 8 m = 4 800 m³
Stacks: 5 m x 5 m x 4 m = 100 m³ x 10 = 1 000 m³
Free space: 4 800 m³ - 1000 m³ = 3 800 m³
100 ml/100 m³ x 3 800 m³ = 3 800 ml = 3.8 l
of the fog formulation are thus required.
Insecticides constitute greater or lesser dangers to humans and to all other living organisms. In order to minimize the risk of damage being caused, precautionary measures must be strictly adhered to when dealing with insecticides. Even apparently inconsequential violations of safety regulations may have serious results, many of which will not be immediately recognizable.
8.4.1 Storing Insecticides
When storing insecticides, it is imperative:
- that any danger to humans, animals or the environment be
- that the insecticides remain effective as long as possible
Figure 115
The following points must therefore be observed:
- Keep insecticides locked away so that no unauthorized persons
have access to them! For small amounts, a poison cabinet in a well-ventilated
room will suffice; a pesticide store will be necessary for larger amounts.
- Store insecticides away from other commodities and never in offices or other rooms where people often spend time!
- Store insecticides only in their original packaging in order to prevent any possibility of confusion! Never fill insecticides into empty bottles or tins!
- Store insecticides in cool, dry and shadowed places!
- Purchase only amounts which can be expected to be used up in a single storage period. Especially dustable powders degrade fast under tropical climate conditions and loose their effectivity. Additionally this practice allows to change active ingredients regularly in order to prevent the development of resistance.
- The 'first in - first out! 'rule must always apply to insecticides.
Figure 116
8.4.2 Handling insecticides
When treating produce with insecticides, it is particularly important that the user is protected. Due to the great responsibility connected to this activity, treatment must only be performed by people who are sufficiently familiar with techniques and possible dangers. When less-qualified personnel apply insecticides, they must be instructed and supervised by a qualified technician.
Figure 117
The following rules must be observed:
- Always read the label and follow the manufacturer's
- Pay attention to the warning signs on the packaging and take them seriously! Highly toxic products bear the "skull and crossbones" symbol. Less toxic ones bear a cross:
- Simple graphic designs without words (pictograms) have been devised to communicate key safety informations to people of varied levels of literacy. Their meaning is shown on the next page.
- Preplan for emergencies: inform a nearby doctor about chemicals used, be aware of first aid measures and always have plenty of water and soap and medical charcoal at hand!
- Check that the equipment used for applying the insecticides is in good condition (dusters, sprayers, fogging machines)!
- Mix spraying liquids in the open air, not in the store!
- Avoid any contact with the insecticides!
- Do not inhale any insecticide vapours!
- Never use your hands to mix insecticides! Always use a clean stick!
- Never use your mouth to blow into blocked nozzles!
- Always wear protective clothing when mixing and applying insecticides!
Figure 118
Figure 119
Protective clothing consists of:
· Overall (made of light cotton material in the tropics) or
trousers and long-sleeved shirt
· Hat (preferably with a rim)
· Respirator or a face shield with a fine dust filter
· Rubber gloves
· Wellington boots or firm leather footwear (no sandals)
Figure 120
- Do not drink, eat or smoke when working with insecticides
- Do not drink any alcohol either directly before or directly after insecticides, as this accelerates the body's intake of toxic substances.
- Use buckets solely for mixing insecticides and never for any other purpose, not even if they have been thoroughly cleaned!
- Never spill any left-over spray mixture!
- Only mix up as much spraying liquid as required in accordance with the calculated dosage. Small left-over amounts of the mixture can always be used for places in the store which are particularly endangered or for treating empty pallets.
- Dispose of all empty insecticide packages! They still contain traces of the insecticide even after being thoroughly cleaned.
Figure 121
The safest way of disposing is by destroying them (crushing cans, cutting up plastic containers, breaking bottles). Bury them in waste land, far away from wells, settlements or cultivated areas.
It is not advisable to burn them, as dangerous toxic gases may be produced on doing so.
Figure 122
Figure 123
- Thoroughly clean all material and machines used! Rinse
spraying equipment, buckets, measuring cups, etc. using plenty of water.
- Wash protective clothing with sufficient soap (or washing powder) and water! Wash separately from other clothes!
Take care that wells or other water sources do not become contaminated when you wash your clothes!
- Take a shower or wash thoroughly after using insecticides for
- Always put on clean clothes after washing!
- If necessary, fix warning signs (e.g. after fogging) and lock buildings which have been treated to prevent any danger to other persons!
8.4.3 Poisoning and First Aid
If insecticides are used correctly, poisoning is not likely to occur. Most accidents are due to carelessness and disregarding rules and regulations.
Figure 124
Contamination with insecticide will take place:
- by swallowing (oral contamination)
- by absorption through the skin (dermal contamination)
- by inhaling the fumes of insecticides (respiratory contamination).
In addition, insecticides may directly enter the bloodstream through open wounds.
A distinction is made between two types of poisoning:
· Acute poisoning, when symptoms can be seen after
absorbing the insecticide a single time.
· Chronic poisoning, when symptoms do only become apparent after absorbing the insecticide a number of times. Chronic poisoning may not be detected in some cases until years later.
Depending on the type of contamination, the toxicity, the amount absorbed, the insecticide formulation and the constitution of the person affected, the following symptoms may appear in varying degrees:
Should any of these symptoms occur, even slightly, first-aid treatment should be given immediately and the person concerned should be taken to the nearest doctor as soon as possible. Note that severe acute poisoning can lead to death!
The following first-aid measures should be carried out without any delay in the case of poisoning:
Slight poisoning
Moderate poisoning
Severe poisoning
Dermal contamination: irritation, perspiration, headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, weakness
excessive perspiration, rapid pulse, fatigue, nervous distress, slurred speech, confusion
convulsions, loss of consciousness, loss of pulse, respiratory failure
Eye contamination: irritation, watering
blurred vision, widened or narrowed pupils
Ingestion: diarrhoea perspiration, loss of appetite, irritated vomiting, trembling and mouth and throat
nausea, stomach cramps, extreme salivation, loss of pulse, twitching of muscles
convulsions, respiratory failure, loss of consciousness respiratory failure,
Inhalation: difficulty in breathing, of coughing
convulsions, loss chest pain
pulse, loss of consciousness
Skin contact:
- Remove any contaminated clothing!
- Wash the affected part of the body with plenty of water and soap!
- Should there be no water immediately available, wipe the insecticide off using a cloth and look for water!
- if the insecticide has come into contact with the person's eyes, rinse under
Figure 125
Figure 126
Inhalation or swallowing:
- Put the person affected in a shady place, open any tight
clothing and lay him in a comfortable position until there is a possibility of
taking hint to a doctor!
- If the person affected is unconscious, lay him on his side and take care that he is able to breathe freely (clear the respiration tract if necessary)!
Figure 127
Figure 128
- Make any affected person who is not unconscious vomit (by
putting his fingers down his throat or giving him salt-water to drink (I
teaspoon of salt in a glass of water) in order to remove any toxic substances
still in his stomach!
- Apart from water and, if available, activated carbon, do not give the affected person anything to eat or to drink! Water will dilute any toxic substances ingested (important for caustic substances) and activated carbon will absorb most toxic substances.
Never offer affected persons eggs, milk, alcohol, etc! All of these substances accelerate the body's intake of toxic substances.
Figure 129
Figure 130
- In every case of poisoning or suspicion of poisoning, visit a
doctor, even if the symptoms are not present! Symptoms often do not appear until
several hours later, and important time may be lost for treatment.
- Take the packaging or the label of the insecticide with you in order to provide the doctor with all necessary details!
Equipment for the use of insecticides includes:
- Application equipment (dusters, sprayers, fogging
- Buckets
- Measuring cups (1 - 2 litre, 100 ml)
- insecticide scale
- Stirring stick
- Tape measure
- Approved insecticide
- Clean water
- Protective clothing, consisting of:
· light overall
· headwear
· respirator or face shield with dust mask
· goggles
· rubber gloves
· boots
Problems of Pesticide Residues in Stored Grain, GASGA Executive Seminar Series No. 3, 24 pp
Le stockage des produits vivriers et semenciers Maisonneuve et Larose et A.C.C.T., Two
Volumes, tog. 225 pp.
BAUR, F.l., ed. (1984)
Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, St. Paul, 384 pp.
Report of the FAO Global Survey of Pesticide Susceptibility of Stored Grain Pests, FAO, Rome, 297 pp.
Pesticides and Humid Tropical Grain Storage Systems, ACIAR Proc. No. 14, Manila, 364 pp.
An Agromedical Approach to Pesticide Management, USAID, Washington., 320 pp.
Mixing insecticide Powders with Grain for Storage, TPI, London, 14 pp.
Regional Agro-pesticide index Asia, Pacific, Africa, CIRAD, Bangkok, 3 volumes, 566, 548 and 498 pp.
Agro-Pesticides: Their Management and Application, Bangkok, 205 pp.
Index Phytosanitaire Afrique, Paris, 255 pp.
Grain Protectants, ACIAR, Canberra, 448 pp.
Food Crop Protection in West and Central Africa, MCP, Paris, 525 pp.


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I don't think this has been reported so far, but sometimes when my phone is on stand-by mode(screen turned off and locked), and I press either the power or the home button to wake it, it doesn't response.Sometimes it needs to keep pressing power button and some times it doesn't wake at all, I have to leave it for half a minute and then, when i try again, it wakes up.
This happens more frequently when I have unread SMS.Anyone else having this?
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The powerful polar vortex causing the "big freeze" in parts of the U.S. has forced tens of millions of Americans to confront record cold winter temperatures. While waiting for the bus in the icy New York winds, I reflected on a report I picked up earlier at the U.N. dealing with the widening humanitarian crisis in Syria and how the vortex of conflict in that Middle Eastern land has engulfed a generation of children in the most horrible conditions in a civil war without mercy.
It's that time to consult the snow globe and try to peer ahead at some of the key stories, crises and opportunities which await the world as we prepare for a new year. Indeed, 2013 has been marred by new levels of violence, humanitarian disasters and a perceptible lack of leadership from the U.S. on the foreign policy front.
Faced with the ongoing civil war in Syria, the natural disaster in the Philippines and a spreading civil conflict in the Central African Republic, the U.N. humanitarian agencies are confronting a near perfect storm of political and natural disasters. Add the continuing needs from earlier trouble spots such as South Sudan, Somalia and Haiti and the system and donor states are facing a near overload.
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2013/12/14, 2 Comments
Situated geographically between two blocs, divided culturally and religiously between two civilizations and now placed in the political conundrum of choosing between East and West, Ukraine is again the object the competing interests. And amid the political and gravitational pull of the two sides are the swirling clouds of Ukraine's tumultuous 20th century history.
In a world where politicians and potentates clog the media with pre-packaged sound bites, yammer on with a staccato of political chatter, or drone on with endless explanations of subjects even they forgot, it's heartening to see a former British prime minister act the role of statesman and sage. Thus, after the sonorous drone of the recent U.N. General debate, it's a pleasure hearing Tony Blair address key global issues with passion, verve, and dedication.
Super Typhoon Haiyan, which swept across the central Philippines, left a brutal legacy of death, destruction and dislocation in its wake. The category-five storm which slammed into Leyte and Cebu directly confronted the global community with yet another gripping disaster in which 13 million people were affected, with over 4 million persons displaced and at least 4,000 dead.
You can't make this up. In recent elections for the U.N.'s 47 member Human Rights Council (UNHRC), some of the winners of the coveted seats are ironically the countries who are among the major global human rights transgressors. The situation ironically evokes the old adage of the foxes guarding the henhouse or of Tony Soprano chairing a Senate subcommittee on organized crime.
As civil war, political stalemate, and the tragic humanitarian hemorrhage of refugees continues, Syria approaches its third winter of conflict.
A host of "systemic and systematic violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights" continue to plague Iran despite the election of the purportedly reformist President Hassan Rouhani. That's part of a stinging assessment of the current human rights landscape according to Ahmed Shaheed, the U.N.'s Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran.