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Triathletes in the second half-century of life, or for anyone at any age who is simply young at heart. We're not getting older, we're just tri-ing harder.
Members: 310
Latest Activity: Dec 7, 2014
Started by Ramon Lozada. Last reply by Jeff Smith Oct 11, 2014. 1 Reply 0 Likes
Good day boys & girls !!I want to hear the "Voice of the Experience" ...Me and my wife are a young couple with a new born baby and we wanna go to hawaii in 2015 for IM 70.3.For that date , May…Continue
Started by August Zupka. Last reply by Rod Couser May 24, 2014. 69 Replies 0 Likes
I am 55 and have found that it's getting harder to train and performance is dropping. I have added a variety of vitamins and minerals to my diet which appear to be working. Has anyone else done…Continue
Started by Dick Shores. Last reply by Rod Couser May 24, 2014. 21 Replies 0 Likes
In my first triathlon in many years and also wearing a wetsuit in a triathlon for the first time, I became short of breath and had a definite loss of energy. I managed to finish the race in fairly…Continue
Started by Bob Bastiaans. Last reply by Bob Bastiaans Sep 8, 2013. 5 Replies 0 Likes
I will be competing at Los Cabos and my wife and some friends will be attending. I see there are a good number of hotels and that they are scattered around. I am looking for a recommendation on a…Continue
Thanks for the wonderful blog post Steven :)
I am curious to know how many triathletes in this group are 65 and older. Also, is there any interest in starting a group that focuses on the unique problems golfers in this age group face as they age and train?
3rd night of wearing 'the sock' for my PF. I don't know if it was the incredible thunderstorm on the NC coast early this morning, the bike interval training yesterday, the couple of glasses of bubbly last night but I had to take off 'the sock' to fall back asleep. For those that wore the sock or are wearing the sock currently, how much did you cut back your training? Today will be my first run day after the half last Sunday wanting to give my foot a good rest.
Steven, great post! Thank you!
I just bought the inserts from Heal that pain for me and a friend of mine. She has pf and I feel my heal and want to avoid it.... i sure hope they work great for us!
Terrible that stuff was stolen from your vehicle, but very fortunate that nothing irreplaceable was taken. Was the vehicle broken into, or just unlocked at the time?
Sorry that happened Wayne. Glad your medal was not taken.
I saw that medal in person, a colleague at work earned one last year, and it is awesome as are the people that earned it! Glad it was only replaceable items stolen and no harm to person. Imagine if we could just be nice to each other.
Wayne - That medal is a lot nicer than the one I got in 2007. I have to do that race again. Sorry to hear of your mishap.
© 2015 Created by iAmTri.


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Christmas Sugar Cookie Cutouts
|All purpose flour
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Baking powder
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Cup (16 tbs), softened (Do Not Use Margarine)
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|2 Large
|Vanilla extract
|1 Teaspoon
1. In large bowl, combine flour, baking powder, and salt. In separate large bowl, with mixer at low speed, beat butter and sugar until blended. Increase speed to high; beat until light and fluffy, about 5 minutes. Reduce speed to low; beat in eggs and vanilla until mixed. Beat in flour mixture, just until blended, occasionally scraping bowl with rubber spatula.
2. Divide dough into four equal pieces. Shape each into disk; wrap each disk in waxed paper and freeze until firm enough to roll, at least 2 hours or refrigerate overnight.
3. Preheat oven to 350°F. On lightly floured surface, with floured rolling pin, roll one piece of dough until slightly less than 1/4 inch thick; refrigerate remaining dough. With floured 3- to 4-inch assorted cookie cutters, cut out as many cookies as possible, reserving trimmings for rerolling. Place cookies, about 1 inch apart, on two ungreased large cookie sheets.
4. Bake cookies until golden around edges, 12 to 15 minutes, rotating cookie sheets between upper and lower oven racks halfway through baking. With wide spatula, transfer cookies to wire racks to cool completely. Use Ornamental Frosting or colored sugar to decorate cookies, if desired.
5. Repeat with remaining cookie dough and the trimmings.

subset: commoncrawl


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Red by John Logan
Presented by Merrimack Repertory Theatre at Nancy L. Donahue Theatre at Liberty Hall
February 14 - March 10, 2013
When a lucrative commission challenges abstract painter Mark Rothko's aesthetic, he and his young assistant must work feverishly to blend art and commerce. A fiery and fiercely funny Tony Award-Winner for Best Play.
Nancy L. Donahue Theatre at Liberty Hall
50 East Merrimack Street
Lowell, MA 01852
Admission Info:
Phone: 978-654-4678
Accessibility Information: Currently, no accessibility information is available for this event.


text:
Originally written on MyTeamRivals.com | Last updated 2/4/13
Last night during Super Bowl 47, 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick looked young and showed his first signs of being a little rattled during a game. Kaepernick still had an awesome game with 302 yards passing and 62 rushing yards. After the game in a move that displays class, maturity, and leadership, Kaepernick put it all on him, and told CSNBay Area that he made to many mistakes for his team to win. "I feel like I made too many mistakes for us to win," Kaepernick said. "Things weren't working in the first half," Kaepernick said. "We just didn't finish our drives. We turned the ball over a couple times. That was the difference in the game." "We stopped ourselves," Kaepernick said. Colin Kaepernick is only 25 years old, and even with a Super Bowl run has still only started 11 total ball games, He will be fine and one of the more dynamic playmaking quarterbacks in the NFL for years to come. Check out other great articles at BlackSportsOnline.
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Delivery and returns
Home delivery
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- We can't deliver wine internationally or to our stores for collection.
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- Château Mirefleurs Bordeaux
- Vintage: 2009
- Rich, fragrant Bordeaux bursting with blackcurrant aromas and notes of leather and spice. A twist of dark prune, pencil-lead and liquorice adds a bracing mineral edge that keeps this wine tongue-tinglingly fascinating. And an ever-present weight of cherry and blackberry ensures this red is not only statuesque but generously fruity too.
- About this bottle: Made by ambitious young winemaker Paul-Henri Parlange, who aims for depth and concentration in his wines, with rich roasted flavours. This burly claret sees oak casks for maturation and a majority focus (over 75%) on the Merlot grape. Château Mirefleurs is in Yvrac, a small hamlet on the edge of Bordeaux.
- Grape Variety: Merlot
- Country of origin: France
- More information
- Bottle size: 750 ml
- Alcohol content: 13.5 %
- Alcohol units per bottle: 9.7
- Alcohol units per serving: 1.6
- Serving Size: 125 ml
- Allergens: Sulphites
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nanook (nanook)'s status on Thursday, 09-Jan-14 09:03:56 PST
Death Statistics and Fukushima - http://www.eskimo.com/news/death-statistics-and-fukushima/Thursday, 09-Jan-14 09:03:56 PST from WP-status-net at 47°45'20"N 122°20'29"W
Death Statistics and Fukushima - http://www.eskimo.com/news/death-statistics-and-fukushima/
Eskimo North StatusNet is a microblogging service brought to you by Eskimo North. It runs the StatusNet microblogging software, version 1.1.1-release, available under the GNU Affero General Public License.
All Eskimo North StatusNet content and data are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license.


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1992 BEST Butcher
Sulmona Meat Market
For veal, lamb, and especially pork, this is the source. And don't miss the pancetta.
Be respectful of our online community and contribute to an engaging conversation. We reserve the right to remove impersonators or personal attacks, threats, profanity, or flat-out offensive comments. By posting here, you are permitting Boston magazine and Metro Corp. to edit and republish your comment in all media.


text:
In this roundup we look at different uses of Dropbox, how to end phone calls without being rude. The new Bing Visual search, Google's new Magazine style fast flip, Flickr Galleries and Facebook's new twitter copied @ tagging.Read More
Microsoft recently unveiled a new feature called Bing and Ping for its Bing search engine that will allows people to share search results on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter.Read More
Bing has definitely been making inroads into search engine market, last time around it was Yahoo on the receiving end when Bing took some traffic from Yahoo, however now that both Bing and Yahoo have come together to fight Google, it is more than certain that they may lose some market share.Read More
Bing the ever growing decision making search engine has grown a little bit more Twitter friendly than their earlier announcement of introduction of twitter tweets in search results, with the introduction of BingTweets, a search engine which will also display real-time tweets in the results page.Read More
In a certain embarrassment for both Bing and Google, a search on Google for the keyword Bing, shows the second result's title as Bing Temporarily Unavailable.Read More
Microsoft has been getting a lot of things right with their decision engine Bing, the latest being the introduction of showing twitter tweets in search results. This would introduce real-time search into Bing, Google has been after twitter for quite sometime now to integrate real-time search, however surprising Bing has beaten them to it. Starting […]Read More
Google launched a new feature called explore Google Search to counter Bing, however guess who is more real time in picking up the search, it is Bing, and surprisingly both of them ignored twitter and brought up their own results.Read More
Bing has seen success beyond imagination in such a short span. We recently wrote about Bing overtaking yahoo in search market share, but what we are not sure is if this a permanent damage to Yahoo's Search market or if this was the result of Microsoft's marketing strategy.Read More
Bing is suddenly sitting pretty much in a really good position, with Bing taking the second position over from Yahoo in both US and global traffic to search engines, this though should bring good news to webmasters since they would now get more traffic to their blogs or websites.Read More
Bing the latest search engine from Microsoft has launched to a very welcoming audience, lots of people said real good things about this new search engine, within a few days of launching it has already surpassed Yahoo to take the number 2 position in US and global search market according to Statcounter.com.Read More


text:
Robert Abbey Kinetic 1 Light Wall Sconce
Robert Abbey Kinetic 1 Light Wall Sconce
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Armed Sconces
|Style: Contemporary
|Finish: 1: Silver/Pewter
|Finish: 2: White
|Shade Included: Yes
|Bulb Type: Incandescent
|Power Source: Hardwired; Plug-In
|Country of Manufacture: China
About the ManufacturerRobert Abbey, Inc. has been manufacturing fine lighting products for over eighty years now and prides itself on providing the highest quality products at the best possible prices.
Family owned and operated, Robert Abbey's passion has always been design. In the early 1990's they moved their factories and offices from New York to the foothills of North Carolina.
Robert Abbey products include table lamps, desk lamps, floor lamps, wall fixtures, ceiling fixtures, coffee tables, and end tables. With transitional and contemporary design, Robert Abbey is a perfect brand for today's homes. Robert Abbey features amazing products from world-renown designers such as Jonathan Adler, David Easton, and Rico Espinet.
Robert Abbey Kinetic 1 Light Wall Sconce
Customer Reviews
Tell Us What You Think!
Tell us what you think about this product. It will help us provide you with better products in the future and help your fellow shoppers make better purchases.Write the first review
OUR SKU # RAB3118Kinetic 1 Light Wall Sconce is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: B1504ALT


text:
Orientation for Fall 2014 adjunct professors. We serve food and have a panel of faculty and administrators speak to welcome them to Texas Law.
If you need an accommodation to participate in this event, please contact the sponsor listed above or the UT Law Special Events Office at email@example.com no later than seven business days prior to the event.


text:
A library to help create full HTML from a json config file.
This is a helper library that's used to manipulate HTML based on a set of instructions.
Previewr is a disposable dynamic site builder for fast front-end iterations that promotes code re-use to build the front-end of your site / web app. Using a dozen or so functions we you can create numerous pages of a site with very little efford.


text:
Comparing Five Music Players
-- Bruce Byfield (nanday)
What about the simple Audacious?
I'm a simple user, with simple needs. Just need an easy to use media player to play my mp3/wma files. I tried to use Amarok lots of times, but beside it makes me remember the stupid itunes, is also a very annoying. Only Audacious allows me to select a folder o more, put them on a playlist and press play button, after that I minimize the frontend, so why loose resources or time with visual stuffs?
I think you should also analyze and compare this players tested with Audacious.
Thanks anyway for being one of my Linux sources!
QuodLibet ftw.
QuodLibet ftw.
one more player
Quod Libet... its perfect for people with large albums
Rhythmbox automated playlists
"With all five players, you can randomize the order in which the tracks on a playlist are played. However, with Rhythmbox, that is as far as automation goes."
Not true. Rhythmbox does offer iTunes style smart playlists. While they may not be as advanced as other systems, it is a far cry from nonexistant.
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- Attack of the Drones


text:
|480 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 1/17/12
"you used to play diablo 1 and it kind of sucked"
BUUUURN THE HERETIC!!!!1!!1!!11!1!eleven
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Sandbox is just a much more fun time for me. Exploration on open worlds and player content is just fun and brings the community together. Notice most theme park games at end game just go stagnate. Only thing many do is raids, warzones, and dailies. Compared to a sandbox where you have untapped areas to have fun and just do what you want to make it more fun.
Theme parks games feel like im being led around like a dog on a leash.
Sandbox games ive never had the pleasure of standing around waiting for new content to be added.
Everyone likes their own thing, mine is a good sandbox, good crafting, good community, player housing for decoration, exploration, and so much more i just dont feel im getting from theme park games.
Hybrids though would be fun, huge open worlds with all the things i like but the story line you get from themeparks.
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/06/04
"I'm your Huckleberry!"
Noob question:
So what is the definition of a Sandbox and a Theme Park game?
Can you give me games that fit those categories too Please.
Games I played that actually were meaningful to me: UO, EQ, EQ2, Daoc, CoH, Vanguard, Lotro, SWTOR, WOW... looking forward to Pantheon: Rise of the Fallen!
Originally posted by Tokken
sandbox is more open, player content, real world stuff in a game, not tied down to one area or thing to do.
themepark is your more single player console style game, limited exploration, but good story line. Just more limited than a sandbox.
There is more to both but that should be good enough to understand.
Google has a good write up on both. Some like on, or the other, and sometimes both :) Hybrids are mixing the two, do believe they are colled sandparks here.
Novice Member
Joined: 6/17/10
I prefer sandboxes but recently no big dev had the balls to make one
So the only hope for a sandbox is archeage
"It has potential"
Originally posted by dinams
there are a couple coming soon. But it all depends if they stick to their guns or turn it into another wow clone.
The repopulation is said to be like SWG and should be out this year
And i agree archeage looks so nice, it better stay true lol
And i think one more but forgot the name.
We have a chance for a sandbox soon, i hope.
Novice Member
Joined: 2/01/12
Sandbox > Theme Park
End of story.
There is no comparison, really, for any serious gamer. Any game that a 1st or 2nd grader could jump right into without problems isn't the kind of game I (or the community of gamers with which I associate) have any interest in. To us, they are simply "mouthbreather" games.
If you want to see what players can do with a sandbox, check out these videos:
The Lost Brotherhood: Episode I
The Lost Brotherhood: Episode II
This simply could not be done in a theme park game like WoW.
And I'm not advocating any specific game, either (I currently don't play a MMOG because I'm utterly disenfranchised and disappointed with the horrible, horrible selection). But, the flexibility and virtually limitless resources provided by the game in those videos is much more attractive than the relentless and stupifying "content" provided by 99.9% of the current MMOG market.
Originally posted by Tokken
A sandbox game will never have classes that straight jacket your avatar in a particular development path. So if you see a game has classes it is a themepark game. A sandbox game is usually skill based, where you select the skills you want. They usually don't have character levels, but can if it is still skill based.
A sandbox game will usually have the economy rely on the crafters. Usually the best stuff is made by crafters, not loot drops. You kill a bear and it won't drop a sword of awsomeness. Now you can kill a boss creature to get a rare item the crafters can turn into something unique.
Originally posted by Ozmodan
A sandbox game can have classes. Sandbox and themepark is strictly due to the level of freedom an individual is offered and the impact they can make on the world.
Istaria is one of the better sandboxes out there - economy, detailed crafting, housing/city building, things that need to be build/done that impact the world... and it has classes. Yes you can learn mutliple classes but they are still classes.
As opposed to Ryzom which doesn't have classes and for some reason is considered a sandbox despite nearly no economy, only a few styles of armor (you can have multiple and unique stats though), no way to impact the world at all, and every magic style and fighting style work exactly the same way as every other magic and fighting style and crafting is all digging in the dirt. Not very sandboxy IMO.
Quit worrying about other players in a game and just play.
No you are wrong. A sandbox game cannot have classes. Classes immediately take away choice which a sandbox game needs to be called a sandbox.
Obviously you don't understand what a sandbox is, it is freedom of choice to chose how your avatar develops. Classes immediately restrict such choice.
I personally have never seen a game with classes that is essentially a sandbox. Istaria is NOT a sandbox game although it does have elements of such with it's crafting. It fails the test because it has classes which restrict your avatar.
Novice Member
Joined: 7/16/11
Originally posted by Ozmodan
I think you can have classes to begin with, so long as the skills you can acquire are not limited, eg start as a fighter and then learn scouting skills or start as a scout and learn fighting skills etc
Originally posted by RefMinor
Refminor is righ tand Ozmodan is wrong. You can have classes however you still need freedom of choice which is exactly what Istaria does. It has classes however you can drop learn any class and the skills/abilities of them (many things anyway) stay with you.
So again having classes does not necessarily limit your choice, and therefore do not limit your freedom and so aare not the definiing feature of sandbox and themepark. The definiting features are freedom and impact. If the way the class system is set up limits your freedom it is not or is less of a sandbox, if it does not than it can still be a sandbox.
Istaria is most definately a sandbox. You can learn every skill in the game, every fighting, magic, and craft. It has a more indepth crafting system than probably every game on the market and it is one of the few games out there that actually lets the things you craft have an actual lasting impact on the world. No doubt it is a sandbox. The classes do not restrict your avatar as you can learn everything and so design your character any way you want. Want to be a paladin with mage abilties, and monk dexterity - no problem.
Quit worrying about other players in a game and just play.
Novice Member
Joined: 12/09/11
you can not compare "themepark" and "sandbox" mmos
its total different ballpark
not to mention its even total different ballgame...
in themepark mmos there is generally 3 archetypes of class choice which are DPS/HEAL/Tank in certain cases there can be hybrids..
sandbox gives you freedom from level and class like Ultima Online or pre-cu SWG, where you can mix skills instead of choosing a class...
total different ballgame...
players who are casual and who don't have much time for gaming always goes for "themepark" mmos where they can sit in their major cities and use tools like battleground/warzone/warfront or they can LFG for dungeons etc..
players who are hardcore gamers generally sick of themepark and waiting for the next UO where who plays more gets more cookies..
Novice Member
Joined: 12/05/05
Who did wrong? The advertiser hired to sell the game or the consumer who put faith in advertising?
Originally posted by psysention
Are you totally sure that a sandbox cannot have classes and lvls? old SWG had classes. Are you sure you can't have a sandbox with the trinity? Or vice-versa is it possible to have a themepark without lvls and classes?
I'm not sure the definition of sandbox has been set this firmly yet.
What I've also noticed in sandboxes, is that although people don't HAVE to choose a class, they often build a badass tank, healer or dps, and judging from your logo, you might as well.
Originally posted by VengeSunsoar
What you are talking about in Istaria is not really classes. I would have to say, it is a suggested skill design that the developers assigned a name to for starting players. I was wrong about Istaria, it is a sandbox. My apologies.
I will refine my rule, you cannot have classes that restrict character development. You are probably correct, any sandbox game would be foolish to not have at least initial class design because so many of today's players would be lost without it, as long as it did not restrict you from learning other skillsets.
Istaria is rather a bad example, it was a game with great potential that due to a bad development staff, never went anywhere.
Novice Member
Joined: 12/05/05
Who did wrong? The advertiser hired to sell the game or the consumer who put faith in advertising?
Originally posted by Ozmodan
So old SWG was a themepark because there were classes?
What makes you so sure the definition of sandbox is set that firmly? Where did you find this definition and what makes it more valid than any of the other definitions out there?
Novice Member
Joined: 12/09/11
Originally posted by Zorgo
Old swg had "Skills" not classes
you had 250 skill points and you basically were able to grind skills.. there was around 34 skills... For example, marksmanship, teras kasi artist, scout, merchant, entertainer, dancer, bounty hunter, commando etc..
You can't have themepark without levels and classes bro.. because if you don't have level and classes than you give players the freedom of mixing skills.. there can be sandbox mmo with themepark mmo features like Tera Online.. But you can't have themepark with sandbox features.. i am 95% sure..
whole point of themepark is there is no freedom in game.. whole point of sandbox is there are no boundries.. i think
Advanced Member
Joined: 1/25/07
These models don't exist because everyone disagrees about the definitions of these models. Everyone has his/her opinion about it, but thats just it.
In most discussions about this, it roughly comes down to lineair vs freedom. But even the most sandy sandboxes have certain lineair gamemechanics or clear restrictions that limit freedom. At the same time certain themepark MMO's have added parallel progression paths for characters and non combat features that will give those games at least the impression of freedom.
I find it far more interesting how a lot of players who love to write about MMO's became set into a certain way of thinking. For example, how FFA PVP is now supposed to be a requirement for a sandbox MMO. Or on a different topic, how raiding automatically is associated with a gear treadmill. Or how holy trinity is the only way to have challenging PVE content.
The people who can actually think outside the box are getting flooded by posts of these badly programmed sheep who keep going through the same motions of 'mmo x is NOT a sandbox!' , 'yes it is!','no because it doesnt have FFA PVP!' etc
Novice Member
Joined: 7/15/04
This is an interesting discussion and one that I would have always answered "sandbox..!" without question.
However, now that I'm older and have a family, I'm finding it easier to hop on Themepark MMO's to get that quick fix – feeling like I've accomplished something – and then being able to log off again with only a few minutes of game time here and there. Then the occasional raid/instance with a group of friends once or twice a week. As sad as that sounds, it's all the time I can commit to these types of games any more. I enjoy too many other things in life, not to mention other games as well.
But that being said, none of the new games in the last 8 years have replaced the experiences I had while playing the original MMORPG's which I believe were closer to the Sandbox experience people talk about – creating game content with individual actions, no linear controls, etc. and something that was required back then - needing help from friends just to accomplish or even to figure things out.
Sometimes a buddy would find something out and we'd all be like, "yeah, let's go find it..!" Now it's right on your map.
These games were based on friends sitting around a table with dice and pencils and paper in hand, creating, imagining and playing together. Now games are single person storylines with kill tasks, and the ability to do just about any role alone - heal, DPS, tank.
It's a far cry from where they started and I'm not sure that Sandbox or Themepark is even as much of the problem as a loss of discovery, troubleshooting, investigation, exploration, consequence, risk and reward and the need for teamwork.
Originally posted by Ozmodan
Absolutely agree with you. For a sandbox you cannot have classes that restrict character development, so it may be easier to just not have classes at all, but if they are there needs to be a way to mix/match them.
And Istaria unforunately did have a very bad start and is only played by a few hundred/ few thousand? people today. Sigh.
Quit worrying about other players in a game and just play.


text:
A liquid crystal cell is described which includes adaptive means to relieve hydrostatic pressure and means for restraining the aperture portion of the cell, and which may be assembled together with thick members such as precision windows, or may be built into optical assemblies incorporating several cells placed optically in series, such as tunable filters or multiple-cell optical switches, without defeating the pressure-relief mechanism.
1. A pressure tolerant liquid crystal device comprising:
a first unitary substrate and a second unitary substrate spaced from said first unitary substrate:
a display aperture portion having a predetermined display aperture geometry and volume, said display aperture volume being defined on one side by said first unitary substrate and on the other side by said second unitary substrate;
an adaptive portion in fluid communication with said display aperture portion and having an adaptive portion geometry and volume, said adaptive portion volume being defined on one side by said first unitary substrate and an the other side by said second unitary substrate, said adaptive portion and said display aperture portion containing within each respective portion's volume a liquid crystal material subject to volumetric variance; and
an element restraining said display aperture portion such that volumetric variance of said liquid crystal material results in substantially no change in said predetermined display aperture geometry and volume, said adaptive portion being sufficiently free of said restraining element so that said adaptive portion geometry and volume varies in response to said volumetric variance of said liquid crystal material and transfers liquid crystal material through said fluid communication path, thereby relieving pressure exerted by said volumetric variance of said liquid crystal material within said display aperture portion, at least one of said first and said second unitary substrates being yieldable to said pressure exerted by said liquid crystal volumetric variance.
2. The device of claim 1, said display aperture volume being further defined by a first predeterminately shaped means for maintaining said first and second display aperture sides in spaced relation, said adaptive portion volume being further defined by a second predeterminately shaped means for maintaining said first and said second adaptive portion sides in spaced apart relation, said first and said second shaped means having a fluid communication path therebetween so as to enable said fluid communication between said display aperture portion and said adaptive portion.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein said restraining element comprises a first retraining member mounted to said one side of said first display aperture portion and second restraining member mounted to said the other side of said display aperture portion.
4. The device of claim 3, further comprising means, mounted to said display aperture portion, for preventing contact between said adaptive portion and said restraining element as said adaptive portion geometry and volume varies.
5. The device of claim 3, wherein said first restraining member is further mounted to said one side of said first adaptive portion.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein said first substrate is substantially unyielding substrate and forms said first restraining member.
7. The device of claim 3, further comprising a plurality of said devices arranged in optical alignment and separated by means for spacing apart said plural devices.
8. The device of claim 3, wherein said display aperture portion is mounted in optical alignment with an optical device selected from a group of optical devices consisting of an optically transparent window, an optical retarder, a liquid crystal device, and an optical polarizer.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein said restraining element is said optical device.
10. The device of claim 4, wherein said display aperture portion is mounted in optical alignment with an optical device selected from a group of optical devices consisting of an optically transparent window, an optical retarder, a liquid crystal device, and an optical polarizer.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein said contact preventing means is said optical device.
12. The device of claim 7 wherein said device spacing means comprises an optical device selected from a group of optical devices consisting of an optically transparent window, an optical retarder, a liquid crystal device, and an optical polarizer.
13. The device of claim 7, wherein said plurality of said devices comprises a first outermost device and a second outermost device, each of said first and said second outermost devices having an outermost display aperture portion side, said each outermost display aperture portion side having a rigid outermost member mounted thereto, said restraining element comprising said mounted rigid outermost members and said device spacing means.
14. The device of claim 7, wherein said plurality of said devices comprises a first outermost device and a second outermost device, each of said first and said second outermost devices having an outermost display aperture portion side and an outermost adaptive portion side, each of said outermost display aperture portion sides and said outermost adaptive portion sides having a rigid outermost member mounted thereto, said restraining element comprising said mounted rigid outermost members and said device spacing means.
15. The device of claim 13, wherein said device spacing means comprises an optical device selected from a group of optical devices consisting of an optically transparent window, an optical retarder, a liquid crystal device, and an optical polarizer.
16. The device of claim 14, wherein said device spacing means comprises an optical device selected from a group of optical devices consisting of an optically transparent window, an optical retarder, a liquid crystal device, and an optical polarizer.
17. The device of claim 1 wherein said display aperture portion volume is larger than said adaptive portion volume.
18. The device of claim 1 wherein said display aperture portion volume is equal to said adaptive portion volume.
The invention pertains to the field of liquid-filled display devices, and specifically for an apparatus for stress-relieving these devices against hydrostatic pressure such as may be generated by thermal expansion, contraction, mounting, assembly, or other sources.
A liquid crystal display (LCD) consists of an optically active liquid contained within a cavity formed by two glass substrates held in close proximity. By applying an electrical signal thereto, the optical properties of the liquid crystal are altered, and this forms the well-known basis of the display action. There are a variety of techniques for applying and patterning suitable transparent electrode materials, along with the other thin-film coatings necessary for inducing proper operation of such devices, which are known in the art and will not be restated here. Such well known techniques are described in, for example, Badahur, Liquid Crystal Displays (Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals 109, 1 1984!), which is incorporated herein by reference.
LCD substrates are typically joined using an adhesive seal at the perimeter of the display, after which the resulting cavity is filled with liquid and sealed to prevent contamination or leakage. The adhesive seal joins the substrates and defines a cavity in the space between them. This spacing determines the thickness of the liquid layer, and tight spacing control is critical to producing high-performance liquid crystal displays.
Thermal stresses arise because the thermal expansion of the liquid is several hundred times that of glass, leading to hydrostatic pressure when the display is thermally cycled. At high temperatures, the expanding fluid generates large pressures within the cell cavity. Since liquid crystal fluids are nearly incompressible, this expansion leads either to a deformation of the cavity, if the substrates are sufficiently flexible, or a failure of the adhesive seal if they are not. Similarly, when it is cooled, the liquid contracts, which can lead to cavitation, i.e. bubble formation.
It is common practice to construct displays using relatively thin glass substrates (0.5-1.1 mm) to provide the required flexure. Note that the spacing of the cell inevitably changes with temperature, which leads to diminished display performance. In general, cell spacing is not uniform across the display aperture when the cell is expanded or contracted.
Sometimes, thick substrates must be used. For example, when LCDs are used as precision optical components, substrates of 3 mm thickness or more are employed, to achieve good flatness (λ/8 or better) across the display aperture.
Equivalently, displays are sometimes made from thin substrates to which thick, flat windows are bonded with optical epoxy. The incompressible nature of the fluid means that thermal expansion distorts thick substrates just as much as thin substrates. The main effect of greater substrate thickness is that higher pressures are developed within the fluid cavity. Accordingly, such a device has two problems: the adhesive edge seal is more likely to fail under the higher pressures developed, and the goal of achieving a precise optical figure is thwarted by the inexorable expansion of the fluid.
The same situation occurs when a liquid-based display cell is glued or bonded into an assembly with other cells or additional components. Even if the display itself is stress-relieved by use of thin substrates and avoidance of rigid spacer material, the device is rendered mechanically stiff by means of the other components it is bonded to. This stiffening frequently leads to failure of such assemblies, even though the components are reliable on their own, by rupture of the adhesive edge-seal.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,220, Kuwagaki addresses this problem by incorporating a bubble of gas such as N2 within the cavity region. To be acceptable, such a bubble must be excluded from the display viewing region, as it would constitute a cosmetic defect. This is a severe limit to Kuwagaki's method, as the presence of a stable bubble implies that there is dissolved gas in the liquid, in equilibrium with the bubble at near-atmospheric pressures. Since common atmospheric gases such as N2 are soluble in liquid crystal materials and electrochromic electrolytes, this means the liquid must contain dissolved gas in significant quantities, which can lead to bubble formation at unpredictable locations in the display.
Burns, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,855, teaches the use of a glass washer and ultrathin (microsheet) glass disk to seal a liquid crystal cell. The glass washer is used as a spacer, to which the microsheet disk is epoxied. Sealing is carried out so as to leave a small gas bubble in the fill hole. Thermal stress relief is said to be provided by flexure of the seal members, although in practice the majority of the stress relief is due to the compliant gas bubble. This may be verified by direct calculation of the compliance of the bubble and of the seal members. In actual practice this method is quite similar to that of Kuwagaki. However, for the reasons just given, such a bubble is to be avoided in LCD displays, and an improved method of stress relief is desirable.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,382, Piliavin et. al. describe a liquid crystal device which includes a silicon membrane layer between the substrates, patterned using semiconductor fabrication techniques. The layer purports to match the thermal expansion of liquid crystalline materials, and provide control of the spacing. Beyond the problem of the expense of such a silicon member, this invention suffers many limitations. For example, silicon has a thermal expansion coefficient only a small fraction that of liquid crystal fluid materials. Thus no meaningful thermal matching is provided. Another purported benefit is that the patterned membrane excludes liquid crystal material from optically unused areas, reducing the volume of expanding material. However, since silicon is nearly incompressible, no benefit accrues. Similar detrimental high pressures are developed, albeit in a reduced volume. Displays made in accordance with Piliavin's invention will not have reduced thermal stress, relative to displays without the spacer membrane, and will be prone to cavitation at low temperatures due to the stiffness of the spacing control.
Another approach is taken by Kirkman et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,650, who describe a liquid eletro-chromic (LEC) cell assembly with a total of at least thirteen separate parts, several of which have complex shapes and require machining and/or close-tolerance molding to produce. It uses a fluorocarbon polymer membrane to provide a flexible means to accommodate the thermal expansion and contraction of the liquid. This membrane is installed after filling the display with fluid, and is held in place by means of an annular washer and eccentric cam clamping pin. Aside from the cost involved, this system is bulky and is incompatible with industry-standard techniques for filling and sealing displays.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,460, Fujimura et. al. teach a method for stress-relieving a liquid crystal cell comprising a linear array of optical shutters. Such cells are generally long and narrow, so the substrates form a stiff enclosure which cannot deform to accommodate volumetric changes in the fluid, causing undesirable areas of high localized pressure in the device. Fujimura describes how a cell can be made with additional liquid crystal regions formed by the substrates, not used optically but connected to the display aperture region, which act as pressure relief chambers for the fluid. These regions are much larger and wider relative to, and accordingly by virtue of their much larger relative size are more flexible than, the small and narrow shutter regions. The large pressure relief chambers are thus able to deform to a greater extent than the shutter region to accommodate volumetric changes which may arise in the liquid crystal material. Such a method only works when uniformly thin substrates are used, typically 1.1 mm or less, and the difference in size between the display aperture region and pressure relief region is great. Also, if several such elements are stacked together to form a multi-layer assembly, adjacent elements contact one another and pressure relief is defeated, since such contact prohibits necessary expansion of the pressure relief region.
Thus there exists a need for a device which solves the aforementioned shortcomings of the prior art.
The present invention relates to an apparatus for stress relieving liquid crystal cells with precise control of cell spacing over a wide thermal range. It enables one to make relatively thick-walled cells with precise optical figure, or to make assemblies containing thick members, or to make systems with several cells assembled optically in series, none of which suffer from deformation or high pressure when thermally cycled. The result is a rugged, precision liquid crystal cell which may be used on its own or in an assembly.
The present invention provides a liquid crystal cell with at least two zones, i.e. a display aperture zone that is connected to an auxiliary or adaptive zone by a fluid communication channel. The channel permits movement of liquid crystal material between the two zones as pressure conditions warrant. The spacing between substrates which forms the display aperture volume within which the liquid crystal material is held is tightly controlled by rigid restraining elements formed by the substrates in the display zone or by members externally affixed to the substrate in the display zone, while no such restraint, or significantly less restraint is applied to the auxiliary or adaptive zone, thus affording the required expansion or contraction of the auxiliary zone. This ability of the adaptive zone to adapt its volume in response to changes in the liquid crystal pressure, while the display aperture zone volume is restrained, affords pressure relief for the entire cell. As used herein, the term pressure relief is intended to include expansion of the adaptive zone in response to a volumetric increase in the liquid crystal material, as well as contraction of the expansion zone in response to a volumetric decrease in the liquid crystal material, regardless of how such volumetric variation is induced.
The novel cell herein described is typically constructed using thin substrates to achieve pressure relief in the auxiliary zone. To this cell is bonded an optically transparent member or members, using an optical adhesive. The transparent member covers the display aperture zone and preferably the entire seal adhesive which forms its perimeter, but does not fully extend over the auxiliary zone. By virtue of its controlled shape and unyielding construction, the transparent member restrains the display aperture zone from changing shape in response to changes in volume of the liquid crystal, yet does not defeat the pressure relief effect of the auxiliary zone, nor create detrimental high localized stress anywhere in the cell. Pressure relief is considered display adequate where the geometry and volume of the aperture zone remain within suitable limits for the designed application over the expected range of volumetric variance of the liquid crystal material. While such parameters will likely vary on an application by application basis, such parameters are readily calculated by the routineer in the art.
A window may then be attached to the transparent member without defeating the pressure relief. In this way, the invention enables construction of individual cells with thick windows having precise, thermally-stable optical shape. If the shapes of the various components permit, the window can itself function as the transparent member.
Because of the presence of this member, several such cells may be joined with optical adhesive, forming an assembly wherein the display aperture regions are stiffened thereby, and the pressure-relief auxiliary zones of adjacent cells do not interact or interfere with one another since the member forms a spacer between adjacent cells. In this way, the invention enables construction of assemblies of several such cells, all of which are pressure-relieved. The overall assembly may have thick windows if desired, without defeating the pressure-relief. Moreover, other optical devices and/or windows may be joined to single such cells, or interposed or interleaved between a plurality of such cells, with the devices acting as spacers and/or the requisite restraining members, as discussed and described further herein.
Here and throughout, the term transparent means that there is sufficient optical transmission for light of at least a selected polarization state to meet particular application requirements, as a matter of design choice. By way of non-limiting example, glass, optical retarder elements, and optical polarizer elements, other types of liquid crystal cells, are all considered to be transparent for this purpose, as is any member of known physical thickness which transmits light of at least a desired polarization state. The restraining member is intended to include any optically transparent means for restraining the display aperture zone from varying in geometry and/or volume in response to pressure, including localized variations in the thickness of the substrate.
Other features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, for which reference should be made to the appended claims.
In the drawings, which are illustrative and not to scale, and wherein like reference numerals denote like elements throughout the several views:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, absent restraining means for clarity;
FIG. 2 is an illustrative side view of a pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting restraining means on the display aperture;
FIG. 3 is an illustrative side view of a pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting another example of restraining means;
FIG. 4 is an illustrative side view of a plurality of pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting multiple alternate restraining means, and restraining means on the outermost liquid crystal devices;
FIG. 5 is an illustrative side view of a plurality of pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting multiple alternate restraining means, and restraining means on the display aperture of the outermost liquid crystal devices;
FIG. 6 is an illustrative side view of a pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting restraining means on the display aperture of one side and on the entirety of the other side; and
FIG. 7 is an illustrative side view of a pressure relieved liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention, depicting a substrate on one side which forms its own restraining means, and depicting restraining means on the display aperture of the other side.
A cell constructed in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. Substrates 10 and 11 are bonded together with a predeterminately shaped bead or strip of sealing epoxy 12, which forms an enclosed cavity which receives and contains a volume of liquid crystal material 13 between the substrates 10, 11. Bead 12 maintains the substrates 10, 11 a desired distance apart while securing them together, in an art recognized manner, or bead 12 may simply maintain the distance between the substrates as the substrates are secured together by other means. After filling the cavity with fluid by means of fill hole 22, the cell is sealed with sealing epoxy 23, in an art recognized manner not critical to, nor forming a part of the instant invention.
The substrates are generally relatively thin, generally in the range 0.4-1.1 mm thick, although the thickness chosen will vary as a matter of art recognized design choice. Transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes (not shown) may be provided on the inner surfaces of the substrates to drive the liquid crystal cell, and these may be patterned or not, as desired for a given use. The inner surfaces may be further treated to create a particular alignment of the liquid crystal material, by means of a buffed polymer alignment film or other industry-standard method not forming a part of the instant invention.
The shape of the cell 1, and in particular the shape configuration of the seal formed by the epoxy bead 12, is chosen to create two distinct portions or zones joined by a fluid communication channel or passage 17 through which liquid crystal material 13 can flow to equilibrate pressure in the two regions. The first portion is an display aperture region 16, is formed with the shape and dimensions determined by the optical requirements which the cell must serve, as a routine matter of design choice. It is connected by channel 17 to the second portion, i.e. an adaptive pressure relief reservoir 18, which may form an optically operative part of the cell 1, or may only exhibit limited optical performance. Taken together, the display aperture region 16 and the adaptive region 18 form the portions of interest for the liquid crystal cell 1 of the present invention, it being recognized that other components may and generally do form additional parts of an LC cell, such as electrodes, other substrate portions, etc. These and other art-recognized sub-components, however, do not form a critical part of the instant invention, nor do they hinder the operative scope of the invention if used as part of the inventive cell herein described.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, an assembly is shown in perspective and side view, respectively, comprising a single cell with thick precision windows 46, 47 and incorporating pressure relief for expansion or contraction of the liquid crystal fluid 13. Cell 40 is constructed similarly to typical cell 1 just described, and includes two substrates 48 and 49, joined with an edge-seal adhesive 12 which is formed to create display aperture region 41 and adaptive region 42, connected by a channel 17 (not seen in FIG. 2) which permits equalization pressure between portions 41, 42 in accordance with Pascal's principle. Transparent spacer members 44 and 45 are joined to cell 40 bonded with optical adhesive, and have a shape chosen to cover the display aperture region without significantly extending into the adaptive region 42. Further bonded to these are precision windows 46 and 47, which, by virtue of their thickness, have significant stiffness as compared to the lower stiffness of adaptive region 42. The windows 46, 47 are so constructed as to not yield to volumetric changes in the liquid crystal material 13, as a result of their being bonded to the display aperture region 41 restrain the display aperture region from varying in geometric shape or interior volume as the liquid crystal volume changes. Spacer members 44, 45 form means which permits adaptive portion 42 to expand in an unrestrained manner in response to changes in volume of liquid crystal material 13 without contacting windows 46, 47.
In FIG. 2 the windows 46, 47 are shown as being larger in shape than the spacer members 44 and 45, as well as having greater thickness. Thus, a portion of each window overhangs the edge of the associated spacer layer 44, 45, respectively. This permits, by way of non-limiting example, circular precision windows to be used with a cell having a square or irregularly-shaped display aperture region.
Thermal expansion in both the display aperture region 41 and the adaptive region 42 contribute to an overall volumetric expansion in the liquid crystal material 13, which is taken up or equalized by deformation of thin substrates 48 and 49 in the adaptive region 42. As pressure or thermally induced volumetric change occurs in the liquid crystal material 13, there is substantially no change in the geometric shape of the precision windows, nor in the volume between the thin substrates 48, 49 which are restrained by the windows, nor of the liquid crystal layer itself, in the display aperture region 41.
It will of course be recognized that the means by which the display aperture portion may be stiffened or restrained is not limited to the above described mounting of restraining members such as thick windows 46, 47. The restraining element may be any number of a variety of sufficiently unyieldable optical elements or members, such as, by way of non-limiting example, spacers, windows, retarders, polarizers, other liquid crystal cells of the inventive variety described herein or otherwise, partially thickened substrates in the display aperture region, or a thick substrate forming one side of the cell and stiffening both regions in combination with any of the aforementioned elements mounted to or forming only the display aperture region of the opposing substrate. All of the above, and their art-recognized equivalents, are deemed encompassed within scope of the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 3, an assembly is shown in side view wherein the precision windows 46 and 47 have a size and shape which permits them to perform directly as the restraining member without need for transparent spacer members such as those pictured in FIG. 2 as 44 and 45.
An assembly of cells according to this invention is pictured in FIG. 4, in side view, which includes an exemplary plurality of cells 1, 30 and 31. Typical cell 1, as described earlier, is bonded on both sides by optical adhesive 19 to transparent spacer members 20 and 21, which cover the display aperture region and extend over the width of the associated epoxy bead 12 which forms the perimeter of the display aperture region 16 of the cell 1. The means do not extend over the channel or passage 17, nor do they cover the adaptive region 18. The thickness TSM of the transparent spacer members need not be great: 0.002" would be sufficient, although in practice these members will be many times this thick because of the practical concerns of cost, and the difficulty in handling such thin parts without breakage. Spacers 20, 21 form the means by which the adaptive regions 18, 34 and 35 are prevented from contacting each other in the event of expansion of the adaptive regions.
To these spacers are bonded additional liquid crystal cells 30 and 31, identical to cell 1 and having like-shaped display aperture regions 32 and 33, along with adaptive regions 34 and 35. Due to the spacer members 20 and 21, the adaptive regions 18, 34, and 35 are free to expand without interference from one another, until a total expansion of TSM /2 is achieved and contact occurs. Contraction occurs without interference until the opposed substrates of a given cell make contact with one another. For practical cells, neither of these conditions will occur. If the display aperture region is undeformed, volumetric expansion in the adaptive region is given by:
δV=γ�δT�Vtotal 1!
while the area of the adaptive region is:
Apr =k�Atotal =k�Vtotal /d, 2!
γ is the thermal coefficient of expansion for the fluid,
δT is the shift from the temperature at which the cell was sealed,
k is the ratio of adaptive region area to total cell area,
d is the thickness of the liquid crystal layer at pressure equilibrium.
From these equations, we see that the adaptive region will deform by an amount given (approximately) by:
δd=δV/Apr = δT�γ�d!/k. 3!
For liquid crystal fluids, γ≈0.004. Thus, for a cell with k=0.2, the deformation is d/50 per � C. Typical values for d range from 3-15 μm, so the total deformation is quite small. Thus, spacer members 20 and 21 need not be thick. A thousandth of an inch is enough that the deformation be unimpeded, so large pressures are not developed within the expanding fluid. In practice, significantly thicker spacer layers are generally used for economy and to prevent damage in handling and assembly. Spacers 20, 21 may be implemented as transparent glass spacers, or may be any number of optical devices which perform the spacing function as well as an optical function, such as, by way of non-limiting example, windows, retarders, polarizers, other liquid crystal cells of the inventive variety described herein or otherwise, partially thickened substrates, or other art recognized optical device used in liquid crystal-based component systems of the type described herein.
Referring once again to FIG. 4, outer substrate surfaces 36 and 37 of cells 30 and 31 are bonded to thick windows 38 and 39, preventing flexure at these surfaces. Expansion of the fluid in these cells must be accommodated by the inwardly facing substrate portions 54, 55 of the adaptive regions 34 and 35. As FIG. 4 illustrates, in certain applications it may be sufficient to provide flexure on a single surface of the adaptive region for each cell, provided that the stiffness of the aperture region of the cell greatly exceeds the stiffness of the adaptive region. Permitting flexure on both surfaces is beneficial, to the extent that it results in a reduced stiffness for the adaptive region, but it is not essential. Economy or other factors may dictate this depending on the particular application.
FIG. 5 depicts a similar plurality of cells to that depicted in FIG. 4, although the thick windows 38 and 39 have a predetermined shape which is chosen to permit flexure of both opposing surfaces of the adaptive regions 34, 35 of cells 30 and 31, respectively, while restraining the display aperture regions 32 and 33 of these cells from flexure.
FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of a cell 40, of like construction to cell 1, to whose substrates 48 and 49 there are affixed thick windows 46 and 47 which restrain its display aperture from flexure. The adaptive region 42 of cell 40 accommodates volumetric change in the liquid crystal material of the cell, by flexure of the unrestrained substrate portion 60 of adaptive region 42.
FIG. 7 illustrates a side view of a cell 80 comprised of substrates 48 and 49 and having an display aperture region 41 and an adaptive region 42. It is of like construction to cell 1 in FIG. 1, except that substrate 48 is thick and thus is stiff as a result. Thick substrate 48 functions to restrain one side of the display aperture region 41 from flexure, the other side being restrained by a thick optical window 47. This window has a predetermined shape which is chosen to cover the display aperture region 41, but not to interfere with flexure of the adaptive region 42. Thus, the adaptive region is able to accommodate volumetric change in the liquid crystal material in the cell.
For each of the above-described embodiments of liquid crystal cells in accordance with the present invention, this invention may be practiced on liquid crystal cells which incorporate nematic, smectic, or cholesteric materials; the principles are identical. Also, all examples describe expanding liquid crystal material, that is, cells at an elevated temperatures relative to the equilibrium temperature at which the liquid crystal cavity was sealed. Of course it will be recognized that the same benefits apply at reduced temperatures, with the difference that members previously in tension are then in compression and vice versa. The invention is also applicable to configurations where changes in liquid crystal volume are induced by other than temperature change, such as for example by ambient pressure changes.
As illustrated in the drawings above, the invention can be used to manufacture assemblies of pressure-relieved cells, or to attach thick optical elements such as windows to liquid crystal cells while still providing pressure relief. In addition to optical windows used as stiffeners or spacers, as discussed above this invention is effective with optical retarders, which may be made of, for example, quartz, calcite, LiNbO3, and the like. This has the special benefit that these materials are principally used in polarization-sensitive equipment, in which the presence of strain-induced birefringence would constitute an unwanted defect. The present invention, by removing pressure or reducing it to practical insignificance, eliminates the strain which causes this defect.
One of the design parameters considered by one skilled in the art in constructing liquid crystal displays in accordance with the instant invention is the relative stiffness of the restrained display aperture region as a result of or together with the mechanical system comprising the spacer member and all other attached elements and/or cells, compared to that of the pressure-relief region. This dictates which region accommodates which proportion of the expansion, in accordance with Pascal's principle that in the hydrostatic approximation, pressure is equal throughout a fluid. The pertinent stiffnesses of the regions of interest can be calculated for some simple cases, such as circular or square regions apertures, by presuming some boundary condition at the edge. However, it is more accurate and more convenient to use a commercially available finite-element computer program such as NASTRAN, from MacNeal, Schwendler Corp., to determine these stiffnesses for the actual geometry and materials involved. This is based on conventional mechanical engineering techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as described by e.g. R. D. Cook in Concept and Application of Finite Element Analysis, (Wiley & Sons, NY 1989!).
Models resulting from application of the known mechanical engineering techniques show that there are regions of localized stress at the perimeter of the display aperture region, which are exacerbated if the spacer member does not extend over the majority of the seal epoxy bead that joins the two substrates and defines the display aperture region. To prevent this, the spacer member should extend over the full display aperture region and at least the majority of the seal epoxy bead. Similarly, if a thin spacer member is used, and it extends into the pressure relief region, expansion in this region leads to high localized stress that can damage the spacer where it extends into the expanding pressure relief region. This situation is to be avoided. For similar reasons, the excess epoxy should be minimized in assembling the various components. If present in unwanted locations, it can defeat the purpose of the spacer member, or can generate localized stress. Excess adhesive which yields a meniscus of 0.005" at the perimeter when cured is acceptable.
With these stiffnesses and the total fluid expansion volume estimated from Equation 1! above, one can determine the total deformation strain in the display aperture region. This can be checked against the target value, such as the maximum permissible optical wavefront distortion error for a window, or the strain above which an element would display unacceptable birefringence, or which would correspond to an excessive variation in liquid crystal layer thickness across the display aperture. These numbers derive from the application specific optical system being developed, as determined by its design and performance requirements. After reviewing and comparing the actual deformations against the permissible values, one may alter the relative sizes and/or shapes of the display aperture and adaptive pressure relief regions. Increasing the relative size of the adaptive pressure-relief region will reduce the strain in the display aperture region, while decreasing it will allow a more compact construction, at the cost of increased deformation.
Beyond the considerations of relative stiffness, there is a concern that the absolute pressure level within the cell be kept low, so component members, especially the adhesives, do not fail catastrophically. For a given anticipated fluid expansion, the pressure scales directly with the net stiffness of the cell--which is the parallel combination of the stiffness of the display aperture and pressure relief regions. Thus, while the relative stiffness of the two determines which region is more greatly deformed, the absolute stiffness of the two (in parallel) determines the maximum hydrostatic pressure which is developed. This must be compared against failure strengths of the adhesives, which as presently known in the art range approximately 2000 psi or less, to determine whether the resulting system will be reliable. To reduce the peak pressures involved, one can use thinner substrates, or allow expansion of both sides of the adaptive pressure relief region as shown, for example in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, or increase the size of the pressure relief region. The best performance, i.e. lowest stiffness, is achieved for adaptive pressure relief regions with approximately 1:1 aspect ratios, such as circles or squares, rather than extended rectangular or elliptical regions.
It is worth noting that when a plurality of cells are built into an assembly with windows and/or other elements, the impedance of the display aperture region differs for the various members in the assembly. This is most easily analyzed using numerical, computer methods, as described above.
It is sometimes possible to combine the function of the transparent spacer member and/or restraining member with that of another element such as e.g. a window, or retarder, or polarizer element. This requires that the element have an appropriate shape to function as a spacer; namely, that it cover the display aperture region and at least the majority of the edge-seal adhesive, while not extending into the pressure relief region.
When a transparent spacer element is employed, pressure relief of a multiple-cell assembly is obtained regardless of whether the pressure-relief regions of adjacent cells are adjacent one another or are widely separated. That is, the pressure relief region of a given cell might be located to one side of the display aperture region, while in the adjacent cell the pressure relief region is located on the opposite side of the display aperture region. Freedom from interference between pressure-relief members is obtained by means of the transparent spacer, which separates them by the amount of the spacer thickness. The decision to situate the pressure relief regions of adjacent cells so as to be superimposed with one another or not, is a design decision which may be made in each case according to available space, mounting considerations, and other factors.
One exemplary embodiment constructed according to this invention is a variable retardance electrically controllable birefringence (ECB) nematic liquid crystal cell with precision windows for use in laser systems. It is constructed of two substrates of 0.028" thick borosilicate glass, such as Corning 7059 supplied by Corning Glass of Corning, N.Y.). These substrates also comprise transparent ITO electrodes, such as the vacuum-deposited ITO electrodes supplied by Donnely Applied Films Corp. of Boulder, Colo., to achieve a resistivity of 200 Ω/sq. On top of this is applied a 0.5 μm polyimide film, such as that supplied by Brewer Science, of Rolla, Mo., that is buffed in accordance with industry-standard techniques to produce alignment of liquid crystal molecules. Enough edge seal, such as UV-15 edge seal supplied by MasterBond of Hackensack, N.J., is applied to yield a seal of 0.1" width, and the two substrates are bonded to form a 7 μm thick cavity with predetermined shapes providing an display aperture region of 0.8 inch diameter and a pressure relief region of 0.25�1.0 inches. The cell is filled with a liquid crystal material such as ZLI-1132, as supplied by EM Industries of Hawthorne N.Y., and sealed at room temperature. Optical windows, such as those supplied by Virgo Optics of Port Richey, Fla., with a diameter of 1.0", a thickness of 3 mm, and an optical figure of λ/10 are attached with an optical grade epoxy such as Epo-Tek 302 epoxy from Epo-Tek of Billerica, Mass. The windows extend over the display aperture region and the edge seal, and simultaneously function as the transparent spacer and as a window. The resultant cell is rugged and may be exposed to a temperature range of -40 to +65 C. without thermal degradation or failure.
A second exemplary embodiment is a birefringent filter, constructed using a plurality of cells, generally in the range from 3 to 18 cells. Each cell is constructed as described above, except that liquid crystal material E-44, supplied by EM Industries of Hawthorne, N.Y., is used instead of ZLI-1132, to develop a greater retardance range. The birefringent filter comprises a number of stages, each of which contains a cell and a polarizer. Many of the stages also include a fixed retarder made of quartz, LiNbO3, or polymer film, depending on the optical properties desired. This selection is made according to the established art of birefringent filters. In this embodiment, the fixed retarders and the polarizer are manufactured with an outer diameter of 1.0 inches. In every instance, the filter is a Lyot filter so there is at least one member (a polarizer) between any two cells, and there may be a fixed retarder as well. These act as transparent spacer members to separate the adjacent cells and permit the pressure relief regions to operate without interference or impediment, while also as having a desired optical action. In the context of the present invention, `transparent` means `permitting light to pass`, albeit with a desired optical action being performed as well. Windows are attached to the external faces of the end-most cells, which establish a relatively higher stiffness in these regions and thus prevent distortion of the optical figure as the filter is heated or cooled. These are sized as in the previously described embodiment.
A third exemplary embodiment comprises similar members to the second embodiment, except that because the birefringent filter design is a Solc design, there is no polarizer interleaved between each pair of cells. For adjacent cells not having a polarizer therebetween, as determined by the optical design of the Solc filter, a transparent spacer is provided of 0.4 mm thick borosilicate glass, with a diameter of 1.0 inches. The result is a filter which is reliable in the face of thermal exposure from -40 to +65 C., because the pressure relief region in each stage provides a relatively low stiffness for expansion of the fluid, and it is not defeated as would be the case without appropriately-sized transparent spacer members. If filter thickness is at a premium, every second transparent spacer member may be omitted. This means that each cell has one substrate which is free to expand in the pressure-relief region, and one substrate which may not expand because of its contacts with an adjacent cell. Such a design increases the pressures within the fluid chambers, by approximately a factor of 2, in order to reduce the optical path length. This and similar designs can work satisfactorily, provided that the assembly meets the criteria outlined above for overall stiffness and relative stiffness between display aperture and pressure relief regions. This may be assessed using standard engineering methods.
As the present invention is generally applicable to liquid crystal optical systems comprising a plurality of cells as well as various components, there will be variations and implementations of spacers and stiffeners and optical devices which will depend on the particular optical system being constructed. These may include thicknesses, fluids, materials, and types of components which were not specifically described, but which are consistent with the invention as taught, and which substitution would be apparent to an opto-mechanical engineer or a scientist skilled in the design of such systems.
Thus, while there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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NCAA delivers blow to Reddies
Women's hoops handed probation
Posted: July 30, 2014 at 3:44 a.m.
Glen Jones was hired as Henderson State University's president in July 2012, three weeks before the school began an investigation into NCAA rules violations within its women's basketball program.
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Servant of Cats May 5, 2012 3:15 AM
Re: how do i connect my playstation 3 to my 2012 21" imac? in response to daisyfromaus Helpful
The short answer is, you don't.
Some pre-Thunderbolt iMacs (the 27-inch ones) could serve as dumb DisplayPort displays ("Target Disk Mode"). That was a nice feature because a lot of modern Macs and PCs can generate DisplayPort output.
With Thunderbolt, the rules changed. A Thunderbolt port can drive a DisplayPort display. But if you want to use the iMac as a dumb display, the device driving it has to be a Thunderbolt device (not just a DisplayPort one).
There might be some adapter you could buy to turn the PS3's output into DisplayPort output. But there is no practical way of retrofitting a PS3 to provide Thunderbolt output. Even on a Mac (or on the PCs where Intel is hoping to introduce it), Thunderbolt is, so far, something that has to be integrated into the motherboard.
Servant of Cats May 5, 2012 11:52 AM
Re: how do i connect my playstation 3 to my 2012 21" imac? in response to Servant of Cats Helpful
There is another possibility.
There are devices that connect to a USB port, for the purpose of watching or importing TV and video signals. It might be possible to go from a PlayStation 3, to such a device, to a USB port, and from there, to the screen.
This is a less desirable path than a Target Display connection would be (especially if it forces you to drop down to a NTSC signal or if it introduces noticeable quality degradation to a HDTV one). That's part of why I did not think of it last night. Still, it's a (possible) option.


text:
Circle Plan
MTNL 3G Mobile service operator Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL), announced the launch of New Life Time Valid 3G Prepaid Connection. MTNL 3G tariffs have been restructured to suit to the needs of prolific data users. Keeping with this trend, MTNL 3g plans has lowered entry level for 3G services significantly. MTNL 3G jadoo service can be used with a mobile recharge phone with 3G support or any laptop that has 3G support. Continuing its leverage of bringing best and affordable 3G services, India's first 3G Mobile service operator Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.


text:
Originally written on Helmet2Helmet | Last updated 12/14/12
In the wake of Rob Parker's ridiculous rant regarding Robert Griffin III (say that fives times fast), ESPN is in full damage control. After issuing a statement, calling Parker's "inappropriate," the worldwide leader sacked the First Take commentator. Per SI's Richard Deitsch, ESPN has suspended Parker "until further notice" and is reviewing the situation. https://twitter.com/richarddeitsch/statuses/279626690118971393 While his ignorance is thankfully keeping him off the airwaves, it's not preventing Parker, a Detroit columnist, from fulfilling other obligations. He's scheduled to cover the Cardinals-Lions game on Sunday. https://twitter.com/mikejurecki/status/279630469656621057 Following his segment, in which he called Griffin a "cornball brother" and questioned his "blackness," Parker has been inconspicuously absent from Twitter. The assumption is that the higher-ups at ESPN ordered him to lay low while they wipe the egg from their collective faces. His last tweet wa...
1 Comment:
The real problem I have with him is how he turns so many things into a 'Black/White' thing....when will dinosaurs like him just go away. A person should be judged by the content of their character, not their religion, national origin and certainly not the color of their skin. You would think as a society we could finally rise above this type of stereotyping. Good luck finding another gig parker, because no sports outlet in the country will hire your dumb ass now.
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Summer Commencement Ceremony 2015
- Family & Education
- 285 W. Huntington Drive Arcadia, CA 91007, US
Mobile App Economy
CTO RoundTable
Thursday, September 19, 2013 from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (PDT)
CTO Roundtable would like to invite you to our next event: "The Mobile App-Economy". This event is organized by CTO RoundTable and will be hosted by Microsoft at it's new facility in Playa Vista, CA office.
Attendees will get a before, during, and after perspective of the application development process. Attendees will learn the basics of what it takes to create mobile applications, receiving an overview of native, HTML5 and hybrid development methods, while discussing the pros and cons of each.
Key questions discussed:
Date: Thursday, September 19th, 2013
Time: 6-9pm - Mixer, 6-7pm. Panel, 7-8:30pm. Raffle, 8:30-9pm.
Location: Microsoft @ The Reserve, Playa Vista, CA. (next to Home Depot). 13031 West Jefferson, Space 200
*From Jefferson, drive to end of Alla Road and turn left into "The Reserve" parking entrance.
Microsoft: Scott Kerfoot, Sr. Director of Technology Evangelism
Green Dot: Dan Seago, Chief Architect & VP Engineering - GoBank!
Intuit: Stoyan Kenderov, Head of Mobile
Google: Dan Powers, Director of Cloud Platform
50% CTOs, CIOs, VPs, Directors and project managers.
30% Software architects, engineers & developers.
15% Strategists, analysts and digital professionals.
5% Services Providers, etc.
The venue is Microsoft's new LA headquarters in Playa Vista, Ca @ The Reserve. There will be 5 enterprise level corporations on the panel discussing best practices in technology and mobile engineering. Having a representative from your company at this event will expose them to a projected audience of 200+ key technology professionals and media in the mobile industry. The roundtable will also be live-streamed. The "Technology in Entertainment" event was watched by 20,000+ unique viewers online. Stacey Broadwell, CEO IT Talent Search and organizer CTO Roundtable, will be moderating while also fielding questions from the audience, twitter and our live stream chat room.
For additional information on speaking or to sponsor this event, please feel free to contact the organizer. We look forward to hearing from you!
News on Microsofts Move to Westside: http://labusinessjournal.com/news/2013/feb/11/microsoft-big-westside/
CTO RoundTables bring enterprise-level technology professionals together via panel driven events. Our aim is to educate participants through defining and articulating general best-practices on newly emerging technologies. A powerful session for all tech managers/directors, developers, programmers, software architects, and technology consultants.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Macy Gray
Editor's Pick
Artist: N.O.R.E
Featuring: Macy Gray
Song: Electrolytes
Ah, Electrolytes... they got me through many a difficult morning back in the day. As it turns out, that's something (possibly the only thing) that I have in common with N.O.R.E., who pays... More
Posted 3 years ago
Song: Slap a B*tch
Judging by the title of Macy Gray's latest buzz single, one would expect the record to be some sort of catfighters' anthem, but the sandpaper-voiced singer is full of surprises; continuing... More
Posted 6 years ago
With troubled stars like Amy Winehouse and Lindsay Lohan indulging in cocaine, it seems like the fad is catching on. Macy Gray, best known for her husky voice and her hit, I Try, pays homage to her... More
Posted about 7 years ago
Featuring: Game
Whether you think Macy Gray sounds more like Billie Holiday or like nails on a chalkboard, you have to concede one point: the woman does her own thing on the mic. After winning a Grammy for her single... More
Posted 7 years ago
Sample Text - Sample Link


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Jorge Bergoglio
Papal merchandise: T-shirts, cologne, coffee mugs all offeredComment
If you want to see real papal memorabilia, the Blessed John Paul 2 Shrine is the place to be. They display actual clothing, shoes and watches worn by popes as well as rosaries.
Pope Francis profile: Who is Jorge Bergoglio?Comment
Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio is known for modernizing an Argentine church that had been among the most conservative in Latin America.
Pope Francis: ABC7's Gordon Peterson on the new pope and JesuitsComment
The cardinals have chosen a Jesuit to lead the church. Jesuits swear an oath of obedience to the pope but they have not always been on good terms with him.
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Watch ABC7 News at 4!ABC7 gives you MORE news in your afternoons with an extra hour, an hour earlier! Watch to see what's trending in your community and world every weekday afternoon at 4pm right after back to back "Hot Bench" shows at 3pm on ABC7.


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Comments for LeighHanney
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A flipped semi-truck is blocking lanes on Interstate 40 Monday morning.
The crash happened at 5:30 a.m. near Council Road.
The driver is not hurt.
Troopers blocked two westbound lanes of the highway to remove the damaged truck.
There is no estimate when all lanes will reopen.


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The IL2500 is Norman's finest lamphead, featuring a maximum output of 2500 w/s. This unit is compact, highly efficient, and features thermostatic cutoff in case of a fan failure. It includes a quick disconnect cable, full vertical tilt capability, snap in arc-resistant connectors, high-impact 400° rated housing, a 20'cable, fan cooling, improved modeling accuracy, 115/230V operation, long-life UV coated quartz flashtube, easy-to-reach modeling lamp switch and numerous accessory items.
It is the ultimate lamphead for all Norman Series 900 power supplies; P12/12, P24/24, P40/40, P800D, P2000D and all previous Series 900 units. Plug in the FQ5-UV flashtube and use the IL2500 with all Norman studio reflectors. Spring pin mounted reflectors are "type 1" and the Illuminator precision-mounted reflectors are "type 2". Both types fit the Illuminator 2500. A power supply for this flash head is required.
- Compact Design
Tilt-control, and umbrella receptor located near each other.
The housing is also contoured to provide a built-in carrying handle.
- Easy to Control
- The moon-shaped housing enables this unit to tilt full vertical without obstruction from the bracket.
- Easily Replaceable Flashtube
- 2500w/s plug-in vented UV coated quartz flashtube.
- Fan Cooled
- Forced Air Fan cooling for better performance and longer life, especially when using softboxes.
- Removeable Reflector
- Both Type 1 and Type 2 Norman reflectors can be used
- Modeling Light
- Norman lampheads feature halogen modeling lights that burn brighter and last significantly longer than a non-halogen incandescent bulb.
- Long-Reaching Cable
- The 20' detachable cable included. Minimizes the need for extension cables. However, additional 20' cables may be added when the head is uesed at longer distances from the power pack.


text:
Names to watch
5. The Publication: Russian Vogue
5. The Publication: Russian Vogue
Launched during an economic crisis in 1998, Vogue has become Russia's leading fashion magazine, with a circulation of more than 150,000. Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer are among the names that have graced its cover. In a recent cover shoot the Maroon 5 singer Adam Levine posed naked with his then girlfriend, the Russian model Anne Vyalitsyna.
© independent.co.uk


text:
Lemon Coffee Cake
2 1/2 teaspoons Ener-G egg replacer
3 tablespoons water
1 1/2 cups all purpose flour
3/4 teaspoon baking powder
3/4 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon salt
6 tablespoons vegan butter (I use Earth Balance)
3/4 cup white sugar
2 tablespoons lemon zest (from about 2 lemons)
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
3/4 cup vegan sour cream (I use Tofutti)
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F and oil an 8 1/2 x 4 1/2″ loaf pan. Combine egg replacer and water in a small bowl and set aside.
2. Combine flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a medium bowl. Cream butter, sugar, and lemon zest in a mixer (I tried it by hand; it is doable but difficult. I think my arm is actually sore!) for about 2 minutes.
3. Add egg replacer mixture and vanilla and mix well. Add 1/2 the flour mixture to the wet ingredients. Mix well. Add the sour cream and mix again. Add the rest of the flour and make sure it is all incorporated very well.
4. Scoop into the prepared loaf pan and level the top with a spoon. The batter should be fairly thick. Bake for 55 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.
I want to try making this with about 2 tablespoons less butter and replacing it with 3 tablespoons applesauce. If you're feeling adventurous, give it a go and let me know how it turns out!
Source of recipe: It's mine! Over at Ovenmittsblog.com
Nice Receipe
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Lemon and coffee is an unusual combination for me. I will definitely try out this comination. buy my property AS-IS


text:
Pegasus Group – Says Play Cards-Watch Football-Help Kids! – Dave's Diary
We are big fans of the Pegasus Project- the therapeutic riding organization corralled at the Tumbleweed reach near Gleed. They have a couple of fun fund raisers coming up that could pay big dividends for you!
Life long horse lover and Pegasus Executive Director Jene Fiscus wants to deal you in on the details!


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Discover a selection of top forums dome info on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums dome info and meet other fans of dome info. Then, why don't you create your own forum of dome info ?
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text:
The Details
Bright Green Polka Dot Pillow
Dimensions: 16" w x 16" l
Item#: 062024
If this throw pillow makes you feel apple green with envy, you're not alone. Its spot-on pattern and color scheme is in sync with design trends.
To prolong the beauty of your new pillow, please follow these simple instructions:
- Fluff and rotate pillows for even wear. Professionally dry clean pillow covers before they become overly soiled.
The Short List
$339.00 - $679.00 Now $237.00 - $475.00
Item# 041725
$119.00 Now $69.00
Item# 062026