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A circuit for connecting an electret microphone to audio inputs. The circuit includes a coupling circuit for accepting DC bias voltage from the audio inputs and providing audio signal to the inputs. Frequency shaping circuitry is provided for reducing unwanted microphone sensitivity at selected frequencies. In one aspect of the invention a battery connector is provided where at least one battery may be optionally connected.
1. A circuit for connecting an electret microphone to one of a plurality of audio inputs, each audio input being a combination of bias resistors, terminating resistors and coupling capacitors, comprising:
a self-configuring coupling circuit, including one diode and one capacitor, for accepting DC bias voltage from said audio inputs and for providing an audio output signal to be received, without reduction of DC levels and signal attenuation, by any one of the combinations of bias resistors, terminating resistors and coupling capacitors associated with the plurality of audio inputs; and
frequency shaping circuitry for reducing unwanted microphone sensitivity at selected frequencies.
2. The circuit of
3. The circuit of
low frequency shaping means for reducing unwanted microphone sensitivity at low frequencies; and
high frequency shaping means for reducing unwanted microphone sensitivity at high frequencies.
4. The circuit of
5. The circuit of
6. The circuit of
7. The circuit of
8. The circuit of
9. The circuit of
10. A circuit for connecting an electret microphone to audio inputs comprising:
a coupling circuit for accepting DC bias voltage from said audio inputs and providing audio signal to said inputs;
frequency shaping circuitry for reducing unwanted microphone sensitvity at selected frequencies; and
a battery connector where at least one battery is connected, wherein said battery connector is connected in parallel with a capacitor C and in series with an inductor L of RLC components such that said inductor high reactance and low resistance will sustain circuit operation at reduced voltage from said at least one battery.
11. The circuit of
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/115,980 filed Jul. 15, 1998.
The invention relates to amplifier and coupling circuitry for electret microphones.
Electret microphones are commonly used in headsets for telephony, computer telephony and speech recognition applications. Such electrets have virtually displaced the larger, heavier dynamic microphones. Dynamic mics generate a very small signal voltage when excited by voice. The electret mic provides higher output by virtue of active circuitry (most commonly a JFET), but requires a DC bias voltage source that may be part of the telephone or computer.
Low cost electret mics may suffice for telephony because of the limited telephone link bandwidth, the wide dynamic range of the human ear and the ability of the brain to compensate for noise and distortion. Expensive, high performance electrets are preferred in voice enabled applications with personal computers such as voice command and speech recognition because they contribute to greater accuracy. The microphone or headset is connected to a sound card and in almost every instance today, the PC provides DC bias at the mic receptacle, which is the familiar 3.5 mm stereo jack also found on other consumer electronic products. It is desirable to provide the greater recognition accuracy of high performance electrets using low cost mic elements by augmenting with circuitry and electroacoustic techniques.
Methods to enhance the performance of ordinary, low cost electrets using batteries and circuitry are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/968,307 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/967,930 of common assignee. Battery based consumer products, however, have drawbacks, more so when the batteries are not included in the package. Although as stated, the PC sound card provides DC mic bias via the microphone input connector, there is no standard with respect to voltage level or pinout at this stereo jack. Although there is only one connector for one microphone, "3.5 mm stereo" in this instance describes a jack to accept a plug with three terminals: tip, ring and sleeve. Sleeve is always the common or ground terminal, but tip and ring may be wired in one of several ways for DC bias and signal. In addition, the low voltage bias source may be severely current limited by high resistance internal to the sound card, making the design of external, active circuits to enhance mic performance very difficult. In fact, even without additional circuitry, mic operation may be compromised by the limited current from the computer.
In one embodiment of the invention there is provided a circuit for connecting an electret microphone to audio inputs. The circuit includes a coupling circuit for accepting DC bias voltage from the audio inputs and providing audio signal to the inputs. Frequency shaping circuitry is provided for reducing unwanted microphone sensitivity at selected frequencies. In one aspect of the invention a battery connector is provided where at least one battery may be optionally connected.
In each embodiment of the invention, the circuit output impedance can be made lower to minimize electret mic attenuation caused by an output node preferential to dynamic microphones. Each aforementioned and one further, simpler embodiment will operate without regard to the wiring configuration of the audio output node, with no additional hardware and requiring no special installation steps by the user.
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit, an electret mic and associated output jack connections in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit with a current mirror sink circuit, an electret mic and associated output jack connections in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit with a current mirror source circuit, an electret mic and associated output jack connections in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary current mirror source circuit, battery connection and output coupling network in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary low pass circuit, optional battery connection and output coupling network in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit 100, an electret mic 102 and associated output jack connections 104 in accordance with the invention. The electret mic 102 can be a typical low cost electret such as Primo EM 124. The combination of V1 (100 mV RMS) and C1 (100 pF) represent the charged electret diaphragm moving under the influence of moderately loud speech, thus coupling an audio signal to Q1 JFET gate. There is no discrete component R1 inside the mic housing, only a very high leakage resistance between the gate and source of Q1. If this leakage is estimated as 100 MΩ, then the high pass corner frequency of R1C1 is approximately 16 Hz. Human speech covers the range of 200 Hz to over 2 kHz and voice recognition applications demand a flat response between 300 Hz and 2 kHz. This Q1 electrical model does not convey all of the electroacoustic parameters, however, common electrets have a flat or rising frequency response up to at least 10 kHz.
The output jack connections can include several typical PC sound card mic input circuits as shown as J1 to J5 in FIG. 1. Each jack connection includes a ring, tip and sleeve port. The sleeve is coupled to ground. In jack J1, the tip is coupled to both a resistor R11 and a capacitor C11 configured in parallel. R11 is coupled to a +3V bias, and C11 is coupled to an audio signal port. Jack J2 has a parallel connected resistor R21 (coupled to +3V bias) and a capacitor C21 (coupled to an audio signal port) connected to the ring port. Jack J3 has a parallel connected resistor R31 (coupled to +3V bias) and a capacitor C31 (coupled to an audio signal port) connected to the tip port. In jack J4, the ring port is connected to a resistor R41, which in turn is connected to a +5V bias. The tip port is connected to a parallel connected capacitor C41 (coupled to an audio signal port) and a resistor R42 (coupled to ground). In jack J5, the tip port is connected to a resistor R51, which in turn is connected to a +5V bias. The ring port is connected to a parallel connected capacitor C51 (coupled to an audio signal port) and a resistor R52 (coupled to ground).
A common electret mic can be connected directly to these inputs with a 3.5 mm stereo plug if both tip and ring terminals of the plug are tied to the mic drain and the sleeve terminal to the source. An exemplary headset microphone is the Andrea Electronics NC 50. The resulting performance may be poor for three reasons. First, needless low frequency sensitivity will admit undesirable wind vibrations or similar sounds such as breath pops. Second, excessive high frequency response will reduce the signal to noise ratio by admitting sounds above the voice band. Third, the limited amplitude swing will cause distortion when a person is required to speak loudly because of ambient noise, say in a factory. It will now be shown how this distortion will occur when this exemplary electret mic with typical bias current of 150 μA is connected to jack connection J1. The voltage at J1 tip and ring will be 2.7 VDC swinging approximately 100 mV RMS (141 mV peak) with normal speech. With only 300 mV of headroom before hitting the supply rail of 3.0 V, when a louder word is spoken it will be distorted by clipping at the positive peaks. This distortion will adversely affect speech recognition since the software has been "trained" by the user at a normal voice level but expects faithful mic reproduction at other loudness levels.
The amplifier circuit 100 will improve all three deficiencies of the low cost 150 μA electret mic when connected first to J1 and later to J2 through J5, by shaping of the low and high audio frequency response, and by increasing dynamic range. The circuit 100 includes an amplifier stage transistor Q2, which when biased for 350 μA operation, the ring voltage is 3.0V−(150 μA+350 μA)2.0 kΩ=2.0V, and the mic drain is at 1.5V. An inductor L1 and capacitor C2 establish a very stable mic bias voltage source of 2.0V such that the maximum signal swing possible at J1 tip and ring is 2.7V determined by the mic current times the resistance R11. Therefore, maximum positive swing is 500 mV at the mic drain and 700 mV at the Q2 collector. A capacitor C3 (0.027 μF) and a resistor R2 provide an opportunity to low pass filter with a corner frequency of 1.8 kHz. Similarly, a capacitor C4 (0.01 μF) and parallel resistors R3//R4 will high pass frequencies above 240 Hz.
The mid band gain of transistor Q2 is somewhat less than R11/R5=2, and the mic "gain" is R2/R11=1.65, relative to a direct mic connection at J1. Connection to a different sound card represented by J2 is equivalent to the J1 connection. Operation with connection J3 is similar to J1, and relies on a diode D1 to conduct bias current and a capacitor C6 to carry the voice signal. There is now an option to trade off some of the overall gain of 3.3 by lowering the output impedance and thus reducing the loading effect of a connection to J4, typical of Creative Labs sound card inputs. When connected to J4, the Q2 collector impedance becomes R6//R41//R42=419Ω, so approximately 13 dB of signal is lost relative to the 2.0 kΩ condition at J1. By reducing bias string resistor R6 (which is AC grounded) to a value of 1 kΩ, circuit 100 output impedance is lowered such that only 6.7 dB of mic signal is lost at J4 and less mic level variation is seen among PC sound cards. Finally, a connection to another typical sound card input represented by J5 will result in a level of (R11//R6)/(R51//R6) or 2 dB above the J1 condition.
It will be appreciated that other microphones such as Andrea Electronics NC 50 may require a separate male to female "converter plug" which interposes a capacitor between tip and ring in order to improve operation with inputs represented by connection J4. This capacitor separates the resistor R41 from resistor R42 when mic plug tip and ring are connected together, and is required to prevent severe bias voltage division from 5.0V to 1.0V. The combination of capacitor C6 and diode D1 avoids the inconvenience and cost of a converter plug and enables operation with every type of sound card with a direct connection.
The circuit 100 can enhance the speech recognition performance of low cost electret mics for many combinations of tip and ring wiring of signal and bias at the sound card. An alternative embodiment of the invention will now be described that further increases dynamic range. FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit 200 with a current mirror sink circuit, an electret mic 202 and associated sound card jack connections 204. FIG.2 depicts an NPN current mirror sink transistor pair Q3, Q4 such that mic current through diode connected Q4 is reproduced in the Q3 leg, multiplied by the ratio of their emitter resistors R12 and R13. This follows from the fact that the bases are tied together, and therefore the voltage from each emitter to ground is equal. Thus, with 150 μA mic current and resistor R14 at mid value, the collector of Q3 will sink a current I=150(R12+R14/2)/(R13+R14/2)=205 μA, and total current will be 355 μA.
With a lower current mic such as 80 μA, resistor R14 can be adjusted for maximum I such that total current becomes 346 μA. For a different, higher mic current, say 220 μA, adjusting R14 for minimum I results in 357 μA total current. Thus, one DC adjustment will accommodate a wide range of mic currents and result in a nearly constant 350 μA sum at the output of the amplifier circuit 200. Constant current operation, despite the inevitable mic to mic DC variation, assures consistent speech recognition performance with a given sound card. When connected to the exemplary output connection J1, the mic drain DC level is 3.0V−2.0 kΩ�350 μA=2.3V. Using again the typical 150 μA current mic and R14 at mid setting, the voltage from mic source to ground is 0.6V+(2.2 kΩ+1.0 kΩ)150 μA=1.1V. With the drain at 2.3V and the source at 1.1V, the output can swing from about one volt to almost three volts before clipping.
The increased dynamic range of the circuit 200 of FIG. 2 over circuit 100 of FIG. 1 is advantageous and results from the total current in circuit 200 being variable signal current. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, only 200 μA of the 350 μA total current is variable, the remaining 150 μA is rendered constant by the averaging action of inductor L1 and capacitor C2. Transistors Q3 and Q4 may be part of a monolithic IC structure for better matching, however, this is not mandatory and discrete devices such as 2N5088 or 2N5089 may be used. Any VBE mismatch between a discrete Q3 and Q4 will amount to a few millivolts and will be masked by their emitter resistor drops of a few hundred millivolts.
As before, it is beneficial to band pass and avoid unwanted mic sensitivity at low and high frequencies. Capacitor C12 will provide a low pass −3 dB corner frequency of 2.4 kHz when connected to connector J1 and hence to resistor R11. The network of inductor L2, resistor R15, and capacitor C15, when optionally connected to the drain as shown in FIG. 2, will result in a high pass −3 dB point at 251 Hz, determined primarily by the L2 inductance and winding a resistance of approximately 80 Ω. It should be noted that low Q, low cost inductors that are not suitable for other audio filter applications because of the lossy winding are entirely appropriate in both the FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 embodiments. The resistor R15 (FIG. 2) may be connected in parallel with inductor L2 to alter the slope of the mic sensitivity versus frequency curve, in fact it is often necessary to tailor this response using acoustic measurements starting with values derived from circuit analysis.
A different option for obtaining a high pass characteristic without the use of inductors is to connect a capacitor across the emitter resistor of Q4. This will cause the AC component of emitter current to be lower at very low frequencies (because less signal current will be mirrored from Q3 to Q4) and will result in a −3 dB corner frequency of 239 Hz when capacitor C2 is 0.33 μF and resistor R12 is 2.2 kΩ. The overall response may be shaped further by an additional capacitor C13 in parallel with resistor R13 during acoustic testing. Whether an inductor is used or not, the output impedance of the amplifier circuit may again be lowered with resistive loading at resistor R15 in FIG. 2 as was previously shown with reference to resistor R6 in FIG. 1. If resistor R15 is made variable, it may also be used to set the mic output at a particular level without disturbing DC conditions and hence the dynamic range or swing. A current gain of 350/150 or 7.4 dB relative to the same mic element without a circuit leaves room for some attenuation and the accommodation of a wider mic sensitivity tolerance; for instance R15//R11=4.7 kΩ//2.0 kΩ yields 2.9 dB lower output. Low cost mics with a +/−4 dB tolerance may thus be adjusted to the +/−1.5 dB sensitivity spread of higher cost electrets.
Another embodiment of the present invention is the dual of the NPN amplifier circuit of FIG. 2 using PNP transistors instead. FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary arrangement of an amplifier circuit 300 with a current mirror source circuit, an electret mic 302 and associated output jack connections 304 in accordance with the invention. The configuration of FIG. 3 has the advantage of grounding at the mic source and using a simpler cable when shielding is required. In other words, the arrangement of FIG. 2 requires two conductors plus a shield between circuit and mic, while the arrangement of FIG. 3 operates with one conductor plus a shield. With reference to FIG. 3, PNP transistors Q5 and Q6 form a current mirror source such that the mic current through Q5 is repeated at Q6, but multiplied by the emitter resistor ratios as before. Exemplary transistors for this circuit are 2N5086 or 2N5087. All performance parameters of FIG. 2 such as dynamic range and frequency shaping apply to FIG. 3 with identical results.
Another alternative embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of an exemplary current mirror source amplifier circuit 400, battery connection 402 and output coupling network 404 in accordance with the invention. Two additional improvements can be observed: battery terminals and greater output wiring diversity. The following discussion will focus on the improvements.
Transistors Q7 and Q8 form a PNP current mirror with a potentiometer R40 setting the current ratio. At the mid point of R40, the ratio is 1:1 and for an exemplary 150 μA electret mic, total current is 300 μA. Additional fixed resistors between the end terminals of R40 and the emitters of Q7 and Q8 are avoided in this instance in order to maximize DC adjustment range, particularly for higher current electret mics, where R40 would be adjusted with wiper W at CCW. The resulting high resistance in series with the Q7 emitter can now be AC shunted for the audio frequencies of interest by the series combination of a capacitor C42 and resistor R43 for higher gain with no DC burden. Selecting 0.47 μF for C2 and 2.2 kΩ for R42 provides AC gain at frequencies above 154 Hz.
Capacitors C40 and C43 provide two high frequency attenuation poles and the values are selected during acoustic frequency sweeps of the electret microphone and the circuit of the invention as detailed below. The electrical, contribution of each RC pole is −6 dB per octave above the corner frequency. Voice is commonly digitized by PC sound cards with a resolution of 16 bits at a sampling rate of 11.025 kilobits per second. Only frequencies below the Nyquist criterion of 5.5 kHz can contribute information and common electret mics have rising or "ski slope" sensitivities above 1 kHz, so once a mic element is chosen, values for C40 and C43 are selected for a slight dip in sensitivity above 2 kHz towards a more significant drop at 6 kHz.
The contribution of FIG. 4 components LA, R44 and C44 in setting output level and attenuating frequencies below 251 Hz has been described with reference to the FIG. 2 network of L2, R15 and C15. Inductor LA is now shown as a common 600:600Ω center-tapped telephony transformer wired in series for maximum inductance. Terminals 5, 6 or 2 are available for further frequency shaping with resistors to ground. Capacitor C44 is essentially a DC block or AC short between the amplifier circuit 400 output and L4//R44. The configuration of FIG. 4 presents an opportunity for a parallel connection of batteries if required or desired. The low battery impedance does not shunt the audio output because it is in series with high impedance pair L4//R44, while the low winding resistance of L4 advantageously completes a DC path for the batteries from the amplifier circuit to ground.
It will now be described that a suitable output coupling network can maintain circuit operation with or without batteries with all sound card input wiring variations. In the absence of batteries, diode D4 will admit bias current if it is presented on the ring terminal by the sound card and D5 will admit current from the tip. Diodes D4 and D5 will also conduct mic bias current from the sound card mic jack if tip and ring are tied together as in connection J1 of FIG. 3, or even if each of the tip and ring terminals are independently connected with resistors to a DC bias voltage source. The audio signal from the amplifier circuit is presented to both output terminals tip and ring equally and symmetrically by "Y" connected 4.7 μF capacitors C45, C46, C47. The 4.7 μF value represents a short at frequencies of interest.
In the simplest case, each one of diodes D4 and D5 could be paralleled with a non-polar electrolytic capacitor for coupling AC signal in the absence of DC current (consequently low impedance) through the diode. Such a non-polar capacitor is expensive and is sometimes replaced with two common polarized electrolytics connected in series with like polarities at the common node. The total cost of four polarized capacitors in place of two non-polar units is lower. Since in the present instance the D4, D5 anodes are tied together, it is possible to complete the signal coupling function with three polarized electrolytic capacitors at even lower cost by connecting like (+) polarities together to form the "Y", connection of C45, C46, C47 in FIG. 4.
It will be appreciated by virtue of its symmetry that the output coupling network comprising D4, D5, C45, C46, C47 (FIG. 4) will accept DC bias and provide audio output to sound cards such as the exemplary connection J1 to J5 (FIG. 1), as well as every other combination of bias resistors, terminating resistors and coupling capacitors on the tip and ring terminals. The inevitable reduction of DC levels and signal attenuation when a mic is connected directly to the sound card is thus avoided without resorting to external adaptors and extra installation steps.
Batteries are optional and may only be needed when the voltage or current from the sound card is inadequately low. With such inadequate bias, the user of speech software will experience reduced recognition performance and be prompted to add batteries to the circuit of the invention to overcome the bias shortfall. If batteries were to be added when not needed, there is no harm and there may be some additional signal to noise improvement due to the filtering effect by the batteries on digital noise at the sound card input. Battery life will generally be extended because the contribution of DC from the sound card will reduce battery current. Schottky diodes are preferred because their low voltage drop (0.2V compared with 0.6V for Si diodes) minimizes loss of voltage from the sound card. This is vital since many more sound card input circuits exist than those shown as J1 to J5 in FIG. 1, and several are voltage and/or current limited by inappropriate choice of component values.
Clearly D4 and D5 will block any current from the batteries flowing into the sound card where it is not needed. The winding resistance of L4 (typically 80 Ω) drops very little battery voltage (24 mV at 300 μA), thus extending battery life down to voltages that would be unusable if presented by the sound card through its internal high bias resistance. Two "AA" batteries in series (3.0V total voltage) are typically used. Battery life will be approximately one year of continuous operation absent any DC contribution from the sound card. Longer life an be obtained by adjusting total current to a lower value such as 220 μA. This trade-off will reduce the possible need for batteries to a shorter list of sound cards with inadequate mic bias but will also lower dynamic range or "headroom" about 26%.
Equivalent circuit topologies that can achieve substantially the same results include more complex current mirrors, FETs instead of bipolar transistors and ICs instead of discrete devices. For example, Q2 and adjacent bias components in FIG. 1 can be replaced by an inverting op amp with a gain of 2 and a dummy load output resistance to sink about 250 μA. Supply current for an exemplary Texas Instruments TLC25M2C op amp is obtained from the voltage source node of L1 and C2. Output impedance will be advantageously low for driving inputs such as J4 and this may justify the cost of the operational amplifier IC.
The embodiment depicted in FIG. 5 is a subset of the circuitry of FIG. 4. It relies on all the FIG. 4 circuit components except those comprising the current mirror. Thus, circuit 500 may be preferred in cost sensitive applications which can still benefit from all of the improvements disclosed other than the extension of dynamic range or signal swing. For example, if DC bias is deemed adequate in certain applications, battery holder 502 may be omitted. A benefit of this omission is that a smaller circuit housing can accommodate the remaining components. Further size and cost reductions may be achieved in cases where the optional high pass components L5, R50, C51 are deleted. This may well be acceptable when a better microphone with an inherent high pass response is employed. An exemplary electret is Gentex Model 3065 with a high pass corner frequency at approximately 150 Hz. Even with low cost electrets, it is feasible to achieve some measure of rejection of frequencies below the voice band using a large foam microphone cover. Low pass capacitor C50 performs the function disclosed with reference to C43 of FIG. 4, and again may be deleted in cost sensitive applications or in instances where the mic housing rejects high frequencies acoustically. It will be appreciated that the remaining components comprising the coupling network D6, D7, C52, C53, C54 will optimally admit DC bias from the computer and return audio to the computer as described with reference to D4, D5, C45, C46, C47 of FIG. 4. Once more, compatibility with all possible sound card input wiring variations is achieved without reliance on external converter plugs or special adapters. When such abbreviated circuitry is utilized, a separate housing on the headset cord may be avoided. Instead, the components may be placed on the headset as part of the earcup or mic boom.
Although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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I bought 6 of the colors and I love everyone of them!! So did my 6 1/2 year old grandson. He liked the shape it made when he used it like a stamp. It looks like an iron. lol
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Author Archives: cweiske
Security Vulnerability Announcement
A vulnerability in the HTML_AJAX package has been found which allows arbitrary remote code execution. All versions of the package from 0.4.0 up to and including release 0.5.6 are affected by this. An new release of the package is available … Continue reading
PEAR 1.9.5 is out
The PEAR installer version 1.9.5 has been released today. The new version – three years after the last stable 1.9.4 and 2 weeks after the preview – is a bugfix only release. 13 bugs have been fixed. Among them are … Continue reading
PEAR 1.9.5dev1 released
I've just released a preview of the upcoming PEAR installer version 1.9.5: PEAR 1.9.5dev1. Version 1.9.5 will be the first release of the PEAR installer since 3 years, and thus needs quite some testing before declaring it stable. Instead of … Continue reading
Google code channels work again
The recent problems regarding the usage of PEAR channels hosted in google code SVN repositories has been fixed on both sides! PEAR 1.9.1 is out! Continue reading
PEAR channels on google code currently broken
PEAR channels hosted on google code (like the unofficial Smarty channel, unofficial Zend Framework channel and the unofficial Mediawiki channel) are currently broken. The reason for it has been discovered in the corresponding bug report: HTTP requests containing a port … Continue reading
Fixing "unsupported protocol"
Some PEAR installations on PHP 5.2.9 and 5.2.10 seem to be corrupted. When trying to install something, you will get the error: pear.php.net is using a unsupported protocal – This should never happen. install failed This problem comes from corrupted … Continue reading
PHP 5.3 Windows and PEAR (go-pear.phar)
Some users have reported that the windows builds of PHP 5.3 are not able to open the shipped go-pear.phar file. As a workaround, users can run the distributed phar with php -d phar.require_hash=0 go-pear.phar or download and use the http://pear.php.net/go-pear … Continue reading
pear.php.net moving on
Thanks to the efforts of Daniel O'Connor, the PEAR website is getting nicer and better. Bug RSS feeds support Baetle now, the PEAR proposal system – PEPr – works again and many small improvements and fixes found their way on … Continue reading
First PEAR bug triage over!
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Request for ideas: New developer FAQ
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WWE and Post Cereals are expanding their marketing agreement by featuring a cartoon version of John Cena on boxes of Fruity Pebbles. The limited-edition promotion will temporarily boot "Pebbles" frontman Fred Flintstone from the cereal box covers according to a report by AdAge.com. Here is a photo of the new box cover.
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Is there anyone specific you're hoping to see appear on the 20th anniversary show?
For the 20th anniversary of RAW on 1/14, WWE is planning on brining in names they haven't brought in for past reunion shows according to PWInsider.com.
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I bought one here ($10.90) to put me over the $50 mark to get the free shipping, and I don't regret it. The gate opens smoothly and locks smoothly. It is a good size and is easy to use with one hand. It doesn't snag on anything. Fairly light, and a great price. Get one for everyone you know.
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SU-800 or SB-910 considering small price difference
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Just my 2 cents...I use a SB-900 to control two SB-800s on tripods. I agree a SU-800 is much smaller and has a better range, but with a 900 I have another functioning flash...Brent
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Posted: 04/27/2015 by Eileen Ambrose | Comments
Workers 50 and older face a hurdle that younger peers don't: how to overcome negative stereotypes that paint them as much more expensive, out of touch with technology and less productive. An AARP report released Monday dispels these myths. The report, "A Business Case for Workers Age 50+: A Look at the Value of Experience 2015," was conducted by Aon Hewitt and based primarily on data from large employers. A similar report, which confirmed the value of older employees, was done …
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Older job seekers who were out of work at some point in the last five years found that tapping their network of contacts, reaching out to employers directly and starting their job search immediately rather than taking a break tended to be more successful in landing a job, according to a new report entitled "The Long Road Back: Struggling to Find Work After Unemployment," by the AARP Public Policy Institute. Yet for many others, the study found that a substantial number …
Posted: 03/18/2015 by Laura Colby | Comments
At an auto assembly plant in Pontiac, Mich., back in 1980, 18-year-old Mary Makela got a hands-on education about what life was like on the factory floor. It was noisy and dirty and rough. And then there were the catcalls. "Every time I turned this one corner," she says, "this guy would kind of yell. Finally, I walked over and asked him, 'Why do you do that?'" and he said, 'I don't know.'" She laughs at the recollection. Challenging him …
Posted: 03/09/2015 by Guest Blogger | Comments
The following post is by an AARP member who wanted to share his experience in finding a new position. He requested anonymity for himself and his current and former employers. One hundred job applications submitted. Forty-two phone interviews logged. Eighteen face-to-face job interviews. And finally, after 7½ months, a job offered and accepted. My journey began last March, when I was unceremoniously fired as a software engineering manager after 22 years. It wasn't a complete surprise. The company had been …
Posted: 01/09/2015 by Carole Fleck | Comments
Employers capped a year of solid hiring by adding 252,000 jobs to the economy in December — and older workers welcomed those gains. The national unemployment rate for people 55-plus dipped by 0.6 percent to 3.9 percent last month, a bigger monthly decline than the rate for workers overall, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Better still, workers 55 and older saw their jobless rate fall over the past year from 5.1 percent in December 2013. Older women seemed …
Posted: 10/28/2014 by Carole Fleck | Comments
The job-listing site CareerBuilder released its 2014 roundup of the year's 10 most dubious excuses that bosses have heard from employees. It's hard to believe, but here are the doozies your colleagues are dishing out when they call in sick: I just put a casserole in the oven. My plastic surgery for enhancement purposes needed some "tweaking" to get it just right. I was sitting on the toilet for so long that my feet and legs fell …
AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that helps people 50 and older improve the quality of their lives.


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10 things to ask before ... Choosing a phone equipment provider for your firm
We asked experts what new entrepreneurs should think about when selecting a telephone equipment provider. Next up in our biweekly manual of sorts for startup businesses: how to choose an Internet service provider and how to choose a nonprofit organization to support.
1. What are your rates for technical support? You should ask about tech support rates to determine whether you can pay a one-time flat fee for assistance. If not, the company may charge you every time an employee calls for support.
2. What is your return policy on equipment? Often, you will receive a full refund if you return completely intact equipment within 90 days of the purchase, but not always. Usually you can find the return policy on the company's website. If it's not there, ask about it.
3. Do you have a service trial? Take advantage of free trials. Telephone equipment companies will often offer 30- to 90-day trials, which are particularly helpful when evaluating a phone system before signing a long-term contract.
4. Is there a contract? The contract is essential in protecting your interests. Can you draw up your own, or must you sign one written by the company?
5. Will you program the system for our company? Unless you are willing to hire someone or already have a resident techie, you will need the equipment provider to install and set up the system for your office.
6. How long have you been in business? Good customer service and reliable equipment are crucial. You may have to interact with tech support regularly, and your business's ability to communicate with others depends in part upon the phone system. If an equipment company has been in business for a long time, that may reflect a reputation for helpfulness and trustworthiness.


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Rainbow Dolphins wrote:Newly is Eccentrica Gallumbits, the triple-appled whore of Eroticon 6!
Similar to Aelwyn's addition, but I highly recommend soup! It's pretty cheap to buy a bunch of veggies, stock and maybe a little milk/sour cream/dairy substitute to make it smoother, easy to make and can be stored/frozen/reheated easily.
Rainbow Dolphins wrote:Newly is Eccentrica Gallumbits, the triple-appled whore of Eroticon 6!
Enigma wrote:Don't buy any sort of drinks. - Drink water, it's free(ish) and also healthier.
Sonic# wrote:If these opinions don't matter to you at all, then you are unfit for conversation
Neko wrote:Enigma wrote:Don't buy any sort of drinks. - Drink water, it's free(ish) and also healthier.
This. Except drink large amounts of it. Being properly hydrated and losing water weight makes you feel so fucking amazing.
Xinzang wrote:I've been really into quinoa lately because I have been finding tofu doesn't work for me anymore. If you're vegetarian or vegan, this will be your miracle grain. (I'm a meat eater, but I eat it sparingly and every couple of days.)
Quinoa is 16 percent protein by weight, and it is the only grain in the world to contain all of the essential amino acids that your body needs. It is high in iron and B vitamins, essential for any non-meat eater. You can use it as a breakfast porridge, or cook it as you would rice for adding to dishes. It is also gluten free by nature. I usually mix lots of different cooked veggies into it. The great thing about quinoa is that because it's easy to digest, it's also suitable for children, those who are really sick, and the elderly. I just love it! Something you can also do is put quinoa in water for half a day and it will sprout, thus upgrading its nutrition profile greatly. It is the fastest-sprouting grain in the world at 3-4 hours!
About 60% of your daily calories should come from grains, preferably whole grains; followed by veggies; followed by fruits; and the smallest amount should come from meat, or no meat at all. We are omnivorous by nature but we aren't meant to have huge meat meals every day. Mind you, this varies from person to person. I absolutely must have meat in my life because of my constitution... wish I could be a veg but it can't happen, at least while I'm a student.
Meperidine wrote:^ Aaaah vegetarians should take vitamins!!
vex wrote:I'd totally single white female your life.
Mathmo wrote:Be aware of your time and energy availability - mental energy as well as physical. If you're just starting a stressful new job / continually struggling with a really hard class, don't also pile lots of pressure on yourself to start a brand new shiny extra-healthy eating plan - just try improving something small instead (like drinking more water). Creating new habits is hard, and it's harder if all your thinking space and energy is being taken up by something else, so be realistic about what you can do right now and what might have to wait a little while.
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Letters to us for Santa; we'll forward them
Editor's Note: If you've ever been at the North Pole at Christmastime, and if Santa has let you read some of the letters he gets from children, you know the range: funny, sad, quirky, poignant, beautiful, generous, direct, cautious, hopeful.
If you have not been at the North Pole, that's OK because we are Santa's helpers this year. He said it was OK to set up, on our Web site, www.nctimes.com, a place for our readers to write him. We will send them on to him, of course.
But first, we want to print them, right here, which Santa said was also OK. Read them all, if you have the time. Each is a little present to you, and if each does not in some way touch your heart, we'll be surprised.
We find them all remarkable, but two especially caught our eye.
Kelley wrote: "I would like to get some cash, about $70.00. A baseball. A golf kit. Ice skates size 5 1/2. I will leave you milk and cookies."
- David wrote: "Please bring my mom something. Daddy died and mom had to quit working because of her back. They almost turned off our phone."
Please read quickly. Santa is waiting.
- "Dear Santa Claus: I would like to get some clothes from ABERCROMBIE. Or if I don't get a laptop from my parents I would like that instead. I hope you can help david and his mom. Thank you very much!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! LOVE, KASEY ( p.s. I'm your biggest FAN!!!!! )"
- "Dear Santa, Merry Christmas. Me and my mom just read the other letters. Please bring something nice for David and his mom and also for Brandy and her best friend's mom. All I really want is a good Christmas with my family. I think that you might be friends with God. Could you tell him to bless everyone for Christmas and to say hi to my little sister, my cousin Joey and my Guela." Maria
- "Dear Santa, I have been really good. How have you been? I saw your book "Careful, Santa." I like the part when you lost the presents, but at the end you got them back. I wish I could have pencils, erasers, and pom poms for Christmas. I deserve them because I have been good at home and at school." Shanya
- "Dear Santa, Merry Christmas. I really don't care what you give me because I love you. Maybe a Hot Wheel with flames and a new motor cycle game for my game boy. That's all I want to say. Love, Nathan"
- "Dear Santa, I would like my own Gameboy. I would also like the third Star Wars movie, Revenge of the Sith. A new game would be nice, but I don't know which one. My cat would like some new treats. Thats all, I think. We will leave cookies for you and reindeer food for the reindeer." Stephen
- "Dear Santa, I just read some of the other letters, so please give Lupe and Allie good presents. I really do not need any more things. Love you gabby"


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The U.S. Drought Portal offers access to maps, data, and expert assessments through easy-to-use tools designed to help decision makers monitor, plan for, and recover from water shortages.
Nearly ten percent of U.S. watersheds are living beyond their means when it comes to their water supply. For nearly half the country, water stress is projected to worsen by mid-century because of climate change, according to a recent NOAA-funded analysis.
They say the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, and that was certainly true in June. Throughout the month, two very different stories played out in the contiguous United States. While the drought-stricken West fell into the grips of an intense heat wave, East Coasters were bombarded by summer thunderstorms.
A plant is a sophisticated climate-observing device. These satellite maps of the central and southern Great Plains during the week of April 8, 2012, and 2013 show how plants in the heart of the U.S. winter wheat croplands "measured" dramatically different climate conditions this spring than last.
The Spring Outlook encompasses temperature, precipitation, drought, and flooding expectations for the coming three months, and Mike Halpert, Acting Director of the Climate Prediction Center, discusses the outlook and its implications.
Winter storms in February improved drought in the Southeast and Midwest, but well below average precipitation in parts of the West in recent months has worsened drought in other places.
It's natural to associate drought with heat and with summer, but drought also impacts us during winter months. Winter wheat yields are declining, and the Mississippi River is approaching an all-time low. Understanding drought conditions and how they are affecting us is part of being "climate smart."
Pecan and chili growers along the Lower Rio Grande can tap groundwater during droughts, but the aquifer water is salty and harmful to the soil over the long term.
The average U.S. citizen consumes around 3.5 pounds of peanut butter a year. Will global warming make climate conditions less peanut-friendly in the U.S.?
According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, weak El Niño conditions may develop this fall. How might a full-fledged El Niño event this winter influence weather where you live?


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By: Don Bisbee, senior vice president, Cerner
With the proliferation of mobile devices and mobile applications in the health care industry, one significant advantage to the explosion of mobile health is the ability to deliver care more efficiently and improve patient safety....
Read full story
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Registration takes less than 1 minute.
President Obama and supporters of the Trans-Pacific Partnership won a procedural battle in Congress with the Senate voting to end a filibuster on fast-track Trade Promotion Authority Tuesday, but the real war may be yet to come.
A fire broke out on the Marshall Islands-flagged Purple Beach, causing the crew to evacuate due to toxic gas and fears of explosion.
The former president discussed the pros and cons of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which many have compared to his own blockbuster free trade agreement NAFTA.
Australian logistics and stevedoring firm Asciano, parent of Patrick Stevedoring, has confirmed it received a purchase offer of $6.8 billion from Brookfield.
BPO arrangement allows the express giant, which has been targeted for acquisition by FedEx, to focus on its core activities and customers service.
While many airfreight carriers around the globe saw a slowdown in growth, Middle Eastern cargo lines reported a drastic increase in airfreight volumes.


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Mine's grander than yours
idylls for the well heeled - Labassa
One aspect of the obesity trend is that the new homes of outer Melbourne widely derided as McMansions have expanded to be among the biggest in the Western world.
At an average of 250 square metres — about 83 square metres a person for the average household of 2½ people — we beat the Americans, the Germans and the Brits.
The average new Aussie house in a fringe suburb gives residents close to three times the living space accorded to the average Briton, who scores just 32 square metres of personal space.
Measured against the houses that displayed the wealth of Melbourne's post gold rush merchant class, however, these starter castles aren't mansions.
Labassa, a National Trust property in Caulfield, which from 1889 was lavished with preposterous external decoration and an extraordinary sequence of embossed wallpapers, grew by stages to become 35 rooms. Now that's a McMansion.
In the 1860s and '70s, Caulfield was on the rural fringe and McMerchants bought estates of four hectares to 12 hectares to build statement houses that had "ballrooms, music rooms and conservatories; high, straight towers; roof ornaments; colonnades around wide verandahs; Grecian pillars and statuary; fountains; kitchen gardens; coach houses, stabling and cow paddocks".
These great houses needed maids, butlers and coachmen. Expensive, imported, custom-made carriages were the trophy vehicles of the day.
More important were the teams of gardeners because the picturesque setting was the all-important status symbol.
Rippon Lea, with grounds that once spread across 27 hectares, is the last example of this age of the rich, rural idyll of the south-eastern suburbs, an era that provided some truly grand Victorian-age McMansions throughout Caulfield, Ripponlea and Elsternwick.
Rippon Lea, which began as a brick Romanesque house in 1868, has retained six hectares of its old garden glory.
The rest of the big houses started losing their estates in the economic slump and drought of the 1890s. Labassa's grounds were subdivided into 46 suburban allotments.
Once "the long, tree-shrouded drives were gone", a local historian said, "the magic of the era was lost".
In the scurried subdivisions many of the great houses were also dismantled. A great many others — most significantly, Helenslea (1850s), Glenfern (1857), Rosecraddock (started in 1857 and held by one family for 100 years), Labassa (1889), Quat Quatta (1890) and Rippon Lea — were saved by being converted to boarding houses, schools, hospitals, nursing homes, reception venues, museum houses and facilities for various community organisations.
The Elsternwick Club is happily housed in a wedding cake villa and at least six other properties in the backstreets of the district are listed buildings.
Another legacy of these historic McMansions is that Caulfield developed into one of Melbourne's educational hot spots.
Caulfield Grammar started the trend in 1881 and, in later decades, churches and spinster women set up many private and dame schools in houses "with rooms ample enough to become classrooms", and that had just enough grounds left to become playing fields.
By 1986 there were 31 schools in the district.
Rippon Lea house and gardens, 192 Hotham Street, Elsternwick. Melway 67 E2. Generally open from Thursday to Sunday. Phone 9523 6095, ripponleaestate.com.au


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Pay for Internal Audit VPs in the United States sits in the ballpark of $137K annually. Overall cash earnings for Internal Audit VPs stretch from $100K on the lower end to $226K near the top, and the heftiest packages can encompass around $41K from bonuses and $10K from profit sharing. Location is the biggest factor affecting pay for this group, followed by career duration. Medical benefits are awarded to nearly all, and most earn dental coverage. Men working as Internal Audit VPs who took the survey just slightly outnumber women at 58 percent. Most workers in this position report high levels of job satisfaction. This overview is based on answers to PayScale's salary questionnaire.
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A vice president (VP) of internal audits usually holds a leadership position for a large corporation. They work with managers and auditors to address financial and operational issues and help the managers to overcome these problems. The vice president of internal audit oversees various audit-related processes in the company and provides objective evaluations. Then, they help other departments come up with ideas to improve these processes. The vice president of internal audit usually has a team of auditors to whom they delegate tasks.Read More...
The objective of a vice president of internal audit is to detect flaws and improve them, making operations more efficient. They must also make sure that the various departments within the company are adhering to corporate policies and the law. The vice president of internal audit must create reports detailing audit findings, as well as issue certifications for compliance and compliance training. They may also be responsible for hiring members of the auditing team.
This position generally requires extensive related experience, as well as at least a bachelor's degree in a related field. Because this is a management position, relevant management experience might be necessary. Knowledge of internal auditing software and the interpretation of law is essential. This position is generally full time and takes place in an office setting, although it may require travel to the company's various operational areas.
Internal Audit VPs who responded to the survey indicated only a few skills that they use on the job. Risk Management / Risk Control and Internal Audit are considered valuable skills and can increase employee pay. Internal Audit and Risk Management / Risk Control are correlating skills — those who know the former usually know the latter.
Internal Audit VPs' salaries are heavily influenced by location — Internal Audit VPs in Boston bring in salaries that are 24 percent lower than the national average.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 22 votes.
42 %
58 %
|Medical: 93%
|Dental: 88%
|Vision: 76%
|None: 6%


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Dr. Julio Calderin specializes in general surgery in Sulphur Springs, Texas.
Dr. Julio Calderin has been compared 124 times. Details of Dr. Calderin's experience as an MD are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. Calderin
113 Airport Rd
Suite 300
Sulphur Springs, TX 75482
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Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. Julio Calderin has been identified as specializing in General Surgery.
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Insurance plans and networks accepted by a doctor are not necessarily universal across all locations at which the doctor practices. This can be affected by many factors such as different group practices, hospital affiliations and working arrangements at those locations. Checking that the doctor you are visiting and the facility they are at are in-network providers for your insurance plan can save you money and headaches later from surprise medical bills.
Dr. Julio Calderin accepts the following plan at 113 Airport Rd, Sulphur Springs, TX
- Cigna
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Grand Cherokee Redesign May Be Delayed Until... SUV
July 3, 2015
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2015 Formula One British Grand Prix Preview Racing
July 3, 2015
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First Drives
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Car Tech
Toyota has already confirmed it will release a plug-in hybrid vehicle powered by next-generation lithium-ion batteries in Japan, the U.S. and Europe sometime next year but production of these will be limited and only commercial and government fleets are expected to receive the cars. Mass production... read more
It's important to have a broad perspective in the auto business - tunnel-vision has been one of the biggest criticism of the American automakers. But seeing beyond the trees... read more June 3, 2009 by Alex Kaufmann
Just a bit over ten years ago, only a few of the dedicated had any idea what a hybrid car was, but in another ten years or so, the eco-friendly vehicles will account for... read more May 27, 2009 by Nelson Ireson
Toyota's all-new 2010 Prius officially went on sale in Japan just 11 days ago and has already garnered enough orders to justify Toyota increasing production targets by... read more May 27, 2009 by Ralph Hanson
Buyers in the U.S. looking forward to purchasing the new 2010 Toyota Prius may have to wait longer than they initially bargained for, following strong demand for the latest... read more May 25, 2009 by Ralph Hanson
The idea that plug-in hybrids aren't all they're cracked up to be isn't a new one. Carnegie Mellon University has even published a study that calls the technology inefficient... read more May 21, 2009 by Nelson Ireson
Toyota's third-generation Prius officially went on sale in Japan this week and to coincide with the launch the company also revealed several new styling packs under the... read more May 19, 2009 by Jeremy Weber
Gauging the future of automotive design is a tough and tricky business. Anyone that's ventured through the winding courses of Disney's famed Autopia knows exactly how easy it... read more May 18, 2009 by Nelson Ireson
Toyota may have just sold its millionth hybrid vehicle in the United States last month, but that hasn't stopped the industry giant from getting trounced in its home market of... read more May 13, 2009 by Jeremy Weber
It's no secret that hybrid and small car sales have been among the hardest hit in the ongoing market downturn. They've fallen at rates well beyond the total market's decline... read more May 5, 2009 by Alex Kaufmann
After a nearly flawless company history - over 70 years of profits - Toyota posted its first-ever loss for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. And a new report from Japan... read more April 14, 2009 by Ralph Hanson
Within days of unveiling the Insight hybrid concept at last year's Paris Motor Show, Honda CEO Takeo Fukui boasted that the production version would arrive on the... read more March 26, 2009 by Jeremy Weber
Testing the new Prius in the desert hills around Tucson, I came to a realization I'm still only half-comfortable with: I actually like this car. It doesn't go fast, it's not... read more March 25, 2009 by Nelson Ireson
The short-sightedness of the car-buying public is breathtaking. It was just months ago that fears over $4 gas prices had people scurrying about, dumping loaded SUVs for a... read more March 23, 2009 by Nelson Ireson
After months of conjecture and Toyota's own claims for the fuel-economy of its new Prius, came the release last week of "preliminary" Environmental... read more March 10, 2009 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
General Motors has responded to a recent Carnegie Mellon University study claiming that upcoming plug-in hybrids such as the Volt are not actually as efficient as they seem... read more March 6, 2009 by James Martinez


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Tel: (253)537-1901
Our congregation operates a Christian Day School, which also has a long history of serving families in our community.
Its purpose is to assist the home and church in the vital work of Christian Education.
Parkland Lutheran School provides a quality Christ-centered education for members of our church and to the surrounding community.
Children are nurtured to use their God given talents in a life of service to their Lord.
We provide education for elementary, through middle or junior high school age levels, starting with pre-kindergarten and continuing through the 8th grade.
School Overview
|Religious Affiliation
|Other Lutheran
|Grades Offered
|Grades Prekindergarten - 8
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|88 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 27%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|7 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|Average Class Size
|12 students
|List of Courses Offered
|Link to List of Courses
Finances and Admission
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Yearly Tuition Cost
|Tuition Notes
|Yearly Tuition = $5,320 Registration = $300.00
|Total Sports Offered
|8 sports
|Basketball, Cheering, Cross Country, Flag Football, Soccer, Softball, Track and Field, VolleyballBasketball, Cheering,
Cross Country, Flag Football,
Soccer, Softball,
Track and Field, Volleyball,
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TacomaTrinity Lutheran Preschool & Childcare
12115 Park Ave S
Tacoma, WA 98444
(253)535-2699Daycare / Preschool (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly AELC, ALC, or LCA))0.3 mi | 69 students | Gr. NS-K
TacomaSt Mary's Academy
757 138th St S
Tacoma, WA 98444
(253)537-6281(Roman Catholic)1 mi | 37 students | Gr. KG-8
TacomaFaith Lutheran School
113 S 96th Street
Tacoma, WA 98444
(253)537-2696(Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod)1.8 mi | 56 students | Gr. PK-8
TacomaImagination School
14824 C Street South
Tacoma, WA 98444
(253)535-2522Montessori School1.8 mi | 13 students | Gr. PK-8
TacomaPuget Sound Christian School
1740 S 84th St
Tacoma, WA 98444
(253)537-6870(Christian)2.7 mi | 69 students | Gr. NS-5
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Updated June 28, 2015
When it comes to choosing a private school, there are so many choices to consider that the project can be a huge challenge to most of us. We offer some help and advice to help you get started.
Sending your child to a foreign language school makes good sense when you have been posted to this country from abroad and in other circumstances as well.
Do you need financial aid? Not sure? Confused by how financial aid works? Here are some answers.


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All Firearms
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|Seller's Description
Unissued Cleaning kit for the Yugoslavian SKS rifle. Includes the cap off the storage tube that doubles as a cleaning rod guide, gas port cleaning pin, cleaning brush, and jag tool. Yugoslav in origin but can be used with other countries SKS rifles. Cleaning kit is unissued and in original wrapping. Kit sent will be identical to one pictured. Second picture is only to show contents. Kit sent will be unopened. No International bidders please. Buyer to also pay $3.50 for USPS shipping and handling. You may combine auctions to save shipping cost. For multiple auction wins, I generally charge only the one shipping amount from the auction with the highest shipping cost and not charge shipping for the additional items/auctions no matter how many auction wins. No International bidders please. You must be an adult to bid on this auction. By bidding on this auction you certify that there are no laws in your State or City which prohibit you from this purchase. We can accept payment from all online auction payment services including PayPal. Be sure to check out our other collectible militaria auctions. Thanks and Happy Bidding!
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Here is Albert C Elliott's black & white photo gallery on people watching at the Ocean Beach Street Fair 2015.
By Geoff Page
There continues to be confusion as to how to measure a building so that it conforms to the 30-foot height limit. I thought I had a pretty good idea of how this was calculated but learned some things had changed.
I also learned that the Development Services Department (DSD) has started using a twisted interpretation that resulted in a building on Avenida de Portugal being 36 feet high.
I would like to explain what I have learned about how height is to be measured. There are three issues.
The first issue is the question of where on a lot the measurement is taken from. The second issue is wording that the City has brought into the measurement language.
The third issue is the worst one, allowing measurement from future structures on a site, not existing conditions.
By Michael Steinberg / Black Rain Press
Nuclear Shutdown News chronicles the continuing decline of the US nuclear industry, and the efforts of those who are working to bring about a nuclear free future. As US nukes increasingly approach or surpass their 40 year lives, they are becoming more qnd more dangerous and outdated. They need to be shut down and replaced with renewable energy sources—now!
1. Balloon Shuts Down Indian Point Plant
On June 16 the New York state The Journal News reported, "a balloon tangled in electrical wires led to a sequence of events resulting in the shutdown of the Indian Point nuclear plant," which is located 35 miles up the Hudson River from New York City.
By Jim Miller
Gary Snyder is a courage teacher. His fine new book of poems, This Present Moment, is a meditation on wonder and impermanence. In it, for instance, we learn to value our laptops –
"Because whole worlds of writing can be boldly laid out and then highlighted/and vanish in the flash at 'delete,'/so it teaches of impermanence and pain."
And it's true, the miracle of creation that comes out of "a formless face/which is our Original Face," but as soon as the words are formed the self who made them is no longer there.
Still there is beauty, and moments of grace are there to be found and cherished in "the morning and night coming together," the "glacier scrapes across the bedrock," and "the deep dense woods." You just need to follow "the shining way of the wild" and "hang in, work it out, watch for the moment."
Snyder takes us on a world tour in this collection from the glories of the High Sierras to the gorgeous landscapes of the Italian countryside, from the Eiffel Tower to his wife's cremation.
A Buddhist, Snyder knows that to love anything–from a gorgeous sunset to a lifelong partner–is to invite loss and intense suffering: "This is the price of attachment," he tells us, but it is still "Worth it. Easily worth it."
Is chumming legal or allowed off the Ocean Beach Pier?
Okay, you ask, what's "chumming"?
There's a variety of modern slang-type of definitions, but in relation to fishing, it's when people fishing off the pier or in the ocean cut up large chucks of bait and throw them over the railings or overboard in hopes of attracting large fish – like tuna – or like sharks.
If the fisherman or fisherwoman is trying to attract sharks while fishing off the OB Pier – or any pier – when there are surfers and swimmers nearby – that makes it an extremely dangerous activity.
It was suspected that chumming may have been partially responsible for attracting the sharks that attacked children off Oak Island in Southern North Carolina back in mid-June, where two kids each lost a limb. The incidents – 2 miles apart – were followed by calls to regulate chumming off a local pier.


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Standalone embedded speech shield for Arduino and other MCUs
A just-launched Kickstarter project promises a rather interesting speech recognizer and synthesizer shield for use in hobby projects and embedded systems. Read Full Storypost comments
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Sponsored by LeddarTech 11 June 2015
Leddar Optical Time-of-flight Sensing Technology: A New Approach to Detection and Ranging
This white paper will give a high-level overview of the Leddar optical time-of-flight sensing technology and its advantages compared with competing technologies. It will then describe architectural choices for sensors incorporating Leddar technology as well as the benefits that such sensors provide.Read More
Sponsored by Altera 08 June 2015
Leveraging HyperFlex Architecture in Stratix 10 Devices to Achieve Maximum Power Reduction
The paper describes in detail advanced power features and capabilities for power reduction including SmartVID, hard IP blocks for commonly used functions and floating-point DSP processing, power gating of unused blocks, low-power transceivers, and extra low-voltage and extra low-static power devices.Read More
Sponsored by Datalight 16 June 2015
A Comparison of Journaling and Transactional File Systems
This white paper looks at the limitations of desktop/server file systems in embedded devices and reviews the operation of two different solutions—journaling and transactional file systems—and the key differences between them. Read More
Sponsored by Intersil 05 June 2015
How to Select a PWM Controller for Narrow On-Time Buck Conversion
This paper examines the trends influencing narrow on-time POL conversion and compares the current mode control architectures typically used, including their strengths and weaknesses, as well as a hybrid valley current mode architecture with adaptive slope compensation.Read More
Sponsored by Silicon Labs 11 May 2015
The Past, Present, and Future of USB
This paper explores the past, present, and future of the USB connection protocol.Read More
Leddar Optical Time-of-flight Sensing Technology: A New Approach to Detection and Ranging
This white paper will give... Read More► see all


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2184 days, 10 hours ago
love supporting our LOCAL farm families
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2187 days, 22 hours ago
Festive and fresh, even my 8 year old loves to go.
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2201 days, 11 hours ago
A last vestige of a fine, small, rural community life
Shelley Carlson
2201 days, 15 hours ago
It's a wonderful community endeavor; and the food is fresh and delicious.
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Broadway Donald Hunsberger Wind Library Sheet Music: 1 items found
Catfish Row (Symphonic Suite Based on Porgy and Bess)
Concert Band - 6+
Composed by George Gershwin (1898-1937). Arranged by for Concert Band and Soprano and Baritone Soloists by Donald Hunsberger. Concert Band; Masterworks. Donald Hunsberger Wind Library. Form: Suite. 20th Century; Broadway; Masterwork Arrangement; Standard. Deluxe score only. 152 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.DHM004C).
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Donald Hunsberger Wind Library


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Wethersfield Vs. East Hartford
Wethersfield's Brendan Smith jumps into the arms of teammates after scoring a run in the top of the eight inning to take the lead. Wethersfield scored five runs in the eighth to beat East Hartford 7-2 at McKenna Field in East Hartford.
April 29, 2013


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Austin to Banff on a Tiger 800XC
I've had a standing invite from my Canadian amigo Tony T up in Banff, Alberta to come up for a fly fishing expedition. Then I bought a Triumph Tiger 800XC back in December. No-brainer...
Gonna camp and rough it along the way. Target Departure date: July 1, 2014. 30 days to ride up west of the Rockies, fish and explore the Canadian Rockies, head back south east of the Rockies, zip over and meet my girlfriend for a few days in Spearfish SD where she grew up, and try to get lost on a few Colorado Rockies backroads on the way home.
The north route
All subject to change on my whims...
Across north Texas to Taos, Chama and Shiprock New Mexico through the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests on hwy 64. Up to Cortez Colorado and across into south Utah on a a road that follows the river west recommended by Butler maps, up to Arches National Park. I might take a day to explore Moab and Arches NP. Next is Salt Lake City where I will at least roll past that gigantic temple. Up into Idaho and the Bitterroot National Forest with a nice twisty stretch of hwy 93 I'm really looking forward to. Then to Glacier National Park MT and hopefully across Going to the Sun Road which is still mostly closed because they haven't completely plowed it yet. Cross into Canada at Chief Mountain and it's on to destination Banff!
South route:
Gonna head back through Calgary and SE through Montana. Custer National Forest, Devil's Tower in Wyoming, then some R&R in Spearfish SD where the GF is going to meet me for a couple of days. Deadwood, Mt. Rushmore, then back over into Montana and south to Colorado where it might get crazy depending on how much time I have left. Trail Ridge Rd. through Rocky Mountains National Park, possibly a little off-road stint down the continental divide ride for a few hundred miles. Royal Gorge, and if there's time, hanging out with my buddy Bawb in Colorado Springs. After that it gets pretty boring heading into North Texas. Caddilac ranch, 72 ounce steak challenge (probably not really) and home through the hill country to Austin.
So here's the first big plot twist: I applied for my passport back a few months ago. The process takes 4-6 weeks normally. I should have had 2 weeks to spare. Without getting into deep detail, there was a glitch, and my passport is now MIA in the system and I may not get to cross the border! Yay.
My plan is to take off for Canada anyway, and have my GF overnight the passport to a UPS store in Montana IF it arrives after I leave, but in time for me to spend an adequate amount of time in Canada. If that doesn't happen this becomes "Austin to Glacier National Park, Montana and tooling around the American Rockies on a Triumph Tiger 800 XC."
There's a thread about the passport thing in trip planning if you really want to know more. But it's not going to get here by the time I leave, so screw it.
One cool thing I'm going to attempt, technology gods willing, is to occasionally broadcast live streaming video while riding. Benefit of having an unlimited data plan. Could be cool while riding through some twisties and stuff.
You can sign up for e-mail alerts for when I'm streaming live by creating an account at www.Ustream.tv and subscribing to my channel:
Also, if you click the "like" thing on the channel page the live streams will show up on your facebook page.
I'll post updates here when I can but most of it will be after the fact.
The link in my sig is to a facebook page I set up just for this trip. Those updates will be in real time.
If you decide to ride along, hope you enjoy my trip.
And I'll take advice on things to do and see along my route if you have them.
Well this is interesting. Leaving Fargo on the 2nd and heading to SLC to visit for a few days then leaving on 7th and taking same route north as you to Banff! Don't know if we will cross paths but I'll be on a wee strom. Have a safe trip!!!:clap
And I'm leaving Charlotte on July 3rd heading across Canada for Prince Rupert and the ferry North to Juneau. I'm on a Dark Gray R1200RT (accompanied by a guy on a Black 1150GS and a guy on a Dark Gray K16GTL) and we'll be playing around between Banff and Jasper on or about July 9th and 10th...
Fingers crossed for the Passport issue to get resolved and.... :lurk Subscribed.
I would highly recommend driving up the Icefields Parkway which is from Banff towards Jasper. Being that close and not driving it would be a mistake. Trust me. Have a Epic journey, your route is awesome.
I'll keep an eye out for y'all.
ice.. cool... see what I did there?
Ride safe!
I am kinda on my way back to Dallas from Banff/Jasper,I am in Provo UT tonight.
The route I took from Dallas was, day 1 to Pagosa Springs via Santa Fe and Abiquiu , Day 2 550 through Ouray and Silverton then 141 (surprisingly awesome ) ending up in Craig CO, day 3 to Red Lodge MT via Beartooth pass,
Day 4 back over beartooth thru Yellowstone to Kalispel, MT, Day 5 to Banff with enough time to do the Icefield Parkway( impressive , don't miss this area),
Day 6 Icefield parkway again then to Missoula MT, DAy 7 hwy 93 to Provo UT.
Been a but over 4,000 miles so far and it has been some great scenery and riding.I was going to ride the road to the Sun in Glacier park but a landslide has part of it closed.
Enjoy your ride there is a lot of great roads between you and Banff.
Not many know this but travel btw the US/Canada does not require a passport. You can get through with enhanced drivers license, nexus card, birth certificate/etc. You just have to prove whom you are.
Granted it is better to go with a passport but it is not required. Call up both the Canadian and Us border stations and talk to them directly to verify this. My buddy did this today and has done it numerous times over the past year.
Here's the URL for the live streaming video.
If you sign up for an account and subscribe to this channel you can set it to send you e-mails or post on your facebook page when I am streaming live from the bike.
I'm going to be testing it sunday. I have to ride down to San Antonio to borrow a GoPro. I'm going to take hill country backroads. If the signal holds up it there will be a modicum of nice scenery.
If you tune in, please leave comments in the chat about video quality etc.
The whole passport deal is kind of a dead horse at this point. I'd rather not have this ride report be a discussion about it. I started a thread in trip planning where it was discussed, and still can be.
I'm in. :lurk Should be a great trip even if you don't make it across the border.
Passport allegedly in transit. Should be here today. Was going to be leaving in a few hours but I'm going to delay a day to (hopefully) get the passport.
El JefeATX
Ifn your still in Missoula, check out tamarack brew co.
On your way south CO 92 is worth the detour.
Cheers mate!
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About 1 out of 5 adults over 55 have
peripheral arterial disease (PAD).1 People who have the disease in one part of
the body are likely to have it in other places, including the legs.
The risk for PAD increases with age. People who smoke or have
diabetes are at a significantly higher risk for
developing the disease.
CitationsCassar K (2007). Peripheral arterial disease, search date December 2006. Online version of BMJ Clinical Evidence: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
Last Revised:
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Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & David A. Szalay, MD - Vascular Surgery
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You can filter the list below by selecting a subject category from the drop-down list below, for example by selecting 'One-Variable Calculus'. Then click the 'APPLY' button directly, or select a subcategory to further refine your results.
Displaying 1051 - 1060 of 1214
A row (column) of a matrix is called "extraneous" if it is a linear combination of the other rows (columns). The author shows that deleting an extraneous row or column of a...
A new and elementary proof for a theorem in differential equations
The author explores the relationship between saddle points of surfaces and the inflection points of the projected curves.
Analytic proofs for the generation of conic sections
The author presents a simple proof of a special case of Dirichlet`s celebrated theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions.
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Obama administration pay czar Ken Feinberg today announced sweeping new cuts in compensation for the top 25 executives at five companies receiving huge taxpayer bailouts: AIG, General Motors, GMAC, Chrysler and Chrysler Financial.
Feinberg said today that his rulings will result in overall cash pay for company officials to dropping an average of 33 percent from 2009 levels, while total compensation will decline 15 percent. Fewer than one in five executives will see cash salaries above $500,000.
Though Feinberg praised some compensation shifts made by individual firms, he said he didn't believe that Wall Street overall understands the need to change pay structures.
"I don't think Wall Street as a general institution gets the message. I don't think in American history they've ever gotten the message," he said. "There's always been historically a huge gap in perception between Wall Street and Main Street. That goes back to the founding of the republic. And I don't see that there's any major change."
"I'm hoping, however, that as a result of this initiative that I'm engaged in now pursuant to the law that Wall Street will begin to change the manner that it goes about compensating its high executive officials and there are some early signs that they are doing that," he said.
At AIG's Financial Products (AIGFP) unit -- the division of AIG largely blamed for the insurance giant's meltdown -- Feinberg froze cash salaries at 2009 levels for all employees except one.
As promised, AIGFP employees have repaid $45 million in 2009 bonuses. Feinberg said AIG CEO Robert Benmosche deserves "praise" for shepherding the repayment.
At GMAC, no cash salaries are above $500,000 and their CEO is receiving only stock. In what Feinberg called an "unprecedented step," GMAC is reserving issuance of TARP stock until the end of the year
Feinberg's rulings are retroactive to Jan 1, 2010. Next month, Feinberg is expected to issue decisions on compensation packages for the 75th through 100th-highest paid employees at the five firms.
The Wall Street firms and the automakers have argued that Feinberg's pay limits would cause a "brain drain," with employees leaving the companies to avoid the pay caps.
But Feinberg said today that of the employees who had their compensation capped by his rulings last year, 84 percent remained with their companies.
"I think if any single important piece of information comes out of my rulings today it is that 85 percent of individuals who are subject to my mandatory jurisdiction last year are still at their desks, still doing their job, and I think that says a great a deal about the fact that the impact of my compensation determinations and my reductions have not led to that type of brain drain," he said.
Although Feinberg only has jurisdiction over these five companies, the pay czar is set to send a letter to all 419 firms that received money from the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). In the letter Feinberg is expected to request compensation data for the top 25 executives at these firms during the end-of-2008 bonus season. The goal is to examine pay packages for employees at these 419 firms who earned over $500,000.


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Accelrys Inc.
|Accelrys Inc. Patent applications
|Patent application number
|SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ENTITY REGISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT - The disclosed embodiments contemplate an electronic storage system able to be rapidly deployed and subsequently used to receive and organize data entries. The system comprises a knowledge schema able to organize entries into a coherent form facilitating revision and review. The system may be implemented across a computer network such that users from a variety of locations may asynchronously review and update the database.


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"The question is whether he actually caused her death in the course of committing an unlawful act or if he behaved with some kind or recklessness," Coughlin said.
In total, Huguely has been charged with six counts: first-degree murder, felony murder in a robbery or attempted robbery, robbery of a residence, burglary, entering a house with the intention to commit a felony and grand larceny.
"I think the jury will be persuaded that [Huguely] engaged in conduct that caused her death and there was some sufficient culpability," Coughlin said. "The issue is how culpable. How culpable was his mental state?"
"We know that he was in that room, that there was some conduct that caused death and the issue is what was in his mind?" she said.
The possible sentences for the range of charges and possible conviction are anywhere from one year to life in prison.
"So you can see the stakes involved for both sides," Coughlin said. "It's huge. And it all comes down to his mental state."