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Driving on I-84 most have noticed the big rock structure that cascades down the mountain in a slide formation known as Devil Slide, but little remains of what used to be the Devil's Slide Village, now owned by Union Pacific.
Mr. Grinch was born in Whoville, moved to Morgan County in 2011.
He was born with a heart three sizes too small, and has had heart trouble ever since.
When he was born, he lacked oxygen, instead of turning blue, he turned green instead.
As wonderful as the holidays are, they can be a stressful time, especially if you are a caregiver. We are here to help! Danny and Jennie Fry, owners of Burchcreek Homecare and Hospice, would like to thank the community for their support by extending their free respite service to the town of Morgan.
Utahns watching the sky during the early morning hours of Saturday, December 10th will be treated to an eclipse of the Moon.
Alison Larson and Amy Ward from the Morgan Valley Chamber Orchestra presented to the city council this week. "We have tried to fill a need that has been missing in this community for strings education and orchestra," said Ward. The group began after Weber State discontinued their strings program in the county. There is currently no orchestra or string program at the high school or middle school.
Monday Nov. 28, 2011 Union Pacific's steam engine #844 came rolling down the tracks past Commercial Street, in a display to show the public the historic impact and role these steam engine trains played in their time. Still holding the power of its engine, and able to pull the railroad cars behind it, #844 Steam engine was a memorable sight to see for those who came out to watch it roll on through Morgan.
Last year when most people were packing away their ornaments, tinsel and lights, others were just getting started on Christmas trees for this year. As soon as Christmas is over and the new year begins, many people have already designed a Christmas tree, started buying supplies and some even start working on a tree they will never put their gifts under. These trees are not meant to adorn their own houses but are given away selflessly to benefit others.
What will you wish for this year when you grasp the wishbone with hopeful hand and heart? Will you wish for more time with family, more time off work, or the basic blessings of home, health and happiness? During this season of thanks, I believe that we each have much to be thankful for in our lives. We cherish the special moments and memories that make our lives meaningful, not just memorable. Especially at this time of year when we try to make more of an effort to reconnect and reunite with our friends and family, we should remember that after the thanks are through, the real giving can begin. We can give our time, talents and treasures to show them that they are treasured, not just one day a year, but always.
"It's been great,"said Tracy Kummer, Food Pantry Director with Morgan County Community Services, reflecting on the past two years. She continued, "the support from the community has been wonderful! when the word gets out, the people really dig in there and help."
Hanna Clark won first place in the Essay Contest sponsored by the Son's of the Utah Pioneers Morgan Chapter. For the past few years Gwen Romero's 8th grade English class has participated in writing a history about one of their ancestors to be entered into this contest.
"Veterans, we are free because you made a sacrifice, thanks!" was on the marquee, to reminds us why we honor them. Morgan Middle School presented their annual Veterans Day Assembly, a tradition of honoring veterans that has continued over the past ten years.
"It was a great Eagle Project, and helped many people," stated Boy Scout, Ryan Millburn how he felt about the results of his service project. For the last couple of weeks Ryan has been collecting food and cash donations for the purpose of providing Thanksgiving dinner to families in Morgan County in need. It was estimated by the Morgan County Food Pantry that 25 families could use the help for Thanksgiving.
This photo was brought into us by Dick Slate. Can you tell us who they are?
From the Morgan Valley Memories picture submited in the Nov. 11 issue of the deer hunters, we had 2 community members share their memories.
Entering Pocket Change in November, you'll find a few leftover Autumn and Thanksgiving decorations, party supplies and knick-knacks; Christmas colors, decorations, a tree that displays some of the ornaments and items that are so festive, you would think you were in Santa's workshop. Friendly store clerks that help you find what you need whether its office supplies or something for the kitchen. There is also warm socks, and gloves from time to time.
Although Lon and Lauri Eskelson had spent their whole married life in Plain City, Lauri says their recent move to Morgan last spring "felt like they were coming back to their roots". Long-time Morgan residents might know Lon's dad (D.W. Eskelson) who was born in the town of Devil's Slide and even taught there before later teaching in Morgan. Lauri originates from Farr West, while Lon mostly grew up in Plain City, which is where they ended up raising their children. Lauri likes to tell the funny story about when her friend introduced her to Lon. Until then, she had never heard the name Lon before, so she asked "like the mower?"
Louis' Mexican Restaurant of Morgan will be a huge contributorto an exclusive fund raiser this year for Operation Smile.
Morgan City will again be hosting Ol' Time Christmas on Commercial Street. There will be activities and fun for all. There will be a raffle for Sub for Santa. Tickets can be earned by bringing a new unwrapped toy. The grand prize is a 42" Zenith Plasma T.V.
Morgan City is once again hosting Christmas on Commercial Street on Saturday, December 3. Come out and enjoy the fun as a community! There will be food, fun, and family activities. There will also be a visit from Jolly Old St. Nick. See you there!
People may visit the City website for more information and entry forms for the Gingerbread contest, the coloring contest and the Christmas boutique at www.morgancityut.com.
The areas of South Morgan and North Morgan were first settled in 1960-61, and were incorporated into Morgan City in 1868. Morgan's business district had it origins along Young Street and State Street in South Morgan. Some of these first businesses included a mercantile and blacksmith shop. Although the business district was in South Morgan the main route into the area was located on the northeast side of Weber River. This created a dangerous situation to receive merchandise and supplies from out of the area. It was very hazardous to cross the river, especially in Spring prior to the first bridge over the river.
Grant and Marilee Wadman were found dead in their Porterville home at 390 West Hardscrabble in Porterville. The Sheriff's office was notified by family members after they had not been able to contact the couple for approximately a week.
Last week I wrote about remembering to forget. This week is about not forgetting to remember. Veteran's Day has passed for another year, but that doesn't mean we stop honoring those who gave and give their lives in the service of our country and any other country seeking true freedom. They are heroes and their sacrifices and service deserve more than any medal could symbolize. They should be honored every day we are free to wake up and live our lives.
George and Carol Lancaster were both born in 1947, no more than one city away from each other; George was born in Murray, Carol in Salt Lake. George was raised in Crescent, attended and graduated from Jordan High School while Carol attended three different high schools, Olympus, Hillcrest, and graduated from Cyprus; her family moved around to different areas of Salt Lake. It was in the ninth grade when they finally met each other. George sat behind her in Social Studies class. Carol and George had become such good friends that as Carol was moving around, George was always making sure he found her so they could keep in touch. Over the course of four or five years these two occasionally dated, corresponded by letters back and forth and developed a very close relationship. This close relationship, in fact, later resulted in marriage in the year 1966.
The family of Martin Heiner and Adelgunda Dietzel, early settlers in Morgan, Utah, are being spotlighted in an exhibit at the museum of Wasungen, Germany. The exhibit, entitled "Wasungen Emigrants Overseas," opened on November 6 2011 and will run through January 6, 2012.
The Morgan County Sheriff's department is investigating a possible murder suicide that occurred in Porterville. Grant and Marilee Wadman were found dead from gunshot wounds in their home on Thursday evening. The investigation began after family members had been unable to contact them for approximately a week.
You're on vacation, enjoying the sights and sounds of relaxing surroundings, when all of a sudden it hits. Did I lock the back door? Did I forget to leave enough food for the pets? Is the garage door open? Usually, it's no big deal because you're certain you remembered to do those things, right? You try to remember every detail hoping that will be enough to assure you, but then you wonder if you left the iron on, or forgot to water the plants, or leave a key with the neighbor for emergencies. There are plenty of things to forget about that can cause turmoil and spoil your relaxation. So, unless you want to turn around and go home on a hunch that you forgot something, you're going to have to remember to forget about some things and trust that everything will be okay when you get back.
On Tuesday evening. Cub scout pack 181 held their monthly pack meeting. This month's theme was citizenship. The tour was conducted by Mayor Jim Egbert. They toured the city offices and council room and the Morgan County food pantry. The tour helps towards the scouts earning their Citizenship Award, explained parent, Annette Mortensen. Afterwards they returned to the church and discussed what they had learned.
I enlisted in the Air Force Reserve in December 1963 and served 33 years until retiring in September 1996. I spent my entire career in the 945th then 508th then 419th Civil Engineering Squadrons. Some of my tours included numerous bases in the U.S; bases in: Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska; Hawaii; Germany; Crete, Italy; Honduras; and Korea. I served at Incirlik Air Base Turkey during December 1994 and January 1995 in Operation Provide Comfort. The UN called on Iraq to end repression of its population in northern Turkey and to bring humanitarian relief to the Kurds.
In late October of 2010, PFC Matthew Permar, along with the rest of his unit, 2nd Battalion, of the 4th Regiment, 4th Combat Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, began their long journey from Ft. Polk, LA to Afghanistan. Their civilian contracted airline made its first stop in Bangor AFB, Maine; then on to Sophia, Bulgaria; finally landing in Manas, Kyrgyastan. In Manas, after being issued plates for their body armor, 2nd Battalion soldiers boarded an Air Force C-17 for the flight to FOB (Forward Operating Base) Shank, about 50 miles south of Afghanistan's capitol city, Kabul. The landing at FOB Shank was delayed because the base was then under mortar attack. In one bizarre incident, a mortar round landed on a soldier's foot. Fortunately it was a dud and he survived. The base was mortared again on the following day during evening chow, and Permar was struck by how little warning the incoming rounds gave, no great whistling sound like in the movies. After the stress of the long flight, he slept through the mortar attack on the third day.
Veterans Day 2011 comes once in a century this year on 11/11/11. With this remarkable day in history, where we celebrate our veterans throughout the nation and different wars, I wanted to post some of the letters that have been sent to me from people throughout the United States from veterans, soldiers and individuals who support our troops. On my side job, I work as a songwriter with an organization called Project Troops- Artists Who Care. We do concerts for soldiers and veterans, and have been involved in fundraising to help with sending packages and letters to our troops. We often get letters to give to the soldiers and veterans, and I wanted to share some of these sentiments provided by veterans, and supporters of our troops for this Veterans Day. It is not enough for us to merely stand by and take our freedoms for granted, we must realize for what we enjoy today, someone has paid a price, and is paying the price for our freedoms today. Thank a soldier, write a letter, send a package, to let them know of your gratitude.
Taking a vacation is a great way to get away from the daily noises that annoy us. We want to get away from the alarm clocks, boring board meetings, rush hour traffic, and unwanted phone calls. We seek the holy grail of getaways, the kind where we find both peace AND quiet. At least that's the plan. Instead we end up trading one annoying noise for another. We may escape the familiar sounds of our daily lives only to spend our time listening for last boarding calls, taxi cabs, tour guides, room service, crowded lines, raucous restaurants, and of course, traffic. But listening is crucial to our journey. While some sounds get on our nerves, others warn us of danger, or comfort the wounded heart.
Morgan welcomed Richard and Linda Eyre last week as they presented information from their new book "The Entitlement Trap". Morgan Empowered sponsored the event to help families in the area gather information that would assist and help in raising their children. The Eyre's wrote their book to help parents with the growing problem of entitlement.
Floyd and Charlotte Widdison have lived in Mountain Green for 40 years. They actually met in Morgan over 45 years ago when Charlotte taught elementary school and had Floyd's younger brother in her third grade class. She also taught mutual in Morgan and had his 2 younger sisters in her class. Both the sisters and the brother kept telling Floyd what a nice teacher they had.
There is so much more that can be said about Como Springs.
In all the published histories of Como, none have included the large fox farm there. It was located on the south part of Como Springs property. Several foxes were purchased by the Heiner's to start the fox farm.
Everyone gets sick sometimes and no matter when the sickness strikes it's never pleasant. It's miserable and often depressing. Being sick on vacation, however, is not only ironic, but an irritating interruption to your itinerary. You're supposed to get sick during the work week, not when you're trying to enjoy resting and relaxing, right? Nevertheless, an untimely illness can unravel the best travel plans in a heartbeat; accompanied by a cough, the sniffles and can turn your skip to the lou into a sprint to the loo.
The Eccles Community Art Center, 2580 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden will exhibit the recent works of local artist, David W. Jackson of Mt. Green in the Main Gallery, November 4-29. The Carriage House Gallery will feature local artists with an Artist Invitational/Holiday Boutique exhibit through December. An opening reception for the Jackson exhibit and an evening of holiday shopping in the Carriage House Gallery is planned for Friday, November 4, 2011 from 5 to 8 p.m.
In the 1920's Leo Carter operated a Texico Service station on the corner of State street and 700 East, in North Morgan. In this station he also stalked some candy items from 1 cent a piece to 5 cents each. At times when you had a penny, nickel or dime, you could find some children visiting Leo's to buy a treat. There were two gas pumps one with regular gas, and the other with Ethel.
On May 6, 1921, Dean Rock came into the world, a precious baby boy, born in the house across the street from the laundry mat. Born and raised in Morgan, Dean Rock is quite the alumnus, not only of Morgan High school, but of the beloved town as well. At ninety years old, Dean remembers his younger days just like it were yesterday and enjoys reliving them through, telling stories about his adventures and experiences.
Most of you probably think if you have lived in Morgan for 30 years or more that you have earned your "ite" status as in Morganite. A Morgan"ite" is someone who has lived in Morgan for more than 30 years. "M"organic…is someone who has taken it past the "ite" status no matter how many years lived hear, and sometimes resorts to eccentricities in apparel or other areas of mind set!
"Zanadu, which means the idyllic place," explained co-owner, Amy Dickson, she found the name in a dictionary online.
When looking online Zanadu isn't listed but Xanadu is, this rhymes with Zanadu and definition is an idyllic, exotic, luxurious place. Also found Zanadoo is a website, which has "private offers" on shoes, clothing, and various accessories but is not affiliated with the store.
Flyers are being distributed.... collection boxes placed..... sounds like a food drive, but more specific than the regular food drive. Ryan Millburn's Eagle Scout Project is to help provide Thanksgiving for some Morgan County families. Ryan is working with Morgan County Food Pantry to accomplish this goal.
The Sons of the Utah Pioneers, Morgan Chapter added two names to the Pioneers of Morgan County Monument located at the Morgan City Park. Doris Sanders spoke of her Great-great Grand Father Sanford Porter. He had come west with the pioneers in 1847 and lived in Centerville. He moved to Morgan in 1860 and established Porterville.
There are not too many things worse to have happen to you on vacation than not being able to find a place to stay for the night. You're worn out from a long day of play you need a place to temporarily call home so you can recharge for the next adventure. But what if you couldn't find a place? What if all the hotels were booked and everywhere you looked you only saw NO VACANCY signs with their glaring lights mocking your unpredictable predicament. Looks like the car may be the most comfortable couch, if you have one with you. True, nowadays this rarely happens with up to date hotel reservations, and discounts to seal the deal. But you can imagine being away from home and not having a place to stay. By the way, there is something worse than not finding a room for the night. It's finding a room and having to share it with free-loading, hungry, eight legged creatures ready to welcome you. But that's another story.
The only presence of Dr. K. Earl Ericksen, this year at the Weber State University Alumni Band Reunion would be through photos, music and in the spirit of reminiscing.
Shelly Betz (Chair), Kandi Christiansen (Vice-Chair), Lydia Nuttall (Secretary) and Mike Madeo (Treasurer) commenced their new responsibilities for Morgan Empowered on October 11th for the 2011-2012 year. Our Morgan community wishes to express appreciation for the dedicated service rendered by Lanelle Butterfield, Jennie Earl, and Brenda Crossley who were the previous chair, secretary and treasurer respectively of Morgan Empowered.
Roots Hair Salon will celebrate their grand re-opening on Sat. Oct. 29, 2011.
Roots was started three years ago by long time Morgan resident, Janica Ricettes.
Have you ever noticed the white sign "Morgan Family History Center" kitty corner to Morgan 1st Bank on State Street? Do you ever wonder what happens inside? Did you know that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has Family History Consultants in every ward in the Morgan Stake and Morgan North Stake to help you discover your family tree?
Achievement Night recognized both 4-H club members and leaders for their hard work and dedication for 2010-2011 period held on October 6th, at the Morgan County Courthouse Auditorium.
By Capt. Andi Hahn, 149th Maneuver
Enhancement Brigade Public Affairs Officer
BAGHDAD, Iraq—It's not every day family members deploy together to Iraq. It's not every day family members get to see each other while deployed together in Iraq. And it's not every day an uncle gets to extend his nephew into the Army while deployed together in Iraq.
Last Monday, as an elementary student living in the Mountain Green area was getting off the bus, and walking home, a man in a grayish/ silver truck pulled up and the man in the truck told the young girl to "come here for a second." The girl ignored him, and then took off running as the man got angry and threatened to hurt her if she didn't obey.
When I was a kid, I loved it when anyone in my family went on a trip because there was a chance they would bring back a souvenir for me. Even receiving something simple as a sea shell gave me wonder as I held it up to my ear and imagined I was there on the sandy beach listening to the waves roll in. I hope we never lose our youthful creativity and imagination. It truly is in the small and simple things that great memories are made. Our memories are more precious than anything money can buy. We can buy every thingamajig and whatnots, but still have nothing of value to show for our journey. What are the true treasures of our lives; the ones that can't be stored on a shelf, or eventually sold at a garage sale?
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A test system for testing numerous parts simultaneously. A stack of test boards is provided in a test chamber. Each of the test boards has a region of contactors on it. To perform a test, trays are inserted between the boards in the stack and aligned with the regions of contactors. A mechanism is then activated to press the trays towards the boards, thereby making contact between the contactors and devices on the trays. The test system is described in conjunction with a burn-in oven. Processing time is reduced because individual handling of chips is significantly reduced.
1. A test system for semiconductor chips, comprising:
a) a test chamber;
b) a plurality of boards mounted in parallel in the test chamber, each having a plurality of regions, each of the regions having a plurality of contactors mounted thereon;
c) a plurality of trays carrying a plurality of integrated circuit chips, each tray aligned with one of the regions, and each tray having a plurality of compliant regions receiving an integrated circuit chip; and
d) a compliant mechanism disposed above each of the plurality of trays.
2. The test system of claim 1 wherein the test chamber comprises a burn-in oven.
3. The test system of claim 1 wherein the compliant mechanism comprises a plurality of bladders, each bladder mounted above one of the plurality of boards.
4. The test system of claim 3 wherein the bladder is inflated with air.
5. The test system of claim 3 wherein the bladder is inflated with fluid.
6. The test system of claim 5 wherein the bladder is inflated with circulating fluid at an elevated temperature.
7. The test system of claim 1 additionally comprising a robot positioned to insert and remove the trays into the test chamber.
8. The test system of claim 1 wherein each of the tray comprises a plurality of platforms, each adapted to hold an integrated circuit chip, and each tray further has a pair of compliant arms supporting each platform.
9. The test system of claim 1 wherein each of the boards comprises alignment features holding the plurality of trays in a stack.
10. A test system for semiconductor chips, comprising:
a) a test chamber;
b) a plurality of boards mounted in parallel in the test chamber, each having a plurality of regions, each of the regions having a plurality of contactors mounted thereon;
c) a plurality of trays carrying plurality of integrated circuit chips, each try aligned with one of the regions; and
d) a plurality of bladders, each having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet and each positioned proximate at least one tray whereby, when inflated, each bladder presses at least one tray into a board.
11. The test system of claim 10 wherein the bladders comprise fluid filled bladders having heated fluid circulating therethrough.
12. A method of operating a semiconductor tester comprising the steps of:
a) providing a plurality of boards in a test chamber, each having a plurality of regions each with a plurality of contactors thereon;
b) providing a plurality of trays in the test chamber, each tray carrying a plurality of integrated circuit chips, and aligning each of the trays with one of the regions;
c) pressing each of the trays towards a respective region by use of a fluid filled bladder having temperature controlled fluid circulating therethrough; and
d) conducting electrical tests on the plurality of chips in each of the plurality of trays.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the test chamber comprises a burn in oven.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of providing a plurality of trays comprises inserting the trays into the test chamber after the boards are mounted in the test chamber.
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of providing a plurality of trays comprises placing the plurality of trays on the plurality of boards before the boards are inserted into the test chamber.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of providing a plurality of boards comprises providing a stack of boards.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of pressing comprises pressing with fluid filled bladders made of heat resistant silicone.
18. The test system of claim 1 wherein each of the regions on each of the boards is bracketed by a plurality of stops.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of pressing comprises pressing with a bladder made of multiple layers of film.
20. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of pressing comprises pressing with a bladder made from a film material bonded to a frame.
This invention relates generally to the manufacture of integrated circuits and more specifically to testing integrated circuits.
Semiconductors are typically tested several times during their manufacture. One type of test is called "burn-in testing." During burn-in testing, integrated circuits (or "chips") are placed in an oven which heats the chips. The chips are left in the oven for several hours, sometimes eight hours or longer. Periodically during the time while the chips are in the oven, electrical signals are applied to the chips to verify that they are operating correctly. The purpose of burn-in testing is to accelerate the failure of defective chips so that only high quality chips are shipped to customers.
In order that burn-in testing be economically performed, many chips are placed in a burn-in oven at one time. The chips are loaded onto burn-in boards, each of which can hold many chips at a time. The burn-in board is a printed circuit board that has numerous sockets, each of which can hold one chip. The sockets are connected to connectors on the board through traces on the burn-in board. The connectors mate with complimentary connectors inside the burn-in oven so that electrical test signals can be routed to each chip.
The connectors on the burn-in boards and in the burn-in oven allow the burn-in boards to be removed from the oven for loading and unloading of chips from the oven. Loading of the chips into the burn-in board is generally automated with a robotic device called a burn-in board loader. The burn-in board loader typically includes a pick and place mechanism that picks up chips from a standard sized JEDEC carrying tray and places the chips into sockets on the burn-in board.
The boards are then placed into the oven for a test cycle. To test many chips simultaneously, several burn-in boards are loaded into the burn-in oven. Generally, the trays are stacked one on top of another so that many trays can fit inside the oven.
Once the test is completed, the burn-in boards are removed from the oven. The chips are then removed from the sockets on the burn-in board and replaced in JEDEC carrying trays.
One drawback of this approach is that the loading and unloading operations reduces the efficiency of the process and increases cost. Moving the chips between the JEDEC trays and the burn-in boards takes time and requires investment in equipment. Likewise, moving the burn-in boards into and out of the oven takes time and requires investment in equipment. Further, it is undesirable to move the boards in and out of the oven because, each time a board is inserted or removed, the connectors on the board and the mating connector in the oven are exercised. Connectors tend to wear if they are exercised a lot, which could lead to erroneous results or require that the connectors be replaced frequently.
With the foregoing background in mind, it is an object of the invention to provide an efficient burn-in tester.
It is also an object to provide a test system that allows multiple trays of integrated circuits to be quickly loaded and unloaded.
It is also an object to allow multiple trays of chips to be loaded into a tester without individual handling of the chips.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved with a tester that has a plurality of boards, each with an array of contactors. A tray positioning device inserts trays of integrated circuits into the tester. The trays are then pressed into the board, allowing the chips to make contact with the boards through the contactors.
In a preferred embodiment, the chips are pressed into the board using an inflatable bladder. In one embodiment, the bladder is inflated with fluid. The fluid may be of elevated temperature and circulated through the bladder to raise the temperature of the chips.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following more detailed description and accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a tray to be used with the test system of the invention;
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a board to be used in the test system of the invention;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the board in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of an oven to be used as part of a test system of the invention;
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a plurality of boards to illustrate their positioning within a test system according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is an isometric view if a board with trays of integrated circuit chips mounted thereon;
FIG. 7 is an isometric view of boards with trays of chips thereon and a mechanism for applying force to the chips;
FIG. 8 is an isometric view illustrating a mechanism that can be used to load trays into the testing system of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a sketch, partially cut away, of an alternative mechanism for applying force to the chips.
FIG. 1 shows a tray 1 for carrying integrated circuit chips 2 that is useful in conjunction with the test system of the invention. Tray 1 carries a plurality of integrated circuit chips 2. Each chip 2 is supported on a platform (not numbered) that is held by a pair of compliant arms 3. Compliant arms 3 allows all of the chips 2 to aligned with a contactor despite imprecision in the position of tray 1 relative to the contactors. Tray 1 is as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/653,588 entitled Integrated Circuit Tray With Flexural Bearings, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Each of the platforms (not numbered) in tray 1 includes alignment holes 130a and 130b. Alignment holes 130a and 130b engage alignment pins 30a and 30b (FIG. 2).
FIG. 2 shows a testing board 16, which includes a printed circuit board 17 attached to a stiffener (not numbered). Board 16 has four regions 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d. Each of the regions 8a . . . 8d is sized to receive a tray 1 of semiconductor chips. The regions 8a . . . 8d each contains an array of contactors 59 (only one of which is shown for clarity). The array contains the same number of contactors as there are chips in a tray 1. The contactors 59 are positioned to generally line up with the platforms (not numbered) of tray 1 that hold the chips. A pair of alignment pins 30a and 30b is positioned next to each contactor 59.
Course alignment of a tray 1 to a region 8a . . . 8d is made with stops 28a . . . 28d. Stops 28a . . . 28d are positioned to bracket each of the regions 8a . . . 8d with an area the size of a tray 1. A tray 1 is positioned relative to a region 8a . . . 8d by resting it against a subset of the stops 28a . . . 28d. With this course positioning, the pairs of alignment pins 30a and 30b will engage a pair of alignment holes 130a and 130b on a platform (not numbered) holding a chip 2. Compliant arms 3 allow the platform to be pushed by the alignment pins 30a and 30b into the desired position. In this way, each chip 2 is precisely aligned with contactor 59.
Each contactor 59 has a plurality of electrical contacts 159. Conductive leads (not shown) on chips 2 make contact with these electrical contacts 159. Preferably, each contactor 59 has a design similar to what is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/832,303 entitled Flexible Shielded Laminate Beam For Electrical Contacts And The Like And Method Of Contact Operation.
Each of the electrical contacts 159 in each of the contactors 59 is connected to electrical traces (not shown) within testing board 16. Testing board 16 is a conventional printed circuit board and includes conductive traces as is known in the art. The conductive traces (not shown) run to electrical connectors 18a . . . 18d. As described below, electrical connectors 18a . . . 18d plug into mating electrical connectors inside a test chamber, thereby allowing chips 2 to be electrically connected to a semiconductor tester.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, board 16 has posts 15a . . . 15d positioned at each of the four corners of the board. Posts 15a . . . 15d each have a hole 14a . . . 14d formed therein. Posts 15a . . . 15d and holes 14a . . . 14d allow multiple boards 16 to be stacked one on top of the other.
FIG. 3 shows one piece of board 16 cut away and enlarged.
FIG. 4 shows a test chamber which receives a plurality of test boards 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the test chamber is an oven 42. Oven 42 has a central cavity 52 into which a plurality of boards 16 are placed. Connectors 18a . . . 18d on each of the boards 16 plugs into a mating connector, such as 118a or 218a. In this way, a test system (not shown) connected to oven 42 can generate and measure test signals to the plurality of chips 2 inside oven 42.
Oven 42 includes a front door 40 and a back door 43. Each of the doors is mounted on hinges, such as hinges 41a and 41b. In use, boards 18 will be inserted into cavity 52. Back door 43 will generally remain closed. It is provided only for service.
Boards 16 will remain installed inside cavity 52. Door 40 will be opened to insert or remove trays 1 from oven 42. Once a set of trays 1 have been inserted into oven 42, door 40 will be closed and oven 42 will be controlled to retain the desired test temperature.
FIG. 5 shows a stack of boards 16a . . . 16d as it would appear inside oven 42. Posts, such as 15c, space the boards a fixed distance apart. Board 16d would rest on bottom shelf 51 (FIG. 4) of oven 42. Some mechanism to hold the trays together is desirable. The trays might be latched one to the other. Alternatively, a plunger or other mechanism might press down on the entire stack to hold them together.
FIG. 6 shows a board 16 with trays 1a . . . 1d loaded into it. Each of the trays 1a . . . 1d is coarsely positioned by stops 28a . . . 28d. However, as described above, the compliant arms, such as 3a, allow each chip in each tray to be precisely aligned with a contactor 59 (FIG. 2) with fine alignment pins 30a and 30b that pierce alignment holes 130a and 130b.
FIG. 7 shows a stack of boards, such as 16a and 16b, as it would appear inside oven 42. However, to ensure that chips 2 (FIG. 1) make good electrical contact with contactors 59 (FIG. 2), downward force must be applied to the chips to press them into the contactors. For good electrical contact, the force applied to each chip should be as uniform as possible. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, that force is supplied by bladder 202.
Bladder 202 is made from a flexible, but strong, material that can withstand the heat in a burn-in oven. In a preferred embodiment, bladder 202 is made from heat resistant silicone.
Bladder 202 is inflated through inlet 201. In the illustrated embodiment, bladder 202 is inflated with air. However, bladder 202 might also be filled with liquid or other fluid. In one embodiment, heated fluid is circulated through bladder 202. The heated fluid serves as the source of heat for chips 102 being tested. To circulate fluid through bladder 202, an outlet is preferably provided in addition to inlet 201.
Turning to FIG. 8, the test chamber portion of the test system is shown in operation. Oven 42 is shown with a stack of boards 16 installed. A robot 99 picks up an entire tray 1c of chips and inserts it into one of the regions 8a . . . 8d (FIG. 2) of one of the boards 16. As in a conventional semiconductor processing operation, trays of chips are generally moved from one work station to the next in magazines. Thus, robot 99 picks up trays from the input magazine (not shown) and inserts it into oven 42. Robot 99 then picks up the next tray from the input magazine and inserts that tray into the next region inside oven 42. The process continues in this fashion until oven 42 is full.
Door 40 is closed. The bladders 202 between each adjacent board 16 in the stack are inflated such that all of the chips make electrical contact with their respective contactors. At this point, electrical testing of the parts can begin. The temperature of the oven can be increased in the oven to the required testing temperature.
Once testing is completed, robot 99 removes the trays from the oven 42 and places them in an output station, such as another magazine. Another set of trays can then be loaded into oven 42 for further testing.
It is important to note that during the testing operation, boards 16 are not removed from oven 42. In addition, chips are not removed from trays 1. In this way, significant time is saved in loading and unloading the oven.
Having described one embodiment, numerous alternative embodiments or variations might be made. For example, FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of a mechanism to provide pressure on the chips 2 to force them into contactors 59. Boards 216a and 216b are similar to boards 16. However, posts 15 are replaced by posts 225d, which are internally threaded. A threaded shaft 294d passes through each of the posts 225d. A bearing system 291a and 291b allows shaft 294d to pass through each board 216a and 216b and rotate.
When threaded shaft 294d rotates, threaded posts, such as 215d and 225d, will be driven together. If a tray of chips is inserted between the trays, it will be pressed down into the contactors on the lower board. Preferably, a compliant backing will be included on each board to ensure each chip receives the appropriate force.
Also, it should be appreciated that the specific materials described are illustrative rather than limiting. Bladder 202 might be made from sheets of polyurethane or plastic bonded to a plastic frame. Multiple layers might be used to improve puncture resistance.
Bladder 202 might be replaced by any sort of compliant mechanism that would provide the required amount of force uniformly to each chip. For example, elastomer blocks might be mounted to the underside of each board 16 to press down on the chips below. Alternatively, spring biased members might be employed.
Also, the invention is described in terms of a burn-in tester. The invention might equally well be used in any system in which many chips are tested simultaneously. The invention is most useful when multiple trays of chips are tested simultaneously. Multiple trays would entail hundreds or even thousands of chips. Currently, such applications are limited to burn-in testers. However, memory testers are currently used to test multiple parts simultaneously, though such testers are currently limited to no more than 64 parts simultaneously. As memory tester technology improves, the invention might be used for testers other than burn in testers.
Therefore, the invention should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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Saturday, December 8, 2007
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
Photo: Jenna FindlanMorgan Richardson, a member of Distributive Education Clubs of America at North Gwinnett High School, sorts toys donated to the Marine Toys for Tots Foundation in Suwanee on Friday. The high school's marketing class and student council members from local elementary schools helped collect and sort the donated toys for the 2007 holiday season, which marks the 60th anniversary of the Toys for Tots tradition.
More like this story
- Toys for Tots seeks more donations ( November 26, 2009 )
- School club collects more than 3,500 toys during drive ( December 12, 2014 )
- North Gwinnett cluster collecting Toys for Tots ( November 29, 2006 )
- Schools to participate in toy drive
Football rivals to help set world record with collections ( November 9, 2007 )
- Sheriff's deputies to collect donations for Toys for Tots ( December 14, 2010 )


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Ferrups External Battery Pack
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How to run each component in an Asko DW70 dishwasher from the control panel
Asko dishwasher test diagnostic
Brother PDuff shares with us the key dance for putting an Asko DW70 dishwasher into self test mode where you can activate each component in the dishwasher individually. This makes quick work of checking each component to see if it's operating correctly.
To access component test:
1) Turn off the main power switch.
2) Wait at least 5 seconds.
3) Press and hold the Program and Start buttons.
4) Switch on the main power switch.
5) Release the Program and Start buttons.
Press Program button to activate component test.
(These components are activated in order after each button press)
1) Inlet valve and mixer valve (mixer valve open 1 second then inlet valve open, after next press of Program button both valves closed then only inlet valve open)
2) Salt water valve
3) Combi dispenser
4) Circulation pump
5) Circulation pump and element
6) Fan and wax motor
7) Drain pump
Source: Asko DW Reoccurring Problem With Basepan Float Switch


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Highlands or St. Andrews or both?
I am travelling to the UK in the beginning of September. I will have 3 1/2 days based out of Edinburgh, already booked. I want to have enough time to explore the city. I wanted to do a day trip to St. Andrews or the Highlands. Suggestions? Or do you think it is feasible to do both?


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1793 1C Wreath Cent--Lettered Edge--XF45 NGC. S.11b or c, ...
2004 August Pittsburgh, PA Signature Sale #352
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Sharp 1793 Lettered Edge Wreath Cent1793 1C Wreath Cent--Lettered Edge--XF45 NGC. S.11b or c, R.3. The grading service has identified this as a lettered edge Wreath cent, although did not specify which edge type. Sheldon-11b has two leaves incorporated into the edge device, while Sheldon-11c only has a single leaf. As these were given separate sub-variety designations by Dr. Sheldon, we feel that the grading services (and not just NGC) should all routinely make a note of the specific edge device. There are only two ways to make this determination, and one of these is simply to take the coin out of the holder. The other possibility is to plate match this example utilizing the edge marks at 2 o'clock to 3 o'clock on the obverse, as well as the minor lamination in the right obverse field. This is a pleasing medium brown Wreath cent, despite these few minor imperfections. The strike is strong but was not perfectly centered, thus the border beads at the disappear off the edge of the planchet; however, this is not quite far enough off-center to qualify as a mint error. (#1350) (Registry values: P4) (NGC ID# 223J, PCGS# 1350)
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Rasmussen Special Edition Catalog
This hard bound volume contains the magnificent Wes Rasmussen Large Cent Collection, formed by a former President of the Early American Coppers society which was auctioned at the 2005 Florida United Numismatic Auction. Reserve your copy of this remarkable volume for just $75 today.
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A hard bound limited library edition of the Wes Rasmussen Collection Catalog, signed by Wes Rasmussen, Mark Borckardt, Greg Rohan, and Denis Loring, is available while supplies last. Only 100 produced. Reserve your copy of this remarkable limited edition signed volume for just $150 today.
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Beta RR /RS 4T enduro thread
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the white rabbit
Joined: Jul 2004
Location: N. Somerset, UK
Oddometer: 3,051
I have been after a specific
clutch saver
but no luck over here. For the US
are producing them, American Beta (Pozorider, thanks) tell me.
So I have used the appropriate KTM one, for me for the 400 RFS and Scud tells me he used the 525 one which also fits. None of this unexpected as they are KTM lumps.
However, the Beta's do not have a chain bar, and so a few washers are required to pack out the gap where the chain bar would be on the top right mount point. Seems fine. The sprocket cover will fit right back on, although it does protrude a mm or two more than without the cover. I guess it could be trimmed a little to fit round the saver but I havent worried as yet as it refuses to bend back in tight as I obviously deofrmed it a little slipping the cover in behind it rather than taking it off.
Only snag is it is orange
I may consider making a chain bar, unless anyone knows if the KTM one bolts right one, unlikely I think due to frame differences.
Edit..I have noticed that there has been some contact between the chain and the cover, they are quite close. Anyway I guess the chain will soon wear the soft ally if it is that close. After some use it seems fine.
Edit 2, the plastic sproket cover is actually very thick where the chain bar would be on the equivalent KTM, so may not need one really.
'These are the hardest conditions I have made a basket like this in' Ray Mears
the white rabbit screwed with this post 05-27-2008 at
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The Star-Ledger NewsLocal NJ politics, crime & Statehouse coverage from The Star-Ledger
A damaged brain drives a man to obsessively create art.
Learn about Jon Sarkin by viewing the story, photos and video.
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Please go to http://www.nj.com/starledger/index.ssf?topstories for top daily news and update your bookmarks.
'Like a wake without the body' and minus some key associates
One of the side attractions of James E. McGreevey's gloomy farewell was intrigue: Separating the shows from the no-shows.
Mark down ex-governor Brendan Byrne, governor-to-be Richard Codey and hundreds of staffers among those who came to hear the leader say goodbye.
And list among the no-shows the wife from whom he is separating; the Assembly speaker, one of his hand-picked honchos; the state treasurer who had ridden with him through a half a dozen political wars; and two political strategists who have been at his side for more than a decade.
"We just came off an election and we had a lot of work for other clients," said Brad Lawrence, the governor's media consultant, who was absent along with Steve DeMicco, McGreevey's campaign director. Both have been advising McGreevey since he was the rookie mayor of Woodbridge.
"They are people that helped Jim McGreevey become what he is," said Hope Township Mayor Tim McDonough, who has run the Garden State Parkway under McGreevey for almost three years and who attended the address in Trenton yesterday.
The governor's office gave no explanation for the absence of first lady Dina Matos McGreevey. State Treasurer John McCormac declined to say why a pension meeting took precedence on this day. And Assembly Speaker Albio Sires (D-Hudson) could not be reached, though a spokesman said Sires had other appointments.
Many people who attended the speech acknowledged that feelings are still raw three months after McGreevey's stunning resignation announcement.
"It's hard not to have some sense of anger," said George Zoffinger, a McGreevey confidant and chief executive of the Sports and Exposition Authority. "As I sat there today, I thought about all the promise of three years ago. But the guy's lost everything that he's worked for. I'm not saying I don't have some anger, but it never hurts to have compassion."
Also among the missing were retired Sen. John Lynch (D-Middlesex), McGreevey's patron; power broker Warren Wilentz, the longtime Democratic leader who helped guide McGreevey on his long rise to power; and Labor Commissioner Kevin McCabe, a McGreevey loyalist and the only member of the Cabinet not offered the opportunity to serve in the Codey administration.
McGreevey was even without his parents, both of whom are dealing with medical problems.
Among those who did attend, there was a mix of emotions.
Zoffinger said, "It felt like a wake without the body."
"I came here expecting an attempt to save face," said Rep. Rush Holt (D-12th Dist.). "It was touching. I found it a heartwarming attempt to save his character."
Byrne said: "History will be kind to him. Everybody has a personal life that is fraught with problems. Unfortunately, he had to live out those problems in public."
Codey (D-Essex), who is to take over as acting governor a week from today, left the speech without commenting and then issued a formal statement: "I hope Governor McGreevey finds peace in his new life and that the days ahead will be brighter ones for all of us."
Tom Giblin, the former state Democratic chairman who was the honorary chairman of McGreevey's 2001 campaign, said it was clear McGreevey "was trying to make his peace with New Jerseyans. It was a candid message about some of his indiscretions."
"So," Giblin said, "the chapter's been closed on Jim McGreevey."
Staff writers Joe Donohue, Tom Hester and Robert Schwaneberg contributed to this report.
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Clayton McGraw this morning at SSFBC, everyone... by oldbullhead 11:44 PM Chris Christie is a fraud by Rex62471 10:10 PM Let's remind everyone of alexsei's racist... by aSIXDriver 8:35 PM 1 st day of spring and 2" of snow and still... by jhn67 4:53 PM Ramapo Valley County Park Virtual Hike! by NJURBANFOREST 9:03 PM bad for the enviroment by returnoflifer 7:09 AM There is a pot hole on rt 3 by TK_421 3:24 PM his makes spam easier by angelinaangel687 7:25 AM Pulaski Skyway vs. GWB Fort Lee lane closing 3... by norb 9:23 AM
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metal prints, ocean metal prints, pacific ocean metal prints, coastline metal prints, may metal prints, sunrise metal prints, rainbow metal prints, double rainbow metal prints, scenic metal prints, landscape metal prints, sea stacks metal prints
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Metal prints are extremely durable. They're lightweight. They won't bend, and they're water resistant.
The high gloss of the aluminum sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results.
For additional product photos and information, visit our metal prints product page.
Sunrise on Bandon Beach with a rare double rainbow. North Pacific Ocean along the southern Oregon coastline.
Ed Riche�s thirty year career has been dedicated to achieving artistic expression through the lens of still cameras. He has pursued his goals primarily through his in-depth assignments. At the same time, he has maintained a career as an artist and workshop instructor. The balance of Riche�s photography comes from close contact with the landscape. To emphasize his commitment to what actually exists, he has chosen to work in color. He explores ways in which natural history can be recorded, with images shaped by light and form in an untouched environment. In addition, he has maintained a personal library of National Park pictorials. Ed Riche�s clients include Official Idaho State Travel Guide, Via Magazine, National Geographic...
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Boys Crib Bedding Sets
Boys Crib Separates
Boys Crib Sheets
Blue Baby Bedding
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Hampton Toy Bag by Doodlefish
Keep your baby's toys off the floor and within reach with Doodlefish Kids' Hampton Toy Bag! This delightful storage back features bold stripes in blue and white. With the collaboration of artist Regina Nouvel and designer Christine Banks-Senkiewicz, Doodlefish provides busy families with high-quality, luxurious bedding and decor. Doodlefish utilizes high quality materials and impeccable attention to detail to create beautiful crib linens, kids' bedding, wall art and other children's accessories. All Doodlefish products are proudly handcrafted in the USA. This item is custom made especially for you upon order.
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"My name is Fluffy, and I'm a nepetalactonoholic," the first will say, slowly swishing her tail.
"Hi, Fluffy!" they chorus.
Fluffy sighs. "It all started with that first catnip mouse. I was hooked."
The others, all with their own variations on the theme, blink sympathetically or coolly groom their front paws.
Nepetalactone is the aromatically intoxicating essential oil in catnip, a perennial herb known botanically as Nepeta cataria. Cats play with it, rub it or roll in it, bruising the foliage to release the fragrance. Some cats become playful, some go tearing and thundering around the house like wild beasts of the jungle and some aren't affected. Genetics may play a role, but we'll leave any "nature or nurture" questions for another day.
Despite the earlier dramatization, and with all respect to the honest and hard work of recovery, catnip is generally not considered to be harmful or addictive to cats. If they ingest too much of it, digestive problems can occur, but catnip is all about the aroma. The Purdue vet school's plant database even quips that catnip can be considered a legal recreational drug for cats. Pet supply retailers sell it in flake or pellet form.
There's more to catnip than feline fun, however. Researchers at Iowa State University discovered some years ago that nepetalactone is about 10 times more effective at keeping away mosquitoes than DEET, the compound used in most commercial repellents. A USDA study also found that termites were not likely to tunnel under soil in which catnip grows, which may be why the plant is often seen around the foundations of old European homes and barns. That and the fact that mint is virtually unstoppable, even by the most formidable British gardener.
Whether you buy seeds or established plants, catnip is pretty easy to grow. It likes full sun; growing it indoors never worked for me until I tried it using a hydroponic system with its own lighting. Then we had abundant fresh catnip in the dead of winter. I kept cutting, and it kept growing.
Left to flower, catnip produces a mass of small lavender or blue blooms. If you're growing it for feline enjoyment, you want the plant to direct its energy into the leaves, so pinch off the flowers. The leaves can be used fresh or dried. I grew catnip for years in a container on our deck; it came back every spring. When I wasn't diligent about pinching off the flowers, it also turned up in neighboring containers, under the bushes beside the deck and even in the rocky area where the hose is kept.
When brewed as a tea, catnip is thought to have calming effect; some nighttime blends include it along with chamomile and other relaxing herbs. I discovered this when our cat took an unusually keen interest in my tea one evening, and no, she didn't get her own cup. She prefers to have fresh catnip leaves rubbed on her favorite toy, a purple spider. She'll bunny-kick and bat that spider around until one of them ends up under a chair. Then it's time to rest up for the next round.
So no worries — most cats know when to say when and can use catnip with adequate human supervision. To be safe, don't let them near any tattoo parlors until they've slept it off.


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An estimated 50,000 visitors will fill Hopkinsville the summer of 2017 for a prime view of the first visible total solar eclipse in the United States in 38 years — but how the city will handle such a crowd is still up in the air.
At a specially called meeting with the Hopkinsville-Christian County Convention and Visitors Bureau board on Thursday, members tried to come up with the best game plan to handle what is expected to be the largest tourism event in the city's history.
Boyle County Judge-Executive Harold McKinney says the idea of turning Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site into a national park is gaining momentum in Washington.
While the designation is still "a long ways off," becoming a national park would be a significant economic boon for the area.
However, it would also mean organizers of the re-enactment would be required to find a different location for the annual event.
Thieves do not have to break into your house to steal. Sophisticated scams on the internet, through the mail, and over the phone have become all too common in recent years.
Two local residents contacted the Spencer Magnet about such scam attempts they've thwarted recently.
Bill Kiser said he has long entered the Publishers' Clearinghouse Sweepstakes, but knew something was fishy when he received a phone call from them, asking if he'd received notice that he was a winner.
"They said I won $2 million," said Kiser.
This July 4th we will celebrate the 239th birthday of our great nation, when our forefathers unveiled the document that would help form the foundation of our United States, the Declaration of Independence.
The Kentucky Labor Cabinet wants to remind all employers and employees that high temperatures and humidity can have devastating effects if workers do not take proper precautions and procedures.
"Hot weather can make for dangerous conditions both outdoors and inside," Labor Secretary Larry L. Roberts said in a state news release. "In many cases, precautions such as water, rest and shade can be the difference between life and death for workers."
Spencer County's young adults ages 16-25 now have a place to go if they are looking for a fun place to hang out or are searching for community services, such as job placement, mental health services and more.
Copyright © 2015
The Spencer Magnet is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Spencer County, KY and the surrounding area.


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No two visits to the California Academy of Sciences are alike. Explore programs, lectures, tours, and other activities happening on the day of your visit—or plan your trip around a specific event. From penguin feedings and crafts to scientist lectures and nature walks, there's something for everyone.
Join astronauts, scientists, educators, and space enthusiasts for a special day all about asteroids.


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Home Concert Tickets Rock and Pop Ben Folds
Ben Folds Tickets
The multi-talented American musician and singer songwriter found fame with the platinum selling Ben Folds Five, and now without the other four, recently released his third album as a solo artist. His trademark piano-pounding, clever lyrics and talent for writing an irresistible hook have earned him a big fanbase, and in recent shows he has been playing with orchestras including the Nashville Symphony. Live shows promise to be special, so don't miss out on Ben Folds tickets.
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Finally I get the time to post on Chictopia again! I got this really tight schedule in this past few months, and now I got the time to breath free air again! (:
So during this spare time, there's this one place that surely I have to go to! Have I mentioned before? yes, I love amusement parks!! (who doesn't??) Well, this time I'd like to share one of my outfit that I love most when I go to amusement parks during the summer.
I was wearing this sleeveless blue romper, combined with this hat, since the day had been sooooo warm and sunny!
A pair of sunglasses would add a classy touch.
I chose a pair of my most comfy flip flops. need to be sooo much comfortable to enjoy the day!! (:


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One of the many faces the people of the internet, mainly prepy high school girls, use to "perk up" an im message or a myspace page.
This one means slighly happy or glad
This one means slighly happy or glad
gothguy: ... then i slit your BFs throught cauz i saw him cheating on u
prepgurl: Like OMG! thank you ^_^!
prepgurl: Like OMG! thank you ^_^!
by SilkyZ December 29, 2005
19 more definitions
Top Definition
The Asian variation of the classic smiley face. This is sometimes used in more cheerful situations.
Thank you so much, *hug* ^_^
by Aquinas January 27, 2003
A symbol for happiness or joy. Derived from the cliched way that anime characters are drawn when they are happy. A favorite symbol of the Wapanese, fanboy, or otaku.
by otaku killer June 14, 2003
^_^ is an emoticon expressing joy, it is nither homosexual nor sexist in any way shape or form. It is most used in anime circles, along with variations including but not limited to ^_^;; @_@ >_< >_> <_< 0_0 0.0 =^_^= =^.^= 0o0 etc...
i love you ^_^
you said penis ^_^;;
aaahh i have soo much homework @_@
doh >_<
ooohhh 0o0
you said penis ^_^;;
aaahh i have soo much homework @_@
doh >_<
ooohhh 0o0
by KaimanaKenshin December 02, 2003
a happy face. looks like an asian dude.
no example needed.
by (^_^) March 31, 2005
An asian style happy face with blush!
boy: I love you!
girl: hehe, I love you too~! -^_^-
girl: hehe, I love you too~! -^_^-
by KattyBamBam March 23, 2005
Kirby seems to be taking over the internet.
On my way home from school i thought i saw (^_^) murdering someone.
by letusbeus November 02, 2006


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Yuuya Matsushita
Yuya Matsushita (松下 優也, Matsushita Yūya?) (born May 24, 1990) is a Japanese R&B and Hip Hop singer and performer. He is signed under Epic Records. His debut single "foolish foolish" was released on on November 26, 2008. He also played Sebastian Michaelis in the Kuroshitsuji Musical. Recently he sang the opening song for the anime series 'Durarara!!' - Trust me. Singles: 1st foolish foolish (2008, November 26) 2nd LAST SNOW (2009, January 28 )
No stations playing Yuuya Matsushita now
No albums found


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|Scientific Subdivisions | The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
Contact AMP | Sign In | Join / Renew | Go To CHAMP
AMP Committees are comprised of elected and appointed members who volunteer their time and expertise to advance AMP's mission and the molecular pathology profession.
AMP Working Groups are subcommittees that are formed to addressed specific needs or projects.
The Whole Genome Analysis (WGA) Working Group is comprised of individuals representing diverse technical and clinical expertise in multiple aspects of whole genome analysis.


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I do residential buying, selling leasing, and investment homes. I specialize in short sales and foreclosures, as I have multiple bank accounts to manage there foreclosures and handle there short sales. I work all of Long Island given my relationships with the banks and know most areas of long island very well
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Morici blames the return of stagflation on "Chinese mercantilism" as its government fixes oil prices at home at low levels.
"If you want to know why there are riots in Egypt, it's because of Chinese mercantilism," he says.
An economic doctrine that flourished in Europe from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Mercantilists held that a nation's wealth consisted primarily in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury. Accordingly, mercantilist governments imposed extensive restrictions on their economies to ensure a surplus of exports over imports. In the eighteenth century, mercantilism was challenged by the doctrine of laissez-faire. (See also Adam Smith.)
Note: The European quest for colonial holdings in Asia, Africa, and North and South America was partially a product of mercantile economics.


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Lowering the Boom
Critical Studies in Film Sound
Amplifying the importance of sound in cinema
As the first collection of new work on sound and cinema in over a decade, Lowering the Boom addresses the expanding field of film sound theory and its significance in rethinking historical models of film analysis. The contributors consider the ways in which musical expression, scoring, voice-over narration, and ambient noise affect identity formation and subjectivity. Lowering the Boom also analyzes how shifting modulation of the spoken word in cinema results in variations in audience interpretation. Introducing new methods of thinking about the interaction of sound and music in films, this volume also details avant-garde film sound, which is characterized by a distinct break from the narratively based sound practices of mainstream cinema. This interdisciplinary, global approach to the theory and history of film sound opens the eyes and ears of film scholars, practitioners, and students to film's true audio-visual nature.
Contributors are Jay Beck, John Belton, Clark Farmer, Paul Grainge, Tony Grajeda, David T. Johnson, Anahid Kassabian, David Laderman, James Lastra, Arnt Maas�, Matthew Malsky, Barry Mauer, Robert Miklitsch, Nancy Newman, Melissa Ragona, Petr Szczepanik, Paul Th�berge, and Debra White-Stanley.
�[Lowering the Boom reclaims] cinema as an �audiovisual� object, demonstrating conclusively that whatever the relative importance of the �audio� and �visual� parts, neither can be ignored . . . . I hope Lowering the Boom is widely read.�--Jump Cut
�An excellent collection of essays which reveals much about the state of play of soundtrack studies and offers many fresh and original insights. It will certainly be of value to students and scholars of film sound.�--Music, Sound, and the Moving Image
"A central text for the study of sound in media. Lowering the Boom's wide range of topics joins history and critical debates and will be useful and appealing to scholars and students of sound design, media studies, and film theory."--Donald Crafton, author of The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926-1931
"A substantial and important book, Lowering the Boom includes work from both established scholars and emerging voices in the field and is a welcome addition to auditory culture and sound studies."--Steve J. Wurtzler, author of Electric Sounds: Technological Change and the Rise of Corporate Mass Media
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The NYMEX oil price remains bullish and could be headed for $63, technical analysis shows.» Read More
Is the worst over for oil markets? The commodity has managed a 20 percent rebound in the past three weeks, prompting speculation that a rebound is nigh. Technical analysis suggests a consolidation is under way, but a firm uptrend isn't in place yet.
A few weeks ago, the NYMEX oil chart suggested a downside target near $38, and if that support level failed to hold, a second and lower technical target near $26. Neither of these targets was achieved as oil developed a rebound from the low of $44.45 after falling below support near $48.
Fresh stimulus from the Bank of Japan (BOJ) boosted the dollar-yen in the final quarter of 2014, but as upward momentum wanes, charts suggest a critical test is at hand.
The dollar-yen briefly rose above 121 in December after the BOJ expanded its stimulus program at the end of October. Coupled with forecasts for a Federal Reserve rate hike mid-year, many investors expected the dollar-yen would continue to rise. But uncertainty about the BOJ's ability to achieve its growth and inflation targets has undercut that momentum. Now, the dollar-yen is testing support.
Seen on a weekly chart, the dollar-yen uptrend moves between well-defined trading bands. The breakout above 109 in November 2014 had a trading band target near 113. This was achieved and the width of the trading band was projected above 113 to set the new target near 117. Using the same calculation method the next upside target near 121, which was achieved in December 2014.
The Shanghai composite is among Asia's worst-performing stock indexes in the new year, making 2014's stellar performance seem like the stuff of distant memory, but charts suggest strong support for a continuation of the uptrend.
Chinese stocks were among last year's best performers, with the Shanghai composite rising over 50 percent. But the tide has turned amid slowing growth in the world's largest economy and regulatory concerns. The index is down around 3 percent year-to-date and charts suggest a significant trend consolidation is developing.
A decline in global commodity prices and waning demand from China, Australia's largest trading partner, pushed the Australian dollar to fresh five-and-a-half year lows this week, and now the currency faces a test of key support.
The Australian dollar fell to $0.7870 on Monday, its weakest level since July 2009. It's now testing the technical support level near $0.79; minor falls below this level are consistent with consolidation behavior.
The Aussie became less attractive as a weakening economy and expectations for an eventual Federal Reserve rate hike pushed it below parity with the U.S. dollar in mid-2013. Expectations that the Fed will hike rates in 2015 have since destroyed the carry trade, with the Aussie reverting back to a commodity currency.
The rapid collapse in Nymex oil prices caught many investors offguard, and the worst may not be over, with charts suggesting further declines ahead.
Crude oil prices have tumbled over the past six months amid a supply glut and waning demand, sending prices to their lowest levels in six years. The relentless decline led many banks to reduce their price forecasts including Goldman Sachs, which last week cut its three-month price outlook for WTI crude to $41 per barrel from $70. If charts are anything to go by, the reduced price forecasts are warranted.
Best seen on a monthly chart, let's examine the price behavior from a technical perspective. Nymex oil trades in broad trading bands that define its trending behavior. The trend in the oil price decline from near $100 to below $48 per barrel in January has been interrupted by consolidation pauses near each of these trading band levels. This is a strong downtrend, so the consolidation pauses have been brief.
Analysts are worried that the S&P 500 will collapse following the index's 14.5 percent rise in 2014, but chart patterns suggest otherwise.
Despite last year's double-digit percentage rise, analysts are cautious on their outlook for the S&P 500 in 2015. Most analysts predict slim, single-digit percentage gains, with a handful questioning whether the index can sustain its upward momentum. However, chart patterns indicate that the uptrend remains solid.
The S&P has established a step and stairway pattern, which is defined by trading bands. The market breaks above the resistance level and moves steadily towards the second resistance level calculated by the height of the trading band. The market consolidates near the second resistance level and then retreats. The retreat may use the lower level in the trading band as a support level. The rebound from this lower support level moves above the top of the trading band resistance level. The process of breakout, consolidation, retreat and rebound breakout is repeated, creating a step and stairway trend pattern. This pattern has been in place with the S&P index since October, 2011.
Some believe technical analysis works, while others feel it's akin to reading tea leaves.
Judging by the feedback comments on this column, reader opinions are sharply divided too. The fundamental analysts who didn't see the fall in the oil price, or who told us that gold was going back to $1,500, or that the DOW would collapse didn't seem to attract as much trenchant criticism as those of us involved in technical analysis.
In 2014 we produced weekly CNBC blogs providing trading outlooks based on technical and chart analysis. We use chart analysis to establish the probability of trend change and to set price targets and objectives.
In 88 percent of analysis notes in 2014 the price targets were achieved or exceeded. That's around the same percentage of correct calls in 2013 and 2012. The analysis methods we use are not complex; they can be applied by anyone without the need for a Master's degree in finance. These methods are covered in my books, including Guppy Trading.
Charting analysis provides both the calculated price targets and the price levels that indicate the trade has failed. In 12 percent of cases, the analysis is not correct, but chart analysis provides exact price levels that signal this decision in real time.
As gold finishes out a rocky year, its chart is heading toward critical development point, and the yellow metal may fall below $1,000 an ounce.
The yellow metal started 2014 at around $1,200 an ounce, not too far off its current level of around $1,196, but in between it has hit peaks of nearly $1,400 and a trough around $1,140, after 2013's long downtrend from opening that year around $1,664.
The downtrend line is the most important trend feature of the weekly Comex gold chart. This starts from the high near $1,799 in October 2012. Recently, the line uses the high of $1,347 in July 2014 as a confirming anchor point for the downtrend line. Any change in the downtrend will require a price breakout above the value of the downtrend line, currently near $1,239. The trend line defines the downtrend.
The second important feature of the gold chart is the historical support level near $1,180. The gold price did move below this level, but the price developed a consolidation pattern near the $1,180 level.
The dreaded Hindenburg Omen, which proponents claim foretells a major market collapse, is back according to some market watchers, but fear not as history shows this indicator is full of hot air.
After a number of unsuccessful attempts to call the collapse of U.S. markets, the proponents of this obscure technical indicator are back pedaling analysis methods that give genuine technical analysis a bad name. At its core, this so-called indicator confuses coincidence with correlation.
The Hindenburg Omen is a technical indicator that supposedly foretells the collapse of the American market, but it reveals a more about the behavior of market participants than it does about the market. The indicator is named after the Hindenburg airship which burst into flames in America on May 6, 1937.
As the Aussie dollar hovers near four-year lows against the U.S. dollar amid calls for the Australian central bank to pursue easing measures as economic growth slows, charts suggest further downside.
The Australian economy grow 2.7 percent on year in the July-September period, data showed last week, below expectations for a 3.1 percent rise as the country's commodity boom winds down.
Read MoreAustralia's Abbott risks recession as infrastructure pledge falters
Below-view growth figures prompted calls for the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to cut interest rates. Last week, Deutsche Bank forecast two 25 basis-point rate cuts in 2015.
Chart analysis
Despite the prolonged downtrend in the Australian dollar, the currency has moved between two broad trading bands defined by support and resistance levels. These bands provide a method to set the potential downside targets for the move below $0.865.
Read MoreAustralia headed into perfect storm in 2015
The weekly AUD/USD chart shows a strong support level near $1.015 that was broken in May 2013. The Australian dollar then moved to test lower support near $0.94. This did not act as a strong support level, but it did develop into a strong resistance level that capped the Australian dollar's rise from April to September 2014.
Daryl Guppy is an independent technical analyst who appears frequently on CNBC Asia.


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Disneyland -- Donald's Boat
Donald's boat is part of Mickey's Toontown in Disneyland. A similar boat was in Mickey's Toontown Fair at the Magic Kingdom, but was removed along with Minnie and Mickey's houses when that area gave way to the new Fantasyland at Walt Disney World. Walt Disney Co.


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This tour was amazing!
Doing what: St Maarten Sunset Schooner Cruise
Great trip, great guide.
Doing what: St. Maarten Combo Tour: Butterfly Farm and Orient Bay
The dinner cruise sailing into the sunset was very nice and the dinner on board was unexpectedly good!
Doing what: St Maarten Gourmet Dinner Sailing Cruise
Had an awesome time. Crew was fantastic
Doing what: St Maarten Sailing and Snorkeling Tour: Tintamarre Island, Creole Rock and Lunch in Grand Case
Great crew. They really take care of you. The tour is really amazing.
Doing what: Anguilla Day Trip from St Maarten
It was great with Damian as my instructor. I would recommend him to everyone wishing to explore SCUBA.
Doing what: Discover Scuba in St Maarten
It was a great catamaran trip over to Anguilla and then the Dolphin encounter was great fun and then the beach time was beautiful and then lunch was excellent.
Doing what: Anguilla Day Trip by Catamaran from St Maarten Including Dolphin Discovery
This dinner cruise was amazing. The crew was awesome and the food was really good. We didn't have to ask for a drink. The captain was very friendly and easy to talk to. We will do this again when we are in St. Maartin.
Thank you for booking us this cruise.
Doing what: Tango Caribbean Dinner Cruise
This was one trip you should not miss.
The captain and his was absolutely amazing and fun to spend the day with.
Prickly pear was a nice little island to spend several hours on then
we stopped at another beautiful island bay on the way back to the marina.
Doing what: Day Trip to the Island of Prickly Pear from St. Martin
The trip was great. The crew were fantastic!!
Doing what: Anguilla Day Trip by Catamaran from St Maarten Including Dolphin Discovery
Really nice tour with a sympatic guide ! I did not put five stars because I would have liked to spend a little more time on each stop to swim for instance !!
Doing what: St Barts Independent Day Trip from St Martin with ATV Rental
Not much to see as sightseeings. Better to spend time on tge beach or shopping. Maho beach with landing planes is awesome.
Doing what: St-Martin and St Maarten: Sightseeing Tour of the French and Dutch Sides of the Island
Difficult to actually get a hold of the operator of the tour till we never actually made it I was looking for something related to just seeing the airplanes take off rather than that and a beach stuff also it would be nice if the operator of the tour would make available the schedule prior to going on a tour
Doing what: St Maarten Half-Day Trip to Orient and Maho Beach
I had contact Viator regarding my issues with the tour, but have gotten no response. The tour stated it would include snorkel equipment, but it did not. After the one hour tour of the island, we were dropped off at a restaurant and given directions to the beach...we were also told that we would have an opportunity to upgrade our meal at the restaurant there were two choices...beef or beef, but there were no options. Some of the people in our group got a complimentary after dinner drink, we did not. The tour guide was nice, but the rest of the tour was a disappointment.
Doing what: St Barts Day Trip from St Martin by Catamaran
This boat trip was the highlight of our vacation to St Martin. The crew was awesome, the snacks provided were perfect, and the rum punch good. Although we had some rough waters, the captain handled the boat well. Anguilla is absolutely beautiful and a must see.
Doing what: Anguilla Day Trip from St Maarten
The crew on board this trip was awesome!! They were constantly making sure we were all OK and serving us snacks and drinks! Even though we had 36 people on our boat it sure never felt like that. I have been on many snorkeling/catamaran trips in Hawaii, Mexico, Caymans, Florida and all over the world and this by far is the best one I have ever been on. The price was great too!
Doing what: Anguilla Day Trip from St Maarten
exceeded our expectations, crew was excellent, boat was very clean, food buffet dinner was great, appetizers and drinks were special and not expected. We have recommended to our friends who travel
Bob Harper
Doing what: Tango Caribbean Dinner Cruise
Doing what: St-Martin and St Maarten: Sightseeing Tour of the French and Dutch Sides of the Island
Departed from Captain Oliver's marina.....I don't doubt that even the most sea-loving, boat loving, experienced passengers would get queezy on this particular ride over to St. Barths......and I LOVE being on a boat, but let me tell you....the water was rough on the outgoing trip. Never have we seen so many passengers start turning pale-ish shades of green and blue while on a boat. Yep, one by one, we started going down...Glad we can laugh about it now!. Please take all anti-nausea, sea-sickness, and whatever other meds you have in your arsenal before traveling over to St. Barths. Once there though, the mini cooper tour was a blast! We had so much fun driving around the island in the mini cooper motorcade and stopping at select points of interest. Our main issue: DO NOT EXPECT TO SNORKLE!!! We don't know how this part got so screwed up and totally omitted, but we were kinda' looking forward to having some fun snorkeling on St. Barths. Unfortunately, whatever or whoever organizes the snorkeling and the equipment, was not available....in essence, the shop that coordinates the snorkeling and supplies the gear was closed on the day we were there. Bummer!!!! Major disappointment for us on that note. Next, as far as the lunch is concerned, let's just say it was 'okay'.....nothing spectacular, even when we chose to order off the designated inclusive tour menu, it still was just average. The service was a little slow and you could just tell there is a mentality that all the locals, St. Barths natives, and French speakers will all get excellent service while the 'sightseeing tour' people get subpar service, almost like a oh, they are just the tour people mentality. Overall, we had a nice time in the mini cooper and we had met a great couple to hang out with on the tour.Outside of the snorkeling being omitted, we would still recommend this tour, just know what to expect when you sign up for this one. Boat ride was much better going bk to St. Maarten.
Doing what: St Barts Day Trip from St Martin with Mini Cooper Sightseeing Tour
I enjoyed my tour guy however I wish my crowd was different. Would definitely recommend for large groups rather than couples.
Doing what: St Maarten Half-Day Trip to Orient and Maho Beach
We prepaid Viator and booked this trip. The instructions stated to confirm the trip 24 hours before, and I tried, however, we were arriving in St. Maarten over Easter weekend, so didn't think much of it when we didn't get a call back. However, when showed up for our tour we come to find out that this tour is no longer in operation. The boat was damaged in a hurricane last season and is not even in the water! Viator is still selling this trip even though the owner no longer owns it. I have tried to contact Viator multiple times since the trip, and have only received an automated response that someone is looking into it and will get back to me in 24-36 hours, and it has been 10 days. So disappointed!
Doing what: St. Martin Pirates Day Cruise
We had an excellent guide who was knowledgeable, listened well, was very engaging, and highly professional. The van was very clean and kept clean. We truly enjoyed the beverages served.
Doing what: St-Martin and St Maarten: Sightseeing Tour of the French and Dutch Sides of the Island
great trip
Doing what: Day Trip to the Island of Prickly Pear from St. Martin
Smooth sailing, the best mahi mahi and the nicest day at the beach
Doing what: Day Trip to the Island of Prickly Pear from St. Martin
Excellent tour. Great variety and courteous crew.
Doing what: St Maarten Sailing and Snorkeling Tour: Tintamarre Island, Creole Rock and Lunch in Grand Case
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Cascade Yarns Cascade 220 Comments
Seattle Eastside, Washington
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Monday February 7 10:46:23 AM PST
A classic, affordable, readily-available yarn in loads of colors. I use this yarn for aran work and it has never disappointed. Very nice for classic projects like baby sweaters or afghans.
Rochester, New York
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Affordable with lots of colors to chose from and lots of yardage/skein (220 yds, hence the name). I made a lovely turtleneck sweater with Cascade Quatro (multicolor) and alpaca for the cuffs and neck.
Cornleius, North Carolina
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Use this yarn to knit or crochet helmet liners for our troops in Iraq. Go to www.geocities.com/helmetliner for pattern & information.
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This yarn is the best. Classic, wonderful to knit, great texture.
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Good, sturdy all-purpose yarn. Felts okay (not a very tight fabric), but a very affordable yarn and soft after you wash it.
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A really great basic yarn, and affordable. Amazing range of colors. I particularly like the heathers.
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Excellent buy. 100+ colors so there should be one for everyone. Great stitch definition and easy to work up. I found it felted easily (perhaps the others reviewer needed to refelt it) and tightly. Don't be fooled by Lion Brands copy cat yarn -- less yardage and less price, but more expensive per yard. Superwash is great for babies and childrens items.
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One of my favorites. The heathers, in particular, are impressive: The effect adds depth rather than just washing out the color, as many heathered yarns tend to do. It wears very well, and is one of the most cost-effective yarns out there. Great for felting as well.
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Nice to have such a great array of colors. The array of greens alone is straggering. I wish it were a bit softer, but the yardage is certainly something to shout about.
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Amazing color selection and you can't beat the price. The yarn is nice quality and feels good next to the skin. I made a sweater from it and would definitely recommend it. Nice stitch definition.
New WestminsterCANADA
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Wednesday February 6 3:20:58 PM PST
I love the range of colours and it's a good-quality wool with some bounce to it. Can't go wrong with this!
San Diego, California
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Thursday January 21 6:02:56 PM PST
People say that this is a good yarn due to the yardage for your buck, but I was pretty annoyed that the dye stained my needles even before I was done knitting my project! Therefore, be wary if you knit with the brighter shades.
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Other titles in the Comprehensive History of the Holocaust series:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust)by Christophe Browning
"Extraordinary....Browning has obviously mastered every pertinent document available — from archives in Germany, the United States, the former Soviet Union, and Israel — and assimilated them all into his sometimes day-by-day account of the development of Nazi policy. In sifting the evidence he makes clear what's known and what's not, what's probable, what's possible, and what's unlikely; with rigor and unusually incisive writing style he places events, decisions, and debates in a precise historical context....And above all, with exactitude he lays bare his own suppositions as he transparently builds his arguments and his narrative. A masterpiece of the historian's art." Benjamin Schwarz, The Atlantic Monthly (read the entire Atlantic Monthly review)
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
In 1939, the Nazi regime's plans for redrawing the demographic map of Eastern Europe entailed the expulsion of millions of Jews. By the fall of 1941, these plans had shifted from expulsion to systematic and total mass murder of all Jews within the Nazi grasp. The Origins of the Final Solution is the most detailed and comprehensive analysis ever written of what took place during this crucial period — of how, precisely, the Nazis' racial policies evolved from persecution and "ethnic cleansing" to the Final Solution of the Holocaust.
Focusing on the months between the German conquest of Poland in September 1939 —which brought nearly two million additional Jews under Nazi control — and the beginning of the deportation of Jews to the death camps in the spring of 1942, Christopher R. Browning describes how Poland became a laboratory for experiments in racial policies, from expulsion and decimation to ghettoization and exploitation under local occupation authorities. He reveals how the subsequent attack on the Soviet Union opened the door for an immense radicalization of Nazi Jewish policy — and marked the beginning of the Final Solution. Meticulously documenting the process that led to this fatal development, Browning shows that Adolf Hitler was the key decision-maker throughout, approving major escalations in Nazi persecution of the Jews at victory-induced moments of euphoria. Thoroughly researched and lucidly written, this groundbreaking work provides an essential chapter in the history of the Holocaust.
"This magisterial work does offer us something new?an unrivaled account of how the Nazi leadership ended up with a policy of industrialized mass murder of Jews as it fought a war of territorial expansion against the threats supposedly posed by Polish nationalism and Soviet Bolshevism. Probably no one is better qualified for this task than Christopher R. Browning....In this summation of more than 20 years of research, he explains how the grand design emerged...and points the way to a reintegration of the whole subject in a much broader history of nationalist conflict, forced population movements and colonial settlement." Mark Mazower, The New York Times Book Review
"An internationally renowned historian of the Holocaust, Browning explains the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish policies from discrimination and expulsions to outright systematic murder....Based on a superb mastery of the archival sources and the secondary literature, Browning leads his readers through the step-by-step radicalization of Nazi policies in the critical months after the outbreak of WWII....Even though Hitler rarely issued explicit orders, Browning shows he was intimately involved each step of the way....This book is sure to become the standard work on the emergence of the Holocaust." Publishers Weekly (Starred Review)
"Christopher R. Browning firmly ties what the Nazis called their 'war of destruction' against the Soviet Union to the Holocaust. In Mr. Browning's view...Germany's mass murders of Jews and non-Jews alike on the Eastern Front crystallized Nazi policy regarding the eradication of European Jewry." The New York Times
"Browning recounts the sequence of events that led from 'ethnic cleansing' to the mass murder of Europe's Jews....This book is...the most detailed examination of this aspect of the Holocaust yet published." Booklist
About the Author
Christopher R. Browning is Frank Porter Graham Professor of History at the University of North Carolina?Chapel Hill. He is the author of numerous books on Nazism and the Holocaust, including Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers and Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland.
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