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PALO ALTO ISSUESOff Deadline: Impending sea-level rise will affect us all
Next month federal officials will release new rates for flood insurance in areas at risk for future flooding, and they will...Original post made on Jun. 26, 2015
Last comment by 38 year resident, 36 minutes ago | 47 comments | 3027 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOAnalysis: Supreme Court ruling likely to affect equal-rights laws
The U.S. Supreme Court's sweeping decision that same-sex marriage is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment will have widespread...Original post made on Jun. 27, 2015
Last comment by Craig Laughton, 1 hour ago | 3 comments | 1832 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESPalo Alto to bring back traffic-enforcement team
After years of budget cuts and staff freezes, the Palo Alto Police Department is now experiencing an "early thaw" and looking...Original post made on May. 17, 2013
Last comment by Online Name, 2 hours ago | 43 comments | 4914 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESBrentwood has Gigabit Internet before Palo Alto
http://www.contracostatimes.com/endorsements/ci_26125188/guest-commentary-ultra-high-speed-gigabit-service-comes I know...Original post made by PAmoderate on Jul. 15, 2014
Last comment by Anonymous, 3 hours ago | 11 comments | 732 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESEditorial: Rising hopes for Buena Vista
With the Palo Alto City Council's final vote a month ago confirming that the Jisser family had met all the legal prerequisites...Original post made on Jun. 26, 2015
Last comment by Craig Laughton, 3 hours ago | 54 comments | 3804 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESMan arrested in Palo Alto package-theft case
Mountain View police arrested a man early Wednesday morning who was found to have a package allegedly stolen from a Palo...Original post made on Jun. 29, 2015
Last comment by Gethin, 4 hours ago | 1 comment | 3066 Views
AROUND TOWNShop Talk: 520 Chef's Table now more affordable
Chef Clive Berkman of Garden Court Hotel has decided to offer his monthly, gourmet, multi-course meal for half the previous...Original post made on Jun. 28, 2015
Last comment by Don, 5 hours ago | 4 comments | 1905 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOHere comes a massive stock market correction
GREXIT plus Shanghai composite collapsing under its own weight and lack of true market information, Wall street puffed up...Original post made by Taffy on Jun. 28, 2015
Last comment by Hahahaha, 6 hours ago | 3 comments | 148 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESCounty pledges more funds for Buena Vista
Santa Clara County supervisors on Tuesday upped the ante in a bid to preserve the Buena Vista Mobile Home Park when they...Original post made on Jun. 23, 2015
Last comment by Craig Laughton, 6 hours ago | 70 comments | 3850 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESPalo Alto defers master plan for Fry's site
Palo Alto officials rarely turn down grant funding but they made an exception on Monday night when they agreed not to launch...Original post made on Jun. 24, 2015
Last comment by Palo Alto , 7 hours ago | 13 comments | 2058 Views
AROUND TOWNThe things I remember about Palo Alto while growing up:
0...Original post made by Andrew L. Freedman on Oct. 19, 2006
Last comment by Ann, 17 hours ago | 1035 comments | 160132 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESPA citizens: help get rid of University Ave's horrendous traffic
How often these past 5-8 years have you found yourself utterly stuck in eastbound traffic on University Ave well before arriving...Original post made by Chris Zaharias on Jun. 19, 2015
Last comment by Hmmm, 17 hours ago | 18 comments | 542 Views
AROUND TOWNHere is what happens when you actually measure airplane noise
From Atherton Town Manager's Report "Beginning at 2 pm on May 13 through 11 am on May 14, Coffman Associates (Airport...Original post made by Peter Carpenter on Jun. 25, 2015
Last comment by Curmudgeon, 18 hours ago | 69 comments | 873 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESThe Eichler uprising
The dust had barely settled from Frank Ingle's first architectural battle when the next one came knocking on his door. Read...Original post made on Jun. 26, 2015
Last comment by Alan, 18 hours ago | 45 comments | 7164 Views
AROUND TOWNConflict continues at Pacific Art League
Palo Alto's historic Pacific Art League has spent much of the last decade mired in controversy. In the latest development,...Original post made on Jun. 16, 2015
Last comment by Joy Chase, 18 hours ago | 9 comments | 3472 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESReport: Cities unprepared for sea-level rise
The Santa Clara County Civil Grand Jury has a message for city and county officials who are dragging their feet regarding...Original post made on Jun. 26, 2015
Last comment by Curmudgeon, 21 hours ago | 18 comments | 2777 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSPalo Alto school board sticks with law firms
The Palo Alto school board opted Tuesday night to renew the district's contracts with its primary law firms, including one...Original post made on Jun. 24, 2015
Last comment by Vendor Practices, 23 hours ago | 76 comments | 3628 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESCementing protections for retail
After passing an urgency law earlier this year to preserve ground-floor retail from converting to offices, Palo Alto officials...Original post made on Jun. 25, 2015
Last comment by Observer, on Jun 28, 2015 at 3:57 pm | 12 comments | 860 Views
PALO ALTO ISSUESWhy is Ground Water Pumping Still Allowed in Palo Alto?
Last night I was walking my dog and saw a new house being built in the 2100 block of Cowper in OId Palo Alto. The site was...Original post made by Bill Glazier on Apr. 9, 2015
Last comment by Aquifers, on Jun 28, 2015 at 9:15 am | 129 comments | 4428 Views
AROUND TOWNFestivities for the Fourth
<B>Fireworks, a chili cook-off and parades are among the celebrations planned for Independence Day along the Peninsula this...Original post made on Jun. 26, 2015
Last comment by bbq go, on Jun 28, 2015 at 8:32 am | 3 comments | 1784 Views
Should Parents Save for College?
By John Raftrey and Lori McCormick | 12 comments | 2,518 views
Help! Im Covered in Bugs
By Laura Stec | 0 comments | 1,275 views
SENIOR FOCUS: It's Never Too Late...To Ask for Help from Your Kids
By Max Greenberg | 1 comment | 1,040 views
Constitution Guarantees Nationwide Right to Same-Sex Marriage
By Chandrama Anderson | 16 comments | 1,006 views
Grateful for Gate Passes
By Cheryl Bac | 0 comments | 758 views


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Little Rock: A New Phase in Desegregation
Everett Collection
By overplaying his hand, Orval Faubus may have unintentionally done more to advance civil rights than anyone since Abraham Lincoln.
Governor Faubus has unwittingly moved the desegregation issue into a new phase. Specifically, his ignoble putsch has had these effects:
1. Put Southern liberals on the spot in a new and painful manner. At no time in his career, for example, has the silent Senator J. William Fulbright had so many editorial fingers pointed directly at him, nor has he ever appeared in a less attractive light.
2. Sharpened the clash between segregationists and integrationists in a strategically important state.
Former Governor Sidney McMath and Little Rock's Mayor W. W. Mann must now attempt to capture control of the Democratic Party in Arkansas. Should they succeed, they will emerge in control of the first Southern Democratic Party which has disavowed white supremacists.
3. Precipitated an open rebellion against federal authority in a state and setting in which the outcome cannot be in doubt. Better that the test came in Arkansas than in Mississippi or South Carolina; better, too, that it occurred in a setting in which the alleged need for state troops to maintain order can be so massively refuted.
4. Put Democratic "gradualists" and "moderationists" back on the griddle from which Senator Lyndon Johnson had sought, through enactment of the civil rights bill, to rescue them. As The New York Times points out, Faubus has knotted "the civil-rights albatross firmly around the neck of the entire Democratic Party."
5. Shocked and dismayed Southern conservative opinion (as we predicted it would in an editorial which appeared in the September 14 issue). The Nashville bombings, which came in its wake, caused extensive and costly damage to a valuable school property. The implications of such incidents do not need to be emphasized to Southern conservatives.
6. Undermined the position of the White Citizens Councils and other obstructionists. Both in Little Rock and Nashville, the reaction against these elements has been impressive.
7. Brought the challenge which was implicit in the Dixiecrat Manifesto of March 11, 1956, into the open. The Administration has no alternative now but to meet the challenge head on.
8. Finally, it has stiffened the national resolve that the Constitution be enforced throughout these United States. Where Northern opinion was once wavering or indifferent, it is so no longer. The photographs of Negro children being barred from tax-supported public schools by National Guardsmen and of Negro children being heckled and harassed by screaming crackpots and hoodlums, have had a tonic effect on national opinion. Once again the South has made the mistake of drawing its sword first; no longer will well-meaning citizens, North, South, East or West, be intimidated by the "federal troops and bayonets" argument.
All this is not to imply that we are grateful to Arkansas's Governor for his action; quite the contrary. But this is not the first time that a self-seeking demagogue has appealed to the "better angels of our nature" by overplaying his hand. Nor do we imply approval of the President's handling of the issue. Apparently the President felt compelled to grant Faubus an interview at the behest of Representative Brooks Hays, but a more fitting reply would have been to tell the Governor to comply with Judge Davies' order—first. Nor is it, as we have pointed out before, that we advocate the use of "federal troops and bayonets." The use of force is implicit in any court order or decree; the only real issue is what kind of force, how much, when and where applied, by whom, and for what purpose. We have never thought that it would be necessary to use federal troops to secure compliance with the Court's order; nor do we think so now. The President has ample powers; faced with the kind of challenge that has arisen in Little Rock, his authority clear. But no more than any Chief Executive should the President say, as he has said, that he would not use federal troops, for it is quite apparent that he would use them—that he must use them—if other means fail. Nor are we impressed by what the President has said about morality and law; legislative power has been used not once but many times to change the mores. The "morality" of the desegregation issue was settled nearly a century ago; the terms of the settlement are embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment. No one expects the President, or Congress for that matter, to change the morals of the South; but the President cannot permit final decrees of the Supreme Court to be flouted without violating his oath of office.

subset: commoncrawl


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Learn more about Large Mug Coffee Drink Cup Tribal Scorpion:
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The Nationals have granted permission to the Seattle Mariners to interview Trent Jewett for the role of bench coach, this according to FoxSports.com. Jewett is currently the Nationals' third base coach and interviewed for their managerial opening last month.
Jewett has been with the Nationals since 2009, but could move to Seattle to reunite with Lloyd McClendon who was just hired as the Mariners' new manager. Jewett served as McClendon's third base coach with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2001 and 2002.
Jewett became the Nationals' third base coach before the 2013 season, replacing Bo Porter who left to become the manager of the Houston Astros. Jewett originally joined the franchise as the manager of the Single-A Potomac Nationals and has served a variety of roles since.
The Mariners hired McClendon as their new manager last week to replace Eric Wedge. The Nationals just days earlier introduced Matt Williams as their new skipper and said then they plan to retain the majority of their coaching staff for 2014. The lone exception was bullpen coach Jim Lett who was swapped for Matt LeCroy.
The Nationals did add an assistant this offseason by bringing in Mark Wiedemaier to coordinate defense and help with advance scouting. If Jewett leaves perhaps they would have Wiedemaier help out at third, or first if they moved Tony Tarasco across the diamond, otherwise they will have to look for a new third base coach.


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The Giant Beastcast: Episode 06
Become Premium to Watch
Her Story is a bold and largely successful experiment in interactive crime fiction.
Rocksteady's gorgeous-looking third Arkham game refines its open-world format a bit and lets you drive a whole hell of a lot of Batmobile.
It's squid kids and ink blasting abound in Nintendo's exceptionally fun new online shooter.
Platform »
A place where the player can rent a bed/room for the night, or cause trouble. Hotels are distinct locations in games where the player goes to restore their health, save the game, cure status effects, or even to advance the plot and/or level. Also called Inns in some games.
A country situated North of England and part of the United Kingdom. Producers of the soft drink Irn Bru and home of such game developers as Rockstar North, and Real-Time Worlds.
Alaska is the largest and Northernmost state in the United States. For two cents per acre, it was purchased from the Russians.
Japanese castles were fortresses built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads.
A sea vessel used by pirates. This category includes both deserted and or sunken pirate ships and sea worthy pirate ships.
Asia is the largest continent in the world, it spans from part of the Soviet Union all the way down to Indonesia. It goes from Japan to the Middle East.
It is home to the Cincinnati Bengals.
This is home to the New Orleans Saints.
This is home to the San Diego Chargers, and former home to the San Diego Padres. It is currently called Qualcomm Stadium. It used to be called San Diego Stadium and Jack Murphy Stadium.
This is home to the Cleveland Browns.
This is the home to the Buffalo Bills. It used to be called Rich Stadium, and is located in Orchard Park, NY. Named after the Bills' founder, owner, and president, Ralph Wilson.
The home of the Washington Redskins.
This is the current home of the Denver Broncos.
Safeco Field is a park in Seattle Washington that calls itself home to the Seattle Mariners. It is located in the Sodo business district at the corner of Royal Brougham and Edgar Martinez Drive.
This stadium's full name is the Hubert H Humphrey Metrodome and is home to the Minnesota Vikings.
This park is home to the Milwaukee Brewers.
This stadium is home to the Los Angeles Dodgers.
This historic stadium is home to the Boston Red Sox.
San Diego, CA, USA
The capital city of Japan, Tokyo is located on the east side of Honshu (a Japanese island).
Saint Louis, MO, USA
Denver, also known as the Mile-High City, is the capital city of Colorado
Texas was the 28th state to join the United States of America. Prior to its statehood, it had been a part of Mexico before gaining independence and temporary status as a sovereign republic.
Cleveland is a city in Ohio that appears in several video games as a real life location
A hospital is a place to seek help in a medical emergency. It is also used for treating minor illnesses that aren't necessary an emergency. Some games take place in a hospital, whilst others use them as a part of the environment.
The stadium of the Chelsea football club located in England.
A geographical biome in which flora has trouble growing due to low temperatures. It is cold and has windy conditions and generally very low precipitation.
Hill Valley is a fictional location from the Back To the Future franchise. It is the main setting of the movie series and the main setting in numerous video game settings in this franchise. With time travel, we get to see Hill Valley in the past, present (1985) and future.
The capital of the Netherlands. City of pot-heads and prostitutes... and museums.
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Brown University posted a 16.1 percent gain on its endowment investments in the year that ended June 30. more
By Michael McDonald
Ray Costa, Deutsche Bank AG's former co-head of credit trading in North America, joined private-equity firm Providence Equity Partners Inc. more
By Devin Banerjee and Stephanie Ruhle
Ali...who? One company dominated the conversation about initial public offerings in the third quarter, and for good reason: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. raised a record-breaking $25 billion in the U.S. this month. more
By Leslie Picker, Ruth David and Fox Hu
Rhode Island was among the top five states last month with delinquent mortgages, and also ranks fifth among states with the highest percentage of "underwater" properties in the second quarter, according to information released Thursday by two separate real estate data tracking firms. more
By Lori Stabile
Amica Insurance received the highest score among homeowner insurers in J.D. Power's 2014 U.S. Household Insurance Study released last week, marking the 13th year in a row that Amica has ranked highest in customer satisfaction. more
By PBN Staff
(Updated, 5:20 p.m.) Citizens Financial Group Inc., the U.S. subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, raised $3 billion in its initial public offering, pricing the shares below the marketed range. more
By Elizabeth Dexheimer and Leslie Picker
Royal Bank of Scotland PLC is selling shares of its U.S. subsidiary, freeing the unit from the shadow of Britain's largest state-owned lender and allowing it to compete with American regional banks. more
By Elizabeth Dexheimer
Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc and Lloyds Banking Group Plc rallied after Scots voted to stay in the U.K., avoiding months of turmoil that may have seen the lenders move to England. more
By Stephen Morris
WalletHub, the personal finance social network, released a study looking at the rates at which S&P 100 companies are taxed at the state, federal and international levels. more
By PBN Staff
Banco Santander SA, Spain's biggest bank and parent of Santander Bank, agreed to buy Canadian car-financing company Carfinco Financial Group Inc. for about C$298 million ($269 million). more
By Macarena Munoz


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Charley Hoffman won the OHL Classic at Mayakoba by one stroke Sunday over Shawn Stefani with a final score of 17 under par.
Ben Martin claimed his first PGA Tour victory Sunday at the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open in Las Vegas.
Golf is the only sport that I know of where you don't practice on the field where you play.
When the 2014 Ryder Cup begins this week in Scotland, the players can expect the unexpected when it comes to the weather.
Billy Horschel became the 10 million dollar man Sunday by finishing strong in the FedEx Cup, winning the last two events to take home the life-changing prize.


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Karen Dotrice looks back fondly at 'Mary Poppins'
Story | Dec 9, 2013 | 5:00 AM
Karen Dotrice looks back fondly at 'Mary Poppins'
Story | Dec 9, 2013 | 5:00 AM
Patrick McGoohan: The spy who started it all
Story | Apr 26, 2014 | 6:30 AM
Other venues: 'Forrest Gump,' 'The Terminator' and 'The Man Who Wasn't There'
Story | Feb 28, 2013 | 1:14 PM
BACinema Beverly Arts Center 2407 W. 111th St. 773-445-3838 beverlyartcenter.org *"The Waiting Room" (U.S.; Peter Nicks, 2012) Shot over five months in an Oakland public hospital, "The Waiting Room" explores the state of medical care for the nation's...
Most Despicable Movie Villains
Story | Jun 8, 2012
I once did a list of the best holiday movie villains. You'd be surprised what an awesome group this was. The top four were Mr. Potter, Scrooge, Hans Gruber and Mr. Sawyer. Actually, Gruber might be my favorite movie villain...


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Carolinas SecureWorld Conference
Wed, 2014-04-30 07:00
Date: April 30, 2014
Location: Hood Center
SecureWorld attendees leave equipped with the knowledge and tools necessary to secure the digital-age enterprise.
- Earn 6-8 CPE credit hours
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Keynote Speaker: Carl Herberger, Vice President of Security Solutions-Radware USAF Carl, a recognized information security expert, draws on his extensive information security background in both the private and public sectors. He began his career in the U.S. Air Force as a computer warfare specialist at the Pentagon and managed critical operational intelligence programs aiding both the National Security Council and Secretary of the Air Force. Carl founded Allied InfoSecurity and held executive security positions at BarclayCard US, SunGard and Campbell Soup Co.
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Chances are, your organization will have to deal with some sort of security "situation" sooner or later. In this three-part class, you'll examine options for effectively handling things when management tells you "We have a situation." We'll look at procedural necessities of intrusion detection and response and elicit your experience-based reactions to multiple types of sensitive security scenarios.
Jim Manico,
Global Board Member - OWASP Foundation
Training Program - Building Secure Web Applications Bootcamp The class is a combination of lecture, hands-on security testing and code review. Participants will not only learn the most common threats against web applications, but more importantly they will learn how to also fix the problems and design secure web solutions via defense-based code samples and review
When Registering Use Discount Code: CAR14INF
$50 off the One-Day Conference Pass
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- Login to post comments


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FiOSTV Packages
Home Entertainment Your Way
Let's face it – we all love TV. But that's where the similarities end. With hundreds of channels catering to every interest, Verizon FiOS TV packages were designed to keep every member of the family entertained.
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Variety and Value
TV Packages and FiOS Bundles


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Text, audio, video chat, web conferencing, screen sharing and more for your websites and business applications. Discover our offer.
BISTRI in short
A PaaS offering
BISTRI's platform is ready to use. No need to worry about infrastructure. We provide innovative, reliable and scalable Platform as a service that is designed to support huge calls and data transferring.
APIs and SDKs
A large variety of markets and applications take advantage of these new ways to communicate. Customer relations, e-Health, online coaching, are just some of the areas where our services are being used. The only limit to our solution: the creativity of our customers.
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As a member of W3C, BISTRI is a pioneer of WebRTC. Our team brings years of experience to the table, and has expert knowledge of the WebRTC environment. You will see the difference this knowledge brings through the quality of our products, our support and our expert advice.
Winners of WebRTC awards in 2012 and 2013, as well as Gartner Cool Vendor recognition in 2013 "…BISTRI currently has one of the most complete WebRTC solutions…". Since our inception, we've stayed committed to providing the best quality solutions.
Our LAB stays up to date and tests new technological trends, experiments to find innovative uses, and develops POC and prototypes for our customers who need to validate new uses in their field.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
GFF Videos
Grappana - Fly fishing in Northern Sweden
Submitter:Fredrik Willby
More videos with
|More great articles on The Global FlyFisher
|A couple of random articles
The Visitors - Day 2Two days. Two teams. Six fly fishers. Very different and difficult circumstances. Kasper Mühlbach was invited by a Lithuanian and a German team to go fishing with them. Their role was to catch and pose. Kasper's role was to photograph.
March 25th 2008


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Biochemical Engineering Journal Young Investigator Award
The Biochemical Engineering Journal Young Investigator Award recognizes outstanding excellence in research and practice contributed to the field of biochemical engineering by a young community member. Candidates must be less than 41 years of age by the nomination deadline.
The Young Investigator Award is presented on an annual basis at either the Annual AIChE meeting in conjunction with the Food, Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering (FPBE) Division (even years) or ECI's Biochemical and Molecular Engineering Conferences (odd years).
The award consists of a cash prize of 2,500 U.S. Dollars and a plaque presented at the appropriate conference, at which the award recipient presents a keynote lecture. Award recipients are also invited to compose a review article for the Biochemical Engineering Journal.
P.V. Danckwerts Memorial Lecture
The P.V. Danckwerts Memorial Lecture was established in 1985 to honor Prof. Peter V. Danckwerts as a leading scholar in the field of chemical engineering and for his contributions as an Executive Editor of Chemical Engineering Science, the second Shell Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Cambridge, and past president of IChemE. The Danckwerts Lecture is co-sponsored by Chemical Engineering Science, IChemE, AIChE, and EFCE, and is held in alternating years at the ECCE and AIChE meeting.


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This sweet girl named Stella was rescued from Lincoln County shelter. At 30 pounds she is what's known as a "pocket Pittie". Stella has all the traits of a Pittie just in miniature. She is approximately 18 months old, fully vetted and very sweet. Stella...More info Email a friend
Chocolate, blond, & black, $350, 5 weeks old. Call: 843-464-6529 or e-mail: email@example.com info Email a friend
WE HAVE 1 ADORABLE WESTIE FEMALE LEFT. BORN ON 5-16-15. HAS BEEN TO THE VET GOT HER VACCINES AND DEWORMING. BOTH PARENTS ON SITE THEY ARE CKC REGISTERED. THE PUPPIES ARE RAISED IN OUR HOME. ASKING 700.00 FOR FEMALES AND 600.00 MALE. TAKING DEPOSITSMore info Email a friend
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3017 West Charleston Blvd.Suite 58Las Vegas, NV 89104
Licensed for 8 years
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water at pH 8 or greater are stable for about one month when stored at room temperature in a closed, opaque container.
Microorganisms vary widely in their level of resistance to chemical germicides (Favero and Bond, 1991; Hugo and Russell, 1982; Rutala and Weber, 1987; Klein and Deforest, 1965a). The types of microorganisms present can have a significant effect on the contact time and the concentration of germicide necessary to ensure the sterilization or disinfection of a contaminated object. Among pathogenic microorganisms, bacterial spores are the most resistant to sterilization and disinfection. In general, the presence of lipid in a virus is associated with a high degree of susceptibility to all germicides. The blood-borne pathogens HIV and HBV both are surrounded by lipid-containing membranes and thus are expected to be among the microorganisms least resistant to disinfection and sterilization. In principle, and in practice in the laboratory and the health care environment, there is no reason to believe that HIV is resistant to disinfection (Conte, 1986; Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 1987).
The identification of HIV as the cause of AIDS and the availability of tissue culture models to study virus infectivity permitted the laboratory evaluation of methods to disinfect HIV present on surfaces. The primary goal of the initial studies of disinfection methods was to determine the optimal approaches to disinfect reusable medical devices and to safely clean surfaces contaminated with blood from HIV-infected patients. Although varying in their precise protocols, all early studies were performed using HIV obtained from the supernatants of virus-infected tissue culture cell lines (Spire et al., 1984; Resnick et al., 1986; Martin et al., 1985). The virus present in such supernatants is not associated with infected cells, and this is referred to as cell-free virus. The infectious titer of cell-free HIV found in tissue culture supernatants ranges from 104 to 106 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID) per milliliter volume; these titers are several orders of magnitude higher than those typically present in the blood of HIV-infected individuals (Pantaleo et al., 1993). In addition, the amounts of proteins and other organic materials present in tissue culture fluids are usually less than those found in blood.
It is important to emphasize that preparations of cell-free HIV may demonstrate significantly different levels of susceptibility to disinfecting agents than samples of virus-infected cells, particularly as they may be found in blood specimens that are rich in cellular and extracellular (plasma) protein content. Cell-free HIV derived from supernatants of tissue culture cells is most susceptible to disinfection, whereas infected cells (and possibly cell-free virus present in the plasma) contained within blood specimens


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Welcome to Mrs. Trudeau's classroom website!!!! We are going to have a great 2013-2014 school year!! I am very excited about this class. This is my 10th year teaching first grade at LeVasseur School. I absolutely adore my first graders and all of the fun reading development that happens during the first grade year of school.
A little about myself... I live in Bradley, IL. I have been married for 8 years to my husband Nick and we have 3 children; my step-daughter Hannah is a sophomore this year, my son Nickolas (Nicky) is a second grader at Bradley East this year, and my youngest, Nathan, is 4 years old and in preschool. I grew up in rural Kankakee and attended Limestone and Herscher schools. I graduated in 2004 from Northern Illinois University with a degree in Early Childhood Studies. In my spare time I enjoy baking and recently have taken up cake decorating! I am a Cubs fan and had fun going to a game with my family right before school began! Autumn is my favorite time of year and I love attending/watching football (da Bears!) with my family and playing with my kids!
My philosophy on education is centered around self-esteem. I truly feel that the child will only learn when he/she feels capable, empowered and confident and that it is my job to provide that positive learning enviornment in which for them to grow, learn, and feel that they are special (because they are)!
In addition to learning, I also enjoy having fun with my students! We like to laugh and do a lot of "hands on" activities! Many times I will develop my curriculum around the interests of my classroom. For instance, one year I had a group who really seemed interested in learning about bats; so I quickly created a fun unit on bats! I want my students to know that their natural curiousities are a great avenue for learning and success.
Please feel free to email me at any time to email@example.com. Looking forward to getting to know your child this year!!!
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Originally written on Fox Sports South | Last updated 9/3/12
BLACKSBURG, Va. (AP) -- Cody Journell kicked a 17-yard field goal in overtime and No. 16 Virginia Tech beat Georgia Tech 20-17 on Monday night. Georgia Tech got the ball first in overtime, but quarterback Tevin Washington threw an interception. Tevin Washington's 10-yard touchdown pass with 44 seconds left in regulation had given the Yellow Jackets a 17-14 lead. The Hokies got runs of 6 and 18 yards on their first two plays from Michael Holmes, before Journell came back out and kept the Hokies from another crushing loss in a big early game. The Hokies trailed 17-14 until Journell, who had earlier missed from 38 yards, made a 41-yarder as time expired.
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The present invention provides a mechanism for implementing compare speculation in software pipelined loops. A data dependency graph (DDG) is generated for a loop that includes a control compare instruction, a compare instruction and a non-speculative instruction that depends directly or indirectly on the compare instruction. A loop-carried edge between the control compare instruction and the compare instruction is replaced by a loop-carried edge between the control compare instruction and the non-speculative instruction. If the compare instruction is speculated when the loop is modulo-scheduled, any load instruction that depends on the compare is converted to a speculative load, and a loop-carried edge is added between the control compare and a check instruction associated with the speculative load. A loop-independent edge is also added between the check instruction and the non-speculative instruction if the non-speculative instruction also depends on the load.
1. A method for generating a data dependence graph for a software-pipelined loop, the method comprising:
removing a loop-carried edge from a control compare operation in a first loop iteration to a compare operation in a next loop iteration; and
converting a load operation that depends on the compare to a speculative load operation.
2. The method of
converting a load operation to a speculative load operation; and
adding a check operation.
3. The method of
adding a loop-independent edge from the speculative load operation to the check operation; and
adding a loop-carried edge from the control compare operation in the loop iteration to the check operation in the next loop iteration.
4. The method of
identifying a non-speculative operation that depends on the compare operation; and
adding a loop-carried edge from the control compare operation to the non-speculative operation.
5. The method of
6. The method of
modulo-scheduling the loop, using the data dependence graph;
determining whether the control compare operation is in a last stage of the modulo-scheduled loop; and
if the control compare operation is not in the last stage, modifying the modulo-scheduled loop to eliminate execution of a non-speculative instruction in loop iteration that is not reached.
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. A method for modulo-scheduling instructions of a loop comprising:
identifying in a loop a control compare instruction, a compare instruction and a non-speculative instruction that depends on the compare operation;
replacing a loop-carried edge between the control compare instruction and the compare instruction with a loop-carried edge between the control compare and the non-speculative instruction; and
modulo-scheduling the loop according to the replaced loop-carried edge.
10. The method of
determining whether the compare instruction is speculated following modulo-scheduling; and
if the compare instruction is speculated, replacing a load instruction that depends on the compare instruction with a speculated load instruction.
11. The method of
adding a loop-carried edge between the control compare instruction and a check instruction associated with the speculated load instruction;
adding a loop-independent edge between the check instruction and the non-speculative instruction if the non-speculative instruction depends on the load instruction; and
repeating modulo-scheduling using the added edge(s).
12. A method for executing a software-pipelined loop comprising:
executing a control flow instruction for an nth iteration of the loop before executing a control compare for an (n−1)st iteration of the loop;
executing a non-speculative instruction for the nth iteration of the loop no earlier than the control compare instruction for the (n−1)st iteration of the loop if the non-speculative instruction depends on the control flow instruction.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. A machine readable medium on which are stored instructions that may be executed by a processor to implement a method comprising:
executing a compare instruction for an nth iteration of the loop before executing a control compare instruction for the (n−1)st iteration of the loop;
executing a non-speculative instruction for the nth iteration of the loop no earlier than the control compare instruction of the (n−1)st iteration if the non-speculative instruction depends on the compare instruction.
17. The machine-readable medium of
executing the load instruction speculatively for the nth iteration; and
executing a check instruction associated with the speculatively executed load instruction no earlier than the control compare instruction for the (n−1)st iteration of the loop.
18. The machine-readable medium of
19. A computer system comprising:
a processor to execute instructions; and
a memory to store instructions which may be executed by the processor to implement a method comprising:
executing a control flow instruction for an nth iteration of the loop before executing a control compare of the (n−1)st iteration of the loop;
executing a load that depends on the control flow instruction of the nth iteration as a speculative load; and
executing a check for the speculative load after the control compare of the (n−1)st iteration.
20. The computer system of
executing the load instruction speculatively for the nth iteration; and
executing a check instruction associated with the speculatively executed load instruction no earlier than the control compare instruction for the (n−1)st iteration of the loop.
21. The computer system of
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to mechanisms for optimizing computer code, and in particular, to mechanisms for improving the performance of software-pipelined loops.
2. Background Art
Software pipelining is a method for scheduling non-dependent instructions from different logical iterations of a program loop to execute concurrently. Overlapping instructions from different logical iterations of the loop increases the amount of instruction level parallelism (ILP) in the program code. Code having high levels of ILP uses the execution resources available on modern, superscalar processors more effectively.
A loop is software-pipelined by organizing the instructions of the loop body into stages of one or more instructions each. These stages form a software-pipeline having a pipeline depth equal to the number of stages (the "stage count" or "SC") of the loop body. The instructions for a given loop iteration enter the software-pipeline stage by stage, on successive initiation intervals (II), and new loop iterations begin on successive initiation intervals until all iterations of the loop have been started. Each loop iteration is thus processed in stages through the software-pipeline in much the same way that an instruction is processed in stages through a processor pipeline. When the software-pipeline is full, stages from SC sequential loop iterations are in process concurrently, and one loop iteration completes every initiation interval. Various methods for implementing software-pipelined loops are discussed, for example, in B. R. Rau, M. S. Schlansker, P. P. Tirumalai, Code Geiteration Schema for Modulo Scheduled Loops IEEE MICRO Conference 1992 (Portland, Oreg.) and in, B. R. Rau, M. Lee, P. P. Tirumalai, M. S. Schlansker, Register Allocation for Software-pipelined Loops, Proceedings of the SIGPLAN '92 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, (San Francisco, 1992).
The initiation interval (II) represents the number of processor clock cycles ("cycles") between the start of successive iterations in a software-pipelined loop. The minimum II for a loop is the larger of a resource II (RSII) and a recurrence II (RCII) for the loop. The RSII is determined by the availability of execution units for the different instructions of the loop. For example, a loop that includes three integer instructions has a RSII of at least two cycles on a processor that provides only two integer execution units. The RCII reflects cross-iteration or loop-carried dependencies among the instructions of the loop and their execution latencies. If the three integer instructions of the above-example have one cycle latencies and depend on each other as follows, inst1→inst2→inst3→inst1, the RCII is at least three cycles.
RSII and RCII are illustrated for the following code segment, which includes instructions from the IA64™ instruction set architecture (ISA) of Intel� Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.:
Here, (V19) and (V17) operate as predicates to gate the instructions that follow on and off.
Code segment (I) has an RSII of 3 cycles and an RCII of 5 cycles on an Itanium™ processor of Intel� Corporation. The RCII is determined by the chain of dependence edges (9)→(5)→(6)→(7)→(9), assuming a 2 cycle latency for instruction (6) (ld1) and a one cycle latency for the remaining instructions. The RSII is determined by the execution resources provided by the Itanium™ processor.
A software-pipelined loop has its maximum ILP when its RCII is less than or equal to its RSII. This is difficult to achieve for loops that include control flow operations within the loop body. Control flow operations are often implemented through predicates that are evaluated by compare instructions (CMPs), and available compilers do not allow these CMPs to be speculated. An instruction is speculated when it is executed before the processor determines that the instruction needs to be executed. In software-pipelined loops, instructions from multiple loop iterations execute in parallel, and instructions from later iterations may be executed unnecessarily if the loop terminates at an earlier iteration. Speculating a CMP within a software-pipelined loop entails significant overhead to ensure that any non-speculative operations gated by a speculated CMP are canceled if the iteration containing the speculated CMP is not reached.
In code segment (I), for example, instruction (5) (CMP) determines a predicate value, V19, which activates/deactivates instructions (6) through (9), and instruction (9) (CCMP) determines whether the loop repeats or terminates. A conventional compiler includes loop-carried dependence edge (9)→(5) in the data dependence graph (DDG) for code segment (I). The loop-carried edge ensures that when code segment (I) is modulo-scheduled, CMP for the nth loop iteration does not execute until CCMP for the (n−1)st iteration determines that the nth iteration is reached. This strategy simplifies bookkeeping for software-pipelined loops, but it may also lead to unnecessarily large RCIIs for the loops, which can reduce performance.
The present invention addresses these and other problems associated with software-pipelined loops.
The present invention may be understood with reference to the following drawings, in which like elements are indicated by like numbers. These drawings are provided to illustrate selected embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 represents a software-pipelined loop that has been scheduled using a conventional compiler.
FIG. 2 represents a method in accordance with the present invention for speculating control flow operations in software pipelined loops.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart representing in greater detail one embodiment of the method of FIG. 2.
FIGS. 4A and 4B indicate the modification of two data dependency graphs in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 represents a software-pipelined loop for the code segment of FIG. 1 that incorporates compare speculation.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart representing one embodiment of method for modifying an epilog portion of a software-pipelined loop in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart representing a modulo-scheduled "while" loop branch instruction suitable for use with the present invention.
FIG. 8 represents one embodiment of a method for modifying a prolog portion of a software-pipelined loop in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 represents an embodiment of a computer system that is suitable for software-pipelining loops in accordance with the present invention and executing programs that include such loops.
FIG. 10 is flowchart representing one embodiment of a method for modifying a modulo-scheduled loop if the control compare instruction is not in the last stage of the software pipeline.
The following discussion sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In addition, various well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail in order to focus attention on the features of the present invention.
Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated using instructions from the IA64™ Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of Intel Corporation, but these embodiments may be implemented in other ISAs that support predication and software pipelining. The IA64 ISA is described in detail in the Intel� IA64 Architecture Software Developer's. Guide, Volumes 1-4, which is published by Intel� Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.
FIG. 1 represents successive iterations of a modulo-scheduled loop generated from code sequence (I) using conventional methods. The modulo-scheduled loop includes two pipeline stages ("stages"), each of which is 5 cycles long, due to the dependency chain noted above. The relatively large II is attributable, in part, to the absence of compare speculation for instruction 5 (CMP) on successive loop iterations. Load instruction (4) is speculated. (Ld.s), because it is executed ahead of the CCMP that gates it, but the overhead for this speculation is the addition of a check instruction (Chk.s). The CMP itself is not speculated. Rather, the CMP for a given iteration is executed after the control compare instruction (9) (CCMP) for the prior iteration. This limits the scheduler's flexibility when modulo scheduling code segment (I). Also indicated in the figure is a prolog stage, in which the software pipeline fills, a kernel stage, in which both stages are active, and an epilog stage, in which the software pipeline drains.
The large II for the exemplary software-pipeline loop reduces the efficiency of the software-pipeline by limiting the overlap of instructions, i.e. ILP, from different loop iterations. In the example loop, instructions from only two iterations may be executed at the same time. The proscription against CMP speculation limits the flexibility of the compiler to find a more efficient modulo-schedule for code segment (I), and makes it difficult to achieve any further reduction of II.
FIG. 2 provides an overview of one embodiment of a method 200 in accordance with the present invention to support compare speculation in a software-pipelined loop. Method 200 assumes that a data dependence graph (DDG) has already been generated for the loop. A flow control operation, e.g. CMP, is identified 210 in the DDG. The loop-carried dependence edge between the loop control operation (CCMP) and CMP is replaced 220 with a loop-carried dependence edge between CCMP and any non-speculative operations that depend directly or indirectly on CMP. This replacement allows CMP to be speculated during modulo scheduling.
Non-speculative instructions are instructions that are not allowed to be executed speculatively. For the IA64 ISA, these include store instructions and check instructions (chk.s). A store instruction modifies the processor's architectural state, and it should only be implemented when it is determined that the instruction is actually executed in the program flow. A chk.s indicates whether a speculative operation raised any exceptions and cannot itself be speculated.
If the CMP is speculated, any load instructions that depend directly or indirectly on CMP are replaced 230 with speculative load instructions. A modulo-scheduler function of the compiler may determine whether it is efficient to speculate the CMP. In addition, the modulo-scheduled loop generated from the DDG may be further modified 240, if necessary, to address complications associated with the filling (prolog) and draining (epilog) of the software-pipeline. These complications are discussed in greater details below.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart representing in greater detail one embodiment of a method 300 for implementing compare speculation in software-pipelined loops. Method 300 modifies a DDG for the loop to enable compare speculation while ensuring the integrity of the data processed by the loop.
For the disclosed embodiment of method 300, a loop-carried-edge between the control compare (CCMP) and a compare that may be control speculated (CMP) is removed 310 from the DDG. A loop-carried edge is added 320 between the CCMP and any non-speculative instruction(s) that depends on the CMP. With these changes to the DDG, the CMP may be executed speculatively, if the compiler determines that this is efficient.
For one embodiment, a modulo-scheduling function in the compiler operates on the DDG to determine 330 whether speculating the CMP reduces the RCII for a loop containing the CMP. If the CMP is not to be executed speculatively, method 300 is done 395. If the CMP is to be executed speculatively 330, the loop is examined to determine 340 whether it includes a load instruction that depends, directly or indirectly, on the CMP. If no such load instruction is identified 340, method 300 checks 390 the prolog/epilog of the modulo-scheduled loop. If the loop includes a load that depends on the CMP 340, it is replaced 350 with a speculative load instruction (ld.s). A chk.s is added 360 to the DDG along with a loop-independent edge from the ld.s to chk.s A loop-carried edge from the control compare to the-chk.s is added 370 to the DDG, and a loop-independent edge is added 380 to the DDG between the chk.s and any non-speculative instruction(s) that depends on the load instruction. The loop-independent edge ensures that the non-speculative instruction does not execute until the speculative load on which it depends has been checked for exceptions.
The loop may then be checked 390 to ensure that the prolog and epilog phases of the software-pipelined loop are implemented correctly. Different strategies for implementing these steps are discussed below in greater detail.
FIG. 4A illustrates the application of method 300 to a DDG 400 for code sequence (I) to reduce RCII for the loop. Initially, a loop-carried edge 410 from CCMP to CMP is identified and it is removed from DDG 400. Since code sequence (I) does not include any non-speculative instructions that depend on CMP, no loop-carried edges are added at this point. A load instruction (ld1) that depends on CMP is replaced by a speculative load (ld1.s), and a chk.s is inserted in DDG 400 with a loop-independent edge 420 from ld1.s to chk.s. Edge 420 is assigned a latency that corresponds to the latency of ld1.s.
A loop-carried edge 430 is added from CCMP to chk.s to ensure that chk.s for an nth iteration is executed only if the nth iteration of the loop is reached. For one embodiment of the invention, loop-carried edge 430 is annotated (star) to indicate that chk.s is scheduled in a stage that only executes after the stage that includes CCMP for the previous iteration. This may be accomplished, for example, by scheduling chk.s and CCMP in the same stage, since sequential iterations of the loop are offset by II.
If code segment (I) included a non-speculative instruction that depended on the speculative load, a loop independent edge having the latency of chk.s would be added between chk.s and the non-speculative instruction. FIG. 4B illustrates this situation with a loop derived from code sequence (I). In particular, a store (st4) that depends on load instruction (6) and, indirectly, on CMP, has been added to the loop to illustrate certain operations of the present invention.
The operations for the modified loop parallel those shown in FIG. 4A with the following changes. A loop-carried edge 440 is added from CCMP to the CMP-dependent store to ensure that the (non-speculative) store for a particular iteration is not executed unless the iteration is reached. Also, since the store depends on the speculative load, a loop-independent edge 450 having the latency of chk.s is added between chk.s and the store. For processors that implement the IA64 ISA, chk.s has a zero latency. The store is a non-speculative instruction that depends, indirectly, on ld1. Edge 450 ensures that the store is not executed until any deferred exceptions associated with ld1.s are serviced. For the disclosed example, loop-carried edge 440 is redundant in view of loop-carried edge 430 and loop-independent edge 450. Embodiments of the present invention may be modified to eliminate redundant edges if they arise.
FIG. 5 represents the software-pipeline generated for the same loop shown in FIG. 1 after it has been processed in accordance with the present invention. Eliminating the loop-carried dependence edge between CCMP and CMP has allowed CMP to be control speculated. For example, CMP for the nth iteration executes before CCMP for the (n−1)st iteration. The load that depends on CMP has been converted to a speculative load, to reflect the compare speculation, and a check (chk.s) has been added to the instruction flow. The load that precedes the CMP has also been converted to a speculative load, but this conversion occurs independent of Compare Speculation. A loop-carried dependence is introduced between the CCMP and the chk.s to ensure that the chk.s for the nth iteration executes only if the CCMP of the (n−1)st iteration indicates the nth iteration is reached.
Scheduling of other non-speculative instructions may be managed through the addition of various edges. For example, if the loop includes a store instruction that depends on the speculated load, a loop-independent edge from CHK.S to the store ensures that the processor's architectural state is not updated unless the exception that is possibly raised by ld.s has been serviced. If the store depends only on the CMP, a loop-carried edge from the CCMP to the store ensures that the architectural state is updated only when the iteration containing the store is executed.
A benefit of the present invention is indicated by the shorter II for the software-pipelined loop of FIG. 5. The greater scheduling flexibility afforded by control speculating CMP allows the execution resources of the processor to be used more efficiently. Since the modified loop has an RCII of 1 cycle, the loop's II is determined by the larger RSII of 3 cycles. This represents a 40% reduction in II over the unmodified loop in which the 5 cycle RCII determines II.
Speculating control-flow compares (CMP) in a software-pipelined loop requires that the instructions gated by the speculated compares (or more accurately, instructions gated by the predicates determined by the speculated compares) are properly handled. The present invention accomplishes this by replacing the loop-carried edges between the CCMP and CMP with loop-carried edges between the CCMP and selected instructions guarded by the CMP. This works well as long as the CCMP is in the last stage of the software-pipelined loop, because the loop termination process, i.e. the epilog, begins as soon as the instructions in this stage complete.
For certain loops, the CCMP is not in the last stage of the software-pipelined loop. For these loops, one or more stages of the terminal iteration execute in the epilog phase. Loop-carried edges referenced to the CCMP do not guarantee that non-speculative instructions from later iterations of the loop do not execute while the last stage(s) of the terminal iteration completes. One embodiment of the present invention employs explicit epilogs to address this problem.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart representing one embodiment of a method 600 in accordance with the present invention for handling epilogs in selected modulo-scheduled loops. Method 600 may be implemented in block 240 of method 200, for example, after the loop has been modulo-scheduled. For the disclosed method, the modulo-scheduled loop is examined to determine 610 if the control compare (CCMP) occurs in the last stage of the modulo-scheduled loop. If it does, method 600 is done 620. If it does not, an explicit epilog stage is added 630 for each additional stage after the stage that includes the CCMP, and the loop control parameters are updated 640 to reflect the use of explicit epilog stages.
An explicit epilog expands the size of a code segment because instructions of the epilog are duplicated. For example, the instructions appear in both the loop body and in the explicit epilog. The resulting code expansion can be significant, particularly if the loop body includes a large number of instructions and multiple epilog stages need to be explicitly coded.
Predicate arithmetic provides an alternative to the use of explicit epilogs. This approach is illustrated with reference to code segment (II).
Instruction (3) is a store instruction, which is non-speculative. Instruction (1), CMP, determines the predicate, pX, which gates st4 on or off. Control speculating the CMP means that it is executed for a given iteration before it has been determined that the loop reaches the iteration. Because st4 is non-speculative, it should be executed for the given iteration only when (pX) is true and the iteration is known to be executed. The latter condition is indicated when the loop predicate, pY, that is computed in the previous iteration is true. The concurrence of these conditions may be represented by a predicate, pZ, defined through the following predicate arithmetic:
For one embodiment of the invention, predicate arithmetic may be used to ensure proper scheduling of non-speculative instructions that are gated by a speculated CMP in a software-pipelined loop. Code segment (III) represents code segment (II) following modification in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
For code segment (III), pr represents a collection of predicate registers that store corresponding predicate values. Instruction (5) copies these predicate values to register r11. Instruction (6) is a test bit instruction that sets the value of predicate pZ to the same value as the Xth bit of r11, i.e. the value of pX. Instruction (6) is gated by pY, the loop predicate determined by CCMP of the previous iteration. Consequently, instruction (6) is activated when CCMP determines that the next loop iteration is reached, and pZ is true only when the next iteration is reached and the predicate set by instruction (1), the speculated CMP, is true. This approach ensures that the store instruction (7), executes for a given iteration only if the (speculated) CMP is true and the given iteration is reached.
An alternative to code segment (III) employs the following code sequence in place of instructions (5) and (6):
Here, r0 is hard-wired to zero. Code segment (IV) achieves the same operations as instructions (5) and (6) in code segment (III), but does so using an additional instruction. One issue with the predicate arithmetic approach is that the additional instructions may increase RSII. The 2 instruction version is therefore preferable for those ISAs that support a test bit instruction.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart representing one embodiment of a method 1000 for handling non-speculative instructions for compare speculation if the control compare is not in the final stage of the modulo-scheduled loop. This method implements compare speculation in a modulo-scheduled loop, using predicate arithmetic. Following modulo scheduling, it is determined 1010 whether CCMP is in the last stage of the software pipelined loop. If it is, method 1010 is done 1050. If CCMP is not in the final stage 1010, a new predicate is defined 1020. The new predicate is defined to be true only when the speculated CMP is true and the current iteration is to be executed. Non-speculative, CMP-dependent instructions are then gated 1030 by the new predicate. The modulo-schedule may then be updated 1040 to accommodate any additional instructions used in the predication process.
For method 300, edges between CCMP and non-speculative instructions may have to be tagged to indicate how they are scheduled relative to CCMP. For example, these non-speculative CMP-dependent instructions may be tagged to indicate that they should be scheduled to execute in a stage that follows the CCMP for the prior iteration. For method 1010, this tagging may be replaced by appropriate dependence edges between CCMP and the predicate arithmetic instructions.
Another complication associated with speculating compares arises when the speculated compare over-writes or "clobbers" a live-in value provided to the loop. This may happen, for example, in the prolog stage of the software-pipelined loop, before the kernel is established. The potential problem is illustrated by the following code sequence:
Instructions (1) and (2) initialize the predicate registers and the epilog counter, respectively, for the software-pipelined loop. The predicate registers may be used to activate/deactivate instructions for the different stages of the software-pipeline. The epilog counter indicates the number of stages that are activated during the prolog and/or epilog portions of the software-pipelined loop. Instructions (3), (4), and (5) form the body of a "while" loop. Software pipelining the loop in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention schedules instruction(s) (3), instruction (4), and instruction (5) in stages A, B, and C, respectively, of the loop. The qualifying predicate, p17, and EC determine whether the "while" loop continues or terminates.
Embodiments of the present invention described so far ensure that instructions are executed properly during the transition from the kernel phase to the epilog phase. For example, instruction (5) controls the loop behavior through the loop predicate, p17, provided its qualifying predicate, p21, is true for the current iteration. The value of p21 for the current iteration is provided by the value of p20 from the previous iteration through register rotation. Instruction (4) determines p20 according to the values of r39 and r0. However, the prolog portion of the illustrated loop may cause the loop to terminate prematurely under certain conditions. These conditions may be better appreciated with reference to loop operations for modulo-scheduled "while" loops.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart representing the operation of one embodiment of a "while" type loop according to the IA64 ISA. At block 710 the value of the qualifying predicate (PR[qp]) is determined. The "while" loop continues if PR[qp] is true or if both PR[qp] is false and EC is greater than one 720. During the first cycle of the exemplary loop, p17=0 and EC=2 due to instructions (1) and (2) respectively. The "while" loop follows path 724, decrementing EC 730, setting a stage predicate (p63) to zero 734, and rotating the registers (RRB . . . ) 738. For the IA64 ISA, the rotating predicate registers are p16 through p63. Register rotation 738 shifts the contents of p63 to p16, p16 to p17, et seq.
During the second cycle of the exemplary loop, p17 is 1 due to rotation of the register value from p16, and the "while" loop follows path 718, preserving the value of EC 740, setting stage predicate p63 to zero 744 and rotating the registers 748. During the third cycle of the exemplary loop, p17 is defined by instruction (5), provided p21 is true. However, because instruction 4 is speculated, it is executed in the first cycle (and the second cycle), and the value of p20 determined in the first cycle is rotated into p21 in the second cycle. This activates instruction (5) one cycle early, and the values of its operands r35 and r11 are not reliable. For example, if these values set p17 to zero, the loop will terminate, (via path 728) because the value of p17 provided by rotating register p16 is clobbered by the premature activation of instruction 5.
For one embodiment of the present invention, this problem is eliminated by using an explicitly-coded prolog. That is, some or all of the instructions executed during the prolog phase of the modulo-schedule loop are scheduled before the loop begins, and the loop is initiated at a later stage of the prolog phase. For the above example, the initialization conditions are adjusted to begin the loop at the second iteration (EC=1, pr.rot=0x20000) and instructions belonging to stage A (e.g. instruction (3)) are executed prior to the loop. This explicit prolog does not include instruction (4), to avoid the above-noted problem.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart representing one embodiment of a method 800 that ensures proper handling of the prolog stages for loops that implement compare speculation. The latest stage (N) in the software-pipeline that contains a speculated compare is determined 810. If N is one 814, method 800 is done 818. If N is greater than one, method 800 continues. Instructions corresponding to the first (N−1) pipeline stages of the loop are scheduled before the loop 820, eliminating any instructions (or iterations of instructions) that clobber live-in values. The loop initialization parameters are adjusted 830 to reflect the fact that some stages of the prolog are executed outside of the loop, and the method is done 840.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer system 900 that is suitable for software pipelining loops in accordance with the present invention. Computer system 900 may also execute programs that contain such software pipelined loops. The disclosed embodiment of computer system 900 includes a processor 910 and a memory system 990. Processor 910 includes an instruction cache 920, execution resources 930, a data register file 940, a predicate register file 950, a rename unit 960, a data cache 970 and a bus controller 980. Processor 910 may include other functional units, such as a cache controller, exception unit, and the like, which are not shown in FIG. 9.
Predicate register file 950 stores predicate values, which may be used to activate or deactivate various instructions. One embodiment of predicate register file 950 includes a non-rotating segment (p0-p15) and a rotating segment (p16-63). Predicate registers in the rotating segment may be rotated under control of rename unit to implement software pipelined loops.
Memory system 990 may store instructions 994 and data 998 for controlling the operation of processor 910. For example, instructions 994 may represent a compiler program that is applied to a target program by processor 910 to modify loops in the target program to implement compare speculation. Instructions 994 may also store a program modified in accordance with the present invention to support compare speculation. When run on processor 994, the program executes the modified loops, including those segments that speculate compares within the loop body and those segments that adjust bookkeeping to ensure instructions are properly executed.
The disclosed embodiments of the present invention are provided for purposes of illustration. Persons skilled in the art of programming and having the benefit of this disclosure will recognize variations on the disclosed embodiments that fall within the spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention should be limited only by the appended claims.
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Nick La Face is in his second season on the UC San Diego baseball coaching staff in 2016 after being named an assistant in July of 2014. The appointment followed a stellar five-year playing career for the catcher and designated hitter as a Triton from 2010-14.
In addition to coaching duties, La Face aids in the recruiting process and camps, and has field maintenance oversight. He serves as the Tritons' first base coach.
In a UCSD uniform, La Face was a three-time All-West Region performer and .300 career hitter with 14 home runs over more than 200 appearances. He left the program ranked No. 2 all-time at UCSD in walks (134), No. 3 in doubles (60) and No. 8 in RBI (146).
La Face saved his best for last as a senior in 2014, garnering All-America honorable mention thanks to career bests in batting average (.347), runs (42), hits (67), doubles (21), triples (5), RBI (54), total bases (104), slugging (.539), walks (47) and on-base percentage (.486). He led the league in doubles, triples and walks, and put together a reached-base streak of 35 games.
All told, La Face was a part of one NCAA Division II West Region (2010), four California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) regular-season and four CCAA tournament titles, including the program's record sixth as a senior last May. The two-time All-CCAA First Team selection was named the Most Outstanding Player of both the 2012 and 2014 CCAA Championship.
La Face completed his degree requirements in political science with a minor in education studies at the conclusion of the 2014 winter quarter as a student at UCSD's Warren College. He was a two-time Capital One Academic All-District 8 First Team honoree.
A North Hollywood product, La Face starred at Notre Dame High School prior to his days as a Triton.
Click here for La Face's Triton player bio.


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Election 2012
2:46 am
Wed September 5, 2012
Obama Needs Minority Voters On His Side
By editor
Tuesday night at the Democratic National Convention, speaker after speaker made the case that voters should give President Obama four more years. Ronald Brownstein of the National Journal tells Steve Inskeep that to get that chance; the president will need to win 80 percent of minority voters.


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Support: Teach Anti-Bullying
We all know bullying is a problem. This local organization is showing all of us — from parents to teachers to students — how we can each make an effort to solve it.By Alissa Boyle
Bullying is not at all uncommon.
Unfortunately often we hear about incidents only when it's too late. Perhaps something big happens in our neighborhood schools or in our community or in a town far away and suddenly, bullying comes to the forefront of everybody's minds again.
For kids who are bullied, though, and their families, it's not something that disappears. This is their life ' every single day.
That's what Dr. Claudio V. Cerullo and his team are working on tirelessly to change.
In November 2011, after being approached by concerned parents, Cerullo took $10,000 from his own pocket and his extensive experience with bullying prevention and anti-violence intervention and founded Teach Anti-Bullying, Inc. or TAB. He has worked to raise awareness and support families impacted by bully-related issues in their school or community ever since.
Representatives from Teach Anti-Bullying have visited schools and community organizations to speak on bullying. They have also addressed bullying in the workplace and provide anti-bullying training for employees. The group provides online support for children and their families. TAB representatives have even served as expert witnesses in anti-bullying cases and worked with families who need advocates in school IEP meetings.
Daniela Redpath, vice president of Teach Anti-Bullying, Inc., has also been at the forefront of this important work. In the first year of the organization's existence ' the first year alone ' the group booked more than two dozen presentations to more than 1,000 parents, more than 1,000 educators and professionals, and more than 2,000 students in the greater Philadelphia region.
But their work is far from over, according to Redpath, who sees the effects of bullying firsthand as a parent of a child on the autism spectrum who has experienced bullying at school.
Children with special needs are at much higher risk for bullying than non-special needs students, says Redpath. Specifically, 62 percent of students with hidden disabilities are victimized, as opposed to 27 percent of students without those hidden disabilities, according to a 2011 CDC study. Hidden disabilities can include Aspergers, ADHD, and learning disabilities, among others.
What can you do in your own home to be aware of and to help prevent bullying? Be engaged and proactive, says Redpath. 'Sit down with your child at night,' she says. 'Ask who they played with at recess and what they played. Ask all the questions, not just 'how was your day.' Make a conversation with your child.'
There are four types of warning signs for bullying that parents can watch for in their own kids, including physical, emotional, academic, and behavioral. Physical signs include missing possessions or unexplained injuries, while emotional signs include aggression or depression. Academic signs can be a drop in grades and behavioral signs can include withdrawal or changing routine habits (i.e. your child suddenly wanting to rides to and from school, if he or she previously walked).
The group is currently working closely with Rep. Dan Truitt of West Chester on the PASS (Pennsylvania Safe Schools) Act. Dr. Cerullo spoke on the House floor in support of the Act. If the bill passes, it would 'require clearer definitions, follow-up requirements and an online system for recording, tracking and reporting incidents of bullying in PA schools,' according to Truitt's website. 'Every school has to have a policy [on anti-bullying], but it's not always enforced,' Redpath says.
The bill would also mandate that all teachers complete anti-bullying training every five years.
'This is a collaborative effort,' says Redpath. 'If we don't have everyone on board ' teachers, parents, law enforcement, the community ' then we're fighting a battle that's not going to be won.'
How to get involved:
If you'd like to get involved with Teach Anti-Bullying, Inc., you can donate online or via mail (P.O. Box 1716, Havertown PA), volunteer, book a school assembly or speaking engagement on bullying, or join their cause on causes.com (for free) to help show your support.
Or join Teach Anti-Bullying at their upcoming fundraising event:
Teach Anti-Bullying, Inc. 1st Annual Fundraiser
Maloney's Pub & Restaurant
2626 County Line Road, Ardmore, PA
Saturday, April 13, 2013
7 to 11 pm
Join them for a 2-hour open bar and light buffet from 7-9 pm and a 'bid and buy' and 50/50 all evening. Proceeds go to educational resources and advocacy.
Photo courtesy Teach Anti-Bullying.
Comments (23)
This organization is tremendous and did a lot for our son Bailey. I can not say enough about them.
Thank you for all you do Dr. Cerullo and for helping our daughter battle bullying in the county.
Thank you Teach Antibullying, Inc. for your mission and the support you provided our son.
My husband and I greatly appriciate what you did for us during a very difficult time.
[…] Â Â Â Â http://mainlineparent.com/2013/04/support-teach-anti-bullying/ […]
âI am delighted to have selected Bullying and Children with Special Needs today while attending the Chester County IU Professional Development sessions at Henderson HS East.â âDr. Cerullo and his team was just outstanding and his presentation was an eye opener for me both as a special education teacher and parent of two girls.â I would highly recommeded Teach Antibullying, Inc. for your next presentaiton. Kathy
I was very impressed with the knowledge and passion this organization presented at our high school last month in Delaware County. I wished we were given more time after our faculty meeting to hear more.
I would just like to applaud this organization and Dr. Cerullo for taking a proactive stand against bullying. Thank you for being a voice when many children and parents don't have one.
Thank you to Teach Antibullying and Dr. Cerull for all that you do and for helping Robert O'Neill honor Bailey.
I live in Texas and Dr. Cerullo helped my family with our child. I wish we had the funds to get him to our daughter's school. I can not thank you and your organization enough for what you are doing to help the many children all over our country.
Thank you, Marina
âDr. Cerullo was very motivating and passionate as he presented to my 6-8 students while at E.T. Richardson Middle School.â âMany of my students told me that they told their parents about what bullying really is and how they can help prevent it.â Dan Tracy, Principal-E.T. Richardson Middle School-Springfield Delaware County
Dr. Cerullo,
Your presentation of school bullying really hit home with me, as my son has been bullied since 1st grade. And in light of what happend in NewTown, I am even more concerned regarding the facts you presented and how bullying can be directly aligned to school shootings. I have brought my thoughts to my sonâs school district in an attempt to bring your organization into our district. Thank you for presenting such facts and solutions to this critical issue that has enveloped our society. Trina Rhodes, Philadelphia, PA
Each and every school year, one of the most challenging and important issues a guidance department can face is to identify any and all factors that may interfere with a studentâs learning. Bullying, as we are continually reminded by our national headlines, and the violence born of it, takes a heavy toll on our nation. And, cyber bulling, which uses the internet and related technologies to deliberately harm people, has become more common, particularly among young people.
This year, the professionals at Teach Anti Bullying, Inc. hosted a chat at our cyber school, the Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School, for students and their parents. This chat was part of a program to raise awareness of this epidemic during National Anti-bullying Week. There is absolutely no doubt that their contribution to the presentation of our program helped students and families that were affected by bullying.
We are eager to spread the word about Teach Anti Bullying, Inc. and trust that they will receive the funding so necessary to help stop this plague affecting over 13 million children each year.
Shavaun McGinty
Director of Guidance
Thank you Teach Antibullying, Inc. for your dedication to this cause. I was bullied as a child and the scars never go away. If you need my support, let me know. Sara
I am so proud of this group. They are truly here to help parents!
Thank you guys for all that you have done for our family.
Anne/John Lowe
Thank you Dr. Cerullo for speak at my daughter's school. My daughter said that she not only learned so much, but also that your passion was overwhelmeing.
I am so proud of the work you guys are doing accross the country. Thnak you the support you gave my son.
I think what your orgainzation is doing to help fight bullying is just wonderful! As a retired teacher, there was very little discussion on this topic and many children daily were affected.
I think what you are doing is great and so needed!
It's amazing the work your organization is doing to help raise awareness on this bullying problem. My son was bullied for weeks, and no one stepped in to help him while in a private school no less.
What a great organization! Thank you so much for your support of our daughter….without your help, she would have continued to be bullied in her middle school.
Karen from Delaware County
I highly support this organization in their efforts and mission to fight bullying and supportall children and families. They are wonderful and so reponsive!
Teach Anti Bullying is a phenomenal organization! Every school should want to have them come and speak. They truly want to help every child that is being bullied and to stop this nationwide crisis that is going on. They helped us with issues that our son had, and their guidance and support has been amazing!
This organization saved my son's life! I could appluad their work enough!
Sara A.
I just wanted to commend this organization on all the fine work they have put forth in awarding and recognizing all the young people across our nation. I also loved the story about the Upper Darby High School boy Cory. Simply wonderful…
Ms. K. Williams


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