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Article ID: 283842 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q283842
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
With the Microsoft OLE DB Provider for Oracle (MSDAORA), the execution of a SQL statement that contains both an IN and a UNION clause may produce an ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) Recordset object that contains an incorrect number of columns.
This problem occurs when using an ADO client-side cursor (which means that the CursorLocation property is set to adUseClient) but works correctly when using a server-side cursor.
To resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Microsoft MDAC 2.5. For additional information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
293312To resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Microsoft Data Access Components 2.6. For additional information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/293312/EN-US/ )INFO: How to Obtain the Latest MDAC 2.5 Service Pack
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/300635/EN-US/ )INFO: How to Obtain the Latest MDAC 2.6 Service Pack
HotfixThe English version of this fix should have the following file attributes or later:
Version Size File name Platform ------------------------------------------------------- 2.53.6007.0 209,168 Msdaora.dll x86
The problem does not occur if you use a server-side cursor; the CursorLocation property is set to adUseServer.
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed at the beginning of this article. This problem was first corrected in Microsoft Data Access Components 2.6 Service Pack 2, MDAC 2.5 SP3, and MDAC 2.7.
Steps to Reproduce the Behavior
Article ID: 283842 - Last Review: January 5, 2015 - Revision: 6.1


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Student News
Date posted: July 10, 2014
• Dr. Elise Lowe graduated from the University of Washington Medical School in May. She is a 2004 graduate of Sheridan High School. She is the daughter of Andy and Marie Lowe of Sheridan.
• Alex Lowe graduated from Babson College in Boston, Massachusetts, in May. He is a 2000 graduate of Sheridan High School. He is the son of Andy and Marie Lowe of Sheridan.
• Samuel LeTempt and Cody Schellinger, both of Sheridan, were named to the Dean's List honor roll for the spring 2014 semester at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in Rapid City, South Dakota. Students must earn a grade point average of 3.5 or higher while enrolled in 12 credit hours to be eligible.
• Adam Patrick Berry, a senior at Sheridan High School, was chosen to attend The American Legion Boys Nation in Washington, D.C. Berry was one of two delegates chosen in the state to attend based on their leadership skills, academic record, and activity at American Legion Boys State.
Copyright © 2015 The Sheridan Press or Sheridan Newspapers, Inc.
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OCR for page 26
26 equipment, specific engine, date manufactured, horsepower emissions for HFC and PFC based on default parameters of the equipment, and annual hours of use. Then, specific emis- related to mobile air conditioning. Designated as a screen- sion factors can be obtained from the respective model. These ing method, both the USEPA Climate Leaders and TCR have data represent the GSE vehicle mix-use data. adopted this method. The inventory developer will need to For those airports that have not conducted a GSE inventory determine if this method is justifiable and the corresponding (for either their owned equipment or their tenants' equip- data are appropriate for the airport. ment), estimates of such vehicle use can be prepared. For For the other pollutants in Level 3 (beyond the six Kyoto pol- airport-owned equipment, it is best to survey the airport staff lutants), NONROAD2005 or similar models like OFFROAD- responsible for that equipment. However, in most cases, GSE 2007 can be used to obtain emission factors. The pollutants Method 1 is recommended for airport-owned equipment (fuel include various gases and PM. Emissions of H2O and SOx can dispensed to these vehicles). For airline GSE, AEDT/EDMS potentially be estimated using fuel composition data with provides default GSE-use based on the aircraft fleet mix con- mass balance as indicated in Appendix C. sidered. This information will provide types of equipment, horsepower setting, and annual hours of use. Once the GSE vehicle mix-use data are obtained, the 3.4 Ground Access Vehicles NONROAD model can be accessed to obtain emission fac- When preparing inventories of GAV, care must be exer- tors that are generally representative of the vehicle mix. cised in evaluating travel for on-airport, as well as off-airport, NONROAD can be run for the nation as a whole or for a state roadways. Most airports have data concerning on-airport or county. Given the general nature of the data, it is at the travel; large airports are likely to have actual vehicle count discretion of the user as to whether national averages, state data; small airports may have more limited datasets. A review averages, or county local data are used. In many cases, exact of the available inventories prepared to date indicates that the vehicle matches are not possible and therefore, estimates of evaluation of GAV emissions may require approximations of equipment may be made based on knowledge of the specific vehicle counts and travel. GSE used at the airport. Alternatively, emission factors could Due to the scale differences between the national inventories potentially be obtained directly from the manufacturers of developed under the IPCC methods and airport inventories, the GSEs. Although this is a less likely source of information the calculation methods for GAVs presented herein do not and would be time consuming, it would provide improved correlate directly with the tiers used by IPCC. However, they estimates of GSE emissions. Potentially, manufacturer spec- share common components that are consistent. The follow- ification sheets (if they do not have emission factors) could ing methods are presented in this Guidebook for GAVs: also provide useful information in matching a GSE to an ap- propriate equipment type in NONROAD. � Method 1: Use average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) es- The following provides a sample calculation assuming 120 timates with appropriate emission factors for an average annual hr of 112 hp Bobtail GSE activity, where the Bobtail vehicle. generates 871.4 g/hp-hr: � Method 2: Use vehicle-specific VMT data with appropriate CO2 emissions = (120 h ) � ( 871.4 g CO2 h ) vehicle-specific emission factors. = 104, 568 g CO2 or 0.1046 metric tons � Method 3: Use vehicle-specific VMT data with models of CO2 ( converting the grams to such as MOBILE6.2 to calculate vehicle-specific emission metric tons, by multiplying the grams factors. of CO 2 by 0.000001 g metric ton ). Although Method 3 is preferred, few airports have data at this level for the entire set of GAV that are suggested for in- 3.3.3 Other Pollutants clusion in the GHG inventory. Therefore, it may be appro- Emission factors of CH4 and N2O are provided by both the priate to use Method 3 for some subset of GAVs, such as the USEPA's Climate Leaders (USEPAa 2008) and IPCC Volume 2, on-airport movement, and a lower method for the off-airport Chapter 3 of their guidelines (IPCC 2006) for a variety of non- movement. It is within the GAV category of sources that highway mobile sources (e.g., small utility, large utility, etc.). data availability is likely to represent the greatest difficulty Since IPCC data represent international defaults, USEPA data for most airports. The documentation that accompanies the are preferred. It is up to the inventory developer to determine inventory should clearly document the data sources and the appropriateness of this information in estimating GSE their use. emissions for those pollutants. Based on the availability of data, inventory developers are For GSE that has air conditioning, IPCC Volume 3, Chap- encouraged to use the highest method for the data available. ter 7 of their guidelines (2006) provides a method to derive The following three subsections discuss the calculation of


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What is vibropuncture?
Vibropuncture is a brilliant, 21st century vibrational healing system. Vibropuncture treats medical problems located within the physical body just as acupuncture does, but faster. This is because the delivery system in vibropuncture is pure energy and there is no resistance as in regular acupuncture with needles.
Also unlike acupuncture, vibropuncture directly interfaces with the human biofield (or aura), inputting complex wave patterns of subtle energy which re-calibrate the patient back towards health. The biofield is the electromagnetic sheath surrounding our physical bodies where unconscious memories are stored, our personality structure is encoded, and emotional traumas from various stages of our lives are encrypted.
Vibropuncture targets not only imbalances within the body but most importantly deep-seated traumas and blockages within the psyche as they are held within the body or the surrounding field.
Vibropuncture is a synergistic combination of acupuncture + qigong: subtle energy is imperceptibly directed by the healer into the patient's body and biofield. This will often elicit strong yet very pleasant physical sensations within the patient such as waves, pulsations, warmth, flashes of light, color or other imagery.
Vibropuncture is comparable to a high speed wireless technology allowing for multiple simultaneous downloads and precision mapping. It has the capacity to interface with the complex human mind-body system, gently releasing deep healing powers from within the individual that have been blocked or buried and bringing the patient back in touch with their authentic self.
How does vibropuncture differ from acupuncture?
- First, no needles are ever used and the patient is not touched directly, nor is there any need for the patient to disrobe.
- With acupuncture metal needles are inserted into the skin, whereas with vibropuncture it is only waves of pure vibrational energy that are directed into the patient with no physical contact.
What is the experience like for the patient?
- The patient may fall asleep and wake up feeling very refreshed and quite surprised that a whole hour has gone by. The patient here is not in fact "asleep" but in an altered state and can be seen by the practitioner to be inwardly processing a great deal of unconscious information.
- The patient may, on the other hand, remain fully awake. Usually she/he will experience strange yet mostly pleasant sensations of energy traveling within their body, whether it be their limbs, spine, skin or organs. Feelings will often occur spontaneously all over the body in ways that seem at first to be random to the patient but which are really the effects of a re-calibrating logic. The patient may, alternatively, have sudden sensations of intense emotional release or he/she may inwardly see subtle energy structures: for example, spheres of light dilating, expanding or changing colors.
- The patient may start to experience extremely powerful currents of energy moving through their body, and causing it to move like a swirling rag doll on the treatment table. The potent flow of energy will cause their limbs and spine to swirl and gyrate independently, and the patient is aware of being enlivened by mysteriously liberating spiraling and shaking movements. This sounds scary but in fact induces a state of calm and happiness in the patient straight away, often provoking laughter and excitement. Areas of the patient's body gradually take on a spinning life of their own as the life-force energy travels through the spine and limbs in ways that seem impossible at first to explain. In brief, a recalibration of the patient's body and central nervous system has been set in motion from within the biofield itself. The experience for the patient is a wonderful sense of lightness and exhilaration as they experience their body being gyrated by an extraordinary, mysterious, spinning magnetic force. This life-force is, in fact, streaming into the patient from specific blocked areas of his/her biofield or chakra system under the careful direction of the healer. This release leads to extraordinary opportunities for healing and inner growth, whether at the physical, mental-emotional or even spiritual levels of the individual.
What positive results occur with vibropuncture?
- If the patient has a physical injury, misalignment or internal medical condition, the condition will be influenced back towards a state of health in the most natural and most non-invasive way.
- If the patient seeks to get back in touch with deep holding patterns and/or blockages within their psyche, the treatment will re-connect the patient with buried information, streaming awareness back into the consciousness of the patient. The patient will both feel and learn to read where their trauma is stored, and, by bringing this back into an awareness shared at both the psychological and the somatic levels, be guided to converting frozen or traumatized energy back into the fluidity of raw potential.
What can be treated with vibropuncture?
- Any condition typically treated with acupuncture, such as acute or chronic pain, injuries, sprains, sciatica, migraine, hormonal problems, digestion problems, growths, neurological conditions etc.
- Chiropractic issues: with vibropuncture subluxations in spinal vertebrae or other spinal conditions can be treated successfully by directing energy very precisely into corresponding points or zones of the scalp. No touch or manipulation is required.
- Any PTSD type of condition, or mental/emotional syndrome resulting from inner conflict repressed within the unconscious mind; or which requires the resolution of painful memories stored in physical tissues; or any mind-body ailment where personal power has essentially been lost in states of confusion, inner tension, anger, fear, frustration, delusional thinking etc.
- Complex, chronic internal medicine conditions. Pathologies which tend to involve multiple imbalances at hormonal, metabolic or neurological levels; health challenges which can be modulated by enhanced energy circulation along with detox, dietary and lifestyle modifications, and the unblocking of unconscious feeling states within the patient.
Specific Categories of VIBROPUNCTURE Treatment
- Vibropuncture (specially for) CHIROPRACTIC (spine/biofield interface)
- Vibropuncture (specially for) PSYCHOTHERAPY (mind/body interface)
- Vibropuncture (specially for) ACUTE PAIN (interior neural pathways)
- Vibropuncture (specially for) CHRONIC + COMPLEX CONDITIONS
Vibropuncture® is the invention of Nicholas Corrin, Ayur.Ed., L.Ac. It is currently only offered by its inventor at his clinic in Friday Harbor, Washington. Patients interested in receiving treatment by this method, or medical professionals seeking certification/ training in vibropuncture should direct their inquiries to: email@example.com
All photos images of Vibropuncture ©Nicholas Corrin 2014


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News articles on green
Mongabay.com news articles on green in blog format. Updated regularly.
Elusive giraffe-relative - the okapi - now listed as Endangered
(11/26/2013) The discovery of the okapi shocked the world in 1901. African explorer, Henry Stanley, called it 'donkey-like,' while others thought it a new species of zebra, given the stripes. However, this notoriously-secretive rainforest ungulate proved to be the world's only living relative of the giraffe, making it one of most incredible taxonomic discoveries of the Twentieth Century as well as one of the last large-bodied mammals to be uncovered by scientists. But the future of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is increasingly in doubt: a new update of the IUCN Red List released today has raised the threatened level for the okapi from Vulnerable to Endangered.
Scientists' beef with land use decisions
(11/25/2013) When food goes to the garbage can instead of someone's stomach, it is easy to see a wasted opportunity. The resources used to grow and transport that apple or hamburger went to the landfill. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is bringing another, less visible, form of food waste to the table, the waste created by eating foods that are inefficient to produce, like beef.
Microhabitats could buffer some rainforest animals against climate change
(11/25/2013) As temperatures increase worldwide due to anthropogenic climate change, scientists are scrambling to figure out if species will be able to survive rapidly warming ecosystems. A new study in Global Change Biology offers a little hope. Studying reptiles and amphibians in the Philippines, scientists say some of these species may be able to seek refuge in cooler microhabitats, such as tree holes or under the soil, in order to stay alive during intensifying heatwaves. But, the scientists' stress, the shelter from microhabitats can only protect so far.
New children's book celebrates the rich wildlife of Kibale National Park
(11/25/2013) There are many ways in which people practice conservation. The most well-known are working to save species in the field or setting up protected areas. But just as important—arguably more important for long-term conservation success—is conservation education, especially with children. Anyone who grew up watching David Attenborough documentaries, reading Gerald Durrell books, or simply exploring ecosystems on their own can tell you how important it is to encounter the wonders of wildlife at a young age. And for many of us most of our first encounters with wild animals are in illustrated books. Eric Losh's new book, The Chorus of Kibale, not only provides an educational opportunity for children to become acquainted with the many animals in Kibale National park in Uganda—through wonderful pictures and sounds—but proceed also go directly to two conservation groups working in the region, U.N.I.T.E. for the environment and the Primate Education Network (PEN).
Indonesia's national airline carrier bans shark fins
(11/23/2013) Indonesia's national carrier Garuda Indonesia has joined a growing number of airlines looking to curb the international shark fin trade by banning the transport of shark fins and other shark products on their aircraft. The airline had previously transported 36 tons of shark fin products a year, the conservation group said in a media release on Nov. 15.
Greenpeace photos expose palm oil giant's deforestation in Indonesia
(11/22/2013) A series of photos released this week by Greenpeace shows that an Indonesian palm oil company is continuing to clear orangutan habitat in Borneo despite a pledge to stop destroying the forest. Flyovers of a concession owned by PT Andalan Sukses Makmur, a subsidiary of Bumitama Agri Ltd, show excavators clearing peat forests and digging drainage canals just outside Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan. Tanjung Puting is famous for its population of orangutans that have been intensely studied by Birute Galdikas, a noted researcher and conservationist.
Gold mine near controversial Belo Monte dam suspended
(11/22/2013) A gold mining project proposed near the Belo Monte dam site in the Amazon rainforest has been suspended by a Brazilian court, reports Reuters.
REDD+ program to cut deforestation gets final approval in Warsaw
(11/22/2013) Negotiators in Warsaw have reached formal agreement on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), a program that aims to compensate tropical countries for protecting their forests. After seven years of discussions, countries approved the final REDD+ text on Friday at the COP17.
Satellites reveal browning mountain forests
(11/22/2013) In a dramatic response to global warming, tropical forests in the high elevation areas of five continents have been "browning" since the 1990s. They have been steadily losing foliage, and showing less photosynthetic activity. Scientists analyzed the forest cover by using satellites to measure sunlight bouncing off the surface of the earth, then determining the different surface types via reflection patterns.
Asia's most precious wood is soaked in blood
(11/21/2013) Deep in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia grows a rare and beautiful tree whose wood is so highly prized that men will kill to possess it. Wild rosewood, famous since antiquity in China and Japan for its unique, blood-hued luster and intricate grain, was once only used for the finest religious statues and princely ornaments. Now, China's nouveau riche lust for decorative baubles and furniture made of rosewood as a sign of status leading to a massive surge in demand for this precious timber that shows no signs of abating. In just a few short years the price has skyrocketed from just a hundred dollars a cubic meter to over $50,000 today.
Citizen groups walk out of UN Climate Summit to protest lack of ambition
(11/21/2013) Thirteen citizen groups—including Oxfam, Greenpeace, and WWF—have walked out of ongoing climate talks in Warsaw to protest what they view as a lack of ambition and long-stalled progress on combating global climate change. Nearly 200 governments are currently meeting in Warsaw, Poland at the the 19th Conference of the Parties (COP) for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is meant to prepare the way for a new agreement in 2015.
Canopy crusade: world's highest network of camera traps keeps an eye on animals impacted by gas project
(11/21/2013) Oil, gas, timber, gold: the Amazon rainforest is rich in resources, and their exploitation is booming. As resource extraction increases, so does the development of access roads and pipelines. These carve their way through previously intact forest, thereby interrupting the myriad pathways of the species that live there. For species that depend on the rainforest canopy, this can be particularly problematic.
Strange mouth-brooding frog driven to extinction by disease
(11/21/2013) An unusual species of mouth-brooding frog was likely driven to extinction by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), making an unusual example of 'extinction by infection', argue scientists writing in the open-access journal PLOS ONE. Rhinoderma rufum has not been seen in the wild since 1980.
Govts pledge $280M to slow deforestation for agriculture
(11/21/2013) The governments of Norway, Britain and the United States pledged $280 million toward a new initiative that aims to reduce emissions associated with forest conversion for agriculture, reports Reuters. The money will come out of previously committed funds for climate change. The initiative, called the BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes and administered by the World Bank, focuses on the 80 percent of deforestation that is driven by agriculture.
Gulf of Mexico deep sea may need decades to recover from oil spill
(11/20/2013) The catastrophic explosion that spewed some five million barrels of oil deep into the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 will take a heavy toll in the ocean's lowest layers for years to come. That's the stark conclusion of seafloor research conducted six months after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The study, published on August 7 in PLoS ONE, examined life in the Gulf's deepest waters near the blowout, about 1.6 kilometers below the surface. Here, the researchers found that the damages will take decades to reverse.
Remote sensor captures sound of ivory poacher shooting an elephant
(11/20/2013) A sensor used by researchers to capture low-frequency communication between elephants inadvertently recorded the audio of an elephant being gunned down by a poacher in Gabon, reports the Wildlife Conservation Society, which used the sound byte in a video highlighting the carnage of the ivory trade.
The emissions gap and the forest contribution (commentary)
(11/20/2013) Shortly before the Warsaw climate talks, the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) released its Emissions Gap report, highlighting the growing gap between the emissions reductions that are needed to stay below 2 degrees and the trajectory the world is on at the moment. The report clearly identifies forests as one of the most important options to reduce emissions which can be delivered in the short term. While parties urgently need to start phasing out fossil fuels and stop emissions from fossil fuels no later than 2050, protecting forests now can help significantly to keep a realistic chance of staying below 2 degrees.
The quicksilver demon: rogue gold-mining is the world's largest source of mercury pollution
(11/20/2013) In 1956, in the quiet seaside town of Minamata on the southwestern coast of Japan's Kyushu Island, cats began to behave very strangely. They convulsed, displayed excessive salivation, and gradually lost the ability to walk. Then, dead birds began to fall out of the sky. Shellfish opened and decomposed. Fish also displayed abnormal behaviors, eventually floating up to the surface of the Shiranui Sea. Many of the ailing cats wandered into the sea and drowned. Soon, there were no more cats alive in the area.
The swan song of India's dancing bears
(11/20/2013) India's last dancing bear has retired. As the stars of their cruel little roadshows, sloth bears danced to the piercing sounds of the damru for hundreds of years. Orphaned by poachers and trained by the Qalandars, a nomadic Muslim community, these bears trudged through towns and villages to earn their masters a meager livelihood.
Mining the Heart of Borneo: coal production in Indonesia
(11/20/2013) Indonesia is the world's top exporter of coal – supplying energy to China, India, and elsewhere. Indonesia is also ranked the fourth top emitter of greenhouse gases in the world (after China, the USA, and the European Union), largely due to high deforestation rates and peatland fires. This ranking does not take into consideration the carbon emissions that Indonesia 'exports' in the form of coal.
UN talks tough to global coal industry
(11/19/2013) Yesterday, at the International Coal and Climate Summit—just a couple miles from the ongoing UN Climate Summit—Christiana Figueres delivered a speech unlike anything ever heard at a coal industry meeting before. Figueres, the Executive Director of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), took time off from wrangling world leaders and officials toward a climate agreement to talk tough to an industry currently worth around $3 trillion.
Palm oil workers stage massive protest at sustainability meeting in Indonesia
(11/19/2013) Protesters from 10 Indonesian labor unions and four NGOs descended on the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RPSO) meetings in Medan last Tuesday, urging the industry body to take serious steps to end what they claim is rampant abuse of workers on RSPO-certified plantations.
Carbon emissions set to hit new record high in 2013
(11/19/2013) The amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere in 2013 is expected to hit a new high of 36 billion tonnes, according to a Carbon Budget released today by the Global Carbon Project (GCP). This is a 2.1 percent rise from 2012 based on data from the same group. 'We have exhausted about 70 per cent of the cumulative emissions that keep global climate change likely below two degrees,' said GCP member, Pierre Friedlingstein, with the University of Exeter. 'In terms of CO2 emissions, we are following the highest climate change scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released in September.'
Timber smuggling continues in Madagascar
(11/18/2013) Stocks of rosewood illegally harvested during in the aftermath of Madagascar's 2009 coup are being steadily smuggled off the Indian Ocean island, reports a paper published in the journal MADAGASCAR CONSERVATION & DEVELOPMENT.
Greener palm oil on the horizon?
(11/18/2013) A group of environmental activists, conservation groups, and palm oil producers officially announced a new initiative that aims to showcase best practices in the palm oil industry, demonstrating that palm oil can be produced without social conflict, conversion of peatlands, or destruction of wildlife-rich forests.
Equitable efforts to save the world's forests: Don't put the burden on the poor (commentary)
(11/18/2013) That President Yudhoyono's green legacy may be in peril has been put in the spotlight by the recent visit to Indonesia of Harrison Ford, a Hollywood megastar-turned-environmentalist. Ford was in Indonesia last month filming 'Years of Living Dangerously', a series about climate change. His trip to Central Kalimantan and Riau, was described by Michael Bachelard of Sydney Morning Herald as bearing witness to the devastation of Indonesia's tropical forests.
Fracking: the good, the bad and the ugly
(11/18/2013) The last few years have ushered in a new national and global awareness of fracking, the 150-year-old technology for extracting natural gas and oil from rock. Fracking, short for hydraulic fracturing, uses ultra-high-pressure slurries to create hairline fractures throughout solid rock. Oil, and more frequently gas, comes rushing out while sand from the mixture holds the fractures open in this nearly alchemical process. As many readers are aware, there are two very divisive schools of thought on fracking. One side touts it as the future of energy. The other derides fracking as inherently toxic and demands its immediate and permanent cessation. Like so many aspects of life, the truth lies somewhere in between.
60,000 protest in Australia to keep carbon price
(11/18/2013) Around 60,000 Australians marched yesterday across the country calling on their government not to go backwards on climate action, according to organizers. Australia has taken a sudden U-turn on climate policy with the election of Prime Minister Tony Abbott in September, including legislation to end its carbon pricing, cutting funding to renewable energies, and obstructing progress at the ongoing UN Climate Summit in Warsaw.
Nearly half a million seabirds die in gillnets every year, but solutions exist
(11/18/2013) A recent study from the Biological Conservation journal brings shocking news: every year across the globe, an estimated 400,000 seabirds are killed by gillnets. Gillnets, a common term for any net used to entangle and catch fish, are used all over the world, and at any depth. These nets, whether used in subsistence or commercial fishing, trap anything that swims through them. When unintended marine wildlife, or "bycatch," is caught in these nets, the results can be significant.
Japan pledges to raise carbon emissions, instead of cutting them
(11/18/2013) In 2009, Japan pledged to cut its carbon emissions by 25 percent based on 1990 levels within 11 years. Four years later—including a nuclear meltdown at Fukushima—and Japan has reset its goal with a new target to cut emissions by 3.8 percent based on 2005 levels at the UN Climate Summit in Warsaw, Poland. But, the new target, which received widespread condemnation when announced on Friday, actually results in a 3.1 percent rise in emissions when viewed from the widely-accepted 1990 baseline.
World's most vulnerable nation to climate change turns to coal power
(11/18/2013) In October, a global risks analysis company, Maplecroft, named Bangladesh the world's most vulnerable nation to climate change by 2050. The designation came as little surprise, since Bangladesh's government and experts have been warning for years of climatic impacts, including rising sea levels, extreme weather, and millions of refugees. However, despite these very public warnings, in recent years the same government has made a sudden turn toward coal power—the most carbon intensive fuel source—with a master plan of installing 15,000 megawatts (MW) of coal energy by 2030, which could potentially increase the country's current carbon dioxide emissions by 160 percent.
Why is Amazon deforestation climbing?
(11/17/2013) The 28 percent increase in deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon over last year that was reported this week is bad news, but it is not surprising. It is bad news because the decline in deforestation since 2005 has given us the single largest contribution to climate change mitigation on the planet, far surpassing the reductions in emissions achieved by any Annex 1 country under the Kyoto Protocol. Brazil's achievement is particularly noteworthy because it did not come at the expense of agricultural production; beef and soybean production continued to grow.
Prize exploring the next big idea in rainforest conservation announced
(11/16/2013) Mongabay.org, a non-profit that aims to raise awareness about social and environmental issues relating to tropical forests and other ecosystems, has announced the first winner of its environmental reporting prize its Special Reporting Initiative (SRI) program. The prize sought proposals to explore the question of what's the next big idea in tropical biodiversity conservation. After a two-month application window and a month of deliberations, this week an independent panel of journalists and tropical forest specialists selected environmental journalist Wendee Nicole as the first recipient of the Mongabay Prize for Environmental Reporting.
Malaysia has the world's highest deforestation rate, reveals Google forest map
(11/15/2013) Malaysia had the world's highest rate of forest loss between 2000 and 2012, according to a new global forest map developed in partnership with Google. Malaysia's total forest loss during the period amounted to 14.4 percent of its year 2000 forest cover. The loss translates to 47,278 square kilometers (18,244 square miles), an area larger than the country of Denmark.
Coal's future carbon costs may make it more expensive than wind energy
(11/15/2013) At first glance, a recent report from the U.S. White House on the social cost of carbon reads like a daunting economics exam. A small chart poses the first question about the price tag policymakers attach to future greenhouse gas emissions: Does each metric ton of carbon that billows into the air cost $11, $33 or $52? The answer is all of the above.
New bat species discovered in Brazil leaves another at risk
(11/15/2013) A team of researchers has discovered a new species of bat in Brazil, which has put a previously known species, Bokermann's nectar bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni), at risk of extinction. Long thought to comprise one species, the bat populations of the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado – the tropical savannah of Brazil's interior - are in fact distinct from one another, according to a new study in Zootaxa. Scientists now say the Atlantic Forest's population represents a newly described species, which they have dubbed Peracchi's nectar bat (Lonchophylla peracchii).
Tiny algae signal big changes for warming Arctic lakes
(11/15/2013) The mighty polar bear has long been the poster child for the effects of global warming in the Arctic, but the microscopic diatom tells an equally powerful story. Diatoms are a type of algae that form the base of the food chain in watery habitats the world over. Disturbances among lake diatoms have exposed the impacts of rapid warming in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of eastern Canada, researchers reported Oct. 9 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon jumps 28% in 2013
(11/14/2013) Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon jumped 28% in 2013 sparking concerns that recent progress in reducing forest loss in the world's largest rainforest may be in danger of reversing. The preliminary data, released Thursday by the Brazilian government, shows that 5,843 square kilometers (2,256 sq miles) of rainforest was cleared across the 'Legal Amazon' between August 1, 2012 and July 31, 2013.
Deforestation accelerates in Indonesia, finds Google forest map
(11/14/2013) Forest loss in Indonesia has sharply risen over the past 12 years, reports a new study published in the journal Science. The study, led by Matt Hansen of University of Maryland, finds that Indonesia lost 15.8 million hectares between 2000 and 2012, ranking it fifth behind Russia, Brazil, the United States, and Canada in terms of forest loss. Some 7 million hectares of forest regrew during the period.
Zero net deforestation is the wrong target, warn experts
(11/14/2013) Environmental initiatives that target zero net deforestation may miss their mark when it comes to slowing climate change and protecting biodiversity, warns a commentary published in this week's issue of the journal Science. While zero net deforestation may seem like a worthy target in efforts to curb forest loss, Sandra Brown and Daniel Zarin argue that the goal is at best, ambiguous, and at worst, may lead to perverse outcomes for the world's forests.
Is Australia becoming the new Canada in terms of climate inaction?
(11/14/2013) For many concerned about climate change, Australia has suddenly become the new Canada. With the election of Tony Abbott as Prime Minister in September, the land down under has taken a sudden U-turn on climate policy, including pushing to end its fledgling carbon emissions program which was only implemented in 2012 and cutting funding for renewable energy. These move come at a time when Australia has just undergone its warmest 12 months on record and suffered from record bushfires.
Powered by Google, high resolution forest map reveals massive deforestation worldwide
(11/14/2013) Researchers today released a long-awaited tool that reveals the extent of forest cover loss and gain on a global scale. Powered by Google's massive computing cloud, the interactive forest map establishes a new baseline for measuring deforestation and forest recovery across all of the world's countries, biomes, and forest types. The map has far-reaching implications for efforts to slow deforestation, which accounts for roughly ten percent of greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities, according to the authors of the paper that describes the tool and details its first findings.
Scientists identify 137 protected areas most important for preserving biodiversity
(11/14/2013) Want to save the world's biodiversity from mass extinction? Then make certain to safeguard the 74 sites identified today in a new study in Science. Evaluating 173,000 terrestrial protected areas, scientists pulled out the most important ones for global biodiversity based on the number of threatened mammals, birds, and amphibians found in the parks. In all they identified 137 protected areas (spread over 74 sites as many protected areas were in the same region) in 34 countries as 'irreplaceable.'
Coelacanths might be monogamous, to the surprise of researchers
(11/14/2013) They evaded humans for millions of years and live very private lives. The hulking, fleshy-finned fish known as the coelacanth has beguiled scientists for generations. But the coelacanth mystique that enchants researchers also makes it difficult to study. Researchers recently revealed in Nature Communications one startling aspect of the coelacanth lifestyle: they might be monogamous.
Longline fisheries in Costa Rica hook tens of thousands of sea turtles every year
(11/14/2013) Hundreds of kilometers of commercial fishing lines slither along coastal waters in Costa Rica, hooking thousands of mahi-mahi and many other marketable fish. But when scientists scrutinized fishermen's catch, they were shocked by the staggering number of sea turtles accidentally snagged on the lines.
Rent-a-mob disrupts court proceedings against Indonesian palm oil company
(11/14/2013) A mob of 150 palm oil workers has disrupted court proceedings against Kalista Alam, an Indonesian palm oil company accused of illegally converting blocks of protected peat forests for an oil palm plantation in Aceh, Sumatra. The Kalista Alam case is widely seen as a test of Indonesia's commitment to forestry sector reform.
Wolves boost food for Yellowstone's threatened grizzlies
(11/13/2013) Wolves and grizzlies aren't best buddies. Burly bears can barge in on a feasting pack, making off with the wolves' fresh kill. Wolves have been known to dig into bear dens and snag a cub. But after gray wolves returned to Yellowstone National Park in 1995, grizzly bears ate more berries in the summer for a pre-hibernation nutritional boost, researchers reported Sept. 4 in the Journal of Animal Ecology
REDD+ carbon market stabilizes, but risk of supply glut looms
(11/13/2013) The market for carbon credits generated under projects that reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) showed signs of stabilizing in 2012 after a sharp drop in 2011, finds Forest Trends' new assessment of the global forest carbon market. The report shows that offsets representing 8.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide were transacted in 2012, a 16 percent increase over 2011. But the average value of each credit dipped 8 percent from $8.50 to $7.80. Nonetheless the activity suggests the market of REDD+ credits may have stabilized after the volume fell 62 percent between 2010 and 2011.
Richest countries spent $74 billion on fossil fuel subsidies in 2011, eclipsing climate finance by seven times
(11/13/2013) In 2011, the top 11 richest carbon emitters spent an estimated $74 billion on fossil fuel subsidies, or seven times the amount spent on fast-track climate financing to developing nations, according to a recent report by the Overseas Development Institute. Worldwide, nations spent over half a trillion dollars on fossil fuel subsidies in 2011 according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Flawed from inception? Ecuador's Yasuní-ITT initiative threatened indigenous groups with simple mapping errors
(11/13/2013) The plan from Ecuador's government was simple: Pay us and we won't destroy the planet's most extraordinary ecosystem. Dubbed the Yasuni-ITT initiative, the plan called upon developed nations to pay for protecting Ecuador's Yasuni National Park from oil companies. Now, a recent study claims the plan was fraught with flaws as basic as drawing lines on a map.
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text:
A single verification tool provides both static timing analysis and timing simulation capabilities targeted at both full-custom and ASIC designs in a unified environment. In various embodiments the verification tool includes the following features: (a) Integrating both static timing analysis and dynamic simulation tools into a single tool, (b) Efficient path search for multi-phase, multi-frequency and multi-cycle circuit in the presence of level sensitive latch, (c) Automatically identifying circuit structure, e.g. complex gate, for timing characterization, (d) Circuit structures at transistor level solved by incorporating function check, (e) Carrying out functional check to filter out false path and identifying gate with simultaneously changing inputs, (f) Finding maximum operating frequency in the presence of level sensitive latches after filtering out false paths, (g) Crosstalk solver by utilizing the admittance matrix and voltage transfer of RLC part in frequency domain coupled with the non-linear driver in time domain implemented in spice-like simulator, (h) Making use of the correlation between inputs of aggressors and victim to determine switching time at victim's output iteratively.
1. A computer-implemented method of verifying timing of a circuit having a portion with a transistor-level description, comprising:
automatically decomposing the transistor-level description to extract a plurality of decomposed circuit structures; and
performing timing analysis using respective pre-characterized timing information for the plurality of extracted circuit structures,
wherein one or more of the automatically decomposing and performing steps are implemented by a computer.
2. A method according to
3. A method according to
4. A method according to
determining a tree-structure topology associated with one of the extracted circuit structures; and
comparing the tree-structure topology with that of another one of the extracted circuit structures to identify a unique structure.
5. A method according to
6. A method according to
7. A method according to
8. A method according to
9. A method according to
determining timing information associated with the unique structure.
10. A method according to
generating the tree-structure topology of a driver-load gate with a node representing parallel or series operation and a leaf node storing transistor information;
joining transistors with the same direction of signal flow either in parallel or series;
reducing the size of the tree-structure topology by collapsing two adjacent series nodes;
storing the ordering of children of a parent node with series operation depending on how close to the voltage source the children nodes are; and
assigning a key to each node depending on whether the node is for parallel or series operation, a level number of the node, and a number of children nodes.
11. A method according to
12. A method of verifying timing of a circuit having a portion with a transistor-level description, comprising:
automatically decomposing the transistor-level description to extract circuit structures from the transistor-level description, including:
determining a tree-structure topology associated with one of the extracted circuit structures; and
comparing the tree-structure topology with that of another one of the extracted circuit structures to identify a unique structure;
performing timing analysis based on the extracted circuit structures; and
determining timing information associated with the unique structure, including:
searching a path with a first portion from a triggered node to Vdd or Gnd and a second portion from the triggered node to output;
carrying out function check by propagating rise or fall at the triggered node and source or drain node along the path;
using X2Vdd, X2Gnd, Gnd2X, Vdd2X, Vdd, Gnd, rise and fall values for an affected node and propagating them further to seek more affected nodes and checking functional error until no more affected nodes are found;
disabling side paths if nodes along the side paths have unknown values; and
assigning rise or fall for each remaining input node without a known value and performing function check until one configuration is obtained without function error,
wherein one or more of the automatically extracting, performing and determining steps are implemented by a computer.
13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored therein which, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to perform a method comprising the steps of:
automatically decomposing the transistor-level description to extract a plurality of decomposed circuit structures; and
performing, by the computer, timing analysis using respective pre-characterized timing information for the plurality of extracted circuit structures.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/347,029 filed on Feb. 3, 2006, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,590,953, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/650,308, filed Feb. 3, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to integrated circuit design, and more particularly to a design timing verification tool that is capable of handling both dynamic simulation and static timing analysis in the same environment and can further target both full-custom and ASIC designs in the unified environment.
Verifying the design of integrated circuits before fabrication is an important process, especially as integrated circuits become more complex and design cycles become increasingly short. Design verification includes many steps, a critical one being timing verification. For this purpose, static timing analysis tools such as PrimeTime from Synopsys are conventionally used to verify the timing of the chip by checking all the paths enumeratively or selectively without the need to provide test vectors at the primary inputs of the chip as required by dynamic simulation. However, the delay calculator built into the static timing analysis tool usually cannot be tuned into a full-blown timing simulator, and an additional simulator tool must be used. So traditionally, as shown in
Another problem is that conventional integrated circuit designs can include both full-custom and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) portions. However, static timing analysis tools for ASIC designs normally cannot be used for full-custom designs that tend to be based on a transistor level. Accordingly, as further shown in
Currently available design tools have other shortcomings as well. In some conventional static timing analyzers, the path search is carried out from input to latch, latch to latch and latch to output to detect failing paths. It is well-known that the breadth first traversal (BFT) method, which searches paths forward to get the latest or the shortest time and then traces backward in depth first manner to get the slack, can run much faster than depth first traversal (DFT) or a depth first traversal with pruning method. However, there is a need in the art for a general BFT solution for circuits with, for example, level sensitive latches, as well as multi-phase and multi-frequency circuits.
Another problem is that during timing analysis, issues like false path and gates with simultaneously changing inputs cannot be ignored. Since the logic values for the side inputs of the gate along the falling paths are obtained from a pre-characterized timing library, these definite logic values (using unknown to Vdd or Gnd instead of definite Vdd or Gnd) and the rising or falling values at the input along the path can propagate as deep as possible. If a conflict occurs, then this is a false path. It may occur that the side input of a gate originally has the value unknown to Vdd or Gnd, then becomes rise or fall, similar to the input of the gate along the failing path, which dominates over unknown to Vdd or Gnd without conflict after function analysis. This is how simultaneously changing inputs occur. Normally, the gate with simultaneously changing inputs does not have pre-characterization results in the timing library, and so an in-circuit delay calculator must be used to evaluate the delay of this gate correctly.
Without filtering out the false paths, it is meaningless to calculate the maximum operating frequency of the circuit. Accordingly, it would be desirable if there were a method to solve the maximum operating frequency after filtering out the false paths. Each true failing path may consist of several segments including input to the first latch, latch to latch, and last latch to output. Each segment has its own timing constraint. This can be a formidable task to solve.
Another problem is that due to nanometer design, the issue of crosstalk has become increasingly important. In order to find the latest or shortest delay at victim's output, many runs of simulation for both driver and RLC parts need to be performed. It is very standard to generate reduced order modeling for the RLC part and couple it with drivers for simulation. Since the number of ports of a RLC network can be huge, the matrix of the reduced order modeling tends to be big and dense, causing degradation of performance. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to have a special algorithm to efficiently integrate the driver part in the time domain with the RLC part in frequency domain into a single simulation engine.
Another issue of crosstalk is the need to consider the correlation between aggressors and victim in order to get more accurate delay. Without considering the correlation between aggressors and victim, the aggressors are always assumed to switch in opposite direction to that of the victim and the switching times of the aggressors are found to fall in the timing window. The results for victim delays calculated this way are always too pessimistic. This problem can be further complicated due to the fact that there is a mixture of aggressors with groups of aggressors being correlated to the victim, correlated among the aggressors in the group, and totally uncorrelated to either aggressors or victim. Moreover, the victim delay can be a function of the switching times of aggressor which in turn are also affected by the victim delay, a chicken-and-egg type of problem. It would be desirable to have a general solution to resolve these difficult issues.
This invention provides a timing verification tool and method that can perform both static timing analysis and dynamic simulation, and for both ASIC and full-custom designs in a unified environment. The tool and method includes a delay calculator that partitions the overall design and includes functionality for automatically identifying circuit structures, e.g. complex gate, for timing characterization. The delay calculator further includes functionality for solving circuit structures at transistor level by incorporating function check.
According to another aspect, a timing verification tool according to the invention provides functionality for efficient path search for multi-phase, multi-frequency and multi-cycle circuit in the presence of level sensitive latch.
According to another aspect, a timing verification tool according to the invention provides functionality for carrying out functional check to filter out false path and identifying gate with simultaneously changing inputs.
According to another aspect, a timing verification tool according to the invention provides functionality for finding maximum operating frequency in the presence of level sensitive latches after filtering out false paths.
According to another aspect, a timing verification tool according to the invention provides a crosstalk solver that utilizes the admittance matrix and voltage transfer of an RLC part in the frequency domain coupled with the non-linear driver in the time domain implemented in a SPICE-like simulator.
According to another aspect, a timing verification tool according to the invention provides functionality for making use of the correlation between inputs of aggressors and victim to determine switching time at a victim's output iteratively.
These and other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein:
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are provided as illustrative examples of the invention so as to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Notably, the figures and examples below are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention to a single embodiment, but other embodiments are possible by way of interchange of some or all of the described or illustrated elements. Moreover, where certain elements of the present invention can be partially or fully implemented using known components, only those portions of such known components that are necessary for an understanding of the present invention will be described, and detailed descriptions of other portions of such known components will be omitted so as not to obscure the invention. In the present specification, an embodiment showing a singular component should not be considered limiting; rather, the invention is intended to encompass other embodiments including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Moreover, applicants do not intend for any term in the specification or claims to be ascribed an uncommon or special meaning unless explicitly set forth as such. Further, the present invention encompasses present and future known equivalents to the known components referred to herein by way of illustration.
As set forth above, traditional static timing analysis tools with their own delay calculator, and traditional dynamic simulators which need to apply test vectors at inputs of the circuit, are two independent tools with different circuit representations and implementations.
In stark contrast, as shown in
In one example implementation, timing verification tool 200 is a single executable file that can be executed independently as a standalone tool on a conventional computer or workstation. However, those skilled in the art will be able to implement the invention in various other alternative ways after being taught by the examples below. For example, certain or all aspects and features of the invention can be integrated into an existing environment or design flow such as Cadence Encounter, or in verification solution environments such as Synopsys PrimeTime or SPICE.
In a preferred implementation of tool 200 as a standalone tool, it receives a circuit to verify in the form of a SPICE netlist. As is known, a SPICE netlist is a hierarchical file that can contain descriptions of various portions of an overall integrated circuit including custom design blocks, standard cells, RLC parts and interconnects. A SPICE netlist can further include clock descriptions and other waveform descriptions that can serve as test vectors for simulation, as well as timing constraints for timing analysis. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many equivalent forms of circuit representations and timing constraint inputs that can be substituted for and/or provided in addition to a SPICE netlist and so the invention is not limited to this specific implementation.
An example implementation of tool 200 is shown in
As mentioned above, according to one aspect, the timing verification tool 200 includes a delay calculator that partitions the circuit for both timing analysis and timing simulation, and further decomposes transistor-level structures and determines timing information from them A method implemented by the delay calculator according to one preferred embodiment will now be described in more detail in connection with the flowchart shown in
As shown in
Referring back to
A driver-load gate is found by doing a depth first traversal search from Gnd to Vdd. If the path reaches the gate of a transistor, then back up and keep searching until Vdd is found. For example, in the circuit shown in
Other structures such as ASIC and RLC parts can be identified by well-known techniques. For example, in a SPICE netlist, RLC parts are self-identified. Preferably, however, the delay calculator further identifies and preserves the input and output ports for such parts.
Returning to
The leaf elements in
Once topology information is obtained for all decomposed parts of the circuit, they are compared with each other to identify the set of unique structures in the circuit. There can be many ways to compare whether two structures are the same, not just topologically, but also comparing the corresponding transistors to determine whether they have the same length, width etc. One preferred method according to the invention is to compare trees starting from the highest level node, which is the output, all the way to the lowest level node which refers to the leaf element. Initially, a key can be stored for any structure using a certain criterion. For example, a number is assigned for each node depending on whether it is a parallel or series node, and its level number, and multiplied by the number of children, and these numbers are added together for each node to get the key. By comparing just the keys of the structures, non-equivalent structures can be immediately singled out without traversing the tree.
For trees having the same key, they are compared by searching from the top level node recursively using a depth first traversal (DFS) method. If a node has attribute "�", then its children are checked in a definite order, as preserved in the step above. If a node has a "+" attribute, then for all configurations of its children, each configuration is checked one by one until a match is found. Ordering of children need not be considered if their parent node has a "+" attribute. For each configuration the children are searched iteratively until a match is found at the end. If a topology match is found, then check all transistors associated with the leaf node to see if all of them match in terms of length, width etc. If so, then a complete match of the two structures is found, resulting in one unique structure.
Returning to
One example algorithm for performing pre-characterization of a transistor-level structure will now be described in connection with the flowchart in
As shown in
As shown in
In a next step shown in
Next, if function check has been carried out and there is no function error, then make sure all input node have affected values. If some still have unaffected node values, disable the side paths by requiring the appropriate node values, e.g. nmos has Vdd and pmos has Gnd at the gate. Check one by one, and if function check fails, flip-flop the value and keep checking until one configuration of functional values is found.
As further shown in
As shown in
An example structure for illustrating the above pre-characterization algorithm is shown in
Now consider the second path from b to y through m2 with node b falling similar to the first path. In this case, node a must be Gnd in order to support this path from b to y through m2. By performing function check the same way as above, there is no function error, and an input/output pair for b falling is y=fall, and a=Gnd. However, this is exactly the same as the second case of the first path as discussed before. So the input/output pair due to this second path is discarded. By the same token the third path from b to bf also generates an input/output configuration already addressed before and can be deleted. It is straightforward to discuss the case when node a is triggered in a similar way. In this example, there will be eight total input/output configurations: (1) a=rise, b=Vdd, y=fall; (2) a=rise, b=Gnd, y=rise; (3) a=fall, b=Vdd, y=fall; (4) a=fall, b=Gnd, y=rise; (5) a=Vdd, b=rise, y=rise; (6) a=Vdd, b=fall, y=fall; (7) a=Gnd, b=rise, y=rise; and (8) a=Gnd, b=fall, y=rise. Accordingly, for each input rise or fall, the output can have both rise and fall depending on the value of the second input.
Another example of a 3-input CMOS gate shown in
Returning to
According to one aspect, and as illustrated in
Due to the presence of level sensitive latches, the path passing through several latches tends to be very long, thus a conventional method like depth first traversal (DFS) or depth first traversal with pruning can potentially become cpu intensive. Breadth first traversal method is the most efficient. However, storing the latest arrival time (LAT) at each node can be a challenging problem. For a multi-clock phase circuit, even when doing phase by phase to store LAT with respect to one phase with minimal memory overhead, the path still may propagate through a level sensitive latch in mid-phase controlled by a different clock phase, thus causing confusion in assigning LAT.
According to one example implementation, the present invention adopts the following method which is described in more detail in connection with the flowchart in
As shown in
As shown in
It should be noted that the same objective can be achieved by using a different procedure. Once the event graph is obtained, search backward from all latches or flip-flops within the event graph and record the latch information in every node being accessed.
The next step, as shown in
Conceptually, it is possible to figure out which path is more critical and store LAT for the most critical path. If not, then LAT must be stored for all clock phases. The following relation is preferably used to decide which LAT should be stored.
Note that, referring back to
Note that both of these two Q values of path 1 are less than those of path 2. Thus, path 1 is more critical than path 2 and we store LAT 65 for path 1 with respect to CLKB controlling L5.
In some cases, it is not possible to determine which path is more critical than the other, and so it is preferable to store LAT for all of these paths with respect to different clock phases. This can be illustrated by
This means that we can not tell which path up to the node B is more critical. Thus, we need to store both LAT at node B with respect to CLKA and CLKB, respectively.
It should be further noted that this formalism can apply to the case of a multi-frequency circuit for which the timing constraint is determined in the same way as that of multi-phase circuit. In the multi-cycle case, the timing constraint is hard to obtain, since even for paths with source and destination latches controlled by the same pair of clocks, the tool is not able to decide which path should be a multi-cycle one. One solution is for the user to specify the pair of latches with a multi-cycle timing constraint. Then at each node the program records the source and destination latches information if either source or destination latch is specified by the user as multi-cycle path. If this pair of source and destination happens to be specified by the user, then a multi-cycle timing constraint is used.
Returning to
Refer back to
Q(L3,B,L5) can be understood as follows. At node B LAT is for the most critical path from a memory element L5 controlled by CLKB. If this path reaches L3 controlled by CLKC, then the timing constraint for that path is denoted by TimingConstraint (L3, L5). The slack of this path at node B is denoted by Q(L3,B,L5). Q(L3,C,L2) is defined similarly. TimingConstraint (L3, L2) is known because LAT at node C is from L2 controlled by CLKA. By plugging in the numbers, slack(C)=−25+10−(−25)=10.
This means that the path passing from C to B cannot be a failing path. Therefore, trace back from C should be terminated. Next, go to another input D. At D LAT is 64 with respect to clock CLKB. LAT recorded at B is 65 with respect to CLKB and slack is −25 for L3. Since both nodes D and B store LAT from the same clock phase CLKB, the slack at D can be figured out using the following formula,
This yields slack(D)=−20. This implies that the path passing through D and B is a failing path. Thus, keep searching backward from D until a flip-flop is reached. Note that when latch L5 is reached, the search is not stopped there, but the tracing continues back if the slack at the input of the latch is negative. In other words, the search treats a latch as a gate. Once a flip-flop is reached, the search for that failing path is done. Then continue this DFT from other nodes with negative slack in searching backward until all failing paths are found.
According to one aspect, and as shown in
In one example of the invention, definite values such as Vdd or Gnd are not used; rather, values unknown to Vdd or Gnd are used. Where these initial known values are propagated from the input and the side input, a side input may have both values unknown to Vdd and rise. Then the value rise dominates over the value of unknown to Vdd which may occur at the side input of a gate along the path. This is how the simultaneously changing inputs are detected. The timing of the gate with simultaneously changing inputs usually is not pre-characterized. Thus, the in-circuit delay calculator must be used to calculate its delay accurately.
According to one aspect, and as illustrated in
As mentioned above, determining the timing constraints for an overall circuit can be tedious due to numerous failing paths, each of which may consist of several segments with their own timing constraints. This concept is illustrated by a simple case shown in
objective function is to minimize P
Here x measured from the opening edge is the transition point where the signal coming from latch 1 arrives in mid-phase of latch 2. If the signal arrives at latch 2 prior to its opening edge, then x is 0. The ordering of each of the above equations is crucial, since the second one depends on the transition point x which comes from its previous segment. The problem can be formulated as a linear programming problem to obtain an exact solution. Instead of using any formal method, however, a heuristic procedure is proposed as follows.
The procedure begins by specifying a big enough clock period for all paths that guarantees all paths not to fail and then starting the binary search to find the minimum clock period or maximum clock frequency so that all paths satisfy the timing constraints (e.g. as derived or determined from the SPICE netlist clock information). Preferably, it is better to start with a reasonably big period, which is as close to the starting period as possible, so that the number of iterations can be reduced. Here we choose a clock period such that the last segment in the failing path meets the timing constraint, making the whole path a good path. This initial period can be chosen to satisfy
Here, Pon is the duration of the clock to be turned on, y is the ratio of Pon to P, and this number is always fixed when P is varied. Then the final minimal operating clock period for the path must be between this initial P and current clock period. Choose this initial choice of P as Pmax and the current given clock period as Pmin to be the starting point of binary search and iterate the process until a final minimum clock period P is found for the given failing path. Follow the same procedure for all the failing paths and choose the maximum among the minimum operating clock period for each originally failing path so that all paths will satisfy the timing constraint. This is the final solution for the minimum operating clock period with its inverse as the maximum operating frequency for the circuit.
According to one aspect, and as illustrated in
Conceptually, the procedure is to get both the admittance matrix for RLC inputs and the voltage transfer information from RLC inputs to outputs in the frequency domain and integrate them with the nonlinear part of the circuit in the time domain so that a single run of simulation can calculate the delay from the input of the subnetwork containing the RLC part to the output of the RLC part.
The present invention recognizes that if only the admittance matrix for RLC inputs and outputs is used without using the voltage transfer information, the admittance matrix tends to be very big, causing too much overhead during simulation for both the driver part and the big admittance matrix. The size of the admittance matrix for just the RLC inputs can be substantially smaller than that of the admittance matrix for both inputs and outputs, thus saving significant processing steps. However, by using just the admittance matrix for inputs, only information for the RLC inputs can be obtained. Then, the waveform information for RLC inputs must be obtained and the voltage transfer information must be used to generate the RLC output result. This two-step approach is not only tedious but also gives rise to some numerical inaccuracy. The method according to one example of the invention, on the other hand, handles the admittance matrix and voltage transfer in one step, thus eliminating the burden imposed by separating the simulation into two parts, thus increasing both accuracy and speed for simulation.
The present invention formulates the problem as follows,
Since the procedures for RLC with one input and more than one input in fact are the same, the method will be explained in more detail below using one single input for RLC and one resistor for the driver containing one single resistor for the sake of brevity of notations. Assume that the admittance matrix and voltage transfer function are as follows:
The initial condition in the frequency domain can be figured out without any calculation by replacing sV(s) with sV(s)−V(t=0) if all nodes have the same initial value V(t=0). For the crosstalk problem, assume there are two inputs, and that sV1(s) is replaced by sV1(s)−V1(t=0) and sV2(s) is replaced by sV2(s)−V2(t=0). This yields:
During simulation the integration from t to t+Δt using backward Euler method, we have
From the above equation, F(t) is defined as follows:
F(t) is obtained at the previous time step t when evaluating at time step t+Δt.
By rearranging all the terms containing Vin(t+Δt) from the right hand side to the left hand side, Vin(t+Δt) can be solved. After this, F(t+Δt) is updated using trapezoidal approximation as follows:
This term F(t+Δt) will be used when integrating from (t+Δt) to next time step (t+2Δt).
For RLC output, we make use of the information for RLC input and voltage transfer function to get Vout(t+Δt). We have
Similar to the case admittance matrix, G(t) is defined as follows:
At the time step t+Δt, G(t) is already known. Then by inserting both Vin(t+Δt) at the RLC input obtained from using admittance matrix and G(t) into the above equation, Vout(t+Δt) can be obtained. Update G(t+Δt) by using
This will be used in next time step t+2Δt. The whole procedure described here is used iteratively during simulation to solve Vout(t) until simulation stops. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the methodology as explained above can be readily extended to a multi-input RLC like crosstalk problem with different initial condition at RLC inputs using the same formalism as here. The case for complicated admittance matrix and voltage transfer with more poles poses no problem.
It should be further noted that this method is suitable for any RLC part, not just for analyzing crosstalk issue. This provides a tremendous advantage for simulation, since the same RLC part does not need to be computed over and over again during simulation.
As for how to align an aggressor with respect to its victim in order to achieve the largest delay at the RLC output, a standard method can be used, assuming that there are no logic relations between aggressors and victim or between aggressors themselves. However, the results tend to be too pessimistic. Moreover, a failing path may consist of more than one signal which is affected by crosstalk. These crosstalk signals may affect each other, making this a chicken-and-egg problem.
According to another aspect of the invention, therefore, an algorithm is included to solve the crosstalk problem with a mixture of both uncorrelated and correlated aggressors for each failing path. This algorithm addresses four issues: using the switching of the input of the aggressor correlated with victim, distinguishing aggressors correlated with each other from those correlated to victim, providing a correct way of getting the switching of input of the uncorrelated aggressors and correlated aggressors among themselves, and providing an iteration procedure when victims and aggressors are affecting each other.
An example algorithm according to the invention will be explained in more detail in connection with
Initially, path analysis is performed to find the failing paths in the presence of the crosstalk effect, but not considering the logical relations between the aggressor and victim. Then function analysis is performed starting from nodes and side inputs of gates along each failing path, not including the inputs of gates driving aggressors, to uncover some input nodes of an aggressor gate being rise, fall, Vdd, or Gnd. Note that these aggressor node values cannot be changed so as to support the maximum or minimum delay for the victim. If the aggressor node has the value of rise or fall, then use the switching time and slope for this node as obtained from the path delay from the input of the path to this node.
For example, from path analysis of the circuit in
The next step is to find the switching time at g relative to that at c. Point to point analysis from node a to c and from signal a to g is used to get delaya->c and delaya->g, respectively. Then, delaya->g-delay3->c is the switching time at g relative to that at c. The switching times at nodes i and j for aggressors g2 and g3 with the driving gates B and C still need to be determined.
The conventional approach for handling B without considering the correlation effect between victim and aggressors used is to set aggressors A and C as being quiet. In the present approach, the preferred method is to only treat C as quiet. A, however, is always switching with its switching time at g being delaya->d-delaya->c. First, B is set to quiet, and waveform W(t) at the victim's output is determined. Then align B with victim D, and get another waveform Y(t). Take Z(t)=abs(X(t)−Y(t)) and the maximum of Z(t) is Vpeak at t=t1. Then move the peak of the noise a distance, for example x, to the point t2=t1+x where the voltage of the waveform W(t2) at the output of the victim is Vdd/2−Vpeak. Then the switching time for B is x relative to the switching time of the victim.
To obtain the switching time for C, B is made quiet while C is switching and the same procedure as described above in treating the driver B is followed for C. Assuming linear superposition holds, the switching times for A, B, and C and victim are obtained. Using these switching times, the maximum delay for the victim D with crosstalk effect is obtained. This is the first iteration results.
Two cases need to be distinguished, one is the aforementioned correlation between victim and aggressors, and the other is the case of correlation only between aggressors. This is illustrated in
The aforementioned functional analysis is performed for each path to determine logical values for the input nodes of the drivers for the aggressors such as rise, fall, Vdd, and Gnd etc. Then, these aggressors are categorized as the ones with correlation with the victim. If the node value is rise or fall, its switching time relative to victim can be figured out exactly as previously discussed. For the input nodes of drivers for aggressors which are not affected by the first functional analysis, a second functional analysis is performed for them one by one to check if they are correlated among themselves.
For example, in
To find the switching time of node i, the aforementioned standard procedure is used, namely, align i with respect to c for victim first, find the peak and move the peak to find its switching time relative to the victim. In the example in
According to an aspect of the invention, an iteration procedure is preferably used to get correct delay in the presence of crosstalk by considering correlation between victim and aggressors. The examples in
The switching time of input node b of B relative to input node a of victim A is delaya->b. This delay is obtained from the first iteration of the crosstalk calculation without considering the correlation effect. With this switching time for the aggressor, the delay for the victim, which is from b to c, is recalculated. This delay delaya->b happens to be the switching time of B (aggressor) relative to victim A (victim) and it is different from the previous value. Therefore, the victim delay needs to be updated. This explains why iteration is needed to get a final converged victim delay. An important aspect of this algorithm is to use updated switching time of the aggressor iteratively, assuming it is correlated to the victim, until there is no change of the switching time.
Another example in
This example shows that when the path contains several nodes with coupling capacitors, they may affect each other, making the problem much more tedious. Due to the interaction between these nodes with coupling capacitors as demonstrated here, it is preferable to carry out delay calculation for all nodes with coupling capacitors along the path sequentially within the same iteration, instead of handling each node iteratively to reach convergence and so this is the algorithm adopted in one example of the invention. An important aspect of this algorithm is to always use the most updated switching time for the aggressor relative to the victim.
For example, in a certain iteration the delays for gates B and C have been computed by considering crosstalk with correlation effect, both delays delayb->c and delayc->d are different from those obtained from the previous iteration. For the delay of gate D with crosstalk effect, the victim is e, while c is aggressor with the switching time at b, an input of B driving aggressor c, relative to that at d, input of D driving victim c, being equal to delayb->+delayc->d. In the same iteration in which B and C delays were calculated, this newly computed delayb->c+delayc->d should be used as the new aggressor switching time relative to the victim in calculating the victim delay from d to e. After finishing all nodes having coupling capacitors like nodes b, c, d, and e, go to next iteration and follow the same procedure until the change of victim input switching time does not change anymore.
It should be noted that a timing verification tool according to the invention may have one or more of the above-described capabilities in any combination, and any of these novel capabilities can be combined with conventional or other novel timing verification tools.
Accordingly, although the present invention has been particularly described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes and modifications in the form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that the appended claims encompass such changes and modifications.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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National Service Blog
Posted on Jun 15, 2015
Forty percent (PDF) of asthma episodes are caused by preventable hazards found in homes, including mold and dust mites. Social Innovation Fund (SIF) grantee Green & Healthy Homes Initiative (GHHI) is helping low-income individuals and families reduce such asthma triggers in their households.
It is doing so using a cost-effective and integrated approach that utilizes a comprehensive environmental assessment based on eight elements of "green and healthy homes:" dry, clean, pest-free, safe, contaminant-free, well-ventilated, well-maintained, and energy-efficient. A review of published studies (PDF) by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services suggests that such home-based, multicomponent asthma interventions provide substantial return on investment.
GHHI's asthma program is part of its integrated intervention services that also includes remediation and education for home health, safety, and energy efficiency. Its first pay for success project is located in Baltimore, Md., and will include Calvert Foundation and other investors providing up-front capital to scale the program. Program partners Johns Hopkins Health Care and the Johns Hopkins Health System will then pay back to the Calvert Foundation a portion of avoided medical costs if the program achieves agreed-upon outcomes, such as decreased asthma-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations.
To show funders the program was...
Posted on Nov 19, 2013
National service helps communities and organizations get things done, and finding and managing volunteers is part of the job.
Posted on Nov 19, 2013
When President Obama announced the Task Force on Expanding National Service in July, he asked federal agencies to work together to create a pipeline for national service participants to apply the skills they learned in the federal sector.
Posted on Nov 12, 2013
As you are undoubtedly aware, the impact of Super Typhoon Haiyan on the Philippines has been astonishing. The typhoon has caused widespread damage, including landslides and flooding, and is expected to claim the lives of thousands.
Posted on Nov 11, 2013
After serving for eight years in the U.S. Air Force, TaQuoya Kennedy returned to the homefront and noticed a veteran sifting through a trash can. She then made it her mission to become a volunteer: an idea that had crystallized in her mind months before that sighting.
Posted on Nov 9, 2013
More than 50 years ago as she dined at a local restaurant, Annette Parker mustered up the courage to approach a man wearing a U.S. Army uniform.
Posted on Nov 8, 2013
In Gen. George Washington's farewell orders to the Continental Army, he encouraged the soldiers who united in battle to not only maintain their bond as a "patriotic band of Brothers" but to carry forward the virtues they had learned during military service when they returned home. His wisdom still rings true today, as we see example after example of our soldiers continuing to serve their communities after their military commitments end.
Posted on Nov 7, 2013
Tens of thousands of men and women answer the call to join the Armed Forces each year, and quickly find themselves inundated with the unique demands and expectations of their respective military branches.
Posted on Nov 7, 2013
James Randall "Randy" Hindert served in the U.S. Army in Vietnam as a Sergeant from 1967-1970. Recently, he began serving our nation again, this time in the local community as a tutor for AmeriCorps at Big Brothers/Big Sisters of St. Lucie, Indian River, and Okeechobee Counties in Florida.
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He spent 10 years stationed in Fort Bragg, NC; two years in Italy; and more than one year in Iraq. Now his service continues here, on the homefront, as he helps save lives and rebuild communities.
Posted on Oct 30, 2013
October is National Disability Employment Awareness Month (NDEAM), and the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) is committed to providing opportunities that change the lives of those who serve, as well as those being served.


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