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Assessing sleepiness in the rat: a multiple sleep latencies test compared to polysomnographic measures of sleepiness
Muscle-specific expression of PPARg coactivator-1a improves exercise performance and increases peak oxygen uptake
Mice Lacking the b3 Subunit of the GABAA Receptor Have the Epilepsy Phenotype and Many of the Behavioral Characteristics of Angelman Syndrome
Elevated Fusiform Cell Activity in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of Chinchillas with Psychophysical Evidence of Tinnitus
Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia of Contextual Fear after Hippocampal Damage in Rats: Within-Subjects Examination
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Increases Sensitivity to the Attentional Effects of the Dopamine D1 Agonist SKF81297
Post-Training Excitotoxic Lesions of the Dorsal Hippocampus Attenuate Forward Trace, Backward Trace, and Delay Fear Conditioning in a Temporally Specific Manner
Role of the Septum in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex
Evidence of Contextual Fear after Lesions of the Hippocampus: A Disruption of Freezing But Not Fear-Potentiated Startle
Neurosciences CEDD's Study of Effects of Compound X in a two stimulus discrimination and reversal learning task using novel touchscreen apparatus
New translational assays for preclinical modelling of cognition in schizophrenia: The touchscreen testing method for mice and rats
Optimization of Touchscreen-Based Behavioral Paradigms in Mice: Implications for Building a Battery of Tasks Taxing Learning and Memory Functions
Touchscreen-paradigm for mice reveals cross-species evidence for an antagonistic relationship of cognitive flexibility and stability
Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Tasks Reveal Age-Related Impairment in a Primate Aging Model, the Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Stress facilitates late reversal learning using a touchscreen-based visual discrimination procedure in male Long Evans rats
Elevated Fusiform Cell Activity in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of Chinchillas with Psychophysical Evidence of Tinnitus
Acetylcholine Mediates the Estrogen-Induced Increase in NMDA Receptor Binding in CA1 of the Hippocampus and the Associated Improvement in Working Memory
Cognitive Strategy-Specific Increases in Phosphorylated cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein and c-Fos in the Hippocampus and Dorsal Striatum
Dopamine-rich grafts in the neostriatum and/or nucleus accumbens: effects on drug-induced behaviors and skilled paw-reaching
Dopaminergic grafts implanted into the neonatal or adult striatum: comparative effects on rotation and paw reaching deficits induced by subsequent unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in adulthood
General information to accompany Lafayette Instrument Automated Mouse Reaching Chamber - Model 80870
Assessing sleepiness in the rat: a multiple sleep latencies test compared to polysomnographic measures of sleepiness
Integrative miRNA-mRNA Profiling of Adipose Tissue Unravels Transcriptional Circuits Induced by Sleep Fragmentation [PLoS ONE, 2012]
Sleep fragmentation promotes NADPH oxidase 2-mediated adipose tissue inflammation leading to insulin resistance in mice [International Journal of Obesity, 2013]
Disrupted sleep without sleep curtailment induces sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction via the tumor necrosis factor-a pathway [Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2012]
Socially Isolated Mice Exhibit a Blunted Homeostatic Sleep Response to Acute Sleep Deprivation Compared to Socially Paired Mice [Brain Res, 2013]
Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement in mice reveals increased susceptibility to sleep disruption and intermittent hypoxia [Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol., 2012]
TNF-a and Temporal Changes in Sleep Architecture in Mice Exposed to Sleep Fragmentation [PLoS ONE, 2012]
ABET II Interface and Software
Find Lafayette


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I would risk to say (with no evidence at this moment except by a common sense guess) that the storm came into Texas during the afternoon of the 18 of Oct. 2012. And traveled through Louisiana today early in the morning, and, this picture is captured a little before noon local time. The image shown here is produced by our "beta" Near-Real-Time (NRT) dust aerosol detection system. And is produced using NASA Terra-MODIS multispectral data.
As the dust is traveling through central and south-eastern US, it seems to be weaker and weaker. I would forecast that the dust would end up near the East coast of the US, but very weak.
I promise a complete followup on Sunday night.
I was right! It moved to the East coast. Check the following video...
I was right! It moved to the East coast. Check the following video...

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi Splashers I thought I'd catch up with you and give you some of my thoughts of what's been happening in the wrestling world.
Could John Cena Be WWE's Next Big Heel?
I was reading the news bit, when I came across one news bit that caught my attention. Apparently certain sites are
Updated 12-05-2011 at 03:25 AM by Rick Starr
Welcome back Splashers to this follow-up blog. Last weekend I talked about how the WWE had no problems using wrestlers from other organizations, and I got some excellent feedback. In that blog myself and my readers had no problems pointing out that when all those wrestlers came to the WWE, their careers
Updated 11-04-2011 at 08:29 PM by Rick Starr
(spell checking)
Hello once again Splashers! For those of you who have read my blogs you might have noticed I have been gone for a couple of weeks. This was due to my laptop crashing, and costing me over $150 to fix. Well enough of the chit-chat, let's get down to it!
Whenever I read blogs or news reports
Updated 10-31-2011 at 01:20 AM by Rick Starr
Hi Splashers, let's get splashin!
Over the past few blogs or so, I have quickly mentioned John Morrison's rapidly declining career in the WWE. I thought now would be a good time to do a whole blog on him. Let's take a look back at the man called "JoMo".
John Morrison had
Updated 10-13-2011 at 06:33 PM by Rick Starr
Welcome Back Splashers. This time I'm gonna try something a little bit different. Almost every wrestling fan says that John Cena is the #1 fan in the WWE. Well what about the 40+ other wrestlers? I knew that it was impossible to give each wrestler their own spot, so instead, I created 4 tiers, for all the wrestlers. Like my last blog, I am not expecting people to agree, or even like this one. Lastly
Updated 10-12-2011 at 01:51 AM by Rick Starr
Hi Splashers. Thanks to one of my readers "Blink", I took a second look at my last blog, and I wasn't too pleased with it. There are some things you said that I disagreed with, but in general I saw your point.
Moving on, I've seen "Top Five" , or "Top Ten" everywhere. I
Howdy Splashers! We had a bit of an interesting week with both TNA and the WWE. Well, enough of the small talk, let's get to it.
A Few notes on this past TNA:
I think that TNA is definitely pushing the angle of Bobby Roode winning the TNA World Champion way too hard. It's
Wassup Splashers! With the Hell in Cell right around the corner, everybody seems to be talking about it. Also since my Night of Champions Picks was a dead flop, I decided to give this one a pass and talk about other things.
On WWE Managment:
For most of you WWE fans, the answer seems
Updated 09-29-2011 at 09:12 PM by Rick Starr
What's up Splashers! In This edition, I take a look at the differences between TNA and the WWE. Now before anyone gets the wrong idea of me being just a WWE mark or a TNA mark, you got the wrong idea. I am a wrestling fan, which means I am bias. With that said let's get down to business.
Updated 09-26-2011 at 09:50 PM by Rick Starr
Don't you guys hate it when you write a perfectly acceptably blog, and for no reason it doesn't get published? It almost gives you a form of writers block, because you can't get past that blog. I'll explain my situation. I wrote a blog on the new series: Hulk Hogan's Micro Championship
© 2011 eWrestlingNews, All Rights Reserved.


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Some lovely pictures,especially liked the shot of the steps and stepping stones leading up to the lawn.
Good luck with the NGS next year. I'm sure another poster on here does the same
Good fact
I know what you mean about the lack of day light but I do enjoy the changing of the seasons. Looking forward to New Years Day
There are indeed two, will take a suitable cute pic
Hi Norm, really like the greenhouse planter
I have a few Cyclamen, though not sure what type. Had some flowers a few weeks ago but all leaves now.
I think my snapdragons might make it and some wallflowers, touch and ago with the Rudebekias, some of gone with the frost but some are still alive
hi nutcutlet, think I will join in on the new years day flower count,
Afternoon all, usual Saturday routine for me. Very long lie in......then on the settee with laptop, fire on, kitten on lap and radio 4. Happy days
like the new avator J
what are mini bubbles? Are they are a smaller version of the tubs filled with washing up liquid that you use a wand to blow bubbles out of?
Thanks nutcutlet, I did dead head a lot throughout the Summer(?) to encourage further flowers but have left them alone for a good couple of months in the hope that they will self seed. I think the soil is fairly free draining, they are in newly made walled beds.I'm wondering if this year's plants will make it through to next year, will just have to wait and see. I'm sure I will sow more just to be on the safe side
I'll leave the Bowles Mauve alone, flower count on new years day sounds like a great idea
I grew loads of snapdragons from seed this year and they have been one of the star performers of my garden, the bumble bees loved them.
I know that most people grow them as annuals but on the packet they are described as half hardy perennials. There has been a few frosts here already but they haven't died and some are still flowering.The others are still looking really green and bushy
Should I cut them down or leave them to their own devices?
On a similar note- the Bowels Mauve wall flowers are still in flower, should I cut the flower stems off?


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Repair crews dealt some blows
Repair crews dealt some blows
After an extreme two-day wind storm that cut power across the region and even dropped a tree on an ambulance, the National Weather Service says the Bay State is in for some "quieter" weather.
Meteorologist Matthew Belk warned that it still may be windy, however.
"It'll diminish below the criteria for a wind advisory, but that doesn't mean it won't be gusty," he said.
|The article you requested has been archived


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TORONTO -- Boston Red Sox manager Terry Francona couldn't say much about the fan reaction he thought Carl Crawford might receive in Tampa Tuesday night.
Other than to say, "I guess there'll be cowbells."
The Red Sox left fielder isn't sure what to expect, either, but he said Sunday he was "looking forward to see how it turns out."
Crawford's not unreasonable hopes -- given the number of Red Sox fans who traditionally turn up at Tropicana Field -- were that the locals would lean towards reminiscing over his eight years of stellar contributions to the Tampa Bay Rays, instead of his free agent jump to the Red Sox -- for seven years and $142 million.
"Well, that's what I'm hoping," Crawford said before the Sox took their eight-game winning streak out for another matinee against the Blue Jays. "I have no ill will. There just wasn't any decision about whether to stay in Tampa or not ... no option at all. There's no way you could stay with a team if a contract isn't even offered to you. I hope (fans) will be smart enough to realize that."
Crawford, a top-third of the order guy his entire career, now finds himself hitting out of the six-hole for the streaking Red Sox. Acceptable, he agreed. And, yes, better than seventh or eighth, where a miserable .155 April had taken him.
"I mean, I've been there my whole career (top of the order), so I can't lie and say I don't miss it," Crawford said. "But this is working for us as a team and you definitely don't want to mess with that chemistry we've been getting so far.
"It's something that's probably going to be this way for a while and something I just have to accept. It's been good, too; it's not all bad. I'm just still trying to figure out what you have to do down there."
Well, the 29-year-old, four-time All-Star has figured out plenty since April, when he managed a solitary homer and six RBIs. In May, for instance, he hit .304 with 15 RBIs. Or June, with his .308 and 10 RBIs going into Sunday. Or hitting .338 for his last 18 games (with 18 RBIs) that has upped his overall average from .209 to .246.
"That first month was a struggle," Francona said. "It was cold, he was trying too hard, things snowballed and it took him a lot to dig himself out.
"He's batting 30, 40 points, whatever, lower (than his career .296), but I think the rest of the way, you get Carl Crawford. Which is good."
Allan Ryan is a contributor to ESPNBoston.com.


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Graduate Student Profiles - Linguistics
Eric Campbell – Documentary, descriptive, and historical linguistics, particularly of Mesoamerican languages
Niamh Kelly – Descriptive & Historical Linguistics
Graduate Program: Ph.D., Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin; Research Interest: Amazonian Languages
Undergraduate Degree: B.A., Honors International in Spanish & Psychological Studies, National University of Ireland – Galway, Ireland
What is life like for a linguistics graduate student?
Life is busy! I find it inspiring and challenging. Classes and assignments are priority, and definitely keep me occupied all the time. On top of that, there are talks and conferences to attend. I am sure I will start presenting at conferences soon, so that's another thing to work on. A lot of graduate students also work as teaching or research assistants. So it's a packed schedule, but one I find exhilarating.
What is a typical day in the life of a grad student?
Fulltime students take three classes so that's nine hours a week, and as a TA I sit in on three more hours of class. I also have three office hours a week. The "free" time is spent working on assignments and reading. There are often talks, or depending on the class, some of us meet to discuss homework.
What is the coolest thing about your graduate program?
Simply that I get to study a topic that I adore! Another aspect that I love about the linguistics department is the atmosphere: there is a lot of camaraderie among the students, who are of various ages, nationalities and levels in the course. We have students from many different parts of the world, and it's always fascinating to learn about different places and languages. There is also a really nice relationship between the professors and the students.
Can you tell us a bit more about your current research interests?
In summer 2010 I began a pilot project on the documentation of Nomatsiguenga, a native language of Peru. The purpose of the project is to record and analyse this language, since it has not been studied in great detail since the 1960s. Data on it is scarce so a colleague and I went to the Peruvian Amazon to live with a Nomatsiguenga community for 6 weeks to record and learn some of the language. I hope to focus on a phonological analysis, that is, a study of the sound system, and eventually I would like to compare the language to other closely related languages in order to do a reconstruction of the mother language.
Did you work on a research project as an undergrad? If so, what was it? Would you recommend research for undergrads?
I worked on a short project for my psychology class. It was a survey on sexist attitudes among men and women in Ireland. I think experience on a research project is definitely valuable: you learn research methods and you get an opportunity to work with others in your class. Having said that, don't be intimidated or feel unqualified if you didn't have a chance to do research before; in grad school, you take classes in what you need to learn as you go along.
Where are you in the graduate school sequence?
I am just starting my second year in the PhD programme, but before I do my PhD I will be getting the MA, so I will soon start working on my thesis/qualifying paper. In the linguistics department there are six obligatory courses, four of which I did in first year. So I have two of those left to do, and my other courses will be my choice. The courses I have done so far have kept me extremely busy, but I have really enjoyed and been inspired by all of them. I am excited to start new ones.
Do you have teaching responsibilities in your department?
I work as a TA for a Syntax and Semantics course this semester. Working as a TA differs depending on what class and what professor it is. The main tasks are grading every week, and you also attend the classes. You have office hours, which is when you are available to meet with the students to help with their homework or help them with topics they have questions about. I really enjoy being a TA because it lets you see how different professors set up their class schedules and how they like to grade, and it lets you get experience grading and sometimes presenting a class.
What would you consider to be the greatest difference from your time as an undergrad?
My undergrad course was in Ireland so there are a lot of differences! The campus here is huge, but generally classes in the linguistics department are fairly close together. Graduate classes are usually smaller than undergrad classes. You get to know the professors well, especially those you work with. There's a very informal atmosphere in the classroom, which I like a lot. Students are encouraged to really participate and ask questions and challenge the professors. That means you have to have done the required reading. The workload is definitely greater. Another difference for me is having a choice in what classes I take. In my undergrad course, once you chose a subject you were given your schedule. Here, I get to pick classes that are in my area of interest.
Is there anything you know now that you wish you knew as an undergrad?
Graduate students are expected to use initiative and to be productive, so you need to motivate yourself. You need to keep on top of the work throughout the semester, partly because that's the way to learn about your subjects and partly just because homework grades make up a large portion of your final grade. When you begin, and for some time after that, you're going to be around people who know more about linguistics than you do – people who have taken the classes you're taking, people who have advanced to candidacy, and of course professors. Ask questions, get involved in discussions and get to know people!
Another thing that's important to remember is that there's no rush. If you're not sure what you want to study, you don't have to go to grad school right away. I took two years out to travel and live in different countries, and that experience has served me well. You'll know when you're ready to re-enter the world of academics.
What are your top 3 tips for students interested in applying to a program like yours?
- Read up on the different areas of linguistics so that you have an idea of what you want to focus on. This will help to narrow down what universities to apply to. Look at a variety of universities to find the one that fits you: your interests, your career plans (even if they're just ideas at this stage) and funding opportunities. Contact professors and graduate students with questions about the department.
- If at all possible, visit the department. There's a lot to be said for the feeling you get in a place. I went to the open events of a couple of universities and after that there was no doubt in my mind; I just knew I had to be here. It suited who I am and I knew I would get along with the people here.
- If your undergrad isn't in linguistics, read some introductory books, so you're not starting from scratch with your classes. The classes cater to students who have no background in linguistics, but it definitely gives you a boost to know that you are familiar with some of the basics of the field.
If you wouldn't have accepted the UT Austin offer, which school was your #2 choice?
My other option was the University of Southern California. I chose UT because the department's focus is more in line with my chosen area of linguistics, and also because I simply felt "at home" in this department.
What is one an interesting website you would tell a friend interested in linguistics to check out?
I love reading Language Log.
Where do you see yourself in 10 years?
I hope to be working in a university, teaching linguistics and doing research, probably on an under-documented language. I have no idea what part of the world that will be in, which I find exciting!
Do you have a grad school story you would like to share?
This past summer I spent 6 weeks in the Peruvian Amazon, working on a language there. Working in descriptive linguistics opens you up to a world of experiences far beyond what you would probably find yourself in otherwise. I was living in the jungle with a colleague, adapting to having only the basics, and figuring out how to document a language. It was a hugely challenging experience that forced me to overcome fears and learn new customs. So working in this area of linguistics is not your average job!
Graduate Program: Ph.D., Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin; Dissertation Topic: A grammar of Zenzontepec Chatino, an Otomanguean language of southern Oaxaca, Mexico
Undergraduate Degree: B.A., Linguistics & Spanish, University of Michigan Ann Arbor – MI
What is life like for a linguistics graduate student?
Graduate student life is very exciting. Coursework is pretty intensive and is the focus for the first three years. Research becomes more central as one goes along and is the main focus by the fourth year. As one moves on, there is more travel for doing fieldwork and/or attending and presenting at academic conferences.
What is a typical day in the life of a grad student?
A typical day involves several of the following activities: attend class, read articles, work with data, attend a colloquium, meet with a professor, study some more, meet with colleagues.
What is the coolest thing about your graduate program?
In addition to being a great program all around, there are several faculty members and many students specializing in indigenous languages of Latin America, so there is a strong community of people that share my interests. This allows a mix of individual and collaborative work.
Can you tell us a bit more about your current research interests?
My dissertation will be a grammar of Zenzontepec Chatino, an Otomanguean language of southern Oaxaca, Mexico. It will be a description of the structure of this language, investigated through the collection and analysis of recorded speech and the creation of a trilingual Chatino-Spanish-English dictionary. I also study related languages: other varieties of Chatino, Zapotec, and more distantly related Otomanguean languages in order to reconstruct earlier stages of the language(s) and learn about prehistory in that part of the world.
Where are you in the graduate school sequence?
I've completed my M.A. and advanced to doctoral candidacy. I am no longer taking courses but I am still gathering data, so I have not yet begun writing my dissertation. Right now I am working on several articles, attending conferences, and doing fieldwork in the community where Chatino is spoken.
Do you have teaching responsibilities in your department?
I currently have support from a research grant, so I work more on my own schedule right now. I was a TA for one semester and an AI for two semesters previously. Being a TA is a great way to begin the transition from student to teacher. Usually, you get to give a couple of lectures, hold office hours, and grade assignments and exams. It is fun working with students, and you learn a lot by putting together and conveying the knowledge you have gathered. Life as an AI is very busy and a lot of fun. Having to plan and prepare everything from schedules and lectures to assignments and exams is time consuming and challenging. It can be difficult balancing teaching with research, but it gets easier as you move on and it is rewarding.
What would you consider to be the greatest difference from your time as an undergrad?
The greatest difference is the amount of time I devote to study. As an undergrad, I did all of my required schoolwork, which was more or less finite. As a graduate student, there really is no limit. You just prioritize and focus on the most important or immediate tasks. The best part is that you get to choose what those tasks are more and more as you progress.
Is there anything you know now that you wish you knew as an undergrad?
I have no regrets, but had I known what I know now, I would have done an undergraduate thesis with only one major, instead of a double major. The research would have better prepared me for research as a grad student.
What are your top 3 tips for students interested in applying to a program like yours?
- Choose the program with faculty whose work interests you most. If you are not sure where to go, start by asking your favorite professors for suggestions, and then read the CVs and some of the work by the faculty at those institutions.
- Take as many linguistics courses as possible as an undergraduate, or at least get some background in the field, even if it is not required.
- Start on your applications early and ask people to check them out and suggest ways to improve them.
What is one an interesting website you would tell a friend interested in linguistics to check out?
The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
Where do you see yourself in 10 years?
I hope to be on the faculty at a university, conducting research and fieldwork, and teaching linguistics classes.
Do you have a grad school story you would like to share?
A great way to get started in linguistic research is to get involved with a project that is already underway or just beginning. I knew I wanted to work in Mesoamerica, but I hadn't decided on a language to focus on. By making connections and being open to opportunities as they came my way, I was invited to join two projects, The Chatino Language Documentation Project at UT and the Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica. Because I was able to join these projects, I was able to begin original research in my second year of grad school, I got extra training, and I never felt lost or without direction.


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|1 posts found
Apprentice Member
Joined: 10/14/12
Let me rephrase, the game itself is amazing. The management of this game is the worst I have ever seen. Having played this game since closed beta 1 I can honestly say back then I was extremely hopeful to see where this unique game would go. When it was first released it was definitely a top tier game, it had breathe taking graphics, the character movement felt natural even to someone that has never played before, the skills meshed perfectly between classes to build the ultimate team play experience. The downside was the game is completely dependant on grinding, the quests give terrible experience, there were no newbie rewards outside of tutorial, and the quest rewards were terrible. The cash shop wasn't necessary to play, it was more of a luxury than requirement.
Sticking with this game through the years (until this year) was a terrible decision to make. As the game aged the graphics continue to compete with some of the best, the skills and pvp are still outstanding...if you have deep pockets. This game is by far the most expensive game I have EVER heard of. As new content was added more item mall items were added. As the player base grew so did the amount of spending. The items added to the item mall giving players a clear advantage over non spenders. The company themselves saying they were wanting to work on narrowing the gap between cash spenders and non cash spenders was an obvious lie. Some of the game shattering content that was added was as follows:
"Epic" weapons-weapons that could not possibly be forged in game, that went on sale for 1 hour over the course of 2 days. These weapons cost an outstanding 230-250 (can't quite recall) dollars. They are still available for purchase on the exchange market for a mere price of 600-800 dollars.
Upgraded weapons-Reading above I'm sure you can imagine what this item is, YNK released items in a similar fashion to the 1 hour sale over the course of 2 days with individual pieces of a weapon that you would need to forge together to create your Upgraded weapon. Each of these pieces costed 60 dollars, on top of that you needed to buy the preservation stones for it ranging between 7-16 dollars, you needed to deal with the low forge and refine rates, and you needed to purchase option stones for your "damage drop" roll. In the end after all being said and done, my friend spent over 1 thousand USD purchasing and creating her Upgraded weapon. These items are also still available for purchase through the exchange market from other players for around 800-990 dollars.
Item Mall/Exchange Market-Rohan online has an item mall and exchange market, in the exchange market you can sell in game items, gold, or characters to each other for rohan points which you can spend on items in the item mall. However to make sure players would have to continue recharging rps YNK implamented a tax on the exchange market. It was 10%, they recently however bumped that tax up to 20%. Meaning everytime you sell an item on the exchange market for x amount of rps, you can subtract 20% from what you sold it for and that is what you will get back. Eventually the rps will run out and players will have to recharge to get more.
Premium Item Mall-In addition to the 20% tax ynk has also added a premium item mall, in this you can find items that are normally not sold in the item mall, or are only sold once and a while in the item mall, that are on sale every day any time you want them. The catch however is you cannot spend rps you have made in the exchange market there. Meaning every purchase from the "PIM" must be from rps that you have charged yourself.
New Server- Now after having players protest, rage quit, and flat out disrespect the company for years after the sale of the Epic, and Upgraded weapons ynk released a new server promising they would not release Epic or Upgraded weapons for sale on said server ever in the future. We apparently didn't read the fine print however, as shortly after opening the server they had a "Chimera weapon" event. This event included a Chimera weapon with superior attack to end game weapons and 4 slots available to purchase option items from the PIM, to insert into your chimera weapon to give you superior stats. Praise ynk for giving us an item that can be attained via an event, yet again though there is another catch. In order to keep this weapon you must enhance this weapon to +6. Now in order to do this you had to purchase a preservation stone from the item mall, and attempt to enhance the weapon that way.
Tali Weapons-For once YNK had done something that leveled the playing field, they released a dungeon with a prize system in between each stage of the dungeon. If you happened to roll 3x7s you would win a random Tali Weapon, this weapon is compareable to an Epic weapon. The difference here though is that the item is completely free, the catch? You have a larger chance in winning the lotto in real life 5 times before you won a tali weapon. Oh wait, they did however release 3 of these weapons for every class in the game for the first 3 players that reached 110 on the server.
All in all, between the level 7 and 6s stones, the 7 dollar 30 day costumes, the 3 dollar 30 day hats, the 5 dollar 30 day dungeon mounts, the in game bot that is avaiable for purchase in the PIM, the 5 dollar talismens, the 40 dollar verdicts armor, and the countless months you will spend grinding and being rpk'd out of your spot by a level 110 templar that hits for 14k damage per hit, this is a fantastic game. It's just ashame it's in the hands of a money hungry tyrant.
I would only recommend this game to people who's pockets have extremely deep pockets, and even then, your pockets pockets may need pockets in order to compete in this game. Even then this is a dying game and I would not recommend even the richest person to waste their money on it until it is purchased by a new company.


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recoil in horror as he allows The View ladies to tousle his formidable mane!
If you shove a big government program down their throats they will recoil.
Large numbers of Israelis recoil at such violence, according to polls.
early 13c. (transitive) "force back, drive back," from Old French reculer "to go back, give way, recede, retreat" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *reculare, from Latin re- "back" (see re-) + culus "backside, bottom, fundament." Meaning "shrink back, retreat" is first recorded c.1300; and that of "spring back" (as a gun) in 1520s. Related: Recoiled; recoiling.
c.1300, "retreat," from Old French recul "recoil, backward movement, retreat," from reculer (see recoil (v.)). Meaning "back-kick of a firearm" is from 1570s.


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Socialized Health Care Bill Now In Congress
I don't know who you voted for, but in this case we had better be VERY afraid of our President and his administration. We are on a very fast pace to become the next USSR and look what happened to it! This is … Continue reading
Posted in Business, Children, Current Events, Family, Health, News, Personal Freedom, Politics, Surivial, Taxes, Tyranny Tagged ACORN, Advance Care Planning Consult, AMA, Big Government, CANCER HOSPITALS, Cancer patients, Democrats, Doctors, Freedom, High Taxes, HMO, Medicare, Obama, Senior Citizens, Taxes, Telehealth Advisory Committee, Totalitarian Government, Washington 1 Comment


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prolonged sneezing fit is set to have a profound effect on
your social life this month, with a new friend lost after
a mix-up over a man-sized tissue you assumed was just lying
there on the table for general use. Apologies to the owner
of the tissue, in which you sneezed around forty times, phlegmned
five times and then wiped your fingers on, will fall on deaf
and cuddly toys will serve their purpose this month, or they
may not - ask Pluto for assistance using the method of the
tea leaves.
month your destiny is stubbornly keeping to its story.
feature is brought to you by theVoiceofReason.com


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- Filed Under
The Indiana Republican Party today fired a company that made recorded calls on candidates' behalf, but officials insisted no law had been broken.
Marion County Democrats had accused the Republicans of placing "robo-calls" after two voters provided voice mail messages asking them to vote for Marion County Prosecutor Carl Brizzi in today's election. One complaint was filed Friday with Indiana Attorney General Steve Carter, a Republican.
State GOP spokesman Robert Vane said Monday that Virginia-based Conquest Communications Group used recorded messages in calls for Brizzi and ...


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- Organization
- Leadership
- Reports
You're working, and you've got a family that depends on you - both now and down the road. Where do you invest your money? Do you borrow against the equity in your house? Through a preferred provider relationship with USAA, The American Legion can provide expert financial advice to just about any question.
« Back to Finance Questions & Answers
Both Combat Related Special Compensation and Combat Related Disability Pay are programs designed to restore service-earned retirement pay that was waived in order to receive VA disability compensation. As you know, you can only receive one or the other. If you're eligible for both, you should receive a letter from DFAS this month that shows both your CRDP and CRSC amounts and allows you to make your election.
By reviewing the election form, you should be able to determine which is most advantageous for you. Remember, that while CRSC generally pays more than CRDP, CRSC is limited to combat related disabilities, so it could be less than CRDP. Maybe enough less that taking CRDP, even though it is taxable while CRSC is not, makes more sense. From your question, it's not clear to me how your CRSC amount compares to CRDP. Once you have those numbers, you can use a tax preparation program or an accountant to figure out which scenario is better: tax-exempt CRSC or taxable CRDP. The answer is going to be contingent on your overall tax situation.


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Originally written on The Sports Bank | Last updated 3/20/12
Look for this to be the first of many. Kentucky Wildcats center Anthony Davis, who did his prep ball in Chicago at Charter Perspectives to sweep the college basketball national player of the year awards. The Wooden and Naismith awards will soon belong to the soon-to-be-one-and-done phenom from Lexington to the NBA. We currently have him, prominent unibrow and all, as the #1 overall pick in the draft in our latest NBA mock draft. The U.S. Basketball Writers Association has selected Kentucky freshman forward Anthony Davis as the winner of the 2011-12 Oscar Robertson Trophy, annually presented to the National Player of the Year. The 6-10, 220-pounder becomes the first USBWA national player of the year from Kentucky and just the second from a Southeastern Conference school. LSU's Pete Maravich is the only other SEC player to win the award and he won it in back-to-back seasons (1968-69 and 1969-70). Also, Davis is the second freshman to earn the honor, joining Texas' Kevin Durant, who...
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Originally written on 60ft6in | Last updated 3/15/13
Each time Daniel Bard takes the mound, it seems like it is more than just an exhibition game. Many stories are written, most accentuate the positive, like he did not give up any runs. One story written by Maureen Mullen, tells the truth, that others do not want to hear: http://www.csnne.com/blog/red-sox-talk/scout-disappointed-bards-outing "I was disappointed," said one scout in attendance. "I thought the last two times I saw him he was better than he was today. He was flying open, which changes his arm slot. The top and bottom of his front side were going in different angles. He was around his breaking ball, he wasn't throwing as hard. I had him at 94, 95, and previously I had him at 97." What the scout said about changing his arm slot and his velocity might be easy to say but not always easy to do. If you look at where his vertical and horizontal release points in 2009 compared to 2012 you can see a large difference in his delivery. This might be the reason he was throwing 100 in ...
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I have a new album out! The Habits EP.
You can hear it, and read all about the story of it, here: https://jamesfahy.bandcamp.com/album/habits-ep
I'll support it with a run of shows coming up in July/August, I'm just nailing down dates!
The Podcast
Shows are irregular at the moment as I work on my live interview show Wait Long By The River on which we talk to creative types about what keeps them ticking over. Where does their inspiration come from? Why do they do what they do? Appropriately for this page, wherein I explain I'm not playing as many shows as I try to get this up and running – how do they find the time?
The show is already way more successful that I could have hoped, and I can't wait to find out where it's going. Check out the podcasts on iTunes, your favourite podcatcher, or on the website. I reckon if you're a fan of my music you'll really enjoy our show with Skyscraper Stan.
We record half of the shows live at Some Velvet Morning in Clifton Hill, first Wednesday of every month. Maybe you're free some first Wednesday?


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Hi, I was wondering if there was a plugin to achieve a "write post" or "instant blog" form on a given page, much like the one featured in the Prologue theme.
I know there are other form plugins out there but like the one on the Prologue theme, I'm looking for it to be light, uncluttered and generally fast and easy of use.
Overall, what I'm trying to achieve is a quasi-wiki type website, whereby users would be freely allowed to contribute new articles (though not edit existing ones) - I do realise that tight anti-spam controls would be required. It would function much like any other magazine style site, except the visitors could also be the authors.
Whether this will work is another issue, but really I need some method of allowing visitors (or perhaps limited to registered users) to post easily and instantaneously on a page.
Any suggestions?
Many thanks


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Goshen Township Road Department
The Goshen Township Road Department has the hands on responsibility to provide the maintenance and repairs for Township roads and Township owned properties. The Service Director, Bob Seyfried, acts in a supervisory capacity to conduct the services provided and serves as a liaison with the Clermont County Engineer's Office, which shares in the maintenance of Goshen Township's County owned roads.
Click here to learn more about The Road Department.
Photo Gallery
Our Staff:
Service Director:Bob Seyfried
Asst. Director: Terry Burns
David Steele
Chris Ellen
Dale Garrett
Please click HERE to view the Township Snow Removal Policy, which includes a list of roads in which the Township is responsible for clearing.
Home | Elected Officials | Departments | Meetings | Calendar | Community News | Documents | Action Line | Contact© 2007 Goshen Township, Ohio Website by egovlink.com


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Boko Haram's plan has failed, says minister
The Minister of Interior, Comrade Abba Moro, has said the plan of the Boko Haram sect was to make Nigeria ungovernable for President Goodluck Jonathan.
He noted that some people have been making efforts to undermine the victory of Dr Jonathan in the April presidential election.
The minister said such plans have failed.
Moro spoke in Abuja when he received members of the David Mark Senatorial Campaign Organisation in his office.
He said internal security machinery had been placed on alert to contain the situation.
The minister emphasised that the era of "government-can-do-it-alone"on the issue of security was over, urging Nigerians to believe in making the system work.
He said: "As you are aware, I have been placed in the Ministry of Interior at this time that Nigeria faces a lot of security challenges. There is no doubt that the activities of sects, the activities of religious bigots, activities of unwanted elements have translated in recent time to activities that seek to make Nigeria ungovernable.
"Yet, as you are aware, all hands are on deck and all internal security machinery has been placed on red alert to contain the situation. I am happy to inform you that despite the challenges that are ahead, Nigerian security agencies are on top of the situation.
"Efforts have been made to ensure that the victory at the polls of President Jonathan is not undermined by people who are not satisfied with the results and the victory. Today, Nigeria is at the threshold of transforming from a country of unbelievers to a country of people who believe that things will work in the system.
"Mr President expects some level of passion for the reformation of this country and, today, all activities of government are geared towards ensuring the total transformation of this country. Nigerians can start believing now that the system can work again. I want to assure you that with the passion, commitment and determination of the Federal Government that in the next couple of years Nigeria will be gradually limping into the realisation of our Vision 20:2020.
"I want to invite all of you to share the challenges of nation-building, to share in the challenge of ensuring security in this country. As you are all aware, security is a shared responsibility.
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'I used my three children for blood money'
RESIDENTS of Asaba and Oko towns in Oshimilli South Local Government Area of Delta State were stunned last weekend when a popular akara (bean cake) ... Full story


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I have no idea what I want to do! Any ideas? If I suddenly had to support my whole family, what degree would be most useful?
Single, student mama to 3 boys
I have 2 undergrad degrees and they really don't help me with employment. Once the baby I'm pregnant with is 2 years or so I plan to enroll in a college for the RPN (registered practical nurse) program. It's a 2 year program offered as 16 consecutive months with good employability and opportunity for advancement. Just my thought
That is so true, I just don't know about all the anatomy classes and such..I don't do so well with math/science courses. :( I guess I could always look into certifications and stuff instead...hmm..
Single, student mama to 3 boys
There are ways to get "into" the medical field without having to do the harder classes. Since you're just starting out, you could try becoming a medical assistant, phlebotomist, dental assistant, physical therapy assistant, or nursing assistant (CNA). None of those jobs are going to pay well long-term, but they can get you a start. If you like it, you can look into going further and become a respiratory therapist, registered nurse, etc. As a bonus--many employers of health care providers provide tuition assistance.
If you decide to go into medical, just be very careful you don't get burnt out. That's what happened to me, & I honestly don't think I will ever work as an LPN (licensed practical nurse) again. I just recently lost my job, & aside from the fact that we need the money, I really wasn't upset by it. I worked as an LPN for 6 years. Nursing has gotten to the point where it's not about the patients anymore, it's all about trying to find ways around insurance companies bullshit rules and regulations...forget what's best for the patient, kwim?
Not trying to scare you away from the medical field at all, it can pay well. But go into it with realistic expectations. Good luck!
SAHM to DS (16), DD (13), DD (3) & a bun in the oven due 10/11/13
Thanks for the input! I don't think I'll be going the nursing route, but I may look into ultrasound technician or phlebotomy...hmmm.
Single, student mama to 3 boys
What about getting some Child Development courses down? I took CD because I had wanted to be a teacher, didn't entirely know where to start, didn't want to go to school full time so I just picked what sounded fun (which were lots and lots of CD courses lol) and once I dropped out of college and needed a job asap, I had enough credits to work at a excellent child care center where I could have had opportunities to move up the ladder. Our director started out at that center in my position, being an Infant Teachers Aide. I always have the possibility of going back if I ever needed to.
How about that?
Coffee, Vintage and Kids. My Life.
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Getty Images
Justin Timberlake is back on the music scene, but that doesn't mean he's done acting. Far from it: JTims came out to present Best Supporting Actress at the Screen Actor's Guild Awards, an honor he earned thanks to parts in movies like "The Social Network," "Trouble with the Curve" and "Alpha Dog." Of course, he wore a suit and tie to do the deed. Nice shout out to your new single, Mr. Timberlake.
--Terri Schwartz, Zap2it
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Climate Data Primer
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Dataset Spotlight: Greenhouse Gas Concentrations - Graphing Tool
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Featured Deals
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The leader of the Republican Party will appear at a rally calling for Jerusalem to remain united under Israeli rule.
Michael Steele, the chairman of the Republican National Committee, will be the keynote speaker at a May 23 rally in New York City's Central Park for a "United Jerusalem and No Concessions."
A release from the organizer, Joseph Frager, said New York political figures and Jewish leaders also will appear at the event.
"We will gather to stand united with the State of Israel, and to let President Obama and the world know that we will not sit silent as our holy Jerusalem is in danger of being divided," Frager said. "We will gather to rejoice at Israel's independence and to speak truth to power about the importance of supporting Israel."
The Obama administration is pressing Israel to freeze building in eastern Jerusalem as a means of drawing Palestinians into direct peace talks. The pressure led to two months of Israel-U.S. tensions, which have subsided only in recent weeks.
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text: Sword By Bethany Lee March 13, 2011 12:02 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter (Photo by Orlando /Three Lions/Getty Images) Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 102.3 Blake FM Rocket Festival Looks As Much Dangerous As It Does Fun You'll Never Know Happines Like This Dog in a Ball Pit [VIDEO] Charlie Robison Gets Hitched Jake Owen Gets Real Wild and Wacky in 'Real Life' Video Recommended For You Best of the Web


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Keywords: file manager file explorer browser ZIP GZIP TAR archive multilanguage copy/paste send share small footprint free
What's New
File Manager (File Explorer)
Developed by the Clean Master team
Highlights of File Manager
☆ Fully featured:Cut, copy, paste, delete, compress, decompress, search and more.
☆ Cloud support:Switch between local and cloud files - supports Dropbox, Box, Google Drive, SkyDrive and more.
☆ Wi-Fi File transfer:Use your PC to wirelessly edit your mobile files using FTP.
☆ Super convenient:View files by type (image, audio, video, recent, download etc.), use a widget to access folders in one tap from the homescreen.
☆ Multiple protocols: Supports file transfers using FTP, FTPS, SFTP, WebDAV and LAN/SMB, stream media from LAN/SMB/FTP/WebDAV/Cloud without downloading.
Supported languages
English, Arabic, Czech, German, Greek, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Bahasa Indonesian, Hebrew, Finnish, Hindi, Croatian and Serbian
X-plore File Manager
● Dual-pane tree view
● Root, FTP, SMB, Sqlite, Picasa, Zip, Rar, 7zip explorer
● Disk Map - see which files consume most space on your disk - http://bit.ly/xp-dmap
● Cloud storage access: Google Drive™, Dropbox, Box.net, Amazon cloud drive, Mega.co.nz ***, OneDrive, Webdav, Yandex.disk, MediaFire, SugarSync, Dump Truck, Copy.com
● SSH File Transfer (SFTP) and SSH Shell - http://bit.ly/xp-ssh ***
● Application manager
● WiFi file sharing *** - http://bit.ly/xp-wifi
● Manage files from a PC web browser *** - http://bit.ly/xp-web
● Favorite folders
● Built-in viewers for images, video, audio, text
● Hex viewer
● Fast Image viewer with zoom and slide to previous/next images
● Thumbnails for images and video as well as for various file types (depending on associated application)
● Multi-selection - always available, yet not disturbing
● View APK files as ZIP
● Share - send files by Bluetooth, email, or whatever the device supports, from any location
● Configurable buttons and key shortcuts
● Seamless work with Zip (as if it was normal folder)
*** marked features are paid - they require donation
X-plore allows you to see inside of your Android device. And also outside.
This is a dual-pane explorer, there are two folders shown at same time, and common operation such as copying files are done from one pane to another.
And X-plore shows folder hierarchy in a tree view for clear orientation and fast switching to other location.
You may explore internals of the device, and if you're power user and have your device rooted, you can make changes to system data - backup files, remove unwanted applications, etc.
If you're standard user, you may choose to hide internal memory from view and be sure not to mess with system.
You can comfortably see contents of mass memories on your device, or possibly attached USB memory stick.
Simple app manager allows to see, run, copy, share, uninstall and further explore installed applications.
WiFi file sharing
Access files on your Android device from other Android devices over WiFi.
Access from a PC web browser
Manage files on your Android device from your PC.
Access to FTP and FTPS (secure FTP) servers is supported.
Multiple servers may be configured.
X-plore can display shared folders on other computers in LAN.
X-plore can access various web storage "Cloud" servers, and access their files.
You need to have account in supported web service, then you can access your files stored online through X-plore.
Supported is also SSH File Transfer (SFTP) and Terminal shell emulator.
Main operations are related to managing files and folders - viewing, copying, moving, deleting, compressing to Zip, extracting, renaming, sharing, and more.
Picasa albums
X-plore can list images in Picasa albums, download them, create albums, upload and delete photos, edit captions.
SQLite database viewer
X-plore can show SQLite database files (those with .db extension) as expandable list of tables, each table containing list of rows and columns with database entries.
Main interaction is done by touch screen, clicking on folders or files to open files, or long-click to open context menu which contains options which can be done on particular clicked item, or multiple selected items.
Multi-selection allows to do operation on more files at once. Files can be selected by clicking check box. It is also possible to select all files in a folder, or clear selection, by clicking parent folder's check box.
Opening file may mean to use one of built-in viewer for most popular file types: images, audio, video and text.
Or you may configure X-plore to use system application for opening files, in which case system-predefined application that can open particular file is launched.
Archives (currently supported are Zip, Rar and 7zip) are displayed as other folders.
Additional interaction is possible by button bar, which is between two panes, and is fully configurable.
Total Commander - file manager
Main features:
- Copy, Move whole subdirs
- Drag & Drop (long press on file icon, move icon)
- Inplace rename, create directories
- Delete (no recycle bin)
- Zip and unzip, unrar
- Properties dialog, change permissions
- Built-in text editor
- Search function (also for text)
- Select/unselect groups of files
- Select by tapping on file icons
- Select range: Long tap+release on icon
- List of installed Apps (built-in plugin)
- FTP and SFTP client (plugin)
- WebDAV (Web folders) (plugin)
- LAN access (plugin)
- Plugins for cloud services: Google Drive, Microsoft Live, Dropbox
- Root support for the main functions (optional)
- Send files via Bluetooth (OBEX)
- Thumbnails for pictures
- Two panels side by side, or virtual two panel mode
- Bookmarks
- Directory history
- Media player which can stream directly from LAN, WebDAV and cloud plugins
- Configurable button bar for changing directories, internal commands, launching apps, and sending shell commands
- Simple help function in English, German, Russian, Ukrainian and Czech
- Optimizations for visually impaired, like text for icons
- Supported languages of the main program: English, German, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian and Vietnamese.
- Public translation via http://crowdin.net/project/total-commander
About the new permission "SuperUser":
This permission is now requested to make Total Commander work better on rooted devices. It tells the SuperUser app that Total Commander suports root functions. It has no effect if your device is not rooted. Root functions allow Total Commander to write to system folders like /system or /data. You will be warned before anything is written if the partition is write protected.
You can find some more information here:
File explorer file Manager
It can quickly find and edit all the music, videos, apps, documents and files within your device.
- File Manager-- Supports single / Multiple options, Cut/ Copy/ Paste, Create, Delete, Rename, Share, and sending via bluetooth.
- File Search -- Search files quickly and accurately, search support for all file types.
- Application Manager-- Uninstall, detailed app check, create shortcuts.
- Disk Analysis --Quickly and accurately analyze disk usage, logical memory usage.
- View format--Conveniently switch between list and grid viewing formats.
The simplest and most easy to use Android file browsing management tool.
Computer File Explorer
It provides access to pictures, music, video, documents, and other files on both your Android devices and your computers.
Features List:
* File explorer: manage your documents like you do on your desktop or laptop;
* Access your home PC shared documents on network;
* Functions as your FTP or SFTP client for internet connections;
* Application manager: switching to other programs, uninstall or view any app's system management page. Launched applications are also in the taskbar;
* Built-in media viewer and player for various media formats, including photos, music, and videos;
* Thumbnails for APKs and images;
* Built-in ZIP support allows you to decompress or extract ZIP files;
* Kill running tasks, increase memory and speed up your device;
* Supports tabs and side-by-side windows, so you can open multiple folders at the same time;
File Selector/Explorer
1) when you start from the main screen, which acts as a normal file browser.
2) when you start from another application, in this case acts as a file selector that allows the user to select any type and number of files.
It is useful so that other applications can avoid the need to build a utility for selection of images, videos or any other files.
It has the usual functions of a file explorer:
Open, Share, Search, Show Details, Copy, Move, Rename, Zip, Unzip, Sort by, View By, Create new file or folder, etc..
It also allows application management, creating shortcuts to folders and of course the multi-selection.
Note: This version is not designed for tablets, is being used the default compatibility mode. Soon we will create a design for tablets.
Thank you for trusting us.
Explorer & Manager
* Application backup
* Multi-select file supported.
* Show list of files with thumbnails for images.
* Move, copy, rename, and delete files.
* Create, delete, copy directories (folders).
* Zip / Unzip file or folder.
* Search file
* Sorting types: Alphabetical, Type, Size,...
* Share file to email, socials network.
* Choose file to other applications, like Gmail, to attach files.
* Support for many file types such as: .png, .jpg, .mp3, .xls, .doc, ...
* Compare with tablets
* Multi language: English, Russian, Deutsch, German, Vietnamese, Turkish, Slovak, Italian, Polish,...
File Manager
users: If you have problems updating, please read the section "NOTICE" below!
File Manager allows you to browse your SD card, create directories, rename, copy, move, and delete files. It also acts as an extension to other applications to display "Open" and "Save" dialogs.
NOTICE TO CYANOGENMOD USERS or derived ROMs: If you see this error "package file was not signed correctly", then you are using a custom build of CyanogenMod or similar that ships a version of OI File Manager with wrong signature. Please write to CyanogenMod to fix this issue. To delete the wrong version do the following:
Alternatively, you can also uninstall with Titanium Backup, reboot, then install the update.
release: 1.2
date: 2011-11-10
- add tool box:"task manager" "app uninstaller" "wallpaper slideshow"
- bug fixes
release: 1.0
date: 2011-08-02
- fix bug that prevented sending attachments through menu "Send"
date: 2011-07-28
- new menu item for multiselect: copy, move or delete multiple files at once.
- case insensitive sort order (issue 334).
- handle projections in the provider (issue 324).
- drop "mimetype" from provider path.
- delete files and folders in background (issue 294).
date: 2011-06-05
- new application icon for Android 2.0 or higher.
- exclude/include directories from media scan (activate this feature in advanced settings).
- allow app installation on external storage (requires Android 2.2 or higher)
- fix browser file upload (issue 288)
- support Android 2.3.
- translations into various languages.
- bug fixes (issue 308, 318).
SD File Manager
* Cut, copy and paste progress dialog.
* Compress and decompress (extract) support (ZIP)
* Thumbnail for photo and pictures files
* Root Explorer for rooted devices
* Support file shortcut on Favorites for easily access
* Sort by name, size or last modified
* Send and share files
* Open any file
* Play media files with your favorite apps
* Support many languages: English, French, Spanish, etc.
* The best (optimized) resolution and theme for each system version: Kitkat, Jelly Bean, Ice Cream Sandwich, Gingerbread, Froyo, Eclair
File Manager - File explorer
Introducing - Fast, Slick and useful Ultimate File Manager!!
This will redefines your android file management with amazing experience.
"Ultimate File Manager is lightweight and extremely minimalistic - File manager will make your life easy",it allows to browse internal and external device
storages with a pretty-looking interface and also manage your folders,pictures, music, videos and documents on the device.
We understood that with potentially thousands of files on your mobile device, it is often hard to find the one that you are looking for but now it is easy to find and manage your files and the minimalistic UI lets you get to what you want, when you want!! and one of the useful function of the Ultimate File explorer app is
the ability to zip and unzip files straight from the application.
- Minimalistic UI and slick designs
- Very easy usability
- Optimised for HD tablets
- Cut, copy, paste and enhanceable progress dialogue
- Compress and decompress support
- Multiple resolution support
- Search files very easily
- Multiple selection and sorting support
- Thumbnail for photo, video and apk files
- Support all basic operations for file/folder
- Preview thumbnails for image files
- Zip and unzip files directly in the app
- Based on Android tablet new feature and theme
- High definition(1280*800+) support
Version 1.2
* New Design
* Some minor bug fixed
Version 1.0.5
* App Icon changed.
* Design changed.
* AdFree version added.
* Some features added.
* Bug fixes.
Version 1.0.3
* Unwanted crash fixed
Version 1.0.2
* Spanish, Russian, Romanian, Chinese language support
* Rar file extraction added
* Some important feature added
* Bug Fixes
Version 1.0.1
* English, German, France, Japanese language support
* Performance improvement
* Bug Fixes
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File Explorer
FileExplorer is:
- Free
- Simple
- Fast
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- Ad Free (Forever)
- Awesome (like you!)
- IceCream Sandwich (ICS) compatible
Coming soon in 1.3 (pre ICS)
- GMail Integration
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Coming soon 3.0 (ICS)
- Multi select
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- Widgets
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Homepage: http://fileexplorer.appositedesigns.net
File Manager
* Application backup
* Multi-select file supported.
* Show list of files with thumbnails for images.
* Move, copy, rename, and delete files.
* Create, delete, copy directories (folders).
* Zip / Unzip file or folder.
* Search file
* Sorting types: Alphabetical, Type, Size,...
* Share file to email, socials network.
* Choose file to other applications, like Gmail, to attach files.
* Support for many file types such as: .png, .jpg, .mp3, .xls, .doc, ...
* Compare with tablets
Sliding Explorer
- Material Design
- Google Navigation Drawer
- Root Access
- Edit/View File Permissions
- External Sd Card support
- File/Folder Creation, Renaming, Copy, Cut, Paste
- Image Previews
- Show Hidden Files
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- Specialized File Icon Previews
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- Zip files
- Copy/Past Multiple Files
- Printing(KitKat+ only)
- DashClock Extension
- Select a File/Folder by tapping it's icon
- Root Functions (Modify folders/files that require root permission)
- *** Donations! *** Support the developers with an in app purchase! (Accessible in the settings menu)
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- Developers -
Shirwa Mohamed (https://plus.google.com/u/0/+ShirwaMohamed)
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Icons designed by Miloš Mirković (https://plus.google.com/u/0/+MilošMirković).
File Manager
1. Browse files by categories for those popular type(picture, music, video, document, installed applications and so on)
2. browse files by directory
3. Support all basic operations for file/folder
4. Support to mark a file/folder as favorite
5. Smart search based on current category or current path
6. Support multiple storage cards
File Explorer
Can do the basics: Open / Rename / Move / Copy / Find / Delete and Create new folders. (Long-press for item options)
File Explorer PRO version available: folders with password protection
RAR can create RAR and ZIP and unpack RAR, ZIP, TAR, GZ, BZ2, XZ, 7z, ISO, ARJ archives. List of functions include repair command for damaged ZIP and RAR files, benchmark function compatible with RARLAB's WinRAR benchmark, recovery record, usual and recovery volumes, encryption, solid archives, utilizing multiple CPU cores to compress data.
Additionally to standard ZIP files, unzip function supports ZIP and ZIPX with BZIP2, LZMA and PPMd compression also as password protected ZIP. Unrar command is available for all versions of RAR archives including the latest RAR5, password protected and multipart files.
RAR displays advertising to cover development costs. You can pay in options menu to turn off ads. RAR requests access to network, viewing network connections and billing to display or disable ads.
If you wish to help us translating RAR to your language, please download RAR for Android language files in "RAR extras" section of www.rarlab.com and follow instructions in readme.txt. Thank you.
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AndSMB (samba client)
Pro version acts as an unlock key, it does not have any icon and you cannot open it. Once installed it unlocks all features of the free application. You can check it by running the free application, then Menu->Options->Advanced and you should see "License: Pro".
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S3Anywhere (Amazon S3 cloud)
Features in Pro version only are:
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text:
A semiconductor device having areas that are semiconductor on insulator ("SOI") and areas that are bulk, single crystalline semiconductive areas is provided in which conductive spacers may be formed to electrically connect the SOI areas to ground in order to overcome floating body effects that can occur with SOI. Additionally, insulative spacers may be formed on the surface of the conductive spacers to electrically isolate the SOI regions from the bulk regions. A novel method for making both of these products is provided in which the epitaxially grown, single crystalline bulk regions need not be selectively grown, because a sacrificial polishing layer is deposited, is also provided.
1. A method of forming a semiconductor device comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a single crystalline substrate having a substantially planar surface;
(b) forming a first surface area in the single crystalline substrate, the first surface area being a semiconductor on insulator region having a perimeter;
(c) depositing a thin polish stop layer;
(d) depositing a sacrificial layer;
(e) forming openings in the sacrificial layer, thereby exposing portions of the thin polish stop layer;
(f) etching the openings to a top of a bulk substrate;
(g) growing single crystalline semiconductor material at least to the level of the thin polish stop layer; and
(h) polishing the single crystalline semiconductor material to the thin polish stop layer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first surface area is formed by high energy implantation of a large dose of oxygen, and further comprising the step, after step (f) and before step (g) of:
etching into the top of the bulk substrate to remove a transition region.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the growing of the single crystalline semiconductor is done in a non-selective manner.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the polishing of the single crystalline semiconductor material includes a first polish step to the sacrificial layer and a second polish step to the thin polish stop layer.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the single crystalline semiconductor material is grown to the midpoint of the sacrificial layer.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after step (f) and before step (g), the step of:
selectively forming a first spacer at a first portion of the perimeter of the semiconductor on insulator region.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the spacer material is selected from the group consisting of:
A conductive spacer material; insulative spacer material; and a conductive spacer material having an insulative spacer material on an upper surface thereof.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after the formation of a spacer at a first portion of the perimeter, the step of:
selectively forming a second spacer at a second portion of the perimeter.
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/878,225, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,152.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and, more specifically, to a semiconductor substrate having both bulk chip areas and areas of silicon on insulator in which selected areas of silicon on insulator are electrically connected to the wafer so as to reduce floating body problems and methods of forming the same.
2. Relevant Art
Conventional or bulk semiconductor devices are formed in semiconductive material by implanting a well of either P-type or N-type material in a wafer of either type material. Gates and source/drain diffusions are then manufactured using commonly known processes. These form devices known as metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistors or FETs. When a given chip uses both P-type and N-type, it is known as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor ("CMOS"). Each of these devices must be electrically isolated from the others in order to avoid shorting of the circuits. A relatively large amount of surface area is needed for the electrical isolation of the various FETs, which is undesirable in the current trends of size reduction and greater integration. Additionally, parasitic paths and junction capacitance problems may also occur because of the source/drain diffusions' physical proximity to other FET's and the bulk substrate. These problems also result in difficulties when trying to scale down to the sizes necessary for greater integration. Furthermore, sub-threshold slope and substrate sensitivity result in difficulties in scaling bulk CMOS technology to low-voltage applications.
In order to deal with these problems, silicon on insulator ("SOI") has been gaining popularity. However, SOI suffers from the problems of self-heating, electrostatic discharge susceptibility, low breakdown voltage, and dynamic floating body effects which present problems for passgate devices and devices requiring tight threshold voltage control. Floating body effect occurs when the body of the device is not connected to a fixed potential and, therefore, the device takes on charge based on the history of the device. Specifically, in dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") the floating body effect can be especially detrimental because it is critical that the pass transistor stays in the "off" condition to prevent charge leakage from the storage capacitor. Another problem that is specific to SOI is that the formation of large value capacitors (i.e., for decoupling applications) is very difficult because a specific purpose of SOI is to reduce junction capacitance. Additionally, the thin layer of semiconductor makes it difficult to create low resistance discharge paths for electrostatic discharge ("ESD") devices.
Because of these drawbacks, it has been suggested that the best scenario would be to combine areas of SOI for high performance support devices, with adjacent bulk devices for low leakage memory arrays. However, forming both the SOI areas and the bulk areas is difficult at best.
The present invention provides an SOI/bulk hybrid semiconductor substrate comprising a single crystalline substrate having an upper surface, a first surface area on the upper surface comprising an SOI region, a second surface area on the upper surface comprising a single crystalline region having substantially the same crystal structure as the substrate, and a conductive electrode formed only at a portion of the perimeter of the SOI region electrically connecting the semiconductor of the SOI to the substrate, the resistivity of the electrode being substantially less than that of any of the semiconductor regions to which it makes contact. Another alternative is provided in which the conductive electrode is electrically isolated from the bulk region by first forming the conductive spacers and then forming an overlying dielectric spacer on the surface of the conductive electrode.
The hybrid semiconductor substrate may be manufactured by initially providing a standard SOI wafer comprising a bulk semiconductor substrate, a layer of an oxide on an upper surface of the substrate, and a thin layer of single crystal semiconductor material on an upper surface of the oxide layer. A thin layer of a polish stop material, such as silicon nitride is deposited (5-10 nm) followed by a layer of sacrificial material that may be etched selective to the polish stop, such as silicon dioxide (100 nm). Openings are patterned in the oxide layer and etched through the nitride, SOI, and back oxide, stopping on the surface of the substrate. Spacer material is deposited on the entire surface and then reactive ion etched back to form spacers on the sidewalls of the openings. Single crystalline silicon is then epitaxially grown. The surface of the entire structure is then planarized by chemical mechanical polishing. The areas of single crystal epitaxial silicon and SOI may then be processed to form the appropriate devices on the planar surface.
Accordingly, it is an advantage of the present invention that the bulk devices and the SOI devices may be formed on a planar surface in order to form bulk/SOI hybrids without having topology problems resulting from photolithographic depth of focus problems.
It is a further advantage that the method provides the ability to selectively form areas that will allow for isolation or connection depending upon the device requirements.
Yet another advantage is that the SOI devices may be electrically connected to the substrate or ground in order to eliminate floating body effects and, also, to increase the effectiveness of electrostatic discharge devices.
Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, the drawings and the appended claims.
For an understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic of a first step in practicing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic of a second step in practicing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional schematic of a third step in practicing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic of a fourth step in practicing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a top down schematic of the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional schematic of an alternative final product in accordance with the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, a standard silicon on insulator ("SOI") substrate is provided. The standard SOI is a single crystalline semiconductor having a substantially planar surface and includes an insulative layer 14 and a thin semi-conductive layer 16 in a first surface area on the planar surface and a bulk area 12 in a second surface area of the planar surface. The bulk area 12 is a single crystalline region having substantially the same crystalline structure as the planar surface. The insulative layer 14 is typically a silicon oxide and the single crystalline semiconductor materials are usually silicon. The substrate may be manufactured in a number of different ways including: silicon implanted with oxide ("SIMOX") in which the bulk wafer is high energy implanted with a large dose of oxygen; bond and etch back ("BE-SOI") in which two bulk wafers have an oxide grown on a surface and a dopant profile is incorporated in one of the wafers to act as a marker layer, the two oxide surfaces are bonded together and then one of the wafers is etched back to the marker dopant layer; or a method known as "smart cut" in which one of the wafers is hydrogen implanted before the first wafer is bonded to the second wafer, the two are bonded together and then the excess silicon of one of the wafers is cracked off using the hydrogen in the silicon structure to cause the cracking in the proper level, or by any other suitable means of making SOI. Once the SOI substrate has been formed, a thin polish stop layer 18 (see FIG. 2), typically in the range of from about 5 nm to about 10 nm, of silicon nitride is deposited on the thin layer of silicon. A sacrificial layer, in this case an oxide layer 20, typically about 100 nm thick, is then deposited on the thin nitride layer 18, as shown in FIG. 2. The oxide layer 20 serves to provide a buffer region for subsequently grown epitaxial ("epi") silicon. The buffer region avoids epi overgrowth on the nitride layer, thus improving the crystal quality at the edges of the array block, as will be explained further hereinafter.
As shown in FIG. 3, openings 22 are formed in the oxide layer by the usual methods, typically by photolithographically defining the area using a photoresist material and then etching the defined area. The materials are etched through the oxide 20, nitride 18, SOI and back oxide layers 14 and 16, stopping on the top of the bulk substrate 12. These openings will form the array blocks in a DRAM product or the like. Electrically insulating spacers, such as nitride, or electrically conducting spacers, such as polysilicon 24 may then be formed in chosen locations around portions of the perimeter of the semiconductor on insulator region. If a conductive spacer 24 is used, it will serve to electrically connect the semiconductor 16 of the SOI region to the substrate, because the resistivity of the spacer is substantially lower than that of any of the semiconductor regions to which it makes contact. Typically materials for conductive spacers include, but are not limited to, doped polysilicon; intrinsic polysilicon; copper; aluminum-copper; titanium; titanium silicide; nickel silicide; and cobalt silicide. The spacers 24 are formed using known methods, by depositing a layer of the desired spacer material and then directionally etching the material back to form the spacers. If spacers 24 are desired on one side but not the other, a block mask may be used to protect the desired spacer and the other spacers are etched away.
In the case of SIMOX SOI, it may be desirable to etch into the top region of the silicon substrate to remove the transition region, between the back insulator and single crystal silicon region damaged by the high dose oxygen implantation, to provide a good base for the subsequent epi growth. A P-type epi layer 30 is then grown up from the substrate surface. The epi layer 30 may be grown either selectively or non-selectively. If growth is non-selective, the silicon that grows on the surface of the pad oxide layer may be removed by polishing the entire surface. Non-selective growth may be chosen for the easily controllable reaction conditions and the time savings. Growth conditions are adjusted so that the top surface of the epi is at least as high as the upper surface of the thin polish stop 18. The substrate prior to polishing is shown in FIG. 3.
The entire substrate is then polished to result in the structure shown in FIG. 4. Polishing the epitaxially grown silicon regions requires the use of a polishing slurry that is selective to the oxide and the nitride polish stops. The polishing pad is preferably rigid to avoid excessive recessing of the epi with respect to the polish stop surface. When the epi extends above the top oxide layer, the polishing process would involve two polishing steps. The first step will polish the epi using the oxide layer as the polish stop. This will typically recess the surface of the epi 30 below the oxide surface. If epi growth is controlled well enough to stop before the top of the oxide layer, this first step is unnecessary. After the first polish, the second epi polish will use the nitride as the polish stop. The same pad and slurry may be used in the second step as was used for the first polish. This step planarizes the epi 30 to the top of the nitride 18. The polish times will be determined by the amount of epi growth. The closer the height of the epi 18 is to the height of the nitride stop 18, the less polishing is required. An ideal deposition target, accounting for uniformity and some overgrowth for defects, might be the midpoint of the oxide stop. Since the top surface of the epi should be within a few hundred angstroms of the top of the nitride layer, any dishing that may occur should be minor and not result in depth of focus concerns for the array area relative to the SOI area.
As depicted in FIG. 5, an area 100 of SOI is completely surrounded by a bulk area 102, which is in turn completely surrounded by areas of SOI 104. First or conductive spacers 105 are provided along two edges or a first portion of the perimeter of the interior SOI 100. A second or insulative spacer 107 is provided along one edge or a second portion of the perimeter of the bulk area 102. In the remaining portions of the perimeters, the epitaxially grown silicon is directly in contact with the SOI region. This figure serves to show the flexibility of the present invention because each of these options is available for any of the edges. Various combinations of spacer type may be employed to meet the specific body contact, isolation and thermal sink requirements of the application. For example, the epi may be grown in the opening contacting all the adjacent SOI regions. This provides a body contact to the SOI regions adjacent the opening. This would be used with critical circuitry that would suffer from floating body effects such as passgate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET's) or devices requiring close matching such as sense amplifiers or static random access memory (SRAM) cells. The totally contacted epi allows for the creation of fully depleted SOI devices with contacted body and a substrate for bulk devices such as DRAM arrays or applications requiring very low noise.
Insulative spacers on all sides of the SOI allow non-contacted body SOI devices to be constructed adjacent the bulk devices. This provides the maximum performance advantages of SOI when the detrimental floating body effects are not severe enough to result in a loss of device stability, i.e., with grounded source devices that operate with low voltage power supplies, typically less than 1.5 V.
Insulative spacers may be used on one edge of the SOI without spacers on any of the other edges. This arrangement provides layout flexibility for forming combinations of contacted body SOI, bulk, and floating body SOI devices near each other.
Conductive spacers (which may be metallic) may be provided on all sides of the SOI region. This arrangement provides very low electrical resistance and thermal paths from the body of the SOI to the substrate. This is useful for providing stability for higher voltage applications where body current may be relatively large. This also provides improved power dissipation capability for SOI as compared to the arrangement in which the epi is grown contacting the SOI regions.
Another alternative arrangement is depicted in FIG. 6. A conductive spacer 124 is formed to first provide the very low resistance path from SOI region 120 to the substrate, and an insulative spacer 126 is formed on the conductive spacer 124 to provide dielectric isolation between the SOI region 120 and the adjacent bulk device region 122. The insulative spacer 126 may also be created in the same step in selected portions of the perimeter where the conductive spacer 124 is not present, and may not be in selected portions of the perimeter where the conductive spacer 124 is present, depending on the desired structure and function of the various parametrial devices. The ability to include portions that are both electrically contacted to the substrate while being dielectrically isolated from the epi region is useful and important for low-noise and mixed analog/digital applications.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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text:
Citgo indicted on environmental charges
Plant official also accused of pollution; company says charges are groundless
The company and an environmental manager face a 10-count indictment on violations of the Clean Air Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, officials with the Justice Department announced Wednesday.
In a written statement released by Citgo, the company said the criminal charges are groundless.
"Throughout the investigation leading to these charges, Citgo has maintained its innocence and continues to maintain today that none of these issues warrants criminal prosecution. At most, they involve a good faith dispute over the interpretation of highly complex and vague environmental regulations," the statement said.
Citgo was indicted on two counts of operating its refinery in Corpus Christi in violation of the National Emission Standard for Benzene Waste Operations. The Clean Air Act requires Citgo to control the emission of benzene from wastewater produced at the refinery.
The indictment also charges the refinery's environmental manager, Philip Vrazel, with failing to identify in a report filed with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for the year 2000 all of the points in the refinery wastewater system where benzene was generated.
According to the indictment, Citgo operated its Corpus Christi refinery in 2000 with more than 57 metric tons of benzene in waste streams exposed to the air, or more than nine times the federal limit.
Benzene is a hazardous air pollutant found to cause cancer in people exposed to small amounts of the chemical. The Environmental Protection Agency limits the amount of benzene refineries are allowed to emit.
In the statement, Citgo officials said an EPA inspection in 1998 certified the refinery's method of calculating amounts of benzene present in wastewater exposed to the air as in compliance. The statement went on to say the refinery switched to a government-advocated method in 2001.
The indictment also includes two counts of operating open-top tanks as oil-water separators without installing the emission controls required by federal and state regulations.
According to the indictment, Citgo used two large open-top tanks as oil-water separators between January 1994 and May 2003 without the required emission controls that regulate the amount of benzene released into the environment. During an unannounced inspection in March 2002, commission inspectors found about 4.5 million gallons of oil in the two open-top tanks.
Citgo officials said in the statement the tanks were not considered to be oil-water separators, as defined under federal regulations, and so were not subject to such requirements.
Citgo Refining and Vrazel also face five counts of violating the Migratory Bird Treaty Act for the illegal taking of protected birds. Inspectors said birds were found coated with oil from landing in the tanks, which were missing required nets and other equipment designed to prevent birds from landing in the tanks, the indictment alleges.
Chuck Cazalas, spokesman for Citgo's Corpus Christi refinery, said he was told some birds had died in the tanks but wasn't aware of the species or number of birds.
"The issue of the birds will be sorted out in the courtroom," he said.
Cazalas said federal officials' allegations are excessive.
"I don't know all of the allegations but it sounds like someone has gone overboard," Cazalas said.
If convicted, Citgo faces fines of as much as $500,000 or twice the gross economic gain, whichever is greater, and five years probation.
Vrazel faces fines of as much as $500,000 and as many as five years in prison. Attempts to reach Vrazel for comment were unsuccessful late Wednesday. Cazalas said Vrazel still is an employee of the local refinery.
Officials with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency did not immediately return calls late Wednesday.
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