text:
42 U.S. Code § 1713 - Fraud; penalties
Whoever, for the purpose of causing an increase in any payment authorized to be made under this chapter, or for the purpose of causing any payment to be made where no payment is authorized hereunder, shall knowingly make or cause to be made, or aid or abet in the making of any false statement or representation of a material fact in any application for any payment under subchapter I of this chapter, or knowingly make or cause to be made, or aid or abet in the making of any false statement, representation, affidavit, or document in connection with such an application, or claim, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
Source(Dec. 2, 1942, ch. 668, title II, § 203,56 Stat. 1034.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
I am looking to plan a family vacation for next year. My son will be 3 when we travel. Any good ideas? We have already done Disney World this year so something different would be good. Thanks!
Good Vacations for 3 year old
Comments (9)
We were going to do Sesame Place this last summer, but now have pushed it back till next year. It looks to be very fun for the younger crowd.
Piper Elaine 9/11/07
Stella Grace 3/8/10
Saylor Kamaria 10/7/14
I'm not sure of where you are...but were planning a trip next spring to Great Wolf Lodge in the pocono's. It a resort with an indoor water park. It looks really great and I know my 3 year old would love it!
Zoo's are a great idea. A weekend trip to the beach. What about visiting a national park? They have a lot of options there?
Father of 2 boys, Christian 12/30/06 & Jackson 05/14/09
San Diego is a great getaway. Beach, Zoo, Sea World, Wild Animal Park, Balboa Park, Legoland (a little to the north), water activities, etc.
We took my son (2 1/2) to Sea World this summer and he LOVED it. He keeps asking to go back.
Jessica F.
We just took Avery to the Beaches resort in Turks and Caicos and I loved it!
It's an all inclusive, family friendly resort that the whole family will love. They have several pools that are all warm and they all have shallow parts where the little ones can crawl and walk around and not be afraid of the water. They have a water park with a lazy river that was fantastic! They have a Camp Sesame where you can leave your kids with American trained staff that are great. Each night there is someting for the kids, like a Sesame Street parade or something on the big stage. All the water activities are included and the ocean water is so warm and calm and fantastic for the kids. All the restaurants are family friendly and they were so nice to our one year old. Even when he was less than well behaved.
All that stuff for the kids and it was great for the adults too. Most of the pools have swim up bars with all included drinks. The restaurants don't look like Sesame Street. They are adult looking while still being kid friendly. The resort is very nice.
It was a fantastic vacation and I can't wait to go again. I HIGHLY recommend it!
Homeschooling mom to Little Man (8/08) and Little Lady (8/10)
We just took our little one to Disneyland (in CA) and to Disneyland's California Adventure and he just turned two in August...he had a BLAST!!! And he was very good with waiting in lines, etc. I highly recommend it for the two and over kiddos! Also, San Diego is lots of fun...we finished up our trip there by taking our LO to the San Diego Zoo, Balboa Park and a Padres Baseball game. Lots of fun!! If you've never been to Disneyland in Anaheim or haven't been there recently, you'll also enjoy Downtown Disney that has lots of shopping and places to eat that are family friendly, plus a huge LEGO store where kids can play with the Legos too. Have fun, wherever you go!! :)
(SAHM to Caden, 8/3/07 & Jackson, 3/21/10...and loving wifey to Brandon)
we like cruises. At 3 years old, they can participate in a ton of activities (if they are potty trained) there's plenty to do for all ages. We took our ODD on her first cruise for her first birthday, we then went when she was 1.5 and the baby was 6 months. Now we are going again for ODD's third birthday and the baby will be 1.5, We've always had a great time and so have the kids. DH and I aren't big on night life, but we will take them to comics. If they act up, then one of us leaves or take them to the back. It's not that big a deal for us. We just love to relax by the pool during the day, take them into different ports (we usually do a beach excursion at least once) I'm excited for this cruise next month because our oldest is finally potty trained and will be 3, so she can do so much more.
Sea World is extremely child oriented.
Mother to: Trinity (11), Draven (7), Layla (3)
Thank you all so much for your input and great ideas! I am just in the beginning of thinking about planning stage, so not sure which idea we will go with yet, but they all sound fun and it makes me want to go now!! :)

subset: commoncrawl


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Eat See Hear
Guide To Eat|See|Hear 2015
Bringing together movies, music, food and more, Eat|See|Hear is one of LA's best summer events.
Best Movie Theaters In Los Angeles
There are dozens of movie theaters across LA but not all of them are worth the ticket price. There are a few gems out there, however, that offer not only a great movie viewing experience, […]
Best Of LA: Week Of September 8
Autumn is right around the corner, and with it comes the last few moments to relish summer. Take in dinner and an outdoor show, enjoy superb and unique dance performances under the stars, step outside […]
LA's Best Summer Events Combining Food, Drink, Music And Movies
The beautiful thing about our city is that, with the right company, you'll never run out of things to do if you know where to look.
Eat | See | Hear Kicks Off Summer Outdoor Movie Series With 'Raiders Of The Lost Ark'
Nostalgic for the days of rounding up the family for a night at the drive-in theater? Bring back the old days and the good memories by taking in a classic at Eat | See | Hear, a series of outdoor movie events combining food trucks, films and music.
What You're Doing This Week: May 21
We've rounded up some fun and unexpected events to attend all over the Southland this week.


text:
A Cannon(ada)Ride Around Lake Superior
View Single Post
Having a Nice Time
Joined: Jul 2005
Location: SE Wisconsin
Oddometer: 20,742
Duluth Part I
When in Duluth, one must stop at the 'stich.
For those that have not yet been there, the showroom is great because you can try on the various sizes to get the right fit.
Ore cars full of stone.
There is an excursion train operating out of Duluth. Picture from their
web site
No sign of any excursion train while I was there.
Riverside was a ship building town. It is now a neighborhood in Duluth. The company came in and built the town for their workers. The outfit closed in 1945. This building was the company store, school, and offices.
This building was the company hospital. Remarkably it has been refurbished and is now a care facility.
The next town south is Morgan Park. It was a planned community by US Steel. In the early 1900s US Steel wanted a mill here. This is Lake View Store and is America's first indoor shopping mall. Downtown had the mall, bank, commons, and community center. The 1916 Lake View Store had a pharmacy, department store, butcher, clothing store, hardware store, furniture store, and a general store. The second floor had a bank, dentist, barber, hair salon, billiard room, and auditorium.
This steel town had better buildings that were made of block instead of wood.
The idea behind this mill was to get steel production up here. Iron ore could be brought directly to the mill from the mines. Limestone and coal could be brought up on bulk carriers that would otherwise be empty on their return trip after hauling ore to mills further south. They thought Duluth would become a huge manufacturing center. They made rails, billet wire, nails, fence posts, steel wool, and welded wire for concrete roads. Also stuff for missile silos.
It was a good idea but the mill still only got to about 20% production capacity. It closed in 1972 putting 2,500 people out of work. There is nothing left at the site now.
This is a view of the town from the ridge. It was well laid out and very pleasant. The mill would have been to the right of the picture. The big building in the middle is the school.
I run you down to a historic area where explorers landed and stuff like that. The waypoints are on the track.
Coming back north we ride through a training center for aircraft fires. Pretty hot set-up.
Some other old town buildings. This is a combo police and fire station. Must have been great at the time. This was in a commuter town for US Steel.
Al old telephone exchange building. In the background is the replacement facility that has a lot more capacity in a lot less space.
Looking north toward the mouth of the harbor.
Be sure to ride the Skyline Drive. The southern most end is gravel but nice.
You'll pass through the Spirit Mountain Adventure Area. In summer you can ride one of these down the ski hill.
Minnesota's only seaport. But . . . they do have access to the Mississippi River which gets them to world ports as well.
The Skyline Drive runs the scenic contours of some ancient beaches along the high ridges above Duluth. Very scenic ride.
Major Bong's memorial bridge. The climbing curves remind me of his being a fighter pilot.
Ship loading at the DMIR ore dock.
Early 1900s doing the same thing.
Enger Tower. Climb it for a nice view.
Overlooking Rice's Point from the Skyline Drive. This point separates the inner and outer harbors. You can see the sandbar which also hosts an airport.
The natural harbor entrance.
Rice's Point.
Inner harbor DMIR ore docks.
Lift bridge we'll visit later on.
Antenna farm on the Skyline Drive.
This concrete street was constructed over 100 years ago. It is the oldest concrete road in Minnesota. It is in great shape.
Whatever they did back then they did right.
Years ago some guy wanted a scenic drive. He ran a road down a waterway and crossed the river seven times with some elegant wooden bridges.
The wooden bridges blew out with floods and after the city got the property (donated) they put in stone bridges. A nice twisting and descending ride down the waterway in Seven Bridges Park.
In 1920 three black circus workers were lynched by an angry mob in Duluth based on a rumor that six blacks raped a teenage girl. A medical exam revealed no assault. The police chief lined up 150 circus workers and the two young people making the assault claim picked out six. A mob of 5-10K formed up outside the jail, broke down the doors, grabbed these guys, beat them, and after a quick phony trial hung them from a pole across the street from this memorial. Some people in the area already had ill-will about blacks coming north to get jobs (like at US Steel). The National Guard came to town the next day to restore order. Previously a Finnish immigrant had been lynched for dodging the draft during WWI. He was found dead in a park after being tarred and feathered. Ugly history for this town.
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text:
Cleaner's AdventuresMay 5, 2006 Full Version 3 comments
HL:CAd release
Some noise. Bryan, young cleaner, wakes up thinking "Again those old bastards..." When he comes out of his room something falls on his head and he blacks out...
So that's how our mod is started. Our mod will tell how a simple human can survive in all this mess, not Freeman, not Shephard, and even not Calhoun...
It's Bryan Anderson! Are you surprised? Here's nothing unusual. You will feel how it is, to be a simple cleaner, not some scientist or soldier, to be a simple human, who hadn't been before in extreme situations, who haven't known where he must go...
But, as usual he becames an experience during all this time and so he is looking for way out. Monsters, soldiers and even his friends will try to stop him. But he won't stop, because his aim is freedom. Would he find this fredom or not? It's up to you. This is Half-Life: Cleaner's Adventures...
19 comments by [CAd]Liquidator on May 3rd, 2006
Release date has come! All archives with mod are on the ftp-server now and you can download it! Special thanks to all people, who helped us, when we was making our mod! Download links are here. And don't forget to visit official promo-site of Cleaner's Adventures, it's here.
Hleu.wikia.com the Janitor of this mod is now on the HLEU
Very good
This modification definitely deserving a sequel.
PARANOIA at least had English subtitles, and so did Ispitatel 4 so why doesn't this?
And again, very good mod but in russian language. Ruined atmosphere.
Im german but I wouldn't even play original HL in german language due to atmosphere. English is the only way to go in my opinion.
Sad for such a good mod :(
no no no the russian language gives just perfect mood
P.S im not russian.
yeah, but you're speaking russian, obviously! :)
This mod was great. It's as if you guys took the best parts of Half-Life and made them into a full-length mod—the pacing and difficulty were excellent, and I never got stuck for long.
Highest Rated (3 agree) 9/10
This was the mod that changed my view of Gold-source forever.
This mod was my first glimpse of Romka's models, which were higher def then any ragdoll I saw on the base Half-life 2 Release!
The Fantastic details, awesome action sequences and new additions to Black Mesa wowed me then, and still do now :D
Jun 12 2011, 12:29am by flippedoutkyrii
Lowest Rated (2 agree) 4/10
English would be great, at least you could do a patch or so with the sub's!!
cool mod...
Jan 6 2011, 5:26pm by Shc24
Promote Cleaners Adventures on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


text:
Method and apparatus for processing a datastream. The datastream contains systems data, which is in tables, other systems data, and payload data. The systems data is used, for example, to control the recovery of programs. The method includes parsing the tables to recover systems data to process the other transport layer data. The method further includes detecting errors in the transmission of table sections and error containing table sections and effectively not delivering the errored table sections to memory.
1. A method of processing a datastream containing systems data in tables, other transport layer data, and payload data, said method comprising
parsing the tables to recover systems data,
using the recovered systems data to process the payload data,
detecting error-containing table sections, comprising at least one of
detecting Packet Identification PID stream continuity errors by comparison of a continuity count contained in said systems data with length of a table of said tables, and
detecting table section length errors by comparing a table end point with an address of a next table section contained in said systems data, and
discarding error-containing table sections.
2. The method of claim 1 comprising detecting PID stream errors in the error-containing table sections in a packet and discarding the error-containing table sections in the packet.
3. The method of claim 2 detecting and removing any affected table section in a previous packet having the same PID.
4. The method of claim 2 comprising detecting and removing any table sections in which an error indicator bit has been set in the transport packet header.
5. The method of claim 2 comprising detecting and removing any table sections where an error pin is set while any portion of a packet containing table section is delivered.
6. The method of claim 2 comprising scanning a continuity count check to detect PID stream errors.
7. The method of claim 1 comprising computing a CRC32 value to check the integrity of a table section.
8. The method of claim 1 comprising parsing a section length field, and discarding a table that extends beyond the beginning of the next table section as indicated by the section length field.
9. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said discarding step is performed prior to storage of said error-containing table sections.
10. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said discarding step includes removing error-containing table sections from memory.
11. A method as recited in claim 9 wherein said discarding step further includes removing error-containing table sections from memory.
12. A method as recited in claim 10 wherein said removing step is performed by moving a memory queue write pointer backward to an end of a previous valid table section.
13. A method as recited in claim 11 wherein said removing step is performed by moving a memory queue write pointer backward to an end of a previous valid table section.
14. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of detecting table section length errors is performed using a pointer field contained in said datastream pointing to a starting address of a table section and detecting when a table section ends before the start of a next table section.
15. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said discarding step is performed using a first write pointer, pointing to the start of a current table section in memory, and a second write pointer, pointing to the current location in memory as the current table section is saved, by returning an address indicated by said second write pointer to the address indicated by said first write pointer.
16. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of detecting error-containing table sections further comprises
performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedure.
17. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said step of detecting PID stream errors is performed using a four bit continuity counter.
This invention relates to digital delivery systems, especially for digital video and digital audio data. More particularly, the invention relates to multiplexors, networks, distribution systems, demultiplexors, and multiplexed bitstreams, and especially to bitstreams carrying a system or transport layer, and one or more data layers of compressed digital video and digital audio data. More particularly, the invention relates to and more particularly to table sections used to carry systems data, and to filtering error-containing tables to avoid excessive use of memory or of processing capacity.
Within the past decade, the advent of world-wide electronic communications systems has enhanced the way in which people can send and receive information. Moreover, the capabilities of real-time video and audio systems have greatly improved in recent years. Real-time video and audio systems require a large bandwidth. In order to provide services such as video-on-demand and videoconferencing to subscribers, an enormous amount of network bandwidth is required. In fact, network bandwidth is often the main inhibitor to the effectiveness of such systems.
In order to minimize the effects of the constraints imposed by the limited bandwidths of telecommunications networks, compression systems and standards have evolved. These standards prescribe the compression of video and audio data and the delivery of several programs and control data in a single bit stream transmitted in a bandwidth that would heretofore only accommodate one analog program.
One video and audio compression standard is the Moving Picture Experts Group ("MPEG") standard. Within the MPEG-2 standard, video compression is defined both within a given picture, i.e., spatial compression, and between pictures, i.e., temporal compression. Video compression within a picture is accomplished by conversion of the digital image from the time domain to the frequency domain by a discrete cosine transform, quantization, variable length coding, and Huffman coding. Video compression between pictures is accomplished via a process referred to as motion compensation, in which a motion vector is used to describe the translation of a set of picture elements (pels) from one picture to another. Audio compression is as defined in the standard.
The procedure for transporting the compressed bitstream from the transmitting end to the receiving end of the system, and for thereafter decompressing the bitstream at the receiving end, so that one of the many picture sequences is decompressed and may be displayed in real-time is specified in ISO 13818-1. ISO 13818-1 is the systems or transport layer portion of the MPEG-2 standard. This portion of the standard specifies packetization of audio and video elementary bitstreams into packetized elementary streams (PES), and the combinations of one or more audio and video packetized elementary streams into a single time division or packet multiplexed bitstream for transmission and the subsequent demultiplexing of the single bitstream into multiple bitstreams for decompression and display. The single time division or packet multiplexed bit stream is as shown from various architectural and logical perspectives in the FIGURES, especially FIGS. 1 to 5, where many packets make up a single bitstream.
The concept of packetization and the mechanism of packet multiplexing are shown in FIG. 1, denominated "Prior Art", where elementary streams are formed in an audio encoder, a video encoder, a source of other data, and a source of systems data. These elementary streams are packetized into packetized elementary streams, as described hereinbelow. The packetized elementary streams of audio data, and video data, and the packets of other data and systems data are packet multiplexed by the multiplexor into a system stream.
The time division or packet multiplexed bitstream is shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 5, both denominated "Prior Art", which gives an overview showing the time division or packet multiplexed bitstream. The bitstream is comprised of packets, as shown in FIG. 5. Each packet, as shown in FIG. 2, is, in turn, made up of a packet header, an optional adaptation field, and packet data bytes, i.e., payload.
The MPEG-2 System Layer has the basic task of facilitating the multiplexing of one or more programs made up of related audio and video bitstreams into a single bitstream for transmission through a transmission medium, and thereafter to facilitate the demultiplexing of the single bitstream into separate audio and video program bitstreams for decompression while maintaining synchronization. By a "Program" is meant a set of audio and video bitstreams having a common time base and intended to be presented simultaneously. To accomplish this, the System Layer defines the data stream syntax that provides for timing control and the synchronization and interleaving of the video and audio bitstreams. The system layer provides capability for (1) video and audio synchronization, (2) stream multiplex, (3) packet and stream identification, (4) error detection, (5) buffer management, (6) random access and program insertion, (7) private data, (8) conditional access, and (9) interoperability with other networks, such as those using asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).
An MPEG-2 bitstream is made up of a system layer and compression layers. Under the MPEG-2 Standard (ISO/IEC 13818-1) a time division or packet multiplexed bit-stream consists of two layers, (1) a compression layer, also referred to as an inner layer, a payload layer, or a data layer, and (2) a system layer, also referred to as an outer layer or a control layer. The compression layer or inner layer contains the data fed to the video and audio decoders, and defines the coded video and audio data streams, while the system layer or outer layer provides the controls for demultiplexing the interleaved compression layers, and in doing so defines the functions necessary for combining the compressed data streams. This is shown in FIG. 3, denominated "Prior Art." As there shown a bitstream of, for example, a system layer and compression layer, is the input to a system decoder. In the system decoder the system layer data is demultiplexed into the compressed audio layer, the compressed video layer, and control data. The control data is shown in FIG. 3, denominated Prior Art, as the PCR (Program Clock Recovery) data, enable data, and start up values. The compressed data is sent to the respective audio and video data buffers, and through decoder control to the respective audio and video decoders.
The system layer supports a plurality of basic functions, (1) time division or packet multiplexing and demultiplexing of the time division or packet multiplexed multiple bit-streams, (2) synchronous display of the multiple coded bit streams, (3) buffer management and control, and (4) time recovery and identification. The system layer also supports (5) random access, (6) program insertion, (7) conditional access, and (8) error tracking.
For MPEG-2, the standard specifies two types of layer coding, a program stream (PS), for relatively lossless environments, such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, and other storage media, and transport stream (TS), for lossy media, as cable television, satellite television, and the like. The transport stream (TS), shown in FIG. 2 and denominated Prior Art, consists of a stream of transport stream packets, each of which consists of 188 bytes, divided into 4 bytes of packet header, an optional adaptation field, and up to 184 bytes of the associated packet data, that is, payload. The relationship of the layering of the access units, the PES packets, and the Transport Stream (TS) packets is shown in FIG. 5, denominated Prior Art.
The transport stream (TS) is used to combine programs made up of PES-coded data with one or more independent time bases into a single stream. Note that under the MPEG-2 standard, an individual program does not have to have a unique time base, but that if it does, the time base is the same for all of the elements of the individual program.
The packetized elementary stream (PES) layer is an inner layer portion of the MPEG-2 time division or packet multiplexed stream upon which the transport or program streams are logically constructed. It provides stream specific operations, and supports the following functions: (1) a common base of conversion between program and transport streams, (2) time stamps for video and audio synchronization and associated timing, especially for associated audio and video packets making up a television channel, presentation, or program, and having a common time base, (3) stream identification for stream multiplexing and demultiplexing, and (4) such services as scrambling, VCR functions, and private data.
As shown in FIG. 5, denominated Prior Art, video and audio elementary streams (ES) must be PES-packetized before inserting into a transport stream (TS). Elementary streams (ES) are continuous. PES packets containing an elementary stream (ES) are generally of fixed lengths. Typically, video PES packets are on the order of tens of thousands of bytes, and audio PES packets are on the order of thousands of bytes. However, video PES packets can also be specified as of undefined length.
The MPEG-2 packetized elementary stream (PES) packet structure is shown in FIG. 4. To be noted is that all of the fields after the PES packet length are optional. The PES (packetized elementary stream) packet has a PES header, an optional header, and payload. The PES header has bit start code, a packet length field, a 2 bit "10" field, a scramble control field, a priority field, a data alignment field, a copy field, a PTS/DTS (Presentation Time Stamp/Decoding Time Stamp) field, a field for other flags, and a header length field.
The "Optional Header" field includes a Presentation Time Stamp field, a Decoding Time Stamp field, an elementary stream clock reference field, a elementary stream rate field, a trick mode field, a copy info field, a Prior Packetized Elementary Stream Clock Recovery field, an extension, and stuffing.
The packet start code provides packet synchronization. The stream ID field provides packet identification. Payload identification is also provided by the stream ID. The PTS/DTS flag fields and the PTS/DTS fields provide presentation synchronization. Data transfer is provided through the packet/header length, payload, and stuffing fields. The scramble control field facilitates payload descrambling, the extension/private flag fields and the private data fields provide private information transfer.
A transport stream (TS) may contain one or more independent, individual programs, such as individual television channels or television programs, where each individual program can have its own time base, and each stream making up an individual program has its own PID. Each separate individual program has one or more elementary streams (ES) generally having a common time base. To be noted, is that while not illustrated in the FIGURES, different transport streams can be combined into a single system transport stream. Elementary stream (ES) data, that is, access units (AU), are first encapsulated into packetized elementary stream (PES) packets, which are, in turn, inserted into transport stream (TS) packets, as shown in FIG. 5, denominated Prior Art.
The architecture of the transport stream (TS) packets under the MPEG-2 specifications is such that the following operations are enabled: (1) demultiplexing and retrieving elementary stream (ES) data from one program within the transport stream, (2) remultiplexing the transport stream with one or more programs into a transport stream (TS) with a single program, (3) extracting transport stream (TS) packets from different transport streams to produce another transport stream (TS) as output, (4) demultiplexing a transport stream (TS) packet into one program and converting it into a program stream (PS) containing the same program, and (5) converting a program stream (PS) into a transport stream (TS) to carry it over a lossy medium to thereafter recover a valid program stream (PS).
At the transport layer, the transport sync byte provides packet synchronization. The Packet Identification (PID) field data provides packet identification, demultiplexing, and sequence integrity data. The PID field is used to collect the packets of a stream and reconstruct the stream. The continuity counters and error indicators provide packet sequence integrity and error detection. The Payload Unit start indicator and Adaptation Control are used for payload synchronization, while the Discontinuity Indicator and Program Clock Reference (PCR) fields are used for playback synchronization. The transport scramble control field facilitates payload descrambling. Private data transfer is accomplished through the Private Data Flag and Private Data Bytes. The Data Bytes are used for private payload data transfer, and the Stuffing Bytes are used to round out a packet.
A transport stream is a collection of transport stream packets, linked by standard tables. These tables carry Program Specific Information (PSI) and are built when a transport stream is created at the multiplexor. These tables completely define the content of the stream. Two of the tables of the transport stream are the Program Association Table (PAT) and the Program Map Table (PMT).
The Program Association Table is a table of contents of the transport stream. It contains an ID that uniquely identifies the stream, a version number to allow dynamic changes of the table and the transport stream, and an association table of pairs of values. The pairs of values, PN, and PMT-PID, are the Program Number (PN) and the PID of the tables containing the program.
The Program Map Table is a complete description of all of the streams contained in a program. Each entry in the Program Map Table is related to one and only one program. The role of the Program Map Table is to provide a mapping between packets and programs. The program map table contains a program number that identifies the program within the stream, a descriptor that can be used to carry private information about the program, the PID of the packets that contain the synchronization information, a number of pairs of values (ST, Data-PID) which, for each stream, specify the stream type (ST) and the PID of the packets containing the data of that stream or program (Data-PID).
There is also a Network Information Table used to provide a mapping between the transport streams and the network, and a Conditional Access Table that is used to specify scrambling/descrambling control and access.
In use, the tables are used to select and reconstruct a particular program. At any point in time, each program has a unique PID in the Program Map Table. The Program Map Table provides the PIDs for the selected program s audio, video, and control streams. The streams with the selected PIDs are extracted and delivered to the appropriate buffers and decoders for reconstruction and decoding.
Achieving and maintaining clock recovery and synchronization is a problem, especially with audio and video bitstreams. The MPEG-2 model assumes an end-to-end constant delay timing model in which all digital image and audio data take exactly the same amount of time to pass through the system from encoder to decoder. The system layer contains timing information that requires constant delay. The clock references are Program clock reference (PCR) and the time stamps are the Presentation Time Stamp/Decoding Time Stamp(PTS/DTS).
The decoder employs a local system clock having approximately the same 27 Megahertz frequency as the encoder. However, the decoder clock can not be allowed to free run. This is because it is highly unlikely that frequency of the decoder clock would be exactly the same as the frequency of the encoder clock.
Synchronization of the two clocks is accomplished by the Program Clock Reference (PCR) data field in the Transport Stream adaptation field. The Program Clock Reference values can be used to correct the decoder clock. Program Clock Reference, or PCR, is a 42 bit field. It is coded in two parts, a PCR Base having a 33-bit value in units of 90 kHz, and a PCR extension having a 9-bit extension in units of 27 MHz, where 27 MHz is the system clock frequency.
As a general rule, the first 33 bits of the first PCR received by the decoder initialize the counter in a clock generation, and subsequent PCR values are compared to clock values for fine adjustment. The difference between the PCR and the local clock can be used to drive a voltage controlled oscillator, or a similar device or function, for example, to speed up or slow down the local clock.
Audio and video synchronization is typically accomplished through the Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) inserted in the Packet Elementary Stream (PES) header. The Presentation Time Stamp is a 33-bit value in units of 90 kHz, where 90 kHz is the 27 MHZ system clock divided by 300. The PTS value indicates the time that the presentation unit should be presented to the user.
The MPEG-2 system layer provides a syntax for sending table sections that contain data describing the content of the transport stream and other data as required for the application. As an example systems may send new applications using the table section syntax to change the programming of the set-top box. Parsing the table sections can place a large processing demand on the host processor in the set-top box.
One problem in processing tables are the memory and processing capacity that are consumed. It is clearly necessary to limit the host processing by filtering table sections to reduce the number of table sections the host must process. One aspect of this problem is the handling of error conditions so that data associated with error-containing table sections is neither processed nor stored in memory. A clear need exists for detecting these table section errors in order to reduce processing of error-containing table sections. A further need exists for discarding error-containing tables since error-containing table sections are not saved in memory, thereby saving memory in the set-top box. A still further need exists to accomplish these objectives without intervention from the host processor as part of normal operation.
An object of the invention is to provide for the detection of table errors in order to reduce processing of error-containing table sections.
A further object of the invention is to provide for discarding error-containing tables before saving the error-containing tables in memory.
According to our invention, errors in the incoming transport stream are identified, and the affected table sections are removed. Specifically, three types of errors are detected, identified, and removed: (1) PID stream errors, (2) table section CRC32 errors, and (3) table section length errors.
PID stream errors include continuity count errors for the PID, the error indicator bit set in the transport packet header, and the error pin being set while any portion of the transport packet is delivered to the transport demultiplexor of the invention. According to our invention, the PID stream errors are detected using the continuity count check for the PID.
In the case of a PID stream indicating a missing or corrupt transport packet where the transport packet contains parts of one or more table sections, our invention discards any table sections which may have been included in that transport packet. This includes any part of a table section which may have been delivered in a previous packet of the same PID.
The MPEG-2 syntax for table sections includes a CRC32 field which can be used to check the integrity of a table section, and remove the error-containing table section from memory.
The MPEG-2 table section syntax provides a section length field to specify the length of a table section. An error exists a table section ends before the start of the next table section as indicated by the pointer field. In this case our invention discards the table section.
The method and apparatus of our invention saves system memory which would otherwise be allocated to error-containing table sections. It also saves processor resources, since the error detection, correction, and modification is handled automatically, and the host processor never has to deal with the error-containing section.
These and other objects are achieved by the method and apparatus of our invention. According to our invention incoming tables are scanned to detect table errors, and in this way reduce processing of error-containing table sections.
The invention may be understood by reference to the Figures.
FIG. 1, denominated Prior Art, shows the packet multiplexing of the transport stream.
FIG. 2, denominated "Prior Art", shows a schematic view of the transport packet stream with a 188 byte packet, a 4 byte header, an optional adaptation field, and payload, the payload being present if the adaptation field is less then 184 bytes.
FIG. 3, denominated "Prior Art", is a schematic view of the MPEG-2 system structure, showing the system decoder, i.e., a demultiplexor, demultiplexing the incoming bitstream into an audio compression layer for an audio buffer and decoder, a video compression layer for a video buffer and decoder, and PCR data for clock control.
FIG. 4, denominated "Prior Art", is a schematic view of the PES (packetized elementary stream) structure according to the MPEG-2 Standard, showing the PES header. The FIGURE shows the PES header broken into its separate fields, with a further breakdown of the Optional Header field, and a still further breakdown of the Extension field within the Optional Header field.
FIG. 5, denominated Prior Art shows the relationship of the layering of the access units, the PES packets, and the Transport Stream (TS) packets, with the encapsulation of elementary stream data into transport stream packets.
FIG. 6 shows the dataflow of the transport demultiplexor of the invention.
The MPEG-2 transport bitstream is a set of time division or packet multiplexed bitstreams. Each such time division or packet multiplexed bitstream may contain a plurality of programs, that is, television channels, digital communications, or the like. Each bitstream contains a systems stream which provides systems layer functions for one or more audio and video elementary streams in the time division or packet multiplexed single stream. The single stream is as shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, denominated "Prior Art", where many packets make up the single bitstream. The single bitstream is a system layer. As shown generally in FIGS. 1 to 5, and with specificity in FIG. 2, the first level of granularity is a transport layer, made up of a 4 byte header, an optional adaptation field, and a payload (the payload is up to to 184 bytes if the adaptation field is less then 184 bytes). In turn, at the next level of granularity, each packet is made up of a packet header, and packet payload data bytes, which may be PES packets, table sections, or private data. The single bitstream is a system layer.
FIG. 6 represents the dataflow of transport stream data through the transport demultiplexor of the invention. The SYNC block determines the start of the transport packet. The PACKET PARSER extracts data from the transport packet header and adaptation field. The PID is one of these fields. The PID is compared to active PIDs in the PID filter. If the matches one of the predefined values, the remaining fields are extracted and the packet is forwarded to the descrambler interface which will send filtered but scrambled data to a descrambler, if present. The descrambler, if present, descrambles and reconstructs the packets as configured by the application. The resulting stream is optionally forwarded to an auxiliary port which provides means for other devices to obtain access to the data.
Concurrently, the packet parser sends PCRs from matching PCR packets to the clock recovery unit for reconstructing the System Time Clock (STC).
Status indicators representing parsed information are sent along with the complete transport packet to the packet loader to be stored in the packet buffer. The packet buffer holds a plurality, for example up to ten or more, transport packets while they are moved to the decoders and the DRAM or other memory. The packet buffer efficiently absorbs any latency of these data targets.
The transport core contains three unloaders, an audio unloader, a video unloader, and a data unloader. The audio unloader and the video unloader send data to the respective decoders as the data is requested. The data unloader sends data to a controller for subsequent transfer to system memory. The memory unloader can also be set up to filter table sections and perform crc checking of section data.
According to the invention the transport demultiplexor accepts either parallel or serial data, detects the synchronization character in the datastream, and establishes transport packet boundaries therefrom. In the case of serial input, where only a bit clock is provided, the transport demultiplexor of the invention establishes byte alignment.
If the transport loses synchronization and the packet buffer doesn't contain any packets for the audio and video decoders, an error is signalled to the appropriate decoder so that it can mask the error appropriately.
The status of the Sync block is reported with the InSync bit of the Status Register.
The Packet Parser extracts Transport Error Indicator information from each packet, as well as the packet boundary information, and sends it to other units to assist in their processing. Some of the parsed information is stored in the packet buffer along with the packet for use by the unloaders.
If the packet parser detects the Transport Error Indicator is set, or that the sync byte is missing and the sync drop is greater then 0, or that the TS Error Signal is active, the packet is discarded. The Transport Packet Header, shown in FIG. 2 has a plurality of fields. One of the fields is a one bit Transport Error Indicator. Any packet with the Transport Error Indicator set to 1 is discarded. If the error occurred in a packet which would have matched a PID Filter entry, the continuity count check will mark the error in the next valid packet of the PID so that it can be masked by the decoders or managed by the Memory unloader. Thus, errors in packets which do not match entries in the PID Filter do not generate unnecessary events for the system to handle.
The value of the Payload Unit Start Indicator bit is forwarded to the unloaders through the packet buffer for use during packet unload to send the packetized elementary streams.
The Packet Parser incorporates a PID filter, such a 32 entry PID filter. The 13 bit PID value is sent to the PID filter to determine if a match occurs. Packets that match a PID filter entry are forwarded, while all other packets, including null packets, are discarded.
The transport demultiplexor of the invention further provides PID filtering. The PID filter registers and a corresponding PID enable register are used to control which packets are forwarded through the transport demultiplexor. A PID value should only appear once in the PID filter. There are up to 32 programmable PID values that are used to filter the transport stream. The PID filter associates a PID index, for example, a 5 bit PID index, with each of the 32 PID entries. One PID index is reserved for the video PID, and one for the audio PID. The other PID entries are defined by the application.
The front-end PID filtering logic filters incoming transport packets before they are placed in the packet buffer. Data from the PIDs, for example, data from up to about 32 different PIDs can be captured by the transport core or transport demultiplexor of the invention for delivery to the output ports. All other packets, including null packets, may be discarded.
A plurality of registers, for example, thirty two registers, are used to assign a PID index to each of the filtered packets to be delivered downstream, for example, to a descrambler and/or a decoder and/or a Packet Buffer. A PCR PID register holds the PCR PID value which can be the same or different from any of the general PID filter indices. If the PCR PID is not the same as one of the PID filter entries, then the PCR PID entries are not forwarded. Moreover, since the PCR PID filter is separate from the general PID filters, the STC can be started before the transport begins delivering data to the decoders.
When the datastream is scrambled, as would be the case for a scrambled European Telecommunications Standards Institute Digital Video Broadcasting (ETSI DVB) compliant stream, the two bit Transport Scrambling Control bits are extracted and sent to the descrambler, if present.
The two bit Adaptation Field Control Field is used to determine if an adaptation field and/or a payload is present. If an adaptation field is present, the adaptation field parsing described hereinbelow is performed. Packets with an adaptation field control value of "00" are discarded. A value of "01" indicates that there is no adaptation field, only payload. A value of "10" indicates that there is an adaptation field only, and no payload, while a value of "11" indicates that there is an adaptation field followed by payload.
The 4-bit Continuity Counter field is maintained for each enabled PID index to detect any missing data in the payload stream. The Continuity Counter is incremented on each incoming packet with a payload. This 4-bit counter wraps around to 0�0 after it reaches 0�F. The value of the continuity counter maintained by the hardware is compared to the incoming packets. If the values do not match, a PID stream error is signaled.
However, there are two situations where a PID stream error is not signaled. First, an error is not signaled if the discontinuity indicator in the adaptation field is set. In this case, the break in continuity is expected. Second, if two consecutive packets in the transport stream with the same PID have the same continuity counter value, an error is not signaled. This is because in this case one packet is a duplicate of the other. If there is no error in the first packet, the second packet is discarded. If, however, there is an error in the first packet, it is discarded and the second packet is loaded into the packet buffer.
A continuity count error is handled as a PID stream error and is forwarded to the unloaders by setting the error bit in the packet flags field stored with the packet in the packet buffer. The error can also signal an interrupt to the application processor.
The continuity field count in non-payload packets is not checked as defined by the MPEG standard. This is because the continuity count is used to insure integrity of the payload data.
The syntax of the Adaptation Field is shown in FIG. 2. Certain fields in the Adaptation Field are of special interest. For example, the Adaptation Field Length field indicates the number of byte in the adaptation field following this field. If the Adaptation Field Length Field is greater than 00, then the Adaptation Field Flags are defined. The adaptation field length is used by the unloaders to determine the start of the payload, and to deliver the Adaptation Field to the Memory queues as configured by the application processor.
The first field in the Adaptation Fields is the 1-bit Discontinuity Indicator. This flag indicates two different types of discontinuity, continuity counter and system time base. The discontinuity indicator in the PCR PID indicates a discontinuity in the system time base. The PCR, if present, is loaded into the STC. A system time base discontinuity is also signalled to the decoders on the first video or audio packet following the discontinuity. The application or host processor can be interrupted upon the arrival of a discontinuity indicator.
The next field in the Adaptation Fields is the 1-bit random access indicator. The audio and video PIDs can be configured to interrupt the host processor or assist processor upon the arrival of the random access indicator.
The PCR fields are forwarded to the Clock Recovery Unit.
The Splicing Point Flag is parsed and the host can be interrupted upon the arrival of a splicing point.
The Transport Private Data Flag can interrupt the host processor upon the arrival of private field data. Moreover, the Memory queues can be configured to forward the adaptation private data to system memory.
The transport demultiplexor can include an ETSI DVB, or other descrambler. The descrambler implements the appropriate descrambling algorithm, for example ETSI DVB. The host application and/or the transport stream can configure several control fields to control descrambling for each PID index. The Descrambling Control Fields for each PID index include "Enable", which indicates that scrambled packets of PID index are to be descrambled, "KeyID", which indicates which Control Word pair to use for the particular PID index, and "PES/TS" which indicates PES or TS level descrambling for the particular PID index. To be noted is that both PES and TS level scrambling and descrambling can be enabled, although not simultaneously for the same PID.
The control word pairs, for example, eight control word pairs, can be shared among the PIDS, for example, among 32 PIDs. A keyID, for example, a 3 bit keyID in the case of a set of 8 control word pairs, can be associated with each PID to indicate which control word pair the descrambler will use for packets of that PID. Each control word pair contains an odd key and an even key.
The descrambler, when present, maintains a constant delay, so that the descrambled data can be delivered with constant delay to an output port. The scramble control bits are modified by the descrambler for packets which are descrambled. Packets which are not configured for descrambling are sent through an alternative data path and recombined after the descrambler.
The descrambler can share resources with the transport demultiplexor. These shared resources can include the application processor interface, the Interrupt Queue register for reporting error conditions, and a logical memory array.
The descrambler reports an error when a scrambled packet is received but descrambling for that PID index is disabled; or a transport packet contains a combination of PES header and adaptation field that is not permitted under the applicable descrambling standard, such as both a PES header and an adaptation field that is not permitted by the ETSI DVB Standard; the scramble control bits are not permitted by the applicable descrambling standard, such as "01" which is not permitted under the ETSI DVB Standard; or the transport packet scramble control bits are not "00" in a PID index configured for PES packet descrambling.
These errors are reported as an interrupt to the host application. The host application can determine which type of errors have occurred by reading the descrambler status register. In a preferred exemplification of our invention, the descrambler status bits are cleared by writing the register with 1's in the corresponding bit position to be cleared allowing bits to be separately cleared.
The transport demultiplexor of the invention also supports both Transport Level and PES level descrambling. In this application the control word registers and other registers in the descrambler section of the transport demultiplexor are added to the address range of the application processor interface.
The transport demultiplexor of the invention provides a set of data processing functions. In a preferred embodiment these data processing functions do not require host processor support for handling individual packets.
The transport demultiplexor parses the individual fields in the transport header and the adaptation fields as part of the PID filtering, above, clock recovery, and error handling functions, so that PID values, error indicators, continuity counter exceptions, discontinuity indicators, and the like, can be quickly reported to the application processor.
The transport demultiplexor facilitates error handling, channel changes, and time base (STC) changes by using a compressed data connection to communicate directly with the decoders. The transport demultiplexor automatically detects and flags errors in the datastream. This allows the decoders to mask the error and recover without host system intervention. Similarly, channel changes are initiated in the transport demultiplexor with a minimum of setup, that is, changing the PID entry, and the stream changes are internally coordinated directly with each decoder, allowing fast and efficient channel switching. Changes in the time base, that is, the STC, either as part of a channel change or due to a time base discontinuity, are marked and flagged in the stream to allow the decoders to correctly synchronize updating the internal STC with respect to the data.
Data is received by the transport demultiplexor and converted to be addressable in tabular form. Entire table sections are written to DRAM or other memory including the Table ID through the last byte, where the last byte is as specified in the section length field. This capability provides the application or host processor full flexibility in interpreting the table.
One aspect of the table processing of the transport demultiplexor of the invention is table section filtering before DRAM or other memory storage of the tables. Table filtering before DRAM or other memory storage by the transport demultiplexor reduces the load on the application processor by filtering table sections before sending them to DRAM or other memory. Filtering reduces the application processor work load for parsing table sections and the required size of working areas in DRAM or other memory to manage table data.
The transport demultiplexor filters table sections. This reduces the processing load on the application and serves to minimize the size of temporary work spaces in system memory. For example, up sixty four different 4-byte filter blocks consisting of a bit pattern and a bit mask can be defined by the bit level masking application. Section filters are constructed to form one or more filter blocks to provide deep filtering into a table section. Multiple sections may be attached to a single PID. Filter blocks can be assigned to the 32 PID indices as needed.
The transport demultiplexor of the invention checks the CRC value of table sections against the value coded in the stream. Those sections that do not pass the CRC check are discarded, and the application optionally notified.
The transport demultiplexor of the invention transfers incoming packets, including portions thereof, to a system memory. This transfer is accomplished using independent queues, for example one independent queue for each PID index, that is, thirty two independent queues. Each queue can be customized, for example by the application, to adjust the size of a circular buffer and to set thresholds for interrupts and the application read pointer. For tables the application can be interrupted after a complete section has been successfully transferred into system memory.
The transport demultiplexor of our invention can support a plurality of queues in memory. According to a particularly preferred exemplification, which is MPEG-2 compatible, the transport core supports up to 32 queues in memory. Each of these queues is associated with a PID Index in the PID filter. For example, data from PID Index 5 can be stored in Memory queue 5. One Memory queue can be allocated to provide special functions.
The starting address of the Memory queue region is specified by the DRAMBase register. The DRAM region of memory is memory aligned. Each Memory queue is specified as a continuous memory region, typically allocated in 4096 byte blocks, although larger or smaller blocks may be utilized without departing from our invention, within the total Memory queue region. A single Memory queue can be configured to be as large as the entire Memory queue region.
The Memory queues can be configured to reset when a PID filter entry is written. This is accomplished by setting a corresponding bit in the DRAMRegisters register for that PID index. For example, when the DRAM Resets bit for the PID is "Not Set" and the PID filter entry is updated, any packets of this PID Index in the packet buffer are flushed. When the DRAM Resets bit for this PID is "Set" and the PID filter entry is updated, any packets of this PID Index in the packet buffer are flushed, the Memory queue is configured to be reset when the first packet of the new PID is processed, and any old interrupts in the interrupt fifo associated with this PID Index are flushed when the PID Filter entry is written.
Updates to the audio and video PID Filter registers behave the same way as updating any other entry. Performing the update as part of an audio and video channel change delays the actions described above until the Audio or Video Channel Change register is copied to the corresponding entry in the PID filter.
Moreover, the entire DRAM or other memory region does not need to be allocated solely for the Memory queues. The Memory queue or queues can be placed anywhere within the Memory queue region and the remainder of the Memory queue region can be used for other purposes.
Each of the Memory queues can be configured independently, with registers specifying the start and stop addresses of each Memory queue. Preferably queue regions are non-overlapping. Memory queue memory management also includes the use of pointers or registers to determine how much data has been written to each Memory queue. One pointer or register indicates the next address within the Memory queue where data will be written, indicating the start of the current table section which is being delivered.
In the case of system data, the Memory unloader provides automatic error handling for table sections. For all types of system data the transport demultiplexor notifies the processor through an interrupt if a PID stream error occurred on data delivered to the DRAM or other memory. The front-end units discard packets with errors before the error-containing packets are loaded into the packet buffer. This is because an error may make it impossible to correctly parse the packet. Additional checking is performed by the Memory unloader on table sections to ensure that the table section length matches the value in the table section header. If any type of error is found while unloading a table section, the current section is discarded and a Memory queue Write Pointer is moved back to the end of the previous valid section.
While packet buffer overflows are unlikely, should a packet buffer overflow occur, the transport demultiplexor of the invention handles the packet buffer overflow by identifying which PID streams were affected and handles the errors the same way a missing packet error is handled.
According to our invention, errors in the incoming transport stream are identified, and the affected table sections are removed. Specifically, three types of errors are detected; (1) PID stream errors, (2) table section CRC32 errors, and (3) table section length errors.
PID stream errors include continuity count errors for the PID, the error indicator bit set in the transport packet header, and the error pin being set while any portion of the transport packet is delivered to the transport demultiplexor. According to our invention, the PID stream errors are detected using the continuity count check for the PID.
In the case of a PID stream error indicating a missing and/or corrupt transport packet where the transport packet contains parts of one or more table sections, our invention discards any table sections which may have been included in that transport packet. This includes any part of a table section which may have been delivered in a previous packet of the same PID.
The MPEG-2 syntax for table sections includes a CRC32 field which can be used to check the integrity of a table section. Since the CRC32 field occurs at the end of the table section, a portion of the table section may be placed in memory. Our invention not only detects the CRC32 error but also removes the error-containing table section from memory.
The MPEG-2 table section syntax provides a section length field to specify the length of the table section. The syntax also provides a pointer field, which when it exists indicates the start of the first table section in a transport packet. When a table section begins in one transport packet and continues to one or more additional transport packets, it is possible to detect an error in the section length. An error exists when the table section ends before the start of the next table section as indicated by the pointer field. In this case our invention discards the table section.
Our invention maintains two write pointers for placing data in memory. The first write pointer indicates the start of the current table section in memory. The second write pointer is the current write pointer in memory as the table section is saved. The invention removes the current table section in memory by backing up the current write pointer to the value stored in the start write pointer. In the case of an error free table section, the start write pointer is moved-up to the same point as the current write pointer.
This solution saves system memory which would otherwise be allocated to error-containing table sections. It also saves processor resources, since the host processor never has to deal with the error-containing section.
The method and apparatus of this invention can be used to handle several different error situations occurring in the same table.
While the embodiments and exemplifications of our invention have been described and illustrated with respect to one particular standard, the MPEG-2 Standard, it is, of course to be understood the methods and apparatus of our invention can be used with other time division multiplexed and packet multiplexed data streams, having packetized headers and data, including, by way of example, the European Teleocmmunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard, the High Definition Television (HDTV) standard, and the Direct Satellite System (DSS) standard, among others.
While the invention has been described with respect to certain preferred embodiments and exemplifications, it is not intended to limited to scope the invention thereby, but solely by the claims appended hereto.
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- Product Highlights
- Ark Naturals Happy Traveler for Dogs & Cats
- Helps Anxiety & Nervous Behaviors with Botanical Extracts
- Calming Formula Contains Valerian & German Chamomile
- Great for Stressed & Traveling Pets
SKU 632634100094 Quantity 30 Capsules Serving Size 1 Capsule Servings Per Container 30 Directions Use on an as needed basis. Allow 20-40 minutes for Happy Traveler to take effect. Repeat after 1 hour if pet appears to be unusually agitated or stressed. Effective for approximately 4-6 hours. Up to 25 lbs...1 capsule - Up to 75 lbs...2 capsules - Over 75 lbs...3 capsules Warnings For animal use only. In case of accidental overdose, contact a health professional immediately. If animal's condition worsens or does not improve, stop product administration and consult your veterinarian. Ingredients Gelatin (capsule) magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, whey…for product label information including a complete list of ingredients, click all product images above.
- Product Details
Ark Naturals Happy Traveler helps Anxiety and Nervous Behavior.
- All Natural Calming Product
Recommended for:
- Motion sickness
- Visible nervous behavior
- Pet separation anxiety
- Persistent crying
- Fear of unfamiliar people and other pets
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- Visits to kennels, groomer and vets.
- Fear of thunderstorms and fireworks
- Pets stressed when their daily routine is changed
Happy Traveler Pet Calm Brand: Ark Naturals5 stars, based on 1 review(s).Rating:Price: $7.49 - In stock
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Ark Naturals Happy Traveler Pet Calm, 30 Capsules Reviews Showing 1 out of 1 reviews for Ark Naturals Happy Traveler Pet Calm, 30 Capsules
Really Pleased With This Product
Happy Traveler Pet Calm review posted by heather on 6/3/13
My dog has extreme separation anxiety & has been on prescription meds from our vet. On her recommendation I tried Happy Traveler and have been very satisfied with the results. My girl is not agitated, whiny, fussy, etc when in stressful situations like traveling or when I have to leave her by herself. I purchased my first bottle from a specialty pet store and paid twice the amount of Super Sup, this is a great deal for a natural remedy that really works.
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WASHINGTON, June 18 /PRNewswire/ -- Georgetown University, Gentag, Inc., and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC, NYSE: SAI), have combined forces to develop a non-invasive method for glucose measurement. The three technology leaders agreed to combine their respective intellectual property (IP) and expertise to create a new method to monitor glucose, using disposable skin patches with wireless sensors and cell phones. The resulting products could eliminate the need for finger pricking with lancets to draw blood for people of all ages with diabetes.
"This alliance provides an excellent example of cooperation between academia and industry to bring creative healthcare solutions to the marketplace," said Claudia Stewart, Vice President of Technology Commercialization at Georgetown University.
The combined technology will enable the development of a unique new platform and approach for glucose monitoring and insulin delivery using cell phones. One potential market application could be a disposable, wireless skin patch that measures glucose levels and reports those levels to a cell phone that could also wirelessly control an insulin pump.
By using soft, flexible skin patches, combined with new sensor-chip technology, the traditional pain and discomfort of the current "finger prick" technology could be dramatically reduced or eliminated. The patches would be designed to provide readings once every hour for a 24-hour period. Using cell phones as readers would allow for convenience of a device many already use and are familiar with, as well as many other benefits, including emergency geolocation of patients.
"We expect that this new, painless, disposable, wireless, glucose sensor technology will significantly improve diabetes monitoring worldwide," said John Peeters, founder and president of Gentag, Inc.
With funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
at the Department of Defense, John Currie,
|SOURCE Georgetown University; Gentag, Inc.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Lucy Rose, SOAK and Mercury Rev Join Iceland Airwaves 2015 Line-Up
The line-up for the Reykjavík festival grows and grows, with today's addition of XFM favourites Lucy Rose and SOAK joining headliners Bjork and John Grant.
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Music that rocks
The line-up for the Reykjavík festival grows and grows, with today's addition of XFM favourites Lucy Rose and SOAK joining headliners Bjork and John Grant.
The returning rapper will make a European festival exclusive appearance at Robin Hill, with organisers saying they're "mighty proud" to host her.
The best signatures will be printed up on a real cast and given to the fallen frontman.
The band reveal that the forthcoming record will feature a more mature band… and synthesisers!
The shoegaze legends continue their reunion with some more dates.
With Isle of Wight just around the corner, the organisers have announced they'll be chasing a world record - and it involves the guitar legend and a lot of masks.
A number of people have been taken ill after reportedly drinking poppers at the Manchester festival.
Soak, Ratboy and The Bohicas are amongst the acts included in the line-up for Bestival's Invaders Of The Future stage.
John Giddings, who runs the Isle of Wight festival, says he got his chequebook out to ensure Fleetwood Mac would headline his event rather than Glastonbury.
The trio have announced details of their tour plans for autumn 2015, with the band set for dates in London's Alexandra Palace, Cardiff, Manchester and more.
The dust may have settled on Glastonbury weekend, but the summer of great music is just beginning. The Maccabees, The Strypes, The Big Moon and more...!
2015 is shaping up to be a big year for albums from some of XFM's favourite artists. Who's releasing what... and when? Find out here.
Jonathan Higgs and Alex Robertshaw take XFM's John Kennedy through their challenging, provocative and undeniably brilliant third album.
We're halfway through the year, but we guarantee that all of this week's tracks will be in your Best Songs Of 2015 lists come December... Beck, Foals, Editors and more.
Here's another handful of fabulous tracks to keep you company over the summer days. Frank Turner, Lucy Rose and Gaz Coombes are just some of your companions this week.
Intergalactic planetary, planetary intergalactic. The stars and the heavens have always fascinated songwriters... especially XFM's favourites.
Independence Day is the time of year when we celebrate the US of A for producing some excellent music over the years. Here are some of our favourite acts from Stateside.
To mark Canada Day on 1 July, XFM takes a look at some of the greatest ever bands to come out of the country, eh?
30 June sees the addition of an extra "leap second" to the day. So, we've collected together the best short songs of all time – naturally.


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Buy Tickets Love & Diane: 10th Anniversary Screening
Show From Series
Wednesday, August 13
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Love & Diane: 10th Anniversary Screening
October 22, 2012
A special 10th anniversary screening of director Jennifer Dworkin's rich, subtle, and moving portrait of a New York City family facing enormous challenges—one of the revelations of the 2002 New York Film Festival. In person: Jennifer Dworkin. Read more »


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Inherently Funny
Funny excuse if anyone ever asks why you're late. See also Animals.
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This is the hubspot for all we do at CTE.
Check out the various links for more information!
It's a new season, New Year, new time in your life. Are you still hanging on to the old? Have you transitioned jobs, relationships or moved locations? Are you ready for the New Year, or are you still carrying around the baggage from the old? In this 21 day course, you will get insights on how to leave the baggage of the old behind, so you can embrace the new with arms wide open! You can get details here.
The Tribe! The Passion Posse is the place to be for getting your year in gear. Going in on a deeper level from Chuck the Chachke, we delve into who you are, what you want, and where you want to go. Are you lost after a major life event? Do you feel like you are not the same person that you were a year, or even a month ago? Would you love to be part of a synergy of women who are rocking their world? Are you on a budget? Then the Passion Posse may be the route for you. Eight weeks. Deep Dive. Clarity! Find out more information here.
Are you impatient? If you would like to see results NOW, then the VIP days may be the route for you. You get one-on-one time and get things done quickly. You will leave with actionable steps and clarity to help guide you to your Passion Path. Details are here.
"Unearthing nuggets of truth on your path to success" is the tagline of the podcast. Each week, Stephanie interviews interesting people who have become successful~but on their own terms. Whether they went bankrupt, or had a brain injury, the interviews will help you on your path to success, whatever success means to you. You can tune in by clicking here.
Do you have an event that you need a speaker for? Stephanie has motivational speeches that may be perfect for your event. Warm, funny and connecting on a heart-to-heart level, her speeches will leave you inspired and motivated to do more with your life. She also has a presentation for Junior and High school girls which outlines the effects of Domestic Violence. You can connect here to book her.
Stephanie's first e-book, Musings of an Emerging Princess is now available on Amazon! -->What do you do while you are recovering from a 23-year verbally abusive marriage? Musings of an Emerging Princess is a collection of the posts and stories that she wrote to assist her healing. Some of them are deep, some lighthearted, others a bit teary, but they will all give you a bit of inspiration to assist you in some way. <-- Order the book here.
Fifty50 Split
Coming soon! We are excited about this initiative. At Fifty50Split.org, you will find empowerment products for women, girls and younger ones (and some for boys). From each product sold, 50% of the profits will go to various charities that support women and girls. Get empowered! Give back! Win-win! The site will be up soon.


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Hongfa Zhu
- ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Pathology
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
Clinical Focus
- Anal Cancer
- Barrett's Esophagus
- Biopsy
- Celiac Disease
- Colon Polyps
- Colonoscopy
- Colorectal Cancer
- Colorectal Resection
- Crohn's Disease
- Diverticulitis
- Esophageal Cancer
- Esophagectomy
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
- Gastrectomy
- Gastritis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Ischemic Bowel Disease
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Peptic Ulcer
- Small Bowel Resection
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Stomach Cancer
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Upper GI Endoscopy
Residency, Internal Medicine
Suzhou Medical College
Fellowship, Pathology
Beth Israel Medical Center
Industry Relationships
Physicians and scientists on the faculty of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai often interact with pharmaceutical, device and biotechnology companies to improve patient care, develop new therapies and achieve scientific breakthroughs. In order to promote an ethical and transparent environment for conducting research, providing clinical care and teaching, Mount Sinai requires that salaried faculty inform the School of their relationships with such companies.
Dr. Zhu did not report having any of the following types of financial relationships with industry during 2014 and/or 2015: consulting, scientific advisory board, industry-sponsored lectures, service on Board of Directors, participation on industry-sponsored committees, equity ownership valued at greater than 5% of a publicly traded company or any value in a privately held company. Please note that this information may differ from information posted on corporate sites due to timing or classification differences.
Mount Sinai's faculty policies relating to faculty collaboration with industry are posted on our website. Patients may wish to ask their physician about the activities they perform for companies.
Insurance Information
Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) physicians - including those employed by MSHS - do not always participate in the same health plans in which MSHS hospitals or facilities participate.
Information regarding insurance participation and billing by this physician may be found on this page or obtained by contacting this provider directly.
Insurance plans that the Mount Sinai Health System hospitals or facilities participate in can be found on the Mount Sinai Health System website.
Annenberg Building Floor 15th Floor Room Room 54
1468 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10029
Fax: 212-289-2899
Annenberg Building Floor 38 Room 15C
1468 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10029


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Dell Inspiron Zino HD 410
Based on 10 scores, 13 reviews available
The Dell Inspiron Zino HD 410 houses a 1.6GHz AMD Athlon 2650E processor (up to 1.8GHz AMD X2), Radeon HD 3200 integrated graphics (or Radeon HD 4330 512MB), 2GB of DDR2 800MHz RAM (up to 8GB), a 320GB 7200RPM HDD (up to 1TB), a DVD burner (or Blu-ray drive), and Windows 7 Home Premium (or Professional) X64. Other specifications include 802.11n Wi-Fi, four USB ports, an eSATA port, a headphone jack, a four-in-one memory card reader, and VGA as well as HDMI-out.
Editors Liked
- Built-in Bluray
- Integrated Wireless N support
- Customizable case top
- Wireless keyboard and mouse
- Quad-core power
- Discrete graphics
- Built-in IR receiver
- Included MCE remote
- Two eSATA ports
- HDMI port
- 6GB of memory
Editors Didn't Like
- Pricey for what it offers
- Only 30-day trial to McAfee SecurityCenter
- Thicker than Mac mini
- Not user serviceable
- No HDTV tuner
- External power brick


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Heroes of the West Beta (V5) - EASY INSTALLERMar 1, 2015 Heroes of the West Full Version 4 comments
Here's the simple installation version of our latest update.
Focusing on the Battle of Stalingrad and surrounding operations, Heroes of Stalingrad allows the player to experience one of the most brutal battles in all of human history. For the first time ever in a first person shooter gamers will be able to experience WWII from the Axis side in a German single player campaign. As always with the Red Orchestra franchise, Tripwire will aim to deliver unrivalled accuracy and attention to detail, along with gritty, vicious combat in multi-player, co-op and solo modes.
About Heroes of the West with 2 comments by Moskeeto on Oct 4th, 2014
We have just released Alpha 2!
It is both client and server ready, so set up a server and play with others!
This release includes a new custom map which is a remake of an old DoD favorite: Donner! This custom map isn't an original map for our mod. It was actually made for RO2, but with the permission of the map maker, we have adapted it into our mod so we can have something for the community to play on while we get original maps created.
You can download Alpha 2 here on ModDB!
Here's the simple installation version of our latest update.
Big update this one. A lot of new map related content.
This is a much simpler way to install the mod. Just run the .exe and have install the files in the correct directories.
Here's the latest version of the mod with lots of bug fixes, new features, and smoother gameplay.
This is Alpha 3. Not too many changes from Alpha 2. Just a couple of changes pertaining to roles on the new map.
This is Alpha 2 of our mod. Just unzip the file and then copy-paste ROGame into: C:\Users\username\Documents\My Games\RedOrchestra2
I don't want "cutting edge graphics and sound", I want good optimization so a $3,000 comp isn't required to play the game, and plenty of content so it doesn't become stale after a few months.
Are you mad, my £550 PC will run this fine.
based off pictures and videos, im sure you will be fine... looks really good btw, cant wait to kick some russian *** with my mp40! and luger...
Don't worry I looked at the system requirements and they are not high.
just so you know no proper specs are out, the only ones floating around are steam place holders.
then turn down the setting or beg them to make the game on unreal 2 for you...
I'm much looking forward to this game, but please for the love of all that is good in the world, fix tank combat.
And what I mean by that is to make angle less of a factor. 85mm shells impacting a Panzer III's side armor at 10 meters shouldn't bounce because he's parked diagonally to you. Angle matters, but in RO it matters far, far, far, far too much. To the point of really breaking the tank combat. I'm surprised you guys never bothered to fix it, you really should.
Also implement a server-side option for 1-manning tanks that allows a player to shoot and drive at the same time. That will be great for Arad-like tank maps. PLEASE take these suggestions into consideration.
Just read the bit about AI crewmembers. Still, the angle suggestion stands.
parait que yaurai des cross hair... ne tué pas l'esprit de ro nabaissai pas le gameplay au niveau d'un joeur de c"beeeeep"
Game looks ******* sick....fullstop.
Looks like this will be pretty awesome, too bad not many this good pc games are being made anymore.
Highest Rated (4 agree) 10/10
A wonderful game. Best gunplay in this type of FPS game ever, great realism just..great everything and first time i see a WW2 game with no f*cking americans and their battles all the god damn time. Tripwire finally did something that no other company dared or didnt wanna do, the battle between russia and germany with the ability to play as both side and actually bring something with an experience that makes big titles like battlefield and call of duty look like games with toy guns for mic whining kids.
Jan 12 2012, 10:55am by Gurra300
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Health & Parenting
Choosing a Baby Sitter You Can Count on
Parents are particularly scrupulous when looking for daytime child care arrangements. But should you be any less careful when hiring a baby sitter for a one-night booking? It is equally important to make the right choice when hiring a nighttime sitter.
The Search Is on
Don't assume that a relative or family friend is any better than a sitter-for-hire; the most important qualifications for a sitter are maturity and responsibility. Here, three sources for finding people that meet these qualifications:
1. Get Personal Referrals
The best referrals come from dependable sources. Inquire among people you trust: ask how they found the baby sitter, if they were comfortable with the arrangement, if they would ask the sitter back again and what they paid. Places to consider when sleuthing for names are your pediatrician's office, churches and your child's school.
2. Conduct a Self-Search
A second option is to advertise. Consider a local paper or community or college bulletin boards. The New York City-based Child Care Action Campaign (CCAC) recommends that your ad give the following information: your child's age; the hours during which you need child care; the professional qualifications you require (such as certification in CPR); and the benefits that you as an employer will offer, such as gas money to get to and from your house or free meals while on the job.
3. Contact an Agency
The CCAC offers a handy guide on choosing the right child care (call 212-239-0138 to order). You can also try the Yellow Pages, looking under "child care." Some local agencies such as the American Red Cross, YWCA and Girls Inc. offer baby-sitting training courses and job referral programs for prospective sitters.
Interview with a Sitter
Once you have the names of prospective baby sitters, set up interviews to meet with them to determine their maturity level and to just "get a feel" for each person. Bruce Hirschfield, Director of the Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) notes that maturity, not age, is the deciding factor. "You can have a fourteen-year-old with a great deal of maturity, and a twenty-two-year-old without much maturity," says Hirschfield. "It really goes case by case. You must feel comfortable with the baby sitter."


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Gov. Mark Dayton laid out changes in his budget proposal Tuesday that would make railroad companies fork over more funds to ensure Minnesota communities can handle a dramatic influx of train traffic.
Permanent deer hunting stands could be banned on state and county forest land.
The gang-rape conviction of two former Vanderbilt University football players sends signals out in every direction.
When your "dead" cat shows up again FIVE days after it's been hit by a car and buried, who would you call first?
Jordanian pilot Moaz al-Kassasbeh was captured in Syria last month, and ISIS has threatened to kill al-Kassasbeh as well as Japanese captive Kenji Goto if Jordan does not release Sajida al-Rishawi, a woman convicted of attempting a suicide attack in...
Scandal star
They committed the murder (or at least one of them did) -- but can they get away with it?That's what the remaining six episodes of
A new report warns that insurance companies — perhaps more than initially thought — may be charging the sickest patients extra for drugs under the federal health law to discourage them from choosing certain plans.
Education makes up the biggest chunk of Gov. Mark Dayton's plan for how to spend a projected $1 billion surplus in the state budget.
Authorities in northwestern Wisconsin say a car rear-ended a school bus loaded with 45 students, but the children and the bus driver were not hurt.
A law enforcement campaign to compel Google Inc. to disable a feature in its popular Waze traffic app that lets drivers warn others about nearby police activity shifted Wednesday when a sheriffs' organization openly complained that the app not only...
- Events Calendar


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Histon future thrown into turmoil as the board resign en masse
Posted: March 06, 2014|
The future of Histon Football Club has been thrown into turmoil after the board announced their intention to resign at the end of the month.
All five board members, including chairman Russell Hands, made it clear they were no longer prepared to continue running the club due to ongoing obstacles to further investment.
With a shortfall of £40,000 needed to get through the current season and long-term question marks over the club's sustainability while competing at Skrill North level, the inability to attract further investment has proved to be too much to bear.
It was revealed during Thursday night's public meeting, attended by just over 50 supporters, that the main difficulty in securing more funding is the structure of the club's finances, which sees former chairman Gareth Baldwin, Angelo Dama, AWD Trustees and Primeteam Services Ltd – none of whom are involved in the running of the club anymore – holding 96 per cent of the shares.
While Baldwin, Webster, AWD Trustees and Primeteam Services are happy to surrender their shares to help the club secure much needed investment, Dama, who owns 31 per cent, has refused to do so.
The result is a bitter stalemate that could threaten to bring the club to its knees.
"I'm sorry we've had to do what we've done," said Hands. "It's really hard.
"Every time we talk to any potential sponsors they look at who the major shareholders are and ask 'what they do at the club, what's their input?' They're wary of putting any serious money in.
"We've spoken to various corporations and companies and they've gone away and had a think about it and then declined. That's the problem we have."
Last night's meeting marked a new low in the club's recent history.
The board's decision to announce their resignation was greeted with dismay by the disappointingly small number of supporters present but under the current stalemate there seemed to be little alternative.
The club's shareholders have until the end of March to appoint new directors to run the club and failure to do so could result in the club being wound up by Companies House, however the outgoing board vowed not to abandon the club.
Earlier in the meeting, company secretary Michael Tolond outlined the options facing Histon in the coming weeks.
These included dropping down at least one division to a more sustainable level of football, going into administration and reforming as a community interest club with no major shareholders, or to continue trying to run within its financial means.
Tolond said it had become clear to the board that with average gates of 300 and no possibility of securing investment in the near future, to continue as at present would be unworkable.
To make matters worse for the club, members of Histon Independent Supporters Trust have made it clear they will not step in to take over as directors if the shareholding issue is not resolved.
"Members of the HIST board have said they're not prepared to put themselves in the same position the current directors are in," said secretary Richard Barlow.
Whatever is decided, it will be a matter for new directors but Hands said that dropping down might be the best solution.
"If the club can continue at this level, great," he said. "But the club has got to be realistic. There's the cost of maintaining the grounds and the facilities around it and at this moment in time the income stream is not enough to maintain it."
On a bad day for Histon, manager Brian Page earlier revealed that Lewis Taaffe could be on his way out of the club.
"We've had an offer in for Lewis," he said. "He's made it clear he would like to talk to the club about that.
"We'll get nothing for him as he's on non-contract terms.
"Unfortunately we've got no resources so we can't afford to keep him any more. It looks like if they make him a half-decent offer he'll be gone."


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Paul A. Smith offers news, notes and perspective on the great outdoors.
West Bend planning outdoor archery range
The West Bend Park, Recreation and Forestry Department is developing a permanent outdoor archery range in the City of West Bend.
The range is planned on a parcel near the city's wastewater treatment plant on Municipal Drive. The range would feature six ground level targets, a shooting platform with three targets, shooting stairs and bow racks.
It would also feature handicap accessibility and be free to the public.
The project is in a planning and fundraising stage.
The city has scheduled an open house to discuss the outdoor archery range on April 3 from 6:30 to 8 p.m. at West Bend City Hall. City officials invite anyone interested in the range to attend. Call (262) 335-5080 for more information.
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16 Angel Crafts to Make: Homemade Christmas Ornaments & Decorations
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Cookie Cutter Ornaments
By: Melba Rhodes for Buggalcrafts
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Add flavor to your Christmas decor with these Cookie Cutter Ornaments. You can easily use cookie cutters in crafts like this and give them as gifts. And they're not only for Christmas, create them for a new baby or Valentine's Day!
- Cookie cutter
- Scrapbook paper
- Pencil
- Scissors
- Glue
- Embellishments of choice
- Carefully align the cutter (not cutting edge down) over the scrapbook/other paper until you are pleased with the design inside the cutter.
- Next trace the cookie cutter on the printed scrapbook paper and then cut the shape out. Be sure the side you are going to glue the paper to is facing down.
- Glue the scrapbook paper to the back of the cutter with the patterned side showing through the cutter. It's easiest to glue to the "top" or non-cutting edge of the cutter. Allow to dry.
- Tie on jingle bells, a spray of holly with berries, plastic mini candy cane and mini cookie cutters to really dress this ornament up! Glue the embellishment in place on the cookie cutter with a glue gun. If using a small pattern patter glue an embellishment inside the cutter on the scrapbook paper.
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