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OmegaNemesis28 Blog
Resident Evil 5 Die Another Day
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Resident Evil 5 Live!!!!!
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Come join me as I play Resident Evil 5 Live!!!! It should start by 5:00 EST (which is 20 minutes from this post) Link
Every RE5 Cutscene, Boss, The Mercenaries Character, and Chapters!
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Every Resident Evil 5 cutscene and tons of gameplay including every The Mercenaries character can be found on my Youtube account here! The videos are also fully HD available if you click the HD button.
Its a great game, I had a blast. The ending is a little meh, but I don't want to spoil it. I think I spoiled enough with the picture.
Resident Evil 5 Cutscenes and Gameplay
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Got the game last night. This game is just flat out awesome. It turns out to be MUCH better then I expected. I will upload more videos as I progress in the game. Youtube Links (HD available) Enjoy
Not So Special Special Editions
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
As time goes on, video games get more popular. The video game industry is becoming larger and larger every year and may just one day be considered the largest industry of them all. Video games will continue to change as time continues, like all things normally do. Whether it be the graphics (Crysis, Team Fortress 2, Okami), the controls (Wii), the media format (Blu-Ray), the gameplay mechanics (Killzone 2's motion controlls), or even the way you see the game (3D) - they will generally change over time for the better or the worse. Although these change constantly especially every new generation, there must be something that is passed own through the industry that remains the same. Things like multiple endings or developer easter eggs generally appear normally in most if not all games today. Pricing? No, not really. Video game pricing has gone up considerably over the ages and most console games cost $60 now. Pricing does relate though. What I'm trying to get at is Special or Limited Edition versions of a video game. They will remain in the industry for a very long time if not forever. It is an additional way for the publishers to get extra moola on top of the sky high price that video games generally are today. Special Edition versions of a game can go anywhere from $70 and above. What makes people go out and buy Special Edition versions of a game? What makes them so..... "special"? What gives the seller the right to tack on that additional $10+ price on? This is what I find myself asking all the time to myself. It seems that, like I just said, its another way to soak up money. Buying special edition versions of a game is pointless. They have generally nothing to do with the game itself. Let's look at the Halo 3 Legendary Edition. It comes with.... a massive Spartan helmet! Awesome! You know most people bought that for sure! So wearing this helmet or placing it infront of the TV screen gives me additional super powers so I can kill more noobs on Blood Gulch? No silly. Why would it ever do that? Ok, how about the Grand Theft Auto 4 Special Edition. You get a soundtrack, a duffel bag, art book, and....... a lock box? A lock box..... you've got to be kidding me. At least the Spartan Helmet had something to do with the game! Even the duffel bag really is just..... unnecessary. It doesn't justify the $90 price tag. Sure, most people think, "Oh it is just an additional $30. Why not?" But there is are several obvious reasons it is a complete waste of money! Resident Evil 5's Collector Edition is also for $90. It includes a bonus disc, a hand bag, a figurine, a necklace, a BSAA patch, and a cool box. While in my personal opinion the box is awesome looking for some reason and that this is a much better buy then the GTA4 one, it is just unnecessary. I probably would be able to get a handbag for $2 at some store that not only better quality but would look better, the patch I could get made for about a $1 or 2 online, and the necklace is the shape of Africa - which I'm sure you could either have made or find online already. The figure will probably be less then $10 at Toys-R-Us when they come out. Metal Gear Solid 4 also had a special edition. I personally purchased this one because of the box art, I could not bring myself to not spend the standard $60. The face of Old Snake over powering the front cover annoyed me considering that every other Metal Gear game had the fancy gritty artwork on it's cover that I just absolutely love and admire all the time. Even then, I thought it was absolutely stupidity that I wasted an extra $25 just for that and a bonus disc. It should've been no more then $70. . The only thing worth it in this and other packages are the bonus discs if they even mean anything to you. The behind the scenes look is always cool but even then, you find yourself watching once and only once usually because you're bored or have a sudden interest to see or because you want to justify the stupid purchase you made. The same apply to artbooks. The soundtrack, if included, is always a cool bonus but do you honestly picture yourself listening to it like you would your radio or favorite music? Do these really justify the additional money? The point is, a special edition version of a game should include at least something ingame related that only the special edition buyers would have access to. All I'm asking for, and I'm sure others are too - is maybe an additional level or something of that nature. Bonus skins like the ones from the Little Big Planet pre-order are welcome and definitely justify maybe an additional $5 if they weren't being sold right now for the same price online - making them not so special anymore. The Godfather II has a pre-order bonus where you get a special exclusive character for free, if they were to make a special edition with maybe 5 exclusive characters - this would be kinda cool too. I guess maybe I'm looking/asking for too much. Maybe I'm just not understanding or seeing the point of special editions too clearly. . If you buy special editions or you have in the past - sound off and give a reason why you purchase(d) them.
Resident Evil 5 Campaign
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Dude - check out this new RE5 website. Website Spread this link please to everyone you know. Its the same as above. http://www.residentevil.com/5/kijuju/?fbid=wjdNVgduXmM# The more people who click this link, the more content released. So far, a live action trailer with Chris Redfield and Sheva have been released on the site. We need 10k views to get more. Take the candle Go to the far left Click the 1 Type "refinery" on the piece of paper that opens up.
Resident Evil Degeneration
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
THIS MOVIE = WIN It was leaked onto the internet yesterday. I MUST buy the Blu-Ray on December 30th. The movie is freaking awesome. I loved it. Cliche, but thats what RE basically is in the long run. Not only is the movie stunningly amazing, but it actually sticks with the story that RE is based upon unlike the stupid live action ones. When December 30th rolls around, I HIGHLY recommend this movie. Click here for picture gallery of full movie
Been Awhile
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
Haven't blogged or posted in any unions in awhile. Mostly because of school and my addiction to other forums like Overclock.net Anyways - I've been doing ALOT of gaming lately on both the PC and PS3. So far, I've gotten over 260 Trophies on my PSN Account. Games ranging from Bioshock to Mirror's Edge. Just non stop. Finally got 100% on Bioshock, aiming for 100% on Mirror's Edge next, and then 100% on Battlefield Bad Company. As for the PC, Left 4 Dead all night baby. I got 8 dedicated PC servers up running all day. So far, my 24/7 VS server has gotten into the top 100 most played server available in L4D for the PC. Click here to check them out. I'm also currently getting my CS:S clan back up on its feet. We've got a 24/7 Assault server up about 3 days ago, and it's doing pretty good. Much better then we expected. Check it out. Join us if you play CS:S or L4D. :) I don't see myself coming back to Gamespot for Unions or the blogs much for awhile still. Too busy, gotta keep grades up, and too many games to play through at the same time. Peace. ^_^
My impression of the new Gamespot look
by OmegaNemesis28 on Comments
The new "Gamespot Wide Beta" is certainly a huge step forward for Gamespot. I love the look. Its very clean. Though, there is a ton of space for improvement. It needs alot of more work. Some of the colors just don't feel right. For example - the colors under the PS3 games are a little off. They should be black or a different shade of blue. It feels awkward. Also, the blogs are kinda compressed now with only 1 main article on the front and the rest are compressed into links and previews with jumps. Overall, I like it. Its a technilogical step forward. With a ton of more tweaks, it can work out beautifully.


text:
The Maverik M3 custom lacrosse glove sets a new standard for both technology and performance in a high end glove with a more traditional fit. The 37.5 Technology liner keeps your hands dry during competition and Ax Suede provides durability and a comfortable feel. INHALER mesh palm allows for airflow and FLOWCOOL venting on the backhand allows heat to disburse. Total customization available through eight seperate zones and the option to add an embroidered team logo and player number. Order minimums of 18 pairs. Look no further than Elevation for the best deals on your custom team needs!
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This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!
All prices are in USD.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Storage elements are read multiple times and the results are accumulated and averaged for each storage element to reduce the effects of noise or other transients in the storage elements and associated circuits that may adversely affect the quality of the read. Several techniques may be employed, including: A full read and transfer of the data from the storage device to the controller device for each iteration, with averaging performed by the controller; a full read of the data for each iteration, with the averaging performed by the storage device, and no transfer to the controller until the final results are obtained; one full read followed by a number of faster re-reads exploiting the already established state information to avoid a full read, followed by an intelligent algorithm to guide the state at which the storage element is sensed. These techniques may be used as the normal mode of operation, or invoked upon exception condition, depending on the system characteristics. A similar form of signal averaging may be employed during the verify phase of programming. An embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the target state. If some predetermined portion of the verifies fail, the storage element receives additional programming. These techniques allow the system to store more states per storage element in the presence of various sources of noise.
1. A method of sensing the data content of a non-volatile memory, comprising:
biasing a multi-state storage element of the non-volatile memory according to a set of operating parameters and target criteria;
determining to a first resolution the value of a parameter indicative of the state of said storage element a plurality of times with the storage element biased according to said set of operating parameters and target criteria;
individually storing said plurality of parameter values determined to the first resolution; and
determining the multi-state data content of said storage element to a second resolution less than said first resolution by forming a composite of said plurality of values of said parameter individually stored at the first resolution.
2. A method according to
3. A method according to
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5. A method according to
adding the plurality of parameter values to form a sum; and dividing the sum by the number of parameter values added;
forming a mean of the plurality of parameter values; forming a weighted mean of the plurality of parameter values;
a peak detection scheme; and
omitting outlying values of the plurality of parameter values.
6. A method according to
7. A method according to
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determining a base value for the parameter; and
determining variation from the vase value a plurality of times.
13. A non-volatile memory comprising:
an array of multi-state storage elements;
read circuitry coupled to the array to provide a parameter associated with the state of a cell contained therein;
a sense amplifier coupled to the read circuitry to determine the value of the parameter to a first resolution; and
averaging circuitry coupled to the sense amplifier for individually storing multiple independently determined values of the parameter supplied from the sense amplifier at the first resolution and forming a composite multi-state data value of a second resolution less than the first resolution for the single cell formed from said multiple independently determined values of the parameter supplied from the sense amplifier at the first resolution.
14. A memory according to
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19. A memory according to
20. A memory according to
21. A non-volatile memory-comprising an array of storage elements, biasing circuitry whereby selected storage elements can be biased, and read circuitry to provide the data content of the selected elements when biased by the biasing circuitry, wherein the read circuitry senses the selected storage elements in a first mode, wherein the selected storage elements are sensed once for each of one or more first sets of bias conditions, subsequently senses the selected storage elements in a second mode, wherein the selected storage elements are sensed a plurality of times for each of one or more second sets of bias conditions which differ from the first sets of bias conditions, and determines the data content of the selected storage elements from a combination of the sensing in the first mode and the sensing in the second mode.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/439,508, filed May 16, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,785,164, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/052,888, filed Jan. 18, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,739.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to computer readable memory devices, and, more specifically, to methods for reducing noise when reading their information content.
2. Background Information
In non-volatile semiconductor memories, such as EEPROMs, the amount of data stored per memory cell has been increased in order to increase storage densities. At the same time, the operating voltages of such devices have decreased to reduce power consumption. This results in a greater number states stored in a smaller range of voltage or current values. As the voltage or current separation between data states decreases, the effects of noise become more significant in the reading of these cells. For example, variations in the threshold value acceptable in a binary storage, 5 volts EEPROM cell may no longer be acceptable in a device operating at 3 volts with four or more bits storable per cell. Some consequences of noise, and methods for dealing with it, in a non-volatile memory are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,019, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
An example of noisy behaviour is shown in
The present invention presents methods to further reduce the effects of noise in non-volatile memories, thereby allowing the system to store more states per storage element in circuits where noise and other transients are a significant factor. The storage elements are read multiple times by sensing a parameter indicative of their state. The results are accumulated and averaged for each storage element to reduce the effects of noise in the circuits as well as other transients that may adversely affect the quality of the read.
The methods of the present invention can be implemented through several techniques. In a first set of embodiments, a full read and transfer of the data from the storage device to the controller device is performed for each iteration, with averaging performed by the controller. In a second set of embodiments, a full read of the data for each interruption is performed, but the averaging is performed within the storage device and no transfer of data to the controller takes place until the final results are sent. A third set of embodiments perform one full read followed by a number of faster re-reads by exploiting the already established state information to avoid a full read, with some intelligent algorithm to guide the state at which the storage element is sensed. This technique may be used as the normal mode of operation, or invoked upon exception condition, depending on the system characteristics.
A similar form of signal averaging may be employed during the verify phase of programming. An exemplary embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the target state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the final state. If some predetermined portion of the verifies fail, the storage element receives additional programming.
Additional aspects, features and advantages of the present invention are included in the following description of specific representative embodiments, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The storage capacity of non-volatile semiconductor memories has increased both by the reduction in the physical size of the individual components of the circuits including the memory cell and by increasing the amount of data storable in an individual memory cell. For example, devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,180 and 6,103,573 and U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 09/505,555, filed on Feb. 17, 2000, and Ser. No. 09/667,344, filed on Sep. 22, 2000, which are all assigned to SanDisk Corporation and which are all hereby incorporated herein by this reference, can store four or more logical bits per physical floating gate storage transistor. In the case of four logical bits, this storage will require each floating gate to be able to have encoded within it one of sixteen possible memory states. Each one of these memory states corresponds to a unique value, or, more accurately, a narrow range of values, of stored charge on the floating gate which is sufficiently separated from its neighboring states charge storage range of values to clearly differentiate it from those neighboring states as well as all the other states. This is true for both a normal read operation as well as for a verify read done as part of a programming operation.
A number of techniques for reading memory cells are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,793, filed on Sep. 27, 2000, and one entitled "Sense Amplifier for Multilevel Non-Volatile Integrated Memory Devices" by Shahzad Khalid, filed on Nov. 20, 2001, which are assigned to SanDisk Corporation and which are both hereby incorporated herein by this reference. The first of these applications describes reading the content of the memory cell with 7-bit or higher resolution for use in 4-bit storage. When this number of levels is contained in a 3 volt window of operating voltages as is typical in a FLASH memory, this results in approximately a 25 mV resolving capability. With this range, levels of noise formerly acceptable can now lead to the state of the cell being read with an error of one or more state levels.
As described in that patent, a memory cell has its source-drain current I(t) sensed by a sense amplifier. At the sense amplifier, I(t) typically has a noise component as illustrated in
For example, in many EEPROM or flash EEPROM devices, the characteristic fluctuation time TΔI has been estimated to be from 10 nanoseconds to several hundred nanoseconds. Thus, for these typical devices, the analog averaging or integration time T for the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,019 should preferably be substantially higher than TΔI. In contrast, prior art sensing of I(t) is detected more or less "instantaneously", that is, in a time substantially less than TΔI, and produces the sort of output shown in
Programming a memory cell is usually accomplished through a program/verify cycle, such as that described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 which is hereby incorporated by reference. In the typical process, a memory cell is pulsed with a programming voltage and its value is checked to determine whether or not it has reached the desired target state. If not, the process is then repeated until it is so verified. Since this verification is a sensing process, it will also be affected by noise. This is shown in FIG. 2.
When the state of the cell is near the target value, the peaks in parameter due to noise may pass the target value, even through the cell is not yet in the desired state. This is shown by 204 where the peaks in I(t) cross the target value even though its average value, <I(t)>, is still not at the target value. If the verify read is performed at one of these peak values of 204, the cell could incorrectly verify instead of continuing on to the more accurate state represented by 205.
When sensing the state of a cell, whether as part of a verify operation or as a read operation, to obtain an accurate value for its state by the methods described above requires that the read period T be long with respect to the characteristic time TΔI of the noise fluctuation. This technique can have a number of shortcomings. Depending on how long this characteristic time is, this may require an excessively long read period when compared to the other operations of the memory and would result in a corresponding unacceptable loss of read speed. The present invention uses a short sense time, but repeats the process several times for a given read with the multiple sensings then averaged to obtain the state of the cell. For noise with a component having a long characteristic time, the multiple short sensings may require a combined time less than needed for the single read of the analog integration. Also, since a large number of memory cells are being read simultaneously, there are practical limits placed on the integrating analog circuits used in the integration technique.
Another limitation of the integration technique is that the <I(t)> value can be skewed by very short duration but large noise events. Such a short duration event can be isolated in a single read of the multiple sensing method and then removed along with other outlying values when the average is computed. Additionally, as the value of each of the sensed cells is separately determined a number of times, the values can be processed in a number of additional ways not available for the integration technique.
More particularly, the storage elements are read multiple times and the results are accumulated and digitally averaged for each storage element. This reduces the effects of noise in the circuits as well as other transient that may adversely affect the quality of the read. Several embodiments are discussed below. In one embodiment, a full read and transfer of the data from the storage device to the controller device is performed for each iteration, with averaging performed by the controller. Alternately, the device may perform a full read of the data for each iteration, but with the digital averaging performed by the storage device and no transfer to the controller until the final results are sent. Instead of performing a full read for each iteration, the memory may instead perform an initial full read followed by a number of faster re-reads exploiting the already established state information to avoid a full read, with some intelligent algorithm to guide the state at which the storage element is sensed. These techniques may be used as the normal mode of operation, or invoked upon exception condition, depending on the system characteristics. A similar form of signal averaging may be employed during the verify phase of programming. An embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the target state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the final state. If some predetermined portion of the verify fails, the storage element is programmed more. As the amount of noise is reduced, this technique can allow the system to store more states per storage element as compared to when noise and other transients are a significant factor.
The two read techniques, the digital averaging of multiple reads and the extended integration time for analog averaging, should be considered complementary. Their relative effectiveness depends on the characteristic frequency of the noise. Since the noise may arise from a number of different sources each with different characteristic frequencies, whether to use the first, second, or both techniques may depend upon the operating conditions of the device. For example, if the noise is composed of a high frequency component and a low frequency component, the integration time for each of the individual sensing operations could be taken long enough to effectively integrate out the high frequency components, while the multiple reads of the present invention could be used to reduce the effect of the low frequency component. Both the length of the integration interval and the number of re-reads can be adjusted according to the frequency characteristics of the noise. These can be set by parameters during testing and stored on the system.
An additional read technique that can be further combined with these other techniques is described in a co-pending U.S. patent entitled "Noise Reduction Technique For Transistors and Small Devices Utilizing an Episodic Agitation" by Nima-Mokhlesi, Daniel C. Guterman, and Geoff Gongwer, filed concurrently with the present application and which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application describes techniques suitable when the noise has a component with a bimodal behavior.
The state of a storage element can be determined using a number of different parameters. In the examples above, the determination of a cell's stored charge level can be performed by current sensing, where the magnitude of its conduction, using fixed bias conditions, is sensed. Alternately, such determination can be made through sensing threshold voltage, where the onset of such conduction is sensed using varied steering gate bias conditions. These methods represent a couple of the more standard approaches.
Alternately, the determination could be performed dynamically by having the cells' charge-level determined driver-strength control the discharge rate of a dynamically held (by, e.g., a pre-charged capacitor) sense node. By sensing the time to reach a given discharge level, the stored charge level is determined. In this case, the parameter indicative of the cell's condition is a time. This approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,762, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and in U.S. patent application entitled "Sense Amplifier for Multilevel Non-Volatile Integrated Memory Devices" that has been incorporated by reference above. Another alternate technique determines the state of the storage elements using frequency as the parameter, an approach described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,019 that has also been incorporated above.
Current sensing approaches are more fully developed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338, that was included by reference above, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and may be employed with the various embodiments described below. However, the majority of the following exposition uses the threshold voltage, Vth, sensing approach (alternately termed voltage margining) since this improves the sensing resolution, keeps the current, and consequently the power, associated with massively parallel read operations low, and mininizes vulnerability to high bit line resistance. The Vth sensing, or voltage margining, approach is developed more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,762. Another technique of voltage sensing, monitoring the voltage at the source for a fixed drain voltage in response to a given gate voltage, is the source follower technique that is described, for example in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,793, incorporated by reference above.
The actual sensing in a voltage margining technique can be performed in several ways, for example by sequentially comparing a cell's threshold voltage to each of the associated reference values. For multi-state cells, it can be more efficient to exploit a cell-by-cell, data conditional binary search as described in above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,762, which, for example, is capable of determining, in parallel, each of the sensed cells' Vth to a one in sixteen resolution through a sequential, four-pass sensing operation. The amount of resolution required for sensing is discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,793. As usual, the, degree of resolution used is often a tradeoff between higher resolution, resulting in more potential "bits" beyond the minimum required 4-bit resolution of the exemplary embodiments (e.g., for use in improving memory reliability), and cost associated with more area, to sense and store these extra bits, as well as more time consumed, both due to the additional sensing passes in the binary search of these extra bits and due to the transferring of this extra information.
It should be noted that not all of the added time for the additional sensing and processing, or possibly for an increased integration time, need be directly reflected in device speed since the device can perform many of these operations in parallel. For example, if a normal read process requires an 11 pass read operation with 3 μs per pass, the present invention may add an extra half dozen or so final read passes and potentially double the integration time if there was a noise component in the 1 μs range. This will slow nominal read time for a given cell, but offer higher storage density. Increasing parallelism could reduce the effect of this increase in single cell read time. Techniques for increasing the amount of parallelism in non-volatile memories are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/766,436, filed on Jan. 19, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Although increasing the number of operations done in parallel often itself increases noise, the present techniques will also be applicable to reducing this noise.
To extract the data stored in the memory cells, this data must be both written and stored with sufficient fidelity. Consequently, to achieve such fidelity, minimizing the effects of noise are important in the verification parts of the programming operation as well as in the actual reading operation when the state of the cell is converted into a data value.
The data states Φi are then averaged. This can be done in a number of different ways, as is described below, with a simple exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The averaging circuit AVE 320 consists of an accumulator Σi 321 and a divider 323. For example, the data state could be measured eight times, the result accumulated in 321 to produce Σi=1 8Φi, and the divider 323 could be a shift register, which when shifted three times will divide the sum by eight. The output {overscore (Φ)} of AVE 320 is then the average read value, in this example a simple mean.
A memory system normally consists of one or more memory chips, each of which contain the actual arrays of memory cells, plus a controller chip, although in a single chip embodiment the controller function may be integrated into the same chip as that within which the array is contained. Although the read circuitry SA 310 will be located on the same chip as the memory cells, both the location and operation of the averaging circuit AVE 320 can have a number of different embodiments. More particularly, exactly how the average {overscore (Φ)} is formed from the individual reads, along with the type and location of the circuitry involved in forming this composite, have a number of possible variations. For example, the circuit AVE 320 of
Although the specifics will vary with the embodiments described below, a pair of generic situations is shown in
The variation of
For any of the embodiments, the basic read process of the present invention consists of concurrently supplying a parameter set p(t), such as a voltage or current, indicative of the state of the cell, to the read circuit for each of the cells of the set being read in parallel. To do this, the cells to be read are biased according to the read technique being used. The parameter p(t) will contain a noise component. The read circuit then produces the data states Φi(p) corresponding to the biasing conditions from which the composite value {overscore (Φ)} is then formed and output from the controller.
In a first set of embodiments, all of the reads of the cells are full reads; that is, if the cell is being read to a resolution of, say, 7-bits such as described in above referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,793, all of the reads are to this resolution, including all steps required to sense the full resolution, and passed on to the controller. These data states may be used to form a running average, such as shown in the averaging circuit 320 of
From the measured values, a number of different composites can be formed in the controller. This composite could be a simple mean, weighted mean or mean with outlying values neglected, or a root mean square or mean based on other powers and be implemented through hardware, software, or firmware. A controller-based implementation can consequently be used without the introduction of extra circuitry, aside from possibly increasing the storage capacity. This sort of implementation does result in the largest amount of information transfer between the memory circuit and controller circuit of the described embodiments, which can be a drawback, particularly when the controller and memory circuit are on separate chips due to the increased bus traffic. A purely memory-device-based implementation would require the introduction of additional circuitry, possibly including sufficient register capacity to hold the results from the multiple reads for all of the cells being read in parallel.
One way to reduce the amount of information transferred to the controller is to do one full read on the cell, followed by a number of partial reads, with partial reads requiring fewer bits to indicate offset from baseline, where offset is limited in range. This would result is a base value Φ0 for the data state and a number of reads Φ′i showing the fluctuation about this base value due to noise. As this method produces less data to analyze (and possibly store), this saves both on the amount of data that needs to be transferred to the controller, if the averaging is performed there, and possibly on the time for the analysis to be performed, even in embodiments where the averaging is performed on the memory chip. It can also reduce the total read time.
Consider the case where the state of the memory cell is determined with a resolution of 7-bits. If the read uses a binary search technique, this would require at least seven reads at seven break points. Consequently, a full read of the state of the cell repeated four times would require a minimum of 28 sensing operations. If instead one full read is performed on the cell to determine Φ0 followed by three reads with a 2-bit resolution to determine the fluctuations Φ′i around the base Φ0, this would result in 13 sensing operations. In this example, the set (Φ0,Φ′i) will contain the same information as the full reads with less than half the sensing operations and less than half the data that need to be stored, transferred, or both. This of course assumes that the magnitude of the fluctuations is within the range that is measured about the base level. (Alternately, this will remove the effect of fluctuations of greater magnitude due to a saturation effect.) The range and number of the partial reads can be set by system parameters and determined during testing of the chip and may also be altered in response to system conditions. In a noisy circuit, the partial reads may need to be set to cover a larger range. For most arrangements, the best accuracy for a given number of sensing operations is obtained by having roughly the same number devoted to determining Φ0 as to the Φ′i.
The binary search example may require a change of algorithm, as is shown in the schematic representation of
Consider such a binary search where, for example the cell is in the 64th state, lying just above the level V64 in FIG. 5. Without noise in either the cell or other circuit elements, it would read in the 64th state. Consequently, it would read above the break point in the first read (501 a) and below the break point in each subsequent read (501 b- 501 g). This is represented in
In this example, the first of these results reads above both the first break point (511 a) and the second break point (511 b), corresponding to the 65th state. Note that although the real result may be well above this state due to a momentary large fluctuation, a "saturation" effect occurs, in effect limiting the amount such a spike will contribute to the average. The second set of re-reads yields a result below the first breakpoint in 513 a, followed by a read above the second breakpoint in 513 b, corresponding to the 63rd state. Similarly, the re-reads of 515 a and 515 b again return the 64th state. Thus in this example, the first read for Φ0, contains 7-bits of data for each cell being read, while each of the re-reads contain 2-bits of data, or a total of 6-bits for the entire re-read process.
The process of
Returning to
Another example in which the processing is split between the controller and the memory chip involves the use of reference or tracking cells, such as those described in above the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,793. This application describes a method in which the tracking are cells are read with a 7-bit resolution in order to determine breakpoints for reading the data cells with a 4-bit resolution. In this method, the tracking cells could be read multiple times according to the present invention with the composite formed on the controller. Once the breakpoints are determined using the present invention, these breakpoints would then be transferred back to the memory chip to read the data cells.
One method for determining the composite on the memory chips would be to form a running average on the memory circuit 400. This could be an accumulator and division circuit corresponding to block 320 of FIG. 3. Alternately; the values could be accumulated by element 423, stored in register 425, and then transferred to controller 460 for further processing. The read values could also be first be individually stored in the register 425 and then processed by other circuitry on the memory chip as described above for the controller implemented examples.
Implementing the averaging on the memory circuit 400 will generally have the cost of introducing additional elements on the circuit that are usually not included. Depending on how the mean or other composite is formed, this could include some combination of increased register size for storing read values, the introduction of additional circuitry, division circuitry, some sort of state machine, and so on. On the other hand, the resultant reduction in the amount of information that needs to be transferred to the controller can be particularly advantageous in the program verify process for maintaining high write speed.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 and other references incorporated by reference herein, a typical programming process in a floating gate type memory cell consists of pulsing the cell to change its state, reading the cell to determine if it has achieved the desired state, terminating further programming if so and if not continuing the pulse-read cycle until the cell is verified to have achieved the desired state. The effect of noise was discussed above with respect to FIG. 2. To store and accurately retrieve data in a memory requires accuracy in both the writing and reading process. Referring to
The different aspects of the present invention can be incorporated into the verify process in a number of ways. The verify situation differs from the standard read process in that state of the cell is being measured against a data dependent target value of the measured parameter that the iterative programming algorithm must satisfy, as opposed to searching through a reference parameter space to determine the actual state of the cell. In other words, not as much information and processing is typically involved in program verify, only whether or not it has passed a given reference value. One embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. Alternatively, other detection means, such as analog filtered average detection may be used. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the target state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the final state. If some predetermined portion of the verifies fail, the storage element receives additional programming. For example, although the state corresponding to 204 in
To perform multiple reads when the state of the cell is still far from the desired state would greatly slow the process for little increase in accuracy. Consequently, in the early stages of the programming process when the cell is still far from the target value (for example, 201 in FIG. 2), the standard single read mode can be used, with a transition to the second mode as the target state is approached. This will happen after a different number of pulses for different states, with the transition occurring sooner for lower lying states. For example, the transition could be triggered by the first verify level having a peak to pass the target level (such as 204 in
Another example of two-mode operation is that of the multiple-read mode which is invoked upon exception condition, with the standard, single read mode being used otherwise.
Another example of two-mode operation is that where a first mode uses a standard, single read and a second mode uses multiple reads. The multiple-read mode is invoked upon exception condition, with the single read mode being used otherwise. For example, the error correction code (ECC) is a prime indicator of a problem, or exception, in device operation. When the error level on the memory exceeds a predetermined value (for example, grater that one bit), the multiple read technique could be invoked.
An exception condition could also be based on reading of tracking or reference cells. As described above, in one embodiment the reference cells are read with a 7-bit resolution while the data cells are read only to a 4-bit resolution. Consequently, the reference cells will be more sensitive to noise. By using the reference cells to monitor the noise level, a flag to invoke the multiple read technique could be raised if the noise level is found to exceed a threshold when the tracking cells are processed.
Although the discussion so far has focussed on embodiments using a charge storing device, such as floating gate EEPROM or FLASH cells, for the memory device, it can be applied to other embodiments in which this type of noise is a problem, including magnetic and optical media. This invention can have far reaching applications in all types of device/transistor sensing, including, but not limited to, sub 0.1 μm transistors, single electron transistors, organic/carbon based nano-transistors, and molecular transistors. For example, NROM and MNOS cells, such as those respectively described in U.S. pat. No. 5,768,192 of Eitan and U.S. Pat. No. 4,630,086 of Sato et al., or magnetic RAM and FRAM cells, such as those respectively described in U.S. pat. No. 5,991,193 of Gallagher et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,706 of Shimizu et al., all of which are hereby-incorporated herein by this reference, could also be used. Using this approach, systems that are presently non-practical due to noise may become viable technologies. For these other types of storage elements, the particular mechanics of determining the parameter that reflects the state of the element may differ, for example magnetic properties would be measured in a magnetic medium and optical properties would be measured. in a CD-ROM or other optical media, but the subsequent process follows readily from the examples above.
Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is entitled to protection within the fill scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Vampire Knight
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Dresden Airport Car Rental
Customer Reviews About Sixt
- I have been renting a vehicle from Sixt at the Dresden Airport for many years. The staff is knowledgeable and professional. I have never had any problems whatsoever with my reservation or vehicle at the Dresden location. Sixt customer service is outstanding and the rates remain fair and competitive. I will remain a loyal Sixt... | 03.03.2015 19:34
- Great car at a fair price. Thanks for making our vacation a little extra special. | 17.10.2013 15:38
- Your team is really efficient, continue like that, thanks | 31.01.2013 00:00
- thank you for a perfect relationship | 15.03.2012 00:00
- I appreciate the fact that the Dresden rental office was able to provide me with a diesel vehicle as I had requested. Unfortunately, this vehicle was missing the navigation CD.Overall, I have found that in the last three rentals I have done through Sixt (2x in Dresden, 1x in Frankfurt), I have been far more satisfied than with any of... | 06.10.2011 00:00
- Me gustaria que su afiliciaci�n con compa�ias aereas incluyese la tarjeta oneword y/o star aliance. Son las tarjetas de fidelizaci�n que incluyen un mayor n�mero de compa�ias y seria agradable poder utilizar siempre sus servicios. Son ustedes muy eficaces, | 21.07.2011 00:00
- Thank you. everything was going fine. see you next time | 20.05.2011 00:00
- nee alles naar wens en goed geregeld bij aankomst in Dresden | 21.04.2011 00:00
- Absolutely great value and very good service.The girl at the checkin desk was superb at Dresden. | 20.11.2010 00:00
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|Wilhelmine-Reichard-Ring 1
|01109 Dresden DE +49-1806-252525
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|Sa. - Su.
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Welcome to Dresden Airport Sixt rent a car
Car Rental at Dresden Airport
The easiest way to reach the Dresden city center from the airport is to rent a car: the car rental services are directly inside the Dresden Airport, so if you want to fly and drive, this is the location for you. Sixt car rental has an express counter, one-way rentals, unlimited mileage, monthly rental and 24 hour return, and offers all types of car rental vehicles, from sports cars and convertibles to 4x4s, Hybrids and SUVs, making it easy, with price comparison, to rent a cheap car.
Renting a car at Dresden Airport, Germany
Dresden International (DRS) is located 5.6 miles away from the Dresden city center. The Sixt car rental counter is located on the arrivals level of the Dresden airport and car pickup is on the parking level, which means you can rent a car and be on your way quickly and efficiently. Your Rent a Car will allow you to reach your destination - either Dresden, or another location nearby - with ease.
Attractions in Dresden
After you rent a car at Dresden Airport, you will be able use your car rental as a city car to see the sites. The Dresden city center is a great place to start. Visit the newly restored and rebuilt Frauenkirche (Church of our Lady) with its impressive dome, and climb the tower for a great view. When evening rolls around, attend a performance at the Semper Opera House, considered to be one of the most beautiful performance halls in the world. Once you have seen enough of the Dresden, take a road trip and drive your Sixt car rental to Saxon Switzerland, a nearby mountain area with impressive sandstone formations and spectacular views.
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Location details
Opening Hours
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Contacts / Lost & Found
SIXT # Dresden Airport DRS
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Location plan - how to find us
The branch Sixt Dresden Airport located directly in the arrival level. You can find us in the seperate car rental area. The Airport Dresden located at the A13 and A4. Please use the exit Dresden-North. It is also possible to use the train S2, the tram number 7 or the bus number 77.
In front of the airport building you can find our parking places. The places are at the level 00 and K1. You can find it at your park ticket.
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Pick-up out of opening hours is possible for an additional charge. This service is bookable on request. Please provide credit card, e-mail-adress, flight and mobile number. We will deposit the keys at car park office, level 0.Out of hour return possible.
Keybox is located inside the car park on level 0 next to the elevators.
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Animal instincts upend 'Yonahlossee'
At the start of "The Yonahlossee Riding Camp for Girls," Thea Atwell is the kind of sheltered, self-involved 15-year-old who gets teased by her peers for being "too solemn" — but that's the least of her worries.
Set in the summer of 1930, Thea has been expelled from her wealthy Florida family and escorted to a secluded North Carolina boarding school where heiresses learn to ride horses. Anton Disclafani's ambitious debut novel takes its time in exposing Thea's transgressions involving her twin brother and cousin, but it's clear after a few chapters that the heroine is no naive babe in the woods. She's more a calculating vixen in training, fearless on horseback and quick to go prowling through her cabin mates' closets when nobody's watching.
As the shadow of the Depression begins to touch this mountain sanctuary for Southern debutantes, the first third of the book advances at a dreamy, sometimes dawdling pace — then jumps to a surprising gallop at the midpoint. Disclafani, an Emory graduate and previously a competitive equestrienne, knows her way around a stable. She renders with precision the tedium and extreme devotion required in caring for horses.
For riding novices, the narrative proves more compelling when detailing the complicated social strata of Yonahlossee, from Thea's discomfort around the help (dirt-poor mountain locals who turn down beds and pour baths) to deciphering the motives of pretty Leona, the Texas oil princess who becomes Thea's rival.
For such a keen observer of social customs and lapses, Thea can be both painfully self-conscious and oblivious to her classmates in ways that are, at turns, fascinating and exasperating. The book's first-person narrative gives voice to Thea's capriciousness and sentimentality but allows for tone-deaf proclamations such as, "I was still more child than adult. I was not a monster but a confused, wronged girl."
Just as the reader is ready to lump this book alongside, say, Mary O'Hara's "Flicka" series, the narrative makes an unexpected tonal shift from show-pony potboiler to steamy pulp romance. Thea's oblique confession that she "knew about fast girls from books" turns out to be a half-truth at best. An improbable and wholly inappropriate fling with a much older man adds danger and adrenaline to the second act. The animalistic passion of the sex scenes offers some relief from the grim tidings of financial collapse, news that interrupts the camp's sense of security.
Sadly, the purple prose used to illustrate these lustful encounters falls short of the lyrical fluency seen elsewhere in the novel. "Fifty Shades of Grey" it's not, but such passages are certain to set the tongues wagging in book clubs across America.
Even more troubling is how the affair ends up being inconsequential, inserted as if for an inevitable movie version and not fully instrumental in Thea's self-proclaimed "coming-of-age." On a similar note, a briefly anticipated equestrian competition between Thea and Leona at the book's climax would make for chills on screen, but it reads as almost routine on the page. The contest sets the story up for a final act of self-sacrifice performed by a major character — another device that Hollywood demands.
Thea's handling of the finale feels, to borrow a word from her classmates, oddly solemn. It's a far cry from the vivacious, unpredictable and sometimes infuriating protagonist who has pushed the novel's plot like she pushes her horses — with spurs and whips, past the point of exhaustion, perhaps, but always fearlessly forward.
Like our heroine, the reader eventually exits "The Yonahlossee Riding Camp for Girls" haunted by the setting's charms and mesmerizing flavors. But unlike Thea, we're not entirely eager to return.
"The Yonahlossee Riding Camp for Girls" by Anton Disclafani (Riverhead Books, 400 pages, $27.95)


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Petrash: War declared on 'Obamanation'
How sweet it is, America! Americans have declared war on this "Obamanation" of an administration. Tuesday night, Scott Brown, a lifelong resident of Massachusetts, who voted for President Obama in 2008, won an unimaginable victory in Massachusetts, a Democratic stronghold state. Massachusetts' special election, for a U.S. Senate seat that virtually belonged to Ted Kennedy, was by any standard, historic. Scott Brown called the senate seat "the people's seat." The voters said so, too. The result — Congressional Democrats no longer have the "near-totalitarian" power of the almighty 60 votes necessary to cut off Republican filibusters.
America is about democracy. It's about conservatives and liberals coming together, working as a team hired by the American people, to find solutions to problems impacting our society. "Obamanation", however, is, and has been, about "neo-monarchism" (Mitt Romney's term). It's about "change we can believe in" but change we, the American people, don't want, nor did we expect. Congressional Democrats have been sent a message: Government is not wiser than the American people.
Speaking of wisdom, remember Nebraska's Sen. Ben Nelson and Louisiana's Sen. Mary Landrieu and the bribery used to persuade them to be the 60th vote to close debate on the health care bill? According to Fox News, Nelson "got a 10-year, $871 billion package — permanent and full federal aid for his state's expanded Medicaid population. This deal was dubbed the "Cornhusker Kickback." Western states got more money for hospitals that serve Medicare patients."
"Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., won between $100 million and $300 million in additional federal aid for her state's Medicaid population. The deal, secured before she cast her critical vote in favor of bringing the health bill to the floor, was immediately dubbed the "Louisiana Purchase," though the actual Louisiana Purchase was considerably cheaper. Louisiana got up to $300 million in Medicaid benefits. This is nothing short of buying votes which I call bribery! Get this — it's illegal for a citizen to bribe a politician, but senators in Congress can bribe each other and it's called "dealing." I know it's been going on forever, but, it smells. really bad!
It's hard to fathom the arrogance of an administration that employs ethics of this kind to manipulate votes. Isn't it a shame that the substance of the health care bill, by itself, couldn't "stand on its' own two feet" to get the necessary votes without buying them? To think that a bill in Congress, this far-sweeping, that impacts the daily lives of 300 million Americans, should be designed, and made into law, through this kind of persuasive tactics, is "mind-boggling!"
The Massachusetts special election message, and mandate, should be very clear to President Obama and his "nation-changing," socialistic team. Stop trying to shove the health care bill down the throats of the American people! And that's not all.
Michael Steele, chairman of the Republican National Committee, said it well. "Americans feel betrayed by President Obama. Why? One year ago, the American people gave the president an enormous amount of trust to enact 'change we can believe in.' But with a weak economy and rising unemployment, this administration decided to take a "big-bang" approach to policy, taking advantage of the economic crisis to push their ultraliberal agenda, including a government takeover of health care that will increase taxes and raise premiums."
Obama, and his cronies, despite messages from the voters, has raised government spending to historic proportions. Americans do not want government ownership of our banking and financial industry, of our auto industry, of our environment, nor the attempted takeover of health care. Americans want, and desperately need, jobs and a strong economy. Americans want to control their destinies through free enterprise and we want as many people as possible less dependent on government, not more dependent on government. Socialism is for other countries, not America!
Steele further summarizes the result of the "Obamanation" policies very well. "Republicans took back the governorships of Virginia and New Jersey, both states that Mr. Obama won in 2008. Five House Democrats have announced their retirements, along with two Senate Democrats who were once perceived as "unbeatable" in their states. One House Democrat got so fed up with Mr. Obama's liberal agenda he decided to become a Republican. Polls show fewer Americans identifying themselves as Democrats and more identifying themselves as Republicans. Republicans are winning against Democrats in generic congressional ballots. And independent voters, who were key to Democratic victories in 2006 and 2008, are running away from the Democratic Party faster than you can say "Yes we can."
Scott Brown's election has now effectively slowed, if not derailed, the Obama locomotive. We do not want an all-powerful Congress dictating to us what's best for our country. We want bipartisanship with constructive solutions, not "wheeling" and "dealing." What goes on in Congress should be reflective of the "will of the people." If the administration continues it's current path, this message will become even more pronounced in November.
Larry Petrash is a member of the Times Record News community editorial board.
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
46 year old man | Seattle, WA, USA | Seeking women 33-40 within 10 miles
Grounded, stable guy seeks smart, independent woman for long-term relationship
I've suspended my subscription (effective at the end of Sept 2012) because I am currently traveling out of the country for four months. When I return in January 2013, I'll reactivate. I like to think of myself as appreciating finer things without being materialistic. Usually those finer things are related to food, as I love to cook. In my free time I enjoy spending time with friends doing both active and inactive endeavors. Hanging out with my friends usually involves food at some point during the weekend, but also takes on a variety of activities like biking, hiking or just meeting at a pub for conversation. I also enjoy puttering around in the garden planting flowers and vegetables. A healthy lifestyle of diet and exercise, without sacrificing occasional indulgences is important to me and would hope you would share that philosophy. I am happy with my life, but would like to share that happiness with someone special. My work week is pretty busy, since my job requires travel, though currently I haven't traveled since mid-February. However, even when I do travel, I generally keep weekends and many Fridays free unless absolutely necessary that I work. My ideal match would be smart, confident, independent, and have a sense of humor in regards to herself and life. Well hopefully, that gives you enough insight into who I am and what I am looking for in a match. If you are interested in knowing more let me know. Good luck in your search.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Gardening/Landscaping , Museums and art , Playing cards , Political interests , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Cycling, Football, Golf, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
Biking to Seward Park and hanging out on one of the small beaches in the back of the park. Other favorite spots include anywhere my friends are. Also enjoy foreign jaunts . . . New Zealand, Hong Kong, Bali, Thailand, London, and Italy.
My most favorite thing is formal (and informal) dinner parties with multiple courses. There is something about formal dinner parties that harken back to a by-gone era that encourage camaraderie and conversation.
I enjoy any number of activities, especially if it involves my friends. But also enjoy gardening, cooking large meals (see favorite things below), biking, tennis, laying on a beach, and the simple pleasure of reading the entire paper w/coffee.
I jump between non-fiction and fiction. Right now it is fiction. Enjoy anything by Cormac McCarthy. For non-fiction, I enjoy biographies of long ago dead people, not the modern puff biography pieces.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Moderately
|Executive / Management
|No preference
I'm a consultant working in the Smart Grid arena. This generally involves large, complex systems integration, but I'm not a techie.
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
Raised Catholic, but now more spiritual than religious.
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Wednesday, Jan. 28 at 6:30 p.m.
performed at Pillsbury House Theatre
3501 Chicago Ave S, Minneapolis, MN
Tickets: Free
No reservations necessary; just show up.
About Power of Our Voices
Since 2014, Teen Programming Coordinator Siddeeqah Shabazz has been bringing POV to teens through high school residencies across Minneapolis. The program uses theatre as the foundational tool to develop leadership skills, acquire vocational strategies, improve academic performance and connect with community resources.
Watch this sneak peek from MTN Youth!
Come and get a taste of what happens when Gordon Parks' word come to life in the mind of today's youth.
November 22 & 23, 2013
Friday and Saturday at 7:00 pm
Pillsbury House Theatre
3501 Chicago Avenue S. Minneapolis, MN
Map + directions »
Admission is free. RSVP and invite your friends on Facebook.
Power of Our Voices, Pillsbury House and Theatre's teen performing arts program, kicks off its 8-weeks of summer sessions on June 24th. Led by Resident Teaching artist Antoine Duke, the program incorporates theater, spoken word, and dance. Classes are free–just show up. For questions or more info, call 612-787-3620.
June 24 – August 17, 2013
Mondays and Wednesdays, 6 – 8pm
at Pillsbury House Theater
3501 Chicago Avenue S, Minneapolis
Map + Directions »


text:
Wanted: Corporal punishment for corruption
On May 7, members of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) Ikeja Branch will troop out to elect new executives for another two years. In this interview with ADEBISI ONANUGA, the out-going Chairman, Mr Adebamigbe Omole, speaks on the election, his achievements, corruption in the judiciary and other issues.
How are you preparing for the election of branch?
Our election will hold on the first Monday of May. We have amended our bye laws so that we have our elections before our Annual General Meeting (AGM). We hold our AGM on the first Monday of June, if there is no public holiday.
How prepared are you for the election?
We have made adequate preparations for it. For those who are interested, at the last monthly meeting in March, we lifted the ban on politics. People can now start their campaign. Those contesting for one post or the other have started campaigning.
What are the measures put in place to ensure a free and fair election?
NBA Ikeja is known for holding a free and fair election. When it comes to issues of the Bar in Nigeria, we take the lead. So, we are not going to have any problem with our election. I believe my people are law abiding. The rules of the game will be followed. But if there is any one that contravenes the rules, the law will take its course.
You have been the chairman of NBA, Ikeja for the past two years. What legacies are you leaving behind?
When I was vying for the post of the chairmanship of NBA Ikeja Branch, I had a manifesto and Imade some promises. I can say, to a reasonable extent, I fulfilled most of the promises. All the members appreciate what we have done in the last two years. For example, there is no Bar Centre in Nigeria that is as good as ours – the new Secretariat building of NBA, Ikeja Branch. This is just the first stage, it is in three stages. So, if there is no Bar Centre as good and big as this, with all the facilities, you can imagine what we would have by the time we complete the centre. We pulled down the structure I met when I came on board. Today, we are at our permanent site.
When I was vying for the chairmanship, I promised that I was going to put in place welfare programmes and packages and we have done that. We have Ikeja Co-operative Society where our members make contributions. In times of need, members can get soft loans, without interest, to be paid at their convenience. In addition, we have secured land for members. The only thing stopping us from taking physical possession is money because we were asked to pay certain amount of money. However, the Lagos State government has given us everything that we need, every support that we need. It gave us some parcels of land out in their scheme in Badagry, a new town. We are trying to see how we can raise the money to pay the government. At the last meeting, this issue was discussed and our members were very happy. They have assured that they would make their contributions so that, at the end of the day, we can take physical possession of the land that would serve as the first lawyers' estate in Nigeria.
On members'welfare, during this administration, we travelled to the East. We went to Nnewi; we had cause to travel to various parts of the country to be part of our members' celebrations; in their time of happiness, joy and otherwise.
What measures did you take to enhance justice administration?
IWe are trying in that aspect too. To some extent, we have been able to check corruption. To some extent because we told our members that if they encounter any problem with a judge or magistrate, they should let us know and we will follow it up. There was a member that brought a petition against a magistrate, we followed it to the last. The man appeared before the Judicial Service Commission and, at the end of the day, the commission discovered that this man has been taking bribe from lawyers. Because of our stand, the magistrate was dismissed. That is the extent to which we have been able to ensure that we give our members the best. Equally, we believe that lawyers live for the advancement of the society. You cannot believe in Ikeja Branch what we have been doing to sustain our members to be able to assist the masses.
What of human rights...?
Our Human Right Committee has been doing a fantastic job. It is headed by my first Vice Chairman because by NBA bye laws, the first Vice Chairman is supposed to be the chairman of the Human Right Committee and the committee has tried. It filed matters in court to ensure that people are not cheated at their places of work or by their landlords. Then people always want to be compensated. On many occasions, the committee has held meetings with companies and they have paid compensation to many people. During the protest against fuel subsidy removal, Ikeja took the lead. We were the first branch to come out and say: "Nigeria says No to fuel price increase". We organised our members and we demonstrated. Even before the national NBA said all the branches should join, we had done our bit.
In spite of all these, there are those who think your administration was too controversial; that as lawyers, your fights should be limited to the courts rather than staging and leading protests.
I had told you earlier that a lawyer lives for the advancement of the society. You must be prepared to do everything to ensure that we have a just society and an egalitarian one. We believe that power belongs to the people. If majority have spoken, government must listen. If government refuses to listen, we would always protest. Even during the Salami saga, Ikeja was the first to take the lead. We saw the other branches of NBA in Lagos and we said there was a need for us to do something about the matter. If there is anyone that has been found to be corrupt in the judiciary, we would take the lead and that is what we have been doing. People might say our role should be limited to courts, we believe the laws allow us to stage protests. We believe we are not comfortable with whatever policies of government that are anti-people. The law allows protest and it is our fundamental right and nobody can stop us. You know when lawyers take the lead, we are on the path of what is right and the people are ready to follow. Let me tell you, what gave that fuel subsidy protest the type of lead that was needed was because Ikeja Bar went on the streets. When people saw lawyers on the streets, people they came out.
In the past, when we talked about human right activists, they were mainly non-lawyers, such as the late Beko Ransome Kuti, leading organisations. But, today, there are many out there being led by lawyers. What is your reaction to the proliferation of such organisations?
I think we still need more; we still need more of human right organisations. It is just like when people are talking about the churches, that churches are here and there. That is what we call evangelism. The more of human right organisations that we have, the NGOs, the better for the society so that at the grassroots, they would be able to educate the people. What Nigerians need now to get out of the doldrums is education. We need to educate people on their rights. And who are the people that would do it? The NGOs and the human right organisations, the professional bodies. It is not only lawyers, even bankers, engineers, achitects and so on. These are the people we need to come out and educate the people because God has placed us in such a position that we have the ability to know our right from our left. When people say there is a proliferation of human right bodies, I don't agree. The only thing is that there are some people who are doing it, maybe for what they will gain out of it, for personal benefit. The time will come when those ones would be uprooted. But, as at now, we still need more people to come on board.
Any attempt to regulate the human right bodies, especially the one-man ones like we had during the protest against fuel subsidy removal...?
Well, that is what we are saying. A time will come when we will separate the wheat from the chaff among those one-man human right organisations.
Of late, the corruption in the judiciary has become an issue and lawyers are being blamed. What is your take on this?
It takes two to tango. Those that give and those who take. Bribery is a two-way thing. But, let me tell you this, the NBA is not closing its eyes to what is going on because the judiciary is the last hope of the common man. The judiciary cannot afford to be corrupt. So, if we have any corrupt judges, magistrates or lawyers, then they are not helping the system. Until we are able to do away with corruption in the judiciary, this society will not be better off. One thing you need to know is that you cannot separate the judiciary from other arms of government. Unfortunately, corruption has become a serious problem in Nigeria that needs to be tackled. We need to have many approaches to tackling corruption. For us, there is a need to revisit out statutes. A statute that allows a man to steal as much as N50 billion, N10 billion and he goes home to sleep in his house, is not a good law. The law that allows a man to steal so much and, at the end of the day, he is sent to prison for six months or one year is not a good law. In fact, what we need to do is for us to change our laws, to change our statute books.
We should not look at corruption in the judiciary alone. In fact, we need capital punishment for corruption in Nigeria for us to have a better society. So, what I am proposing is that: let us have a change of our statute books and make corruption, stealing of public funds, a judge that takes bribe, that judge is not worthy to live. It is not enough to say you are dismissing him or retiring him. That would not give any meaning to fighting corruption. But, if a judge is found guilty of corruption, he must be arraigned. Now that our statute book does not have provision for capital punishment, he must be arraigned before a court to face charges of corruption and, if he is found guilty, he must be sent to prison. He must not just be sent back home. He should be sent to prison. When we begin to send these people to prison, we would discover that, to some extent, we would eradicate corruption. But the thing that we need to do is, let us change our statutes and have capital punishment for corruption as they do in China. If you corruptly enrich yourself and you know you are not going to spend that money if you are caught, then nobody would want to steal. I am proposing capital punishment for corruption. That is what will solve our problem, otherwise we are not going anywhere.
What kind of reform do you envisage for the judiciary to stem corruption?
The reform we are talking about in the judiciary has to do with the appointment of judges. If we want to have a serious reform in the judiciary, when it comes to the appointment of judges, the Bar must be involved. The position of the Bar must be considered in the appointment of judges because we have discovered that most of the people appointed judges in Nigeria no business being on the Bench, and that is why we have all this rubbish going on in the judiciary. When you appoint a man because of his affinity, because he is a son of a particular politician or he is a son of one retired justice who died 20 years ago and we want the family to come back, we would have a problem. I am not saying that there are people like that that are not qualified. If you are qualified, it must be on merit. When it comes to the appointment of a judge, integrity must count. What gives you a leeway as a judge is your integrity. If your integrity is in doubt, then you cannot perform as a judge.
Some of our judges are still lacking behind in law. If you appoint someone who graduated but has never practised law, somebody selling clothes on Lagos Island or somebody who opened a boutique as a judge just because the law says one must be ten years at the Bar, what do you expect of him or her? That is why among our judges today, some don't know the law. Those are the ones you go to their courts and they keep on adjourning cases because they are confused. That is why we said the Bar must be involved if there is going to be any reform at all.
What else can be done?
Then we have to look into the condition of service. I know in Lagos State, for judges, their condition of service is okay. But in some other states, there is a need to review the condition of service to make judges more comfortable. Then, the independence of the judiciary is very very important; it is very vital and fundamental.
That is why I give kudos to the Chief Judge of Lagos State, Honourable Justice Inumidun Akande. Since she came on board as the Chief Justice of Lagos State, she has been fighting to make sure that the judiciary is independent. I also want to give kudos to the Governor of Lagos State, Babatunde Raji Fashola, who has seen reason with her. In Lagos State, the judiciary is very independent and the other states judiciary must toe the line of Lagos State. Until we have a judiciary that is independent, there will continue to be problems. When you have a chief judge who has to kowtow before a governor to begging for money because there is a leaking roof in the court room, because the bench or the chairs in the court room are not good, you can't have an independent judiciary. So, as part of the reform, we must have a judiciary that must be comparable internationally, there must be independence of the judiciary. If a judge is found wanting, he must not just be retired. He must be made to face the law as it is. And he must be made to go bear the the consequences of the law. If it is prison, let him go to prison. That is when we can have a better judiciary because when there is a problem with the judiciary, there is bound to be problems everywhere. But when the man knows that if he steals and it gets to court, he won't have his way to bribe any judge or any magistrate, then the man would think twice. But when you have a judiciary that is corrupt, then there is a problem in that society. That is why we must not joke with our judiciary.
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Between Awo's biological and ideological children
Sam Omatseye carries a bewitching smile that rhymes with his fluid easy to read flirtatious write ups. He dissects issues with such subtlety that his ... Full story


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Andante and Rondo composed by Andrew C. Fox - Digital Sheet Music
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Frank in CA
This thing is cool looking (for all us KTM coo-laid drinkers) as far as air fresheners go but it just doesn't smell enough. It smells like oranges which smells really good compared to the pine tree deal...just needs more of itRead All Reviews
Doug in WA
Cool cup, there are lots of mugs that "look" like this style (of course they are not KTM mugs) but they are maybe 4-6 oz. larger. This is a small mug but still KTM cool. A bit larger I'd rate it higher. CheersRead All Reviews
Wes in ID
Good quality decal. It's still on my truck window after 6 months.Read All Reviews
Bradley in CA
Simply amazing piece. Dog bowl lives up to Austrian standardsRead All Reviews
Wes in ID
I wear it every day to work. The clasp has held up really well.Read All Reviews
Bradley in CA
Cool item pretty thin thoRead All Reviews


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A 2009 film based on Nelson Mandela's life during the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa directed by Clint Eastwood< read all 9 reviews
One thing I've noticed about a lot of Clint Eastwood's movies is that they feel as much like literature as they do cinema. I'm not sure if this is because of the source material he works from, his very understated directing style or his actors who give very convincing performances. Whatever the answer, Invictus has a literary texture that will probably have most viewers leaving the theater feeling informed, inspired and most of all, satisfied.
The story begins with Mandela's Presidency and a heightened resentment by Africa's white minority population that somehow believe South Africa is "their country." Mandela, not wanting to widen the riff and worsen the wounds of the country, makes South Africa's rugby team among the top of his priorities for the country. His strategy is seemingly simple: give all South Africans something they can unite over. This is not as simple as it sounds since Native South Africans have made a point of cheering against this same rugby team, which has, until now, been a symbol of their oppression.
In the hands of a lesser writer and director, or maybe better stated -- in the hands of a Hollywood studio, Invictus would have placed Matt Damon as the center of this story. The movie would have honored Mandela's history, but ultimately would have revered Damon's ability to market both the movie and the topic. Eastwood has skipped this template. Despite the movie's poster, Matt Damon is not the hero of this movie. He's almost not even the co-star. His presence and lines in the movie are quite minimal. Rightfully, this movie is mostly Morgan's/Mandela's show. It shows just how crafty Mandela must have been in getting a mostly white rugby team and a mostly black population to somehow share the same agenda: win, and win big.
Eastwood knows that ours is largely a culture that is proud of it's cynicism and irony, and so he takes nearly every triumphant trumpet moments in this movie and brings it down to earth. There is practically no last-minute-five-minute pep talk about victory from Matt Damon. And the presidential pep-talks from the new President of South Africa seem appropriate because, well, this is a man who spent nearly three decades behind bars. Surely, he has something to say. Something worth hearing. So here is where I'll say that I walked out of this movie virtually speechless.
Invictus was my first big screen movie in 2010. Given that the movie truly is about new beginnings,
I don't know if there could have been a better, more fitting movie to bring in the New Year.
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I'm trying to make a map based on a fictional region. I remembered I owned bryce, and figured using it to make the landscape then taking an overhead render would be the easiest way to do so.
So, my question is, is it possible to use an existing map as a base to detail in with bryce?


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Johnson, S; Thornicroft, G; (1993) The sectorisation of psychiatric services in England and Wales. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 28 (1) 45 - 47.
Full text not available from this repository.
Sectorisation is the establishment of small geographical catchment areas with dedicated mental health staff providing services to all patients living in the area. This model of care became very widespread during the 1980s in England and Wales: 81% of District Health Authorities responding to a postal questionnaire in this study were sectorised, and around three-quarters of these had become sectorised after 1980. However, this has occurred without central planning and with very little evaluation. Important questions remain to be answered about its efficacy for the severely mentally ill, about the provision of 24-h cover in a sectorised service, and about which services are appropriately provided at a sectorised and which at a centralised level.
|The sectorisation of psychiatric services in England and Wales
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > Division of Psychiatry
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Take Prestige Medical's best-selling aneroid sphygmomanometer / stethoscope kit featuring the versatile Sprague-Rappaport stethoscope and add to it a nylon pocket organizer loaded with a disposable penlight, MediMeter™ pocket-size medical ruler and three-colorchart pen. It includes Prestige Medical's most popular nylon Aneroid Sphygmomanometer which features Index and Range markings, gauge holder, artery indicator label, standard inflation bulb, and precision calibrated gauge. The Sprague-Rappaport stethoscope from Prestige Medical has a five-in-one design. It comes with a set of interchangeable parts to customize to the user's needs. Features dual 22" PVC tubing for clear sound transmission and threaded soft eartips. This stethoscope is designed to last, with a chestpiece made of rugged chrome plated zinc alloy and binaurals made of chrome plated brass. This stethoscope comes with a lifetime limited warranty and lifetime replacement parts. The kit comes with a matching 6" x 9" nylon carrying case.
Bought this for my daughter for her clinical's. It arrived super fast and the quality was excellent. Love that there are so many color choices too. Her teacher was so impressed with the kit she asked me for the website and item number, which I happily supplied. The only thing that was disappointing to me is the item went on sale right after I ordered it and was almost $30.00 cheaper.
As a new nursing student, this was exactly what I needed at a fraction of the cost! Plus I love how fast it came.
Fun and functional -
I purchased this for my daughter and she liked it very much. Even her teacher commented on the quality of the product and the price we paid...and the color teal we bought looks great.
I received this as a gift for my nursing assistant class that I will be started at the beginning of the year. As a starter kit, this is great! Everything works well and is well made. I am not sure how it compares to a more expensive brand, but it works perfectly for what I need and it comes with the essential basics.


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A 52-year-old Shakopee man was found dead in the snow this week, but authorities say that foul play is not suspected. Investigator say that it appears to have been an accidental death due to intoxication. Bottles of alcohol were found near the man, and he is believed to have fallen in the snow on his way from a store to his nearby apartment. It happened late Tuesday or early Wednesday. The snowstorm on Sunday in Minnesota is believed to have been a factor in the deaths of at least three other people
Shakopee Man Found Dead


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Woman sues Met after they made her show her 'deformed' toes during search
A charity worker who was wrongly identified as one of the London rioters is suing police after she was made to reveal her "deformed" toes during a search.
Hundreds of anti-cuts activists gathered outside the home of Baron David Freud, minister for welfare reform, to protest against the bedroom tax and benefits cap.
13 April 2013
31 March 2013
Writing a property ad isn't an excuse to show off your prose, it should be punchy, precise and pertinent. Tell the reader everything they need to know in short, clear, easily digestible chunks. It's as simple as that.
27 March 2013
The wife of the new Bank of England Governor has sparked fury by suggesting that the couple are struggling to find a place to live in London despite receiving a £5000 a week taxpayer-funded housing subsidy.
26 March 2013
Nearly half a million Londoners will suffer benefit cuts because of welfare reforms that threaten to create a new wave of homelessness, council leaders warned today.
26 March 2013
A killer obsessed with the Saw series of slasher films was jailed for at least 30 years today after trying to sever the spinal cord of his victim.
21 March 2013
17 March 2013
Iain Duncan Smith staged a triple climb-down on the so-called "bedroom tax" today by exempting foster parents, Armed Forces families and some disabled people.
12 March 2013
A house earmarked as a country retreat for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge is to undergo a series of improvements after the Queen's officials secured planning consent.
12 March 2013
In new BBC3 documentary broadcast tomorrow night on BBC3 a close family friend, Mike Azzie, known as Uncle Mike to the 26-year-old Blade Runner, says Pistorius is tormented by memories of Reeva Steenkamp, the girlfriend he is accused of murdering, and talks about her constantly. Azzie also relates how Pistorius has had to sell his racehorses to pay his legal fees.
10 March 2013


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Page Showing 1-20 of 110 Results
Fits as expected
Greg J
from NYC
on 5/10/2014
Overall I'm happy with the purchase. The trunks fit true to their size and for the price you're paying its definitely worth it.
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Speedo Rally V Short
from Baltimore, MD.
on 8/31/2010
I really like the suit, but would have liked it even more if it would have fit. Anything I wear is XXL. The XXL in this suit is not true. If you normally wear XXL, you should try XXXL.Sorry SwimOutlet....but this suit is on its way back for a refund.
great fit
from aberdeen,md
on 6/8/2015
great like the way they feel and look
have bought mulitple pairs of this short
Andrew Weiner
from Kentucky
on 5/27/2015
good value for the money
Bought Four Pair
from Texas
on 4/18/2015
I started wearing these about five years ago, and had two pair then, black and navy. I wore them so much that one started to get really thin in the back and the other had the netting inside starting to tear. I like them so much, that not only did I replace the black and navy, but got a red pair and a granite pair, as well.This model is no longer available directly through Speedo, as they have apparently "upgraded". I like the simplicity of the color and trim on these, and glad I could find them on SwimOutlet.com
Well made, lined swim trunks being used for daily pool use
from Montana
on 2/9/2015
So far so good. Havent used these trunks for long but they are what I was looking for in the town I live in but couldnt find. They were also on sale so even with the shipping fees were reasonably priced. I do not swim in them but do theraputic pool exercises.
Good Fit, Great Suit
from Seattle, WA
on 12/3/2014
Really nice swimsuit, and it fits just fine. It's a bit short for my tastes, but that's represented in the pictures, so they are true to the advertising. Waistband is comfortable, unlike other suits I've had that can dig into your skin when they get wet.
Just right!
from New York, NY
on 11/6/2014
I use these shorts for water exercise, tennis and racquetball. They are perfect for it all. The fit and length work for me and for tennis, I like that the pockets are big enough to accommodate a couple of tennis balls. Many bathing suits have tiny pockets.
Exactly What I Wanted
from Plano, TX
on 8/23/2014
Long time wearer of Speedo trunks and the two pairs that I bought are in line with I have always worn. Very happy with the product and the super customer service.
GREAT Buy
from Toledo, OH
on 7/1/2014
My husband says they fit perfect and are very comfortable - great price too!
Excellent Service
Walter B.
from Waynesboro, VA
on 6/11/2014
Great product, my third pair of speedo shorts.
All I wear!
from Chicago
on 6/6/2014
Super comfortable.
good quality, and if you buy them on sale, they're a good value
Mike rW
from Chicago
on 5/9/2014
these black swim pants stand up to pool chemicals and resist fading. I have been buying the Speedo Rally Volley for years; they're reliable and last longer than other makes and models I've tried.
from California
on 4/25/2014
I bought this product 8 year ago, I loved the cut, comfort, durability and how fast it could dry before my next dive.I am very satisfied with Rally Volley swim wear by Speedo.I think I have expressed my overall satisfaction to Swim Outlet by purchasing three more of this product.Thank you Speedo for producing and Swim Outlet for selling such excellent product.
Great Product
Vacation Advocate
from Youngstown, Ohio
on 4/24/2014
Fits true to size. Dries quickly and wears well.
Anthony C.
from HICKSVILLE, NY
on 3/6/2014
Great swimwear! I use them for water aerobics and they don't fade.True to size
Michael H.
from FL
on 8/18/2013
Suit dries quickly, like the way front pockets are made and the fact that there is a back pocket too. So far the color has not faded.
Nice product
David S.
from Sedona AZ
on 8/9/2013
Very nice looking suit. Highest quality. Love the pockets.
Fully satisfied
from Wilm. DE
on 8/7/2013
I use the shorts for working out/walking as well as occasional swimming.
What I expected
David S.
from Sedona
on 7/19/2013
Like the style, color, leg length, pockets. Nice suit.


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Heat helpersJeb Wallace-Brodeur / Staff Photo
Lt. Gov. Phil Scott, right, and Craig Fullerton from East Randolph blow loose cellulose insulation into the attic of Linda Morse's home in Williamstown on Friday.
Heating a home during a cold Vermont winter is expensive. To help ease the pain, many are turning to weatherization projects. The Central Vermont Community Action Council has five crews working year-round to button up homes in our area. These services are free of charge to central Vermonters who meet income qualifications. Others can hire these trained crews for audits and renovations. People who go through the process typically save 30 to 35 percent on their heating fuel usage. On Friday, a CVCAC crew was at the home of Linda Morse in Williamstown. Above, Lt. Gov. Phil Scott, right, and Craig Fullerton, of East Randolph, blow loose cellulose insulation into the attic of Morse's home. Scott was on the job as part of his "Vermont Everyday Jobs Tour." Left, Zach Green, of Northfield, caulks around a new 3-inch insulated basement door. Below, Brian Mudgett, of Cabot, installs weather stripping around a door frame.MORE IN Central VermontMARSHFIELD Norman is a rather randy assistant librarian who manages to wreak havoc for... Full StoryPolice look to create timeline in Westford shooting Full StoryThe following is a sampling of calls to Montpelier Police in recent days. Full Story
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