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Snow on the Kamogawa - January 2, 2015
Xmas Lights in Botanical Gardens - December 24, 2014
Kitano Tenmangu - November 16, 2014
Autumn Leaves on the Kamogawa - November 13, 2014
Jidai Matsuri - October 22, 2014
City Hall Robots - October 20, 2014
Photography in Japan 1853-1912 - August 29, 2014
Biwako Wind - August 20, 2014
Summertime in Kyoto - July 21, 2014
Mountain Trail - May 5, 2014
The Train to Odaiba
The train to Odaiba, otherwise known as the Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit, TWR or 東京臨海高速鉄道 runs its basic route from Osaki on the Yamaonote line to Shin-Kiba connecting with the Yuraku-cho Line and the JR Keiyo Line.
It is a quick and easy way to get to Odaiba without having to take the monorail from Shinbashi Station.
The route covers 8 stations in the Rinkai Fukutoshin area covering 12.2km and although connects with JR lines, is a private railway service. The company that runs the service was established almost 20 years ago with limited services between Shin-Kiba and Tokyo Teleport starting about 15 years ago, the later stage connecting Osaki commencing about 8 years ago. It just shows how long it takes to develop infrastructure in a city where subways and railway lines are numerous. The number of users of this line is still not anyway near peak travel and no doubt the business plan for the line is measured out in decades not mere years.
As with many companies in Japan, a mascot as well as official logos have been designed. Here is the official mascot for the TWR line.
The TWR have a fairly informative website where you can also buy merchandise such as the mascot. (Japanese language only). They must be doing something right on the promotion side since their site shows they have received almost 6,000,000 hits to it. Not bad for a railway company.
The site contains links to events and attractions in Odaiba.
There are also some links to a free bus service that circles around Odaiba
The Rinkai line has many modern stations on its route including Tokyo Teleport with a nice atrium style roof, Tennozu Isle, where JAL and Rakuten have their office buildings. The ringtone for when the doors close at this station is quite unique. Kokusai-tenjijo is where you pass through if you are going to the Big Site for a conference, Shinonome while not so modern is interesting as you can out of the tunnel of darkness into the sunlight and hit the station written as East Clouds 東雲 or Shinonome. A very nice sight.
Tokyo Teleport Station
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[…] It was great to see so much activity in the area, with all halls full of exhibitors and participants. There were also lots of signs up in support of the Tokyo 2016 Games Bid. First class transportation via monorail or TWR rail connects you to Big SightFor more on trains: Train to Odaiba […]


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Community Memorial Hospital was established in 1950 by a caring community.
Our mission: The best care where and when you need it.
Our Vision: To be the healthcare provider of choice for citizens of Sumner and the surrounding community.
Community Memorial Hospital serves the area through its
healthcare and educational services. We emphasize concern for
the quality of a person's life, through every measure intended to
preserve life with dignity and respect.
We are dedicated to creating and maintaining an environment
supporting excellence in healthcare. We provide qualified and
properly trained personnel and medical staff in an atmosphere
which inspires a creative approach to the complex healthcare
challenges of today and tomorrow.

subset: commoncrawl


text: New spam bot discovered on Android by Lookout, sending thousands of SMS without your Knowledge Stormy Beach 17 December, 2012 1 Comment Looks like another wonderful and super talented person, or group of people, have yet again wasted their talents on infecting devices across the globe. We just received an alert that Lookout Mobile Security has located a spam bot and they are investigating it right now. The bot is called SpamSoldier and is out to piss off more than a few people this holiday season. They say that SpamSoldier is primarily being spread by SMS and is landing on various people's devices in typical fashion. They advertise for a free copy of a popular paid game, such as Need for Speed or Angry Birds Space. Once the users click on the link the device downloads a file, your installer opens and appears to let you install the game. Now you are pretty much hosed. After it installs itself, it gets to work sending out spam SMS. The trojan removes any icon of it being there from your device before you even knew it was installed. All the while, installing a free version of the game you thought you were getting. Example messages – "You've just won a $1000 Target gift card but only the 1st 1000 people who enter code 7777 at hxxp://holyoffers.com can claim it!" "Download Grand Theft Auto 3 & Need for Speed Most Wanted for Android phones for free at hxxp://trendingoffers.com for next 24hrs only!" I know it might be hard to not click on some amazing super offer that rolls through your device, but you should steer clear. I personally never open a text that doesn't come from someone I know personally. Better to be safe than sorry. To get a litter deeper on SpamSoldier, head over to Lookout Mobile's blog. Be safe this holiday season and only get your apps directly from the Play Store or reputable locations. Source: Lookout Mobile FILA I got a text from t-mobile today, atleast i think its t-mobile, asking a series of 5 questions, first one today asking how likely am i to recommend t-mobile to a friend. it came from 1199. I didnt reply, i figure i come online first to see if anyone got anything similar from t-mobile and if its legit. i dont play text games anyway, just wondering


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Department of Psychology
Seeing his students wanting to connect basic research in psychology to the real world, Prof. Matt Kelley's teaching influenced his research. He's done studies that suggest censoring lyrics can actually make those words more memorable to listeners. Research like this helps his students make the connections they needed between theory, research, and their everyday lives.
Through empirical investigation, faculty and students in the psychology department seek to understand the building blocks of behavior at all levels, from neural networks and sensory systems to more integrated dimensions, such as personality, life span development, psychopathology, and social interaction. In the classroom, lab, and field, our professors guide students through a scientific approach to the study of the mind.
Our students assist faculty with and conduct their own original research, from brains and robots to learning languages. With a strong preparation in research methods, psychology students are well prepared for graduate school and careers in fields like business, communication, and health professions.
Department News
Students got to chill out and connect with some furry friends during finals. More »
A nationally noted addiction expert (Dr. Marina Wolf) and several alumni will be the highlight of the 14th NeuroFrontiers Workshop on April 25 at Lake Forest College. This workshop celebrates the capstone research projects of five biology and neuroscience courses and the induction of new members of the college's chapter of Nu Rho Psi (the national neuroscience honorary). Seven biology and pschology alumni Dr. Thomas Carr '70, Ph.D., Dr. Nijee Sharma Luthra 04, M.D./Ph.D., Dr. Isaac Holmes '05, M.D., Dr. Arun Paul '05, M.D./Ph.D., Dr. Katrina Brandis '07, Ph.D., Dr. Michael White '07, M.D., and Jaime Perez Pineda '10 will be honored.
More »


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Ahhh, look at the adorable philanthropic couple. Just days after Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel returned home from their honeymoon in Tanzania, the two jetted off to the Rockaways in Queens, NY on Saturday and spent four hours distributing supplies and making first aid kits for those who were badly affected by Hurricane Sandy.
Apparently Justin was putting his "SNL" skills to the test and was reportedly providing comic relief for the residents who showed up to receive help.
His good-nature wasn't overlooked, one witness tweeted, "Shout out to Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel for serving along side us in Rockaway and giving the kids something to talk about besides Sandy."
They were joined by Justin's pal and music producer, Timbaland. All three unloaded an entire truck full of supplies and then Biel even helped to break down empty cardboard boxes.
"Jessica Biel came in on Friday at around 3:30pm with 2 male friends. She only had one vegan cookie, but stayed for a long time- for about 45 mins. She seemed in a really great mood. She could not stop smiling and, of course, she looked amazing. She was flashing her ring hand around. Lots of people recognized her, but no one bothered her or even asked her for a photo," one eyewitness told Hollyscoop.
This charitable day also helped wipe everyone's memory from the tacky "homeless" video that hit the webs after JT's wedding. Quick backstory, one of Justin's friends made a video of a bunch of homeless guys wish Justin a happy wedding, rumor had it that Justin thought it was funny and played it at his wedding.
Justin later denied having any involvement in the making of the video and did not appreciate or condone it.
The point being, donating your time to charitable efforts is a great way to make people forget about that exploitative "wedding" video.


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266 Irvine Barclay Theatre Tips
- Casual 2
- Formal 1
- Dressy 1
- Parking is free 1
- Arrive early 1
The whole thing is only an hour so park across the street and not in the parking structure, where you have to pay $10..star this tip starred
The weather was cool. I wore jeans and a nice top. It was very warm inside the theater, almost too hot in the balcony section..star this tip starred
Park across the street in the plaza for free, lots of food places to choose from and then walk over the bridge to the venue, easy and convenient.star this tip starred
I wore a light sweater for inside since the AC was turned on high..star this tip starred
Lots of places to eat across the street.star this tip starred
The weather was Perfect calif weather. Dress nice casual.. I wore Nice casual.star this tip starred
There are snacks and drinks available for purchase, but they are not allowed inside the theater.star this tip starred
The weather was cool. I wore a casual skirt, solid tee and cardigan.star this tip starred
Parked across the street, if you get their early, bunch of small restaurants to select from. Small Pizza place you can build your own thin crust Pizza. Able to use pedestrian bridge to get to the Barclay theater.star this tip starred
Ten dollars to park in their structure, but it was smooth sailing to and from.star this tip starred
Parking is $10.00!star this tip starred
we park for free across the street at the shopiing centerstar this tip starred
The weather was Balmy. I wore Sweater.star this tip starred
Allow time to figure out the parking situation. Street signs and Parking is poorly marketedstar this tip starred
There's a plaza with an in n out and other restaurants directly across from the theater. Although it is recommended you don't park here, a lot of people do and then take the bridge that conveniently connects the plaza to the theater after grabbing a nice meal.star this tip starred
I wore business casual.star this tip starred
Although the address says the theater is on Campus you need to get there from behind the parking structure.Turn on West Peltison and park in the structure. Short walk to the theater.star this tip starred
I wore Casual dress is fine..star this tip starred
There is a parking structure right next to the theatre with plenty of parking for around $10. It's not recommended to park in the shopping center across the street as you might be towed.star this tip starred
parking for the Barklay is $10 in the structure next to it. I saw some people park in the shopping center lot across the street and walk over the bridge but we were unsure if we'd be ok doing that or have a ticket or car towed so sucked it up and paid the $10 for the structure.star this tip starred


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PGA Grand Slam moving from Trump's course
Tim Rosaforte reports on the PGA of America's decision to not hold the Grand Slam of Golf at Trump National Golf Club in Los Angeles this fall.
Spieth catches tuna and shark in 2.5 hour struggle
Two-time major champion Jordan Spieth talks about his recent fishing adventure with the media Tuesday at the 2015 John Deere Classic. Watch Golf Central on Golf Channel.
Working out: Rory's athletic attitude
Tim Rosaforte, Lauren Thompson, Paige Mackenzie and Rex Hoggard discuss Rory McIlory's attitude towards working out and keeping physically fit. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Rosie: Lee 'getting a life' after Greenbrier win
Tim Rosaforte shares what Danny Lee has been doing after winning the 2015 Greenbrier Classic. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Hole-by-hole look at Old Course at St. Andrews
Hole-by-hole look at Old Course at St. Andrews
Quotes of the Week:July 5, 2015
Quotes of the Week:July 5, 2015
2014-15 PGA Tour winners photos
2014-15 PGA Tour winners photos
Top Photos of the Week: July 5, 2015
Top Photos of the Week: July 5, 2015
Power Rankings: 2015 John Deere Classic
See which players you can expect near the top of the leaderboard this week at the John Deere Classic, where one last spot in the Open Championship will be up for grabs.
Wie battling injuries, new swing as she defends Open
It's been a trying season for Michelle Wie, one with injuries and a swing change. She defends her first major, however, with fond memories.
Stock Watch: Slam odds increase with Rory's fall
Jordan Spieth isn't a lock to win the Open,but his Slam odds increased with Rory McIlroy's fall.
Sleeping at Wimbledon? Feherty slept while playing
David Feherty shares a personal story of falling asleep at the Portuguese Open with Rex Hoggard and Lauren Thompson. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.shut eye with all this competition going on, is that a good sleep environment ? As you pointed on, he's the most interesting man and apparently that wasn't very interesting at the time so he was gonna take a bit of a snooze. I mean, if anybody can get away with it He still looks cool. Let's be honest. It's the mechanic. Well, hey. When you're on the morning drive show you know all about naps, and that's exactly what he had to do right there at Wimbledon. The most interesting man that we like to bring in on Morning Drive, David Feherty, and of corse he's joining us on the phone right now. Good morning, David. A cheery good morning to all. Okay. You sound wide awake right now, but be honest. Have you ever fallen asleep at a sporting event before? Oh, oh yes. You have? I've actually fallen asleep at a sporting event in which I have been playing. Okay that's a story for another day. Why not go ahead with it now? Do tell David. Well it was the Portuguese Open and there was a rain delay. This is back in the early 80's and it was such a long delay, that we went back to the hotel, which was actually at the golf course , so it wasn't too far away. I decided I would take a little nap and it turned out to be a much larger nap. That lead me not actually playing any more in the tournament. At least you didn't do it on the golf course , David. At least there wasn't some sort of slow play issue, so you have a pretty good excuse there.
Tillinghast: Forerunner of modern course designers
Tony Parker, World Golf Hall of Fame historian, talks with Todd Lewis about the legendary golf course architect A.W. Tillinghast. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.Joined by Tony Parker , who is the historian at the World Golf Hall of Fame, to talk about one of the inductees. AW Tillinghast and whatNicklaus was impressed by Tillinghast, especially since he won two of his US Opens on a Tillinghast course, Baltusrol lower course. And his two PGA Championships were on Tillinghast courses as well, Firestone and Canterbury. So no doubt that had an impression on him. And Pete Dye is a fan. A little different so far, as well as water goes. But you'll see tight greens, you'll see a lot of bunkering in the golf course , and larger landing areas. So, you have to say they've been influenced. Have you had the chance to play a lot of these Golf course that Tony has designed. I'm not. I've spent the last several years over in Scotland so I've played a lot of the Scottish courses mostly the links courses. I played one or two of them. They're tough but fair. Yeah. And that, and that, we'll say that's definitely what he brought to the game would you agree? absolutely yeah. He wanted to be a good test. And for him the idea of a round of golf needs to be 18 holes of inspiration and every hole should be individual. And I think you'll see in all of his designs, he's done exactly that. Very well said. Well in on that. Tony Parker , appreciate your time and the history lesson as well. Not a problem, thank you.
Spieth grouped with Lee, Harman at John Deere
The PGA Tour heads to Silvis, Ill., this week for the John Deere Classic, the final stop before the Open Championship. Here are three groups to watch at TPC Deere Run.
Golfing World The Open: Louis Oosthuizen
2010 Open Champion Louis Oosthuizen chats with Golfing World about his relationship with the oldest and most prestigious major championship.
Day diagnosed with viral infection; will play Open
Jason Day has been diagnosed with a viral infection but is expected to be ready for next week's Open Championship, according to Golf Channel reporter Todd Lewis.
Jimenez dozes off while attending Wimbledon
Miguel Angel Jimenez took in some of the action Monday at Wimbledon, and was so moved by the play on the court that he ... fell asleep.
NBC Sports Group Set for Back-to-Back Weeks at the Home of Golf with the Scottish Open, 144th Open Championship
NBC Sports Group is gearing up its production plans to showcase two of the game's most storied events from the home of golf with the Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open and the 144th Open Championship.


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Ric FlairRichard Morgan Fliehr
- Birthdate: 02/25/1949 (age 66)
- Height: 6'1"
- Weight: 243 Ib
Flair is considered to be one of the greatest p...
Read More »Ric Flair is now in California after returning from Japan over the weekend. He was in town for an All Japan Pro Wrestling show. He was originally scheduled to wrestle, but he wasn't medically cleared after doctors found a blood clot in his leg during his pre-match physical. Flair was replaced by his son Reid (who was booked to wrestle earlier in the night) and watched the match from ringside.
Even with the risks of taking a seven hour flight with a blood clot, Flair refused to go to a Japanese hospital and took the flight back anyway.
WWE wants Flair at this week's TV tapings, but it's unknown if he'll in Sacramento tonight for SmackDown. He's still scheduled to do autograph signings in Las Vegas later this week.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
54 year old man | Hudson, OH, USA | Seeking women 40-52 within 50 miles
I'm a nice, considerate, health conscious, productive person who would like to meet a person with similar characteristics.
The way things are going, I'm thinking about become a monk - - oooommmmmmm, OK - enuff of that ! OK - I've decided that I'm going to go out with the first really, reallly, really nice girl that calls - and that's it... ...and it'd be great if she's a skier - cause i like to ski - and it'd be great if her daddy is really really rich - because then i might be able to suck up to him and become a quality control officer at one of his many widget facories - and - since i'm the owner's daughter's boyfriend, i wouldn't have to really work - i could come in late and leave early - and maybe the old guy would let me drive around in his bentley - and like - go get my finger nails done - and get a message - and pedicures (ha - just kidding - i'd never do any of that... - that was just supposed to be funny...) - and maybe, since i would be so nice to his little girl, he'd let us fly around in his jet - to fancy places all over the world like San Tropet (no idea where that is or how to spell it - but it sounds good...) or rio - rome - or fiji - the south of france - or parma - or streetsboro - or east canton (ha - another joke...)... i could get my teeth whitenned every other week - and i could get a flock of the best toupets made from real hair - made in germany - or switzerland - or wherever the best toupets are made... and of course we'd have a really big flat screen tv - so that we could watch soccer in hd - and we could track our millions on bloomberg news - and wring our hands on days when our holdings went up - and be pissed off when they went down a little... and then - on those days, we could go to the club - and hit golf balls at the range - new ones - not just the cheapo range balls - just to get out some aggression... we could hit hooks and slices - who would care... we could ski only on powder days... better yet - only on blue bird powder days - we could light $300 dollar cigars with rolls of 100 dollar bills - and have a fire in the firelace - even on hot summer days - while the air conditionioing is on... and then at night we could go to fund raisers and talk about how global warming is a big problem (and it is) - we could wear bran new earth shoes - because they're supposed to be good for your back... we'd have closets full of them... and we could go to far off places, like indonesia - or maybe even east africa - and help the poor people there... we could write a book about how bad street children have it in third world countries - (and they do...) ... now i'm getting too serious... ha - but, seriously, if your nice, kind, sweet, in good shape - and smart - and nice - and kind - and (being a skier would be good) (or if not, maybe willing to try to learn?) - that'd be great - and what else? hmmm - well - let's see, nice, kind, sweet, smart, attractive, smart, - see you've got to be smart in order to make up for me... well - then i think we would get along pretty well... :) - so ... anyway - I'm tired and i've got to get to bed... so thanks again... :)
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Cycling, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
Don't display my sign
I like Cats, Dogs
I like almost all dogs - especially if they don't bite. And I like cats. Except for those types of cats that could eat a person - like lions tigers and bears - they're best kept in the wild or maybe at the zoo.
Middle of the Road
where ever you're at. (hey - that's bad english...)
The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH
raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens...
anything that's fun.... :-)
the funnies...
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'9" (175cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Light brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
wasn't it Sisyphus who was the guy who had to push the bolder up the hill every day?
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|No preference
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|No preference
My mother tells me that I am Irish, German and French. (She tells me that the French people were from the mountains inbetween France and Germany - - So, I'm thinking that they were'nt as obnocious as the people who lived around Paris?)
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
I believe that there was a big bang about 20 billion years ago - and that we happen to live on a planet that is condusive to life - and we're here - kind of by happenstance - - - And that I was meant to meet you - - if you've read this far... :)
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
i are a college gradutate.


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Amex Mobile
Access your account and membership benefits for Personal, Small Business or Corporate Cards virtually anywhere you are with the Amex Mobile app.
Use Membership Rewards® points toward recent eligible charges in the Amex Mobile app – from dining & entertainment to everyday needs, and more. And for some charges, use points right after you swipe!
Explore and select valuable offers. Use your Card to pay, and see your savings add up.
Access your account, virtually anywhere you go -- quickly make a payment, and view your recent charges, activity and Membership Rewards points balance.
Receive protection alerts on your device when we detect unusual activity related to your Card, and verify charges in seconds.
Log-in securely with the same User ID and Password you use on americanexpress.com. And now, enjoy quicker access with Touch ID, available for supported devices with iOS 8.
App and app features are available only for eligible Card accounts in the United States. American Express® prepaid cards and cards issued by non-American Express issuers are not eligible.
To log in, Card Members must be enrolled in Manage Your Card Account. Enrollment is available in the app.
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What's New
Version 4.6.7 (Mar 09, 2015)
Bug fixes and enhancements.
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Bug fixes and enhancements.
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• Bug fixes and enhancements for Touch ID.
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•Enjoy quicker access to your account with Touch ID, available for supported devices with iOS 8
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What's New in Version 4.6.2
•Enhanced protection alerts help you resolve fraud concerns and point of sale issues directly in the app.
•Bug fixes and enhancements
Version 4.6.1 (Sep 09, 2014)
•Enhanced protection alerts help you resolve fraud concerns and point of sale issues directly in the app.
•Bug fixes and enhancements
Version 4.6.0 (Jul 30, 2014)
•Enhanced protection alerts help you resolve fraud concerns and point of sale issues directly in the app.
•Bug fixes and enhancements
Version 4.5.0 (May 06, 2014)
•Now use Membership Rewards points for some of your recent charges, right after you swipe
•Personalize push notification settings to keep on top of your account and activity
•Track how many purchases you have toward earning extra points for the new Amex EveryDay(SM) Credit Card
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Version 4.4.0 (Mar 24, 2014)
•Now use Membership Rewards points for some of your recent charges, right after you swipe
•Personalize push notification settings to keep on top of your account and activity
•Track how many purchases you have toward earning extra points for the new Amex EveryDay(SM) Credit Card
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What's New in Version 4.3.1
• Now use Membership Rewards® points for charges
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What's New in Version 4.3.0
• Now use Membership Rewards® points for charges
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what's new:
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New App Features
- Totals are now included on all statements
- Credits are now available under Recent Payments and Credits
- Available Credit now reflects set spending limits
- Ability to download current and previous statements in PDF format
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Version 4.1.0 (Jun 25, 2013)
New App Features
- Pending Charges are now available for Corporate Cards, in addition to all other Cards
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Version 4.0.0 (Apr 19, 2013)
New Mobile App Experience
✓Introducing a new design for the Mobile App
✓Important account highlights at a glance
✓View most recent six months of statements and transaction details
✓Access rewards, benefits, and special offers from one place
Version 3.4.0 (Dec 19, 2012)
System enhancements to improve app performance
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• Support for iPhone 5 display
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Version 3.2.0 (Nov 09, 2012)
• Use Membership Rewards® points for Mobile Gift Cards which can be redeemed at select retailers using a barcode
on your phone. The app allows you to track the balance of these Gift Cards and to use Membership Rewards points to
refill any of these Gift Cards
• Don't miss out on valuable offers! Get notifications about available offers nearby and expiring offers you have added to your Card
• We fixed a minor bug that caused the notifications overview screen to freeze occasionally
Version 3.1.0 (Oct 26, 2012)
Get fraud warnings, account alerts and credit-related notices delivered to your mobile device.
Version 3.0.2 (Oct 08, 2012)
minor content updates
Version 3.0.1 (May 14, 2012)
My Offers feature:
- Get local offers selected for you in New York City and Los Angeles, as well as a variety of offers nationwide
- Check the app regularly to find offers at places you love, or great new places to try
Version 2.7 (Nov 16, 2011)
—Access your Card Benefits and Specials on the go
—Cardmembers enrolled in the Membership Rewards® program now have more options when redeeming points
—Reset your Password or retrieve your User ID right from your phone
Version 2.6 (Oct 27, 2011)
With this release, you can Search your transactions on Recent Activity and Current Statement pages making it easier for you to find information that's important to you.
Version 2.5 (Sep 09, 2011)
Cardmembers who are enrolled in Membership Rewards® can now redeem points.
Version 2.4 (Aug 19, 2011)
In this release, you are able to view your Pending Charges for real-time transaction information.
Version 2.3 (Jul 18, 2011)
In this release, we added quick-links to our mobile Facebook and Twitter pages. In the Contact Us section, you are now able to tweet to our Customer Service team at @AskAmex for any problems or issues you have with the service.
Version 2.2 (Mar 26, 2011)
There had been a bug associated with the bill-pay function of the app which caused us to stop the function for a short period of time. We have fixed the issue and you can now resume making payments through the app.
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text:
To reduce disk drive power consumption, a reduced disk rotational velocity idle mode is used wherein in-situ components of the drive calibrate the landing (or take-off) speed of each head/disk combination and establish a transition speed incrementally above the highest landing speed to assure that the heads both fly above the confronting disk surfaces and avoid substantially all the asperities projecting from the disk surfaces. This can be accomplished using digital harmonic ratio flyheight (HRF) measurement techniques. This system optimizes the power savings to the characteristics of the particular drive. The power saving can be imposed in stages, initially to maintain the capability of quick return to operating conditions and a final stage that realizes maximum power savings. The transition speed is recalibrated periodically, which enables monitoring of the device for degradation or future imminent failure as sequential transition speeds change. Adaptive control can be implemented by extending the time between recalibration cycles when little change occurs during a series of transition speed calculations and reducing the time between recalibration cycles when significant change occurs in the sequence of transition speeds.
1. In a disk storage device including at least one disk and a plurality of transducer heads mounted for writing data on and reading data from the surface of the disk when the disk is rotated at an operational rotational velocity causing the transducer heads to fly above the surface of the disk separated therefrom by a film of fluid and wherein said transducer heads rest on the confronting disk surface when the disk is not rotated, an energy saving reduced speed operating mode comprising
means for identifying which one of said plurality of transducer heads has the highest transition speed at which it flies above the confronting disk surface with a predetermined minimum clearance therebetween;
means for measuring the clearance between said one transducer head and said confronting disk surface; and
a feedback control system effective to control the disk rotational velocity to maintain at least said highest transition speed during said energy saving reduced speed operating mode.
2. The disk storage device of claim 1 wherein said means for measuring the clearance between said transducer head and said confronting disk surface is a digital harmonic ratio flyheight (HRF) measurement effected by in-situ components of the disk storage device.
3. The disk storage device of claim 2 wherein the means for identifying the transducer head with the highest transition speed comprises means for implementing a multistep spin-up of the disk speed with respect to each head to establish the comparative landing speeds of the respective heads to enable selection of the head with the highest landing speed.
4. The disk storage device of claim 1 further comprising low power control means for invoking said reduced speed operating mode following a predetermined time lapse during which no read or write commands are received by said storage device.
5. The disk storage device of claim 4 wherein said reduced speed operating mode includes two stages, a first stage invoked after a first predetermined time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to a velocity intermediate the operational speed and the transition speed, and a second stage invoked after a second predetermined time period greater than said first predetermined time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to said transition speed, whereby during said first stage the disk can be quickly restored to operational velocity and during the second stage maximum power savings are realized.
6. The disk storage device of claim 5 further comprising adjustment means for enabling the user of the disk storage device to alter said first and second predetermined time periods.
7. In a disk storage device including at least one disk and a plurality of transducer heads mounted for writing data on and reading data from the surface of the disk when the disk is rotated at an operational rotational velocity causing the transducer heads to fly above the surface of the disk separated therefrom by a film of fluid and wherein said transducer heads rest on the confronting disk surface when the disk is not rotated, a method of energy saving using reduced disk rotational speed comprising
measuring head disk separation with respect to each head at varying velocities of disk rotation to determine the respective transition speeds;
selecting the head with the highest transition speed;
sensing an idle condition wherein read or write activity has not occurred during a predetermined time period; and
upon sensing an idle condition, regulating disk rotational velocity by closed loop sensing, to maintain the relative motion between transducer heads and disk at a reduced speed which is above said highest transition speed.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the initial step of positioning the transducer heads in alignment with a selected track.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of regulating disk rotational velocity includes maintaining a transition speed that is incrementally above the highest landing speed to preclude any significant contact with disk asperities.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said step of regulating disk rotational velocity includes two stages, a first stage invoked after a first predetermined idle time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to a velocity intermediate the operational speed and the transition speed, and a second stage invoked after a second predetermined idle time period subsequent to said first predetermined time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to said transition speed, whereby during said first stage the disk can be quickly restored to operational velocity and during the second stage maximum power savings are realized.
11. In a disk storage device including at least one disk and a plurality of transducer heads mounted for writing data on and reading data from the surface of the disk when the disk is rotated at an operational velocity whereat the transducer heads fly above the surface of the disk and are separated therefrom by a film of fluid and wherein said transducer heads rest on the confronting disk surface when the disk is not rotated, an energy saving reduced speed operating mode comprising
a spindle motor connected to rotate said at least one disk;
means for measuring the clearance between each transducer head and the confronting disk surface at the "take-off" speed at which each transducer head takes-off or initially flies above the confronting disk surface;
means for identifying which one of said plurality of transducer heads has the highest take-off speed; and
control means which senses disk rotational velocity and controls said spindle motor to maintain a disk rotational velocity that is at least equal to the take-off speed of said head with the highest take-off speed, to maintain the relative speed of said one of said transducers with respect to the confronting disk surface at least at said highest take-off speed during said energy saving reduced speed operating mode.
12. The disk storage device of claim 11 wherein said control means regulates said disk rotational velocity to maintain, during said energy saving reduced speed operating mode, a transition speed relative to said one transducer with the highest take-off speed that is incrementally above the take-off speed, whereby incidental contact between said plurality of transducer heads and the asperities and irregularities of the confronting disk surface are reduced.
13. The disk storage device of claim 12 wherein the means for identifying the transducer head with the transition speed comprises means for implementing a multistep spin up of the disk speed with respect to each head to establish the comparative landing speeds of the respective heads to enable selection of the head with the highest landing speed.
14. The disk storage device of claim 12 further comprising low power control means for invoking said reduced speed operating mode following a predetermined time lapse during which no read or write commands are received by said storage device.
15. The disk storage device of claim 14 wherein said reduced speed operating mode includes two stages, a first stage invoked after a first predetermined time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to a velocity intermediate the operational speed and the transition speed, and a second stage invoked after a second predetermined time period greater than said first predetermined time period at which the disk rotational speed is reduced to said transition speed, whereby during said first stage the disk can be quickly restored to operational velocity and during the second stage maximum power savings are realized.
16. The disk storage device of claim 12 wherein said control means further establishes a transition speed which is incrementally above said take-off speed, whereby the head flies above the confronting disk surface and substantially all the asperities projecting therefrom.
17. The disk storage device of claim 16 further comprising means for comparing said transition speed to a threshold value and means for issuing a warning if said threshold value is equalled or exceeded.
18. The disk storage device of claim 16 further comprising means for periodically redetermining said transition speed.
19. The disk storage device of claim 18 wherein, if the redetermined transition speed varies from the previously determined transition speed by a insignificant value, the period between transition speed determinations is extended.
20. The disk storage device of claim 18 further comprising means for reducing the time between redeterminations of transition speed when the redetermined transition speed varies from the previously determined transition speed by more than a predetermined amount.
21. The disk storage device of claim 18 further comprising
means for storing a predetermined number of the immediately preceding transition speeds and averaging said predetermined number of transition speeds to form a moving average value and
means for comparing said moving average value with the current transition speed value.
22. The disk storage device of claim 21 further comprising
means for extending the period between transition speed determinations when the current transition speed varies from the previous transition speed by less than a predetermined value and for reducing the period between transition speed determinations when the transition speed varies from the previous transition speed by more than a predetermined value.
This invention relates to moving storage apparatus wherein a transducer head is in contact with the storage medium surface when the storage medium is at rest and is separated from the storage medium by a fluid film when the medium is moving at operational speed and, more particularly, to a reduced media speed low power mode for such a device.
Most disk drive data storage devices experience prolonged periods of data read/write inactivity. This is particularly true for devices that run continuously overnight or during holidays. Maintaining the standby operation is a waste of energy that is a critical consideration where the system is powered from a limited power source such as the batteries of a portable device or where heat dissipation is a problem. As microcomputers become ubiquitous in the work place and tend to be continuously operational, there have appeared requirements that the power consumption of such systems meet reduced standards of power consumption. Completely powering down the device requires a relatively long wait for the drive to become ready to read or write data and frequent power on and off cycles result in increased wear and possible high stiction events that reduce the useful life of the disk storage equipment. Thus, during idle periods it is desirable to reduce power consumption while maintaining a near operational status of the device.
During idle periods, the principal power consumption is by the spindle motor, which normally maintains the full rotational velocity of the disk media despite the absence of read or write operations. The voice coil actuator motor is not required to provide access or track-follow functions and the solid state control circuitry has minimal energy requirements. With a reduction of spindle motor speed, the voice coil motor will experience fewer servo signals and make correspondingly fewer corrections such that the reduced power consumed by the spindle motor will result in a reduction of the power used by the actuator voice coil motor. In environments where the actuator is maintained at an inner or outer crash stop by a permanent magnet field, the supply of power to the actuator voice coil motor can be effectively terminated during reduced speed operation.
In the past it has been suggested that the disk drive spindle motor rotational velocity be reduced during idle periods. Reducing the spindle and media rotational velocity saves power, but also risks causing a transducer head to drag on the disk surface if the media velocity is not set correctly. Ideally, the media velocity would be reduced to the minimum possible value for the particular drive to take full advantage of the increased power savings to be obtained by lower speeds. Current approaches for motor speed reduction have no way to insure that a head or heads are not sliding on the disk, which would lead to premature failure. The only manner in which present techniques are able to reduce spindle velocity safely is by decreasing the rotational velocity by the magnitude dictated by the worst case head. This constraint means that current methods do not allow the velocity to be reduced by the maximum allowable amount for each disk drive.
The power-saving technique can be tailored to the particular drive by determining during manufacture, using a method such as harmonic ratio flyheight (HRF), which transducer head within the drive has the highest transition speed. The transition speed is the critical speed below which the head no longer flies above the media surface or contacts more than an acceptable number of media surface asperities.
Although the above technique will initially adapt the transition speed to the particular drive, it is limited in not being able to adapt the velocity setting to varying environments and to varying conditions of the drive itself that evolve through time and use. By using in-situ head/disk clearance measurement methods, such as HRF, it is possible to monitor the head/disk clearance in a drive and provide a dynamically corrected motor speed while ensuring that all heads are above the disk surface. This will mean that a drive with a low-flying head or heads will use a slightly higher spindle speed than those with higher flying heads while maintaining a given clearance above the disk surfaces. This will eliminate heads sliding along a disk surface for extended periods of time while in a low-power mode and will also take full advantage of the power-saving potential of each drive.
The in-situ head clearance measurement capability affords the ability to determine whether another head has become the most critical through altered conditions, determines whether the low power spindle speed can be lowered or requires increase and provides an element that may be a part of an optimized algorithm which balances power savings, response time and reliability requirements.
The establishment of a low-velocity power-saving mode can also be used to monitor the status and condition of the disk drive on a continuing basis over the life of the drive as the head/disk combinations are periodically resampled to recalculate the low-power mode. In addition to redetermining the head within the drive with the highest transition speed for the low-power mode, each head/disk combination can be evaluated based upon a sequence of samples to determine whether there is a likelihood of failure and how soon the degradation will impair disk performance. The change in the sampled values can also be utilized to adaptively alter the time between recalibration cycles, extending the time if little or no change has occurred or shortening the time between recalibration cycles when the sample sequence indicates changing status or conditions.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a typical rigid disk drive and control circuitry incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing of a "spin-up" sequence with head/disk clearance as a function of discrete disk velocities.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing the establishment of a low-power spindle speed established using digital HRF measurements.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing head/disk clearance distribution at varying spindle speeds and the interrelationship with the disk asperity height distribution.
FIG. 5 graphically shows the use of a piezoelectric output for determining transition speed.
FIG. 6 graphically shows the delta or speed increment value between the head landing speed and the transition speed.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the use of periodic transition speed sampling for monitoring disk drive condition and the adaptive altering of the period between samples as a function of the amount of variation sensed during a selected number of prior samples.
FIG. 8 shows the application of a linear fit to a sequence of transition speed samples to establish slope and intercept values for the disk drive condition monitoring function.
FIG. 1 illustrates a disk drive assembly and includes a voice coil motor (VCM) assembly 10 with attached arms 11, suspensions 12 and transducer carrying heads 13. A spindle assembly includes a hub 14, rigid disks 15 and a spindle motor 16. The heads 13 "fly" on both the top and bottom ,surfaces of disks 15 as they read and/or write data on the magnetic material deposited on the surfaces of the disks. The heads 13 fly over the confronting disk surface, supported by a bearing or film of fluid such as air induced between the disk and the head in response to the high-speed rotation of the disk.
The electromagnetic transducer 18 supported by each head is connected to a data channel, one of which is indicated by reference numeral 20. The read and write electronics portions of the data channel 20 are connected to an individual head by conventional means (not shown) such as a flexible cable. As a disk rotates adjacent to an individual head, a signal is read from a track on the surface of the disk by electromagnetic detection in the head transducer and then is amplified using a preamplifier 22. The output of preamplifier 22 is fed to data channel read electronics 24, which filter and equalize the amplified signal and which typically employ a peak detection procedure to detect data in the amplified, processed signal. The channel read electronics 24 may also include clocking circuits to extract a data clock.
The data channel 20 also includes write electronics 25 which may precondition a data signal to be written on a disk track. The write electronics provide the signal which is to be recorded to a write driver 26 that is conventionally connected to a head transducer for writing onto a disk track. In the commonly used inductive head, a single transducer is used for both read and write functions, while in a magneto resistive head, separate transducers are used for reading and writing data.
The disk drive of FIG. 1 also contains processing components, including a servo processor 30 and file microprocessor 40. Conventionally, the servo processor 30 may include an invokable application run on a separate microprocessor or the drive microprocessor 40. The servo processor 30 includes a spindle control program component 31 and a VCM actuator control program 32. The servo processor is provided to control the actuator assembly, including the VCM 10, arms 11 and suspensions 12, to position the heads 13 at fixed radial locations over the surfaces of disks 15. The positioning function of the actuator control program 32, either moving heads to an addressed concentric track or maintaining the heads in alignment with a selected track, is essentially conventional, employing servo signals written continuously on a dedicated disk surface or into dedicated servo sectors on each of the disk surfaces. These signals are respectively read by one or all of the heads 13 and fed back to the signal processor 30 through read channel electronics 24 and a demodulator 27. The actuator program 32 functions to move an actuator to a desired track location and to cause the actuator to remain aligned with or follow the selected track by reduction of position error. The actuator control program implements track following, track seeking, head registration and head parking functions, which are well understood.
The drive microprocessor 40 includes a data interface section 41 which performs interface functions, including encoding and decoding of data to be written to and read from a disk, a host interface section 42 for providing control and data information to and receiving commands and data from a host computer, and a mode control section 43 for establishing and changing modes of microprocessor operation.
As shown, a clearance program 33 is provided as a component of the servo processor 30. However, the clearance program can be lodged according to design conditions in any of the microprocessor resources of the disk drive.
The major interconnections between the components of the disk drive illustrated in FIG. 1 include a data signal path 50 between the data interface 41 of the drive microprocessor 40 and the read and write electronics 24 and 25 of the data channel 20. The command/data signal path 52 connects the disk drive of FIG. 1 through its host interface 42 with the host computer (not shown). Demodulated servo signals are provided to the spindle control program 31 and actuator control program 32, respectively, from demodulator 27 over signal paths 53 and 54. The signal path 55 conducts a servo control signal to VCM 10. Signal path 58 conducts a motor speed control signal from the spindle control program 31 to the spindle motor 16. The signal path 56 connects the digital read channel electronics 24 with the clearance program 33, conducts control signals to configure the read channel electronics 24 and conducts clearance signal components to the clearance program 33 for analysis. The clearance program is enabled by an appropriate control signal sequence on signal path 57 from mode control 43. Upon receipt of a clearance command from spindle control program 31, the clearance program section 33 of the servo processor 30 takes control of the digital read channel electronics the VCM control programming 32, and the spindle control program in order to perform clearance measurements.
The clearance between any head/disk pair in the disk drive is determined by using in-situ disk drive components. Clearance is measured by employing the HRF technique, using digital electronics and the processing capacity of the disk drive, as taught in the commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 885,578, entitled, Disk File With Clearance And Glide Measurement And Early Head Crash Warning. The measured values of head/disk clearance are stored for analysis.
The HRF technique employs a measurement signal written on a disk track, and a multi-step "spin down" of the disk speed to derive a set of points from which a velocity versus clearance curve may be derived. The measurement signal laid down in a disk surface track has a constant spectrum which generates a readback signal, including at least two different frequencies which are harmonics of the measurement signal. Preferably, the first and third harmonics are included in the readback signal. The clearance measurement procedure requires rotating the disk at operational speed, and determining the instantaneous amplitudes of the harmonic frequencies at that speed. The logarithm of the ratio of the amplitudes is indicative of the head/disk clearance. The rotational velocity of the disk is then reduced while the instantaneous amplitude of the readback signal is monitored. As is known, reduction of the rotational speed of the disk from its operational speed decreases the pressure of the air cushion on the head, thereby reducing the head/disk clearance. As the velocity of the disk is decreased, the instantaneous amplitudes of the harmonics are determined until a velocity is reached where the amplitudes stop changing. When the amplitudes stop changing, the head is assumed to be in contact with the disk. At each measurement velocity between operational velocity and the contact velocity, the ratio of the instantaneous amplitudes of the two harmonics is calculated and numerical methods are employed to derive the flying height at each measurement velocity, using the zero clearance velocity as a reference.
The HRF measurement technique can also be implemented during a spin up sequence with measurements taken during incrementally increasing speeds and terminating with the operating speed. At every incremental speed, the program switches through the sequence of heads to obtain clearance measurements for each. In addition, at each incremental speed, each head can be measured at a series of locations along the circumferential track to obtain a profile of clearance values at angular positions about the disk periphery.
In FIG. 2, a head/disk clearance measurement procedure according to the HRF technique, is shown graphically. In FIG. 2, the measurement procedure reverses the sequence described above and is essentially a "spin-up" procedure. The line segments 70 give the spindle velocity as a function of time. The amount of head/disk clearance, as determined by the HRF clearance measurement is given by the curve 80, which shows head/disk clearance as a function of spindle velocity. Clearance measurement begins at 73, which coincides with start-up of the spindle motor. For each vertical line segment 70 (such as the segments between the points 73 and 74), the spindle velocity is held constant and the necessary digital measurements to determine head/disk clearance are taken. For a particular head, the digital measurement for the start-up corresponds to the point 85 on the clearance versus velocity curve 80. After all heads have been measured at start-up (which occurs at point 74), the spindle velocity is increased to point 76. Measurements for all heads are repeated at this velocity, and so on. The process continues for higher velocities until the measurements have been completed at the nominal operational velocity indicated at point 77. For the particular head given by the clearance curve 80, this point occurs at 88.
The measurement data for each head at each velocity can be processed dynamically or stored in an array for later processing. In either case, the clearance at any velocity is found by subtracting the minimal clearance measurement at point 89 from the clearance measurement at the respective velocity. For example, the nominal clearance at the operational velocity (point 88) is found by subtracting the clearance value at point 89 from that at point 88. This determination is made for each head. The most direct approach to making this measurement is to assume a mathematical function form for the continuous clearance curve 80 and then, based on measurements taken at the discrete velocities, to establish the best fit for the chosen function. From this, the minimum clearance at 89 can be found. Following this step, the clearance for each head is then simply the difference between the digital measurements made at the nominal speed (point 88) and the minimal speed (point 89), scaled by the wavelength of the recorded clearance signal. The magnitude of the clearance is shown in FIG. 2 as the distance 90.
In accordance with the present invention, the in-situ measurement capabilities of the drive are utilized to establish the low-power spindle speed. Using the digital data collected and stored by employing the HRF clearance measurement technique, the highest landing or takeoff speed among the transducer heads is determined and the low power spindle rotational velocity is set incrementally above such highest speed. Although it is theoretically only necessary to maintain the heads above the landing speed, it is prudent to use a velocity increment above the landing speed that eliminates the noise on the read channel, indicative that although the head is not dragging on the disk surface, there is an undesirable frequency of contact between the head and the disk asperities or surface irregularities.
The sequence of measurements and speed selection is illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 3. After moving to the track recorded for HRF measurements, an initial speed is selected. At each selected speed, every one of the heads is accessed in sequence for a clearance measurement. The stored clearance measurements enable a determination of the head/disk combination with the highest head landing speed. The low power spindle speed is then established to assure that all heads are flying above the disk surface and may be set to maintain a minimum clearance that avoids any significant head contact with disk asperities and irregularities.
The head transition speed is defined as that speed for which the head is no longer flying smoothly above the disk surface, but has instead begun to have occasional contact with disk asperities. The transition speed can be understood as an intersection of the disk asperity height distribution and the head flying height distribution. Normally, at the nominal or operating speed for a disk drive product there should be no intersection between the two distributions. At a reduced speed, however, the probability that there will be an overlap in the two distributions increases. The speed where the two distributions begin to overlap is called the transition speed. This is shown in FIG. 4.
The head transition speed can be found by measuring a sample of disks using a mechanical surface profilometer to determine the statistical distribution of asperity heights present. Next, the distribution of head flying heights is either measured using a white light interferometer or can be modeled using an air bearing simulation program. Once the head flying height distribution is known (as a function of the speed), the speed at which the head and disk distributions begin to overlap is the transition speed.
FIG. 4 shows the height above the disk surface on the Y axis with the fly height distribution of the heads illustrated by curves A and B and the distribution of disk asperity heights by curve C. Curve A shows the distribution of head fly heights with the disk rotating at the operational speed wherein the lowermost head flies substantially higher than the highest asperity as the curves are widely separated. As the disk velocity is reduced, the curve showing the head fly height distribution shows lower and lower fly heights above the disk until there is an overlap as shown by curve B.
Another method that can be used to determine the transition speed does so directly. Instrumenting a sample of heads with a piezoelectric transducer will permit monitoring of head to disk contact in-situ. By adjusting the disk speed, the transition speed can be found as that speed where the piezoelectric signal begins to increase above its normal background value, as shown in FIG. 5.
Combining the transition speed with the clearance measurement allows a determination of the required clearance to avoid head to disk contact. As shown in FIG. 6, a delta or speed increment between the landing speed and the transition speed is found. This delta is used in the product as a means to bridge between the landing speed and the required transition speed. At the file level, this delta is a constant which is added to the landing speed measured for each head. This allows a determination of the transition speed for each head.
Other factors that can modify the minimum speed used during the rotational idle are the presence of thermal asperities and head/disk contact with large defects on the disk surface. In using a reduced speed, low-power mode, the particular requirements and sensitivities of magneto resistive (MR) heads must be considered as these heads are finding progressively greater use. Thermal asperities are associated with MR heads. Contact between the MR element and a disk asperity produces heating of the element and a baseline shift of the readback signal. Repeated contact may damage the element. To avoid this situation, once the transition speed has been found for the worst-case head, all heads must be checked to determine if one or more thermal asperities are present. If one or more heads have thermal asperities, the disk speed must be further increased to avoid this condition. Similarly, if head/disk contact is identified, the speed must be increased.
Significant increases in the transition (or landing) speed for a head can indicate that the head/disk interface is degrading and that a head crash is imminent. To detect a significant change in the transition speed, many techniques are possible. The simplest is to check the transition speed of each head against a threshold. If the threshold is equalled or exceeded, a warning is issued.
A second method is to look for a trend in successive transition speed samples for each head over time. Measuring the transition speed once per day and saving the results in a reserved area on the disk drive will permit recall for trend analysis. The trend analysis is shown in the flow chart of FIG. 7. Here a trend based on N equal to or greater than two measurements is given. If the slope and intercept analysis indicates that a threshold value has been exceeded, a warning is issued and the measurement and analysis cycle is terminated. When the measurement cycle has been completed with respect to all head/disk combinations, the transition speed is compared with the moving average or the average value of a selected number of the immediately prior samples of transition speed values. If this comparison shows little or no difference, the time between recalibration cycles can be increased to enhance drive performance without impairing the low power operating mode or the monitoring function. Likewise, if more than a normal transition speed variation is found, the time between calibration cycles can be shortened to more closely follow conditions.
FIG. 8 shows an example of the slope and intercept of the transition speed trend line based on seven measurements of transition speed for a given head.
The time interval at which transition speed sampling measurement cycles are caused to occur can be made adaptable based upon whether there has been a significant change over the last N measurements. Based on the trend analysis, for example, the slope and intercept data for each head can be used to establish a new time interval. If the slope of the line shown in FIG. 8 is less than a certain value, the time interval can be extended. If on the other hand, the slope and/or intercept are too large, the interval can be reduced so that more frequent checks are made.
Various stages of reduced power can be invoked to achieve a compromise between maximum power saving and drive response time. These can be preset to a set of default settings or established by the user where the drive application and usage recommend alternate settings. As an example, after a first period of drive read/write inactivity of 10 seconds the spindle speed is reduced by 10%. Following a second period of 20 seconds of inactivity, the speed is reduced a further 10% and at one minute of read/write inactivity, the spindle speed is reduced to the transition speed. Thus, during frequent accesses, the drive is at full operational speed with the time required to restore the operational speed and bring the drive to a ready condition being increased by increments as the duration of idleness expands.
The recalibration of the power-saving lowered spindle speed by measuring and recording the head/disk clearance for each head at multiple spindle speeds requires an extended time period, such as 35 seconds. Accordingly, such recalibration will be inhibited if the drive is in any mode other than the full power-saving idle mode. It should be unnecessary to recalibrate the low-power spindle idle mode more frequently than after each 24 hours of drive power on time and if it is found that little or no modification of the power-saving spindle idle speed is being made, the elapsed time between recalibration cycles may be increased by the control system. This can be achieved by storing and comparing the last four calibrated values. If there is no change, the recalibration interval is extended. If the current value shows a change in excess of a normal deviation or exceeds a threshold, the recalibration interval is shortened to more closely follow conditions that appear to be encountering an accelerated rate of change.
Using the capability of the drive control electronics and microcode to effect head/disk clearance measurements, the power-saving reduced spindle speed can be adaptively controlled to optimize the low power velocity periodically to accommodate to environmental conditions to which the disk drive is exposed, as well as changing drive attributes occasioned by factors such as age, wear or shock. The sensitivity of the measurement and control can be enhanced by sampling the head/disk clearance at each head and speed combination for numerous positions about the periphery of the disk. This will establish the angular position of the most critical clearance value.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other changes in the form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Metagenics, Estrovera, 30 Tablets (Discontinued Item)
By Metagenics17 Reviews
Shipping Weight:?0.34 lbs (0.15 kg)
Shipping Weight
The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: MTG-92135
- UPC Code: 755571921352
- Package Quantity: 30 Tablets
- Dimensions: 1.8 x 1.8 x 3 in, 0.2 lbs (0.09 kg)
Product Overview
- Genetic Potential Through Nutrition
- Menopausal Hot Flash Relief
- Dietary Supplement
- Vegetarian
Estrovera contains a special extract of rhubarb root (ERr 731) that has been shown in clinical studies to significantly reduce menopausal hot flashes compared to placebo.
Suggested Use
Take one tablet daily with breakfast with a glass of water or as directed by your healthcare practitioner.
Other Ingredients
Microcrystalline cellulose, stearic acid, croscarmellose sodium, silica, and enteric coating (deionized water, cellulose acetate phthalate, glycerol triacetate, ammonium hydroxide, hypromellose, maltodextrin, and polyethylene glycol).
Caution: Do not use if pregnant or nursing. This product is contraindicated for individuals with any known or suspected estrogen-dependent cancer. If taking medication, consult your healthcare practitioner before use.
Notice: Do not use if you have or develop diarrhea, loose stools or abdominal pain because rhubarb may worsen there conditions and be harmful to your health. Consult your physician if you have frequent diarrhea.
Storage: Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Tablet
|Servings Per Container: 30
|Amount Per Serving
|Rhapontic Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) Root Extract† [Containing 2.16 mg rhaponticin)
|4 mg
|*Daily Value not established.
†Also known as special extract ERr 731 of Siberian rhubarb root.
iHerb Customer Reviews
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text:
Fanfare Magazine: "...the most successful of this group is Gity Razaz's "Light", in which improvisatory treble figuration is supported by an undulating rotation of minor-ninth harmonies in atmospherically ear-catching passages." New York Times: "The Metamorphosis of Narcissus," by Gity Razaz, an Iranian composer, was a world apart: a narcotic mix of dreamy French horn and clarinet calls, limpid Impressionist timbres and electronically induced expanse. Ms. Razaz's music was ravishing and engulfing throughout ..."
Something of Life
The debut solo album of former Kronos quartet cellist Jeffrey Zeigler, features my solo cello and electronics piece, Shadow Lines, which was commissioned for Jeff by VisionintoArt. Listen to the piece on my SoundCloud page!
Legend of Sigh
New collaboration with cellist Inbal Segev and filmmaker Carmen Kordas. This multimedia composition for solo cello, electronics, and video installment is based on an Azerbaijani folklore. Stay tuned for more updates on the project!
New on Q2 Music
Check out live audio recording of my recent concert: Available on Q2 Music for on-demand audio streaming. Ferus Festival Presents: Gity Razaz- a composer portrait.
Watch video excerpt of the world premiere of my concert-length dramatic song cycle "The Call Across the Valley of Not-Knowing", commissioned by VisionIntoArt and Jerome Fundation. Video by FaremisVisuals
Gity was awarded the 2014 Jerome Fund Prize for her concert length vocal piece,"The Call Across the Valley of Not-Knowing" Listen to the world premiere Here. FERUS Festival sponsored by VisionIntoArt presents a full concert of Gity's music at the Stone in May 2014. National Ballet School of Canada commissions Gity to create an evening-length ballet in collaboration with Robert Binet. Gity's solo piano work "Light" is released on David Aladashvili's debut album, Opus 13. A commission to compose a new ballet score for the New York Choreographic Institute in collaboration with Julien Guerin.


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The idea of virtual charter schools may be worth exploring. But the way North Carolina appears to be going about it holds little promise toward better public education in North Carolina.
Starting next year, local school systems could be forced to fork over up to $790 for each student enrolled in a virtual charter, a school conducted entirely online. Some of that money would go for instruction — although there would be far fewer teachers — but a lot of it could be siphoned off by a for-profit company operating the school.
The local funding is one concern about virtual charter schools: Although virtual schools obviously don't require transportation funding or much in the way of building maintenance, they nonetheless receive a portion of that funding.
As troublesome as the concept may be, the General Assembly's execution of it, ignoring recommendations from the state Board of Education, is even worse. Rep. Rick Glazier, a Democrat from Fayetteville, said those recommendations included more limits on the size of the schools and classes, more accountability, more transparency and limits on corporate influence.


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Billabong Sayulita Sunrise Denise Tie Side Low Bikini Bottom - Women'sView Larger Image
- Detail Images
You're pretty stoked when your boyfriend suggests a horseback ride along the Baja beach you're visiting. After all, you're on a beautiful, nearly deserted beach, your Billabong Women's Sayulita Sunrise Denise Tie Side Low Bikini Bottom coordinates nicely with the blanket and saddle on your rent-a-horse, and the bottom's full seat coverage means you won't be hanging out of your suit as you ride along. However, you aren't so crazy about the idea when the nag suddenly decides to start galloping down the beach like a bat out of hell.
- Coordinates with the Billabong Sayulita Sunrise Ramona and Gwen tops
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Really cute print, fun bright colors for the beach, but definitely not full coverage like the blurb up top says... bummer.


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Heather Dubrow believes that Brandi Glanville's reported firing from ...
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Timetable moved up on Oconee County sewer, already getting inquiries
WALHALLA Engineers have told Oconee County officials that sewer will be available at the county's Golden Corner Commerce Park months ahead of the original estimate.
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this is very dangerous when using ,make sure you don't shoot people unless the have safety glasses onthanks,
4 small paper clamps .4 medium paper clamps.1 rubber band
remove all the small metal clips
clip 2 medium clips to the 4 small clips.
remove the medium metal clips.
clip the other 2 medium clips over the small clips.then remove the metal clips.
now other versions of this use the rubber band on the inside . i personally like it on the out side because u can change the rubber band if it breaks ...
best ammo for this is chopsticks and bamboo scourers .for best results sharpen the chopsticks and scourers in a pencil sharpener.
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Pronunciation: RLS
Added on: 2012-03-19 Listened: 25 timesin: medicine, neurology, author, abbreviations, disorder, Robert Louis Stevenson
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