text:
Steve Hoffman Music Forums
Music Corner
The place to discuss music! Be it your favorite recordings, the mastering work of SH, or anything else related to music, this is the place to be.
- Discussions:
- 185,221
Latest: Apple's new music streaming service macdaddysinfo, Jul 1, 2015 at 4:12 PM
- Messages:
- 7,258,803
Audio Hardware
Discussions about all types of audio hardware, from vintage gear to the latest in hi-rez. Discussions regarding CD recorders, media, software, and tweaks are also to be found here.
- Discussions:
- 41,292
Latest: Thinking of swapping discman for iphone himey, Jul 1, 2015 at 4:12 PM
- Messages:
- 928,979
Visual Arts
Discussions about Movies & Television, DVDs, Photography (both digital and film). Basically, if you wish to discuss anything that can be seen, go here! Note: please keep discussions of DVD-A discs in Music Corner.
- Discussions:
- 22,501
Latest: What New Blu-ray disc have you gotten lately? (Disc 5) MYKE, Jul 1, 2015 at 4:09 PM
- Messages:
- 730,982
Third Party Sales & Auctions
Listings by members with eBay stores, business websites, listings on Amazon Marketplace, postings on Craigslist, personal auctions on Audiogon, eBay, and Amazon, etc. can be found here. Links to interesting items for sale/auction offered by non-members are welcome also. Members must have 50 posts and have been registered 30 days to start a thread in this section.
- Discussions:
- 5,458
Latest: Ebay: Various MiniDisc items Chris_G, Jul 1, 2015 at 1:05 PM
- Messages:
- 25,856
Marketplace Discussions
This forum is only for discussions about buying, selling and trading practices; eBay humor and advice; packaging and shipping; and other topics that are not actual buy/sell/trade/auction listings. (Formerly Everything eBay.)
- Discussions:
- 6,723
Latest: Money Order Scams - Should I worry? KOWHeigel, Jun 30, 2015 at 3:39 PM
- Messages:
- 85,342
Music, Movie and Hardware Store Guide
This is the place to list and discuss brick and mortar stores. It is intended to be a guide for sources of music, movies, hardware, and repair services based on geographical location, not as a place to advertise your own business. Stores that do their business entirely on the internet or by mail order are excluded from this section.
- Discussions:
- 736
Latest: I'm in Hong Kong next week... MC Rag, Jun 25, 2015 at 7:52 PM
- Messages:
- 10,343
Coupons, Discounts & Sales
Here you'll find links to online coupons, and information about discount codes and sales for both online and "brick and mortar" retailers.
- Discussions:
- 2,194
Latest: Good deals on Amazon.co.uk--updated regularly (Part Three) Dennis Metz, Jul 1, 2015 at 3:35 PM
- Messages:
- 41,149
eBay Watch
A feed of popular eBay searches
- Discussions:
- 35,880
Latest: Jackie McLean Jackie's Pal, Jazz, 2013, 12" LP, 33RPM, 200, Analogue Productions eBay Feed, Jul 1, 2015 at 4:12 PM
- Messages:
- 35,880


text: Bring water to a boil with chicken wings in a 5- to 6-quart tall narrow stockpot and skim froth. Add remaining ingredients. Reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, skimming froth occasionally, 3 hours. Pour stock though a fine sieve set over a bowl and discard solids. Cool, uncovered, then chill, covered, until fat has solidified, at least overnight and up to 3 days. Scrape off all fat.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Out of Stock
© 2015 Replacements, Ltd. All rights reserved.
With Our "Find This For Me" Service we notify you via email once we have stock!
Piece Code: G
Piece Name: Water Goblet
Size: 8 1/2 in
© 2015 Replacements, Ltd. All rights reserved
Piece Code: W
Piece Name: Wine Glass
Size: 7 1/8 in
Piece Code: COR
Piece Name: Cordial Glass
Size: 4 3/4 in
Piece Code: CDECC
Piece Name: Cordial Decanter
Size: 12 3/8 in
Special Characteristics:
Piece Code: DECCM1
Size: 14 5/8 in
Special Characteristics:


text:
I had sex with my best friend's frat brother now he hates me... Why??!
I have been best friends with a boy since I was in the 4th grade. Now that we've spent years getting to know each other, and become inseparable, I... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
As weird as it sounds, this so called friend of yours is mentally manipulating you, not to say, mentally abusing you. If he is a best friend, why is he upset that you had sex with the frat brother? Is not like he is going to date you. If my best female friend has sex with a guy, why would it bother me? We are just friends, not romantic partners. So what I think your so call friend has been doing is, enjoying the power he has over you. And by that I mean that he knows you like him romantically, and thus, most likely, that's some type of ego booster for him; now that you had sex whit his frat brother, his ego is crushed. This is a bit hard to swallow maybe, but you don't need a guy like that. What type of best friend is going to 'dump' you just because you had sex with another guy? Now, if this guy was romantically involved with you, I could see why he is upset; the case is that he is not, so is all about his hurt ego. Dump his sorry ass, and you need to get a self esteem check.
What Guys Said 4
he reacted the way that he did, because you are like a sister to him, in the sense that he has a platonic relationship with you, and he feels responsible for you. He doesn't want his sister sleeping with his frat brother.
So why would he feel "betrayed" then?
That I don't understand. I'm not sure if he feels betrayed... I tried to call him so I guess he's more so just mad. He's still refusing to accept my phone calls. I wouldn't treat my sister like that if she had sex with somebody. It happened over a week ago, and he's still refusing to talk to me.
What Girls Said 5
In my opinion this friend has no right to treat you like this.
You have to accept him having girls beside you, he doesn't want to have a relationship with you, and you are not allowed to have some fun?
Sorry but he treats you like you were in his possession. If he wants to be friends, he has no right to be upset about you, and if the wants more he has to stop having other women beside you.
That's just my impression.
I just went through this and I'm the guy. Let me say that it might not make any logical sense. Just from an emotional standpoint, you get really p*ssed off that your female friend went off and did this behind your back. At some level, you really care about this girl and can see yourself with her someday. You don't want to screw the relationship up so you keep quiet. Now what she does is she doesn't have enough self respect for herself or respect for you. That's why he's mad.
That is understandable but they are not together. So she can do whatever she wants as he will do whatever she wants.
You don't have to do anything. He is the one freaking out and acting like a fool. You don't have to justify what you do to anyone. It's not like he was your boyfriend and you cheated on him. Let him not be your friend. If something like this wrecks your relationship, he wasn't a real friend to begin with.
I know this question is really old, and the update clearly shows that this problem is over...I just wanted to add...
Frat brothers tell each other everything, so maybe your best friend knows that this guy is a total player and he just had sex with you to add to his many others... plus you cheated on your boyfriend so your best friend is mad at you because you aren't being honest...
That's what I think...hopefully things are OK with you two now though!
He could be angry because he thinks you degraded yourself. When my female cousin started having sex with guys I hated her and thought she was a slut, because in my culture no one has pre-marital sex. it's a great sin to do something like that. I think he just lost respect for you because you didn't control yourself.
Have an opinion?


text:
Various Supports for Low-Income Families Reduce Poverty and Have Long-Term Positive Effects On Families and Children
July 30, 2013
Since the Great Depression, the United States has developed a set of supports to help low-income families, seniors, children, and people with disabilities make ends meet and obtain health care. Extensive research indicates that these supports lift millions of Americans out of poverty, help "make work pay" by supplementing low wages, and enable millions of Americans to receive health care who otherwise could not afford it.
To be sure, the United States still has a higher poverty rate than many other advanced countries, and many Americans reach adulthood without the tools they need to succeed in the workforce. Various programs and policies, especially in areas such as job training and education, could be reformed and strengthened. But the claim that advocates of shrinking government sometimes make that public efforts to reduce poverty and hardship have failed is belied by the evidence.
Federal assistance lifts millions of people, including children, out of poverty and provides access to affordable health care. Public programs lifted 40 million people out of poverty in 2011, including almost 9 million children, according to the Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, which counts non-cash benefits and taxes.[2] While Social Security lifted the largest number of people overall out of poverty, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) lifted the largest number of children. Together, the EITC and Child Tax Credit (CTC) lifted 9.4 million people -- including nearly 5 million children -- out of poverty in 2011.
Similarly, Medicaid provided access to affordable health care to 66 million Americans in 2010. Because of Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), children are far less likely to be uninsured than adults. (For more on this issue, see "Assistance Programs Reduce Poverty and Number of Uninsured," below.)
Programs like SNAP (food stamps), the EITC and CTC, and Medicaid support millions of low-income workingfamilies and help promote work. Thirty years ago, Medicaid and SNAP largely served families that received public assistance and were not working. In addition, the EITC was tiny: for a full-time, minimum-wage worker, the EITC only offset the employee share of his or her payroll taxes, and millions of low-wage families were taxed into, or deeper into, poverty.
The situation is very different today. The EITC and CTC both offset payroll taxes and lift a family of four with a full-time, minimum-wage worker from 61 percent of the federal poverty line to 87 percent. In addition, most of the children receiving Medicaid or CHIP are in low-wage working families. And, among families with children that receive SNAP in a given month and include an adult who isn't elderly or disabled, 87 percent worked in the prior year or will work the following year. (For more on this issue, see "Safety Net Supports Working Families and Promotes Work," below.)
Researchers have identified long-term payoffs to programs like SNAP, EITC, early childhood education, and Pell Grants. Research shows that income supports like the EITC and CTC both boost employment rates among parents and have long-term positive impacts on children -- including better school performance -- that can translate into higher earnings when the children become adults. Similarly, a recent study that examined what happened in the 1960s and 1970s -- when government first introduced food stamps county by county -- found that children born to poor women who had access to food stamps had better health outcomes.
In addition, housing assistance eliminates several factors that can impair children's academic achievement, such as frequent moves and school transitions as well as homelessness. Pell Grants reduce the likelihood that low-income students will drop out of college. Long-term studies that followed children who participated in Head Start have found that it raises school completion rates and improves other outcomes years later. (For more on this issue, see "Programs Improve Long-Term Outcomes, Particularly for Children," below.)
These longer-term gains may relate to recent research showing that children who live in poverty can face increased intense stress, the physiological effects of which can impede their ability to learn and do well in school. This may help to explain why emerging research finds that significantly increasing the incomes of poor families, through measures like the EITC, produces gains in educational attainment and test scores -- outcomes that, in turn, are associated with increased earnings and employment when the children reach adulthood. (For more on this issue, see the box, "Emerging Research on Connections Among Poverty, High Levels of Stress, and Child Outcomes," below.)
Assistance Programs Reduce Poverty and Number of Uninsured
Census data show that, as a group, programs that help families struggling to afford the basics are effective at substantially reducing the number of poor and uninsured Americans.
Taken together, federal benefits kept 40 million people who otherwise would be poor out of poverty in 2011, including 8.7 million children, according to the Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). See Appendix Table 1 for state-by-state figures. (Among its differences from the official poverty measure, the SPM counts non-cash benefits such as SNAP and housing assistance as income, and considers the net effect of taxes -- including both taxes paid and refundable credits received -- on income when determining whether a family or individual's income is below the poverty line. These are improvements that analysts across the political spectrum broadly favor. The "official" poverty measures, by contrast, considers only cash income and ignores the role of taxes.)
Social Security had the largest effect on poverty -- keeping 26 million people above the poverty line, including 16 million seniors. But other key programs keep millions of Americans out of poverty as well.
- The EITC lifts more children out of poverty than any other program (and is the most effective program other than Social Security at lifting people out of poverty overall). The EITC kept 6.1 million Americans, including 3.1 million children, out of poverty in 2011. As noted above, the EITC and CTC together kept 9.4 million people -- including nearly 5 million children -- out of poverty.[3]
- SNAP kept 4.7 million Americans, including 2.1 million children, out of poverty in 2011,[4] and is particularly effective at keeping children out of severe poverty -- that is, out of living below half of the poverty line. In 2011, SNAP lifted more children -- 1.5 million -- above half of the poverty line than any other program.
- Unemployment insurance (UI) payments have been especially important in the current weak economy. UI kept 3.5 million Americans above the poverty line in 2011, including nearly 1 million children.
The EITC and SNAP are examples of "means-tested" programs, that is, programs that limit assistance to people with low or modest incomes. Other means-tested programs include Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for low-income seniors and people with disabilities; cash assistance programs funded by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant, and programs that provide non-cash benefits like housing assistance. In 2011, means-tested benefits lifted 19.7 million people above the poverty line, including 8.5 million children.[5] (See Appendix Table 2 for state-by-state figures.)
Medicaid and CHIP provided health insurance to 66 million Americans during 2010 -- roughly 32 million children, 18 million parents, 10 million people with disabilities, and 6 million seniors. Medicaid and CHIP have greatly reduced the numbers of uninsured children and now provide coverage to most low-income children. Due to Medicaid and CHIP, children are much less likely than non-elderly adults to be uninsured. Some 9.4 percent of children were uninsured in 2011, compared to 21.2 percent of non-elderly adults.[6]
To be sure, some critics question the effects of safety net programs on individual behavior, such as work effort, and how that affects poverty. Several of the leading researchers in the field have conducted a comprehensive review of the available research and data on how safety net programs affect poverty, and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) has published their results. They found that, after accounting for what the research finds to be modest overall behavioral effects, the safety net lowers the poverty rate by about 14 percentage points. In other words, one of every seven Americans would be poor without the safety net but is above the poverty line because of it. That translates into more than 40 million people.[7]
Safety Net Supports Working Families and Promotes Work
Over the past three decades, policymakers changed the safety net substantially so that it now does much more to promote work and support low-income working families whose earnings aren't high enough to make ends meet -- and much less to support low-income families that lack earnings.
Thirty years ago, the main assistance programs for families with children were the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, Medicaid, food stamps, and a very small EITC. AFDC provided assistance largely to single mothers during periods of joblessness; if a mother earned too much to qualify, she would lose not only income assistance but also Medicaid. Medicaid generally covered only parents and their children as well as elderly and disabled people who received cash welfare benefits; the working poor did not qualify. Far fewer households with children that received food stamps were working. The EITC did little more than offset some of the payroll taxes that working poor families owed. Child care assistance mainly supported those families receiving AFDC who were in education or training programs; it did little to assist the working poor.
The situation is very different today.
Refundable Tax Credits
Tax credits do much more today to "make work pay" than 30 years ago. In 1983, the EITC was not large enough to offset the total payroll taxes of a family of four with a full-time, minimum wage worker, leaving this family well below the poverty line. Today, the EITC and CTC lift such a family much closer to the poverty line, even after accounting for the payroll taxes they pay.
- In 1983, a full-time, minimum wage worker earned about $6,700 per year and was eligible for a maximum EITC of $500, about equal to the employee's share of payroll taxes.[8] The worker's earnings equaled about 66 percent of the poverty line for a family of four[9] and, once the worker's payroll taxes and EITC were figured in, the worker's income was virtually unchanged at 67 percent.[10]
- Today, a full-time, minimum wage worker earns only 61 percent of the poverty line for a family of four. But, after accounting for the family's earnings, payroll taxes, and both the EITC and CTC, the family's income rises to 87 percent of the poverty line, a significant improvement in that family's economic well-being.
For families that have very low earnings and are just gaining a toehold in the labor market, the size of their EITC and CTC increases as the families' earnings rise, countering the phase-down of some other benefits that fall as earnings rise.[11] These tax credits boost the families' overall income and strengthen incentives to work.
The EITC promotes work, as numerous studies have found. "The overwhelming finding of the empirical literature is that the EITC has been especially successful at encouraging the employment of single parents, especially mothers," write economists Nada Eissa of Georgetown University and Hilary Hoynes of the University of California at Davis.[12] While policymakers often point to the 1996 welfare law's creation of TANF as the main reason for increased work among single mothers, the research indicates that the EITC expansion of the 1990s had an even larger effect in producing those gains.[13] (The EITC expansions and the changes in welfare reinforced each other in inducing more single mothers to work.)
Research also shows that, by boosting employment among single mothers, the EITC has produced large declines in the receipt of cash welfare assistance:
- The EITC expansions of the 1990s moved more than half a million families from cash welfare assistance to work, according to research by economists Stacy Dickert of Michigan State University, Scott Houser of the Colorado School of Mines, and John Karl Scholz of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.[14]
- The EITC likely contributed about as much to the decline in the receipt of cash welfare assistance among female-headed families in the 1990s as did time limits and other welfare reforms, according to the University of Chicago economist Jeffrey Grogger's study of the effects of welfare time limits, the EITC, and other policy changes implemented from 1993 to 1999.[15]
Most EITC recipients claim the credit for short periods (a year or two) and mostly to offset the temporary costs of a child's birth or a spouse's loss of income. Most EITC recipients pay more in federal taxes over the long run than they receive in EITC benefits. [16]
Finally, as discussed below, research suggests that income supports like the EITC have a positive impact on children's educational outcomes and later employment success, indicating that the EITC promotes work for multiple generations.
Before the Medicaid expansion of the early 1980s, children and parents who received AFDC qualified for Medicaid but children in working-poor families did not. Today, virtually all low-income children are eligible for Medicaid or CHIP, and only a small fraction of the children receiving coverage through these programs also receive cash welfare assistance. Most children covered by Medicaid or CHIP are in low-income working families.
Among parents, the story is different. Although substantial numbers of working-poor parents are eligible for Medicaid, many are not because most states have set eligibility limits for parents far below the poverty line. Working-poor parents lose eligibility for Medicaid in the typical state when their earnings reach just 61 percent of the poverty line.
Low-Income Programs Have Modest Administrative Costs
Public programs bear administrative costs to assure program integrity (i.e., that the people served are truly eligible and that the programs provide the appropriate level of benefits and services to eligible recipients). But the administrative costs in the major means-tested programs are modest.
A recent examination of six major means-tested programs -- Medicaid, SNAP, Supplemental Security Income, Section 8 housing vouchers, school meals programs, and the EITC -- found that in each of them, 90 to 99 percent of spending goes for benefits or services that reach beneficiaries. Thus, federal and state administrative costs combined account for only 1 to 10 percent of program costs, with most of those costs coming at the state level.
This situation will change under health reform. Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), states can expand Medicaid to cover all poor and near-poor non-elderly adults under favorable financing terms. In addition, uninsured children and adults with incomes between 100 percent and 400 percent of the poverty line will be able to receive subsidized coverage through the new health insurance exchanges. For states that adopt the ACA's Medicaid expansion, health reform will complete the transition from a Medicaid structure that linked eligibility for subsidized health insurance to receipt of welfare benefits -- leaving many low-income working individuals and families uninsured -- to one that provides access to affordable coverage for virtually all low-income children and adults, including nearly all of the working poor.
In February 1983, only 23 percent of households with children receiving food stamps were working.[17] Today, this share has more than doubled; about half of SNAP households with children work. Moreover, among households with children that include an adult who isn't elderly or disabled, 87 percent of the households receiving SNAP in a given month include an individual who worked in the prior year or will work in the following year.[18]
The number of SNAP households that have earnings while participating in SNAP has been rising for more than a decade. It has more than tripled over this period, from about 2 million in 2000 to about 6.4 million in 2011. The growth is due in part to an increase in the percentage of eligible working households that participate in SNAP, as the result of bipartisan efforts at the federal, state, and local levels to make the program more accessible to working families. In addition, during the recent recession and ensuing slow recovery, the number of working households whose earnings are too low to keep them out of poverty has risen.
Under the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, the Agriculture Department took steps to improve access to SNAP for eligible low-income working families and families moving from welfare to work, such as reducing unnecessary paperwork requirements and ensuring that leaving welfare for work did not cause a family to lose SNAP benefits. Eric M. Bost, who served as Bush's Undersecretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services, described the program's role in supporting work and advancing welfare reform goals at a June 2001 congressional hearing:
The Food Stamp Program has also contributed to the success of welfare reform by supporting the transition from welfare to work. The reasons are easy to understand -- if you are worried about your family's next meal, it is hard to focus on your future. For many households, food stamps can mean the difference between living in poverty and moving beyond it. And for many, it has.[19]
Child Care Assistance
The federal government provides funds to states for child care assistance programs. States use them -- along with their own funds -- to help some low-income working parents and parents in education and training programs pay for child care.
Before 1990, nearly all federal child care assistance went to families who were receiving case welfare assistance through AFDC and had a parent participating in AFDC-related education or training programs, and only a small amount of it went to families leaving welfare for work. In 1990, President George H.W. Bush and Congress established the Child Care and Development Block Grant and the At-Risk Child Care program, and funding for child care assistance for low-income working families has risen modestly since then. Still, due to insufficient funding, only about one in six low-income children eligible for child care assistance under federal rules receives it.[20]
Safe, reliable child care is expensive. Full-time, center-based care for a 4-year-old child costs an average of almost $7,600 in the median state in 2012, according to Child Care Aware, an organization of child care resource and referral agencies across the country. Full-time care for an infant costs about $9,400 in the median state.[21] These costs far exceed what a mother working full-time at the minimum wage typically can afford on her own.
For low-income parents, access to reliable child care is important for long-term job retention. Families that, due to cost concerns, use informal child care arrangements (e.g., where family members serve as child care providers) or string together multiple care arrangements will more likely experience child care-related work disruptions, recent research shows. Low-wage workers who miss work or arrive late because of child care mishaps are more likely to be fired from their jobs. Child care subsidies can provide consistent access to stable child care so that parents can work dependably.[22]
Safety Net Has Weakened for the Very Poorest Families with Children
Although means-tested programs protect millions of Americans from poverty, the safety net has become less effective over the past two decades at shielding them from deep poverty -- that is, from having household income below half of the poverty line. This decline largely reflects a substantial weakening of the cash assistance safety net following the enactment of the 1996 federal welfare law as well as state policy changes that shrank general assistance programs for childless adults.
Between 1984 and 2004, even as the overall poverty rate declined, the percentage of Americans living in deep poverty increased markedly, according to a study published in the 2012 Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty.a The study goes beyond the official poverty measure, by counting as income the value of non-cash benefits such as SNAP and tax credits such as the EITC.
The researchers link the rise in deep poverty to a weakening of the safety net for the most vulnerable. Between 1984 and 2004, the average value of government assistance, including non-cash benefits, to people with virtually no other income plummeted, falling by 38 percent (after adjusting for inflation) for single parents and by 41 percent for families experiencing joblessness.
In addition, a recent study by University of Michigan and Harvard researchers finds that the number of U.S. households with children who live on cash income of less than $2 per person per day -- a standard the World Bank uses to measure poverty in developing countries -- has more than doubled since 1996, rising 159 percent to 1.6 million households in 2011.b Counting the value of tax credits and non-cash benefits -- housing assistance and especially SNAP -- lowers these numbers considerably, but the growth in extremely poor households with children remains troubling: a 50 percent increase from 1996, to 613,000 such families in 2011.
The study's authors computed the change in extreme poverty both including and excluding TANF income. It is "obvious," they write, "that cash assistance was having a substantial impact in reducing extreme poverty in early 1996, and having a much smaller effect in reducing extreme poverty by mid-2011."
CBPP analyses of Census data support these findings. Using a more complete measure of poverty than the official poverty statistics, we find that the number of children and parents living below half of the poverty line rose by 900,000 between 1995 and 2007, even before the economy turned down.c The percentage of children and parents in deep poverty increased from 1.8 percent to 2.4 percent.
We also find that this increase in deep poverty was driven largely by the weakening anti-poverty effectiveness of cash assistance. In 1995, cash assistance through Aid to Families with Dependent Children lifted 2.4 million children above half the poverty line. By 2007, cash assistance through TANF lifted only 500,000 children out of deep poverty. If the safety net had been as effective at keeping children out of deep poverty in 2007 as it was in 1995, there would have been 1.2 million deeply poor children in 2007; instead, there were 2.0 million.
a Yonatan Ben-Shalom, Robert A. Moffitt, and John Karl Scholz, "An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programs in the United States," Prepared for the 2012 Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty. Chapter 22. A version of this study is available at: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp139211.pdf.
b H. Luke Shaefer and Kathryn Edin, "Rising Extreme Poverty in the United States and the Response of Federal Means-Tested Transfer Programs," National Poverty Center Working Paper 13-06, May 2013, http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/?publication_id=255&.
c The poverty measure that we use counts non-cash benefits as income, as most analysts favor; subtracts taxes, work expenses, and medical expenses, as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has recommended; and corrects for the underreporting of certain government benefits in the Census data. We use the poverty line recommended by the NAS, calculated by the Census Bureau for 2010 and adjusted backward for inflation. Estimates of TANF, SSI, and food stamp income are corrected for underreporting using the TRIM model developed by the Urban Institute.
Programs Improve Long-Term Outcomes, Particularly for Children
As research increasingly finds, certain investments in assistance, health care, and education for children in low-income families can have positive long-term effects, such as improving children's health status, educational success, and future work outcomes. These positive effects, in turn, can benefit the country by improving the skills of our workforce so that we are more fully using the talents of our people.
Research shows that:
Programs that supplement the earnings of low-income working families, like the EITC and CTC, boost children's school achievement and future economic success, and participating children are healthier as infants and have more economic success as adults. Harvard University economists Raj Chetty and John N. Friedman and Columbia University economist Jonah Rockoff analyzed school data for grades 3-8 from a large urban school district, as well as the corresponding U.S. tax records for families in the district. They found that even under conservative assumptions, additional income from the EITC and CTC leads to significant increases in students' test scores.[23] After studying nearly two decades' worth of data on mothers and their children, University of California at San Diego economist Gordon B. Dahl and University of Western Ontario economist Lance Lochner concluded that additional income from the EITC significantly raises the combined math and reading test scores of students.[24]
This research on the EITC and CTC is consistent with research on other income supplements for working families. After reviewing the research, Northwestern University's Greg J. Duncan and the University of Wisconsin's Katherine Magnuson found "convincing evidence" of improved educational outcomes from studies of the EITC and other programs that supplement low-income families' earnings.[25] Providing an income supplement of about $3,000 (in 2005 dollars) to a working parent during a child's early years, they concluded, may boost that child's achievement by the equivalent of about two extra months of schooling.[26]
The EITC and CTC's beneficial effects appear to follow children into adulthood. Harvard's Chetty and his coauthors note evidence that test score gains can lead to significant improvements in students' later earnings and employment rates when they become adults.[27] Their finding parallels other research that followed low-income children from early childhood into their adult years and found a lasting beneficial effect when the children's families received additional income (regardless of the income source). The researchers found that each additional $3,000 in annual income in early childhood is associated with an added 135 hours of annual work as a young adult and an additional 17 percent in annual earnings.[28]
Finally, University of California at Davis researchers Hilary W. Hoynes, Douglas L. Miller, and David Simon examined the effect of EITC expansions that policymakers enacted in the 1990s, by comparing changes in birth outcomes for families eligible for the largest increases in their EITC to changes in outcomes for families eligible for little or no increase. They found that infants born to mothers who were eligible for the largest EITC increases experienced the greatest improvements on a number of birth indicators associated with more favorable long-term outcomes for children, such as a reduced incidence of low birth weight and premature births. [29]
SNAP improves long-term health and self-sufficiency. While reducing hunger and food insecurity and lifting millions out of poverty in the short run, SNAP brings important long-run benefits. A new NBER study examined what happened when government introduced food stamps in the 1960s and early 1970s and concluded that children who had access to food stamps in early childhood and whose mothers had access during their pregnancy had better health outcomes as adults years later, compared to children born at the same time in counties that had not yet implemented the program. Along with lower rates of "metabolic syndrome" (obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes), adults who had access to food stamps as young children reported better health, and women who had access to food stamps as young children reported improved economic self-sufficiency (as measured by employment, income, poverty status, high school graduation, and program participation).[30]
Medicaid has important health benefits for both children and adults. Children covered by Medicaid or CHIP are more likely than uninsured children to receive important preventive services, such as well-child check-ups, that are important for spotting health problems early.[31]
For adults, Medicaid participation is associated with better health, lower mortality, and less household debt and out-of-pocket costs. A study widely regarded as the most important and rigorous examination of Medicaid's effects on beneficiaries -- under which researchers were able to compare outcomes in Oregon between low-income people who received Medicaid and similar people who remained uninsured -- found the adults with Medicaid coverage were 40 percent less likely than the uninsured adults to suffer a decline in their health over a six-month period.[32] Those with Medicaid coverage also were more likely than the uninsured to access preventive care, such as mammograms for women. In addition, there were significant improvements in diagnosing and treating depression and diabetes among the Medicaid recipients.[33] On a related front, separate research published in the New England Journal of Medicine reported that expansions of Medicaid coverage for low-income adults in Arizona, Maine, and New York reduced mortality by 6.1 percent.[34]
Moreover, people with Medicaid in Oregon were 40 percent less likely than those without insurance to go into medical debt or to leave other bills unpaid in order to cover medical expenses.[35] The latest research from Oregon finds that Medicaid coverage "almost completely eliminated catastrophic out-of-pocket medical expenditures." [36]
Head Start children fare better years later. Researching the long-term impacts of Head Start, Harvard's David Deming found that children who participated in the program between 1984 and 1990 later were more likely to complete high school, less likely to be out of school and out of work, and less likely to be in poor health. Head Start, he concluded, "closes one-third of the gap" on a combined measure of adult outcomes "between children with median and bottom-quartile family income." Some questions remain about whether the advantage that Head Start children enjoy when they enter kindergarten endures in later school years, and there is broad agreement that policymakers should pursue further reforms to strengthen the program's impacts in these areas. But Deming tracked children for a longer period, beyond just their school years, and he found that the program's positive influence is evident in later years in various important areas of children's lives such as high school completion, college enrollment, health status, and being either employed or in school. [37]
Similarly, the University of Chicago's Jens Ludwig and the University of California at Davis' Douglas Miller find evidence that Head Start has a positive effect on children's health -- specifically, that mortality rates among children aged 5 to 9 fell due to screenings conducted as part of Head Start's health services.[38]
Pell Grants help low-income students overcome significant barriers to earning a college education. Pell Grants provide assistance to more than 9 million low- and moderate-income students to pay for college. Students qualify for the grants based on their income, assets, and family size; three-quarters of recipients had family incomes below $30,000 in the 2010-2011 academic year.[39] Need-based grant aid improves college access, studies show, especially among minority students.[40]
Pell Grants, in particular, appear to promote college completion.[41] A 2009 Education Department study found that, after controlling for barriers to college success such as financial independence, college graduates who received these grants earned their degrees faster than non-recipients.[42] And a 2008 study found that low-income students who receive a Pell Grant were 63 percent less likely to drop out than low-income students without such a grant.[43] College graduates have higher employment rates and earnings and lower poverty rates than those who lack a college degree.[44] By helping students graduate, Pell Grants improve students' chances of success in the labor market.
Housing assistance programs reduce risk factors for poor school outcomes. Four housing-related problems -- homelessness, frequent moves that result in school changes, overcrowding, and poor housing quality -- can impair children's academic achievement, research shows. Children in homeless families are more likely than other low-income children to drop out of school, repeat a grade, or perform poorly on tests.[45] Frequent moves, particularly those that cause children to change schools during kindergarten or high school, tend to worsen educational performance (both for the children andfor their classmates in schools in which large numbers of students move in or out during the year).[46]
Research shows, moving often imposes stress on students, which can cause students to have difficulty concentrating.[47] Moreover, when students change schools, they can suffer gaps in their learning because they miss school days and because different schools cover material in a different order. In addition, changing schools can impair the development of the bond with teachers that disadvantaged children often need to perform well.[48] Children also may miss school due to homelessness or frequent moves or because they live in housing that may exacerbate a child's asthma or result in lead poisoning.[49] And, children living in overcrowded housing may lack the space or quiet to do their homework, and they may also suffer from stress-related behavior problems that interfere with academic performance.[50]
Housing assistance reduces these housing-related problems. In a multi-site, rigorous evaluation, low-income families that received housing vouchers were 74 percent less likely to become homeless, 48 percent less likely to live in overcrowded housing, and moved fewer times over a five-year period than similar low-income families that didn't receive housing assistance.[51] By lowering families' housing costs to 30 percent of their income and requiring that housing meet minimum quality standards, federal housing assistance eliminates or substantially reduces several of the primary causes of homelessness and involuntary moves.[52] Federal rules also bar overcrowding in the units that families rent with the help of vouchers.
Emerging Research on Connections Among Poverty, High Levels of Stress, and Child Outcomes
Dr. Jack Shonkoff, who directs Harvard's Center on the Developing Child, and other researchers have shown that when children live in very stressful situations -- in dangerous neighborhoods, in families that have real difficulty putting food on the table, or with parents who cannot cope with their daily lives -- they may experience what he calls "toxic stress." This stress creates damaging neurological impacts that negatively affect the way a child's brain works and that impede children's ability to succeed in school and develop the social and emotional skills to function well as adults.
For example, one study documented that a young adult's working memory (measured at age 17) "deteriorated in direct relation to the number of years the children lived in poverty (from birth through age 13)." The study found that "such deterioration occurred only among poverty-stricken children with chronically elevated physiological stress (as measured between ages 9 and 13)." That is, the mechanism by which early childhood poverty affected memory appears to be related to the stress that "usually accompanies poverty."a
Recent research published by the National Bureau of Economic Research also has found connections between swings in income around the time of a pregnancy and dangerous levels of stress that affects both the mother and baby. Temporary spells of low income during pregnancy appear to come with an increase in the maternal stress hormone cortisol; a high cortisol level during pregnancy was associated with negative child outcomes -- specifically, "a year less schooling, a verbal IQ score that is five points lower and a 48 percent increase in the number of chronic [health] conditions" for the exposed children, compared to their own siblings who were born at times when the family had lower stress (and, usually, higher income).b
Programs that help poor families with children afford the basics may help improve longer-term outcomes for children by reducing the added stress that parents or children may experience if they cannot pay their bills or don't know how they will put food on the table. While researchers are only starting to explore the relationship between safety net programs and toxic stress and its long-term consequences, early findings are striking.
University of California at Davis economist Hilary Hoynes and her colleagues find that "access to food stamps in utero and in early childhood leads to significant reductions in metabolic syndrome conditions (obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes) in adulthood and, for women, increases in economic self-sufficiency (increases in educational attainment, earnings, and income, and decreases in welfare participation)."c Other researchers also found signs of reduced stress (such as less inflammation and lower diastolic blood pressure) among mothers targeted by the 1993 expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit; this expansion was also followed by a significant improvements in self-reported health status for the affected mothers.d
a Gary W. Evans, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela K. Klebanov, "Stressing Out the Poor: Chronic Physiological Stress and the Income-Achievement Gap," Pathways, winter 2011, http://www.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/pdf/pathways/winter_2011/PathwaysWinter11.pdf.
b Anna Aizer, Laura Stroud, Stephen Buka (2012), "Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 18422, www.nber.org/papers/w18422.pdf.
c Hilary W. Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Douglas Almond (2012), "Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 18535, www.nber.org/papers/w18535.
d William N. Evans and Craig L. Garthwaite (2010), "Giving Mom a Break: The Impact of Higher EITC Payments on Maternal Health," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 16296, www.nber.org/papers/w16296.
Various safety net programs provide important assistance to struggling families, help ensure that low-income individuals have access to affordable health care, and provide increased educational opportunities to low-income students. These efforts reduce poverty and hardship and promote work in the short run. They also contribute to more positive educational, health, and employment outcomes in the longer run.
|Appendix Table 1:
Number of People Kept Above the Poverty Line by All Public Benefits
Supplemental Poverty Measure, 2009-2011
|Children Under Age 18
|District of Columbia
|New Hampshire
|New Jersey
|New Mexico
|New York
|North Carolina
|North Dakota
|Rhode Island
|South Carolina
|South Dakota
|West Virginia
|US Total
|Source: CBPP analysis of Census Bureau data from the March Current Population Survey and SPM public use files. We use three-year averages in order to improve the reliability of the data.
|Appendix Table 2:
Number of People Kept Above the Poverty Line by Means-Tested Programs
Supplemental Poverty Measure, 2009-2011
|Children Under Age 18
|District of Columbia
|New Hampshire
|New Jersey
|New Mexico
|New York
|North Carolina
|North Dakota
|Rhode Island
|South Carolina
|South Dakota
|West Virginia
|US Total
|Source: CBPP analysis of Census Bureau data from the March Current Population Survey and SPM public use files. We use three-year averages in order to improve the reliability of the data. These calculations count the following means-tested programs: TANF, SSI, SNAP, housing assistance, energy assistance, WIC, EITC, refundable portion of the Child Tax Credit, free and reduced school lunch, Pell Grants, and means-tested veterans' benefits.
[1] Indivar Dutta-Gupta and Jimmy Charite co-authored an earlier version of this report.
[2] Arloc Sherman, "The Power of the Safety Net: What the Supplemental Poverty Measure Shows," Spotlight on Poverty and Opportunity Commentary, 11-14-12, www.spotlightonpoverty.org.
[3] State-by-state estimates of the anti-poverty effects of the EITC and CTC can be found at: http://www.taxcreditsforworkingfamilies.org/working-families-poverty-eitc-ctc-state/.
[4] Because surveyed households do not always recall or report all of their income, Census data may provide an incomplete picture of family poverty status. Some types of income, including SNAP, tend to be particularly underreported in Census data. A database developed by the Urban Institute for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, known as the Transfer Income Model Version 3 (TRIM III), corrects for this underreporting. Consistent with the actual SNAP administrative data, TRIM 3 finds more people receiving SNAP than does the uncorrected Census data, and consequently finds SNAP has a larger anti-poverty effect. TRIM data for 2011 are not available, but figures for 2010 suggest that, when TRIM is used to correct for underreporting, the number of people (and of children) kept above the SPM poverty line by SNAP doubles relative to the uncorrected estimates. Thus, the figures cited in the text above understate SNAP's anti-poverty impact.
[5] These figures use the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) and count the following means-tested programs: TANF, SSI, SNAP, housing assistance, energy assistance, WIC, the EITC, the refundable portion of the Child Tax Credit, free and reduced school lunch, Pell Grants, and means-tested veterans' benefits.
[6] CBPP analysis of the Census Bureau's 2012 Current Population Survey.
[7] Yonatan Ben-Shalom, Robert A. Moffitt, and John Karl Scholz, "An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programs in the United States," Prepared for the 2012 Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty. Chapter 22. A version of this study is available at: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp139211.pdf.
[8] All of these figures are expressed in 1983 dollars.
[9] The comparison uses the official poverty threshold of $10,098 used by the Census Bureau for a two-parent, two-child family in 1983.
[10] Looked at another way, in 1983, federal payroll taxes as a whole (including both employer and employee payroll taxes) actually pushed this family deeper into poverty. The family's EITC -- $500 -- would have been less than the combination of the employer and employee payroll taxes of nearly $900. Economists typically consider the payroll taxes paid by employers to be taxes borne by the worker. From this perspective, the tax system as a whole in 1983 pushed this family deeper into poverty.
[11] Above certain income levels, EITC benefits phase down as a family's income rises, but there is little evidence that workers in this range substantially reduce their work hours as a result of the EITC. Once EITC recipients reach the phase-out range, recipients with no children have their EITC reduced by 8 cents for each additional dollar earned, recipients with one child have their EITC reduced by 16 cents, and recipients with two or more children have their EITC reduced by 21 cents. In theory, the phase-out could discourage additional hours of work among those with incomes in the phase-out range. The only studies to find a reduction in work hours, however, have found such effects to be small. Moreover, those studies generally found such effects only among married EITC recipients, and many analysts believe this effect is likely due largely to the fact that the additional income the EITC provides allows the second earner in some married families to choose to spend more time raising children and less time working out of the home. Analysts across the political spectrum have observed that the fact that the EITC may lead some married parents to make such a choice should not be regarded as an adverse policy outcome. See David T. Ellwood, "The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements," June 2010, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/inequality/Summer/Summer00/papers/Ellwood.PDF.
[12] Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes, "Behavioral Responses to Taxes: Lessons from the EITC and Labor Supply," NBER Working Paper No. 11729, November 2005, http://www.nber.org/papers/w11729.
[13] Jeffrey Grogger, "The Effects of Time Limits, the EITC, and Other Policy Changes on Welfare Use, Work, and Income among Female-Head Families," Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2003.
[14] Stacy Dickert, Scott Houser, and John Karl Scholz, "The Earned Income Tax Credit and Transfer Programs: A Study of Labor Market and Program Participation," Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 9, MIT Press, 1995.
[15] Jeffrey Grogger, "The Effects of Time Limits, the EITC, and Other Policy Changes on Welfare Use, Work, and Income among Female-Head Families," Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2003. Using different data, in another study, Grogger reaches similar conclusions. Jeffrey Grogger, "Welfare Transitions in the 1990s: the Economy, Welfare Policy, and the EITC," NBER Working Paper No. 9472, January 2003, http://www.nber.org/papers/w9472.pdf.
[16] Tim Dowd and John Horowitz, "Income Mobility and the Earned Income Tax Credit: Short-Term Safety Net or Long-Term Income Support," Public Finance Review, September 2011.
[17] Characteristics of Food Stamp Households, February 1983. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation. CBPP Analysis of FY 2011 USDA Quality Control SNAP data.
[18] Dottie Rosenbaum, "The Relationship Between SNAP and Work Among Low-Income Households," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 2013, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3894.
[19] Testimony of Eric M. Bost, Under Secretary, Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services Before the House Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry, June 27, 2001, http://www.fns.usda.gov/cga/speeches/ct062701.html.
[20] Estimates of Child Care Eligibility and Receipt for Fiscal Year 2006, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 2010, http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/10/cc-eligibility/ib.shtml.
[21] "Parents and the High Cost of Child Care," Child Care Aware, http://www.naccrra.org/about-child-care/cost-of-child-care. See, in particular, Appendix 1.
[22] Nicole D. Forry & Sandra L. Hofferth (2011), "Maintaining work: The influence of child care subsidies on child care-related work disruptions," Journal of Family Issues, 32, 436-368.
[23] Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, and Jonah Rockoff, "New Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of Tax Credits," Statistics of Income Paper Series, November 2011, http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/11rpchettyfriedmanrockoff.pdf.
[24] Gordon Dahl and Lance Lochner, "The Impact Of Family Income On Child Achievement: Evidence From The Earned Income Tax Credit," American Economic Review (2012), 1927-1956, http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.5.1927. Building on Dahl and Lochner's research methods, economists Alexander M. Gelber of the Wharton School of Business and Matthew C. Weinzierl of the Harvard Business School conclude that the income boost that low-income families with children receive from the EITC helps the tax system raise revenue more effectively. In essence, they conclude, when low-income families with young children receive additional income, their children perform better in school, which increases the opportunities their children have to succeed. Alexander M. Gelber and Matthew C. Weinzierl, "Equalizing Outcomes vs. Equalizing Opportunities: Optimal Taxation When Children's Abilities Depend On Parents' Resources," NBER Working Paper No. 18332, August 2012, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18332.
[25] Greg J. Duncan and Katherine Magnuson, "The Long Reach of Early Childhood Poverty," Pathways (Winter 2011), http://www.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/pdf/pathways/winter_2011/PathwaysWinter11_Duncan.pdf.
[26] Duncan and Magnuson.
[27] Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hilger, Emmanuel Saez, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Danny Yagan, "How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star," The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2011), http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/1593.abstract.
[28] Greg J. Duncan, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, and Ariel Kalil, "Early-Childhood Poverty and Adult Attainment, Behavior, and Health," Child Development (January/February 2010), pp. 306-325.) The $3,000 figure is in 2005 dollars, equivalent to approximately $3,530 in 2012. The 17 percent figure appears as 19 percent but is a typo; a revised figure of 17 percent appears in Duncan and Magnuson (2011).
[29] Hilary W. Hoynes, Douglas L. Miller, and David Simon, "Income, The Earned Income Tax Credit, and Infant Health," NBER Working Paper No. 18206, July 2012, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18206.
[30] Hilary W. Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, Douglas Almond, "Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 18535, November 2012. http://www.nber.org/papers/w18535.
[31] CBPP analysis of the 2005 National Health Interview Survey.
[32] Amy Finkelstein, Sarah Taubman et al., "The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment: Evidence from the First Year," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17190, July 2011, http://www.nber.org/papers/w17190. See also http://www.offthechartsblog.org/does-medicaid-matter-new-study-shows-how-much/.
[33] Katherine Baicker, Sarah Taubman et al., "The Oregon Experiment -- Effects of Medicaid on Clinical Outcomes," New England Journal of Medicine; 368:1713-1722, May 2, 2013.
[34] Benjamin Sommers, Katherine Baicker, and Arnold Epstein, "Mortality and Access to Care among Adults after State Medicaid Expansions," New England Journal of Medicine; 367:1025-1034, September 13, 2012.
[35] Finkelstein, et al.
[36] Baicker, et al. Some critics of Medicaid have cited some of this study's results, such as the lack of statistically significant changes in diagnosis or treatment of high blood pressure or high cholesterol. As the authors of the study have indicated, those results could be due in substantial part to limited sample sizes (as there were improvements in high blood pressure and high cholesterol but not statistically significant ones) and to an abbreviated time period (the study examined the effects of only 17 months of coverage). http://www.offthechartsblog.org/oregon-medicaid-study-strengthens-not-weakens-case-to-expand-medicaid/.
[37] David Deming, "Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2009, http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deming/papers/Deming_HeadStart.pdf.
[38] Jens Ludwig and Douglas L. Miller. "Does Head Start Improve Children's Life Chances? Evidence From a Regression Discontinuity Design." NBER Working Paper No. 11702, October 2005, http://www.nber.org/papers/w11702.
[39] CBPP based on U.S. Department of Education, 2010-2011 Federal Pell Grant End-of-Year Report, http://www2.ed.gov/finaid/prof/resources/data/pell-2010-11/pell-eoy-2010-11.html.
[40] See for example, David M. Linsenmeier and Harvey S. Rosen and Cecilia Elena Rouse, "Financial Aid Packages and College Enrollment Decisions: An Econometric Case Study," The Review of Economics and Statistics, February 2006, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 126-145, which found that replacing loans with grants had the largest impacts on college enrollment for low-income minority students. In addition, the literature shows that a roughly $1,300 increase in financial aid (and therefore $1,300 decrease in tuition costs) increases college enrollment by four percentage points. See Susan Dynarski, "The Behavioral and Distributional Implications of Aid for College," American Economic Review, 2002, vol. 92, issue 2, pp. 279-285; and Larry Leslie and Paul Brinkman, "Student Price Response in Higher Education," Journal of Higher Education, 1987.
[41] Eric Bettinger, "How Financial Aid Affects Persistence," in Caroline M. Hoxby, editor, College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay For It, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
[42] Christina Chang Wei, Laura Horn, and Thomas Weko, A Profile of Successful Pell Grant Recipients: Time to Bachelor's Degree and Early Graduate School Enrollment, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, July 2009.
[43] Rong Chen and Stephen L. DesJardins, "Exploring the Effects of Financial Aid on the Gap in Student Dropout Risks by Income Level," Research in Higher Education, v. 49, pp. 1-18, February 2008.
[44] Sandy Baum, Jennifer Ma, and Kathleen Payea, "Education Pays 2010: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society," College Board.
[45] E.g., Rubin and colleagues found, after controlling for differences in socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and schools, that homeless children scored lower on tests of reading, spelling, and math proficiency. David H. Rubin et al., "Cognitive and Academic Functioning of Homeless Children Compared with Housed Children," Pediatrics 97:3: 289 - 94, 1996. Similar results have been found in more recent studies.
[46] Maya Brennan, "The Impacts of Affordable Housing on Education: A Research Summary," Center for Housing Policy, May 2011. High-mobility schools have been found to have high teacher turnover and an influx of inexperienced teachers, slower curricular pace resulting in a math curriculum typically one year below grade level, and poor performance on standardized tests. Studies gathered in Mary Cunningham and Graham MacDonald, "Housing as a Platform for Improving Education Outcomes among Low-Income Children," Urban Institute, May 2012.
[47] Cunningham and MacDonald.
[48] Cunningham and MacDonald.
[49] Sheniz Moonie et al., "The Relationship Between School Absence, Academic Performance, and Asthma Status," Journal of School Health 78(3): 140-148, 2008.
[50] A New York study found that overcrowded housing reduces young males' probability of completing high school by almost 11 percentage points; for girls, the negative impact is about half as much. Frank Braconi, "Housing and Schooling," The Urban Prospect, Citizens Housing and Planning Council, 2001. An analysis of national data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics found that after controlling for family characteristics, children living in overcrowded conditions completed less schooling than their counterparts. Dalton Conley, "A Room with a View or a room of One's Own? Housing and Social Stratification," Sociological Forum 16(2): 263-280, 2001.
[51] Michele Wood, Jennifer Turnham, and Gregory Mills. 2008. "Housing Affordability and Family Well-Being: Results from the Housing Voucher Evaluation." Housing Policy Debate, 19:2, pp. 367-412. The study did not collect data on school outcomes.
[52] Rebecca Cohen and Keith Wardrip, "Should I Stay or Should I Go? Exploring the Effects of Housing Instability and Mobility on Children," Center for Housing Policy, February 2011. http://www.nhc.org/media/files/HsgInstablityandMobility.pdf.


text:
Pennsylvania's Republican Sen. Arlen Specter will seek a fifth term in the 2004 races. The moderate Republican fended off a primary challenge from conservative Rep. Pat Toomey, winning 51 percent to 49 percent, in the primary. Toomey had branded Specter as too liberal in the race, which was by far the most serious challenge yet to any Senate incumbent in the 2004 election season.
Specter will be facing Democrat Rep. Joseph Hoeffel in the general election. With an eye toward November, the three-term suburban Philadelphia lawmaker is predicting that Specter moved too far to the right in the Republican race to be successful in the general election.
Specter is in line for the chairmanship of the Judiciary Committee next year _ a prospect that scares conservatives still smarting over his 1987 vote thwarting the Supreme Court nomination of Robert H. Bork.
Specter spent more than $10 million on his campaign, about three times as much as Toomey. But he also had to fend off a $2 million assault from the conservative anti-tax group Club for Growth, which put other GOP moderates on notice when it targeted Specter as its No. 1 priority this year.
Hoeffel's candidacy leaves the 13th district up for grabs. Democratic state Sen. Allyson Y. Schwartz and Republican ophthalmologist Melissa Brown each defeated primary opponents for a chance to win the seat.
A key congressional race this year will be in the state's 17th district. Democratic Rep. Tim Holden won a close election in a newly drawn Harrisburg-area district in 2002. Republicans chose the son of Penn State football coach Joe Paterno, Scott Paterno, to compete against Holden in the general election.
Republican Sen. Rick Santorum drew criticism from gay-rights groups and Democratic presidential candidates after he said in an April 2003 interview with The Associated Press that he believed states have a right to ban gay sex or other private behaviors "antithetical to a healthy, stable, traditional family."
Gay-rights groups had called for Santorum, the Senate's third-ranking Republican, to resign as Republican chairman of the GOP conference in the Senate. Santorum did not step down and polls since the remarks have shown his popularity made it through the controversy unscathed.
In the 2002 elections, Democrat Ed Rendell defeated state Attorney General Mike Fisher to become the first Philadelphian elected governor since 1914. The time lapse underscores historical tension between Pennsylvania's biggest city and rest of the mostly rural state.
--The Associated Press


text:
Make shopping a snap for anyone with the unique gift of a Pinz Gift Card!
Here's your chance to be part of a real life video game with our X-treme laser tag!
Celebrate the holidays in style with Pinz! Your guests will have a blast!
Tweets by @PiNZbowl
Sign up today to get updates and specials delivered directly to your email!
Pinz has all the makings of a great time for kids or adults, all under one roof.


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
24 year old man | Danville, CA, USA | Seeking women 21-23
Active within 3 days
New to the area looking for friend, hopefully more. Email me, I will respond!
We all know this is the hardest part but if i had to describe myself i would say I am very personable, energetic, comedic, passionate, and ambitous. I have been in a very serious relationship for my age and i know exactly what i want and as soon as i find "the one" I can see myself settling down and starting a family. Id like to be a husband and a father and eventually a grandpa. Im not overly mature for my age. Just know what i want out of this life and looking for someone to share my life with!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Horses
I just moved back to the bay area. finding new places every day.
I am open to so many different movies and types of food and my iPod is filled with too many genres to count. I am always down for something new over something ive done seen or eaten before.
I like to be active. reading is lower on my to do list then some might think healthy mostly because ill read the first 5 pages and if it hasn't caught my attention it never will
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark blonde
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark blonde
|I'll tell you later
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
|$25,001 to $35,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
Scotish and Hispanic
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree


text:
Hector Calatayud IzquierdoCounsel
Currently Of Counsel of the Firm. Was Associate of the Firm from 1970 to 1980 and Partner from 1981 to 2001. Is a member of the Caˇmara Nacional de Comercio de la Ciudad de Mexico, and of the International Chamber of Commerce. Has been Professor at Universidad Anahuac (Civil Proceedings) in 1992 and 1993. Has also been a Post-graduate Professor at Escuela Libre de Derecho (Advertising and Product Liability) from 1997-1999 and Professor at Universidad Panamericana (Arbitration) from 1996-1998.
Is well known for his various publications and expert opinion. His publications include: Money Judgments in Mexico with Mr. Ricardo Hernández and published by Business Laws Inc. Commercial & Investment with Mr. Daniel del Rio and published by Transnational Publishers, Inc. Corporate Libel Under Mexican Law with Dr. Francisco Tiburcio and Published by Euromoney Publications. Has participated in various international conferences and seminars as an expert in Negotiation of Contracts in Mexico, also as an expert in Mexican, U.S and International Arbitration Practices as well as an expert in International Arbitration Programs.
Languages: Is fluent in English and Spanish.


text:
Nice and not very nice celebrities who you have met (merged)
View Single Post
02-06-2013, 17:08
Glenn A
Forum Member
Join Date: Jan 2010
Location: Cumbria
Posts: 16,177
I know he is widely despised now, but my grandparents met Hughie Green in Skegness when he was doing an Opportunity Knocks roadshow and said he was very friendly to the fans and was good with older people. I think for all Green was a womaniser, was a terrible father and an egotist, he always was fine with his fans.
Glenn A
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by Glenn A


text:
Get the Rams newsletter
Get the latest news from Rams delivered for FREE to your inbox.
07:34 30th November 2013
by DCFC Media
1,800 tickets sold so far for Sunday's game at Wigan Athletic.
Tickets for Derby County's Sky Bet Championship fixture away to Wigan Athletic tomorrow afternoon are continuing to sell fast - and will be on sale until 5pm today.
Derby will travel to the DW Stadium on Sunday 1st December (3pm) to kick off a busy run of eight matches inside a month.
In excess of 1,800 tickets have now been sold ahead of the trip to Lancashire.
Steve McClaren's men will head north looking to claim a third successive win after claiming a 3-0 win over Sheffield Wednesday and the 1-0 success over Bournemouth either side of the international break.
The trip to Lancashire will be the Rams' first since the 2007/08 Premier League season and only their twelfth-ever competitive meeting with the Latics in all competitions.
Ticket prices for the game at Wigan are: £20 for Adults, £15 for Concessions and £10 for Juniors.
Derby have been allocated 2,500 tickets to sell in advance while away fans will be able to pay on the day at the DW Stadium.
Supporters can buy their tickets for the match in person at the Digonex Ticket Office or by calling 0871 472 1884 (option 1).
To become a Membership Holder for the 2013/14 campaign and ensure you're first in line to purchase away tickets, please visit: http://tickets.wearederby.com/membership/benefits/.
To become a Season Ticket Holder for the 2013/14 campaign, please visit: http://www.wearederby.com/dna.
For more ticket and travel information for the game, head to the Away Tickets section of dcfc.co.uk by following this link: http://www.dcfc.co.uk/tickets/away_tickets.aspx.
Want to remind yourself just how key a player Tom Ince was for Der....
04 Jul 2015
Ticket details have been confirmed for Derby County's Capital ....
04 Jul 2015
Whilst Tom Ince is delighted to be rejoining a 'special team' and ....
12 hours 34 mins ago
Rams Player talks exclusively to Tom Ince after he joined Derby Co....
12 hours 44 mins ago
dcfc.co.uk was on hand to grab a number of images of Tom Ince join....
13 hours 8 mins ago
Derby County have moved to complete the permanent transfer of Tom ....
13 hours 19 mins ago


text:
Gamers, get your thumbs ready. The 14th annual Electronic Entertainment Expo, or "E3" — the world's premiere video gaming convention held each July — once again served as a glimpse into the future of the multibillion-dollar interactive entertainment industry.
Media, retailers and analysts packed the invitation-only industry event held at the Los Angeles Convention Center to play games coming soon to a platform near you.
On that note, E3 '08 was less about the "console wars" between Sony's PlayStation 3, Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii, and more about the video games themselves — most of which are available on multiple systems anyway.
Here's a look at some of the most impressive titles worth saving for.
In Electronic Arts' Mirror's Edge, you play as Faith, a "runner" who is an information courier in a world where all communication is tightly monitored by the state. By traversing rooftops and alleyways and navigating through underground waterways, you'll perform your tasks — played from a dizzying first-person perspective — while working toward a greater goal: saving Faith's sister, who's framed for a murder she didn't commit. This gorgeous game will be available for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 (PS3) and PC by year's end.
Fans of "survival horror" games can look forward to a couple of scary thrillers including Capcom's chilling Resident Evil 5 (Xbox 360, PS3), which drops the player in a zombie-filled African nation and will introduce a new online co-op feature when it launches in March 2009. Due out this holiday, however, is Dead Space, a new franchise from Electronic Arts (for Xbox 360, PS3 and PC) that takes place on a giant spaceship a few hundred years in the future. Konami's Silent Hill: Homecoming also looked downright creepy.
Other impressive action games include LucasArts' Star Wars: The Force Unleashed (all major platforms), Ubisoft's new Prince of Persia (Xbox 360, PS3 and PC) and Midway's Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe fighting game (Xbox 360, PS3).
Sony kicked off its news conference with a jaw-dropping live demo of Resistance 2 (for PS3, out in November), which takes place in an alternate 1950s. Rather than fighting each other in post-WWII battles, humans are working together to take on menacing aliens bent on world destruction. This gorgeous first-person shooter includes multiple weapons, enormous creatures (including a 300 foot-tall leviathan stomping through Chicago) and online support for up to 60 players.
Also due out in November is Microsoft Game Studios' Gears of War 2 (for Xbox 360) that also pits man against vicious aliens but requires a more tactical approach than merely running and gunning. As with its best-selling predecessor, you must hide behind walls and vehicles to take aim, find precious health packs and ammo, and work with your squad mates to make it to the end of the levels. This Xbox 360 exclusive also offers a host of online multiplayer modes playable over the Xbox Live service.


text:
Brazzers this year celebrates a decade of being at the forefront of the pornography business. That's ten years of arousing folks the world over, ten years of shooting the most decadent porn ever shot on US soil, and ten years of hiring only the brightest and boldest pornstars to screw their brains out on camera. Perhaps for you, the casual visitor, nothing much has changed since you first examined the Brazzers tour pages with a magnifying glass and gym sock, but those of us who share a deep, intimate, professional connection to the Brazzers empire knows that this network is constantly evolving to bring you what it claims is the world's best porn.
Bringing together four Nubiles sites - Nubiles.net, Nubiles Casting, Nubiles Porn, and Moms Teach Sex - to create a mini-network with plenty to offer, Nubiles Porn aims to provide you with all the salacious hardcore erotica you can handle. From the brand-new porno debutantes of Nubiles Casting to the wild sexual adventures of Moms Teach Sex to the various kinds of Vaseline-lensed romantic hardcore of Nubiles and whatever Nubiles Porn is (a lone site, a network, heaven-on-a-server?), Nubiles Porn is a deeply satisfying network that is worth watching.
Having photographed nude and sexually occupied women for well over two decades, you could say Denys Defrancesco knows a thing or ten about erotica and pornography. Put his experience to the test by peeling back the curtains closing Defrancesco's extensive DDF Network and examining its worth. Have you found yourself interested in lesbian whipping and caning sessions, oil-aided footjobs, deep-throat fellatio, or the delightful Hungarian goddess known to mortals as Eve Angel? Then it's likely you'll find DDF Network as thrilling as a virtual roll in the hay with Ms. Angel herself and a few of her girlfriends. After all, in a way that's kind of what DDF Network is all about.
Guess what lurks inside the secure cyber-walls of Babes! Go on, guess! Got it in one, fella: there's babes in them thar hills! Filled with European and American adult performers so charming and carnally arousing even a dead man would appreciate them, Babes takes its members on a HD-equipped journey through lusty fantasy scenes, real life couple scenarios, and fleeting hookups, all in the name of capturing stunning erotic photos and videos of the world's most marvelously sexual women. Babes is utterly undeniable.
Now that we're well and truly living in the 21st Century, isn't it time we upgraded our collective sexual consciousness from the oppressive attitudes of the past? That's exactly what 21Sextury are going for with their 21-site network of wide ranging carnal bliss, which documents and celebrates everything from sedate footjobs and facials to brutal DPs, assfucking, and gangbangs. With a unique visual style and an impressive roster of European and American performers, 21Sextury is a wild, deep, often intense sexual wonderland that all porn fans must visit at least once.
After a recent move from the nuttiest explicit porn the 'net had ever seen to a more sedate and (dare I say) classy style of hardcore, Porn Pros still seems to be finding its sea legs. That said, there's a ton of brilliant smut of all niches and kinks here, and much of it can now be seen in stunning 1080p HD videos starring your favorite porno legends and newcomers, from Ava Devine to Ariana Marie. Porn Pros might no longer be at the height of its power and influence, but it's still a damn fine way to while away the afternoon with your cock in your hand and your jaw on the floor.
Naughty America needs no introduction, but I'm gonna do it anyway… Folks, if you've ever doubted that it's the United States of America that the rest of the world looks to for guidance in naughty affairs of state, society, and sexuality. Naughty America, the nation's flagship patriot-porn network, hosts more than 35 websites devoted to the multitude of fantasies we Americans harbor and one day hope to exercise. From American Daydreams to Seduced by a Cougar, Naughty America's fantasies are filled with porn's most compelling women and it's stiffest men, all carefully cast for maximum effectiveness. Your fantasies, your favorite pornstars, and your new favorite network: Naughty America.
Boasting one of the strongest viewerships in online porn, Reality Kings is a bold and adventurous network of 42 websites, each one given a niche interest to follow or genre conventions to exploit. From MILF Hunter to Moms Bang Teens, from Round and Brown to 8th St Latinas, from Pure 18 to Big Tit Boss, Reality Kings has a huge amount of stellar porn to offer and brilliantly constructed network on which to offer it. Dig in, it's so much better than real life.
Copyright © 2015 - Mr. Pink's Porn Reviews - MrPinks.com. All rights reserved.


text:
7 posts tagged with toronto and film.
Displaying 1 through 7 of 7. Subscribe:
Planet Toronto
Planet Toronto - a timelapse video. After catching the attention of Toronto's tourist board through selfmade "video love letters to Toronto" uploaded to Vimeo, Ryan Emond was given a budget and access to more locations to create a longer version.
Scott Pilgrim - Volume 6 - Finest Hour released
The sixth and final Scott Pilgrim graphic novel, subtitled 'Finest Hour' is being released tonight. There is a block party in Toronto to celebrate this fact. While waiting for your copy to arrive or the party to start, why don't you... [more inside]
After Last Night
Tracy Wright, a wonderful gem of the Toronto theatre and film scene, has died.
"creating a hospital without walls"
In a pilot project with Canada's National Film Board, Katerina Cizek is Filmmaker-in-Residence at Toronto's St. Michael's Hospital (Flash site with videos). She directed The Interventionists: Chronicles of a Mental Health Crisis Team, a film about a unique crisis team in downtown Toronto. A mental health nurse and a police officer ride the streets of the inner city together in an unmarked police car, responding to 911 calls involving "emotionally disturbed persons." The team is a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital and two downtown police divisions. Their mandate is to de-escalate crises and avoid unnecessary arrests and emergency room visits by providing referrals, services and resources within a patient's own community. [more inside]
You don't have to go home but you can't stay here.
A major Toronto film studio gets the boot. In December, Cinespace Studios was given two months' notice to leave their facility in order to make way for a long-awaited waterfront revitalization project. Cinespace, where films such as Harold and Kumar, the Saw series and Chicago were shot, has put up an online petition to ask for more time to find a new location. The petition has received nearly 5000 signatures, many from film industry professionals including George A. Romero. The city insists that "Cinespace has been on notice for two years," but the studio disputes this claim. The controversy pits two of the city's priorities against one another - the health of the Canadian film industry versus "transforming the waterfront into beautiful, sustainable new communities, parks and public spaces.".
Yes yes yes yes yes!
Zanta: The Movie. If you live or work in downtown Toronto, you've seen him. Shirtless, wearing a Santa hat, and most likely doing pushups, he's David "Zanta" Zancai, and one of the city's most enigmatic characters.
Toronto International Film Festival
The Toronto International Film Festival begins Thursday. The 2004 program is one of the best they've had in years (certainly the best since the 90s). Planning on attending? If so, you may appreciate TIFF Reviews - "the online meeting place for fans of TIFF 2004". Since TIFF is the the largest film festival in the world, most attendees (myself included) find it very difficult to pick their films. Once the fest starts, members of the TIFF Reviews forum are encouraged to leave reviews of what they've been watching in the hopes that it'll help other people plan their 10 days in the dark.
Page: 1


text:
32" dome oven
i move thread to pompei oven. want to build 32 oven. read for a days this forum. it is help me more. have few qustions.
1. can i under the floor firebrick put ONLY perlite/cement 4" as a insulation(without ceramic board), is it enough for insolation?
2. can i use for firebrick sticking mix of ;clay/mud,sand and cement?
3. can i use rock wool as insulation(keramic is too expensive here)?
sorry for english, it is urgenty for me becouse have few days off, and want to made oven. already have concrete base about 120x160x8 cm.
Re: 32" dome oven
if I understand you correctly,
1. yes
2. a clay oven is also called a "cob oven"
3. yes
see http://www.fornobravo.com/forum/f43/...ild-12388.html
Re: 32" dome oven
it is about pompeii oven. second qustions is about mortal for firebrick on dome. want to use mix of sand, clay,ordinary cement,lime (3,1,1,1,1). sorry for english:D.
what caracteristic minimal must have rock wool (meen for temperature, heat koeficient etc.). standard rock wool is make for max 750 C working temperature, is it enough? (Rock Mineral Wool | Knauf Insulation) in that link is insulation what i can get here.
thanks for answer
why corner instalation have only 5" space beetwen the dome and edge (Wall). in that 5" can be added only firebrick cuting on half for first chain? how about insulation ?
i want build corner 32". can someone tell me about all dimensions.
Re: 32" dome oven
I can not answer about the mix for your dome, someone else will need to answer this.
The rock wool is a very good replacement for "keramic" ceramic insulation. Rock wool for insulation will work very well, I used rock wool and I'm very happy with it.
Are you building a house for the oven or will it be an igloo?
Re: 32" dome oven
Presuming by clay you mean fireclay (either bagged or the dust from cutting your bricks), then yes, the 3:1:1:1 sand:fireclay:portland:lime mix works great. Many on this forum (myself included) have built ovens using it with great success.
As far as dimensions, your walls will be 4.5" thick (assuming you're using standard sized firebricks cut in half), and you want at least 7" on each side for insulation plus finish materials. The vent and counter adds ~18-24" on the front. So, take your desired floor diameter, add 23" (7+7+9) for the side-to-side dimensions of the stand, and ~40" for front-to-back, give or take. Add another 4" on each side for the foundation slab.
Re: 32" dome oven
as i say i have already have concrete base about 48"x60". my plan is to put about 32" CORNER pompei oven. as i see in ebook is corner oven with only 5" over the inner diametar of oven. dont know am i say right, but i will post a picture. this 5" is making mess to me.
anyway i solve first few qustions about using 3,1,1,1,1 mix, and cheaper insulation like rock wool in floor or perlite. i have brick 12.5" x6"x2.75" (25x12x7cm). will cut in half.
Re: 32" dome oven
FYI, 25x12x7cm is more like 10"x4.7"x2.75", so you're using something pretty similar to what we use in the states.
I would note that those diagrams are based on the external width of the oven. So, that includes the walls. I have no idea why the corner oven diagrams only leave a 5" gap on the sides for insulation and finish material.
Re: 32" dome oven
6 Attachment(s)
Re: 32" dome oven
6 Attachment(s)
Re: 32" dome oven
4 Attachment(s)
|All times are GMT -7. The time now is 12:45 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Copyright ©2000 - 2015, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
Search Engine Friendly URLs by vBSEO 3.6.0
© 2006/10 Forno Bravo, LLC


text: Wiggins to Warner, Faulk: 'Stop Whining!' From CSNNE.com Feb 5, 2014 Share Tweet Next ARTICLE » Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Ezra Shaw/Getty Images 337 Reads 1 Comment Jermaine Wiggins has a message for the Greatest Show on Turf: "Stop whining!"... Continue Reading on CSNNE.com »


text:
|Sheraton Hotels And Resorts Madison properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Sheraton Hotels And Resorts hotel prices in Madison, GA for your personal or business trip. We list the best Sheraton Hotels And Resorts Madison properties so you can review the Madison Sheraton Hotels And Resorts hotel list below to find the perfect place.
This service will also provide discounted Madison, GA hotels + motels that have similar star quality of Sheraton Hotels And Resorts.
Need a group/meeting discount? Request a group rate for Madison GA
Next: Show All Available Comparable Hotels with Pricing >


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
40 year old man | Westchase, FL, USA | Seeking women 26-37 within 25 miles of Tampa, FL
Active within 24 hours
Funny and Fun : )
Hi, and thanks for stopping in to check me out! I am at a great point in my life and am looking for someone compatible to share it with. A little about me – I am a friendly, funny, affectionate and outgoing guy. I love to laugh and to make others laugh too. I also have an adventurous side and enjoy travel. I have studied in Italy, been sky-diving, sailed around Greece, done mission work in Nicaragua and have nearly fallen asleep in the middle of a shark feeding frenzy in the Bahamas (I will have to tell you that story another time). A good portion of my time is spent building a company that I helped start four years ago. We have about 50 people today and develop/power mobile websites and applications for major brands like Office Depot, Total Wine, Claire's Stores, and Panera Bread. My "day job" is running sales and marketing for the company. Overall, I consider myself to be a balanced person. Family and friends are very important to me but I also have a spiritual side and take time to step away and center myself regularly with meditation. It has definitely taught me a lot about myself and has provided perspective on the crazy world we live in. It would be great to meet someone who finds spiritual development to be an important part of life – and then explore that together. I am looking for a positive, warm and affectionate woman – who can also be silly at times. We won't be a good fit if you tend to be on the serious/cynical side or are hard to joke with. People say I smile all the time and I like being with people who reflect that back to me : ) I tend to stay in pretty good shape. I eat healthy for the most part and work out regularly. Being with someone similar in this area would also be a plus. Going to the gym, doing a yoga class, scuba diving, snowboarding, surfing – just a few things that would be fun to do together. Well, that's just a taste. Do we sound like a possible fit? If so, I hope you decide to contact me! If not, I wish you the best of luck. Thanks for stopping in!
Alumni connections , Business networking , Cooking , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Basketball, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I like Birds, Cats, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses, Other
I have a one year old Goldendoodle puppy - she is a riot. I actually have mild dog allergies but can't resist them!
Middle of the Road
I live in Northwest Tampa and work in South Tampa so I have easy access to lots of fun restaurants and bars - WOB, Ocean Prime, FlyBar - It's all good! If I am out of town I am normally in Naples, Illinois or snowboarding in Colorado.
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
I feel like I am fairly well rounded. I can have fun just hanging out and doing something casual locally but also enjoy travelling and experiencing new things.
I like to get outside when possible and enjoy our great Tampa weather - walking, biking, shooting hoops or just hanging out by the pool. I also have fun going to movies, sports events, cooking and trying new things.
I recently finished an Eckhart Tolle book and am currently reading something by Osho. Most of my reading tends to be mobile-related stuff for work though!
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|5'2" (157cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way
|Sales / Marketing
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
I own a technology company that creates mobile websites and apps for companies like Office Depot, Panera Bread, Payless Shoes and Claire's Stores. My primary day-to-day focus is on sales and marketing.
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
I don't affiliate myself with a particular religion but do have a strong spiritual component. I enjoy regular meditation and being spiritually centered.
|Graduate degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I did my undergrad work at the University of South Florida in Tampa. I then went to the University of Kansas in Lawrence where I received an MBA with a focus on International Business and Marketing. I also studied abroad in Italy during Grad School.


text:
Powered by the 455ci V8 and an older restoration. It has a power top and boot, new tires and recent a/c service. Appraised in... More
A sharp color combination in red and black. It is V8 powered with an automatic transmission. Nice all around hot rod that will get... More
In Tavern Green with a two-tone brown cloth interior. It has a V8 with an automatic transmission. It was converted to a 12-volt electrical... More
Pontiac Pro-Mod Race Car... More
In Baby Blue with a white vinyl Landau top and white leather interior. It has the 455ci V8 with an automatic transmission and just... More
Powered by the 350ci V8 with an automatic transmission. It is white with red interior. Runs and drives good. 1979 Chevrolet Corvette Please note, this... More
Offered for Sale by the California Automobile Museum 1991 Corvette Targa Top Automatic We Offer Financing Exterior Paint and body present well. A number of chips at the... More
Offered for sale at NO RESERVE is this 1966 Plymouth Satellite 2 door hardtop # RP2317700. Restoration of this car was completed 4 years... More
Features a 12-cylinder engine and is equipped with an automatic transmission and air conditioning. This blonde kitty is Old English White over red hides.... More
Finished in Rosso over Nero Vinyl comes to us by way of Estate sale. While the car won't win any show in its current... More
Second owner from new. Good running and driving Model A rumble seat coupe. Older restoration showing some wear in paint and upholstery. Four cylinder engine... More
1955 Chevrolet Bel-Air Nomad, 2 door station wagon, 62,442 miles, chrome centerline wheels. This is an estate vehicle, and will sell to the highest... More
1963 Chevrolet Corvair Monza Convertible, white with red top, 86,223 miles, 6 cylinder. This is an estate vehicle, and will sell to the highest bid... More
1930 Model A Ford Sedan, 4 door, 4 cylinder. This is an estate vehicle, and will sell to the highest bid on June 27th. Bids... More
1923 Ford T-Bucket hot rod, street rod, multiple award winner, custom painted, V-8, GT Leather wrapped steering wheel. This is an estate vehicle, and will... More