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The present invention describes novel biological systems and methods for efficiently reducing nitrate levels and otherwise conditioning aquarium water and water in similar environments, and the use of catholyte and anolyte for the improved conditioning of water in aquariums and improved growing conditions for aquatic life.
1. A process for conditioning water in a contained environment for aquatic life, the process comprising the step of:
adding a sufficient amount of catholyte to the water to promote the health of the aquatic life wherein the total amount of catholyte in the water ranges from about 1 to about 20 percent of the total volume of the water in the contained environment.
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36. A process for conditioning water in a contained environment for aquatic life, the process comprising the steps of:
removing a portion of the water from the contained environment and placing the removed water in a separate environment, to thereby preserve the beneficial bacteria in the removed water;
adding a sufficient amount of anolyte to the water in the contained environment to substantially eliminate harmful bacteria in the water, to thereby promote the health of the aquatic life; and
adding the removed water back to the controlled environment, after anolyte decomposes to an inactive state.
This is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/673,634 filed on Sep. 30, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,883.
The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for conditioning water in aquariums and similar environments for holding fish, invertebrates, mammals, and other aquatic creatures, including coral. More specifically, the invention relates to denitration reactor systems and methods for removing nitrates and otherwise conditioning water for aquatic purposes in fresh water, brackish water, and salt water applications.
Additionally, the present invention relates to the use of catholyte and anolyte with the apparatus and methods of the present invention resulting in improved conditioning of water in aquariums and improved growing conditions for aquatic life.
The accumulation of nitrates is a major problem in both salt and fresh water aquariums and similar aquatic environments. Nitrates build up rapidly in these environments due to fish waste and the regular addition of food, which contains nitrogenous compounds. At high enough concentrations, nitrates are noxious to aquatic life. To address this problem, polluted water from aquariums is replaced with new water frequently in order to maintain a healthy aquarium. The dumping of nitrate polluted water into the environment furthers the nitrate pollution of water supplies worldwide. This water changing is time consuming and may be expensive to both aquatic hobbyists and keepers of commercial aquariums alike, especially if the aquarium is a salt water aquarium that is not in close proximity to the ocean or other sources of unpolluted aquarium water.
Various methods, other than water changes, are known in the art for removing nitrates from aquariums. One common method is the use of protein skimmers to eliminate nitrogenous compounds before they are transformed into nitrates. Protein skimmers are constructed in a tube or tower having a collection cup at the top. These skimmers work by injecting massive amounts of very fine air bubbles into the tube. The rising air bubbles act as a lift in the tube, allowing the undesirable nitrogenous compounds to attach to the bubbles and rise to the surface, where they are captured in the collection cup and disposed of.
Another method for reducing nitrates involves using bacteria. Examples of such systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,980, to Jaubert; an article entitled "Nitrates Elimination by Autotrophic Denitration on Sulfur," by Christophe Soler; and an article by Marck Langouet, entitled, "The Autotrophic Denitration on Sulfur What's the Status?."
It is an object of the present invention to provide improved methods and systems for conditioning water in aquariums and similar environments.
The present invention includes novel biological systems and methods for efficiently reducing nitrate levels and otherwise conditioning aquarium water and water in similar environments. The methods and systems of the present invention maintain a healthy and efficient aerobic bacteria culture, reduce ammonia in the water to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate in an aerobic process, reduce oxygen in the water and generate CO2 before the water is treated by anaerobic bacteria, maintain a healthy and efficient anaerobic bacteria culture, insure that a sufficient food supply is maintained for the bacteria culture, efficiently reduce nitrates to acceptable levels, control the pH to within safe levels, add healthy minerals to the water, and reduce odors caused by the production of hydrogen sulfide gas formed in the autotrophic denitration process. The systems of the present invention are light in weight relative to the size of the aquarium or similar closed environment of water, are easy to use, need little maintenance, and are unlikely to clog or overflow.
The invention also includes the addition of negative ions into the aquatic systems for the benefit of the aquatic life within the systems. The health benefits of ionized air, more specifically negative ions in the air, are well known. Similar health benefits occur from the presence of negative ions in water. For example, negative ions in the water are absorbed in the bloodstream of the aquatic life, and help the animals process the food more efficiently. As a result, the animals need less food to remain healthy, and improved health leads to faster growth.
This invention also includes the addition of anolyte and catholyte solutions to the water during the conditioning process. Anolyte and catholyte are activated solutions produced by a process called electro-chemical activation known in the art. Machines capable of producing these solutions are commercially available.
In the present invention, anolyte serves as a very powerful disinfectant against bacteria, viruses, and algae. The anolyte used according to the present invention is a neutral anolyte, preferably having a pH ranging from about 6.5 to 8.5.
In the present invention, catholyte and anolyte are used to improve the quality and efficiency of water conditioning. The catholyte used in the present invention is an alkaline catholyte, preferably having a pH ranging from about 11 to 13. Alkaline catholyte solutions have numerous applications in the water conditioning systems and methods of the present invention, and can provide several benefits. For example, catholyte solutions prove useful for flocculation (e.g. of heavy metals), coagulation, washing, and extraction. Additionally, catholyte solutions can also promote the health and growth of organisms used in the treating processes of the present invention. As a result, the water is processed more efficiently, which can reduce the number of filters necessary to achieve the desired effect in the aquatic systems. Finally, catholyte is a liquid source of negative ions, and is beneficial to the aquatic life in the systems as well. As discussed above, these negative ions can improve the health, feeding rate, and growing rate of the animals.
One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process for conditioning aquarium water or other closed environments for aquatic life. The process comprises flowing water through a first chamber containing a first media supporting aerobic bacteria and then flowing the water through a second chamber containing a second media comprising sulfur that supports an anaerobic bacteria that will reduce nitrates to nitrogen gas through a biological process. In a preferred embodiment, a supply of catholyte solution is added, directly or indirectly, to the water at this denitration step. The catholyte will be added in an amount that will improve the health and the growth of the bacteria in the system, which will help remove nitrates. Preferably, the catholyte is added in an amount that ranges from about 1 to about 20 percent of the total volume of the water flowing through the system, and more preferably from about 5 to about 20 percent. In a preferred embodiment, the catholyte is produced on site by a machine that creates catholyte and anolyte from water in an electrochemical process. The supply of freshly produced catholyte is applied directly to the system from the machine or a holding tank.
Preferably, the aerobic bacteria are capable of reacting with ammonia and nitrites in the water to generate nitrates, while also generating carbon dioxide and significantly decreasing the level of oxygen in the water to a minimum level. Preferably, the anaerobic bacteria are capable of being supported by the sulfur substrate even at times when the water being treated contains little or no nitrates. One such type of bacteria is Thiobacilus denitrificans, although other bacteria may be used as discussed below. The denitration process achieved by these bacteria reduces nitrate concentrations in the water, while at the same time decreasing the pH of the water. Preferably, the water is then flowed through at least one chamber to increase the pH of the water. By means of example only, the chamber might contain a calcium source. As water flows through a calcium chamber, the calcium source reacts with hydrogen ions in the water to increase the pH of the water. Preferably, the water flows from the sulfur chamber through multiple chambers having different water treatment characteristics. In one embodiment, several chambers have different calcium sources. Additionally, catholyte can be added to help increase pH.
In salt water applications, especially ones having live coral, the use of multiple chambers with different calcium sources is highly preferred. These chambers in the preferred embodiment include dolomite, then aragonite, and then calcite, or other forms of calcium that respectively have the qualities and characteristics of these preferred forms of calcium. The water may then be flowed through one or more additional chambers or devices for degassing the water, removing additional contaminants, as well as adding oxygen to the water, before the water is returned to the aquarium.
In one embodiment, a sufficient supply of catholyte is added to the water as it is returned to the aquarium. The catholyte in the aquarium will improve the health, feeding rate, and the growing rate of the animals. The catholyte is not toxic, and after a short time, the catholyte converts back into water. In an alternative embodiment, a constant flow of water in the tank is removed from the tank and mixed with catholyte as it is circulated back into the tank through a mixing eductor, The catholyte can be added in an amount sufficient to improve the health and growth of the bacteria in the system, such as from about 1 to about 20 percent of the total volume of the water flowing through the system.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a biological system for conditioning water in an enclosed environment for aquatic life. The system comprises a first chamber containing a first media capable of supporting aerobic bacteria. A second chamber is connected to the first chamber by a first pathway through which the aquarium water flows. The second chamber contains a second media, preferably sulfur, that is capable of supporting anaerobic bacteria, such as Thiobacilus denitrificans bacteria. A third chamber, which contains a first calcium source, may be connected to the second chamber by a second pathway through which the aquarium water flows. Additionally, a fourth chamber, containing a second calcium source, may be connected to the third chamber by a third pathway through which the aquarium water flows. In a preferred embodiment, a fifth chamber may be added for containing a third source of calcium. Preferably, the system includes one or more additional chambers or devices for degassing the water before the water is returned to the aquarium. A preferred embodiment of the present invention includes devices designed to minimize water loss during the filtration process such that little or no water needs to be added to the enclosed environment.
As explained below, the methods and apparatus of the present invention may be used alone, or in connection with other filtration systems, and may be applied to large and small aquariums, to provide clean and healthy water to aquatic life in an efficient and economic way that does not harm the environment. The disclosed methods and apparatus can also be used, in whole or in part, in other applications where toxic nitrates must be removed from water and the water must be efficiently and economically treated. For example, the denitration and treatment processes of the present invention can be applied to aquatic farms, livestock farms, sewage treatment, the purification of drinking water, industrial waste water treatment, and similar applications where nitrates are generated in the water supply and must be controlled, along with other aspects of the water.
These and other embodiments of the invention will be discussed more fully in the detailed description of the embodiments.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and, together with the written description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In the drawings:
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which show, by way of illustration, specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and that changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limited sense. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
The methods and systems of the present invention can be applied to different types of aquariums and similar environments for aquatic life, in both fresh water and salt water applications. The systems and methods of the present invention can be designed to control the quality of water supporting fish, as well as coral and other aquatic life, in a variety of different aquariums and similar environments, ranging from relatively small household aquariums to aquariums of millions of gallons, or more. While the broadest principles of the invention are applicable to many, if not all, of these potential applications, preferred methods and systems are disclosed for specific applications, or ranges of applications.
The physical characteristics of the systems of the present invention can vary considerably, while still practicing the present invention. Examples of some, but by no means all, of the potential embodiments of the present invention are shown in
Referring to
Referring to
The process steps shown in
The process steps of
The water to be treated may flow directly from the aquarium to the Nitrafix system, and then return to the aquarium. Alternatively, the aquatic system may include a sump 9, as shown in
Generally, the flow rate through the sump is approximately three times the volume of the aquarium per hour, as is conventionally known. The amount of water flowed through the denitration system of the present invention is significantly less. For example, it has been found that the water applied to the denitration chamber according to the present invention can be about 1% of the volume of the aquarium per hour, and perform well. The particular flow rate for a specific application can be varied and optimized through routine testing. A flow rate ranging from about 1% to about 10% of the volume of the aquarium per hour is believed to be optimum for most applications, although about 1% to about 3% may be more preferable for aquarium applications.
The means for forcing the water through the Nitrafix system may be any means known in the art, such as use of an air pump, air stone or mechanical pumping device. A gravity feed, such as where the water is siphoned from the aquarium tank to the Nitrafix system may also be used, as is known in the art.
A more in-depth discussion of each of the process steps of
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the water before step 1. The catholyte solution is provided from an external source as shown generally in
step 2 of the process, shown in
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the water before step 2. The catholyte solution is provided from an external source as shown generally in
The total average dissolved oxygen content in water in aquariums with normal loading and feeding is approximately 5 ppm. Of course, the average level of dissolved oxygen for each aquarium may be greater or less than 5 ppm, depending on the fish load and feed supply to the aquarium. It is preferable that the process of step 2 substantially reduce the dissolved oxygen content of the water leaving the aerobic bacteria processing chamber, as compared with the level of dissolved oxygen in the water entering the chamber, in an amount sufficient to significantly increase the nitrate reduction in step 3 over what it would have been if the step 2 process had not been employed. Thus, it is preferable that the total dissolved oxygen content be reduced to, for example, less than 5 ppm, and more preferably, to less than 2 ppm, and still more preferably to about 1.64 ppm or less.
Following the aerobic process of step 2, an anaerobic processing step 3 is next employed to autotrophically reduce the concentrations of nitrates in the water by a process known as sulfur denitration. In the preferred embodiment, sulfur denitration utilizes sulfur oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus denitrificans. Under aerobic conditions, these bacteria will use oxygen to oxidize sulfur. However, when insufficient oxygen is present, the bacteria use nitrate to oxidize sulfur to sulfate. Thus, the reduction of oxygen in step 2 permits nitrates existing in the water to be efficiently utilized by the bacteria in an anaerobic type process. In this manner, the concentration of nitrates in the water is reduced in the step 3 process.
In addition to reducing nitrates, the bacteria in the denitration chamber may also reduce other undesirable nitrogen compounds, such as nitrites. The denitration process also decreases the pH of the water. It should also be noted that for the first few days of operation from startup, the denitration chamber may produce nitrite. However, the amount of nitrite produced will thereafter decrease and the chamber will preferably begin to help reduce nitrite levels.
The aerobic process of step 2 helps to insure that the oxygen concentration is sufficiently decreased, while the nitrate concentration is sufficiently increased, in order to maintain an efficient anaerobic sulfur denitration process. Consequently, less support media for the anaerobic bacteria is needed to remove the desired amount of nitrates than if the aerobic process was not used. This allows for a smaller, and significantly lighter weight, denitration chamber for the step 3 process, since the sulfur media used in the chamber can be relatively heavy. Additionally, the reduction in the level of dissolved oxygen in the chamber may help to prevent the proliferation of certain undesirable sulfate reducing bacteria, such as Beggiatoa Alba. Beggiatoa Alba are known to be filamentous, creating a thick, slimy coating on the sulfur media, which could cause the chamber containing the sulfur media to clog.
The aerobic bacteria process of step 2 should preferably occur inline with, and in close proximity to, the denitration step 3, so as to prevent reoxygenation of the water before it enters the denitration chamber.
The applicant believes that it is also possible that carbon dioxide produced by the aerobic bacteria in step 2 allows the bacteria in the denitration chamber to remove nitrates more efficiently. However, it is not intended that the above described mechanisms of the bacteria processes limit the full scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
The denitration step 3 utilizes a media that supports the anaerobic bacteria that break down nitrates in the water. Preferably the media will support the anaerobic bacteria even when there are low concentrations of nitrates in the water. In a preferred embodiment, the media is sulfur and the bacteria is Thiobacilus denitrificans. As discussed above, under the proper conditions where oxygen levels are low enough, these bacteria carry out anaerobic respiration, reducing nitrates while oxidizing elemental and/or reduced sulfur to sulfate. For example, the dissolved oxygen content of the water entering the denitration chamber is preferably between 0 to 2 ppm. Other conditions, such as the temperature and the pH of the water should also be maintained at healthy levels for the bacteria. For example, if Thiobacillus denitrificans are employed, the water in the chamber should preferably have a temperature ranging from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and a pH ranging from about 6 to about 8, although the bacteria may function outside of these ranges. Other bacteria which reduce nitrate while oxidizing sulfur may also be used in place of or in addition to Thiobacillus denitrificans. Examples of such bacteria which may be acceptable for use in the present invention include Thiobacillus versutus, Thiobacillus thyasiris, Thiosphaera pantotropha, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Thiomicrospira denitrificans. The scope of the invention includes the application of any anaerobic bacteria that can survive in a media within a chamber and efficiently and effectively perform the denitration process of the present invention on a flow of water having nitrates that must be removed.
In another embodiment, catholyte is added to the water before the denitration step 3, so that the catholyte can improve the health of the anaerobic bacteria. The catholyte solution is provided from an external source as shown generally in
The structure enclosing or creating the denitration chamber is preferably opaque so that little or no light is in the chamber. This is because the anaerobic bacteria do not like light. If placed in a lighted environment, the bacteria will move toward the center of the chamber where the environment is darker. This would thereby decrease the efficiency of the bacteria in eliminating or reducing nitrates from the water.
The level of nitrate in the water at the outlet of the denitration chamber may depend on the amount of nitrate in the inlet flow to the denitration, the flow rate of water through the denitration chamber, and contact time of the water with the sulfur media. Under optimum conditions, the denitration chamber may reduce substantially all of the nitrates. For example, nitrate levels at the outlet may range from about 0 ppm to about 20 ppm, and more preferably from about 0 ppm to about 10 ppm, and still more preferably from about 0 ppm to 5 ppm.
The pH of the water will be reduced during the denitration process. Consequently, the pH of the aquarium water leaving the denitration chamber may range from about 4 to about 8, and more preferably from about 5 to about 7. Such low ranges may not be healthy for some aquatic life. The pH of the water leaving the denitration chamber may be adjusted by, for example, adjusting the flow rate of the water through the chamber. Another way to adjust the pH to desirable levels is to add calcium to the water. The calcium is beneficial to many sea organisms, such as corals, that use the calcium to form their skeletons and/or shells. Catholyte can also be added to the system to help increase pH levels. In addition to the health benefits offered from catholyte, the bacteria used in the aerobic and anaerobic processes of the Nitrafix are more effective if the pH is kept within a healthy range for the particular bacteria being used, such as, for example, a pH of 6 to 9. Therefore, in closed systems where the water is continually recirculated through the Nitrafix system, using calcium, or calcium and catholyte to maintain the proper pH can help to make the process more effective.
In order to adjust the pH of the water to the desired range, as well as to add calcium to the water, the process of
Adding the calcium in multiple steps has the benefit of allowing the calcium source to be arranged to give long life with a minimum amount of clogging. For example, the calcium source may be arranged so that the water coming from the denitration chamber contacts the least soluble calcium sources before the other more soluble calcium sources. This will result in increased life of the calcium media in the system because the acidity of the water is reduced when it contacts the less soluble calcium sources, so that the water having a reduced acid content will dissolve the more soluble calcium media at a slower rate. Furthermore, very fine media, such as calcite sand, can create clogging problems within the calcium chambers. Clogging may be prevented by utilizing a large media, such as crushed coral, in the same chamber as the calcite sand. Specific examples of how the calcium should be arranged to provide for long life and reduced clogging will be provided in the preferred embodiments.
In certain applications, no calcium may be added by omitting steps 4 and 5 altogether. In such applications, the pH of the water is preferably raised by other means before it is resupplied to the aquarium. In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the water after it flows out of the denitration chamber to adjust the pH.
A degassing step 6 may also be added to the process. The degassing step may be performed in a degassing chamber in which the water is degassed and reoxygenated before returning to the aquarium tank. The degassing step provides the advantages of reducing odorous gases, such as hydrogen sulfide gas, and other undesirable contaminants, which may be emitted from the biological processes occurring within the chambers. Degassing can also be useful for raising the pH of the water by reducing carbon dioxide levels.
For example, in one embodiment a conventional protein skimming step may be added to the process of
Another optional process step utilizes an activated carbon chamber, as illustrated in
In one preferred embodiment, chamber 20 is filled with activated carbon 21. The chamber 20 comprises an inlet 22 for allowing water to flow into the chamber, which is located a distance "A" from the top of the chamber, and an outlet 23 located near the bottom of the chamber. Water entering chamber 20 flows down through wet zone "B" of the activated carbon chamber, which acts to degas and adsorb contaminants, including hydrogen sulfide gas in the water. Gas emissions, including hydrogen sulfide gas, flow up through dry zone "A" of the activated carbon chamber and out through vents 28. The hydrogen sulfide gas is adsorbed by the activated carbon in the dry zone, thus reducing the "rotten egg" smell which is characteristic of hydrogen sulfide gas. Screens 26 located at the mouths of inlet 22 and outlet 23 help prevent the chamber from becoming clogged.
Preferably, chamber 20 is employed in the process after the denitration step and before the water is returned to the aquarium tank. For example, chamber 20 may be employed directly at the outlet of the denitration chamber, or after the calcium chamber or chambers of the Nitrafix system. Alternatively, chamber 20 may sit in the sump. For example, the chamber may be fastened to the edge of the sump by attachment 27. As shown in
Activated carbon, or any other media known in the art which would allow removal of the hydrogen sulfide gas, could be used in chamber 20. Examples of preferred types of activated carbon for use in the present invention are those made from wood or coconut shells. In one embodiment the activated carbon is Granula Activated Carbon (GAC). The activated carbon granules are preferably small in order to provide a high surface area. For example, the activated carbon may have an average granule size of from Ľ to ⅛ inches or smaller.
Alternatively, the activated carbon system may include multiple chambers. For example, a first wet carbon chamber through which the water being treated flows may be utilized for removing contaminants, such as hydrogen sulfide gas, from the water. A second dry carbon chamber located above the water level could be used to remove undesirable gaseous emissions. Media other than activated carbon may be used in these systems, as long as the media provides the desired adsorption of the contaminants to be removed.
Yet another novel processing step 8, which may be added to the Nitrafix process, involves the use of algae and bacteria to break down and/or remove unwanted contaminants in the water. This process, which is performed in a chamber called "the oxytower," will add oxygen, raise the pH, and remove phosphates, sulfates and remaining nitrates from the water. A detailed discussion of the oxytower is provided below in the description of the preferred embodiments. As shown generally in
still another processing step, not shown in
The materials for constructing the systems of the present invention described in this application, including the chambers and connecting pipes for these systems, are preferably chosen to be safe and non-toxic to aquatic life and are corrosion resistant. Examples of such materials include plastics, such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, methacrylic or acrylic plastic, or fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP), or metals, such as stainless steel.
Certain preferred embodiments will now be described. These embodiments are not to be taken in a limiting sense, but as illustrations of the various concepts of the present invention.
A detailed description of chambers 110, 120, 130, and 140 of system 100 will now be provided with respect to
The chamber, and thus the amount of sulfur and anaerobic bacteria that can be held by the chamber, preferably is sized and shaped to contain sufficient anaerobic bacteria to reduce the nitrates in the water to safe levels over an extended period of time, preferably for at least 1 to 10 years. The walls of the chamber are preferably opaque. The degree of reduction of nitrates in the water depends on a number of variables, including the flow rate of water through the chamber, the surface area of the supported media, the level of nitrates in the water before processing with the Nitrafix, and the total volume of water to be treated.
Referring to
As shown in
In general applications, sulfur used in the denitration chambers may have a useful life within the range of 20 years, while the calcium when placed in the preferred embodiment may have a life of about 1 to 5 years. In general, media having longer life times is preferable in order to increase the time period between media replacements. In larger applications, at least certain components and materials, such as sulfur, calcium, and other media, etc. need to be periodically replaced or cleaned.
As discussed above, in one embodiment, a degassing chamber 150 is added to the biological system 100, as illustrated in
Water may be forced through the chambers using any workable arrangement. In one embodiment, as can be seen from the flow arrangements of
The chambers of the biological system 100 may have any workable shape, such as a cylindrical or box shape. The size of the chambers may also vary according to the requirements of the aquarium.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in
The water flowing into the system flows down through aerobic chamber 110 and enters near the bottom of chamber 120 through an opening in section 109. The water then flows up through the sulfur media in section 108 of denitration chamber 120. The water exits chamber 120 near the top of section 108 and flows straight across into the top of section 108 of chamber 130 through openings 121 in the chamber wall, so that the water flows from top to bottom in calcium chamber 130. This flow arrangement allows for a more compact design than the flow arrangement illustrated in
The water flowing from calcium chamber 130 enters the second calcium chamber 140 near the bottom of section 109, flows up through the media of section 108, and exits the system through outlet 141. Outlet 141 also comprises an overflow elbow 141 b with a clear section of conduit 141 a, which allows for visual inspection to determine if the system is overflowing. Multiple openings, as illustrated by openings 121 in
In one embodiment, a section of tubing is used to connect a vent (not shown) with one of the vents 150 in order to equalize the pressure between the inlet and the Nitrafix chambers. This helps to ensure that the level of water in the clear plastic tube 101 b accurately reflects the level of water in the Nitrafix. When water is flowing through the Nitrafix system properly, the level of water in the clear tube 101 b should be at about the same level as the outlet 141. If the level of water in tube 101 b is lower than the outlet 141, an air bubble may be formed in the outlet tube, or the system may be clogged. If the water is flowing through the clear elbow 141 a above the outlet on the outlet side, then the system is overflowing.
As discussed above, section 108 of each of the chambers 110, 120, 130 and 140 of the embodiment of
The container for the Nitrafix of
The size of the
The ratio of chamber height to chamber volume may be adjusted in order to control the amount of time the water maintains contact with a given volume of media within each chamber, as well as the volume (and thus the surface area) of media within the chamber. A longer contact time and/or a greater surface area of the media within the chamber can allow for more efficient processing for any given volume of media and/or a faster processing time for a given flow rate of water through the chamber. In one embodiment of
The specifications for the systems of the present invention, such as the dimensions of the chambers, the volume of media to be used, and the flow rate through the system, will depend on certain parameters. These parameters include, for example, the starting pH and nitrate level of the aquarium to be treated, the fish load and amount of feed added to the aquarium, as well as the desired pH and nitrate levels for the aquarium. Given the necessary parameters, the optimum specifications for each of the systems of the present invention, as described herein, can be determined through experiments and testing, as a particular device or system is being developed under the principles of the invention, to apply to a particular application.
In order to help determine the optimum specifications when designing a Nitrafix system, the following formulae may be used for calculating the flow rate through the system, volume of media in each of the chambers of the system, and the time for treating 99.99% of water in a recirculating system.
The desired flow rate can be determined according to the formula I,
The volume of media in section 108 of each of the chambers may be calculated according to formula II,
In one example, nitrates are calculated to be reduced in saltwater by approximately 100 ppm in one cycle using a pastille shaped sulfur media having a surface area of 11.36 cm2/g, and a volume of media calculated using a value of N=400, which was randomly chosen for the purpose of this example.
The formula for determining the time it would take to treat 99.99% of the water in a recirculating system (i.e., the length of time per cycle) is determined by
Before the water being treated by the embodiments of
Another preferred embodiment is illustrated in
Water flows through inlet 516 down pipe 513 and through pipe 501, up through system 500 and exits through pipe 511. Exhaust gases generated during the process can exit system 500 through exhaust vent 550. Tubing 517, extending up from exhaust vent 550, may optionally be used to raise the level to which the water must rise before overflowing out of the system. A portion of clear pipe is preferably used to allow for visual inspection of the system. For example, clear pipe section 513 and/or clear pipe section 514, as illustrated in
The dimensions of the chamber 500 can vary according to the requirements of the aquarium. The chamber 500 may have, for example, a cylindrical shape. In one embodiment, chamber 500 is a PVC pipe having a diameter of approximately 4 inches and a length of approximately 20 inches, with each section having the following approximate lengths:
system 400 is generally for use with smaller aquariums, such as those having 5 to 50 gallon tanks. However, it may be used for larger systems, as well. It is designed to hang on the aquarium tank wall, having both an inlet 401 and an outlet 411, which extend over the tank wall and down into the aquarium, as shown in
The denitration chamber 420 is filled with a sulfur media, such as any of the sulfur media previously described above. Calcium chamber 430 is filled with one or more calcium sources, such as any of the calcium sources described above. In a preferred embodiment, chamber 430 is filled with a mixture of aragonite, dolomite and calcite. Alternatively, the chamber may be filled with only one or two of these sources of calcium, rather than all three. The denitration chamber 420 and calcium chamber 430 function to remove nitrates, add calcium and control pH, similar to the denitration chamber and calcium chambers of the above described embodiments.
In one embodiment, both chambers 410 and 440 remain substantially empty, except for the flow of aquarium water. Water flows into chamber 410 through inlet 401. Water then flows from chamber to chamber through perforated walls 403, first flowing through denitration chamber 420, calcium chamber 430, and then into chamber 440. In order to force water through the system, air is pumped through air hose 460 into outlet conduit 411, which extends down into chamber 440. The air bubbles rising up through outlet conduit 411 force water up and out of the system. Other systems known in the art for moving water through system 400 may be used instead of the air pump, such as, a minni-pump, for example.
Chamber 407 is filled with activated carbon, which acts to remove hydrogen sulfide gas odors produced in the denitration chamber. Gases emitted from the system can rise through the perforated plates 404 and leave the system through vents 450.
Another embodiment is shown in
Another embodiment of the present invention is the application of the invention to large fresh and salt water aquariums having a volume of, for example, 10,000 gallons or more. As with the other Nitrafix systems disclosed herein, this embodiment of the invention is applicable to both fresh and salt water aquariums, as well as brackish water aquariums, and makes it possible to create a working salt water aquarium in an inland location that does not have another available source to replace all or part of the salt water in the aquarium, as is done under standard systems for large salt water aquariums. Such a system is shown generally in
As shown generally in
As shown in
One embodiment of a novel aerobic chamber for use in the systems of
A lid 106 may be used to cover the tank 108. Chamber 610 should be relatively air tight, so that the level of oxygen in the water may effectively be reduced by the aerobic bacteria. A vent 113 having a check valve 114 is used to vent gases from the chamber, but will preferably not allow substantial amounts of outside air into the chamber.
The chamber has an inlet 111 and an outlet 121 through which water can enter and exit the chamber. A screen 101 is preferably placed over the outlet and inlet to avoid clogging and contain the media within the chamber. The height H1 of the inlet pipe 111 a will control the level of water in chamber 610. In one embodiment, catholyte can be added to the aerobic chamber. The catholyte is provided from an external source as shown generally in
section 108 of chamber 610 may be partially or completely filled with support media 112, which acts as a substrate for the aerobic bacteria. The aerobic bacteria already exist in the water of the aquarium and will readily colonize on the media. The media 112 may be any type of media that can support colonization of aerobic bacteria. While a media having any practical size and shape may be used, media having a high surface area is preferred. For example, sand, crushed coral and other media having relatively high surface areas may be used. One preferred form of support media is plastic, which may be in the form of small spheres or tubes, although any shape known in the art may be used. The plastic media is lightweight and may float in the aquarium water. It does not clog easily, and provides a large surface area for bacterial colonization. One example of such a plastic media is known as biofilm. One particular type of biofilm is manufactured by Water Management Technologies, Inc. under the name of Kaldnes or Bee-Cell. Other media like Bio-Chem stars from RENA may also be used. In one embodiment, when media 112 does not float, a perforated plate or screen 115 is employed to hold the media above the cone shaped bottom, to allow a space for sediment to settle in the tank.
As shown in
Preferably the denitration chambers either include a degassing material, or provide an outlet for allowing exhaust gases produced during the denitration process to flow to a separate chamber containing degassing material, in order to eliminate the odor from noxious gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, which may be produced during the denitration process. The degassing material may be, for example, activated carbon.
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the denitration chambers. The catholyte is provided from an external source as shown generally in
Examples of denitration chambers that may be used for large aquariums are illustrated in
The floating balls comprising sulfur are placed in a chamber, such as chamber 320 illustrated in
Chamber 320 is filled with the floating sulfur media. In a preferred embodiment, ˝ to ľ of the volume of the tank is filled with the floating sulfur balls 322. In certain embodiments, the balls may be washed during the operation of the chamber. In the embodiment of
After denitration occurs in the system disclosed in
One embodiment of a calcium chamber for large aquariums is shown in
The shelves are perforated in order to allow water to flow through the chamber. The chamber bottom 635 preferably has a tapered shape to collect sediment and small particles of calcium which fall through the perforations in shelves 633, although it may have a flat bottom. A drain 326 a and valve 326 b can be included in the bottom of chamber 630, to allow sediment and calcium to be periodically removed. If desired, a clear section of pipe 326 c may be employed to allow visual inspection of the drain so that sediment buildup may be monitored. The chamber has an inlet 631 and an outlet 641 through which water can enter and exit the chamber. A lid 636 may be used to cover the chamber, and may contain a vent having a check valve to vent gases from the chamber.
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the calcium chamber by dripping catholyte into the water as it flows through inlet 631 before it enters chamber 630. The catholyte is added in an amount, for example, that ranges from about 1 to about 20 percent of the total volume of the water flowing through the system.
Other embodiments are also useful for large aquariums. For example, water from the denitration chambers can be directed to one or more of the following systems, in addition to or in place of a calcium chamber or chambers: a protein skimmer 650, a degassing tower 660, an oxytower 670, and a desulfator 680. While protein skimmer 650, degassing tower 660, oxytower 670, and desulfator 680, are being described here in connection with the embodiment of
A novel protein skimmer will now be described in connection with
Water flows into mixing chamber 651, which remains substantially filled with water during processing, through inlet 654. The water in the mixing chamber is circulated using pump 656, which draws water from the chamber 651 through pipe 658 and forces the water through eductor inlet channel 653 a. Alternatively, the water going to eductor inlet channel 653 a could be supplied from a source outside chamber 651, such as from the sump or the aquarium itself. Water passing through the eductor mixing channel 653 b is mixed with an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, oxygen gas, ozone, ionized gas, or a mixture thereof. Using ozone will make the system more efficient and reduce or eliminate sulfate. The oxygenated stream of water, having bubbles comprised of the oxygen-containing gas, flows out of the eductor and down into chamber 651 against concave surface 655. Concave surface 655, which may have cup or bowl shape, then redirects the stream of water and bubbles upward into the mixing chamber. As the bubbles rise in the chamber, undesirable contaminants attach to the bubbles and rise to the surface, where they are captured in the collecting cup 652 and disposed of. The eductor 653 allows for a relatively large amount of gas to be mixed into a liquid using a relatively small amount of power. An enlarged view of eductor 653 is shown in
The inlet channel 653 a of the eductor, which may be, for example, a nozzle, is located near the flared inlet of the mixing channel 653 b, so that a central longitudinal axis of the inlet channel 653 a is aligned along the central longitudinal axis of the mixing channel 653 b, in a manner which allows water from the chamber 651 to be entrained through the opening 653 d between the outside of the inlet channel and the inside of the flared inlet region of the mixing channel. To be efficient, the stream of water from inlet 653 a preferably entrains a relatively large amount of water from chamber 651 as it flows into mixing channel 653 b, so that the flow of water through the channel 653 b is significantly greater than the flow from inlet 653 a. For example, as illustrated in
Additionally, the use of the eductor will increase the contact time between the gas bubbles and the liquid by providing improved mixing of the bubbles with the water, which may allow the skimmer of the present invention to be smaller and more efficient than conventional protein skimmers.
As shown in
In one embodiment, shown in
The mixing eductor, including the nozzle, mixing chamber and tubing may be made of various materials, such as plastic or metal. Specific examples of such materials include PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, methacrylic or acrylic plastic, fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP), or stainless steel. Any other materials, known in the art for making eductors, may also be used. The mixing eductor is contemplated for use in other applications. For example, rather than a gas, a liquid may be flowed through tubing 653 c, so that multiple liquids may be mixed together. Additionally, more than one tube 653 c may be positioned in the mixing channel. For example, mixing eductors having two, three, four or more tubes positioned in the mixing channel in a manner similar to tube 653 c are contemplated. A three dimensional view of an embodiment of the eductor is illustrated by
Another embodiment of the protein skimmer, which is preferably used for fresh water applications, is shown in
The longer contact time is especially important for fresh water, as the bubbles formed in fresh water are naturally smaller than the bubbles formed by the eductor in salt water, which effectively decreases the total surface area of the bubbles formed in fresh water, thus decreasing the efficiency of the skimmer. This difference in bubble size is thought to be caused by the different specific gravities of salt and fresh water. In any case, the increased contact time of the bubbles in the
In yet another embodiment, illustrated in
A preferred embodiment for a protein skimmer is shown in
Embodiments using multiple eductors in a single tank are also contemplated, as shown in
While the novel protein skimmers described above for use in the system for large aquariums, as illustrated by
The eductor of the present invention is contemplated for use in other applications besides a protein skimmer where up to three different fluids are to be mixed. If more than one liquid or gas is to be mixed using the eductor, multiple tubes can be positioned in the mixing channel in a manner similar to tube 653 c, as shown generally in
In one embodiment, catholyte or anolyte is added to the protein skimmer through inlet 654. Preferably, the catholyte or anolyte is dripped into the water as is flows through the inlet before it enters chamber 651. In an alternative embodiment, the catholyte or anolyte is mixed with the water through mixing eductor 653. In this embodiment, the catholyte or anolyte can be added through tubing 653 c. Alternatively, the catholyte or anolyte may be added to the water circulating through pipe 658, from an external source (not shown) and introduced through the mixing eductor 653 a.
Referring back to
In yet another embodiment, water from the anaerobic chambers is supplied to an oxytower 670 of the present invention, which is illustrated in
The oxytower of the present invention is in the shape of an inverted cone, having side walls 671 a that slope inward at an angle θoxy of, for example, 5 to 45 degrees, and more preferably 10 to 20 degrees, as shown in
During operation of the oxytower, water flows into pipe 675 a through inlet 674, and is dripped or sprayed from outlets 676 onto the top of the screens 672. The water then drips down the screens by force of gravity.
In one embodiment, shown in
As the water drips down the screen surface, the screen will break up the water and cause an increase in surface area, which will allow for the water to be effectively degassed. Additionally, algae growing on the screens will remove unwanted contaminants in the water, such as phosphates, nitrates, nitrites and heavy metals, which the algae uses for nutrients as it grows. The water then flows out of the tower through outlet 677. Water from the outlet may be passed through a strainer or mechanical filter 678 a for removing debris from the water. As shown in
The flow of water through the tower may vary. For the oxytower to be effective, it is preferable that the volume of water being treated pass through the oxytower 2.5 times per day. It is more preferable that the volume of water being treated pass through the oxytower once per hour.
While the walls of the oxytower are preferably inclined, as shown in
The screen 672 may be made from any material which is safe for aquatic life and which is resilient and will not corrode in saltwater. For example, the screen may be made of soft nylon or fiberglass material. The screen may be one continuous piece, but is preferably in multiple pieces for easy cleaning. For example, the screen may have 4, 6, or 8 sections. The screen may have various shapes, sizes and hatching patterns. In a preferred embodiment, the screen has a diamond shape cross hatching that is 3/16 inch to Ľ inch in length for each leg of the diamond. The screen, or screen sections are attached to a pre-formed plastic support. The plastic support is then attached to the inside of the tower. Alternatively, a medium other than screens may be used which will accomplish a similar function as the screens. For example, carpet may be used in place of the screens.
During operation of the oxytower, the screens should periodically be cleaned in order to promote the optimal growth of algae for removing contaminants from the water. It is preferable that the entire surface area of the screen not be cleaned at one time. For example, in an embodiment where there are 4 sections of screen, it is preferable that more than 2 sections not be cleaned at one time. For best results, the screens are cleaned periodically on a rotating bases, where one screen is cleaned, and then after the algae begins to grow on the cleaned screen, another screen is then cleaned. The cleaning of the screens should be done carefully so as not to remove the roots of the algae. If the roots are removed, the algae will grow poorly and slowly. Preferably, the screens should not be bleached, pressure cleaned or cleaned with chemicals, so as not to harm the algae.
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the oxytower. Preferably, the catholyte is added to the water as it passes through inlet 674, before it flows into pipe 675 a. This way, the catholyte is mixed into the water before it is flows out of outlets 676. The catholyte can be added from an external source by any means known in the art, such as by dripping the catholyte into inlet 674.
The light source 673 may be any light source which will provide the necessary light for photosynthesis and algae growth. The light source may be natural or artificial light and may be provided either directly or indirectly to the algae. In one embodiment, for example, where the surface of the screen is 2 square inches per gallon of water to be treated, and the flow of water is 0 to 0.02 gal/min/square inch of screen surface, the light source preferably provides at least 0.75 watts per 10 in2 of screen surface, such as, for example 1 watt per 10 in2 of screen surface. Examples of light sources include natural sunlight, a power compact tube, a high output (HO) or very high output (VHO) fluorescent bulb with a spectrum of 4000 K to 10,000 K. A metal halide bulb may also be used. In one embodiment, bulbs are mounted vertically and continuously along the height of the oxytower. The light source 673 should be placed a distance from the screens which will be effective for promoting photosynthesis and growth of the algae. For example, where the above HO or VHO fluorescent bulbs are used in the embodiment of
The bulbs can be covered with a translucent acrylic or glass covering to protect them from water. In larger units the protective covering 673 b will preferably extend all the way through the unit and will have openings 673 c and 673 d to allow for improved ventilation, as shown in
In another embodiment, illustrated in
In a preferred embodiment, shown generally in
In another embodiment, the oxytower has a top cover 671 c, to prevent unwanted debris from getting inside. The cover may be transparent to allow light, such as natural sunlight, into the chamber. The cover may have a chimney 671 d through which gas emissions from the oxytower may be collected and/or vented. For example, the chimney may be filled with activated carbon, which may be used to adsorb hydrogen sulfide gas.
The bottom of the chamber 671 b may be flat, or it may be conically shaped as shown in
An optional blower 679 may be used to blow air into the oxytower, which will increase evaporation in the tower and cool the water, as well as help to degas the water. If a blower is to be used to cool the water, it is preferable that the tower be insulated for improved cooling efficiency. Additionally, carbon dioxide may also be blown into the oxytower to raise oxygen levels in the water through increased respiration and production of oxygen by the algae.
The oxytower of the present invention is particularly suited for use in combination with at least aerobic and anaerobic chambers of the present invention, to treat and condition water in aquariums of 500 gallons or more. However, the oxytower may be employed for smaller aquariums and may be used in combination with any of the systems described herein. In addition, the oxytower of the present invention can be applied to other applications where water is to be treated, even in the absence of the denitration methods and systems of the present invention. For example, the oxytower can be used in place of protein skimmers in standard commercial applications.
Additionally, the oxytower is contemplated for use in a broad range of other applications, such as for use in waste water treatment, drinking water purification, and other applications where it would be helpful to remove contaminants using algae.
A further process step, which may be added to any of the Nitrafix systems described herein, can be used to reduce sulfate concentrations. As described above, the denitration process of the systems of the present invention results in increased levels of sulfates in the water. Additionally, there is the possibility that undesirable amounts of hydrogen sulfide may also be produced at certain times, such as at startup, after the denitration chamber has been shut down for a period of time. Consequently, it may be desirable in some aquarium systems to reduce the level of sulfates and/or hydrogen sulfide.
Accordingly, a novel method and desulfator apparatus for reducing sulfate and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in aquarium water will now be described with reference to
The desulfator of the present invention utilizes anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria to reduce sulfate levels in both fresh and saltwater systems. Any type of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria which will reduce sulfate levels may be used. Examples of such bacteria may include, purple bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria, and/or green sulfur bacteria, such as Chromatium vinossum, Thiospirillum jenense, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Chlorobium limicola, Prosthecochloris aestuarii. In the presence of light, these bacteria will use photosynthesis to break down sulfates and/or other sulfur compounds in the water.
One preferred embodiment of a desulfator apparatus 680 is illustrated in
The chamber 700 can be any shape, but is preferably a cylindrical shaped chamber having an outer cylinder 705 and an inner cylinder 706 concentrically arranged inside the outer cylinder. The walls of the chamber are preferably transparent to light, and may be made of, for example, a clear acrylic plastic. The media 703 for supporting the bacteria is contained between walls 705 and 706, as illustrated in
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the desulfator apparatus to help grow bacteria. The catholyte is added to the apparatus from an external source, and can be added by any means known in the art. Preferably, the catholyte is added by dripping the catholyte into the water as it flows through inlet 701, before it enters chamber 700. The catholyte is added in an amount that ranges from about 1 to about 20 percent of the volume of the water flowing through the system.
The support media 703 is preferably transparent to light. For example, the media may be a clear biofilm, such as, Kaldnes, which is made by WMT. Other media like Bio-Chem stars from RENA may also be used. The surface area provide by the media is preferably relatively large. For example, the media may have an average surface area of 500 square meters per cubic meter or greater, and more preferably an average surface area of 850 square meters per cubic meter or greater.
The ratio of the height of the chamber to the diameter of the chamber is preferably from 3 to 5, in order to allow for sufficient contact time between the water and the bacteria supporting media.
The light used in the chamber can be either natural sunlight or artificial light, or both. For example, a light source 702 a may extend down through the inside of cylinder 706, as shown in
Because the walls 705 and 706 and the media 703 are transparent to the light from the light source, a maximum amount of the volume of the chamber housing the bacteria is exposed to the light, thus increasing the efficiency of the chamber. The spectrum of light used is preferably a day spectrum light from 4000 K to 25,000 K. The light may be left on continually for increased efficiency.
The flow of water through chamber 700 is preferably from bottom to top, in order to avoid clogging. Additionally, as shown in
Yet another preferred embodiment of a system for filtering and conditioning water will now be described with reference to
Water flows from aquarium or aqua tank 116 to a filter 101. This filter is preferably a mechanical filtration device which allows the water to pass through the filter without pressurization from a filter pump, thus saving power. However, any filter known in the art may be used, including filters requiring a filter pump. The filter removes particulates from about 30 microns to about 200 microns from the water. Examples of filters which are known in the art include a drum filter, a disk filter, and a sock filter.
Water next flows from filter 101 to a sump 102. Sump 102 preferably has a volume which is large enough to prevent overflow of water from the system when the system is stopped. Both mechanical filter 101 and sump 102 may be placed at elevations which are lower than aquarium or aqua tank 116 in order to allow water to run from the aquarium or aqua tank 116 to the mechanical filtration device and sump by force of gravity, which will save energy and lower the cost of operation. If filter 101 and sump 102 are not placed at elevations lower than aquarium 100, then a pump may be used to pump water from aquarium 100 to filter 101 and sump 102.
From sump 102, water flows to a number of other processing apparatus which further purify and condition the water. These apparatus include a bio-filter 107; a protein skimmer 109; an oxytower 110; a denitration system 112, a desulfator 111; an optional heater or chiller 114 for adjusting the temperature of the water; and a UV sterilizer 113, for sterilizing the water before it returns to aquarium or aqua tank 116.
As shown in
From oxytower 110, the water may flow through an optional heater or chiller, in order to maintain the water in aquarium or aqua tank 116 at an acceptable temperature for the fish. Heaters and chillers are well known in the aqua culture art. The water then flows through UV sterilizer 113, which kills any microorganisms in the water, such as bacteria, which may be harmful to the fish, before flowing back to the aquarium. Such UV sterilizers are also well known in the art.
As shown generally in
In another embodiment, depicted in
Alternatively, catholyte can be added directly from external source 160 into tank 116, preferably by dripping the solution into the tank.
Bio-filter 107 uses aerobic bacteria processing to treat the water to reduce ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. The water to be treated is flowed through a chamber which contains a support media on which the aerobic bacteria may colonize. An oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the chamber to improve the efficiency of the aerobic bacteria process.
One embodiment of a bio-filter is illustrated in
In another embodiment, illustrated in
Water from the tank will flow through upper valve 206 a and into water tube 205 b, which provides fluid connection between the collector 205 a located between valves 206 a and 206 b and the open air. After solids build up in the collector 205 a, they are removed by closing valve 206 a and opening valve 206 b. The solids will drain through valve 206 b, and the water from water tube 205 b will flush any remaining solids from the walls of collector 205 a. This allows the solid matter to drain without removing excess water from tank 101, instead using only the water in water tube 205 b. Water tube 205 b extends to at least the height of the tank itself, and therefore water will fill the water tube until it reaches a level that is in equilibrium with the level of water in the tank. In an alternative embodiment, water tube 205 b contains a tank 205 c to provide a larger volume of flushing water than the volume of the tube alone.
All or a portion of collector 205 a may be clear so that the level of solids collected in the pipe section may be visually monitored, and valves 206 a and 206 b may be opened and closed manually. Alternatively, valves 206 a and 206 b can be controlled electronically, so that they open and close automatically. In this embodiment, a sensor could be used to determine the level of solid in the collector, and send a signal to the drains to open and close as necessary to drain the pipe section. Any sensors and automatic valves known in the art can be used with this embodiment of the present invention.
This embodiment is not limited to use with the bio-filter discussed above. Indeed it is compatible with most of the tanks discussed according to the present invention.
Referring again to
A mixing eductor 653, is used to eject an oxygen-containing gas or a liquid into the tank. The bubbles are well mixed with the water in the tank by mixing eductor 653, which comprises an inlet channel 653 a, a mixing chamber 653 b, and a tubing 653 c. A pump 656 circulates water from bio-filter 107 through pipe 658 to the inlet channel 653 a, where the water is forced through the mixing chamber 653 b and mixed with the gas or liquid from tubing 653 c and additional water entrained by the mixing eductor from the bio-filter. In an alternative embodiment, the water going to eductor inlet channel 653 a is supplied from a source outside the bio-filter chamber, such as from the sump or the aquarium itself. Mixing eductor 653 and its operation are described above in more detail with reference to
In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the bio-filter 107 through a second tube which is positioned in the mixing channel in a manner similar to tube 653 c used to add the oxygen to the eductor, such that it is forced through the mixing chamber of the eductor, and mixed with the water in the chamber. In another embodiment, mixing eductor 653 is supported inside bio-filter 107 by a support 657, in the manner illustrated in
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in
The aerobic bacteria exist and thrive in the water and will colonize on the media within the bio-filter chamber as the system is operated. The type of aerobic bacteria utilized in bio-filter 107 may include, for example, nitrosomonas and nitrobacter bacteria. These naturally occurring bacteria break down ammonia and nitrites in the water and form nitrates.
The flow rate through the bio-filter may be optimized to achieve the desired water quality. For example, the flow rate through the bio-filter may range from 1 to 30 times the volume of the aquarium per hour, and more preferably from 3 to 10 times per hour.
The water from bio-filter 107 flows to protein skimmer 109. The purpose of the protein skimmer is to remove contaminants, such as undesirable organic matter, otherwise known as dissolved organic compounds (DOC), from the water, as well as to increase the oxygen level of the water. Any protein skimmer known in the art may be used for this application.
One preferred embodiment employs a novel protein skimmer which utilizes a mixing eductor to introduce bubbles into the water. This novel protein skimmer is described above in connection with
The flow rate through the protein skimmer may be optimized to achieve the desired water quality. For example, the flow rate through the protein skimmer may range from 1 to 30 times the volume of the aquarium per hour, and more preferably from 3 to 10 times per hour.
Water from protein skimmer 109 flows to oxytower 110, which utilizes algae to remove phosphates, sulfates and nitrates from the water. The oxytower may also add oxygen to the water. By oxygenating the water, the pH will remain more stable than water that is oxygen deficient. Further, the oxytower will also help to cool the water by evaporation. A detailed discussion of the oxytower is provided above in connection with
As discussed above, a portion of the water flowing from the sump is flowed to a denitration system 112, which is used to reduce nitrate concentrations in the water. In order to manage nitrate levels in the water, any denitration system known in the art may be employed. In one embodiment, a supply of catholyte is added to the water as it flows to the denitration system.
In a preferred embodiment, the denitration system 112 is a Nitrafix system, as described herein above. Any of the Nitrafix systems described above could potentially be used. Preferably, the Nitrafix system used would comprise an optional filtration step 1, in which the water to be treated passes through a filter (not shown); an optional aerobic bacteria processing step 2; an anaerobic bacteria processing step 3; and an optional step 4, wherein one or more calcium reactors are employed for maintaining pH and adding calcium.
For large commercial applications, the denitration system 112 preferably employs the systems described in connection with
Alternatively, the denitration system 112 preferably employs the Nitrafix system described in connection with
In an alternative embodiment, the chambers of the Nitrafix system are arranged in a single container, as described in
In yet another embodiment, a further process step is added after the denitration system 112 described herein to reduce sulfate concentrations. As described above, the denitration process of the systems of the present invention results in increased levels of sulfates in the water. Additionally, there is the possibility that undesirable amounts of hydrogen sulfide may also be produced at certain times, such as at startup, after the denitration chamber has been shut down for a period of time. Consequently, it may be desirable in some aqua culture systems to reduce the level of sulfates and/or hydrogen sulfide. Accordingly, the novel method and desulfator apparatus, described above with reference to
Referring back to
In some instances, it may be necessary to clean the aquarium or aquaculture tank for holding or growing fish. For example, in fish farms, when a crop of fish is removed from a tank to be harvested, the farmers clean the tank before beginning to harvest the next crop. Similarly, when fish become sick, they need to be treated and the tank also needs to be sterilized to remove any contaminants, such as harmful bacteria. In these situations, anolyte can be used in conjunction with the systems of the present invention to sterilize the water and the equipment it comes into contact with. Since the anolyte could potentially kill the bacteria necessary for the bio-filter, denitrator, and other bacteria containing filters to operate, the anolyte will not be added into these filters. For example, in one embodiment, the flow of water from the tank can be cut off from most of the filtration system such that the flow of water is directed only to a protein skimmer and returned back into the tank. Animals, if any can remain in the tank during the treatment with anolyte. The anolyte can be added from an external source in a number of different ways, including by directly adding the anolyte to the aquaculture tank, such as by dripping. Additionally, the tank can be equipped with a mixing eductor and pump, such as the one used to add catholyte in
In one embodiment, the amount of anolyte added can be monitored by a sensor such as monitoring system 115 in
After the water is cleaned and the fish are healthy, substantially all of the anolyte must be removed from the water, or rendered inactive, before it is circulated through the filtration system. In one embodiment, catholyte is added to the water to neutralize the anolyte.
Additional water may occasionally need to be added to the system of
In one embodiment, water is pumped to bio-filter 107 and the denitration chamber 112 using a pump 104, as shown in
The system of
In yet another embodiment, the flow of water from the bio-filter outlet may be split, so that only a portion of the water from the outlet of bio-filter 107 flows to the skimmer 109, while the remaining portion flows to either the chiller/heater and UV sterilizer or directly to the aquarium. For example, ⅓ of the water from the bio-filter may flow to the protein skimmer, while ⅔ of the flow goes to the aquarium via the optional chiller/heater and UV sterilizer.
In all the embodiments listed herein, both the UV sterilizer 113 and the chiller or heater 114 may be omitted. Additionally, a sump need not be employed, but instead the water may be pumped and returned directly to the aquarium tank.
Other flow arrangements are also contemplated. For example, each of the chambers, including denitration chamber 112, desulfator 111, oxytower 110, protein skimmer 109 and bio-filter 107, may be used separately, so that the water from either the sump or the aquarium may be flowed directly to each chamber, and then returned directly back to either the sump or the aquarium. Still other flow arrangements and configurations are possible, as may be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The systems of
With respect to the flow rate of water through the system of the present invention, flow rates within the range of 5 to 7 gph were found to be workable for a denitration chamber made according to the embodiment shown in
The biological systems disclosed in this application can be used for both salt and fresh water aquariums, as well as brackish water aquariums. The systems may be used for both cold water and heated aquariums. Heating the aquarium water to a temperature range which allows the bacteria to be efficient before it enters the biological systems of the present invention may provide improved results. For example, if Thiobacillus denitrificans are employed, the water in the chamber should preferably have a temperature ranging from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius.
While the methods, devices, and systems of the present invention have been disclosed for use in treating water for aquariums, all or aspects of the disclosed inventions can also be used in other applications where water must be treated. For example, the denitration methods and systems can be used, along with other apparati and methods, in fish farms, hog farms, and other applications where high levels of nitrates are produced and need to be removed and/or treated.
While certain materials may have been disclosed for construction of the various chambers, piping and other parts of the systems disclosed herein, it will readily be recognized that other materials known in the art may also be used.
While the invention has been disclosed herein in connection with certain embodiments and detailed descriptions, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that modifications or variations of such details can be made without deviating from the general concept of the invention. Thus the invention is to be limited by the claims, and not by the embodiments and detailed description provided above.
A biological system according to the present invention which was similar to the embodiment illustrated in
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Stay Healthy By Eating Simple Foods (VIDEO)
Posted 08.14.2012 | Healthy Living
Read More: Video, The Choice, Simple-Food-Recipes, Simple-Food, Mazda the Choice, Wholesome Foods, Slideexpand, Healthy Living News
Fad diets often lead to inconsistent weigh loss, which can be frustrating, to say the least. Instead, nutritionist Alyse Levine suggests eating a diet...
Teaching cooking classes all around the world has taught me that cooking is a gift I've given myself. No matter what city, country or continent I'm in, I get to create memorable meals that I love. I've included my favorite recipe for very simple Eggplant Parmesan.


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YIELD: Makes 2 servings
ACTIVE TIME: 25 min
TOTAL TIME: 25 min
Bring 2 inches of water with 2 teaspoons salt to a boil in a 2-quart heavy saucepan. Add chicken and poach at a bare simmer, partially covered, until just cooked through, 12 to 14 minutes.
While chicken poaches, whisk together lemon juice, honey, and 1/2 teaspoon salt in a bowl until honey and salt have dissolved. Whisk in shallot and oil, then whisk in apple.
Divide lettuce, grapes, walnuts, and celery between 2 plates and drizzle with half of vinaigrette. Slice chicken and put on top of salads, then drizzle with remaining vinaigrette.


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International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems
Current Volume:
Volume 12, 2015
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
Current Volume:
Volume 5, 2015
Journal of Circulating Biomarkers
Current Volume:
Volume 4, 2015
Current Volume:
Volume 2, 2015
International Food Risk Analysis Journal
Current Volume:
Volume 4, 2014
Nanobiomedicine journal's Editor-in-Chief, Markus Dettenhofer, is among the organisers of the CEITEC/ICRC Conference "Frontiers in Material and Life Sciences: Creating Life in 3D", to be held in Brno (Czech Republic), September 2-4, 2015. Dr. Dettenhofer, Executive Director of CEITEC, will take the speaking stand during the welcome speech and closing words. Conference registrants who submit a poster to be included in the event's program will qualify for an exemption from registration fees. For more information regarding the event and to register, click here.
InTech's representatives participated in the EuroNanoForum 2015, Europe's largest networking conference on nanotechnologies and advanced materials science, innovations and business, which took place in Riga from 9th to 12th June 2015, gathering around 1200 delegates from more then 50 countries. We invite you to read about our impression in the report we prepared.
IJARS team attended the ICRA conference in Seattle this May and prepared a video report on their impressions. The video contains footage from the exhibition and opinions of our video lecturers and interviewees on what they thought were this year's conference highlights. You can watch the video report here.
The 10th International Conference on Computer Vision Systems (ICVS 2015) taking place in Copenhagen, Denmark aims to gather researchers and developers from both academia and industry worldwide and to explore the state of the art and the prospects of vision systems. The perspective on systems offers a unique opportunity for sharing competence in application development and for identifying application-driven research questions. We invite you to browse the confrence program: http://icvs2015.aau.dk/ register, attend and look for IJARS promotional material that will be presented at the venue.
Prof. Bruno Siciliano from the PRISMA Lab (University of Naples), presents the video lecture titled Aerial Manipulation, the "flying eye and hand" research and application area his team at PRISMA has been researching for the last 7 years. More specifically, Prof. Siciliano focuses on his AIRobots, ARCAS and SHERPA projects funded by the European Union. We invite you to watch Prof. Siciliano's presentation of his innovative robotic projects within the aerial manipulation field in its entirety.
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology and Nanobiomedicine journals will be participating in this year's EuroNanoForum. The event takes place in Riga (Latvia), June 10 -12, and is the most significant European networking conference for nanotechnology innovations, their applications and commercialisation. Both journals are to be exhibited by the team at booth #51 during the conference. To find out more about the event and to register, click here.
We have published our newest IJARS Video Series lecture titled "Human-Robot Emotional and Musical Interactions", featuring Prof. Massimiliano Zecca, Loughborough University, UK. In this video lecture Prof. Zecca touches upon 3 main topics: emotional robotics, musical robotics and wearable bionistrumentation. He explores issues such as how people feel about interacting with a robot, how the robots interact within groups, how can they "sense" what humans feel. We invite you to watch his lecture here.
InTech Books Highlights series' fourth newsletter is all about our openly accessible books. In the past 10 years and up to the beginning of 2015, we published 2,420 books covering specific areas within Science, Technology and Medicine. Our book chapters have been downloaded +59 million times up to this date and each week about 170,000 users visit InTech's reading platform and searches for information and the latest developments in their areas of studies. Here is a more detailed overview of the books we published up until this year.
Nanobiomedicine's Editorial Board member Ali Khademhosseini (Harvard Medical School, USA), is one of the organisers and speakers at the "3rd Annual Workshop on Nanotechnologies for Medicine: Emerging Frontiers and Applications", hosted by the Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Wyss Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. The workshop will take place on July 27-31 in Cambridge (USA). For more information or to register, click here.
With the aim to help particular regions open to international scientific communities and exchange knowledge on a global basis, InTech has been collaborating, among other, with universities, authors and editors from the GCC region (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates), Mexico and China. Our Regional Research Spotlight series is an overview of activities initiated with these countries in the past years as well as upcoming projects. The first overview published focuses on Mexico. To find out more about our collaborations with Mexico up to date, activities undertaken and future events, click here.
Nanobiomedicine's (NBM) Editorial Board member Ali Khademhosseini (Harvard Medical School, USA) announced as a keynote speaker at SELECTBIO's "Organ-on-a-Chip and 3D-Printing in the Life Sciences Congress", to be held on July 8-9 in Boston, USA. The event comprises of two tracks; the first one will focus on cells that are being assembled using microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip technologies in a functionally-relevant manner. The second track will highlight technologies and applications of biofabrication and 3D-bioprinting in the Life Sciences. To register and for more information, click here.
Our third newsletter from the InTech Books Highlights series focuses on the role of our editors. InTech book editors are at the core of the book publishing process and bring to the table their expertise, scientific background and professional experience in overseeing all editorial steps. To find out more about editor collaborations in numbers and by subject throughout the past ten years, their geographic and research background, to read interviews with our editors on the pros of the job and to get an idea of how we work with our editors, click here.
We are pleased to announce that InTech will be preserving its e-journals with Portico, ensuring that their content will be secure and available into the future. Since 2004, InTech has collaborated with more than 87,000 authors comprised in more than 2,400 publications. InTech currently publishes six peer reviewed journals spanning robotics, nanotechnology, nanobiomedicine, to engineering business management. The aim is to provide free online access to research, thus helping academics reach diverse new audiences around the world. InTech's mission is to give all researchers equal opportunity to share ideas and develop their careers, and for their work to have impact among scientific communities. More
We are pleased to announce that the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems has published a Special Issue titled Telerobotics And Systems Engineering For Scientific Facilities, now available online to be read and downloaded for free. The Special Issue contains 14 peer-reviewed papers produced by researchers participating to the PURESAFE conference, funded by Marie Curie Actions. The research papers published in the Special Issue focus on promoting telerobotic remote handling technologies integrated with system engineering and are related to specific topics concerning the application of robots in scientific facilities. More
Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological ResearchesEditor(s): Toshiki Asao
254 pagesPublished: 23 Mar 2012
ProbioticsEditor(s): Everlon Cid Rigobelo
654 pagesPublished: 03 Oct 2012
Heat Transfer - Theoretical Analysis, Experimental Investigations ...Editor(s): Aziz Belmiloudi
666 pagesPublished: 28 Jan 2011
Advances in Endoscopic SurgeryEditor(s): Cornel Iancu
456 pagesPublished: 25 Nov 2011
Oxidative Stress - Environmental Induction and Dietary AntioxidantsEditor(s): Volodymyr I. Lushchak
402 pagesPublished: 02 May 2012
FungicidesEditor(s): Odile Carisse
548 pagesPublished: 14 Dec 2010


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Meh, one of several dozens, or maybe several score of PvP match games.
Pretty graphics, but I got bored with it just watching. Doubt Id play it for more than a few hours before I uninstalled.
Thanks for the coverage as always Rip.
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Architecture and Assemblage at the Site of Polis-Chrysochous on Cyprus
Fri, September 27, 2013 • 5:00 PM - 6:00 PM • Texas Union, Eastwoods Room (2.102)
Workshop on Late Antiquity
A lecture by William Caraher, University of North Dakota
The theoretical innovation and methodologically significant fieldwork on Cyprus, however, has done little to project the island from the fringes of most archaeological conversations. While the marginal status of Cypriot archaeology might be understandable for earlier periods like the Cypriot Iron Age which many have seen as peripheral to larger trends in contemporary Aegean and Near Eastern societies, for later periods the robust and sophisticated assemblages produced by recent archaeological work present a solid platform for studying imperial administration, the Mediterranean economy, and the tensions between the local and the global in the context of empire.
This paper will take as a point of departure the ongoing work at the site of Polis-Chrysochous (ancient Arsinoë) on the western side of Cyprus where a team has worked to document both the architecture of one of two Early Christian basilicas and an associated assemblage of Late Roman ceramics. The architecture and assemblage from this site demonstrates the connections between the city of Arsinoë and other sites on Cyprus as well as southern Anatolia.
At first glance, these links may appear an unremarkable consequence of the site's location, but the character of the basilica and the nature of the assemblage reveals more than simply geographic determinism and hints at the material manifestations of the human decisions that constitute culture. The significance of the past 30 years of field work on Cyprus, in this context, becomes clear as it provides an almost unparalleled potential to analyze the material culture of a series of related, yet distinct, sites in the ancient world.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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30 year old man | Belmont Shore, CA, USA | Seeking women 20-40 within 50 miles of Long Beach, CA
Tired of the bar scene and trying to find a good fit
It is hard to meet a perfect match at the usual bar scene or other public places, so I'd figure I'd give this a shot. Anyways, I am a young attorney who works in Torrance, but I like to enjoy myself on the weekends. I enjoy weight training, cycling, running, yoga, kayaking, snowboarding, wakeboarding, and other sports. (It's good to get out of the office whenever possible) I enjoy a few good drinks on the weekend and dancing on good occasions. I also enjoy comedies for good humor. As for the right female, I am looking for a woman who is fun, outgoing, smart, and open minded. Since I worked in the fitness industry before the legal world, I am looking for a woman who takes care of herself and doesn't mind doing something active on the weekends. And since I am asking for an open minded individual, I promise to be open-minded for any date's suggestions as well...
Alumni connections , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Cycling, Other types of exercise, Running, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
Catalina, Cabo San Lucas
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA
Only watch a few television shows, but Family Guy is the prime show.
Kayaking, Mountain Biking, Rock Climbing, Wakeboarding, Waterskiing, Running, Cycling, Paddle Boarding, Weight training (crossfit included), Yoga, Snowboarding, and Hiking... Sometimes bowling a few times a year.
The Paleo Diet by Cordain
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|5'9" (175cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde, Platinum
|No Way
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|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
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|$100,001 to $150,000
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Mostly Italian
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I was raised as a Catholic but I have became open minded to all religions, even those with non-religious beliefs, such as agnosticism (which is actually a methodical view)
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Bachelors Degree in Communications - 2007 Juris Doctor Degree - 2010 I also published 3 books since I minored in Nutrition while working with a Dietitian before Law School , so I am working on a Registered Dietitian program as well.


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Arizona Cardinals
All-Access with Arians: Dockett to have surgery, Mathieu and Ta'amu back
GLENDALE, Ariz. - Head coach Bruce Arians, now in his second year with the Arizona Cardinals, meets the media each day during training camp.
Here, in this space, we'll highlight many of the key topics and personnel conversations he has with reporters following the morning walk-through:
"Obviously injury-front wise, you start with Darnell (Dockett). He's getting surgery as soon as we can possibly get it done and then get him back here rehabbing. He's obviously done for the season, but I plan on having him on the sidelines with us all year long because of his spirit and leadership. It's something we need and don't want to lose.
"Other people that will miss practice today: (Kevin) Minter still with a pec, (Max) Starks with an ankle and (Jonathan) Cooper with a toe. Everybody else is back, ready to roll, so we're full-speed ahead."
Can you reflect on Dockett missing just two games in 10 seasons
"That's an unbelievable record. He's never been hurt before in his entire career. That's an amazing feat. It just shows how hard he trains and keeps himself in top, physical condition all the time. It was unfortunate, one of those non-contact deals. You just put your foot in the ground and it's all over."
Tyrann Mathieu and Alameda Ta'amu are off the physically unable to perform list
"We'll keep them in individual drills for a day or two; see how they respond to that and gradually up their snaps in team drills."
How likely is it that those two players will be ready to play Week 1
"I think it's up to them. We'll see how their progress is. They've amazed me so far to get to this point, so I wouldn't be amazed if they were playing on Monday night (against San Diego)."
How important is Ta'amu given injury to Dockett
"He brings a big presence. He played extremely well (last year). He's hard to move out of the middle. If he gets back to his quickness �- his weight is way down. He's done a tremendous job. It's amazing for a man that big to recover that fast. I'm anxious to see him. He and Lyle (Sendlein) have been pushing on each other pretty hard the last couple of days to get back and see how they were. They both responded pretty well."
How much do you pick the brain of assistant head coach/offense Tom Moore
"Tom's my guy. Head coaches don't usually have anybody they can let all of their frustrations out on. Tom has got all that experience, so I lean on him heavily, mostly at about 10 or 11 at night."
Asked about the league's changes to the practice squad
"I was shocked to see who was eligible. I told Mike Floyd, �you're lucky, you're practice squad eligible now. You might want to get out of the training room.' Jokingly obviously. It changes a lot of when you start looking through that waiver wire, who is going to be available, who is on your ballclub now that is practice squad eligible. I think it's a great rule."
Most Popular
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- Bickley Blast - Tuesday June 30Is the end near for Roger Goodell?
- Hardware - Monday June 29The Justin Bieber award, the You're Just Mean award, and more of the best/worst of the weekend
- John Clayton, ESPN NFL insider - Friday June 26John Clayton says Denver was never close to trading Peyton Manning.


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A question for LEOs, a little long.
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Land Barge Pilot
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Spring Mountain Range
Oddometer: 4,159
I have met the lunatic cop and lately the reasonable one(s).
Having no points for a long time helps. Being polite helps. Admitting fault helps. Having everything in order helps.
That being said, when I ran into the lunatic cop(Brett Seekatz, do a search), he tried to accuse me of running away from him on a 49cc scooter as I pulled into a parking lot to let the parade behind me get up a hill where I was slowing traffic.
They have cameras on the patrol vehicles and he parked very far behind me. Asked quietly why was I trying to evade him. I laughed in this loser's face and asked if he was insane.
One would hope he is off of the force already or filing paperwork in a dungeon. I had a very sour taste for law enforcement after that. When you get taken to jail because an officer decides to manipulate or coerce you into a false confession, fuck that.
Regarding revenue, there was a recent state that had to stop using citation quotas. I am too lazy to search for it. They do exist.
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September 18th, 2005 #1
AmishCommy's SB - update: 05/22 (Progress Report on various paintings)
originally wanted to have my Studio Journal moved to this thread but i guess its better to start off a new one. Maybe this will get me sketching more.
Here are some gems i'm actually happy with from the Society of Illustrators Jazz Sketching:
poo i got more but my camera is being janky right now. i'll post tomorrow.
Edit: here's another one i was able to weasel out of my poopy camera:
Last edited by AmishCommy; May 22nd, 2007 at 02:45 PM.


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