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A data processing system is disclosed in which memory modules are connected at ports of interconnecting buses, with the physical addresses of the modules not necessarily being contiguous. The system includes a random access memory for translating contiguous logical memory addresses, as generated by a processor, to the physical addresses of the memory modules. The operation of the random access memory is such that memory modules of various sizes can be used together. Switching is provided for selectively interchanging word address bits and module address bits before the transformation is performed by the random access memory, thereby providing interleaving.
1. In a data processing system including at least one interconnecting bus, means for generating a sequence of contiguous logical memory addresses for said bus, and a plurality of memory modules, connected at ports on said bus and having physical memory addresses associated therewith, with said modules being connectable so that the physical addresses thereof are not necessarily contiguous, an improved transformation unit comprising:
an input register, having a first field of bits and second field of higher order, module address bits, for receiving any of said logical memory addresses;
an output register having a third field of bits and a fourth field of higher order bits, for providing one of said physical memory addresses;
transforming means, upon selection of non-interleaving operation, for receiving at an input thereof bits of a logical memory address, from the second field of the input register, and generating bits of portion of the a corresponding physical memory address to the fourth field of the output register and means for transferring bits from the first field of the input register to the third field of the output register to form another portion of the corresponding physical memory address;
means, upon selection of interleaving, for directing sequential logical memory addresses to separate memory modules in accordance with interleaving, including means for applying a selected number of bits from the first field of the input register to said input of said transforming means in the place of a part of said module address bits from said second field for generating bits of a portion of the corresponding physical memory address to the fourth field of the output register and
means upon selection of interleaving, transferring selected bits of said first and second field to said third field to form another portion of the corresponding physical memory address.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein said transforming means includes means for providing correspondence between pages of a module and noncontiguous logical memory addresses, whereby said pages can be interleaved with memory in other modules.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein said transforming means includes means for generating bits of said corresponding physical memory address when said modules are of a plurality of memory capacities.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein said transforming means includes a transforming memory unit addressable by a portion of said logical address to generate a portion of the corresponding physical address.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein said transforming memory unit stores address data which become unpredictable upon a loss of power, and said system includes additional means for transforming logical addresses to physical memory addresses for at least one of said modules in a manner predictable after a loss of power.
6. The system of claim 5 further including means for writing into said at least one memory module said portions of said physical addresses and then after a loss of power writing said portions of said physical addresses from said at least one module into said transforming memory unit.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said memory modules is larger than another of said modules and includes a plurality of pages, and wherein said bits entered by said unit in the output register include at least one bit for separately addressing said pages, thereby to permit interleaving said pages with memory on other modules.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein said means for transferring bits of said second field to said third field includes means for substituting the bits transferred from the second field for the bits which are applied from the first field to the input of the transforming means.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein said means for transferring bits of said first and second fields to said third field includes means for shifting bits of the first and second fields toward lower order positions in the third field than the shifted bits occupied in the first and second fields.
This invention relates to an apparatus by which elements of a computer can address memory modules, including modules having discontiguous physical addresses, and modules of various sizes, and including the use of interleaving.
In one form of computer architecture, the main memory is formed of multiple memory modules connected at ports of an interconnecting bus, with the possibility of multiple buses, as well. To access a particular data word or byte in memory, it is necessary to provide a physical memory address which includes the address of the bus, the address of the port at which the memory module is connected, and the address of an individual word or byte in a memory module. Conventionally, starting with the lowest memory address, the memory modules are connected at ports of increasingly higher addresses on one bus, and then on buses with increasingly higher addresses, so that there are no unfilled physical memory addresses smaller than the largest occupied physical address in the memory.
Thus, conventionally, the physical addresses of the memory modules are contiguous, increasing in an unbroken sequence from the beginning of memory to the end. This is compatible with logical memory addresses generated by other elements of the computer such as the central processing unit. These logical addresses are likewise contiguous and increase from some starting value to a final value, without any gaps. In such a case, the logical addresses generated by a processing unit or peripheral unit are the same as the physical memory addresses and are used to address words or bytes in the several memory modules.
With respect to the present invention, it was conceived that it would be advantageous if memory modules could be placed at various ports on different interconnecting buses, without being restricted to contiguous physical memory addresses. This is particularly applicable to computer systems wherein the central processing unit, main memory and peripheral units are all connected to ports of the same buses. In the latter type of system, it would be possible, for example, to arrange the elements of a computer in hardware cabinets each of which has a single bus associated with it. A first cabinet might include a processing unit and peripheral devices, so that the bus could not hold a full complement of memory modules. Additional memory modules for the system could be placed in a second cabinet on a second bus, if it were not necessary to maintain contiguous addresses.
The conceived use of a memory with discontiguous physical addresses poses problems. The basic problem is that the software and the processing unit generate contiguous logical addresses, as described above. Moroever, it is desirable to provide a memory operation that allows interleaving, that is, permitting words with adjacent logical addresses to be stored in different memory modules so that access to a second word can be begun before access to a first word is completed. Additionally, there would be an advantage in allowing memory modules of different sizes (capacities) to be installed at the various ports. Presumably, software methods could be devised to achieve some of these objectives; however, they would be unacceptably slow and difficult to manage.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to permit operation with memory elements having discontiguous physical addresss.
Another object is to provide such operation, along with interleaving capability.
Yet another object is to permit operation with discontiguous physical memory addresses and incorporating memory modules of various capacities.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a data processing system in which memory modules are connected at ports of interconnecting buses, with the physical addresses of the modules not necessarily being contiguous. A processor, connected to one of the bus ports, generates a sequence of contiguous logical memory addresses. The system includes a translation apparatus for transforming any of the logical addresses to a corresponding one of the physical memory addresses, so that the processor can properly access memory, despite the discontiguous physical memory addresses. In a preferred embodiment, the system includes means for selectively changing bits in a logical address before it is applied to the translation apparatus, so as to provide interleaving. Likewise, in a preferred embodiment, the translation apparatus is configured to permit the installation of memory modules of various sizes at the ports of the interconnecting buses.
By the operation of the present invention, memory modules may be installed so as to have discontiguous physical addresses. Yet accessing units such as a central processing unit, can address them with addresses in a contiguous sequence. Interleaving is possible despite the existence of the non-adjacent physical addresses. Moreover, the translation apparatus can be set up to make optimal use of memory modules of various sizes at ports on a plurality of buses.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system having memory modules, interconnected with discontiguous physical addresses, along with the memory translation required to properly address the modules.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the address translation apparatus of a system according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a chart showing bit swapping used in the system of the invention to achieve interleaving.
FIG. 4 lists addresses illustrating interleaving by bit swapping.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention employing bit shifting to produce interleaving.
FIG. 6 lists addresses illustrating interleaving by bit shifting.
FIG. 1 shows an example configuration of a computer memory formed by memory modules 41-45. Modules 41-43 are each connected to one port of a bus 000. Module 43 has twice the size or storage capacity as each of modules 41 and 42. Therefore, module 43 can be divided into two pages (as indicated by a dashed line), each the size of one of the modules 41 and 42. However, the two pages of module 43 cannot be accessed at the same time, because there is not a separate port to each page. Modules 44 and 45, the same size as modules 41 and 42 are each on a separate bus 001. A central processing unit 46 and a magnetic disc memory 48 are connected at ports 011 and 100, respectively, illustrating that other units may be interposed between memory modules.
Also seen in FIG. 1 is a column of bus-port-page portions of physical addressses used to access modules 41-45. Arrows indicate the module which is associated with each physical address. By way of example, consider the next-to-last address in the list, which has an arrow pointing to the second page of module 43. The first three bits of the address are 000 corresponding to the bus 000 on which module 43 is located. The next three bits 010 are the address of the port to which module 43 is connected. The last bit, a "1" corresponds to the second page of module 43. In accessing an individual word or byte, the bus-port-page address bits are followed by bits addressing the particular word or byte on the indicated module. When the full address is entered into an appropriate register, a particular word or byte of memory in the selected module is addressed for fetching or storing a number at the selected memory location.
As indicated above, the second page of module 43 is not addressable at the same time as the first page; the page address bit is simply the highest order bit of a word address for the module. That is, the words on the second page of module 43 have a 1 as the highest order bit, while those on the first page have a 0 as the highest order bit.
The "LOGICAL ADDRESS" list shows the higher order bits of the kinds of addresses which are ordinarily generated by a processor such as a central processing unit in a computer. The higher bits shown correspond to memory modules and pages, while the parts indicated by ellipsis would correspond to word or byte addresses in a module. Arrows in the figure connect each logical address with a corresponding bus-port-page address of the module which the logical address seeks to access.
The overall problem confronted by the invention can be seen by comparing each logical address in FIG. 1 with its corresponding bus-port-page address. For the first three logical addresses, the five higher order bits of the logical address are the same as the five lower order bits of the bus-port part (that is, excluding the page bit) of the physical address. In the last three cases, however, the five higher order bits of the logical address and the five lower order bits of the bus-port address are different. In the last three logical addresses, the five higher bits correspond to the lower order bits of bus-port addresses 000 011, 000 100 and 000 101. The latter are the physical addresses of ports 011-101 on bus 000, which ports are not occupied by memory modules. Thus, if the five higher order bits of all the logical addresses were used as bus-port addresses, some unoccupied ports would be accessed.
A second problem occurs when it is attempted to provide the system with interleaving. Interleaving means that two adjacent logical addresses generated by a processor are not in adjacent physical memory addresses, but in two different modules of memory which can be accessed at the same time. For example, if two elements of a data list are stored in modules 41 and 42 of FIG. 1, then access to the data in module 42 can be begun before access to data in module 41 is complete, with savings in computation time.
A way of achieving interleaving is to make an exchange in the logical address between the lowest order bit in the word address and the lowest order bit in the port address. When this is done, an increment of 1 in the logical address causes access to an adjacent module rather than to an adjacent word. However, with a configuration like FIG. 1 it would be necessary to have an even number of buses and to have each bus provided with its full complement of modules. Otherwise, during interleaved operation, logical addresses would occur for which the corresponding physical address was not occupied by a memory module. With respect to the present invention, it is considered important to be able to have an odd number of buses, which are not necessarily full of memory modules.
A third problem arises if modules of various sizes such as modules 43 and 42 are used together. This presents problems of correspondence between logical addresses and physical memory addresses. It also creates special situations with respect to optimal implementation of interleaving, which will be discussed further, hereinafter.
FIG. 2 shows a memory translation apparatus conceived to deal with all of the problems discussed in connection with FIG. 1. The apparatus is indicated generally by the reference numeral 50. A logical address generated, for example, by a processing unit 46, is held in a register 52. As shown in the drawing by numbers associated with register 52, the address in this example is a twenty bit address. Bits number 0 and 1 are not included in the drawing; they are byte selection bits, which can be handled differently, not participating in the address translation.
The output of translation apparatus 50 is a register 54. As indicated by arrow 56, thirteen bits are transferred directly from bit locations 4-16 of register 52 to bit locations 4-16 of register 54. Bits 2 and 3 of register 52 are applied to the inputs of multiplexers 58 and 59. Likewise, bits 17 and 18 of register 52 are applied to the inputs of the two multiplexers. Bits in a control register 61 determine which of the four bits available at the input of multiplexer 58 are output by the multiplexer to bit positions 2 and 3 of register 54. Similarly, under the control of register 61, multiplexer 59 outputs two of the four bits at its input to random access memory 63. Also applied to random access memoory 63 are bits 19-21 of register 52.
The five bits input to random access memory 63 constitute an address in memory 63 and cause the contents of that address to be output by memory 63. The output of memory 63 is to multiplexer 65. The other input to multiplexer 65 is from strap inputs 68. Ordinarily, control register 61 switches multiplexer 65 to apply the memory 63 output to register 54. The strap inputs 68 are used after a power down, as will be described below.
Random access memory 63 contains, in this embodiment, thirty two 8-bit words. The seven lower order bits of the words contain the bus-port-page addresses, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The high order bit of each word in memory 63 can be used, for example, as a parity/access enable bit. Thus, a word size in excess of the size required (seven bits, in this embodiment) for the bus-port-page address provides bits which can be used for other functions. The memoory unit 63 will be referred to herein as a random access memory, and can be a semiconductor or core memory or the equivalent. In can also be a read-only memoory. The five bits input to memory 63 from register 52 and multiplexer 59 constitute the five higher order bits of logical addresses, in the absence of interleaving. Thus, the higher order bits of the logical addresses are used to address memory locations in random access memory 63. In the memory location accessed by the five bit logical address is the bus-port-page physical memory address associated with the logical address. Thus, for the example of FIG. 1, location 00011 in memory 63 contains the parity/access enable bit plus 001000, corresponding to memory module 44. Therefore, when 00011 is input to random access memory 63, the bus-port-page address corresponding to memory module 44 is output by memory 63 to bits 17-23 of register 54.
When the contents of control register 61 are selected to cause non-interleaving operation, multiplexer 59 simply applies to random access memory 63 bits 17 and 18 from register 52. As a result, the five address bits input to memory 63 are bits 17-21 of register 52. For this condition, multiplexer 58 transfers bits 2 and 3 from register 52 to bits 2 and 3 of output register 54. Thus, for non-interleaving operation, bits 2-16 of register 54 are the same as bits 2-16 of register 52. Random access memory 63 causes bits 17-23 of output register 54 to receive the appropriate bus-port-page address corresponding to the bits 17-21 of the logical address in register 52. It is in this way the apparatus 50 translates the logical address from input register 52 to a corresponding physical memory address in output register 54, for the case of no interleaving.
By the contents of the locations of random access memory 63, the apparatus 50 deals with the problem of memory modules of various sizes. Thus, in FIG. 1 modules 41, 42, 44 and 45 each have one logical address associated therewith; module 43 has two logical addresses, 00010 . . . and 00100 . . . associated with it. The fact that the two logical addresses corresponding to module 43 are not contiguous is related to interleaving and will be discussed below.
Address translation apparatus 50 makes it immaterial to a processing unit or peripheral unit which is generating logical addresses at register 52 that the two pages of memory on module 43 are located on one module, rather than two separate modules. It should be apparent to one skilled in the art, that a random access memory capable of delivering additional page bits would permit the use of modules even larger than module 43.
Interleaving operation in apparatus 50 can be understood with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. In FIG. 3, the row containing a "NONE" under "INTERLEAVING" corresponds to operation without interleaving. The contents of that row indicate that bits 1-5 of the input to random access memory 63 are bits 17-21 of the logical address in register 52. This means, as described earlier, that multiplexer 59 presents at its output bits 17 and 18 from register 52. Also, as previously described for the case of no interleaving, FIG. 3 shows multiplexer 58 outputting bits 2 and 3 from register 52.
For the simplest interleaving, two-way interleaving multiplexer 59 outputs bits 18 and 2 of register 52, while multiplexer 58 outputs bits 3 and 17 of register 52. As can be seen in FIG. 3, two-way interleaving essentially swaps bits 2 and 17. Thus, for example, if bits 17-21 of register 52 were 00010, a logical address having a "0" in bit 2 would result in 00010 being applied to random access memory 63. On the other hand, the logical address of the next word, which would end with a "1", would result in 00011 being applied to memory 63. As a result, for two words with adjacent logical addressses, one would be stored in the first page of module 43 in the system of FIG. 1, while the next would be stored in module 44. If one of these words is to be processed next after the other, the processing of the one can be initiated before processing of the other is completed, because each word can be accessed through a different memory port.
In four-way interleaving, multiplexer 59 outputs bits 2 and 3 from register 52, while multiplexer 58 outputs bits 17 and 18 from register 52. Thus, bits 2 and 17 are swapped, and bits 3 and 18 are also interchanged. FIG. 4 shows an example of four-way interleaving by the bit swapping described. Each of the contiguous logical addresses A1-E1 on the left is translated into a logical address A2-E2 on the right. The five high order bits of the addresses A2-E2 are then input to random access memory 63, directing each of the words A2-D2 to a different memory module. The system of FIG. 1 is not suitable for four-way interleaving, because the total number of pages or memory modules is 6, which is not evenly divisible by four. Because of this, four-way interleaving would sometimes generate logical addresses, for which there is no corresponding physical memory address. However, it is instructive to consider that the addresses A2-D2 generated by four-way interleaving in FIG. 4 would be stored in modules 41, 42, 43 and 44, respectively, using the swapping shown in FIG. 4.
If higher order interleaving is required, the multiplexers 58 and 59 can be made larger to allow swapping selected ones of bits 19-21 of register 52 with bits 4-6 of that register.
The memory translation apparatus 50 effectively deals with interleaving which includes multiple pages on a module such as module 43. As illustrated in FIG. 1, logical addresses 00010 . . . and 00011 . . . can be mapped (through random access memory 63) onto the first page of module 43 and onto module 44, respectively. In light of the examples given, it can be understood that with two-way interleaving, two words with adjacent logical addresses might be directed toward modules with addresses 00010 . . . and 00011 . . . . Since module 43 and module 44 are on two separate ports, this would provide satisfactory interleaving operation. Likewise, the logical addresses 00011 . . . and 00100 . . . , mapped onto module 44 and onto the second page of module 43, respectively, form satisfactory pairs for two-way interleaving. It would not be suitable to have the two pages of module 43 correspond to successive addresses in the logical address column in FIG. 1, because only one port serves both pages.
If memory unit 63 is a volatile memory, then when the apparatus 50 experiences a loss of power and is subsequently powered up, the contents of random access memory 63 are unpredictable and must be reestablished. This can be accomplished in the following way. Control register 61 is set so as to disable both interleaving and translation. Multiplexer 58 is switched by the controls so as to pass bits 2 and 3 from register 52 to register 54. Multiplexer 65 is switched by a control 61 so that seven bits from strap inputs 68 are input to bits 17-23 of register 54. The strap inputs 68 are, for example, wired logic levels, predictable after a power down and power up.
Processor 46 can then read a bootstrap record from, say, disc unit 48, into a selected one of the memory modules 41-45. The selected module is established by the seven bit bus-port-page address provided by strap inputs 68. Next, processor 46 loads random access memory 63 from a memory configuration map in the bootstrap record (stored in the selected memory module). At this point, it is possible to enable translation, by control register 61, switching multiplexer 65 so as to pass the output of random access memory 63 to register 54. Also at this point, interleaving can be enabled by control 61. If interleaving is specified, the bootstrap record is again read, this time into interleaved memory.
As an alternative to the use of strap inputs 68 at start up, processor 46 can load one word of random access memory 63 with mapping bits corresponding, for example, to port 000 on bus 000. Then the processor can attempt to read a word from a memory module which might be at that port. If the read is successfully performed, the processor can proceed with transferring the memory map from a bulk storage device to the module at the tested port and thence to RAM 63. If the read is unsuccessful, indicating that the first port tried is not occupied by a module (which is in working order), then the processor can load RAM 63 with a code for mapping to, say, bus 000, port 001, and attempt another read. In this manner, the processor can sequentially test the bus ports until it finds a memory module for use in its bootstrapping operation. This has an advantage over the use of strap input 68, in that startup would not be spoiled by the failure of the single memory module to which the strap inputs point.
FIG. 5 shows a memory address translation apparatus 70 which includes an alternate embodiment of interleaving. In the apparatus 70, interleaving is performed by shifting rather than bit swapping. The operations are carried out by a shifter 72 which can be implemented, for example, by using four four-bit shifters interconnected in a manner which will be apparent to one skilled in the art from a description of the required operation. Suitable shifters are the model AM25S10, made by Advanced Micro Devices. Shifter 72 has as inputs bits 2-18 of register 52, and it outputs fifteen bits to bits 2-16 of output register 54.
For no interleaving, control 74 commands shifter 72 to simply pass bits 2-16 of the logical address in register 52 into bits 2-16 of output register 54. Bits 17 and 18 of register 52 are applied to RAM 63. For two-way interleaving, a code is received from control 74 that causes shifter 72 to enter bits 3-17 of register 52 into bits 2-16 of output register 54. At the same time, multiplexer 76 is commanded by control 74 to input bits 2 and 18 of register 52 to RAM 63 instead of bits 17 and 18. The results of such a shifting will be discussed with respect to FIG. 6. For four-way interleaving, shifter 72 is commanded to apply bits 4-18 from input register 52 to bits 2-16 of output register 54. In this case, multiplexer 76 applied bits 2 and 3 of register 52 to RAM 63 instead of bits 17 and 18.
FIG. 6 shows an example of four-way interleaving produced by shifting in apparatus 70. The addresses in FIG. 6 are all logical addresses. A1-E1 are addresses that would appear in register 52. Addresses A3-E3 represent the bits output by shifter 72 along with those bits input to RAM 63.
Addresses A1-E1 are sequential addresses, and since the higher order bits are the same, they would all be mapped by RAM 63 into a signle memory module. After the shifting operation of apparatus 70 to produce four-way interleaving, the four addresses A3-D3 have different higher order bits which would map them all into different memory modules. It is particularly noteworthy that the addresses A3 and E3 are sequential, so that they would be located in adjacent locations in physical memory after interleaving. By contrast, the addresses A2 and E2 in FIG. 4 have addresses which would map into the same memory module, but not into adjacent word addresses. Thus, interleaving by shifting produces a mapping which is somewhat simpler than that produced by bit swapping.
By means of the operation described, memory translation apparatus 50 solves a number of problems presented by memory utilization of the type illustrated in FIG. 1. First, it allows contiguous logical addresses to access memory having discontiguous physical addresses. Additionally, interleaving is provided in the presence of unfilled physical memory locations on a bus and nonsymmetrical location of modules on multiple buses. The present invention further teaches how to use a memory having modules of various sizes intermingled and, indeed, how to provide proper interleaving with respect to pages of a larger, partitioned module.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it is to be understood that various changes, substitutions and alternations can be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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CORPUS CHRISTI - Chloramine-treated water is headed toward all Corpus Christi taps now that the water department has finished its disinfectant switch.
Chloramine, a mixture of chlorine and ammonia, was put into the water Thursday morning at the O.N. Stevens Water Treatment Plant in Calallen. That completes the phased-in switch, which started Tuesday at a Padre Island pump station and Wednesday at a Southside pump station.
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The city has used chloramine since 1980, and it is the preferred disinfectant by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, which regulates water treatment and distribution.
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Upgrade your lights from "analog" to digital with LED bulbs.
By Anne Prince, NRECA
Just as you upgraded your TV/cable and phone from an analog system to digital for better sound and picture quality, the lighting industry has been modernizing its options and products in order to offer consumers greater energy efficiency. For the past several years, traditional incandescent bulbs have been phased out in favor of halogen and compact fluorescent (CFL) lights that offer greater efficiency. Even more recent innovations in technology have focused on Light Emitting Diode light sources, or LED bulbs, which are essentially digital light.
Known for their longevity and efficiency, LED lights have an estimated operational life span of up to 50,000 hours. This equates to 17 years of continuous operation, or 34 years of 50 percent operation. So if you were to use an LED fixture for eight hours per day, it would take approximately 17 years before it would need to be replaced.
LED lights are different from fluorescent and incandescent light sources, as LEDs do not contain a gas or filament of any kind. Instead, the entire LED is made up of a semiconductor, which is solid in nature and makes LEDs more durable. LED lights are small, packed electronic chip devices where two conductive materials are placed together on a chip (a diode). Electricity passes through the diode, releasing energy in the form of light. Unlike fluorescent lights that require a few minutes to warm up before reaching their full level of brightness, LEDs achieve full illumination immediately.
If you are still hanging on to your traditional or "analog" era lighting, your light bulb is operating at only 20 percent energy efficiency. Eighty percent of the electricity from the "analog" bulb is lost as heat. To illustrate how this inefficiency impacts your wallet, consider this. If you have traditional lighting and your electric bill is $100, then you are spending $80 to heat the room instead of lighting it. Using LED illumination with 80 percent efficiency, your electricity cost would be approximately $20, saving you about $80.
LEDs are ideal for outdoor use because of their durability. LED lights are resistant to vibrations, shock and external impacts such as exposure to weather, wind and rain. In addition, they are temperature resistant and operate in colder outdoor temperatures. In contrast, colder temperatures may affect operation of fluorescent lamps. LEDs can also be dimmed, allowing maximum flexibility in usage.
If you have a portable generator or battery-back-up, in the event of a power outage or weather emergency, LED lights are a smart complement to your back-up power system. Because they draw so little power, using LED lights instead of CFL or traditional bulbs will allow you to illuminate more areas or channel the "saved" energy to other needed applications.
To see how some homeowners have used LED lights with their back-up power systems, check out these videos.
When purchasing an LED light, look for the Energy Star label to ensure you have a genuine product, as there are poor quality LED products in the marketplace. Some of these products are manufactured outside of the U.S. with components that produce low light levels, don't stand up on long service life, or have exaggerated energy saving claims. So like any other purchase, research before you buy! Visit energystar.gov for more information about Energy Star LED lights.
While it is true that LEDs generally cost more to purchase than fluorescent and incandescent lights, they are much less expensive to operate over time. LEDs are energy efficient so the replacement and maintenance requirements are dramatically lower. In addition, as with other electronics, prices are expected to come down as more products enter the market. Make the switch from analog to digital, and you will see an increase in your home energy efficiency and a decrease in your energy costs.
Are you interested in learning more about LEDs and how they can fit with your home and lifestyle? Read the Department of Energy's Lighting Choices to Save You Money to compare LEDs to new energy-efficient incandescent bulbs and CFLs.
Anne Prince writes on consumer and cooperative affairs for the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, the Arlington, Va.-based service arm of the nation's 900-plus consumer-owned, not-for-profit electric cooperatives.
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"New York Times"bestselling sportswriter John Feinstein dives headfirst into a scandal of Olympic proportions in this exciting sports mystery.
Teen sports reporter Susan Carol is competing as a swimmer at her first-ever Olympic games. It's the opportunity of a lifetime, and her best friend Stevie is both amazed and envious. Usually they cover sporting events together, now he's covering" her." But Stevie can't shake the feeling that something's not right. Everyone wants a piece of Susan Carol's success--agents, sponsors, the media. Just how far will they go to ensure that America's newest Olympic darling wins gold?
John Feinstein has been praised as "the best writer of sports books in America today" ("The Boston Globe"), and he proves it again in this fast-paced novel.
About the Author
John Feinstein is the author of many bestselling books, including "A Good Walk Spoiled "and "One on One." He writes for the "Washington Post" and "Golf Digest" and is a regular contributor to the Golf Channel.
Praise For…
Booklist, May 1, 2012:
"As in his earlier books in the series, the popular Feinstein takes readers inside a major sports venue, supplies fascinating details, and serves up a satisfying mystery."
Kirkus Reviews, April 1, 2012:
"As is his wont, Feinstein salts the cast with real athletes and other figures from Michael Phelps to Bob Costas. He folds plenty of dramatic sports action as well as behind-the-scenes banter and personal and family conflict into a plot that moves smoothly to a suspenseful climax...A fast-paced caper."


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Essential Guide
Prepare and prevent: Virtual recovery and backup strategies
A comprehensive collection of articles, videos and more, hand-picked by our editors
How server availability indirectly affects the hypervisor
Server availability is not the primary determinant of hypervisor performance, but when coupled with software updates, can keep it up and running.
Prepare and prevent: Virtual recovery and backup strategies
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All data center applications require some amount of server reliability and resilience. However, server availability alone does not directly affect hypervisor performance. Nevertheless, preventing server hardware from experiencing performance problems in the first place will help you avoid significant workload disruption, data loss and virtual machine restart or migration delays.
Further reading on server availability
Using high availability servers and systems
Highly available and fault-tolerant servers
High availability server management practices
Numerous technologies aim to forestall or prevent server failures and keep the hypervisor running. Aside from redundant power supplies and RAID 5 disk storage groups, consider technologies such as memory mirroring, which effectively maintains duplicate synchronized copies of all memory contents. Mirroring can be used along with memory sparing to allow for the installation of hot spare memory modules, which the server can use if it detects a problem with an active memory module.
It may also be possible to boost hypervisor performance and improve server availability by making software upgrades at the BIOS or firmware, or by installing driver or hypervisor updates that address bugs, enhance hardware compatibility, and boost performance.
Hypervisor performance is often governed by the same factors that affect regular application performance. In many cases, the hypervisor benefits from basic BIOS tweaks or software updates, and it's always important to ensure that the system provides enough computing resources to support the intended workloads. System availability is not tied to hypervisor performance directly, but anything that keeps the server running will prevent a great deal of wasted time and IT effort.
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Help Fight AIDS Through Books and Music
Volunteers Working Together to Help Others!
Volunteers Make A Difference!
Upcoming Event
Music Sale Joint Fundraiser with the Eighth Step
Empire State Plaza, March 23-24 Mon. & Tues. 10 am- 4 pm
We are Help Fight AIDS Through Books and Music, an all-volunteer project of Alliance for Positive Health (formerly named AIDS Council of Northeastern NY)
The Alliance for Positive Health provides direct services to people living with HIV/AIDS and their family members as well as prevention programs to reduce new HIV infections. It also offers care management to people with other chronic illnesses who are enrolled in Medicaid.
Help Fight AIDS Through Books and Music holds local and on-line book sales and related efforts to raise money for the Alliance for Positive Health and spread knowledge about its services.
Our volunteer efforts are targeted to help clients and their loved ones who may be living in poverty or need special assistance.
Volunteers at Work during our November 2013 Book Sale!
Read about our Recent Award!
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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
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Ah, the Nintendo Entertainment System. Brings me back a lot of good memories: Super Mario Bros., Double Dragon, Megaman. It also brings back not-so-gr...
1. A NES (duh)You're free to use a non-working one, as the only part you'll be using is the case.2. Computer partsYou will need a motherboard and proc...
Following the example of other NES PC builders, I got rid of all the original NES hardware except for the power led and power/reset switches. The powe...
Next, I unscrewed the switches and power led from the case and soldered the motherboard leads for them. Make sure there are no shorts that could cause...
The hard drive will sit under the motherboard to maximize space efficiency. First I covered the hole I'd cut (see step 2) with some plastic so the har...
Next I placed the motherboard on top of the HD. The other end of the board sits on top of the power/reset switches. I measured where the I/O backplate...
I decided to use heavy-duty duct tape to fix the optical drive to the top of the case. Slimline optical drives are very light, so the tape worked fine...
I connected the IDE cables, the power for the HD and DVD/CD, drilled a hole for the PSU connector and squeezed the case-halves together. After some co...
With trembling hands I attached the power, keyboard and mouse. I then connected the tv-out to my television and pressed "Power". Success! The red powe...
The NES PC is currently attached to my living room TV. I use two Dual Shock (Playstation) controllers via USB adapter. They work great. I have an emul...
As requested, here's a few pics of how the NES PC looks at the moment.
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How-To : Make a NES to SNES adapterby thisissafety
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Apple today has informed employees of significant changes to how iPhones are sold via AT&T and Verizon Wireless, according to sources. As we reported last month, Apple has indicated that iPhones sold via AT&T at both physical Apple Retail Stores and on the Apple Online Store will move exclusively to Next financing plans this month, in June. This means that a customer who wants to buy a new iPhone on AT&T will no longer be able to do so on a subsidy…
T-Mobile CEO John Legere Tweetstorms some clarity into the Apple SIM debate
Too much confusion out there around #iPadAir2 and #iPadmini3 w/ Apple SIM … here is the way it is… just the facts! Tweetstorm to follow...—
John Legere (@JohnLegere) October 25, 2014
There's been some confusion about the new Apple SIM that is included in many of the new iPad Air 2 and Mini 3s. On Friday it was revealed that AT&T would lock the Apple SIM effectively making the Apple SIM an AT&T SIM and rendering the whole excercise pointless. T-Mobile and Sprint, on the other hand, will let you trade back and forth between their networks at will and we found out this morning that makes buying roaming data less expensive when travelling.
But there is a lot of confusion to the "why's and how's" of the Apple that T-Mobile's CEO breaks down below. Note that Legere just pulled off a coup becoming the only US wireless carrier to allow Apple's iPhone to use Wifi calling and clearly Apple and T-Mobile like what each other are doing.
The whole "tweetstorm" is below. Read more
Verizon rolling out VoLTE in 'coming months', could bolster iOS 8 FaceTime
Verizon Wireless is officially joining in on this year's major new cellular network technology: Voice over LTE, or "VoLTE." VoLTE allows voice calls on compatible smartphones to be made over the previously-data only LTE network technology. This allows for higher-quality, better sounding ("HD Voice") phone calls to be placed. The rollout will occur "later this year", or "in the coming months" depending on which part of the press release you believe:
AT&T announces rollout of voice-over-LTE ahead of likely iPhone 6/iOS 8 integration this fall
United States-based carrier AT&T today officially announced its rollout of voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) calls. The VoLTE rollout comes in tandem with AT&T HD Voice launch, which provides better sounding phone calls. Starting on May 23rd, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota and Wisconsin will be the initially supported markets for these features, but AT&T says to expect a more complete rollout as time goes on:
Verizon no longer the gold standard for mobile data?
Verizon Wireless, once the gold standard for LTE, has admitted that it is struggling to keep up with demand in the big cities – with some users being dropped down to slower 3G speeds. The carrier's Chief Financial Officer Fran Shammo said yesterday:
There are certain pockets where we're absolutely going to experience that down tick from the LTE network down to 3G because of capacity constraints … Read more
Higher-capacity iPhone 5 seeing shortages as Verizon blocks Sept. 18-22nd vacations
As Apple's September 10th iPhone unveiling approaches, we've heard that Verizon Wireless is blocking its retail employees from requesting vacations between Wednesday, September 18th and Sunday, September 22nd. Based on Apple historically shipping new versions of the iPhone about a week and half following the unveiling, it would make sense for the new iPhones to arrive for customers on Friday, September 20th.
Verizon CFO talks iPhone: Free iPhone gains, incentivizing employees to sell lower subsidy devices & Share Everything plans
Verizon CFO Fran Shammo spoke at the Duetsche Bank Annual Media, Internet & Telecom conference this morning, where he was asked a few questions related to the iPhone. Verizon reported its fourth quarter 2012 earnings last month with 9.8 million smartphone activations—a record 6.2 million of which were iPhone. We knew about half, or 3.1 million, of those iPhone sales were driven by the first full quarter with the iPhone 5, but today Shammo talked about just how important getting the free iPhone 4 was during the quarter:
But this past fourth quarter you had a couple — you had really one thing happen that never happened before, especially with Verizon Wireless, and that was for the first time ever, because of the iPhone 5 launch, we had the 4 at free. So it was the first time ever you could get a free iPhone on the
Verizon Wireless network. So that produced a lot of volume for us. We had a lot of new customers come into Verizon who took that free phone, and that was great for us because again if you think about — we sold a lot of LTE product in the fourth quarter. We sold a lot of 3G product from the iPhone products in the fourth quarter.
But that is key for us, because if you think about our two networks it is important for me as I migrate people into the 4G network I still have this very large 3G network that operates very efficiently. We are not investing any more capital in that network other than to keep it up and running, so no more coverage capital, no more capacity capital. If I can keep that network up and running that just generates more contribution margins for us. So it is critical for us to balance that. But, again, I think you had one point in time where you had a free phone, a free Apple phone that never happened before with us and that generated a lot of volume.
While noting that 53 percent of the carrier's smartphone activations were iPhones in 2012, Shammo was asked about the opportunity to incentivize employees to sell non-Apple devices that would also come with lower subsidies for Verizon:
The answer is, no, we don't and it is critical that we don't do that. The reason for that is because what is more important for us is when a customer walks into a store that customer walks out with a phone that they will be happy with and not return under our 30-day guarantee. Because the worst thing that can happen for us is for me to incentivise a salesperson to get you into a phone that you walk out the door with thinking you are going to like and in three days you come back because you don't like it. Therefore, now I've just subsidized two smartphones because that phone you used I can't resell as a new phone.
You can read more from Shammo's presentation and where he discusses the growth of Share Everything plans, tablets, and more here.
Verizon sold 3.1M iPhones in Q3, 21 percent were iPhone 5
Verizon has reported its Q3 2012 earnings this morning with "a third consecutive quarter of double-digit percentage growth." The nation's second-largest carrier claims it experienced $29 billion in total operating revenue (3.9-percent gain over last year) and sold 6.8 million smartphones in total for the third quarter. Of the 6.8 million, Verizon reported selling 3.1 million iPhones. Just over one-fifth (or roughly 651,000) of those were the iPhone 5 that saw supply constraints. To compare, during Q2, Verizon sold 2.7 million iPhones.
The carrier also shed more light on its aggressive LTE rollout across the country. Its LTE service is now available to 250 million people in 419 markets across the United States. Furthermore, on the company's earnings call, CFO Fran Shammo reiterated that its new Share Everything data plan has been "successful and well-received."
You can find the press release below for specifics: Read more
Verizon again tops J.D. Power and Associates Network Quality Performance report
J.D. Power and Associates is out with the second half of its 2012 "U.S. Wireless Network Quality Performance Study", and Verizon once again come out on top for network performance in five of the six regions included in the report. Only second to U.S. Cellular in the North Central region, Verizon posted the best overall network performance among the other carriers in the remaining regions based on 10 key problem areas that could impact the customer experience.
For a 16th consecutive reporting period, Verizon Wireless ranks highest in the Northeast region. Verizon Wireless achieves fewer customer-reported problems with dropped calls, initial connections, transmission failures and late text messages, compared with the regional average. Verizon Wireless also ranks highest in the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Southwest and West regions… U.S. Cellular ranks highest in the North Central region for a 14th consecutive reporting period. Compared with the regional average, U.S. Cellular has fewer customer-reported problems with dropped calls, failed initial connections, audio problems, failed voice mails and lost calls.
The study also covered the customer experience specifically for data-related problems. Not surprisingly, LTE device users experienced significantly less issues than older 3G devices like the iPhone:
The study finds that the number of data-related problems, especially those related to slow connection speeds, is significantly lower among customers using 4G LTE-enabled devices than among those using devices with older 3G/4G technology standards, such as WiMAX and HSPA+… For example, among customers with 4G LTE-enabled devices, the problem incidence for excessively slow mobile Web loading is 15 PP100, compared with the industry average of 20 PP100. Furthermore, the overall problem incidence for excessively slow mobile Web loading is even higher among customers with WiMAX and HSPA+ technology
Based on responses from over 26,000 U.S. wireless customers, the report explained how network performance was calculated:
Read more
Verizon to introduce shared data plans June 28, reflects reality of multiple device users
According to a report from AllThingsD, Verizon Wireless will soon change the way it charges customers for cellular/data plans in a major way. Rather than charging customers for phones calls or messages sent, the report claimed Verizon would charge "almost exclusively based on how much data" is consumed. The new "Share Everything" plans will also be the first in the United States that allows users to share their data with up to 10 devices through a single account:
The plans, known as "Share Everything," allow users an unlimited number of calls and texts and also allow data usage to be pooled among up to 10 devices on one account. With the move, Verizon becomes the first U.S. carrier to offer the ability for customers to share a bucket of data across multiple devices.
AllThingsD noted that AT&T also has plans for shared data options, but it did not provide more details. As for Verizon's new plans, which will apparently kick-in June 28, the report explained the cost of the data plan and pricing metrics based on a per-device fee. In other words, you will have to pay roughly $40 per smartphone ($10 per tablet), and then opt for either a $50 1GB data plan or a $100 10GB plan. While the report claimed the new pricing should not impact the cost of plans for users who continue consuming the same amount of data, it is clear that those signing a new plan for a single smartphone are getting a bit less for their money:
AT&T hints at family/data sharing plans on the horizon
AT&T's variant of the family data plan is on the horizon.
The company's CEO of Mobile Business Ralph de la Vega told CNET on the sidelines of the CTIA Wireless trade show that the upcoming shared plan would allow consumers to buy one package of data to split among multiple devices, which is a forward-thinking step that could encourage tablet sales.
"I'm very comfortable with the plan that will be offered to our customers," revealed de la Vega.
Just a few months ago, the executive seemed to doubt family plans due to IT, billing, and device subsidization issues. He even remarked his goal to "get it right"— instead of unveiling the strategy prematurely.


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One of the first things to welcome you as you arrive at Footscray station is Olympic Doughnuts. It's the spray-painted metal box just to the left as you exit, that could have arrived here direct from 1989. The man inside is impaling golfball-sized doughnuts onto the nose of a ceramic dolphin that pumps hot jam into each one. The doughnuts, perfectly crispy on the outside and pillow-soft on the inside, are famous Melbourne-wide. And for 80 cents a pop, this humble old-school doughnut isn't a bad introduction to Footscray.
The Hit List: our guide to the essential Melbourne restaurants to conquer


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Donald G. McNeil Jr.
Donald G. McNeil Jr. is a science and health reporter specializing in plagues and pestilences. He covers diseases of the world's poor, AIDS, malaria, avian flu, SARS, mad cow disease and so on.
He also writes features and first-person pieces for other sections.
He joined the Times in 1976 as a copy boy and has been a night rewrite man, an environmental reporter, a theater columnist and an editor. From 1995 to 2002 he was a foreign correspondent based in South Africa and France and has reported from 52 countries.
During a hiatus from the Times in the 1980's, he taught journalism at Columbia University and worked at People magazine, WCBS-TV, Adweek and New York Newsday and wrote plays.
He has covered many topics, ranging from the Love Canal toxic waste scandal to bungee-jumping off Victoria Falls and Evita's premiere in Zimbabwe.
He has won several awards: For a series on places or industries in the world that have successfully kept infections and death from AIDS to an absolute minimum, for a series on patent monopolies on AIDS drugs in Africa, for a series on AIDS in one South African town, for a series on six diseases on the brink of eradication and for a series on third world cancer victims dying without morphine.
Mr. McNeil grew up in San Francisco and graduated summa cum laude from the University of California at Berkeley in 1975 with a B.A. in rhetoric.
He has two grown daughters and a young stepson, and lives in Brooklyn. On weekends, he plays softball and squash; on vacation, he goes camping.
Highlights From the Archives
Unlikely Model in H.I.V. Efforts: Sex Film Industry
The adult industry's medical consultants say that about 350,000 sex scenes have been shot without condoms since 2004, and H.I.V. has not been transmitted on a set once.November 6, 2012 healthNews
A Regime's Tight Grip on AIDS
Cuba's success in limiting the epidemic stems partly from harsh early tactics and universal basic health care.May 8, 2012 healthNews
An H.I.V. Strategy Invites Addicts In
Vancouver is offering proof that widespread treatment protects a whole community.February 8, 2011 healthNews
Fly Away Home
The 4,000-mile round trip made by millions of monarch butterflies holds a central mystery that entomologists are trying to solve.October 3, 2006 scienceNews
Living Desk
Ten Seconds Over Africa, the Hard Way
As I stand looking between my toes at the Zambezi River 366 feet below, I do have one coherent phought: Gee, I wish my boss were here. Editors touring the world to check on their correspondents' sanity often return boasting about the great fly-fishing. When you're lashed by the ankles to a bungee cord, about to drop into one of the few rivers in the world plyed by crocodiles, hippopotamuses and man-eating freshwater sharks, you see fly-fishing from a whole new perspective.February 7, 1996 gardenNews
Foreign Desk
Black, Yet White: A Hated Color in Zimbabwe
John M. Makumbe is a professor of political science. Richard Nyathi is chief librarian for a Government ministry. Stanley S. Gunda is a senior financial officer in another ministry. Not so long ago, they might have been killed at birth. Even today, pregnant women refuse to shake their hands. On crowded buses they sit apart. On the street they see mothers point and warn their children, ''If you don't behave, I'll let that monkey get you.''February 9, 1997 worldNews
With This Tattoo, I Thee Wed
Getting your ring-finger tattooed can put you select company. Still want one?September 14, 2008 fashionNews
Everybody's Talking
A new study challenges the conventional wisdom that women talk more than men do.July 6, 2007 scienceNews
Study Shows Diseases Like Plague Can Perilously Evolve
The bacterium responsible for the Black Death probably caused small outbreaks of lung disease for thousands of years before it evolved.
July 7, 2015, Tuesday
Cuba Wins W.H.O. Certification It Ended Mother-to-Child H.I.V. Transmission
The island nation was the first country to receive the distinction, which requires 95 percent of elimination targets to be met, for H.I.V. and syphilis transmission.
July 1, 2015, Wednesday
Fish Poisoning More Common Than Believed
Illnesses from a toxin carried by barracuda and other sport fish have been underestimated in Florida, a new study suggests.
June 30, 2015, Tuesday
Starvation Timetable in a Pandemic
Researchers at EcoHealth Alliance used mathematical models to gauge the effects of an outbreak on the distribution of food.
June 23, 2015, Tuesday
Sand Fly Saliva Proves a Good Monkey Vaccine for Leishmaniasis
A new study suggests a vaccine against leishmaniasis that worked well in monkeys may have potential to work in humans as well.
June 16, 2015, Tuesday
Final Salvos Against Polio
The film "Every Last Child," which opened in New York on Wednesday, documents vaccinators' struggle for survival against the Taliban.
June 9, 2015, Tuesday
Ask Well: Catching Disease From a Toilet Seat
Are toilet seats the disease transmitters they seem to be?
June 8, 2015, Monday
What You Need to Know About MERS
The outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea has raised fears about the disease's potential for further contagion.
June 5, 2015, Friday
Fears of MERS Virus Prompt Broadening of Cautions in South Korea
Officials nearly doubled the number of quarantined people, temporarily closed over 700 kindergartens and schools, and refused to identify the hospitals where infections had been confirmed.
June 4, 2015, Thursday
Japanese Companies Attack Neglected Diseases
In a joint effort, three drug companies in Japan are allowing searches of their chemical compounds for ways to treat Chagas and leishmaniasis.
June 2, 2015, Tuesday
Millions Dying in Pain
Millions of people die in pain because they cannot get morphine, which is legal for medical use in most nations.
Ask Well | An Ebola Q. and A.
Donald G. McNeil Jr. answers reader questions about the Ebola virus.
Ask Well | Downsides of Taking Truvada?
Readers asked Well about the preventative drug Truvada following a C.D.C. recommendation that all Americans at risk for H.I.V. take this daily pill that has been shown to prevent infection.
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Full Text
Testimony Before the 9/11 Commission
Published: April 14, 2004
(Page 48 of 53)
BAGINSKI: And where I am is staffed right now at 51, with permanent personnel. I have seven TDY-ers. I have been very, very fortunate to get the personal support of George Tenet, Shirley Allen and Don Kerr in giving me two senior CIA executives that are helping me manage. I have also been very fortunate in having my boss' support to get funding to bring a group from MITRE and a group from RAND in, that has brought me the kind of intelligence community experience in years that would be very difficult for me to replicate in the form of FBI personnel. And where we are right now is we have 39 positions remaining to be filled. I know that's right. Twenty-six of them are in the staffing process already. So frankly, I've only got -- I'm approaching single-digit fix, and that is largely because the whole FBI has supported me in this. It is not easy to start an organization from scratch anywhere. And we've done well.
GORELICK: If you get -- if you get...
KEAN: Last question.
GORELICK: Yes. If you get what you need, if you get what is planned, will you have enough?
BAGINSKI: I will have enough, because intelligence is actually going to be done in a distributed way. So as you turn the intelligence functions in the field and in the investigative divisions against the processes that we've established we'll be OK.
GORELICK: Thank you.
KEAN: Thank you. Director, I have a couple of questions. I came to this job with less knowledge of the intelligence community than anybody else at this table. What I've learned has not reassured me. It's frightened me a bit, frankly. But the reassuring figure in it all is you. Because everybody I talk to in this town, a town which seems to have a sport in basically not liking each other very much, everybody likes you, everybody respects you, everybody has great hopes that you are actually going to fix this problem. And I guess the decision which I've got to make as a commissioner here is: Can you fix it?
KEAN: Because the FBI is absolutely essential to this whole war we're talking about. And if you can't fix it, then we've got to make some recommendations and structural changes that may be able to fix it. And I'll tell you what still worries me. It's things that are on the staff report. For instance, according to a recent report by the Department of Justice inspector general, the FBI has shortages of linguists resulting in thousands of hours of audio tapes and pages of written material not being reviewed or translated in a timely manner. Another place: At every office we visited, we heard there were not enough surveillance personnel to conduct live physical surveillance of identified terrorist suspects. Again, we heard from many analysts who complained they were able to do little actual analysis because they continue to be assigned menial tasks including covering the phones at reception desks and emptying the office trash bins. Again, agent after agent told us that the primary way information gets shared is through personal relationships. There does not appear to be any recognition that the system fails in the absence of good personnel relationships. I guess just one more. We found there is no national strategy for sharing information to counter terrorism. That's from our report that was read just prior to your appearance. And I guess my real question is still: Can you fix it?
MUELLER: Well, in response to the question, I think we can and are fixing what has been wrong with the FBI. And I can speak only for the FBI. I don't want to speak any broader than that, because we've got to put our house in order. I think we are putting our house in order. I will tell you that I think the staff did a very good job on the report, but indeed it was a snapshot in time. And it was a snapshot in time in six field offices some time ago. And I'll tell you that change cannot be done overnight. Transitions take time. If you look at those who have transformed organizations -- governors who have, when they've come in, things they wish to change; understand you hope to have a vision; you put in place the mechanism of executing that vision, but you cannot do it overnight. If you look at the IBMs, and the GEs, and the Gerstners, and the Welshes, they will tell you there are a number of components to transforming an organization.
MUELLER: If you look at those who study this, they will tell you that it takes time to transform an organization. There will be 30 percent that will be with you from the outset, there will be 30 percent that are there to be persuaded, and there will be 30 percent that really resist the change for a variety of reasons. I think we're on the right path. In those particulars that you mentioned, for instance the linguists, the staff statement is accurate in part. But I will tell you when it comes to counterterrorism, counterterrorism interceptions, we prioritize that to assure that if there is any counterterrorism interception that needs linguist help it is reviewed within a 24-hour period. And so, yes, we have across the board hours of interceptions that have not been translated. But the fact of the matter is when it comes to a terrorist organization, except in those instances where we have a very difficult time with particular dialects, it's reviewed within 24 hours, certainly if we've got an investigation that's ongoing that relates to the possibility of a threat. Surveillance: We are stretched on our surveillance capabilities. We have made requests to Congress, and we are getting in '04 substantial additional support to do surveillance. Analysts: We have to do two things. One, we have had to build up our analytical capability, but we also have had to professionalize the analytical staff and train it. In the days shortly after September 11th, we put together and set up a College of Analytical Studies -- that has to be improved. We are not where we need to be, but we have that in place. Information sharing. There are two aspects of that that are important. One is the understanding of the necessity to disseminate that which we have. I've listened to some of the testimony earlier today about when -- I think it was Commissioner Lehman, with regard to an investigation, a criminal investigation that turns up intelligence information that will be useful to the intelligence community. In the past, that would not have been disseminated because of the grand jury rules that have been set aside by the Patriot Act. Today it would be disseminated in an IIR to the intelligence community.


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An escort who has sex with disabled people, what do you think of this?
It's a documentary about an escort who has sex with disabled people, it brings up an interesting point because a lot of these disabled people would otherwise go without affection and human touch if it weren't for workers like her
what do you think? do you agree or disagree with this ?
Most Helpful Opinion
That to me is amazing, I agree 100% that that should be aloud. It made me tear up because everyone needs love and I never had thought before about people and there situations when disabled. It would be a great thing to see...agree!
yeah you have to realize some disabled people go their whole lives without any sort of love, affection or intimacy
What Girls Said 5
The only reason she does it is because she makes a sh*t load of money from it.
she could go have sex with non disabled people for the same amount of money
it's that she is making these people truly happy
I bet she's making more money from sex with the disabled people than normal people. Normal people have more of a chance than disabled people to have sex. Disabled people need a helping hand.
not for guys, a lot of normal guys get as much action as a disabled person which is none
What Guys Said 3
Have an opinion?


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£1,795,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £1,795,000
5 bedroom barn conversion for sale Hilders Lane, EdenbridgeStunning Grade II listed 17th Century oast barn conversion set in an idyllic semi-rural location with excellent communication links More details ›
Added on 08/06/2015 by Fine & Country Homes from Park & Bailey, Woldingham. Call: 01883 338512 Local call rate
£975,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £975,000
5 bedroom detached house for sale Pit Lane, Edenbridge, Kent, TN8ATTRACTIVE DETACHED FAMILY HOUSE WITH SPACIOUS ACCOMMODATION AND A SOUTH FACING GARDEN More details ›
Sale by Tender
End of terrace house for sale Grange Close, Edenbridge, Kent, TN8The Former Bowling Green comprises a level site of approximately 0.5 acres (0.2 ha) with the benefit of planning permission for the erection of 6 x 3-bedroom dwellings. Full details of the planning documents can be found at Sevenoaks District Council under planning reference number: SE/14/01153. More details ›
£885,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £885,000
5 bedroom detached house for sale Cheldrik, Mill Hill, EDENBRIDGE, KentOne of three individually designed 5 bedroomed detached homes, built in 2006. Situated on the South side of Edenbridge on the edge of Greenbelt at the end of a small private lane. Upon entering the property you can appreciate the generous, light and airy accommodation with an excellent finish th... More details ›
£885,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £885,000
5 bedroom detached house for sale Daisy Lane, EdenbridgeCONTEMPORARY DETACHED Situated on the south side of Edenbridge, this five bedroom property has three bathrooms and a stunning fitted kitchen. Conveniently situated within half a mile of the High Street, there are also two stations offering regular services into London. More details ›
6 bedroom detached house for sale Oakfield Road, Edenbridge, Kent4 Reception Rooms, feature Kitchen/Breakfast Room, 6 bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Good Size Level Gardens, Private road on North side of the Town. Early Vacant possession. (contd...) More details ›
3 bedroom semi-detached house for sale Hartfield Road, EdenbridgeA stunning example of a converted barn offering three double bedrooms, with glorious mature gardens, ample off road parking and a double garage. Ideally positioned within a short distance of Edenbridge Town Centre and Railway Station. Offered with No Onward Chain. More details ›
Reduced on 25/06/2015 by Howard Cundey, Edenbridge. Call: 01732 677073 Local call rate
4 bedroom detached house for sale Hilders Lane, EdenbridgeA spacious three/four bedroom detached bungalow located on a sought-after road, offering off road parking for four cars, garage and a beautiful rear garden measuring approximately 290ft in length with far reaching views over Stick Hill and Crockham Hill from the front. More details ›
Added on 21/11/2014 by Howard Cundey, Edenbridge. Call: 01732 677073 Local call rate
4 bedroom detached house for sale Cooinda, Swan Lane, EDENBRIDGE, KentAn attractive 4 bed detached house in one of the most sought after areas in the town set well back from the road and enjoying a delightful front outlook over open farmland. This lovely light & airy property has been considerably improved and offers a highly versatile space which comprises a s... More details ›
3 bedroom detached house for sale Mill Hill, Edenbridge, TN8A beautiful three bedroom Nineteenth Century cottage located in a secluded position within Edenbridge Town. This wonderful home offers expansive gardens, open plan living accommodation along with a triple barn garage and generous gravel driveway. More details ›
Added on 10/06/2015 by Howard Cundey, Edenbridge. Call: 01732 677073 Local call rate
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Mitsubishi Raider Reviews
Autobytel has reviews that will walk you around a car, give you a peek under the hood and get you behind the wheel with an industry expert. Browse by category or get into a specific brand to see how well a car does when put to the test.
Showing 4 of 4 reviews for this vehicle
2009 Mitsubishi Raider Review
The impending demise of the Mitsubishi Raider likely saddens no one. This ill-received pickup truck from Mitsubishi is little more than a Dodge Dakota with new badges and a bit of new style. As a...
Kelley Blue Book ® - 2009 Mitsubishi Raider Extended Cab OverviewVehicle Overview from Kelley Blue Book
Overview: EDITORS' NOTES In a very touchy year for auto makers, Mitsubishi is working hard...
2006 Mitsubishi Raider Photo GalleryMitsubishi offers a new pickup for the first time in ten years
For the first time in ten years, Mitsubishi has stepped up and added a new truck to its lineup – though the 2006 Mitsubishi...
2006 Mitsubishi Raider First DriveThe three-diamond marque hopes to trump with its new truck
PORTLAND, Ore. – Portland and its environs are all about scenery. From the Willamette River and spectacular Columbia River Gorge to...
The Mitsubishi Raider reviews section of the Autobytel site houses multiple articles from various sources over the past couple of years. You may be surprised to learn that there are multiple forms of Mitsubishi Raider reviews. There is a Mitsubishi Raider review from industry experts. See analysis from a couple of sources all aggregated at Autobytel.com. Another type of car review comes from the car owner themselves. This area is for those who have had one of these vehicles and want to give their feelings about owning one. There is a place for general comments on the auto and a place to rate the automobile on a scale of 1-5. These 2 kinds of Mitsubishi Raider reviews will give you a ton of insight on your prospective automobile.
In addition to the Mitsubishi Raider review; there is a ton of other great information located at Autobytel.com. But how do you access this information? Or you might not know what kind of automobile to buy? The fastest way to get to the reviews webpage is by clicking the car reviews button from anywhere on the website. Once at the car reviews page; you can choose a type of vehicle like: car or truck. Or pick the name of the car company. If you are unsure as what vehicle to read about; just go ahead and start delving into any automobile on the site. Once you find a model you like, there will be a place on the model information webpage to access the reviews.
Besides the Mitsubishi Raider reviews; you can view a bunch of other stuff. Take note of the two prices listed at Autobytel: the MSRP and the invoice price. The Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price is really just the suggested price you can count on. And the Invoice price is what the dealer paid for the vehicle. A good Mitsubishi Raider review figures to have both the invoice and MSRP prices. Use these two figures to sort through any offers you may receive on a vehicle in order to find the best deal. Browse material on every make and model sold in America over the past decade. Read about: safety ratings, fuel economy figures, power numbers, and more. Take a look at what comes stock on the vehicle and what you can add on. A Mitsubishi Raider review is just one of the many tools online at Autobytel.com.
Every good Mitsubishi Raider review will include some good photos of the vehicle. Aside from the review, there will be multiple images of the interior and exterior located at the Autobytel website. Fill out a price quote request form once you have completed reading Mitsubishi Raider reviews. This 2 step process is simple. Choose the make, model, and year automobile you are interested in. Next add some personal info so that you can be contacted. You will soon receive a handful of car quotes from dealers in your area. Mitsubishi Raider reviews are available online for free at Autobytel.com.


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Grid List
50/50 Full Zip CardiganITEM: 4063 You'll always look pulled together in our basic zipper-front cardigan. Featuring two side pockets, standup collar, with ribbing around the cuffs and bottom. Soft cotton/acrylic blend. Imported. Machine wash.Learn More
Regular Price: $74.00
Special Price $29.60
Antique Cotton HoodieITEM: 4065 Heavy antique cotton gives this jacket a lived-in, rugged, distressed look. Military themed with a star or flag applique. The zip-out fleece insert lines the front of the jacket and includes a hood, so if you take it out, you have a basic straight bottom jacket for warmer weather. Two side slash pockets, adjustable snap cuffs, zippered chest pocket and inside pocket, too. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $118.75
Special Price $47.50
Bad Boy Taz Denim JacketITEM:8918 This wonderful jacket features a 3-inch by 3-inch embroidered Taz on the front left chest. The back boasts an 10-inch by 9-inch beautiful genuine red leather, suede and embroidered appliqu© of classic Taz. The words "Bad Boy Taz" are embroidered above.Jacket is constructed of 100% denim cotton with metal buttons down the front and on the sleeve bottoms. Each sleeve has two buttons to ensure proper fit at the wrist. The waistband also has two buttons on the right and on the left so you can tighten or loosen the waist size for comfort. Professional leather clean. Note: Women should order one size smaller than normal.Learn More
Regular Price: $95.00
Special Price $38.00
Buffalo Nickel HatITEM: 9885 This distressed cowhide leather hat brings that authentic western heritage to life with metal Buffalo Nickel motif accents on its band. Crafted with hidden steel wire in the brim's edge for personalized shaping. Looks great on women too! Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $170.00
Special Price $68.00
Color Block HatITEM: 9267 Elevate your style for a more modern look. Stitched brim, color-block design in 100% wool, crushable and packable. In fact, it looks great on women too. Made in the USA.Learn More
Regular Price: $50.00
Special Price $20.00
Crushable Bucket HatITEM: 9266 The slim, contemporary styling of a bucket hat is a great new way to keep warm. Just fold it up and take it with you everywhere. 100% fleece. Looks fabulous on men and women. Made in the USA.Learn More
Regular Price: $45.00
Special Price $18.00
Easy Washed Cotton Hooded JacketITEM: 2018 We've added new vitality to the essential jean jacket with our perfect-weight washed cotton hoody edition. Heavy metal zipper front with concealed button placket, epaulets, two slash outside pockets and two button chest pockets, button cuff, fleece hood and full pile lining in the body. Imported. Dry clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $145.00
Special Price $58.00
Faux Collar Wrap CoatITEM 8056 There's a reason the world's best-dressed women are always seen in wrap coats like this: they're classic, glamorous, always appropriate. Just throw one on and your look is chic. This model features a self-belt, removable faux fur collar, and two outside slash pockets. Warm poly plush, light polyfill with polysatin lining. Imported. Dry clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $220.00
Special Price $88.00
Faux Shearling JacketITEM: 4256 Make this cool jacket an integral part of your winter wardrobe. Trim, updated style includes retro tab collar, patch elbows, double snap cuffs, two outside pockets, heavy duty metal front zipper, antique brass hardware, adjustable side snap tabs. Warm acrylic pile lining in body, sleeves, and collar. Imported. Dry clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $168.75
Special Price $67.50
Genuine Shearling CapITEM: 9253 Eurostyle shearling cap for him or her. Add personality and style to your cold-weather look with this very fashionable lush genuine nappa shearling cap. Classic eight-piece construction, with a roomy. Total warmth and comfort. Made in the USA. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $145.00
Special Price $58.00


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My mom caught me using a banana the other omg I wanted to die lol any other funny stories?
Most Helpful Opinion
A what? O_O, well I guess that's better then a cucumber. I don't have many masturbation stories, I guess one time I was watching something , I can't remember if it was p*rn or not, but it was some sort of random sex scene. So I was on Skype and she said would be right back. She didn't return for 20 min so I thought I would turn off my webcam and have a little "fun" . I heard her come back and she asked me what was that sound? I don't moan, so I realized that she could hear the sound of me and the baby oil/lube. So I'm a terrible lier and she said its okay, and said to carry on and talked normally. OF course she was giggling and laughing here and there but kept talking normally, but I felt a little ashamed. =(
What Guys Said 7
What Girls Said 9
When I was a SUPER young girl, me & my girl friend where doing a form of masterbation (too insane & graphic to tell due to our age) & my Mom walked up on us. Nothing was said by either, but it was mortifying borderlining on traumatic. Years & years later I'm an adult & accidentally walk in on my Mom using a body massager for illicit purposes under her sheets & she just turned it off & froze. It was priceless redemption. :) LOL
I've never been caught in the act luckily, but a few months ago my mum found my vibrator. I hide it in my pillow slip, sneaky thing that I am lol, and I was away for a couple of weeks, came back and found she'd gone through my room and cleaned it and changed my bedding. I had to awkwardly go up to her and be like 'Soooo, you didn't happen to come across anything when you were cleaning my room did you?' and she just started laughing at me. I could have died. Needless to say, I've found a better hiding spot for little Alfie :)
Mine is named bob
i was never caught in the act but one weekend while I was away with freinds my parents were going through my room looking for something I asked them to bring to me and I had totaly forgot I had a vib in my nightstand wich is were the thing was any way my dad saw and he took it out and had it sitting on the kitchen table when I got home
WOW. that is unfortunate... I think I would have to move far, far away if that every happened to me. The only time my mom ever walked in on me was when I was around 12 or 13 & I was basically just exploring with my hand, but she still made me feel like I was being bad & said if she ever caught me doing that again I would be in so much trouble & that I had a problem...which I think nowadays is so wrong for a mother to say. it's natural and I was curious.
Let me guess, she's catholic?
no, ha. just controlling.
Ok see last night I was fingerings my pussy and started shaking it felt so good. I necked something over so my grandpa came to see what happened. He came and I did not notice. I started peeing all over. I started moaning and squirting and I did not know he was their. Right now I am so embarrassed
Have an opinion?


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Smoked Turkey
|15 Pound (1 Piece)
|1 Tablespoon
|1 Tablespoon
|Ground cinnamon
|1 Tablespoon
|1 , cored, peeled, and quartered
|2 Medium, quartered
|Celery stalks with leaves
|4 , cut into thirds
Remove giblets and neck from turkey; reserve for other uses.
Rinse turkey; pat dry.
Sprinkle cavity with salt.
Combine sugar and cinnamon; dredge apple in cinnamon mixture.
Stuff apple quarters, onion quarters, and celery stalks into cavity of turkey; close cavity with skewers.
Tie ends of legs to tail with cord; lift wing tips up and over back so they are tucked under bird.
Prepare charcoal fire in smoker, and let burn 10 to 15 minutes.
Soak hickory chips in water at least 15 minutes.
Place water pan in smoker, and fill with water.
Place hickory chips on coals.
Place turkey on food rack.
Cover with smoker lid; cook 8 to 12 hours or until meat thermometer registers 180° when inserted in meaty part of thigh, making sure it does not touch bone.
Smoking may take 9 to 12 hours.
Refill water pan, and add charcoal as needed.
Remove turkey from food rack; cover and chill.
Thinly slice turkey to serve.


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Germantown man pleads guilty to Medicare fraud
Federal authorities didn't think the way a Germantown man ran his diabetics shoe-insert business was a good fit for Medicare.
Michael E. Cohen acknowledged as much this week and pleaded guilty to government allegations that since 2006 he improperly collected Medicare and Medicaid payments totaling nearly $650,000.
Cohen, 61, ran a company in Cordova called NewGen Advance Orthotics Laboratory that sold the special inserts to diabetics in Tennessee, Texas and Florida, but used unlicensed private citizens to fit and measure the shoes.
Diabetics are prone to foot ulcers and other disorders due to poor circulation and other complications and federal requirements say special shoe inserts must be fitted by a qualified person such as a podiatrist, an orthotist or a pedorthist.
Diabetics certified by a physician to be in need of special shoes can receive three such inserts per year under Medicare, which pays 80 percent of the costs of shoes, inserts and special fittings.
Cohen entered a plea agreement with federal prosecutors and faces up to five years in prison and a $250,000 fine when he is sentenced in December by U.S. Dist. Court Judge Samuel Mays Jr.
Advisory sentencing guidelines likely will indicate a lighter sentence, but under the agreement Cohen agreed to make restitution of $649,625.
Federal prosecutor Stuart Canale said in court filings that the government will recommend a sentence at the low end of the guidelines, no fine and will not oppose Cohen being given credit for acceptance of responsibility.
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