text:
The process of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is believed to be widespread in Bacteria and Archaea, but little comparative data is available addressing its occurrence in complete microbial genomes. Collection of high-quality, automated HGT prediction data based on phylogenetic evidence has previously been impractical for large numbers of genomes at once, due to prohibitive computational demands. DarkHorse, a recently described statistical method for discovering phylogenetically atypical genes on a genome-wide basis, provides a means to solve this problem through lineage probability index (LPI) ranking scores. LPI scores inversely reflect phylogenetic distance between a test amino acid sequence and its closest available database matches. Proteins with low LPI scores are good horizontal gene transfer candidates; those with high scores are not.
The DarkHorse algorithm has been applied to 955 microbial genome sequences, and the results organized into a web-searchable relational database, called the DarkHorse HGT Candidate Resource http://darkhorse.ucsd.edu webcite. Users can select individual genomes or groups of genomes to screen by LPI score, search for protein functions by descriptive annotation or amino acid sequence similarity, or select proteins with unusual G+C composition in their underlying coding sequences. The search engine reports LPI scores for match partners as well as query sequences, providing the opportunity to explore whether potential HGT donor sequences are phylogenetically typical or atypical within their own genomes. This information can be used to predict whether or not sufficient information is available to build a well-supported phylogenetic tree using the potential donor sequence.
The DarkHorse HGT Candidate database provides a powerful, flexible set of tools for identifying phylogenetically atypical proteins, allowing researchers to explore both individual HGT events in single genomes, and large-scale HGT patterns among protein families and genome groups. Although the DarkHorse algorithm cannot, by itself, provide definitive proof of horizontal gene transfer, it is a flexible, powerful tool that can be combined with slower, more rigorous methods in situations where these other methods could not otherwise be applied.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can be defined as the process by which an organism incorporates new genetic material from sources other than its parents or direct ancestors. This process is believed to be widespread in Bacteria and Archaea [1,2], but little comparative data is available addressing its occurrence on a genome-wide basis. The exponentially increasing availability of complete microbial genome sequences should provide a powerful tool for exploring this phenomenon, but this promise has not yet been realized, due to the difficulty of obtaining consistent, reliable, quantitative HGT prediction data for multiple genomes in an automated, high-throughput pipeline.
Determining phylogenetic incongruence of individual genes by building phylogenetic trees is generally considered the most trustworthy way to prove that HGT has occurred [3,4], but is very time consuming and computationally intensive. Although programs to automate this process have been developed [5,6], parameter choices and data interpretation often require expert manual attention for each individual gene, as well as each genome, in order to achieve satisfactory performance [7]. Comparisons between genes having different rates of protein evolution, as well as organisms at varying phylogenetic distances, are particularly challenging.
Alternatively, a large number of methods exist for predicting HGT by determining whether individual genes have atypical nucleic acid compositions or "signatures", compared to other sequences from the same genome. These methods are fast and automated, but suffer from high rates of false positive and false negative predictions [8-10]. They are only able to detect a limited subset of potential HGT events, which have occurred relatively recently, between organisms with widely divergent nucleic acid compositions. Also, signature-based methods are unable to provide any information about potential donor sources for the transferred material.
Recently, a new algorithm called DarkHorse has been developed for rapid, automated identification of phylogenetically atypical proteins from whole genomes, using a combination of sequence alignment, database mining, statistical, and linguistic analysis tools [11]. This combination provides many of the advantages of phylogenetic tree-building methods, without the computational overhead. It is particularly well suited to automated, high-throughput screening of whole genomes at widely varying evolutionary distances, as well as analysis of proteins having different degrees of sequence conservation. Although this method cannot, by itself, provide definitive proof of horizontal gene transfer, it is a flexible, powerful tool that can be combined with slower, more rigorous methods in situations where these other methods could not otherwise be applied. The DarkHorse algorithm has now been implemented in a new software program, and applied to 955 sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes, including more than 3 million predicted proteins. A searchable database of results is accessible through an Internet website interface, where users can explore HGT patterns for individual genes, genomes, or groups of genomes.
Construction and content
Software design and implementation
The DarkHorse algorithm [11] has been implemented as a pipeline of unix command-line Perl scripts, integrated with an underlying MySQL relational database. The software comprising this pipeline is available for download at the following website: http://darkhorse.ucsd.edu webcite.
Program execution requires locally available copies of the NCBI Genbank nr protein sequence database [12] and the NCBI Taxonomy database [13], as well the MySQL server program [14]. Prior to first-time program execution, a local reference database must be constructed and populated with metadata about each Genbank nr sequence, according to the schema shown in Additional file 1. This process is accomplished by an automated script, which extracts descriptive annotation and name of the source species associated with each Genbank fasta format sequence, then inserts the information into a relational database table. This table is linked to local copies of the NCBI taxonomy database names and nodes tables, and to a colon-delimited lineage string for each species, similar to those displayed on the NCBI Taxonomy Browser website [15]. The DarkHorse software obtains lineages by joining the taxonomy names and nodes tables and recursively traversing parent nodes for each species until reaching the root of the taxonomy tree (tax_id = 1).
Additional file 1. Database schema for DarkHorse program execution (IDEF1X format entity relationship diagram).
Format: PDF Size: 52KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Once the initial database tables have been loaded, program execution proceeds as described previously [11]. All predicted proteins in a query genome are first subjected to a non-stringent BLAST search against the Genbank nr database to identify potential protein orthologs. Search results are filtered to remove self-matches, then a set of one or more candidate orthologs is selected for each query based on a bitscore window, uniquely sized for each protein.
Ortholog candidate window sizes are calculated by combining the highest non-self bitscore for each individual query with a genome-wide heuristic called a filter threshold value. Filter threshold values, which typically range from 2% to 20%, are empirically selected for each genome based on abundance of phylogenetically related sequences in the Genbank nr database. Sparsely represented genomes receive lower threshold filter values, resulting in narrower windows, while abundantly represented genomes receive higher threshold values, corresponding to wider windows.
In practice, the lower limit of the bitscore window for each query is defined by first multiplying the highest non-self bitscore for that query by the filter threshold value, then subtracting this product from the top bitscore. As an example, the window for a query protein with a top bitscore of 1000 from a genome with threshold value of 10% would select all matches with bitscores between 900 and 1000 as candidate orthologs. Another, shorter protein from the same genome, with a top bitscore of only 500, would use a selection window of bitscores between 450 and 500. However, if these two query sequences came from a different, more poorly represented species, with a threshold filter value of 5%, the window sizes would have been 950–1000 and 475–500 respectively. Window size adjustments using this procedure have been shown to improve DarkHorse algorithm performance by removing both false positive and false negative ortholog candidates from consideration [11].
A unique feature of the DarkHorse algorithm is the calculation of a lineage probability index (LPI) score to identify the most phylogenetically likely match from each set of ortholog candidates. LPI scores reflect phylogenetic distance of the database match sequence from the query organism. Matches from organisms at similar phylogenetic distances receive similar LPI scores, regardless of the database abundance of their parent species.
LPI scores are calculated as described previously [11]. Lineages associated with ortholog candidates are first split into individual component "terms", remembering the relative position of each term. An overall frequency is calculated for each individual term relative to the entire query genome. The lineage terms associated with each ortholog candidate are then recombined to calculate a weighted composite score for the candidate. This score is based on the sum of component terms, with higher weight given to more general terms (appearing closer to the left end of the original lineage string, at a higher taxonomic level). Weighted composite scores are normalized to account for differences in number of terms per lineage. For each query protein, the ortholog candidate with the highest composite LPI score is chosen as the "best" match. Finally, all LPI scores for proteins within a genome are divided by the highest score obtained for that genome, so that final scores are all normalized to values between zero and one.
Raw output from the DarkHorse program is formatted as a tab-delimited text file, which includes not only LPI scores for each query sequence, but also information on the abundance of protein relatives in the database (candidate set size), BLAST alignment quality statistics, descriptive annotation, and phylogenetic lineage of the "best" match sequence, representing the closest database relative of potential donor organisms.
Data generation procedures
The DarkHorse program was applied to 955 bacterial and archaeal genomes, and used to populate additional relational database tables according to the schema shown in Additional file 2. Genomes analyzed included both finished sequences, downloaded from NCBI Genbank [16], and draft sequences downloaded from the JGI Integrated Microbial Genomes website [17], and the JCVI Moore Marine Microbial Sequencing Project website [18]. For each genome, an initial, low stringency BLAST search was performed for all predicted protein sequences against Genbank nr, saving as many as 500 alignments per query protein. Each saved alignment was required to cover at least 70% of both query and subject sequences, with an e-value of 1e-5 or lower. Out of 3,175,949 predicted proteins in 955 genomes, 2,809,612 had non-self BLAST matches meeting these minimum requirements. Some of the remaining 366,337 unmatched sequences may reflect inaccurate bioinformatic prediction of coding sequence boundaries, but many represent bona fide novel proteins.
Additional file 2. Database schema for the DarkHorse web-interface search engine (IDEF1X format entity relationship diagram).
Format: PDF Size: 59KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Self-exclusion keywords were selected for each genome using the NCBI taxonomy database tables to identify names and taxonomy id numbers associated with that genome at the genus, species, and strain level. Organism-specific keywords were supplemented with a standardized set of control terms, designed to exclude cloning vectors, synthetic sequences, and phylogenetically unclassified sequences.
DarkHorse searches were performed using three different sets of self-exclusion keywords for each genome, corresponding to the different phylogenetic granularity settings named "strain", "species", and "genus". Taking Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054 as an example, strain level granularity would permit matches to organisms like Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184 and Burkholderia cenocepacia MC0-3, but exclude matches to all database entries labeled as belonging to strain AU1054. Species level granularity would exclude matches to all strains of Burkholderia cenocepacia, but still allow matches to organisms such as Burkholderia dolosa and Burkholderia xenovorans. Genus level granularity would only allow matches to proteins from organisms that were not members of genus Burkholderia. A supplemental set of searches was performed for each genome at each phylogenetic granularity excluding sequences isolated from phage or viral genomes, to provide additional information.
Filter threshold values were chosen empirically for each genome as previously described [11], to compensate for phylogenetic bias in the Genbank nr database. This determination is based on the number of ortholog candidates found for the most highly conserved query protein (maximum candidate set size) in each genome/phylogenetic granularity combination. The most highly conserved query proteins represent a worst-case scenario for possible misidentification of phylogenetic relatives, as multiple database matches to unrelated organisms create statistical noise that can mask the true best match. As filter threshold size increases and wider BLAST score windows are used, sudden increases in candidate set size have been found to correlate with large increases in this statistical noise, [11]. From a practical standpoint, finding the inflection point in plots of maximum candidate set size versus filter threshold value provides a simple way to minimize this noise, which can be easily scaled up to accommodate a pipeline of hundreds or thousands of genomes.
For the current database, threshold values were selected by first running the DarkHorse program at six different preset filter threshold levels (0, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%). Maximum candidate set size was plotted against each preset filter threshold value to identify the point immediately below the steepest increase in the slope of the curve, as illustrated in Figure 1a–c. This point was selected as the global threshold value used in bitscore window calculations for that genome/keyword combination. Figure 2 shows the distribution of filter threshold values chosen for all 955 microbial genomes at genus level phylogenetic granularity. These values vary according to the number of database relatives available for a particular genome. Filter threshold values generally fall around 10% for the majority of microbial genomes (e.g. Salinispora tropica, shown in Figure 1a), but can be as high as 20% for highly represented groups (e.g. Escherichia coli HS, shown in Figure 1b) or as low as 2% for poorly represented groups (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi, shown in Figure 1c).
Figure 1. Threshold filter determination patterns at genus level granularity for organisms whose phylogenetic relatives are represented at different abundances in Genbank nr. The circled point in each panel was chosen as the DarkHorse threshold filter value, a heuristic for calculating bitscore window sizes in that genome. Panel A, typical phylogenetic representation example, Salinispora tropica. Panel B, high representation example, Escherichia coli HS. Panel C, low representation example, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Figure 2. DarkHorse filter threshold values selected for 955 microbial genomes, using strain-level keywords to remove self-matches.
Web search interface
A user-friendly web interface allows users to access both the DarkHorse HGT Candidate relational database, and the underlying raw data for individual genomes. The interface provides simple selection tools for individual organisms or groups of organisms, as well as continuously variable LPI score range maxima and minima (Figure 3). Phylogenetic granularity can be adjusted to target recent or more ancient HGT events, and to include or exclude matches to phage genomes.
Figure 3. Screen capture of web user interface for simple search.
Advanced search features include selection of entire taxonomic groups by lineage, as well as searches for individual proteins by annotation keywords or sequence similarity to user-selected reference proteins by amino acid BLAST query. Users can also target proteins having unusual DNA compositions, based on percent G+C for their underlying coding sequences.
Web search results include both filtered results, combining all genomes selected, plus separate data for each individual genome (Figure 4). Filtered results can be viewed online as an html file, or downloaded in tab-delimited format for import into a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel. For each individual genome, two different types of information are available, a genome summary page and a tab-delimited file of raw, unfiltered DarkHorse results. Genome summary pages, in html format, include a histogram of genome-wide LPI scores, a scrollable list showing numbers of matched proteins tallied by species, and statistics on total number of matched versus unmatched proteins (Figure 5). The summary page also includes phylogenetic lineage of the genome, as defined in the NCBI taxonomy database, and search-specific keywords and/or NCBI taxonomy ID numbers used by the DarkHorse program to eliminate self-matches to the query genome.
Figure 4. Screen capture of web search results page.
Figure 5. Screen capture of genome summary page.
The Web search engine can be used to select phylogenetically atypical proteins, which are the most likely potential candidates for horizontal gene transfer, by selecting only those matches with particularly low LPI scores. Conversely, to find proteins that would be phylogenetically unlikely as horizontal transfer candidates, a higher LPI score range can be selected. As a guide to LPI score selection, composite LPI score frequencies for all 955 microbial genomes are shown in Figure 6, using a strain level granularity setting. Proteins with LPI scores below 0.6 typically have no database matches closer than the phylum or class level, indicating strong phylogenetic discordance. LPI scores greater than 0.75 indicate that database matches can be found in the same phylogenetic family, suggesting horizontal gene transfer is unlikely to be detectable by phylogenetic methods. Proteins with intermediate level scores are typically borderline cases, which may be difficult to interpret on the basis of phylogenetic evidence alone.
Figure 6. LPI score frequency distribution for 955 Bacterial and Archaeal genomes, binned in 0.05 score increments, using strain level self-exclusion terms. Classification categories (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) indicate approximate distance of matches from the original query genome characteristic of each LPI score region. Exact classification distances may vary for microbial species containing either more or fewer taxonomic terms in their lineages.
One unique and powerful feature of the DarkHorse HGT Candidate database is the opportunity to explore the phylogenetic background of potential HGT donors as well as recipients. The breadth of the database allows not only query sequences, but also their database match partners to be evaluated for sequence similarity or novelty compared to taxonomically related organisms. Although the DarkHorse HGT Candidate database includes LPI calculations only for genes belonging to publicly available, sequenced genomes, it currently includes 747,660 entries where LPI scores are available for both query and match partner. This LPI score relationship is useful in predicting whether or not sufficient data will be available to build a full-scale phylogenetic tree supporting horizontal gene transfer.
A low LPI score for the match partner (potential donor) means there may be an insufficient number of phylogenetically related sequences in the database to draw any solid conclusions as to whether or not HGT has actually occurred. Selecting only those matches with reciprocal LPI relationships (low LPI query coupled with high LPI match partner) will lower sensitivity, but can be used to increase stringency, eliminating HGT candidates that cannot be easily corroborated using phylogenetic trees.
Based on the LPI score distributions shown in Figure 6, a combination of query LPI score less than 0.6 with a match partner (potential donor) LPI score greater than 0.75 is a reasonable starting place to identify well-supported HGT candidates. However, optimal cutoff points may vary for individual genomes, depending on branch lengths of the phylogenetic trees underlying their lineage descriptions, as well as phylogenetic distance between available sequenced genomes. The DarkHorse HGT Candidate web server therefore allows users to fine-tune LPI search parameters according to their individual research needs, for both query and potential donor sequences.
HGT events of different ages can be targeted by choosing different levels of phylogenetic granularity. Strain level, the narrowest granularity choice, is most useful for studying relatively recent HGT events, because it can identify proteins unique to a particular strain but absent from related strains. Species and genus settings recognize proteins that are phylogenetically atypical over a broader taxonomic range, making them suitable for exploring more ancient events.
HGT timescales can be investigated for a particular protein of interest by comparing its LPI scores at several different phylogenetic granularities, trying to find a point where the score changes from high to low. However, predicting the age of HGT events requires some caution, because phylogenetically atypical proteins (having low LPI scores) could occur for two different reasons: either gene gain by the query organism, or gene loss from its closest known relatives. In cases where the query organism is the only sequenced example at a particular taxonomic level, whether strain, species, or genus, it may not be possible determine age of gene acquisition until more data on related organisms becomes available.
Proteins as well as genomes vary widely in their relative rates of sequence variability, making automated identification of true orthologs difficult. For this reason, detailed BLAST match statistics are provided, so that users can evaluate the likelihood of true orthology in more detail for individual HGT candidates. Statistics provided include alignment length, percent identity, e-value, and bitscore, as well as percent of the query protein covered by the alignment. Search output also includes the number of non-self database matches falling within the bitscore window for each query. A high number of database matches is characteristic of conserved proteins that are well represented in database. Unusual or rapidly evolving proteins will have fewer database matches.
DNA composition statistics, including percent G+C, are sometimes used as a simple marker of foreign DNA within a genome, although there may be a wide disparity between individual genes due to other factors. Users may wish to use this information as a complement to the phylogenetic evidence provided by DarkHorse. The website search engine provides the option to display DNA composition statistics if desired. These statistics include percent G+C for each individual protein coding sequence, as well as mean and standard deviation for percent G+C of all coding sequence regions in the parent genome. Alternatively, proteins with unusual G+C content in their coding sequence DNA can be selected as part of the search process, either by z-score statistics, or by absolute percent G+C. As an example, a z-score minimum of 1.0 would select only queries whose G+C content was either higher or lower than the mean for all coding sequences in the genome by 1.0 standard deviations.
One type of horizontal gene transfer frequently described in the literature involves groups of adjacent genes called pathogenicity islands [19,20]. To explore whether horizontal transfer candidates within a genome are adjacent or distant from each other, or located on the same chromosome, scaffold, or plasmid, the DarkHorse HGT Candidate web search engine provides the option of displaying coding sequence location coordinates. This option also includes nucleic acid scaffold id numbers and coding sequence locus ids, to facilitate cross-referencing between protein and nucleic acid sequences.
Utility and discussion
Comparison to existing databases
None of the large, major microbial genome servers, including NCBI Microbial Genomes [21], JGI Integrated Microbial Genomes [17], JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource [22], or the Microbial Genome Database for Comparative Analysis [23] currently provide any information on horizontal gene transfer. Several smaller, specialty databases have attempted to fill this unmet need, as summarized in Table 1. The HGT-DB uses DNA composition anomalies in percent G+C, codon usage, and amino acid content to identify potential HGT candidates for further analysis by phylogenetic methods. The HGT_SVM database contains lists of genomic proteins with unusual DNA composition identified using a support vector machine algorithm, but provides only raw text files, with no search engine or user selectable options. The EMU database identifies lineage-specific and species-specific ORFs, as well as ORFs shared between specific sets of taxonomically related genomes. Predictions of horizontal gene transfer are made using a phylogenetic method called Triplet-Controlled Four-Taxon Tree Analysis. Results obtained using this method are rigorously supported by phylogenetic trees, but each user query must be made for one genome at a time, at one level of phylogenetic granularity, and may take several hours to complete. At the time of this writing, the EMU database was in the process of undergoing a server migration, so many services were unavailable.
Table 1. Currently available HGT databases
The DarkHorse HGT Candidate Resource differs from these other databases in its size, speed, algorithm used to identify HGT candidates, and approach to addressing user queries. Since the DarkHorse algorithm works equally well with both draft and finished genome sequences, both types have been incorporated into the database, increasing its size and ability to perform broad, comprehensive studies that would be impossible using other tools. Despite the large database size, extensive pre-computation and efficient relational database design allows most user queries to be completed within seconds to minutes. It is intended that the DarkHorse HGT Candidate resource will be updated annually to include newly available genome sequences.
Broad statistical comparisons of horizontal gene transfer are needed across a wide diversity of genomes to understand many biological issues that cannot be addressed by other means. One fundamental unanswered question is how levels of horizontally acquired genes vary among organisms, and why? Model organisms with particularly high or low rates of HGT are needed to identify internal, genome-specific factors, as well as external, environmental factors that control the extent to which HGT occurs. These questions are of interest not only within an individual organism or taxonomic group, but also within particular environments, to understand how HGT has contributed historically to species diversification and adaptation, and predict how it may influence events in the future.
In addition to descriptive and mechanistic questions about frequency and control of HGT, it is important to understand which protein functions and families are most often transferred between unrelated organisms. The gene functions most frequently retained after horizontal transfer are likely to provide a significant selective advantage to their recipients. Antibiotic resistance is a well known example of this type, but the scope of our knowledge in this area is still very limited. The enormous and rapidly growing reservoir of sequenced microbial genomes could provide tremendous power answer these types of questions, but has not yet been effectively utilized. A comprehensive, user searchable database like the DarkHorse HGT Candidate Resource should prove an essential tool for leveraging this invaluable asset.
Availability and requirements
The resource described here is available at http://darkhorse.ucsd.edu webcite. It is provided to academic researchers for educational, research and non-profit purposes, with no restrictions except for the demand to quote the site and reference this publication.
Those desiring to incorporate the DarkHorse algorithm, software, associated HGT candidate database, or information downloaded from the database into commercial products, or to use any of these materials for commercial purposes, should contact Technology Transfer & Intellectual Property Services, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0910, La Jolla, CA 92093-0910, Ph: (858) 534-5815, E-MAIL: .firstname.lastname@example.com.
Authors' contributions
S.P. conceived the idea for the database and wrote the manuscript and all computer code. T.G. contributed to software architecture design and provided computational resources for high throughput data management. E.A. contributed to the design, scope, and content of the user interface. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, through a grant to CAMERA (Community Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Marine Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis).
Ochman H, Lerat E, Daubin V: Examining bacterial species under the specter of gene transfer and exchange.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102(Suppl 1):6595-6599. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Zaneveld JR, Nemergut DR, Knight R: Are all horizontal gene transfers created equal? Prospects for mechanism-based studies of HGT patterns.
Microbiology 2008, 154(Pt 1):1-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ragan MA: On surrogate methods for detecting lateral gene transfer.
FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001, 201(2):187-191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ragan MA, Harlow TJ, Beiko RG: Do different surrogate methods detect lateral genetic transfer events of different relative ages?
Trends Microbiol 2006, 14(1):4-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Frickey T, Lupas AN: PhyloGenie: automated phylome generation and analysis.
Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32(17):5231-5238. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Sicheritz-Ponten T, Andersson SG: A phylogenomic approach to microbial evolution.
Nucleic Acids Res 2001, 29(2):545-552. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Huang J, Mullapudi N, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Kissinger JC: A first glimpse into the pattern and scale of gene transfer in Apicomplexa.
Int J Parasitol 2004, 34(3):265-274. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Koski LB, Morton RA, Golding GB: Codon bias and base composition are poor indicators of horizontally transferred genes.
Mol Biol Evol 2001, 18(3):404-412. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wang B: Limitations of compositional approach to identifying horizontally transferred genes.
J Mol Evol 2001, 53(3):244-250. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Gophna U, Charlebois RL, Doolittle WF: Ancient lateral gene transfer in the evolution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.
Trends Microbiol 2006, 14(2):64-69. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Podell S, Gaasterland T: DarkHorse: a method for genome-wide prediction of horizontal gene transfer.
Genome Biol 2007, 8(2):R16. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
NCBI Genbank nr protein sequence database [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/db/] webcite
NCBI taxonomy database [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy] webcite
MySQL database home page [http://www.mysql.com/] webcite
NCBI Taxonomy Browser [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/] webcite
NCBI Genbank genomes [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/genomes/] webcite
DOE Joint Genome Institute Integrated Microbial Genomes [http://img.jgi.doe.gov/] webcite
J. Craig Venter Institute, Moore marine Microbial Sequencing Project [https://research.venterinstitute.org/moore/] webcite
Gal-Mor O, Finlay BB: Pathogenicity islands: a molecular toolbox for bacterial virulence.
Cell Microbiol 2006, 8(11):1707-1719. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sriramulu DD: Adaptive expression of foreign genes in the clonal variants of bacteria: From proteomics to clinical application.
Proteomics 2008, 8(4):882-892. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
NCBI microbial genomes [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/lproks.cgi] webcite
JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource [http://cmr.jcvi.org/] webcite
Microbial Genome Database for Comparative Analysis [http://mbgd.genome.ad.jp/] webcite
Garcia-Vallve S, Guzman E, Montero MA, Romeu A: HGT-DB: a database of putative horizontally transferred genes in prokaryotic complete genomes.
Nucleic Acids Res 2003, 31(1):187-189. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Tsirigos A, Rigoutsos I: A new computational method for the detection of horizontal gene transfer events.
Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33(3):922-933. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Charlebois RL, Clarke GD, Beiko RG, St Jean A: Characterization of species-specific genes using a flexible, web-based querying system.
FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003, 225(2):213-220. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text


text:
PHOTOS: View photos of nesting birds, bikinis, and action on the fishing pier in Navarre >>
- Home
- Local
- Business
- Opinion
- Sports
- Entertainment
- Military
- Obituaries
- Classified
- Real Estate
- Autos
- Jobs
PHOTOS: Beach photos from Navarre Beach
By NICK TOMECEK | Daily News
Published: Thursday, July 31, 2014 at 05:47 PM.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
PHOTOS: Beach photos from Navarre Beach By NICK TOMECEK | Daily Newshttp://www.nwfdailynews.com July 31, 2014 17:47

subset: commoncrawl


text:
WTF,, I don't think anyone here has given you any grief at all, someone makes comments about leaving guns original to preserve history and you go getting all defensive on us Amsdorf.
I've got 2 match Garand's both in original trim as issued and matching numbered,,, one still unopened in the original Camp Perry wood crate as shipped from the factory, lead seals intact and all,,,and one identical that I competed with for many years with. I would no more think of redoing no matter badly worn the one I competed with may be . After all how many all 100% original one's are left out there? Mine stands a chance of becoming a measum piece, yours won't
Hell ya, if it's one that had been re-done before and is all mis-matched to start, as many are ,,no biggie.
Just don't be a ass bag cause someone here has there own ideas on restoring one. Some of us defended this country with them and have our own ideas about butchering history, sorry but just my 2 cents.


text:
In the last post, I wrote a short fictional dialogue, where two colleagues, Edwin and Friedrich, discussed possible scenarios for the future of the universe. 753 more words
Tags » Universe Expansion
The End and the Life
Expanding universe, eternal return? Here it is my (short) fictional take on these speculative dreams.


text:
COLUMBIA, Mo. In the pioneering days of the juvenile corrections system, social workers often served as the primary probation officers who rehabilitated young offenders. As the field of corrections became dominated by law enforcement officers, the role of social workers was marginalized. A University of Missouri expert on juvenile justice and child welfare says social workers should return to the juvenile corrections system and reclaim their role as rehabilitators. Less than 2 percent of trained social workers are employed in the corrections system, according to the National Association of Social Workers.
Clark Peters, an assistant professor in the MU School of Social Work and a policy research scholar at the Institute of Public Policy in the Truman School of Public Affairs, says social workers' specialized qualifications as counselors and facilitators better prepare them than law enforcement personnel to address youth offenders' psychological and social needs. Compared to those trained in criminal justice, social workers are more likely to advocate for offenders' access to needed services, such as mental health or substance abuse counseling, education or vocational training, or increased support from their family and friends, Peters said.
"Social work and criminal justice have core differences in perspectives," Peters said. "While law enforcement officers often bring a punitive, authoritative outlook that invites failure, social workers have a more therapeutic, holistic focus. Social workers are trained to identify and prevent potential failures, and they can manage issues as they arise."
Current statistics point to decreasing crime rates in the U.S, but incarceration costs continue to rise. To combat the increasing incarceration costs, many states now are supporting community-based probation programs. These programs provide comprehensive approaches that help prevent and reduce juvenile delinquency and increase public safety, Pe
|Contact: Jesslyn Tenhouse
University of Missouri-Columbia


text:
Working fine - I'm satisfied
Reviewed By Bill B (Osprey, FL) Reviewed for a 2014 Ford Edge —7/9/2014 6:59 AM
The cover is doing the job as intended. I have a good-sized pooch and was afraid of her claws puncturing the leather seats. The cover is think enough to prevent that.


text:
Donating to the World Land Trust
Contact us
Office hours:
Important information
Delivery details
To ensure that you receive the Gift Pack by Mother's Day, Sunday 3rd April, please note these delivery details:
- Last donation date: Thursday 31st March for ordinary posting to a UK mainland address.
- Whether you choose a printed and posted Gift Packs or an electronic PDF Certificate, it will be prepared for you personally and will be sent within 5 working days.
- If you choose to have the Mother's Day Gift Pack delivered directly to the gift recipient, we will send the Gift Pack by first class just before Mother's Day to get the timing as accurate as possible.
Terms and Conditions
- Mother's Day Gift Donations will be used to purchase and protect threatened habitat in Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico. Your donation will be used for one of these urgent projects.
- As a charity World Land Trust cannot refund any donation other than payments taken in error. For more information, see our full Terms & Conditions.
Buy an Acre (Mexico) Appeal
The money that is given to the World Land Trust, in my estimation, has more effect on the wild world than almost anything I can think of


text:
115 Fairview Street
Decatur, Georgia, 30030
Commute to Downtown Decatur
Almost all errands require a car.
Score Details
115 Fairview Street has a Walk Score of 23 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so almost all errands require a car.
115 Fairview Street is a 11 minute walk from the BLUE BLUE-East/West Line at the AVONDALE STATION stop.
This location is in Decatur. Nearby parks include Glenlake Park, Glenlake Park and Scott Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 115 Fairview Street.
Rail lines:
BLUE BLUE-East/West Line
0.4 mi
Bus lines:
125 Clarkston/Northlake
0.3 mi
75 Tucker
0.3 mi
120 E. Ponce de Leon Ave/Tucker
0.4 mi
36 North Decatur Rd/Virginia Highland
0.4 mi
114 Columbia Drive
0.5 mi
8 North Druid Hills Rd.
0.5 mi
Car shares:
View all Decatur apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and furnished.
Find a Decatur real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
This location is in the city of Decatur, GA. Decatur has an average Walk Score of 54 and has 19,335 residents.


text:
Verizon has finally started rolling out the much-awaited Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) update for the Droid 4 smartphone in the US.Read More
Verizon finally started rolling out the Android 4.0 ICS update for Droid 4 owners. The latest update enables global roaming and brings new features such as face unlock, customizable launch bar, direct access lock screen and more.Read More
Verizon Wireless will soon roll out a new software update for this device. The latest update brings improvements to Wi-Fi connectivity, improved text message delivery, improved battery life and so on.Read More
Verizon Wireless and Motorola recently announced the much awaited Motorola Droid 4 smartphone at the CES 2012 in Las Vegas. It is the thinnest and the most powerful 4G LTE QWERTY smartphone.Read More


text:
FRA investigators & hazmat inspectors are on site. Once it is safe, FRA will begin a thorough investigation into the cause.
Overnight, a CSX tank car derailed near Maryville, Tenn. First responders are on scene, & residents in 2-mile radius have been evacuated.
FRA teams up with tech industry to increase awareness of rail crossings highway-rail grade crossings. WATCH: https://t.co/TjluW6Uxta
"We have some really good data on these crossings but we have to put the data where people are using it" READ MORE: http://t.co/V0nyAWJjAQ
Google to Alert Drivers to Railroad Crossings | NBC 6 South Florida http://t.co/jc1rllo8Do
270 preventable fatalities at rail crossings spurs partnership between railroad regulator and google. http://t.co/GzDS5vOS7d
Seven years after Congress set the deadline, most U.S. railroads say they do not expect to meet PTC implementation. http://t.co/cuRPraSdWh
PTC-best safety improvement in a century. Feinberg, "I can't extend the deadline, and I won't extend the deadline."- http://t.co/yMzMHWQgSc
"The law is the law…I can't extend the deadline. And I won't," said Sarah Feinberg http://t.co/fjsxl4TxVw
U.S. to fine railroads that fail to implement #PTC safety system - http://t.co/RO5OyvWv8q
FRA is actively hiring across a broad spectrum of skills and professions.
An introduction to the NEC Future program.


text:
Bernard Jenkin MP: The EU crisis. An opportunity for a fundamental renegotiation – or should we just start the No campaign now?
The Prime Minister always makes a statement to Commons after an European Union summit. The UK position in the EU is at a critical point. This deserves some comment – even though today we will be preoccupied with the aftermath of the atrocities in Tunisia and France, and with what to do about ISIS.
'Energy Union' high on European agenda
Tuesday, 30 June 2015 18:40
"Energy Union" is the new buzzword in the energy departments of Brussels and columns of the trade press. Business Review takes a deeper look at the motivation behind and details of the new strategy.
The result of David Cameron's EU referendum is far from decided
Tuesday, 30 June 2015 18:16
The political pot is not yet simmering, but it will surely come to the boil over the next couple of years, perhaps with results surprising us all
The Worst Is Yet to Come: Greece and Europe's Economic Woes Aren't Over
Monday, 29 June 2015 15:12
Right now it looks as though Greece will default. Even if it does, Athens could still cut a deal later. Either way, it will remain unclear for a while whether the country stays in the common currency. In some respects, this situation is entirely manageable. That fact has fostered a dangerous complacency, for in other respects, this situation carries considerable risk for the eurozone, for European finance generally and for global finance.
Vanguard chief warns EU more at risk than UK from Brexit
Monday, 29 June 2015 14:50
The EU has more to fear than the UK does from Brexit, according to the leader of one of the world's largest asset managers.
David Cameron facing both ways, but his aims on EU are clearer
Monday, 29 June 2015 09:04
Leaked diplomatic note reveals British prime minister's strategy for keeping UK in the EU
Greece doesn't really need the EU
Tuesday, 30 June 2015 18:27
BARCELONA, Spain — Leaders of the campaign to take Britain out of the European Union point to Norway or Switzerland as examples of how countries can thrive outside the EU's embrace.
Greek politicians who may be on an inexorable slide toward an EU exit have been less vocal about their models for a post-EU future.
Monday, 29 June 2015 15:37
As Greece prepares for a monumental decision, there is only one certainty: the European Ideal has been irrevocably damaged
Boris says NO! Mayor of London to call for British exit from EU as he plays 'hardball'
Monday, 29 June 2015 15:01
BORIS JOHNSON will risk a Tory party split by calling for Britain to leave the European Union in the upcoming referendum, it has emerged.
European confederacy slowly dies
Monday, 29 June 2015 13:31
As Moscow rises, the vision of the United States of Europe has all but vanished
Europeans blame Greece for EU's troubles, but problems go much deeper
Queen Elizabeth II urges unity and warns of a house divided
Bad news for the Yes side: The EU matters far less for UK exports
Monday, 29 June 2015 08:46
The Europhiles are lucky that the debate is happening today. In 20 years' time their argument will look absurdly weak
- - -
EU launches antitrust investigation into Amazon over e-books
- - -
UK Budget busted by EU Cranks
- - -
Crumbling EU recovery threatens UK growth: Figures show that Britain's economy grew at its slowest pace in a year
- - -
European Commission adopts 'Partnership Agreement' with Romania on using EU Structural and Investment Funds for growth and jobs in 2014-2020
- - -
EuroCon episode 3
- - -
EuroCon episode 2
- - -
EuroCon episode 1
- - -


text:
Localization of the Carnation Italian ringspot virus replication protein p36 to the mitochondrial outer membrane is mediated by an internal targeting signal and the TOM complex
- Equal contributors
1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
2 JD Irving, Limited, Woodlands Division, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3C 2G6, Canada
BMC Cell Biology 2008, 9:54 doi:10.1186/1471-2121-9-54Published: 23 September 2008
Additional files
Additional file 1:
Localization of p36 expressed alone or together with the p95 replication protein in BY-2 cells and electron microscopic analysis of Chenopodium quinoa meosphyll cells transformed with CIRV. (A) Tobacco BY-2 cells were transformed transiently (via biolistic bombardment) with p36 either alone, together with the other CIRV replication protein p95 (Rep), or in the context of full-length infectious CIRV (CIRV cDNA). Cells were then processed for immunofluorescence CLSM with expressed p36 and p95 being immunodetected using primary antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide that corresponds to an amino acid sequence in both p36 and p95 [25]. As mentioned in the 'Introduction', p95 is produced by the translational read-through of the p36 amber stop codon [7]. Hatched boxes represent the portion of the cells shown at higher magnification in the panels to the right. The yellow/orange color in the merge images indicate co-localization of expressed p36 (and p95) and the endogenous outer mitochondrial membrane protein porin; arrowheads also indicate obvious co-localizations. Bar = 10 μm. (B) Individual C. quinoa leaves rub-inoculated with an infectious CIRV cDNA (see 'Methods and Materials' for details) or mock rub-inoculated at 7 days post inoculation. Arrowheads indicate examples of necrotic lesions on the surface of the CIRV-infected leaf; necrotic lesions were not observed on leaves of mock rub-inoculated plants. Bar = 2 cm. (C) Representative transmission electron micrographs of a mitochondria-derived MVB and wild-type mitochondrion in mesophyll cells of C. quinoa leaves rub-inoculated with the infectious cDNA of CIRV and mock rub-inoculated, respectively. Arrowheads denote examples of distinct vesicle/spherule-like structures located in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria-derived MVB that are proposed to be derived by invaginations of the outer mitochondrial membrane and serve as the sites for CIRV RNA replication [13,4]. Note also that the cristae are significantly altered (and less in number) in the mitochondria-derived MVB of the CIRV-transformed cell; compare with morphology of the cristae in the mitochondria of the mock-transformed cell. CW, cell wall; Cyt, cytosol; Mito, mitochondria; mMVB, mitochondria-derived multivesicular body; Vac, vacuole. Bars = 0.5 μm.
Format: TIFF Size: 13.3MB Download file
Additional file 2:
Localization of p36-CAT and topological orientation of p36 90-190-CAT in BY-2 cells. (A) Tobacco BY-2 cells were transformed transiently (via biolistic bombardment) with p36 90-190-CAT (consisting of the p36 amino acid residues 90–190 fused to the N-terminus of CAT) and then processed for immunofluorescence CLSM using primary antibodies raised against CAT. Hatched boxes represent the portion of the cells shown at higher magnification in the panels to the right. The merged image shows that the torus fluorescent structures containing p36 90-190-CAT delineate the spherical structures attributable to mitochondrial matrix-localized E1β. Arrowheads indicate obvious examples of a toroidal enclosure of a sphere. Bar = 10 μm. (B) BY-2 cells were transformed transiently (via biolistic bombardment) with p36 90-190-CAT, fixed, and then permeabilized with either triton X-100 (which permeabilizes both the plasma membrane and organellar membranes) or digitonin (which permeabilizes only the plasma membrane). Permeabilized cells were then processed for (immuno)epifluorescence microscopy using antibodies raised against (as indicated by the labelling at the top left of each micrograph) either cytosolic α-tubulin, mitochondrial matrix E1β, or CAT (in p36 90-190-CAT). Note that, similar to endogenous cytosolic α-tubulin, p36 90-190-CAT, but not endogenous mitochondrial matrix E1β, were immunodetected in both triton X-100- and digititon-permeabilized cells, indicating that the C-terminal-appended CAT moiety was exposed to the cytosol. Although the relative position of the N terminus of p36 90-190-CAT was not directly tested in these differential permeabilization experiments, this fusion protein, similar to full-length p36 (refer to Figure 2), is likely orientated in an Nout-Cout topology. This is because the cytosolic-facing C terminus of p36 90-190-CAT, together with an even number (two) of predicted TMDs, suggests that its N terminus is also exposed to the cytosol. Differential interference contrast (DIC) images correspond to the same cells shown to the left. Bar = 10 μm.
Format: TIFF Size: 9.1MB Download file
Additional file 3:
Localization and topology of nVenus and cVenus fusion proteins used in BiFC assays. (A) Tobacco BY-2 cells were transformed transiently (via biolistic bombardment) with selected individual nVenus (and myc-tagged) or cVenus (and HA-tagged) fusion proteins as shown in Figures 7A and 7B (refer to Methods 'Construction of plasmids: Plasmids used for BiFC' for details on the cloning of individual Venus half and epitope-tagged fusion proteins). With the exception of cell transformed with p33-cVenus, all cells were also co-transformed with βATPase-GFP, consisting of the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting presequence (residues 1–60) of the βATPase fused to the N terminus of GFP, and serving as a well-established mitochondrial marker protein [66,67], and thus confirming their mitochondrial localization. Cells transformed with p33-cVenus were co-transformed with RFP-MFP, consisting of the RFP fused to the N-terminal end of peroxisomal matrix marker protein MFP serving as a peroxisomal matrix marker protein [90,99]. At ~16 h post-bombardment, all cells were then processed for (immuno)epifluorescence microscopy using anti-myc or anti-HA antibodies. Each micrograph is labelled at the top left with the name of the transiently co-expressed fusion protein. Differential interference contrast (DIC) images correspond to the same cells shown to the left. Note that with the exception of peroxisomal-localized p33-cVenus, all individual nVenus and cVenus fusion proteins sorted to mitochondria as evidenced by their co-localization with βATPase-GFP. p33-cVenus, on the other hand, colocalized with RFP-MFP, as expected for this peroxisomal-localized viral protein [25]. Bar = 10 μm. (B) BY-2 cells were transformed with various individual nVenus (and myc-tagged) or cVenus (and HA-tagged) fusion proteins as in (A); however, cells were incubated with digitonin (rather than triton X-100 as in [A]) which permeabilizes only the plasma membrane and not organellar membranes [26]. Permeabilized cells were then processed for immuno(epi)fluorescence microscopy using anti-myc, anti-HA, anti-E1β, anti-βATPase and/or anti-α-tubulin antibodies. Each micrograph is labelled at the top left with the name of the transiently-expressed fusion protein or endogenous E1β, βATPase or α-tubulin. Note that the presence or absence of an immunofluorescence signal attributable to an expressed fusion protein indicates whether or not the protein's appended myc- or HA-epitope tag (immediately adjacent to nVenus or cVenus, respectively) is exposed to the cytosol or not; compare to the absence or presence of an immunofluorescence signal attributable to mitochondrial matrix-localized E1β or cytosolic α-tubulin in the same cells. Note also that the relative position of the myc- or HA-epitope tag (and the immediately adjacent nVenus or cVenus fragment, respectively) for selected fusion proteins localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane are shown in Figure 7B (indicated with asterisks). DIC images correspond to the same cells shown to the left. Bar = 10 μm.
Format: TIFF Size: 4.3MB Download file
Additional file 4:
List of synthetic oligonucleotide primers used in the construction of plasmids.
Format: PDF Size: 68KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader


text:
Featured articles
Car Seats Buying Guide
Advice on choosing and fitting a car seat for safety and comfort
Sorry, we only have of these items available. We have reduced your order quantity to
Sorry, we have limited this item to per customer.
Sorry, we have limited this item to per customer. We have added to your basket.
Please enter a number for the value
Sorry, you can purchase one of these items per product
The Maxi-Cosi Pearl car seat features a stylish black fabric finish. But look beyond its modern looks and you'll discover a collection of impressive and vital safety features.
This Group 1 car seat is suitable for babies from 9-18kg (approximately 9 months to 4 years), and must be fitted in the car with the FamilyFix Isofix base (sold separately) as there is no seatbelt option. It features optimum side impact protection, 5 comfortable recline positions from sitting to sleeping, which are easily adjustable from the front of the seat, adjustable harness and head support which can be moved in harmony with each other, and an innovative stay-open harness that lets you place and secure your child quickly and easily. The headrest and harness belts are also easily adjustable to accommodate a growing child.
Please note: the Isofix base shown in the image is sold separately.
All our car seats and infant carriers comply with current European regulation ECE R44.04.
Car seats are categorised into the following groups and it is imperative that a category is chosen so the child`s weight falls within the range indicated:
|Child's weight
|approx. age of child
|birth up to 10kg/22lb
|birth up to 6-9 months
|birth up to 13kg/29lb
|birth up to 12-15 months
|0+ & 1
|birth up to 18kg/40lb
|birth to up to about 4 years
|about 9 months to 4 years
|1 & 2
|about 9 months to 6 years
|about 4 to 6 years
|1, 2, 3
|about 9 months to 12 years
|2 & 3
|about 4-12 years
Note: some car seats will be approved in two or more groups.
Advice on choosing and fitting a car seat for safety and comfort
Standard delivery in 5 working days
Named or Saturday UK delivery
Named day UK delivery pre-10.30am
International delivery not available
We want you to be happy with your purchase. If you're not, depending on the type of product, you can make free returns in the UK via John Lewis shops, Royal Mail, Collect+, or MyHermes. If you need to arrange collection of large or heavy items, call us on 03456 049 049. For international returns queries, call us on +44 1698 545 454. Find out more about returns.
You'll find returns information on your delivery note. Unless faulty, we'd like you to make your return within 90 days of purchase. Exceptions apply to certain products - find out more about our refund policy.


text:
So I have an 1987 Volvo 740 Turbo. I get Horible gas mileage. It is an older car and also is a wagon but I got 225 miles from a full tank. which is a 13 gallon tank. Is this normal.. or could there be something wrong? I dont know much about cars so I feel pretty clueless...
Volvo » 740 » 1990 Volvo 740 » Questions
View questions for:All Volvo
1990 Volvo 740
Volvo Q&AAsk Your Question
1990 Volvo 740 Question: poor gas mileage
mrsL12, 2.3L 4 Cylinder Turbo, Springfield, OR, September 28, 2009, 07:01
2 Answers
Best Answer
sinautoscan.com September 28, 2009, 09:33Master
To get better gas MPG there's a few things you could do first check your tire psi, change the oil for a lower grade one, change your air filter, fuel filter and tune up is needed when you car is tuned properly it will waste less gas, you can also use a fuel treatment
Answer #2Bret Bodas September 28, 2009, 09:47Master
Do you have a check engine light on? And how does your engine run? Does it feel like it is running at full power or does it feel sluggish?
Answer Ranks
This week's top 10
|1 stevieray1
|6 sparrow1
|2 pushrod
|7 62skate
|3 globalhelper
|8 InmonAuto
|4 csubak30
|9 IsraelS
|5 ziptie12
|10 BrianLankford


text:
WiFi MCU
This is w WiFi remote control system . its power full to use it with Microcontroller and Arduino. it can support to connect via WiFi using TCP and UDP protocols.
Bluetooth MCU
you can do Wireless Serial Communication with AVR, PIC, Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc. You can freely set the name of the button, command,color, visibility, and repeat. you display the readings of sensors. you can select the number of switches.
Robot Control
This is Robot Control app. that let the user to connect the mobile vie Bluetooth with Microcontroller and Arduino to control the robot Direction and speed.


text:
You can clone with HTTPS or SSH.Download Gist
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
I saw this answer on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3709391/node-js-base64-encode-a-downloaded-image-for-use-in-data-uri
My question and failure symptoms are the same as the original poster, but I cannot get this gist to work. I simply end up with
data:image/png;base64,. If I
console.log(body.length) I get
I've re-factored this slightly at https://gist.github.com/803410. My results are the same as this gist. I just wanted one which didn't depend on
express so I could easily test in the node REPL.
Do you have any idea what I'm doing wrong or what I can do to get this working as intended?
I'm running node 2.0 and I ran with your gist with the slight change of:
console.log('<img src="'+data+'"/>');
...and then ran: node img2data.js > test.html
When i opened test.html it loaded the image just fine.
hmm... body might not be reliable here as you're passing in the buffer. Try to debug the contents of the buffer. Let me know how you go.
I'm running 0.2.5 and get the same results whether using
body or
bl. If I'm reading https://github.com/mikeal/request correctly,
body should be the value passed to
responseBodyStream, right?
Here's my experience: http://pastie.org/1513539
I've now discovered that a second
request call will allow the script to work as expected. My first thought was "race condition" or "async issue", even though I couldn't see any issues, but I using
setTimeouts to delay the first request by 2 or 5 seconds didn't change anything.
I'm pretty sure the issue is on my end (at least two other people are successful) and I don't want to burden you with debugging via gist. Any general pointers on narrowing down the issue, or docs to using/debugging Buffers & BufferLists would be appreciated.
Take a look at https://gist.github.com/804225
I ditched the external dependencies (
BufferList and
request) and was able to encode the image using only the standard
HTTP and
URL modules
While I'm curious what I was doing wrong, I'm happier with this approach. Let me know if you see any areas for improvement. Specifically, how I can skip the step of assembling the binary string and jump straight to converting it to base64.
this https://gist.github.com/1294667 should work fine
the current example above doesn't work due to dericated modules in the request
try by putting


text:
Recent Headlines
Cosby said he got drugs to give women for sex
The AP reports that during a 2005 deposition "The Cosby Show" star admitted to giving sedatives to at least one woman.
Nicolas Cage almost played 'Superman'
And there's video to prove it!
in Music
Tears flow as Grateful Dead say farewell in Chicago
The four surviving members of the band ended their 50-year-run this weekend.
in Music
Dave Grohl gets a giant throne for first gig back after breaking leg
The Foo Fighters frontman returned to the stage in epic style.
in Music
Billy Joel marries pregnant girlfriend on Independence Day
The "Piano Man" is a married man.


text:
Living Sanibel: They sold sliders along the seashore
December 24, 2014 Originally found only west of the state of Mississippi, this small, colorful turtle early on became the most popular species for the turtle pet trade. more »»
What's Blooming in Paradise: Blush Noisette Antique Rose
December 24, 2014 First impression: Delicate, creamy, fairytale pink-kissed flowers in a cluster to form the appearance of a large blossom. more »»
Shell Shocked: Sea shells by the seashore
December 24, 2014 Another season, another reason for making whoopee. In Sanibel this longtime expression has a different meaning. It means shell collecting. more »»
Rotary Happenings: Children Education Center provides a safe, fun and stimulating place for learning
December 24, 2014 Well, last Friday's morning breakfast meeting was off to a rough start; the problem was our breakfast wasn't ready. more »»
Faces on Faith: The gift of love
December 24, 2014 Christmas is a time of giving. In various countries around the world, children wait expectantly for their version of Santa Claus to surprise them with gifts. more »»
Faces on Faith: Finding the right gift
December 17, 2014 For many people this is the season when we gift others – family, friends, work associates, and those less fortunate than u. more »»
Rotary Happenings: Reflections, a salute to our armed forces
December 17, 2014 It's a really busy time of the year and our Rotary meetings are just bursting with activities, including gathering volunteers to help out with the recent Harlem Heights Bountiful Blessing... more »»
Center Stage: Swell time at Theatre Conspiracy production
December 17, 2014 Yes, indeed, a swell time was had by one and all attending Bill Taylor's Theatre Conspiracy opening play titled "Swell Party" by playwright Topher Payne (who is new to me. more »»
Shell Shocked: An interview with Santa Claus
December 17, 2014 It's a few days before Christmas and Santa Claus has been very busy. He's working hard at his studio in the North Pole to get gifts ready for all the children of the world. more »»
Theater Notes: Extraordinary Christmas Carol
December 17, 2014 A drive down to Naples and The Gulfshore Playhouse will bring you the most amazing and unique theater experience of the season. more »»
Poetic License: The Night Before Christmas on Sanibel Isle
December 17, 2014 'Twas the night before Christmas on Sanibel Isle, Not a gator was stirring, not our one crocodile. The Roseate Spoonbills wore pink underwear While Flamingos slept with one leg in the ai. more »»
What's Blooming in Paradise: Crown of Thorns (Euphorbia milii)
December 17, 2014 First impression: Christmas red, tiny bright blossoms cover a very well armed plant. Thorns (aka barbs) blanket every stem of this low growing shrub. Leaves are green and sparse. more »»
Living Sanibel: The common grackle
December 17, 2014 Common Grackle The grackle is one of the most common birds found in southwest Florid. more »»
At the Library: Cupcake 'treets' and stories at Dec. 20 holiday celebration
December 17, 2014 Happy Holidays! At 3 p.m. Dec. 20 at the Captiva Memorial Library, kids and families will enjoy holiday stories, poetry and make a holiday tree out of cupcake wrappers. more »»
Faces on Faith: Discovering the sacred in the ordinary
December 10, 2014 John Westerhoff often describes faith communities as "story-formed communities - people on pilgrimages through time, through seasons of profane time made holy by the external cycle of sacred time... more »»
At the Library: Music to your eyes
December 10, 2014 Captiva Memorial Library has books of note for readers who are musically inclined: "Decomposition: A Music Manifesto" by Andrew Durkin "'Decomposition' is a bracing, revisionary, and provocative... more »»
Poetic License: The night Kiwanis books expired
December 10, 2014 O, the night Kiwanis books expired I never shall forge. more »»
What's Blooming in Paradise: Paurotis Palm (Acoelorrhaphe wrightii)
December 10, 2014 First impression: My eye is drawn to the cluster of colorful small fruits that are small and change from green to orange to black when ripe. more »»
Living Sanibel: The spectacular cedar waxwing
December 10, 2014 The cedar waxwing is a spectacular sighting when encountered, though it is not a common bird in Florida. more »»
Rubbish or Riches: Evaluating Lowell Nesbitt's 'Iris on Gold'
December 10, 2014 Has the owner of this week's chosen object found Rubbish or Riches? Read on as I assess a painting on paper by American Pop Realist master, Lowell Nesbitt (b. 1933 - d. more »»


text:
Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 4/10/13
Florida defensive line coach Bryant Young is stepping away from football to spend more time with his family. Young announced at a team meeting Wednesday that he is resigning after more than two decades of college and professional football. A four-time Pro Bowl defensive tackle who spent 14 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers, Young joined coach Will Muschamp's staff in 2011 after one year at San Jose State and another at Notre Dame. ''After heavy consideration and giving over two decades to the game of football, I have made a personal decision to resign from my position at the University of Florida in order to pursue more time with my family,'' said Young, a father of six who earned about $40 million during his NFL career. ''I am humbled by and grateful for the opportunity I have had to positively influence the hardworking student-athletes and young men whom I will surely miss. ''However, I have come to the realization that it is time to invest more in my family during this fle...
Comments are closed.
What do you think?To leave a comment, you can:
NFL News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
USBYGS on the road...
View Single Post
Riding the World
Joined: Oct 2004
Location: 1st igloo on the left
Oddometer: 939
Going Solo for a day or so...
I am hitting the road this morning for Southern Ca. to meet up with Gina. Grandma is now at peace along with one of my aunts who had been fighting more aliments than I can mention. Same day.
So not only is this road we travel windy but has some serious ups and downs. As you fellow bikers know, when life throws you a curve lean into it...
So I ride with the thoughts of meeting up with my soul mate and the pleasures of the open road. Gas prices here in Vancouver are $3-$3.20 for reg and super
. The front tire (Dunlops) is looking excellent while the rear is flattening out quickly in the middle. Too many straight roads. Someday I want to wear out the sides first. I am thinking of splurging for some driving lights after riding out of town with Katoomer and seeing how visible he was.
I hope all is well for the D2D riders as well as those on the road to the Land of the Midnight Sun. We wish you a speedy recovery, Barb, as we have been thinking of you. Thanks for the words, Tom. Time to roll, I am outta here...
Combat Touring Division
Two up Pterrorists
Take no prisoners - Leave no witnesses
View Public Profile
Visit USBYGS's homepage!
Find More Posts by USBYGS


text:
Upgrade worthwhile?
How old is the 8800GTX now? Im totally out of date. Ive had mine since launch and to be quite honest its done me superb. Ive never had a card like it before in my life (never had a card that has lasted me 2+yrs).
Anyway, compliments aside, I noticed that with my old C2D processor (not overclocked) it was running sluggishly in Fallout 3 and Far Cry 2.
Ive just upgraded my CPU to the one in my sig as well as my motherboard. Is a GPU upgrade on the cards?
To be honest, the reason why I havent upgraded as of yet is because I havent really had the time to play that many games. The major game I will be playing soon is GTA IV.
So, for gaming @ 1920x1200 is an upgrade a must, and will a significant notice be seen in the following games.
Fallout 3
Far Cry 2 (though if this is the only game that is worth the upgrade ill miss. Piece of **** sequel)
Counter Strike Source
Left 4 Dead
Many thanks
P.s another factor in all of this, is that I have a really crap PSU (Corsair 650w) :( So I will probably have to upgrade this as well?
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
Get a GTX 280 if money is no object, or a GTX 260 if it is. Then OC you CPU to at least 3.0.
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
What sort of difference will I be looking at?
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
The difference will be well worth it, I came from a heavily overclocked 9800GTX and my 260 smokes it where it counts in gaming. Higher frame rates and deals with AA and AF much better.
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
What sort of FPS increases will I see in my mentioned games? Will they provide substantially higher FPs's?
Sorry for the stupid questions, but ive been out of touch for a while. :o
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
But you can overclock a plain BFG GTX 280 to 665/1512/2400 plus it will do over 700on the core if I back down the shaders to 1458 and the memory will do 2592.and it will run game a lot higher in some games and not so much on others.If you have a board that has SLI then I would go with two GTX 260's in SLI.So Yes upgradeing from a 8800GTX to a GTX 280 or GTX 260 is very worth while.
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
I'd get an Evga GTX 260 for 220usd on Newegg.
OC it to 660-700 on the core. Evga supports that under their lifetime warranty as well as HSF replacement. The also have a nice tool available to do just that. It works well with the latest drivers and under Vista x64.
If you decide to go X58 and i7 down the line you could grab another for SLi.
If you're looking for the absolute fastest single GPU you can get, buy the GTX 280. I feel the GTX 260 or 260 216SP are better deals though.
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
ah if only I lived in america :(
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
In that case buy the best card you can afford where you live.
If the HD 4870 1Gb is cheaper than the GTX 260 Core 216 where you are, consider it. I really can't recommend cards with 512Mb ram at this stage in the game. While they can play some very demanding titles fine they will hitch or stutter much more than cards with larger ram amounts. So their FPS might look fine on paper and feel like garbage in a demanding game.
Also make sure you're buying from a company that has good support in your country.
A manually overclocked GTX 260 is a nice move from an 8800GTX. I used a manually overclocked 8800GTX from their release until the GTX 260s hit. I definitely noticed a difference @ 1920x with AA active. 8800GTX is still possibly the best card nVidia has ever made.
The new cards are good and they are more of a modest evolution than revolution.
Re: Upgrade worthwhile?
Just got my 260 up and running a few hours ago... SMOKES my 8800GT. Like, it takes it to the woodshed and all that. Twice the frames at higher settings. Very pleased.
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 06:49 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.7.1
Copyright ©2000 - 2015, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
Copyright ©1998 - 2014, nV News.


text:
Hotel advice
Any advice for hotels in the historic parts of Amsterdam Prague, Poznan or Berlin?
Any advice for hotels in the historic parts of Amsterdam Prague, Poznan or Berlin?
Prague: Hotel Ventana 5 Star, expensive, great location, great service. Only placed i have stayed in Prague so i can't make any comparative comments. But it was one of the nicer hotels we have ever stayed in and that compensated some for our overall opinion of Prague. http://www.ventana-hotel.net/
What is your budget? How many of you are traveling? What amenities do you require? Have you looked at Rick's recommendations for these cities? When are you traveling? Etc, etc. Give us more information, and others can help you.
Hotel Maximalian in Prague. Business class type hotel, very classy, cheap at the time we were traveling and the best breakfast bar I have ever had. We don't usually stay at this kind of hotel, but the price was so good,we thought a bit of luxury isn't a bad thing. Short walk to town square, very convenient.
Hotel Julian in Prague, close to trams, family area, also in Rick's book. Just down from Castle district.
In Prague last month we stayed in the Hotel Hastal (its not a hostel!). Was in a former version of the RS guidebook and may still be. Very close the old town square and to the Jewish quarter. We recommend it.
Good luck.


text:
Drug dealer says in Memphis court that defendant was 'heavy enforcer for Craig Petties'
In federal court throughout February, accused drug ring associate Martin "M" Lewis has looked like a college student with crisp dress clothes, large eyeglasses and a polite demeanor. But on Wednesday, jurors heard rage in the alleged hit man's voice.
In a threatening phone call Lewis made from jail on May 1, 2007, he yelled and cursed at his longtime friend Marcus "White Boy" Brandon. The call, recorded by police, occurred less than two months after the fatal shooting of Mario McNeil on March 16, 2007, inside a wings restaurant on Kirby Parkway.
A federal indictment charges Lewis with killing McNeil at the behest of drug organization leader Craig Petties.
Lewis' attorneys had fought to keep jurors from hearing the recorded call, but U.S. Dist. Court Judge Samuel "Hardy" Mays Jr. allowed it to be played Wednesday.
Prosecutors allege that Lewis wanted to ensure Brandon wouldn't cooperate with federal agents. During the call from jail, Lewis tells Brandon to stop playing "before I clear all you (expletives) out over there."
"I'm going to X you and your folks out, n-----.
"I just laid a n-----'s ass to rest."
Lewis tells Brandon to hang up the phone, then Lewis talks to Lewis' girlfriend, who had been listening on the line. He told her: "For real, I'll X him out. He want to play with me."
After jurors listened to the recording, federal prosecutor Greg Gilluly asked Brandon to explain what Lewis meant by "X," to which Brandon replied: "That's talking about killing someone."
Gilluly asked what Lewis meant, when he shouted that he had "just laid a n-----'s ass to rest."
Brandon responded: "I guess he's saying he just laid Mario McNeil to rest."
Earlier, government witness Dana Bradley told jurors that Martin Lewis was broke before McNeil's murder, but had a new truck afterward.
Admitted drug-ring hit man Clarence Broady previously testified that Petties was angry that Martin Lewis killed McNeil in a restaurant but didn't wear a mask.
Lewis, 34, and his cousin, Clinton "Goldie" Lewis, 36, are on trial for their alleged roles in the notorious multi-million-dollar Petties drug organization, which is blamed for at least six murders.
Broady also told jurors that Marcus Brandon and Clinton Lewis kidnapped and killed a man named Marcus Turner in September 2006.
But on Wednesday, Brandon denied playing a role in the kidnapping or even observing the murder.
He said he saw Clinton Lewis beating the victim, who was bloody, outside one of the organization's drug houses. But he said he turned around, went back inside the house and never saw the victim again.
After jurors left the courtroom, attorneys for the Lewises pushed for a mistrial, arguing that the two key government witnesses -- Broady and Brandon -- gave conflicting accounts of Turner's murder.
Howard Manis, one of Clinton Lewis' two attorneys, argued: "One's right. One's wrong. And the government called both those witnesses."
After the judge denied the motion for a mistrial, attorney Derek Drennan, who represents Martin Lewis, asked the judge to strike the testimony of both Broady and Brandon, which would mean jurors couldn't consider it during their deliberations. The judge also denied that motion, but told attorneys to put both motions in writing with supporting case law.
Brandon, who called Clinton Lewis his "home boy," described other crimes the two committed together.
He said both sold cocaine obtained through Petties, and he testified that when drug addict Billy Ray Myles, then 19, stole drugs and a gun from an organization stash house, he and the elder Lewis worked together in November 2004 to exact revenge.
Brandon said after they spotted Myles in their old South Memphis neighborhood, they hopped out of an SUV and pounced.
"We commenced to beat on him," he told jurors. "Clinton pulled out a gun and shot him, shot him in the leg."
Myles survived and had previously given jurors the same account.
Brandon is expected to continue testifying today.
-- Beth Warren: (901) 529-2383
Subscribe to The Commercial Appeal
Need Help? Call us at 1-888-789-0831.
Monday-Friday: 6am-5pm / Saturday: 6:30am-11:30am / Sunday: 6am-1pm


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Judy in Delaware
"Thin, crispy chicken breasts fried golden brown makes a filling, quick and delicious sandwich for those busy nights. It's definitely a two-hander! Add toppings of your choice (shredded lettuce, tomato, pickle, etc)."
Hmm. None of these ingredients are on sale today.
Show ingredients on sale
Sort stores by
Save money at local stores when ingredients are on sale!
Watch video tips and tricks
thinly sliced chicken breasts, halved
salt and ground black pepper to taste
1 cup
Italian-style panko bread crumbs
3 tablespoons
peanut oil
green onions, thinly sliced
4 slices
Cheddar cheese
hamburger rolls, split
1/4 cup
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Two-Handed Crispy Fried Chicken Sandwiches
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 673
Calories from Fat: 359
Check out our collection of almost 200 grilled burger recipes.
A cookout isn't complete without a big bowl of potato salad. We have hundreds for you.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Make spicy, slow-simmering Buffalo chicken for sandwiches.
See how to make tender breaded chicken fingers with dipping sauce.
Discover the secret ingredient that makes this fried chicken the best.


text:
Minimum purchase of $10 at restaurant.
Minimum purchase of $20 at restaurant.
Food Connection has served the Riverside community for over 26 years, offering everything from huge breakfast omelets and homemade soups and salads to pork chop and pot roast dinners. Whether it's your first visit our one hundredth, you're sure to be greeted with a smile and treated like family.
The combination of food, service and atmosphere at Food Connection can't be beat, we welcome you soon and often. Hope to see you soon!
Seving The Community For Over 26 Years
Popular Breakfast Spot
Pork Chops
Pot Roast
Huge Omlets


text:
Official Flight Simulator X Feedback Thread
View Single Post
Comfortably Numb
Join Date: Sep 2004
Posts: 752
Re: Flight Simulator X Full Version Feedback Thread
THX for the shots sillyeagle
Wow that is bad....looks like something from pre fs2002!
I really cant understand why they take the time to model and skin a good exterior and the make such a bad job on the VC????? its like gift wrapping a box of ****.....
Originally Posted by
Yes some great shots omzig - I'm quite tempted by some more megasceneryX myself, I already have Hawaii which is stunning and the others look just as good, if a bit arid.
I also looking forward to a bit of Beaver action this Christmas from my mum no less .... well she's got me the AeroSoft package for my pressie - can't wait.
Ha i had to re-read that second section twice
Yep its a nice plane the aero beaver great for UTX canada and lake hopping,be sure to RTFM though as there are a few cool things you can tweak on it & while it works under DX10 i Pre-view(lame) i dont think its 100% dx10 compatible as the Mounted GPS doesnt show at night and neither does the backlighting on the gauges
i hope aero get around to patching it but i dout they'll (like most 3rd partys it seems)bother
ive been reading the massive thread over at AVsim about sp2/dx10 and it seems 3rd party dev's are'nt to happy with aces for changing the gameplan
via a service pack Sp2 it seems breaks more things than it fixes!
As for MSX vegas yep the desert region is really nice lots of detail in the 1mpp texture but i think the autogen placement under default FSX is better,i guess if the texture renderer in sp1/2 wasnt broken you could get the same detail desert wise using tileproxy or fs earthtiles
I got the dallas/fortworth MSX pack coming soon(later today i hope)so i'll grab some shots of that although it does look a little flat from the website screenies!
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by omzig


text:
1892 50C Columbian PR61 NGC. The first 101 1892 Columbian ...
2002 November Santa Clara Signature Sale #304
|Sold for:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Claim Item:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Auction Ended On:
|Nov 23, 2002
|Item Activity:
9 Internet/mail/phone bidders
342 page views
|Santa Clara, CA
Important 1892 Columbian Half Dollar in Proof1892 50C Columbian PR61 NGC. The first 101 1892 Columbian Half Dollars were struck in proof format. Apparently, this was done by hand, with the Mint foreman and his assistant supplying the pressure. In addition, the 400th, 1,492nd, and 1,892nd coins struck were also proofs. These rare and coveted specimen strikings of the United States' premier Commemorative are distinguishable from business strikes by the razor sharp definition in the center of the reverse. In particular, the rigging and waves show considerably more sharpness of detail on the proofs than on the business strikes. We do not know which number in the order of production this coin holds, but it is unmistakable as a proof. Rich antique-copper and charcoal toning envelops both sides with faint, mottled, golden-blue and reddish tinged undertones. The surfaces are a little subdued with scattered hairlines that account for the assigned grade. (PCGS# 9295)
View large image(s) of this item
Service and Handling Description: (view shipping information)
Sales Tax information | NGC Coin Grading Guarantee | Terms and Conditions
Guides and Pricing Information:
Previous Prices from Heritage Auctions
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Price Guide
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Population Guide
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Find Auction Prices for Comparable Items:
Sign-in or Join (free & quick) to see the full image


text:
Featured Events
- Aerosmith Tickets
- Chicago Tickets
- Dave Matthews Band Tickets
- Def Leppard Tickets
- Fall Out Boy Tickets
- Foo Fighters Tickets
- Imagine Dragons Tickets
- Incubus Tickets
- Jackson Browne Tickets
- Jimmy Buffett Tickets
- Kid Rock Tickets
- Mark Knopfler Tickets
- Motley Crue Tickets
- Rolling Stones Tickets
- Rush Tickets
- Steely Dan Tickets
- The Who Tickets
- Twenty One Pilots Tickets
- U2 Tickets
- Van Halen Tickets
Nov 17, 2015
Maximo Park
The Roundhouse - London, GB
Maximo Park Ticket Information
Maximo Park are coming to town! Get ready to rock as Maximo Park bring their high-octane show to a stage near you. Vivid Seats is here to make sure you have a great seat as Maximo Park blows through your town. To purchase tickets to Maximo Park concerts, just click on one of the Maximo Park tour dates above. All sales are final and refunds will only be given in the event that Maximo Park cancel the show which you purchased tickets for. Maximo Park will rock you. Guaranteed. Vivid Seats has Maximo Park concert tickets. Guaranteed. So don't delay in choosing Maximo Park tickets that are right for you! View Maximo Park concert schedule and other tour information above.
Here is some information about Maximo Park tour ticket purchases from Vivid Seats:
- We accept many different forms of payment including all major credit cards (Visa, Mastercard, Discover, American Express). Payments can be made through our 128-bit secured shopping cart system, dedicated to protecting your personal information.
- If you are lookng to pay for Maximo Park concert tour tickets with Paypal, Cashier's Check or Money Order please contact our office, toll free at 1.866.848.TIXX.
- When searching for cheap Maximo Park tickets, keep in mind that the price listed is for 1 ticket. All seats are located side by side unless otherwise noted.
- Our orders for Maximo Park concert tickets are expedited effeciently and many times, you order will be shipped the same day your transaction is completed.
- If Maximo Park show is canceled, you will have 30 days from the date the cancellation is announced to contact our office for reimbursement. Unfortunately we are unable to provide refunds for shows that are postponed or rescheduled. Vivid Seats is in no way affiliated with Maximo Park , the Maximo Park fan club, or any venue on Maximo Park tour. Don't lose Maximo Park tickets you receive from us because we cannot replace them!
Feel free to contact us for any reason, toll free, at : 1.866.848.TIXX


text:
America Wave has been very quiet for a long time. Simply put, we decided that providing information was all nice and good, but if we were to make any real contribution, we had to "disrupt business as usual" in some fashion that would not be destructive, but constructive and helpful to those people interested in relocating to another nation.
This is a dangerous time for the United States, and not just because of the lingering Great Recession. Young adult Americans are packing their bags and heading out of the country in astonishing numbers. Many more are turning their minds in that direction.
Recent weeks have devoted a lot of attention to the "Occupy Wall Street" (OWS) demonstrations and others in the US and around the world. What about the LUS?
In today's highly polarized, sometimes poisonous, social, economic, and political atmosphere in the US, there is a clear tendency to see anything and everything new as either a huge step forward or a looming disaster, more often than not the latter.
Some people have one of two misconceptions of the type of people who relocate. One I call the "Retiree Myth", that the majority of American relocators are retirees looking for a warmer climate. Although that is the case for some, elsewhere at this site it is made clear that they are not the primary age group to relocate.


text:
Years of effort have built to the July 1st launch of the first-ever union contract for home health care workers in Minnesota. Workers say its provisions will improve their lives and the quality of care for their clients.
Railroad shop workers walked off their jobs in what became known as the "Big Strike."


text:
Simple Indian Lassi
This Lassi recipe is your answer to a sweetened refreshing yogurt drink that is ready in no time. A popular beverage in Northern India, this brings with it the vibrant and delicious flavors that are so typical of Indian cuisine.
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Rose syrup
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
1. In a bowl, take yogurt.
2. Add water and sugar.
3. Blend it well using a hand blender.
4. Pour it into a glass.
5. Pour rose syrup.
6. Serve Simple Indian lassi as it is or chilled with crushed ice.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:Very Easy
Preparation Time:10 Minutes
StoryAlmost every time I remember a warm summer afternoon from my childhood, lassi is there. Even now, hot, lazy afternoons are cooled with this sugary drink. Healthy? Yeah, yogurt is very healthy. Sugar, well, it is not more than the soda you might reach for.
Indian Sweet Yogurt Drink
Here is an exotic drink idea for those who want to satisfy their Summer thirst in a nice and sophisticated way. Indian Lassi or the sweet yogurt drink is the best beverage you can have, to keep yourself cool and refreshed during the hot and humid Summer. In this video, the chef shows the easy process to prepare a chilled and frothy glass of lassi.
Rate It
4 Comments
05/05/2007 - 04:13
well the best lassi is made aat Prakash lassi in haridwar in india the y actually freeze their lassi so that the cream becomes a top layer of ice cream you cant beat this lassi EVERY ONE , if you are in or ner haridwar go to prakash lassi for the best lassi in the world
05/14/2007 - 06:27
I like salted lassi far more than any sweetened lassi! but I might try it sweetened at home at some point :)
Simple Indian Lassi Recipe Video, Indian Sweet Yogurt Drink


text:
Rwanda, 20 years later -- in photos and memories
USD's exhibit explores horrifying saga, yet survivors see a glimmer of hope
When the Rwandan genocide began in April 1994, Eugene Gatari lived near Lake Victoria in neighboring Uganda. He was miles from the slaughter, yet the slaughter came to him.
"Bodies were being thrown into rivers," he remembered, "and then the bodies were flowing into Lake Victoria."
After organizing truckloads of food, medicine and other supplies for survivors, Gatari traveled to Rwanda and descended into despair.
"It was a very, very bad moment," he said. "Even for those who survived, there was no hope."
Twenty years later, Gatari and other witnesses to this tragedy are in San Diego for an exhibit at the University of San Diego.
"Rwanda, 1994-2014: Seven Photographers," which opened Thursday and continues through June 6, raises thorny questions about our capacity for violence and forgiveness. While the images explore a horrifying chapter in world history, survivors say the galleries offer glimmers of that elusive quality, hope.
"This is very important," said Gatari, now a fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School for Public Policy. "The fact that I can see these pictures shows me that somebody cares."
"It's good to remember," said Dida Nibagwire, a Rwandan actress who lost family members in the genocide. "If people are reminded that this happened, people will learn a lesson from that."
"Rwanda, 1994-2014: Seven Photographers"
Where: Fine Art Galleries, Joan B. Kroc Institute of Peace & Justice, University of San Diego
When: Now through June 6; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday, noon to 5 p.m.; Thursday, noon to 6 p.m.; closed Saturday and Sunday
Admission: Free
Information: (619) 260-7618
Hanging over the exhibit, though, is a sobering question: Has that lesson been learned well enough?
Philip Lancaster, a retired Canadian colonel who had served with the United Nations peacekeeping force in Rwanda, notes rising ethnic violence in south Sudan and the Central African Republic. Could it happen again?
"It's already happening," he said.
'What happened?'
Many accounts say the Rwandan genocide occurred over 100 days. From April 7 through mid-July 1994, between 500,000 and 1 million people were murdered — most victims were Tutsis, a minority tribe in Rwanda, while most of the killers came from the majority Hutu tribe.
In fact, this tragedy's roots are more tangled, involving 19th century colonial politics, long-standing rivalries, simmering resentments, revolution and civil war.
The aftermath, too, has been complicated. Over a 10-year period, more than 2 million people appeared before community tribunals known as gacaca, charged with numerous crimes; 75 appeared before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, where 47 were convicted.
These hearings, especially the local gacaca sessions, helped bind this society's wounds. Victims were able to face their tormentors and tell their tales.
"Significant progress was made in dealing out justice," said Daniel Bekele, an Ethiopian who directs Human Rights Watch's Africa Division. "But there are still a number of perpetrators at large."
Some of those took shelter in nearby countries, where they have raised troops and launched attacks on camps that harbor uprooted Rwandans. This in turn prompted the new Rwandan government to send troops into Zaire, slaughtering suspected collaborators.


text:
Things to see and do - Lisbon
Leaving for Madeira
Padrão dos Descobrimentos :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby hotels
Pousada de Lisboa - Small Luxury Hotels Of The World from170 €Book
Lisbon Arsenal Suites from73 €Book
My Story Hotel Ouro from122 €Book
Things to do nearby
Obidos, Nazare, Fatima and Batalha Day Trip
- 88 €
- Book
Estoril Coast and Sintra Day Trip from Lisbon
- 58 €
- Book
Lisbon City Sightseeing Tour and Sintra Day Trip
- 82 €
- Book
Nearby Restaurants
Solar dos Nunes
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Traditional
Valle Flor
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Traditional
York House
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Traditional
Top searches Portugal and Madeira
Padrão dos Descobrimentos
Padrão dos Descobrimentos : Michelin's recommendations
The Monument to Discoveries by the sculptor, Leopoldo de Almeida, was erected in 1960 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the death of Henry the Navigator. It represents the prow of a ship with the prince pointing the way to a large group of Portuguese heroes, including King Manuel carrying an armillary sphere and Camões holding verses from the Lusiades. From the top of the 52m monument is a panoramic view over the Tagus, the Belém district and, at a closer range, the mosaic at the foot of the monument.
Useful Information
- Address : Av. de Brasília P - 1300 Lisboa1300Lisboa
- Phone : 213 031 950
- E-mail : email@example.com
- Website : http://www.padraodosdescobrimentos.egeac.pt
- Prices : 3 €
Opening hours :
- May-Sep: 10am-7pm; Oct-Apr: Tue-Sun 10am-6pm (last admission 30min before closing) - closed 1 Jan, 1 May, 25 Dec


text:
Print Edition · Buy Photos · Breaking News · Place Ad · Subscription Rates · Forms · Contact Us · About Us
Featured Business
Dixie Floors
1520 West 7th
Texarkana, TX 75501
View Map
Featured Business
Oxygen Rich Respiratory & Home Health Equipment
880 Kings Way
Texarkana, TX 75501
Read more about this business
View Map
Business Directory
Europes move to rein in Google would stall in THE UNITED STATES
By: Associated Press - Texarkana Gazette
Exhibitors of the Google company work on laptops in front of an illuminated sign of the Google logo at the industrial fair Hannover Messe in Hanover, Germany. Google says it's still figuring out how to comply with the European Court of Justice's May 13 ruling, which says the company must...
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.—Europe's moves to rein in Google—including a court ruling this month ordering the search giant to give people a say in what pops up when someone s...
Published: 05/27/2014
Sign in to view full story or view our Registration Guide.
Leave a Reply
Business Directory Sponsored Articles:


text:
NEW YORK (AP) — Television viewers were once called couch potatoes. Many are becoming more active while watching now, judging by the findings in a new report that illustrates the explosive growth in people who watch TV while connected to social media on smartphones and tablets.
The Nielsen company said that one in three people using Twitter in June sent messages at some point about the content of television shows, an increase of 27 percent from only five months earlier. And that was before the Olympics, which was probably the first big event to illustrate the extent of second screen usage.
"Twitter has become the second screen experience for television," said Deirdre Bannon, vice president of social media at Nielsen.
Social networking is becoming so pervasive that the study found nearly a third of people aged 18-to-24 reported using the sites while in the bathroom.
An estimated 41 percent of tablet owners and 38 percent of smartphone owners used their device while also watching television at least once a day, Nielsen said.
That percentage hasn't changed much; in fact, 40 percent of smartphone owners reported daily dual screen usage a year earlier, Nielsen said. The difference is that far more people own these devices and they are using them for a longer period of time. The company estimated that Americans spent a total of 157.5 billion minutes on mobile devices in July 2012, nearly doubling the 81.8 billion the same month a year earlier.
"There are big and interesting implications," Bannon said. "I think both television networks and advertisers are onto it."
The social media can provide networks with real-time feedback on what they are doing. The performance of moderators at presidential debates this fall was watched more closely than perhaps ever before, because people were instantly taking on Twitter to provide their own critiques.
Continue reading this story on the...