text:
A method includes generating a first symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a first symbol string within data to be compressed. A second symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a second symbol string within the data is also generated. The first symbol string code and the second symbol string code are combined into a compressed data code.
1. A method comprising:
generating a first symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a first symbol string within data to be compressed;
generating a second symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a second symbol string within the data; and
combining the first symbol string code and the second symbol string code into a compressed data code.
2. The method of
3. The method of
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7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
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15. An apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
generate a first symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a first symbol string within data to be compressed,
generate a second symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a second symbol string within the data, and
combine the first symbol string code and the second symbol string code into a compressed data code; and
a transmitter operatively coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the compressed data code to a decoder.
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
20. A tangible computer-readable medium having stored thereon, computer-executable instructions that, if executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform a method comprising:
generating a first symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a first symbol string within data to be compressed;
generating a second symbol string code indicative of one or more positions of a second symbol string within the data; and
combining the first symbol string code and the second symbol string code into a compressed data code.
21. The tangible computer-readable medium of
22. The tangible computer-readable medium of
23. The tangible computer-readable medium of
24. The tangible computer-readable medium of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/777,022 which was filed Jul. 12, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present patent application is related to data compression, and, within a computer or digital data processing system, processes or apparatus for communicating between two or more components connected to an interconnection medium (e.g., a bus) within a single computer or digital data processing system. Subject matter disclosed herein may also relate to processes or apparatus for transferring data from one computer or digital processing system to another computer or digital processing system via a network or other interconnection medium.
In recent years it has become more and more common for persons to share data over networks; however, transmission of data has a cost in terms of bandwidth utilization. Therefore, large amounts of data, for example, are often compressed. Compression may also be used, for example, in storing data on magnetic or other media, in transferring data from one component to another within a computing platform, and/or in transferring data to and/or from a peripheral device to and/or from a computing platform.
Subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. Claimed subject matter, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description if read with the accompanying drawings in which:
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter.
Some portions of the detailed description which follow are presented in terms of algorithms and/or symbolic representations of operations on data bits and/or binary digital signals stored within a computing system, such as within a computer and/or computing system memory. These algorithmic descriptions and/or representations are the techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, considered to be a self-consistent sequence of operations and/or similar processing leading to a desired result. The operations and/or processing may involve physical manipulations of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, these quantities may take the form of electrical and/or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and/or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient, at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals and/or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as "processing", "computing", "calculating", "determining" and/or the like refer to the actions and/or processes of a computing platform, such as a computer or a similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical electronic and/or magnetic quantities and/or other physical quantities within the computing platform's processors, memories, registers, and/or other information storage, transmission, and/or display devices.
Although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect, one particular embodiment of a method of compressing data is described hereinafter. A symbol string may be selected that occurs within a set or grouping of data to be compressed. A symbol string code may be generated indicative of one or more positions of the symbol string within the data. A further symbol string code may carry the position beyond the end of the data, indicating that a new symbol string is to be selected and coded, the first position of which is given by the number of positions beyond the end of the data. Respective symbol string codes may be combined to form a data code. A resulting data code may comprise a compressed form of the set or grouping of data. This data code may be transmitted or stored as desired.
Although claimed subject matter is not limited to this embodiment, one particular embodiment may be carried out by compressing data according to "Multipass Embedded Residual Group Encoding" ("MERGE") data compression methods, but without employing End of Group (EOG) symbols at the end of every symbol string coded. One manner of accomplishing this is that a symbol string may be selected and its positions signalled. This may, for example, be done by run length coding the distance between positions. However, when the final position is reached, the positional coder carries on past the end of the data and back to the beginning, i.e. it wraps around. This may be done by a distance usually signalled by a run length code. In an embodiment, the distance may be large enough that it wraps around more than once. Though, claimed subject matter is not limited to this embodiment and wrap around may be done in various manners, as discussed in examples below.
One particular embodiment may be carried out by successively identifying positions at which a selected symbol string occurs, determining distances between occurrences of the selected symbol string, and generating a code including distances representing the positions of the selected string within the data, although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. A position beyond the end of the data may indicate that a new symbol string is to be selected and coded, whose first position is indicated by the distance of the position beyond the end of data. Symbols may comprise any type, form or format of data. For example, this may include records, files, sectors, clusters, groupings and/or portions thereof. Furthermore, symbols may comprise words, bytes, bits, text, characters and/or the like. Symbol strings may comprise single or multiple symbols. Likewise, they may be fixed or variable in length.
For one particular embodiment, symbol strings may be coded in a particular or a predetermined order, although, again, this is merely an example embodiment and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. Alternatively or in addition, rather than coding in an order, symbol strings may be coded in any order. In such an embodiment a symbol string code may be prefixed by some other code indicative of the particular symbol string, for example, although claimed subject matter is of course not limited in scope to this example embodiment. Likewise, for one particular embodiment, the approach employed may be switchable between modes, such as a mode in which symbol string codes are transmitted or stored in a predetermined order, and a mode in which the order is not predetermined, but in which, in this latter mode, some code representative of a corresponding symbol string is sent before or as part of a symbol string code.
In one embodiment, if a symbol string includes repetitions of a symbol string, a symbol string code may include data which indicates presence of a run of occurrences of the symbol string. Storage or transmission of data indicative of a run of occurrences may be more efficient from a compression standpoint than sending such occurrences individually. In one particular embodiment, positions may be signalled by run length coding, but other coding methods are also possible instead or in addition, as described in more detail below. Likewise, coding may be context dependent at least in part. If a length of a set or grouping of data to be coded is known in advance, for example, it may be prefixed to a first symbol string code. Depending at least in part on the particulars of an embodiment, positions of a final symbol string may be determined without transmission or storage of additional information corresponding to that particular symbol string, again as described in more detail below.
However, in another embodiment, the position of the symbol string may be signalled by indicating where it does not occur, although, again, this is merely an example embodiment and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. For example, by sending the distance between occurrences and ignoring what might actually lie in between.
If a symbol string occurs infrequently, a symbol string code may include data which indicates a run of positions or vacancies where the symbol string does not occur. Storage or transmission of data indicative of a run of vacancies may typically be more efficient from a compression standpoint than sending such occurrences individually. In one particular embodiment, vacancies may be signalled by run length coding, but other coding methods are also possible instead or in addition, as described in more detail below. Likewise, coding may be context dependent at least in part. If a length of a set or grouping of data to be coded is known in advance, for example, it may be prefixed to a first symbol string code. Depending at least in part on the particulars of an embodiment, positions of a final symbol string may be determined without transmission or storage of additional information corresponding to that particular symbol string, again as described in more detail below.
Furthermore, side or additional information about all or some symbol strings may also be included in a data code. In one particular embodiment, additional information relating to a particular symbol string may be sent at the end of or otherwise associated with a corresponding symbol string code. Alternatively, additional information may be sent or stored after sending or storing symbol string codes. More generally, additional information may be provided at any time or in any manner so that a decoder is capable of associating that information with a corresponding symbol string. A list or table of symbol strings to be used may be predetermined or predefined, for example. Alternatively or in addition, it may be compiled based at least in part on symbol strings which occur in data to be compressed, for example.
After symbol string codes for a particular set or grouping of data have been stored or transmitted, an end code may be used. After positions of symbol strings present in a set of data, except a final symbol string, have been stored or communicated, positions of the final symbol string may, in at least some embodiments, be determined. Hence, an encoder may omit storing or communicating positions of such a final symbol string, as described in more detail hereinafter.
However, in this application, it is shown how the end code may be avoided. As is known in the field, it may be beneficial to reduce the number of symbols used in forming a code, so eliminating the symbol used to indicate the end of a group may result in improved compression. This may be useful when the data is such that most symbol strings occur, and the distribution of any given symbol string throughout the data is relatively uniform, i.e. there is no bias towards the beginning or end of the data.
Embodiments covered by claimed subject matter include, for example, a computer program capable of implementing any such method, and/or a computer system capable of implementing such a method. Embodiments also include a hardware and/or software coder capable of carrying out a method as described below in combination with a hardware and/or software decoder capable of reconstructing an original set or grouping of data from a data code representing a compression of such data. These as well as many other embodiments are intended to be within the scope of claimed subject matter.
In at least some embodiments described, compression is lossless, although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. For example, in some embodiments, a data code may include information on positions of those symbol strings contained within the data to be compressed.
In this particular context, any grouping, set or portion of associated data to be compressed may be treated as an ordered sequence of characters or other symbols. If such data is representative of text, for example, individual symbols may comprise one or more text characters, but that is, of course, not essential. Many other symbols may also be represented. More generally, symbols may be presented by bytes or other sized groupings of data. It is also possible that longer or short portions of data could be used, which may or may not fit within a byte or digital word length, for example. If data is represented in binary form, a symbol may be represented, depending on the particular embodiment, as a single bit or multiple bits of fixed or variable length.
Data, such as stored as a file, a record or other unitary association of data, as one example, might be treated as a whole, or instead partitioned or divided into convenient lengths, long enough for symbol groupings, referred to herein as symbol strings, to be coded with some amount of compression efficiency, but short enough to be conveniently processed. Various approaches are described in more detail below.
Initially, for example, in an embodiment, a list or table of symbol strings that may occur within a set of data is established. Added to this list might be an initial list of symbol strings based at least in part on a priori knowledge or information regarding statistics for the data. For example, for text, a common symbol string might comprise "ee", frequently occurring words such as "and" or "or", or a punctuation symbol followed by a blank, to provide some simple examples. Of course, claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to these examples or to this particular embodiment. Many possible variations are also intended to be included within the scope of claimed subject matter.
A particular set of data, as another example, may be examined before coding begins to identify symbol strings that occur commonly. Alternatively, or in addition, if partitioning is applied, these partitions, for example, may be handled separately or independently using an initial list of symbol strings. This initial list may be determined, for example, at least in part from symbol strings which may have been found in earlier data partitions, for example.
Alternatively, symbol strings may be added as coding proceeds, as occurs in Lempel-Ziv-Welsh coding, as an example. However, in this embodiment example, coding symbol strings, as described below, is quite different from the approach used in LZW coding. In LZW, a symbol string is coded by substitution of another, longer symbol or string. For that reason, LZW may, at times, not compress sets of data and, in some cases, may produce longer sets of data. In contrast, embodiments in accordance with claimed subject matter will likely result in compression, as described in more detail hereinafter.
To compress a grouping or a set of data, a first symbol string may be selected from a list of available symbol strings. Occurrences of that string in the data may be located. Positions of the first symbol string within the data may be retained. This process may be repeated for additional symbol strings for the data so as to specify the set or grouping. Data comprising symbol strings may be processed in any order, although sequentially from beginning to end of the set or grouping of data may be one convenient approach.
Typically, coding is carried out by a hardware or software coder. In one possible embodiment, a coder may be arranged to transmit data, after being coded, across a communications channel to a decoder which may be arranged, in real time or otherwise, to use received coded data to reconstruct the set of data.
Again, claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to a particular embodiment. Therefore, the embodiments described previously or hereinafter are intended simply as examples for purposes of illustration. Many other approaches and/or embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of claimed subject matter other than these specific examples. Nonetheless, continuing with these examples, reference is now made to
In the example of
Starting at a location, referred to here as "start," designated in
Continuing with the example, "x" occurs again five positions later, after the preceding one, as shown by reference numeral 40. Subsequent positional spacing is 3, 2, 2, as respectively shown by reference numerals 50, 60, 70.
In this example, once text data 10 has been fully parsed in this way to an "end" position, here 100, a code representative of positions in the portion of the set of data is generated by storing or transmitting this code. Though, a code representative of positions in the portion of the set of data may also be generated without storing or transmitting this code in other embodiments. In this particular embodiment, in effect, positions at which x does not occur are stored or signalled. In this context, this is referred to as run length coding. Here, "runs" of positions not containing x are coded.
In the simple example embodiment of
Any letter, symbol or character α, such as "x". This could in principle include a single symbol position.
Any bigraph α1 α2, such as "st".
Any combination α1 α2 α3, such as "str".
Any longer combination α1 α2 α3 . . . αn, such as "st——ng" where the underscores represent single symbol positions.
For an embodiment, once positions of a first symbol string have been determined, positions of a second symbol string in a list of possible or known symbol strings may be determined.
In this embodiment, a further run of positions not occupied by either symbol may be sent which carries the position beyond the end of the data and by starting again at the beginning moves forward to the first position of the second symbol string. More detail is given in examples which follow. The coding of positions may or may not skip over positions whose symbols are already known as explained in more detail in the examples below.
Gradually, in this manner, a set of data may be coded. As coding proceeds, a coder may transmit to a decoder information about symbol strings that have been located, such as position(s), in real time for some embodiments. Alternatively, coded data may be stored locally as a compressed representation.
The example embodiment may be expressed in pseudo-code as follows:
For S=Symbol Strings
Indicate positions of S in a set of data
As a further example, consider a short sequence S of 8 symbol strings S1 to S8. For purposes of illustration, symbol strings here comprise a fragment of text, although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. Such fragments are short and, furthermore, symbol strings may not comprise text at all and still be within the scope of claimed subject matter. A space between the two words also comprises a symbol string in this example, as illustrated below:
In this example, positions of a symbol string may be indicated by any convenient approach. A convenient approach to communication or transmit positions may comprise plain numerals. A set of symbol strings may be evaluated with respect to a set of data in some order. Suppose, for the purposes of illustration, as an example, symbol strings here have the order: 'e' 't' 'S' 'h' 'space', although, of course, claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this example or to any particular example. Nonetheless, for this example, the following symbol strings may be communicated or stored as follows:
For this particular embodiment, a technique may be used advantageously to indicate no additional information for a particular symbol string is communicated or stored. In an embodiment, this may be accomplished by defining a special symbol for End Of Group (EOG). This would give, for this example embodiment:
However, more efficient coding of position may be advantageous. For example, with eight positions, 3 bits per symbol string may be employed to communicate position by a conventional coding method, quite apart from communicating an EOG.
To improve compression efficiency, Run Length Coding (RLC) may be applied to the positions of successive symbol strings. However, any form or type of coding to code the length of a run might be used and claimed subject matter is not limited to a particular form or type. For example, a Golomb coder, or a binary arithmetic coder might be employed, to provide a few examples. These coders may be employed, for example, to code a succession of 0's and 1's that indicate one or more positions in a set of data where a symbol string does not and does occur (or vice versa). Of course, these are simply examples and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to such examples. Many other possible approaches to coding the length of runs are contemplated and included within the scope of claimed subject matter.
Nonetheless, continuing with this example, in such an embodiment the positions of a symbol string may be run length coded. In this case, for example, instead of coding 3 followed by 6 to indicate positions of symbol string 'e', one may code a 2 to indicate that 2 positions are skipped before the first occurrence of 'e', 2 to indicate that two further positions are skipped to get from position 3 to position 6, and so on:
In this example, to eliminate the EOG symbol, it is noticed that the final position of 'e' is 6 and the first position of t is 1. Coding a run length of 2 following the final 'e' may at first sight seem impractical or impossible because by signalling that position 8 is to be passed, it carries the data to position 9 in a data set that has only 8 positions, but in this example we interpret 9 as being the same as 1, i.e. the beginning of the data which is the first position of 't'. More generally, in this example, whenever we signal a run length r, which causes r+1 to be added to a current positions, knowing that the length of the data is L, we may interpret the new position not simply as p+r+1 but instead as mod(p+r+1, L), i.e. the integer remainder after p+r+1 is divided by L. If p+r+1 is less than or equal to L this is the same as p+r+1. If p+r+1 is greater than L this 'wraps around' back into the data set. In this example we assume the 'wrap' re-enters the data once only, but for a large value of r, it might wrap around more than once. For example, this may be used to indicate that one or more symbol strings are to be skipped over in an embodiment where the order of symbol strings is predetermined. For example, a run of 11 after 6 will also move to position 1, but by passing once completely over the data which might indicate that a symbol string is to be jumped. When p+r+1 is greater than L, the number of wraps would be the integer quotient:
Yet, continuing with this example, we will see below that L may be interpreted differently in another embodiment of the method. It is possible that when a wraparound occurs, the decoder may not know what the next symbol string is to be. For example, this may happen if the sequence of symbol strings to be coded has not been predetermined. The identity of the new symbol might be coded as soon as the wraparound occurs. This however is but one possibility and the claimed method is not to be limited in this respect. For example, the entire communication could be carried out without knowing what the symbol strings are, by the decoder simply assigning its own choice of temporary tokens to be substituted with actual symbol strings at some future time.
Assuming the sequence of symbols is known as in the example, then the current example can be continued to show how wraparound would be used with run length coding:
It is noted that to force a new symbol string to be selected, the position goes beyond the end of the data, even though the first occurrence of the new symbol string may occur before the end of the data. In the above example this occurs for the t and 'space' symbols. For example, although 'space' occurs two symbols beyond h, to force a wraparound a run of 9 position skipped may be utilized.
However, compression may be improved still further by an embodiment analogous to "significance switching." More specifically, here, for each successive symbol string that is coded, positions to be coded become fewer as more and more symbol strings become determined by position. This additional information regarding position may be employed to provide additional compression.
In the present example, as the positions of symbol string 'e' become known, for example, these positions may be omitted as possible positions for later symbol strings. In effect, for the purpose of coding, how many unknown positions are to be skipped is coded, rather than total positions to be skipped, thereby providing additional compression. Without Run Length Coding or Wraparound, in this example, this may be:
In this particular embodiment, the symbol x here indicates a position that is already known and so does not have to be signalled. The total number of '0''s and '1''s is reduced, from 40 to 20.
However, for an embodiment comprising a Run Length Code including Wraparound this may be further reduced. For increased efficiency, in the formulas given previously, the data length L may be interpreted as being the number of data symbols in the data grouping that have not yet been coded. To specify the positions of 'e', the run length coding (RLC) is the same because no positions are known beforehand. However in coding 't', positions containing 'e' may be omitted since they are already occupied, so these do not have to be counted in the RLC for the purpose of coding and/or decoding. In coding 's' the position is already at the end of data, so the first RLC of 2 wraps it around immediately, skipping past the as yet uncoded positions of 'h' and 'space' to reach the position of the 's'. The coding of 's' has reached the end of the unknown part of the data so a run of 0 skips no unknown positions, i.e. goes directly to 'h'. A run of 1 then wraps around the end of the data to the next available position for 'space'. The code, using run length coding between positions may be:
In this particular embodiment, the number of different symbols used has been reduced even further, to 0, 1, and 2.
Furthermore, once the coder comes to the final symbol string to be coded, its positions may be determined without communicating or coding any additional information. More specifically, in this example embodiment, this symbol string may occupy positions not previously signalled or coded. However, this assumes the length of the set of data being coded is known. If so, after 'h' is finished, all remaining symbol strings in this example are implicitly 'space' and the process may terminate without additional coding or communication. In the given example, therefore, assuming it is known that 'space' is the final symbol string, the code may be:
However, it may also be advantageous in some circumstances to employ a similar approach if the length of a set of data and/or number of symbol strings is not known. Various approaches are possible in situations where the length of a set of data being coded, for example, is not known and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to a particular approach. For example, this might be handled by having a standard length. Alternately, length information may be prefixed to coded information. However, if multiple sets of data are being coded and most have the same length, to prefix length would be inefficient from a compression standpoint. Likewise, continuing with this notion, for a long communication of data, if a standard length is employed to sub-divide the data, variation from a standard length may be handled by communicating or coding a set of data at the end smaller than the standard length.
One example embodiment of a method may include partitioning the total length of a data set before coding. If there is a standard partition length, the coder and decoder may determine how many partitions there are, and the length of final partition if it is less than the standard length. For example, if a set of data that is 102 symbol strings long is being coded and the standard length of a partition is 5, then 21 partitions are present with the final one having a length of 2. Again, as previously alluded to, the total length may be included in the data code in many ways and the examples given are not intended to be restrictive. Claimed subject matter is intended to include these example approaches as well as other possible approaches.
Likewise, several approaches are also possible with respect to handling symbol strings. For example, as previously illustrated, a predetermined order of symbol strings may be employed. However, alternately, symbol strings may be ordered relative to their frequency of occurrence if known or capable of being determined or approximated. For example, using the English language simply as an example, this might be the following symbol string order: 'e' 't' 'a' 'o' 'i' 'n' 's' 'h' and so on. A "space" may be included in such an order as its statistics indicate in a sample. Also, there may be symbol strings that do not occur, which may form an empty group to be signalled. With such an approach, both the coder and the decoder have an order of symbol strings. Accordingly, if a decoder receives a position that implies a wraparound, or a multiple wraparound, for example, it is able to determine the next appropriate symbol string.
Another approach in another embodiment may be explicitly to prefix a set of data, for example, with a symbol string. Likewise, a symbol string may alternately be post-fixed or otherwise embedded so that a decoder may make appropriate determinations from coded data. It is likewise possible that a system may employ two modes, one in which a predetermined order of symbol strings is communicated and another in which symbol strings are prefixed or otherwise embedded. These modes may occur in any order and mode switching may be indicated, in one example, by a special symbol used for that purpose.
In still another possible embodiment, a coder and decoder may adopt a method of constructing new symbol strings from symbol strings already received. This level of flexibility may permit an encoder to select or change symbol strings and modes of communication to improve compression. For example, it might well be the case that not all predefined symbol strings are used, in which case, to avoid signalling a large number of empty groups by a large number to wraparound, i.e. a multiple passover, there might be a new symbol string which signals No More Groups, effectively meaning End of Data Set or End of Data, for example.
In many situations, side information might accompany a data set. For example, in the case of text, such side information may comprise font, size, weight, color and/or style. The side information may be communicated or coded any number of ways. For example, side information may be embedded with a run length, or inserted in coded data in many position so that a decoder may appropriately associate it with a symbol string. In one embodiment, it might be desirable to handle side information combined with a symbol string as a symbol string itself, hence forming additional groups. For example, an italic 'e' may form a separate symbol string from normal 'e', as one simple example. Likewise, in an embodiment, a special symbol may be employed to switch between different embedding styles or approaches.
Of course, claimed subject matter is not limited to the example in
Embodiments in accordance with claimed subject matter may be applied to coding of data of all types, including non-numeric data, such as symbolic data, for example, converted into numerical form by any convenient mapping prior to application of coding. As is noted, embodiments perform well for run length coding, although it will, of course, be understood that claimed subject matter is not limited to that application. It is intended that embodiments of claimed subject matter be applied to any one of a number of different types of data coding. Therefore, claimed subject matter is not intended to be limited in terms of the type of data to which it may be applied.
It is noted, of course, that claimed subject matter is not limited to particular embodiments. Therefore, in addition to covering methods for coding and/or decoding of data, claimed subject matter is also intended to cover, for example, software incorporating such methods and to coders and/or decoders (whether implemented in hardware or software, or a combination of hardware and software). Claimed subject matter is also intended to include a video or audio codec embodying such methods and/or a video or audio compression system whereby data may be encoded according to a method as described or claimed. For example, embodiments may include transmitting data across a communications channel for reconstruction by a decoder at the far end. Likewise, alternatively, in another embodiment in accordance with claimed subject matter coded data may be stored rather than transmitted. Thus, claimed subject matter is intended to cover these as well as other embodiments.
In one embodiment, encoding apparatus 302 may include an encoder 308 which may be capable of performing one or more example embodiments as described above and as illustrated in
In one embodiment, decoding apparatus 304 may include a decoder 314, which may be capable of performing the reverse of the example embodiments described above and illustrated in
Referring to
Computing platform 400, as shown in
Communication with processor 404 may be implemented via a bus (not shown) for transferring information among the components of computing platform 400. A bus may include a data channel for facilitating information transfer between storage and other peripheral components of computing platform 400. A bus further may provide a set of signals utilized for communication with processor 404, including, for example, a data bus, an address bus, and/or a control bus. A bus may comprise any bus architecture according to promulgated standards, for example, industry standard architecture (ISA), extended industry standard architecture (EISA), micro channel architecture (MCA), Video Electronics Standards Association local bus (VLB), peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus, PCI express (PCIe), hyper transport (HT), standards promulgated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) including IEEE 488 general-purpose interface bus (GPIB), IEEE 696/S-100, and so on, although the scope of the scope of claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect.
Other components of computing platform 400 may include, for example, memory 406, including one or more auxiliary memories (not shown). Memory 406 may provide storage of instructions and data for one or more programs 408 to be executed by processor 404, such as all or a portion of
Computing platform 400 further may include a display 410. Display 410 may comprise a video display adapter having components, including, for example, video memory, a buffer, and/or a graphics engine. Such video memory may comprise, for example, video random access memory (VRAM), synchronous graphics random access memory (SGRAM), windows random access memory (WRAM), and/or the like. Display 410 may comprise a cathode ray-tube (CRT) type display such as a monitor and/or television, and/or may comprise an alternative type of display technology such as a projection type CRT type display, a liquid-crystal display (LCD) projector type display, an LCD type display, a light-emitting diode (LED) type display, a gas and/or plasma type display, an electroluminescent type display, a vacuum fluorescent type display, a cathodoluminescent and/or field emission type display, a plasma addressed liquid crystal (PALC) type display, a high gain emissive display (HGED) type display, and so forth.
Computing platform 400 further may include one or more I/O devices 412. I/O device 412 may comprise one or more I/O devices 412 such as a keyboard, mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, track stick, infrared transducers, printer, modem, RF modem, bar code reader, charge-coupled device (CCD) reader, scanner, compact disc (CD), compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD), video capture device, TV tuner card, touch screen, stylus, electroacoustic transducer, microphone, speaker, audio amplifier, and/or the like.
Computing platform 400 further may include an external interface 414. External interface 414 may comprise one or more controllers and/or adapters to prove interface functions between multiple I/O devices 412. For example, external interface 414 may comprise a serial port, parallel port, universal serial bus (USB) port, and IEEE 1394 serial bus port, infrared port, network adapter, printer adapter, radio-frequency (RF) communications adapter, universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) port, and/or the like, to interface between corresponding I/O devices 412. External interface 414 for an embodiment may comprise a network controller capable of providing an interface, directly or indirectly, to a network, such as, for example, the Internet.
It will, of course, be understood that, although particular embodiments have just been described, the claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to a particular embodiment or implementation. For example, one embodiment may be in hardware, such as implemented to operate on a device or combination of devices, for example, whereas another embodiment may be in software. Likewise, an embodiment may be implemented in firmware, or as any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware, for example. Likewise, although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect, one embodiment may comprise one or more articles, such as a storage medium or storage media. This storage media, such as, one or more CD-ROMs and/or disks, for example, may have stored thereon instructions, that if executed by a system, such as a computer system, computing platform, or other system, for example, may result in an embodiment of a method in accordance with claimed subject matter being executed, such as one of the embodiments previously described, for example.
In the preceding description, various aspects of claimed subject matter have been described. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, systems and/or configurations were set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that claimed subject matter may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features were omitted and/or simplified so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. While certain features have been illustrated and/or described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes and/or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and/or changes as fall within the true spirit of claimed subject matter.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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text:
Blogging TV, one show at a time
Posts filtered on Tag
Tune In | 10.15.12
Mark Pellegrino is here to take over all of the televisions.[Read More]
Tune In | 03.01.12
NBC is determined to ruin its good comedy reputation, apparently.[Read More]
Tune In | 09.29.11
Guess who was the latest target of a "mysterious white powder" attack.[Read More]

subset: commoncrawl


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LornaLAB: Arduino-workshop. Hafnarhús, Saturday 19 March, 1-5 p.m.
in collaboration with Reykjavik Art Museum offers a workshop in the use of the Arduino microcontroller boards. Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. See:
Participants should bring their own computers, Arduino microcontroller (if you have one). Please sign-up by writing to:
LornaLAB is a newly founded (late summer 2010) forum for the creative use of technology. Its current function is information, resource and inspiration sharing which has taken the form of lectures, fieldtrips and workshops in its short life to date. Among its members are industrial designers, art theorists, computer scientists, AI researchers, music theorists and new media artists to name a few. For further information visit:
The workshop is free of charge and open to everyone.
Printed of the web Reykjvik Art Museum, www.reykjvikartmuseum.is 01.17.2015


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Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: Sketchbook drawing
March 7th, 2003 #1
Sketchbook drawing
Hello, I just recently found this site, so this will be my first post. I've been trying to teach myself for awhile, and in doing so I've found it nearly impossible to get any techincal feedback.
Here is a a more finished sketchbook drawing, that seems to fail for some reason. Posting it to an art archive, it took longer for the moderators to approve than the others and it gets much fewer hits than other similar drawings.
So, I was wondering if anyone could point out this or that about it:
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I like this piece. Overall good rendering, but i'm wondering what is your modivation. Is this based on a story and are they're characters? If not, is it a dream or just something cool you just wanted to draw? It appears there's some giant frozen in time, or an ancient, alien monument?
Needless to say, interesting illo, keep up the good work.
You're headed in the right direction.
(...this is my first post here as well so hello everyone )
March 10th, 2003 #3
It's some sort of day dream image that doesn't really have anything else behind it. It's suppose to be a figure, of nomal size, dragging parts. I wanted to make it be more bulky and cumbersome, but it didn't really happen.
I was messing around with distorted perspertive here, which I've been playing with recently, and some texture.
Blah, I need more caffeine. :beer:


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Connect With Us
Do you know the key decision-makers in your school district? If you had three minutes to talk with one of them, how would you tell the Safe Routes to School story so that it was clear, coherent, compelling and crisp?
The Florida Safe Routes to School program is lucky to have Sarita Taylor. While she may be new to the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Safety Office in Tallahassee, she is not new to Safe Routes to School. She brings an impressive history from FDOT District 1.
Montana Safe Routes to School continues to improve safety and healthy options for children across Montana. In March of 2012, Montana Safe Routes to School announced $928,406 in Safe Routes to School awards for state fiscal year 2013, which began July 1, 2012. Six communities were awarded infrastructure funding for projects ranging from $14,000 for signing and crossing improvements to $114,386 for a pathway in eastern Montana.
By now, you've likely heard that the new transportation bill, MAP-21, consolidated bicycling and walking programs into a new program called Transportation Alternatives, and that overall funding was cut by approximately 30 percent. However, the details vary quite a bit state by state.
Like many organizations, we at the Safe Routes to School National Partnership like to have data to back up our opinions.
I have been thinking a lot about how we can ensure Safe Routes to School, walking and bicycling can continue to flourish around the country in our new "MAP-21" world without dedicated funding. So I've pulled together a "top 10" list for how Safe Routes to School can survive and thrive.
It may seem Safe Routes to School slows down in the summer because school is out. But, summer often brings movement on Safe Routes to School projects and awards. Every day I have news alerts flooding my inbox about:
© Copyright Safe Routes to School National Partnership. All rights Reserved. | Privacy PolicyThis website was made possible by the generous support of PeopleForBikes.
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Stevenson & Casey's '4 Wizards'
Noelle Stevenson and Todd Casey give their first interview about their new fantasy series '4 Wizards', and share exclusive character sketches.
Noelle Stevenson and Todd Casey give their first interview about their new fantasy series '4 Wizards', and share exclusive character sketches.
Image Comics held its now traditional pre-San Diego one-day show on Thursday, and unveiled an impressive roster of new titles by both familiar and upcoming talent.
On July 2nd 1963, the first issues debuted of two series that would some day serve as the cornerstones of the Marvel Universe; the Avengers and the X-Men.
Though I'm still on the fence about Ant-Man's silver screen future, the contents of the latest Marvel Collector Corps box didn't disappoint.
Tess Fowler and Tamra Bonvillain have taken the art reins of Rat Queens, the series about a band of plundering adventurers, starting with August's issue #11.
Well this is kind of a bummer. It's been reported for some time that Marvel was considering Selma director Ava DuVernay to helm their Black Panther film (other reports suggested they were also considering her for Captain Marvel). DuVernay herself recently added to the speculation with a tweet referencing the superhero, while Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige confirmed that he had met with the director and would have an announcement by the end of July.
Superman Lives is one of those great projects that might have been, like Alejandro Jodorowsky's Dune or Richard Stanley's The Island of Dr. Moreau — like both of those films, Superman Lives now has its very own documentary examining the film that never was and the speculation surrounding it. A new clip from The Death of Superman Lives: What Happened? features never before seen footage of Nicolas Cage's costume test in which the actor wears a version of the Superman suit.
David Letterman gave the world many things during his years as a late-night talk show host, but today, I believe we have found not only the greatest, but also the perfect way to kickstart your Independence Day weekend: Batman, in full costume, singing "God Bless America" in front of the American Flag while fireworks go off around him.
Seriously, no matter what kind of cookout you're planning, it's not going to get better than that.
The CW's epic Legends of Tomorrow hasn't even gone before cameras yet, though the initial teaser presentation certainly gave us a taste of the out-there action. Now, a new piece of concept art puts Firestorm at the center of a huge battle, while new showrunner Phil Klemmer talks the spinoff's complicated relationship with time travel.
The 1940s timeline of Marvel's Agent Carter makes Peggy's adventures seemingly difficult to connect to the present-day MCU, though the first season finale certainly suggested that Arnim Zola might take a larger role in Season 2, potentially exploring The Winter Soldier's origins. Not so, according to showrunners, who tease that new recognizable Marvel baddies lie in store for Agent Carter Season 2.
Marvel has released the final trailer for Ant-Man following the reveal of the first in a planned series of viral videos connecting Scott Lang to the larger MCU. Hopefully when the next video hits next week, we'll have a bit more to go on, but until then we have the final official trailer for Marvel's latest superhero adventure — and it looks pretty fun.
John Ostrander and Tom Mandrake have a pretty amazing track record. The long-time collaborators are probably best known for their work at DC with titles like The Spectre and Martian Manhunter --- and for the creation of Johnny Karaoke, an extremely minor Batman villain that I might be the only actual fan of --- but now, they're reuniting for a new project. It's called Kros: Hallowed Ground, and it's the story of a vampire hunter taking on the undead at the Battle of Gettysburg.
To fund the new book, Ostrander and Mandrake launched a Kickstarter campaign this week, and to be honest, I'm not sure they've invented a unit of time small enough for how fast I hit that link to get this comic.
Warner Bros. Interactive and DC Entertainment have announced the pricing and release date for Batman: Arkham Knight's first major piece of downloadable content. Now that Scarecrow's fear toxin has started to dissipate and Gotham's Rogues Gallery is locked up at GCPD (spoilers: criminals go to jail), it's time to go back to an era long before the Arkham series started. During the events of Batman: Arkham Asylum, Barbara Gordon was already the Oracle, who helped the Dark Knight from her Batcomputer at home. Batgirl: A Matter of Family will have you playing as Babs back when she donned the cape and cowl, long before the horrific events of Alan Moore's Batman: The Killing Joke.
Q: For the holiday, what have been the best appearances of the founding fathers in comics? -- @rj_white
A. There is one story of the dawn of American Independence that comes to mind: The time that Herbie Popnecker teamed up with George Washington's sentient teeth and started up the Revolutionary War.
Of all the books announced by Marvel during this week's big All-New, All-Different unveiling, one of the surprise titles that generated the most buzz was Ultimates, by Al Ewing and Kenneth Rocafort. Though the name echoes back to the Ultimate Universe version of the Avengers, this is a very different team, comprised of some of the Marvel Universe's major powerhouses and most brilliant minds as they tackle cosmic threats on the scale of... well, Galactus.
ComicsAlliance spoke to Ewing to learn about the big idea behind this big team and the sort of threats they'll be facing, and to discover what drew him to put characters like Black Panther, Captain Marvel and America Chavez on one team --- besides the fact that they're all obviously the best characters.


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Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel
7 of 29 portraits of Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel
by Edward Fisher, published by Robert Sayer, and John Bowles, and Carington Bowles, and Henry Parker, and Elizabeth Bakewell, after Sir Joshua Reynolds
mezzotint, 1760 (1759)
15 3/8 in. x 10 3/4 in. (389 mm x 274 mm) paper size
acquired Unknown source, 1984
Reference Collection
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel (1725-1786), Admiral. Sitter associated with 29 portraits.
Artistsback to top
- Elizabeth Bakewell (active 1749-1770s), Publisher. Artist associated with 22 portraits.
- Carington Bowles (1724-1793), Printseller. Artist associated with 88 portraits.
- John Bowles (1701?-1779), Printseller and publisher. Artist associated with 114 portraits.
- Edward Fisher (1722-before 1782), Mezzotint engraver. Artist associated with 93 portraits.
- Henry Parker (1725?-1809), Book and printseller. Artist associated with 40 portraits.
- Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), Painter and first President of the Royal Academy. Artist associated with 1413 portraits, Sitter associated with 38 portraits.
- Robert Sayer (1724 or 1725-1794), Printseller and publisher. Artist associated with 196 portraits.
Related worksback to top
- NPG D3407: Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel (based on same portrait)
Subjects & Themesback to top
Exhibitions and displays
- Favourites: Art and Power, 1600-1800
Until 26 July


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Have a Question? We Are Here to Help!
Home / Promotional Products and Promotional Items / Keychains & Tags / Luggage Tags / Personalized Luggage Tag
Personalized Luggage Tag
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Product Description
Plastic strap with buckle. Clear PVC loop or beaded chain. Protective sheet can be applied for permanent identification. 3 1/2" W x 1 3/4" H


text: 'What Are You Doing?' Wedding Invitation by Magik Moments £2.50$5.23€3.63$4.06 In stock £6.95$14.54€10.09$11.31 delivery to United States - Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available quantityquantity (required)sample invite50 invites (+ £105)75 invites (+ £119)100 invites (+ £143)125 invites (+ £175)150 invites (+ £187)200 invites (+ £200)250 invites (+ £218)quantity (required)sample invite50 invites (+ $219.78)75 invites (+ $249.09)100 invites (+ $299.32)125 invites (+ $366.31)150 invites (+ $391.42)200 invites (+ $418.64)250 invites (+ $456.31)quantity (required)sample invite50 invites (+ €152.57)75 invites (+ €172.91)100 invites (+ €207.79)125 invites (+ €254.29)150 invites (+ €271.72)200 invites (+ €290.62)250 invites (+ €316.77)quantity (required)sample invite50 invites (+ $170.87)75 invites (+ $193.66)100 invites (+ $232.71)125 invites (+ $284.79)150 invites (+ $304.32)200 invites (+ $325.48)250 invites (+ $354.77) quantity by Magik Moments Location: Newcastle upon Tyne, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Personalised Favourite Music Lyrics Poster £29.99$62.77€43.57$48.80 Favourite Football Songs Poster £19.99$41.84€29.04$32.53 new Swing Low Sweet Chariot Rugby Song Lyrics ... £19.99$41.84€29.04$32.53 West Ham Football Song Chant Poster £16.99$35.56€24.68$27.64 Tour De France Cycling Poster £19.99$41.84€29.04$32.53 Retro Vintage Cycling Poster #One £19.99$41.84€29.04$32.53 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS ask seller a question save for later The 'What Are You Doing?' Vintage Retro Wedding Invitation is a great way to let your friends and family that "You're Getting Married'! This design comes with the option to choose your own colours to suit. We will contact you once you have placed your order to verify your colour selection. Just let me know what wording you would like to have on it via an Order Enquiry so that it becomes a personalised invitation, specific to your needs. Once you buy, you can send the text changes and I will send you a revised proof before going ahead with the printing. The invitations are produced using the highest quality digital printing process. This does not include envelopes. There is a minimum order of 50 invitations. The more you order, the lower the unit price. You can order a printed sample of the invitation by selecting 1 on the drop down menu. Samples will not be personalised. Ordering: 1. Customise. You tell us what wording you want 2. We will send you a digital proof for this invitation via email. We will help you and make any necessary tweaks until you feel it is perfect. Once you provide your final approval, we will begin production of your invitations! 3. We will print and package your order within 7-10 business days of receipt of final payment or final proof approval and we will send you a tracking number for your package. made from: 350g matt card stock dimensions: 14.8cm x 21cm (A5) product code: 223647 This product is dispatched to you by Magik Moments. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Standard Delivery Monday 13 July £1.75$3.66€2.54$2.84 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.66€2.54$2.84 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.66€2.54$2.84 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £3.95$8.26€5.73$6.42 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.46€7.26$8.13 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.46€7.26$8.13 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £6.95$14.54€10.09$11.31 Far East & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$15.17€10.53$11.79 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$15.17€10.53$11.79 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Magik Moments's return policy


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Virtualization News and Articles
SmartOS Weds Open Solaris to Linux KVM Virtualization
KVM , Linux , Opensolaris , Virtualization , ZFS
Issue 3: Are you ready for IPv6?
In this issue, we study IPv6, the art of bug hunting, behavior-driven monitoring, and real-time data analysis.
Subscribe to ADMIN Update for IT news and technical tips.
12.04 LTS 16 cores 8 cores AMD AMD-V ARB ARSC Active Directory Administration Amazon AWS Amazon CloudFront Anaconda Analytics Apache Apache Deltacloud Apache benchmarking tool Architecture Review Board Archiving ab acquisition alert amazon analysis analysis application performance arp cache poisoning arpspoof article submission astrophysics


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Museum Victoria cares for thestate's scientific and cultural collections
Until 4 Oct 2015
Now Showing
Join and save
Now showing at Bunjilaka Aboriginal Cultural Centre
How mites get around, feed and cause all kinds of trouble.
Tiny arachnids that are all around you.
Tribute to former Premier and supporter of MV.
Know a young person with dino fever?
Federation Square gets a little Cretaceous.
Trial voyage of Australia's new research vessel.
First Peoples is now open at Bunjilaka Aboriginal Cultural Centre at Mel...
Explore the museum's diverse collections of items from Victoria's history.
Explore the Immigration Museum with our free multilingual tour app and hear stor...
Research, create and share your own family or community history.
Facilitating dialogue about cultural difference and promoting diversity.
Museum Victoria's online humanities resources
3 Museums, 1 Membership
Hi Patrick - you may find some of the resources on our Locating Living People blog post of assistance. Best of luck!
To read the latest tweets from @museumvictoria
Follow Museum Victoria on
Hi Carole - all post-1923 travel and immigration records are held by the National Archives of Australia. You can see instructions on how to search their si...


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Updated 03/10/2014
Shared rooms and bathrooms notwithstanding, this is one of the city's great bargains overlooking the city near Gaudí's Güell Park.This youth hostel accepts guests over 25 with youth hostel cards, which are available at the front desk for a small fee (€5). The lobby, a Moderniste exhibition featuring Moorish horseshoe arches and polychrome marquetry right out of the Arabian Nights, has been featured in Barcelona art books. Bus 28 from the Rambla and the green line's Vallcarca metro station get you home. Doors close at midnight, but open every 30 minutes for late arrivals, that is, everyone.
Passeig de la Mare de Déu del Coll 41–51, Vallcarca, Catalonia, 08023, Spain
Website: www.xanascat.cat
Hotel Details:
Updated 03/10/2014
No Thanks


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Castelli Free Tri Top - Sleeveless - Mens - Mens - Road Bike Shop
Road Bike Shop
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About This Listing
Facing the beautiful XIX Century Farm of Splandole, farm of historic importance and symbol of the Crete Senesi area, we have comfortable and graciously appointed apartment with a view of the valley below.
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Central heating or a heater in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Unique portion of the Podere Le Splandole is located in the hearth of the relaxing Senese countryside. The view from this property is breath-taking. The house can host up to 6 people and is made of a living room, large kitchen two bedrooms and two bathrooms.
Two extra guests can be hosted in a confortable Sofa bed located in the living room.
Private car access is available.
Guest Access
The Guest can have access to the Podere garden and courtyard.
Interaction with Guests
Not only tourist information on Siena and surrounding on are provided by the Host but also practical information on restaurant, SPA and Market.
Fully details map are provided, Several tour maps are located in the apartments to enjoy by car, bicycle or trekking,
The Neighborhood
Situated between Siena and Asciano, thanks to careful restoration lasting a number of years, in 2011 Podere Le Splandole was returned to its previous splendour.
Since then it has offered its guests the opportunity to enjoy peace and tranquillity in an historic setting of great beauty.
Getting Around
Podere Le Splandole is located 6 km south from Siena in the heart of a the regional green park of "Crete Senesi".
It is the perfect location to easily reach Chianti region, San Gimignano, Pienza, Montalcino and all the world wide famous Tuscany wineries.
The Podere is on the top of a Crete hill but you can reach good Tuscan restaurants, bar, pool in less then 2 minute by car.
Other Things to Note
The Crete Senesi refers to an area of the Italian region of Tuscany to the south of Siena. It consists of a range of hills and woods among villages and includes the comuni of Asciano, Buonconvento, Monteroni d'Arbia, Rapolano Terme and San Giovanni d'Asso, all within the province of Siena.
Crete senesi are literally 'Senese clays', and the distinctive grey colouration of the soil gives the landscape an appearance often described as lunar. This characteristic clay, known as mattaione, represents the sediments of the Pliocene sea which covered the area between 2.5 and 4.5 million years ago. Nearby is also the semi-arid area known as the Accona Desert.
Perhaps the most notable edifice of this area is the monastery of Monte Oliveto Maggiore.
The region is known for its production of white truffles, and hosts a festival and a museum dedicated to the rare fungus (genus Tuber).
In absence of the house owner the house keys must be left in the wood box that is in front of the main entrance door.
When the clients are leaving the apartment the house keys must be taken out from the keyhole of the entrance door.
Only one heavy power household appliance at time: can be switch on that means for example don't power on the hair dryer together with the kitchen oven, or with the washing machine.
The house has to be left as found, any extra cost for the cleaning will be charged from the deposit.
At the end of the holiday the house has to be left at the time agreed in order to give time to the cleaning lady to do her job, any delay will be charged from the deposit.
The client takes responsibility to communicate immediately any damage or extradinary event to the house, and to look after the house and contents as carefully as possible.
The owner takes no responsibility for injuries which occur in or around the house to persons or property.
72 Reviews
My stay at Podere le Splandole was wonderful, and Michele was a fantastic host. We became lost on the scenic drive to the house and Michele was very patient when he called to check if we were ok and to give us directions from where we were.
The view from the apartment was beautiful, and the house was clean and furnished luxuriously.
Michele was forthcoming with heaps of information on the area, attractions, restaurants, and scenic drives around the area.
Michelle was very welcoming and generous, and the overall experience was wonderful.
We loved our stay in this area. It's incredibly beautiful and the view from the windows are stunning. Michele was great about answering our questions and helping us get in. The apartment is clean and comfortably furnished. We used it as a base to explore the surrounding area and it worked well. It's not close to stuff so you can't walk to a market or dining spots but if you have a car that's not an issue and in return you have the views. Would have been fantastic if it had an outside patio/balcony! That was the only thing it lacked.
We LOVED this apartment. Stunning views and a gorgeous, spacious interior with everything we could possibly need. Michele was a very helpful and wonderful host -- before our stay, he provided us with detailed directions and lots of information on the area (eateries, supermarkets, points of interest, etc). We were also greeted with a bottle of wine! Our only regret was not being able to stay longer. Highly recommended; thank you Michele!
Michele and his family were the perfect hosts,
available, friendly and always willing to help to make our stay at Podere Le Splandole memorable. The apartment was over and beyond our expectations... conveniently situated, clean and comfortable, we got to enjoy the most stunning sunsets on the Tuscany landscape!
If I ever get the chance to go back to Italy one day, I will surely make plans to spend a few days at Michele's place. Many thanks and a warm "Ciao" to all the folks at Le Splandole who made our stay one of the highlights of our trip!
We stayed at Le Spandole for 3 nights for our honeymoon - the property was amazing! It was spacious, fully equipped, clean and had beautiful views. The location is also great, only 10 minutes from Siena. Michele was a wonderful host and provided detailed directions and restaurant suggestions prior to arrival. I cannot reccommend this enough and would definitely return.
A perfect place, a beautiful appartment. Michele is very friendly and a helpful host. The view is very nice. The house is close to siena and other beautiful villages. We love the appartment and we will come again.
We all really enjoyed our stay at Michele´s appartment with it´s beautifully surrounding area. A good place for cycling tours in Toskany. Michele provided us with a lot of maps,materials and gave us good tipps. Thank you, and all the best!
About the Host, Michele
We are a easygoing couple with eight years old children (they are twice) .
The children are used to travel and be independent.


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Joined: Nov 2012
Location: Portland, Or
Oddometer: 18
Christmas Breakdown R80g/s
So to make a long story longer, I decided to ride my 1981 R80g/s to Port Angeles from Portland a couple days before christmas to join family. All was well until about 50 miles before my destination and my bike was surging and cutting out. It felt similar to the effect to running out of fuel. I pulled over and the bike died. It would not start. I did three things to try to diagnose the problem. I checked my plugs and they seemed ok. I took my tank off and and checked my wire connections to my coil. One was quite corroded, the right one. I pulled it and cleaned it up and reconnected. Put the tank on and boom it started up beautifully. Rode the last 50 miles without a stutter. I concluded that it was either a bad connection on the coil or there was a bit of dirt caught in the petcock valve and closing and reopening cleared it.
Next day was so nice out and was headed back to Portland to spend time with other family. The bike started fine and for 55 miles was perfect until the problem reoccured. I checked the ignition coil again and noticed it was cracked. I did a quick google and found some useful information about THE grey ignition coils prone to cracking and malfunctioning. I had an extra plug and tested coil connections by disconnecting the plug wire cap and inserting the extra plug and looked for spark. The right actually sparked fine and the left was not sparking. I waited a while because I read that if left to cool the coil will begin working again. I waited and it began to spark again. I rode the bike again and the problem occurred again and then I had a back fire that was quite loud.
I decided to find other ways to get the bike home. I got a uhaul and picked the bike up. it was dark at this time and since I did not have any help to get the bike up the ramp I decided to ride it up. I started the bike and the cutout started to happen right away. I look down to the left spark plug cap and it was glowing with every fire to that plug. Then it would stop and the bike would run fine. Back and forth. I crossed my fingers, revved it up, and rode it up the ramp.
Now I was thinking I also had a bad spark plug wire as well, because it was glowing through a hairline crack. I got home and ordered a new Bosch ignition coil, new wd7c+ plugs gapped between .6 - .7 mm. and new plug wires rated at 1kohm resistance.
It seemed to be running better but had more resistance in idle and acceleration and more vibration. I rode home tonight and I felt a bit of surge once or twice. I started reading snowbums sight on plugs and wires and I read there that coils from 1981 - on should have 5kohm resistant plug caps or you could damage the ignition.
One other vital piece of information: The night before I left, the headlight was intermittently cutting out. I got home and was moving the handle bars back and forth with the power on. Well I heard a short engage when the light cut out. I turned of the power off and investigated the wiring coming from the headlight and the control switches. Almost all of them were damaged and just twisted together and taped up. I spent most of the night soldering and properly connecting the wires until I could get back to it and do a better more thorough job. Since everything has been working fine in that department but the shorting sound could have done something.
I am a bit frustrated as I bought this bike and there was a lot of poor workmanship. I have fixed a lot of things already but this is a big one and I want to make things right.
I have had the biked checked out when I bought it and compression was at 130, so no problems there. I changed all the fluids, when it came to the oil, whoever changed the oil prior to my purchase had the o-ring and the shim reversed. Prior to changing the oil the oil pressure light only came on a couple of times when hard breaking and was alleviated by topping off the oil. Since the oil change the oil pressure light has not come on. I have adjusted the valves, synced the carbs with a twinmax. The bike was running beautifully until I was the thick of some cold salty downpour on the hood canal and broke down.
I know this is a lot of info but just need some sound advice.
Adios Mexico
Joined: Mar 2008
Location: Back in Seattle, FINALLY
Oddometer: 6,609
Check the ground connection at the trans as well as your battery connections. Both are pretty common sources of the problem you described, but from the sound of it, you should probably go over your whole electrical system and remove any hack work.
R80ST Gets The HPN Treatment
Seattle to TDF on an airhead
Current rides: HPN #834, '93 R100GSPD "red rocket", '73 R75/5 Toaster mongrel, '80 Ducati Pantah 500SL, '92 DR350, '67 Honda SS50, '80 Honda Chaly.
ignore list
Joined: Jan 2006
Location: Atlanta
Oddometer: 7,612
Clean and grease all connections, especially your grounds...brown wires on our bikes. Also, I would replace both plug wires and caps with the 5k ends. Electrical is frustrating, but it gets easier and before long, you'll know where every wire goes. Get a good color wire diagram and just go through everything. Doesn't have to be all at once. Sorry you got left on the side of the road at Christmas time.
Joined: Oct 2005
Location: 3rd Ring of Buzztopia
Oddometer: 7,115
Went through nearly identical hoops shortly after getting my '81. After delivery, even with the tank on i could see a ton of e-tape and dodgy connections. PO had evidently butchered the harness to add a headlight toggle to the side of the instrument/light pod-- think he also tried to add 4-way running lights since there were a lot of extra leads heading to the blinkers. I shook my head and just resigned to deal with it later and fix piecemeal whatever crapped out first.
Well. Then the ignition circuit started dead-shorting while riding. In turns. On mountain curves. Ie, at the least opportune times.
I attacked the butchered harness armed with soldering gun, shrink wrap, new wire, connectors etc. I was about 10 minutes into a front-to-back inspection of the harness when i knew it was a lost cause. The harness was badly butchered, but even the unmolested runs of orig wire were in bad shape: internal corrosion of the copper, and so much insulation cracking that complete replacement was demanded.
I ordered a complete R80G/S harness from Bob's for a tick over $200 (this in 2002 dollars). It was special drop from Germany, duh, but got to the west coast in a week or so. It looked flat beautiful out of the bag, and i was pleased to be eliminating electrical gremlins once and for all by replacement.
Only issue was that 2 of the new harness female relay bases (starter and flasher, IIRC) didn't agree w/ my '81's relay connections. I figure some of those connections must've changed over the '81-'86 run, so i just dismantled the female terminals and refit them using the wiring schematic to agree w/ my relays
Keep with it, guy. Definitely worth it in the end
Joined: Nov 2012
Location: Portland, Or
Oddometer: 18
Since this is all happening at once, I decided do upgrades as well. Got an enduralast charging system, a new Odyssey PC680 Battery as well as some solid 420 copper thread battery terminals. Any other upgrade recommendations that are prone to failure in these old bikes? Ignition?
Previous replies suggested to grease the battery terminals. Dieltric grease? And currently the the positive terminal is pretty loaded up, about five battery connections. I have the main terminals, heated grips, but I haven't chased down the others. Is there a cleaner way to set the battery connections up?
ignore list
Joined: Jan 2006
Location: Atlanta
Oddometer: 7,612
As far as other upgrades, do it as it needs. Your bean can will most certainly fail. Maybe tomorrow, could be in a few years. Wait till it does then replace it with this:
Much easier to repair when it shits the bed.
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: New Brunswick Canada
Oddometer: 312
No affiliation, just the first name I could remember when exercising my Google-Fu! Also I like the idea of the accessories being switched. That way if you forget the grip heaters or seat massager on, it won't kill your battery!
I feel your pain with the butchered harness. I've been returning a moderately molested wiring harness to stock over the last couple years. Things are getting better! Though if you have cracked wiring, it might just be time to bite the bullet and get a new harness. Although I have been considering taking some time and soldering/heat shrinking all the connectors I can get to. Will eliminate the pesky corrosion issues.
Larger than life and twice as ugly!
My photos: stewie.smugmug.com
On my way
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Back home in the UK
Oddometer: 790
A few years ago I had intermittent cutting out on my G/S and eventually the ignition pick up failed after a couple of weeks, as you suspect it may be the messy wiring is causing the problem but be aware of the possibility it is the ignition on its way out, contrary to popular belief they don't always just die but can come and go before completely expiring.
If it's in the Touratech catalogue then you don't need it
"You've got to think for yourselves! You're all individuals!"-Brian of Nazareth
Beemerguru...G/S guy
Joined: Nov 2006
Location: Foster City, CA
Oddometer: 1,030
If you have a badly butchered main wire harness,,don't even think of solder and tape..just order a new one. Take your time and you can replace the old with new in about 4 hours..plug and play. You may or may not have to swap relay bases on 2 of the three depending on your frame layout. Gives you a chance to clean up all the other @#%#$ too.
Don't forget to add 4 spacers between the high fender and lower triple clamp so you don't pinch the wire harness. Over time, all the back and forth turning will cause the wires inside to rub against each other and eventually cause a hidden short...which will drive you crazy trying find it..unless the harness lets out too much smoke.
Greg Hutchinson
BMW Club of Northern California, Ambassador, BMW MOA, Vice President Vintage BMW Club
Joined: Nov 2012
Location: Portland, Or
Oddometer: 18
Joined: Nov 2012
Location: Portland, Or
Oddometer: 18
As far as the diode board ground, I have read that article. I believe it involves beefing up the wiring as well. I don't think it will be necessary since I am installing the enduralast charging system.
Did you do anything to add support or prevent wire rubbing in vulnerable areas? Rick recommended covering the harness with corrugated plastic cover. Beemer guru recommends spacers.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: May 2005
Oddometer: 2,351
8jest - try a search on this forum, or Google for final drive rebuilding - there have been a few threads
From memory most have not addressed replacement of the bronze spacer between the bevel and the either needle or taper roller bearing on the drive side.
The spacer sets the mesh of the pinion and bevel gears, so it is nice to have it is close as possible.
These bronze spacers are available in 0.1 mm (4 thou) increments from 2.5 to 3.5mm?, so if the dimension of the existing isnt an even 0.1mm a new spacer at least the next size up is required- mine was 0.127" thick so I replaced it with a 0.130" (3.3mm) one, which I think will be close.
This of course means a couple of orders, first after strip down for a bearing, spacer, gasket and seal, then for the correct shims after you have measured clearance with the new spacer fitted - the big shims are $12- each so ordering a selection isnt really an option.
I was quoted $280- for replacing the large bearing , spacer and seal , included resetting the pinion to the correct mesh and reshimming the bearing.
If there is a next time I will let them do it - list on parts is more than half of that, and measuring the mesh and bearing preload for the taper bearing or clearance for the needle roller is hit or miss without the correct equipment.
The drive I just pulled had 8 thou preload on the needle roller even with a spacer worn 3 thou so it was probably assembled with around 12 thou preload instead of zero, FWIW around the error you would expect if you measure the clearance by crushing a few strips of solder, as suggested some places.
And also just about as bad as the factory built the Oilhead drives, but that is another , long, long, story.
Adelaide Hills, Australia. 93 R100 GS, 77 R75/7 ,70 BSA B44VS, , 86 R80 G/S PD, 95 BMW Funduro F650 ST
Beastly Gnarly
Joined: May 2012
Location: VA
Oddometer: 1,639
Here is a link to Jorg's R80GS page, about final drives: http://jhau.maliwi.de/mot/r80gs.html#finaldrive
I agree with his assessment. Unless you want to change the gear ratio or do something custom, getting a replacement final drive is better and easier than rebuilding your current drive.
Opinions vary, and someone may come up with the 'best final drive rebuild company'. But it is not a home repair job for someone unfamiliar with the process and the instruments and tooling may cost as much as a good rebuild or another good used final drive. YMMV. Good luck!
Edit: here is a link from Snowbum's site on rear drive information: http://bmwmotorcycletech.info/rearwhlsplines.htm
p.s. Australian dollars are more than US dollars and shipping is expensive to Australia.
Stan_R80/7 screwed with this post 01-05-2013 at 05:14 AM Reason: added link
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: May 2005
Oddometer: 2,351
The quote for $280- was from Motohansa in Sydney, Australia.
I obtained it around 3 years ago when I bought my G/S , and noticed a fair bit of play at the wheel rim.
The drive will fit into a USPS $50- flat rate box to Oz but it would probably cost more than twice that for return postage
I decided to let my drive run, and 100,000 km on it isnt much worse, so I assume it was just set up wrong, not worn out.
Three stud G/S final drives are hard to find and usually expensive, but I finally found a ''good used " spare on US Ebay for $200.00.
I checked it out for play in the bearing, it felt good and it was put on the shelf to be used when the play in my existing drive started to increase.
However, I read a post somewhere by someone asking how hard it should be to turn a good final drive, and when I checked this one to see if I could help found out mine was stiff too.
Slackening off the 8? bolts on the bearing carrier slackened off the drive bearing too, and as this was a needle roller drive which should have zero preload I surmised the bearing had been shimmed wrong, and pulled it apart.
It has the later 19 ball deep groove bearing so I assume it has been rebuilt at some time. The bearing feels slightly rough and will be replaced together with the bronze spacer on the other side which shows more wear than would be expected on a unloaded spacer.
For a couple of years some oilhead final drives came new from the factory with between 8 and 12 thou to much preload, and most failed between 10,000 and 30,000 km, so it is possible that my drive has seen a few years light use since it was rebuilt.
If the guy who parted out the bike checked the play with the wheel still on he probably wouldn't notice the stiffness, same as the factory and the dealers didnt notice the stiff oilhead drives, so I have accepted that he sold it in good faith and will replace the bearing and spacer at my cost.
The bearings are half list from Motorworks in England, $50- or so and with another $20- for the shim and spacer it will still be a cheap drive as the only other one I saw, on German Ebay, went for over EU500- , which is more than $600-.
The oilhead guys ended up measuring the bearing clearance by temporary refitting the carrier with tank repair epoxy strip in the shim space, and I will use this method as it seems to have worked for them, when checked against setting with the proper tool.
Then I bumped into this guy who has replaced the large deep groove ball bearing with a taper roller and convinced me I should do the same !
Adelaide Hills, Australia. 93 R100 GS, 77 R75/7 ,70 BSA B44VS, , 86 R80 G/S PD, 95 BMW Funduro F650 ST
Beemerboff screwed with this post 01-05-2013 at 06:23 AM
Joined: Nov 2006
Location: Bowling Green, Ky
Oddometer: 4,977
Here's a pict of the spacers refereed to earlier. These are angled aluminum blocks and not washers though.
1984 BMW R80G/S (wrenching index)
2003 Suzuki DRZ 400S (TAT Prep)
One More DRZ does the TAT (Ride Report)
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Justin Timberlake can add TV producer on his resume as he is working with a production company for the show "My Problem With Women" which is a show about a bachelor who tries to figure out why his relationship with women fail.
The show is not an original though. It actually an adaptation of the Peruvian show called "Mi Problema con las Mujeres."
This show will probably be a hit since the production company is also responsible for the hit shows, "The Office" and "Ugly Betty" so it safe to say they know a thing or two about having hits.
Justin is really trying to get his feet wet into everything and anything. He's a musician, he's got his own clothing line, he's acting, and now he's producing. Talk about world domination!


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This January 17 marks the eighth anniversary of this blog of mine and it has been a wild ride. After well over a thousand posts and the launch of a second blog over at Psychology Today, I have managed to keep going. This past year has even seen the launch of my first book (I did mention that I have a book out, right?) and hopefully more in the offing. Thanks for bearing with me and the inevitable growing pains over the years. In the meantime, I'll keep doing what I've been doing and hope people enjoy what I am contributing.
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