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BSE:500825 | NSE:BRITANNIAEQ | 58888:brnd | IND:Food Processing - Dairy/Fruits/Others | ISIN code:INE216A01022 | SECT:Food Processing
Prv. Close:
Prv. Close:
Rs. in crores
Year ended Year ended Particulars 31 March''14 31 March''13
Sale of Products 6,347.85 5,649.66
Other Operating Revenues 75.30 51.11
Other Income 34.82 55.47
Profit from Operations 533.24 314.45 (PBT before other income, finance costs and exceptional items)
Profit Before Tax 542.62 332.18
Less: Tax Expense 172.79 98.31
Net Profit 369.83 233.87
Add: Profit brought forward 326.89 235.35
Profit available for 696.72 469.22
Less: Proposed Dividend 143.91 101.66
Less: Tax on Proposed 24.46 17.28
Less: Dividend (including 0.22 - tax on dividend) for previous year on equity shares issued under ESOS after the year end
Less: Transfer to General 36.98 23.39 Reserve
Balance carried forward to 491.15 326.89 Balance Sheet
Net Cash Flow from 614.51 272.01 Operating Activities
In a challenging economic environment and intensely competitive market, Profit from Operations increased 69.6%, from Rs. 314.45 crores to Rs. 533.24 crores. Several of your Company''s power brands grew double digit resulting in overall revenue growth of 12%. Your Company focused on profitability, capital productivity and working capital management to generate cash flow from operating activities of Rs. 614.51 crores compared to Rs. 272.01 crores in the previous year. Earnings per share (of Rs. 2/- each) increased to Rs. 30.87 from Rs. 19.57 in the previous year.
Based on the assessment of business of Daily Bread Gourmet Foods (India) Private Limited (wholly owned subsidiary) and in accordance with Accounting Standard 13 - "Accounting for Investments", prescribed by the Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 of the Companies Act, 1956, your Company has made a provision of Rs. 20 crores for diminution in value of investment made in equity shares of Daily Bread Gourmet Foods (India) Private Limited. channel capabilities have been strengthened to increase width of distribution in rural markets and depth in the urban markets. Several initiatives were undertaken to drive sales productivity, which includes re-structuring of sales team, distributor consolidation, portfolio reconfiguration to simplify handling, split portfolio for focused selling, hub & spoke model to increase reach etc.
Your Company supported its brands aggressively in an intensely competitive market and focused on extracting the maximum out of its investment in advertising and sales promotion (A&SP) and channel infrastructure, through a series of initiatives focused on higher throughput, better returns, branding and communication excellence.
Your Company focused to balance cost, quality and aspiration in its brand for consumer affordability at every price point. Your Company also reinforced a strong cost effectiveness culture towards creating a robust demand & supply chain and leadership economics.
Your Company has prepared Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with Accounting Standard 21 - "Consolidated Financial Statements", prescribed by the Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 of the Companies Act, 1956. The Consolidated Statements refilect the results of the Company and those of its Subsidiaries. As required by Clause 32 of the Listing Agreement entered into with the Stock Exchanges, the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements together with the Independent Auditor''s Report thereon are annexed and form part of this Annual Report.
Consolidated Sale of Products of your Company for the year ended 31 March 2014 was Rs. 6,945.52 crores compared with Rs. 6,221.82 crores in the previous year, a growth of 11.6%.
Consolidated Net Profit for the year ended 31 March 2014 was Rs. 395.35 crores compared with Rs. 259.50 crores in the previous year, a growth of 52.3%.
Rs. in crores
Year ended Year ended Particulars 31 March''14 31 March''13
Sale of Products 6,945.52 6,221.82
Other Operating Revenues 83.39 49.50
Other income 33.59 52.24
Profit from Operations 544.02 347.49 (PBT before other income and finance costs)
Profit Before Tax 569.32 358.43
Net Profit 395.35 259.50
Your Directors present herewith a broad overview of the operations and financials of Subsidiaries of your Company:
Britannia Dairy Private Limited (BDPL)
The Dairy business of your Company was impacted by unprecedented increase in milk cost of ~ 30% during the year. Your Company focused on value-added products and registered a turnover of Rs. 299.32 crores compared to Rs. 309.19 crores in the previous year. The business achieved a Net Profit of Rs. 10.67 crores compared to Rs. 35 crores in the previous year as a result of inordinate inflation in milk cost.
Daily Bread Gourmet Foods (India) Private Limited (Daily Bread)
Daily Bread is a manufacturer of premium gourmet bakery products, including specialty breads, cakes, pastries and cookies which it sells through its own retail stores directly to consumers. It also sells a part of its bread range through modern trade and to institutions. Its operations are largely confined to Bangalore. The turnover (net sale of products) of Daily Bread was Rs. 19.94 crores during the year, compared with Rs. 23.06 crores in the previous year. Loss for the year was Rs. 3.30 crores compared to Rs. 2.67 crores in the previous year.
Strategic Food International Co. LLC, Dubai (SFIC)
SFIC sales increased by 4.1% at AED 16.16 crores (Rs. 265.71 crores) compared with AED 15.53 crores (Rs. 229.92 crores) for the previous year. It increased market share in key markets of UAE and KSA. SFIC posted a net profit of AED 0.29 crores (Rs. 4.74 crores) as compared to a net loss of AED 0.33 crores (Rs. 4.91 crores). Continued focus on product mix, productivity improvement and cost efficiencies helped to drive a profitable growth.
Al Sallan Food Industries Co. SAOC (ASFI)
ASFI sales are primarily to SFIC and for the year ended 31 March 2014 closed at RO 0.86 crores (Rs. 135.30 crores), almost at the level of previous year. It posted a net loss of RO 2.13 lakhs (Rs. 3.34 crores) against a net profit of RO 0.09 lakh (Rs. 0.12 crores) in the previous year.
Britannia and Associates (Mauritius) Private Limited, Mauritius (BAMPL)
BAMPL, a company formed in Mauritius and a wholly- owned subsidiary of your Company, is the holding company of Britannia and Associates (Dubai) Private Company Limited, a Jebel Ali Free Zone Offshore company, which in turn holds investments in Strategic Food International Co. LLC, Dubai, Al Sallan Food Industries Co. SAOC, Oman, and Strategic Brands Holding Company Limited, Dubai, a Jebel Ali Free Zone Offshore company.
The combined revenue and profit of holding companies for the year ended 31 March 2014 was USD 0.13 crores (Rs. 7.69 crores) and USD 0.01 crores (Rs. 0.30 crores) compared to USD 0.12 crores (Rs. 6.53 crores) and loss of USD 0.01 crores (Rs. 0.25 crores) respectively, for the year ended 31 March 2013.
Investment Companies
Boribunder Finance and Investments Private Limited (Boribunder), Flora Investments Company Private Limited (Flora) and Gilt Edge Finance and Investments Private Limited (Gilt Edge) form the Investment subsidiaries of your Company. Boribunder is a wholly owned subsidiary of your Company.
The combined revenue and loss of the investment companies for the year ended 31 March 2014 was Rs. Nil and Rs. 0.02 crores respectively.
Further, pursuant to Section 4 of the Companies Act, 1956, the following companies engaged in manufacturing of biscuits at various locations are also subsidiaries of your Company. The Revenue from Operations / Net Sales and Net Profit of the said subsidiaries for 2013-14 are as under:
Rs. in crores
Name of Subsidiary Revenue Net Profit from Operations / Net Sales
International Bakery Products 18.05 0.29 Limited, Puducherry
J B Mangharam Foods Private 25.26 0.25 Limited, Gwalior
Manna Foods Private Limited, 29.09 (0.19) Madurai
Ganges Vally Foods Private 16.86 0.24 Limited, Hoogly
Sunrise Biscuit Company Private 131.65 0.02 Limited, Guwahati
Welfare Companies
Britannia Employees General Welfare Association Private Limited, Britannia Employees Educational Welfare Association Private Limited and Britannia Employees Medical Welfare Association Private Limited are three of the other subsidiaries of your Company. These are companies limited by guarantee, with no share capital and have been set up for general, educational and medical welfare of the employees of your Company. They are not engaged in any commercial activity.
The Board of Directors are pleased to recommend a dividend of 600% on the paid up equity share capital of the Company, which amounts to Rs. 12/- per share, for consideration and approval by the Members at the Annual General Meeting. The total payout amounts to Rs. 168.37 crores including dividend distribution tax of Rs. 24.46 crores.
Last year your Company took an oath to coalesce the cost, quality and aspiration imaginatively to deliver a unique and ecstatic experience to its consumers. Guided by this Britannia Promise, an objective analysis was conducted to assess where we stand in terms of our products versus where we should be. This identified several opportunities which your Company aggressively pursued, resulting in a significantly superior consumer experience. This refilects in our market place performance. Equally, there are several other identified opportunities that are in various stages of completion. Many of these will reach consumers during the course of the current year.
Not only did Britannia Promise become the fountainhead of delightful consumer offering, but it also shaped the day-to-day activities of your Company. Your Company recognizes that we are only as good as the last product we delivered to consumers. Keeping this in mind all employees of your Company recommitted themselves to ensuring that the products that reach consumers are not only superior to competitors in their design but they also reach with consistently high quality. Consequently each employee of your Company maintains market-place-vigilance and is effectively an independent market information source reporting back into a mechanism designed to identify and correct market-place deficiency quickly and comprehensively.
Brands form the core of your Company''s business and keeping them relevant and differentiated is the first priority of your Company. 2013-14 has been a year of consolidating and growing base brands and brands launched in the previous years. Concurrently, your Company has kept up the pace of differentiation by working and investing aggressively behind new consumer understanding, advertising and activation programs and marketplace competitiveness.
Your Company''s pillar brands like Good Day, MarieGold, 50 50, NutriChoice, Jim Jam, Bourbon, Milk Bikis continued to drive growth for the Company by expanding both penetration and consumption in Indian homes. The Jim Jam brand was restaged with new packaging and a new chocolate variant as well as consumer facing advertising which brought alive the creaminess and jami-ness of the inherent product.
Your Company continues to focus on its two strength areas – Health and Indulgence – through brands that are targeted specifically on each of these need states. Brands are also segmented on consumer segments like Premium, Mid, Mass or demographic segments like homemakers, kids, adults, families etc. New campaigns were created for Good Day (Happy Good Day to you), NutriChoice Digestive (Tasty Health Biscuits) and NutriChoice Cracker (The Honestly Good Biscuit) to ensure that your brands stayed top of mind and relevant to consumers. Britannia Cakes was restaged with new packaging and new advertising.
The premium segment of the market saw intense activity in 2013-14 and your Company ensured that packs and products were kept price and value competitive – through the introduction of new SKUs or through consumer bonus programmes. This has resulted in improved performance of brands and helped expand their distribution as well as consumer penetration footprint. In 2013-14, your Company leveraged the understanding created with the Britannia Promise to innovate and renovate products to deliver the right cost, quality and aspiration to the consumers. This will be the continued endeavour of your Company over the next many years to come, making the product the centrepiece of all development work.
2013-14 symbolized a year of intense competitive activity with a subdued consumer activity on account of economic slowdown – it was critical for your Company to keep its brands salient on media in addition to delivering every day good quality. Your Company continued to invest in the traditional Television medium while increasing impact and visibility through hoardings and bus shelter (OOH medium), through the modern trade and key accounts retail visibility program as well as through investing behind new media like digital albeit in a small manner.
Your Company has been focusing on deploying a competitive edge in technology and implementing operational excellence programs across the value chain to build leadership economics. Your
Company increased operating control on capacity with the commissioning of a Greenfield facility for biscuit manufacturing at Jhagadia, Gujarat and commencing work on the new Greenfield project in Perundurai, Tamil Nadu. Capacity and capability continued to be enhanced both in your Company''s manufacturing units and co-packers. All these have helped in creating the right capacity with superior technology to better serve the market. To improve the back-end planning process and availability, your Company has implemented the process of Advanced Planning & Optimizing (APO) tool which will provide an integrated platform to calibrate supply to a dynamic demand scenario. In the area of logistics the focus was on execution effectiveness and optimum space utilization for higher throughput.
Your Company assiduously works on enhancing delivered product quality through structured programs that build a quality culture. The culture of continuous improvement is deployed through various initiatives across the Company to improve the effectiveness of our processes and systems.
Your Company started a "Organoleptic8" Program, in order to give more Weight-age to the consumers sensorial appreciation. Your Company competency on "Organoleptic" differentiation will be significantly enhanced to deliver new and unique experiences across the portfolio.
IT systems are the backbone, which support timely decisions through converting data into actionable information. During 2013-14, your Company started realizing the benefits of best in class Supply Chain IT capabilities enabled through SAP during 2012-13. Integrating end-to-end supply chain covering demand, capacity and production planning has enabled an increased service delivery with reduction of inventory.
Your Company has also successfully rolled out handheld based system to enable its sales people to do better planning and execution.
Your Company has successfully built Procurement analytics / dashboards which provides greater visibility to commodity trends.
In 2014-15, your Company proposes to enhance analytics capabilities in other areas like marketing and finance. Your Company is also looking at centralizing / consolidating various activities in line with global trends, which will help your Company to increase its filexibility to respond to market changes.
Energy conservation and the use of clean fuels continue to be a priority area for your Company. Biomass gassifier has been successfully commissioned at two factories and more will be installed in the coming year. A focused Energy Program has been established with a view to carrying out specific initiatives in the field of Energy Efficiency and Conservation.
Environment, Health and Safety are treated as core value at your Company. Your Company has strengthened its workplace system & practices as a part of ZERO accident culture through several accident prevention program techniques and has introduced site level performance indicators to promote positive & proactive culture at work place. Your Company also partnered with a leading company having expertise in Safety Management Systems as part of safety capability building in enhancing skills for shop floor line management. As part of this engagement, several programs were organized across various locations.
Your Company also initiated several activities as part of employee engagement in safety management like:
(a) Safety week celebrations to enhance the awareness on safety practices at work place.
(b) Adopted engineering controls for all hazardous rotating parts which has potential to cause accidents.
(c) On the job training to workmen on safe work practices.
(d) Visual display at work place for better understanding on hazards and risks.
(e) Mock drills as part of emergency response system.
(f) Safety inspection program to identify unsafe conditions and eliminate them.
(g) Near miss reporting to capture potential areas and mitigate the same.
For your Company, CSR means Corporate Sustainable Responsibility and this means embedding CSR into its business model. This covers two broad areas of food-based solutions to increase nutrition as well as energy conservation, which includes waste management.
Your Company continued its partnership with Karnataka Nutrition Mission in some villages in Karnataka to comprehensively address sanitation, health and immunization initiatives, nutrition supplementation for children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and nursing mothers. The 1st phase of this project was completed during the year.
As mentioned in previous reports, the "Britannia Nutrition Foundation" (BNF) was set up with the belief that every child in India has the right to growth and development through good food - every day. The Foundation disseminates scientific knowledge in the area of nutrition, builds awareness of the massive malnutrition challenge and its solutions and creates a platform for multi-sectoral dialogue and informed action.
In 2013, BNF was selected as the ''nutrition partner'' in a first-of-its-kind project in India, under a municipal corporation''s (East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC)) jurisdiction. Through this program BNF assessed the health and nutritional status, including height, weight and haemoglobin of 50,000 children. The records of the Health Checks conducted have since been digitized and handed over to EDMC to be made a part of their school records. Their daily diets were supplemented with Iron & multiple micro-nutrient fortified biscuits and parents of the children were counselled on causes & effects of anaemia, ways to overcome it through proper eating habits and the importance of sanitation and hygienic living conditions, both within the home and the community.
The Foundation also partnered with AIIMS to do a field study on the efficacy of Nutrition Intervention through fortified food to "at-risk child populations". BNF also worked with Wadia Hospital in Mumbai to supplement the daily diets of all IPD (In Patient Department) children with Tiger biscuits.
The work of the Foundation also featured on 2 independent programs on Television focusing on malnutrition:
- NDTV program on "Our Girls, Our Pride" in December 2013.
- ''The Quest for Shunya'' (on Times Now) in October 2013, on companies / organizations that are on a Quest to reduce malnutrition.
The commitments of your Company in addressing child and maternal malnutrition were also included as a part of the SUN (Scaling Up Nutrition) (which originated from the United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN) wherein UN agencies, Bilateral Partners and NGOs / CSOs come together to exchange information and discuss nutrition related issues) and DFID (Department for International Development of the Government of UK) global commitments.
The proceedings in the suit filed by the Pensioners Welfare Association (''the Association'') are in progress in the Honourable City Civil and Sessions Court, Bangalore. In the meanwhile, the Company''s Pension Funds continue to pay pension to the members, in terms of the Honourable Court''s interim order passed on 1 January 2009 as reiterated by the Honourable Supreme Court in its order passed in January 2011, in accordance with the computation made on defined contribution basis and submitted by the Pension Funds to the Court.
Pending disposal by the Honourable High Courts of Madras and Calcutta of the petitions filed by some pensioners and the Association, the CIT, Kolkata, is yet to pass any orders on the deeds of variation filed by the Pension Funds in view of the interim restraint orders passed by these High Courts.
These and related matters have been dealt with in Note No. 29 to the financial statements, which are self-explanatory.
Details of energy conservation, technology absorption, foreign exchange earnings and outgoings in accordance with the provisions of clause (e) of sub-section (1) of Section 217 of the Companies Act, 1956, read with the Companies (Disclosure of the Particulars in the Report of Board of Directors) Rules, 1988, are given as Annexure ''A'' to this Report.
In accordance with Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement with the Stock Exchanges, a separate report on corporate governance along with the Auditor''s Certificate on its compliance is attached to this Report.
The Board of Directors of your Company at their Meeting held on 11 November 2013 had appointed Mr. Varun Berry as an Additional Director of the Company with effect from 11 November 2013, in terms of Section 161 of the Companies Act, 2013 [corresponding to Section 260 of the Companies Act, 1956] and Article 94 of the Articles of Association of the Company and whose term of office expires at the ensuing Annual General Meeting and is eligible for appointment as Director of the Company. In the same Meeting Mr. Varun Berry was also appointed as Whole time Director designated as Executive Director of the Company with effect from 11 November 2013 for a period of five years. Further, the Board of Directors of your Company at their Meeting held on 25 March 2014 had appointed Mr. Varun Berry as Managing Director of the Company with effect from 1 April 2014 for a period from 1 April 2014 to 10 November 2018. Later, the Board of Directors of your Company at their Meeting held on 26 May 2014 had revised the terms and conditions of the appointment of Mr. Varun Berry as Managing Director of the Company for a period of five years with effect from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2019.
Ms. Vinita Bali retired as Managing Director of the Company and also ceased to be a Director on the Board of the Company with effect from the close of business on 31 March 2014. Your Directors wish to place on record their appreciation for the contribution made by Ms. Vinita Bali during her tenure as Managing Director.
In accordance with the provisions of Section 149 and other applicable provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, your Directors are seeking appointment of Dr. Ajai Puri, Mr. Keki Dadiseth, Mr. Avijit Deb, Mr. Nimesh N. Kampani, Mr. S S Kelkar, Mr. Nasser Munjee and Dr. Vijay L Kelkar as Independent Directors for five consecutive years with effect from the date of the Annual General Meeting to be held on 12 August 2014 up to 11 August 2019 with an option to retire from the office at any time during the term of appointment.
In accordance with the provisions Section 152 of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Articles of Association of the Company, Mr. A K Hirjee and Mr. Jeh N Wadia, Directors, retiring by rotation at the ensuing Annual General Meeting, are eligible for re-appointment.
Details of the proposal along with necessary resolutions for the appointment / re-appointment of the aforesaid Directors have been included in the Notice convening the ensuing AGM and Explanatory Statement under Section 102 of the Companies Act, 2013.
Information as per Section 217 (2A) of the Companies Act, 1956, (''the Act'') read with the Companies (Particulars of Employees) Rules, 1975, forms part of this Report. However, as per the provisions of Section 219(1) (b) (iv) of the Act, the report and accounts are being sent, excluding the statement containing the particulars to be provided under Section 217(2A) of the Act. Any Member interested in obtaining such particulars may inspect the same at the Registered Office of the Company or write to the Company Secretary for a copy thereof.
Requisite disclosure in respect of the Employee Stock Option Scheme (ESOS) in terms of Guideline 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Employee Stock Option Scheme and Employee Share Purchase Scheme) Guidelines 1999, has been provided in Annexure ''B'' to this Report.
The Share Capital of the Company has gone up from Rs. 23.91 crores as at 31 March 2013 to Rs. 23.99 crores as at 31 March 2014 consequent to allotment of 4,00,000 equity shares in aggregate on three occasions upon the exercise of stock options by Ms. Vinita Bali as granted under the ESOS in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. Details of each allotment have been mentioned in Corporate Governance Report.
The Order dated 24 January 2012 issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) – Cost Audit Branch, Government of India, mandating Cost Audit applies to your Company as it manufactures packaged food products falling within Chapter 19 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. The Company is accordingly required to get its cost accounting records audited by a Cost Auditor. Pursuant to Section 233B(2) of the Companies Act, 1956 the Board of Directors on the recommendation of the Audit Committee appointed M/s. N. I. Mehta & Co., Cost Accountants, as Cost Auditors for conducting Cost Audit for the financial year 2013-14. The Cost Audit Report is required to be filed within 180 days from the end of the financial year. The Cost Audit Report for the financial year ended 31 March 2013 was filed within the due date and for 31 March 2014 will be filed within the prescribed period.
M/s. B S R & Co. LLP retire in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. They have indicated their willingness to continue in office and are recommended for appointment as the Company''s Auditors in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.
Pursuant to sub-section (2AA) of Section 217 of the Companies Act, 1956, your Directors, based on representations from the Operating Management, confirm that:
(a) In the preparation of annual accounts, the applicable Accounting Standards have been followed and there are no material departures;
(b) They have, in selection of the accounting policies, consulted the statutory auditors and applied these policies consistently, making judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent, so as to give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company as on 31 March 2014 and of the profit of the Company for the year ended 31 March 2014;
(c) They have taken proper and sufficient care, to the best of their knowledge and ability, for the maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 for safeguarding the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting fraud and other irregularities;
(d) They have prepared the annual accounts on a going concern basis.
Your Directors would like to thank all stakeholders, namely, customers, shareholders, dealers, suppliers, bankers, employees and all other business associates for the continuous support given by them to the Company and its Management.
On behalf of the Board
Mumbai Nusli N Wadia
26 May 2014 Chairman
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Press Invited to Attend Workplace Financial Fitness Forum/Interview Opportunities Available
On Tuesday, April 16, in celebration of Financial Literacy Month, leading experts from NYSE-Listed companies, the government and academia will converge at the New York Stock Exchange to participate in NYSE Euronext's Workplace Financial Fitness Forum, a discussion on the important role that employers can play in improving the financial fitness of their employees.
"Providing support for employees' financial fitness in the workplace is good for employees - and for companies.," said Michelle Greene, Head of Corporate Responsibility at NYSE Euronext. "Given our position at the nexus of so many of the world's leading companies, we feel a special responsibility to promote workplace financial fitness. Through our own initiatives and through partnerships, we are working to provide resources to our companies to help them in their efforts to improve their employees' financial well-being. We believe this can help our companies and, at the same time, help individuals and families in our communities build more secure financial futures. "

subset: commoncrawl


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This seems like a strupid question - but where are the ship textures located?
Bethencourt's 1800
& Modeling. Milkshape and UU3D. With (more than) colaboration of Wangrin.
Last edited by Pdguru; January 08, 2013 at 06:29 PM.
and this is my Spanish accent "(in Napoleon TW go to data>rigidmodels.pack>rigidmodels>naval>textures)"
Bethencourt's 1800
& Modeling. Milkshape and UU3D. With (more than) colaboration of Wangrin.
Ooo-la-la! Dios mío!!! That's my English accent being suprised in my feeble French and Spanish
Yes, I was completely overlooking the folder called rigidmodels, Steph - so I thought your reference was inside something else. Sorry about that.
Thanks all for your help. As you may have seen, I am now having fun with making a "Briney French" mod. Now I have to find those pesky sailor skins... where are they hidden?
Thanks Hedge Knight.
Can you advise me where the colors are assigned to the vanilla crew - the whole set up seems to be very different than the land forces - it's a good job I have no problem displaying my ignorance,
I think its just the case that whats called gloss is in fact a colour mask like with the land units.


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Ask a real estate pro: How homebuyers ruin short sales
Board-certified real estate attorney Gary M. Singer writes about the housing market in this space each Friday. To ask him a question about short sales, mortgages, refinancing, homeowner's associations or any other residential real estate topic, click here.
Two weeks ago, I wrote about mistakes sellers make to kill short sales. Buyers also end up ruining these deals or making things more difficult than they need to be. Here's what they need to avoid:
Not doing enough research on the seller and the mortgage before you commit. Are the husband and wife getting a divorce and will both spouses stay cooperative all the way through? Do they have two mortgages, which will make the negotiations with the bank more difficult? If you sense the deal could drag on longer than a few months, find another house.
Failing to check up on the seller's representative who will negotiate with the bank. The key to completing a short sale is checking in with the bank at least weekly. Otherwise, the case will stall because the lender likely has thousands of other short sales to consider. This short sale probably isn't the only one your seller's rep is negotiating. So don't be shy about insisting on regular updates.
Being too picky on price. If you are trying to get the deal of the century and the bank wants a little more money, it probably makes sense to kick in the extra cash. There's no use in walking away from a steal just because you have to pay a little more. That's the kind of thing buyers tend to regret later.
Spending money before you have to. After you sign the contract and wait for the bank's approval, don't start ordering inspections and appraisals and applying to the homeowner's association. If the deal doesn't go through, you'll be out that money and very unhappy.
Getting caught flat footed on your own mortgage. Once the seller's lender accepts your offer, it likely will want to close within a month or two. That could be a problem if you don't have your loan approved. There's plenty of time to get that done while the seller's bank is considering your offer.
The information and materials on this blog are provided for general informational purposes only and are not intended to be legal advice. No attorney-client relationship is formed, nor should any such relationship be implied. Nothing on this blog is intended to substitute for the advice of an attorney, especially an attorney licensed in your jurisdiction.
To follow Gary Singer on Twitter, click here.


text: a few questions one about the the upcoming B3 phenoms any chance the 2.6 ghz black ed will oc to ~3.2 ghz and run at <26c with a good cooler? what do black ed 5000+s typically run at when ocd to 3.2 ghz with stock cooler? what about with a higher end cooler? i blindly bought a be-2400 and it has a locked multi and all i can say is that all things considered (ie low voltage 1.18-1.2 low wattage cool n quiet artic cooling freezer 64 pro, as ceramique 75 F room temp not ocd) it runs pretty damn hot.


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Midtown Madness 3 - Xbox
3 out of 5
Multiplayer & the ability to do jobs as well as drive
Only two more cities, crap stereotyped voices
The Midtown Madness series fits into two schools of thought - the first is that it's the best game ever created, and the second is that after the initial 15 minutes, the novelty soon wears off and this game becomes dull and unimaginative. Unfortunately for Microsoft while the game is well presented and polished it will soon lose its novelty value.
While Midtown Madness 2 offered the cities of San Francisco and London - both cinematic cities - this time Midtown Madness 3 is based in Washington DC and Paris. While these are both interesting cities, neither is known as well to the British public. Paris offers small streets while Washington a grid like city, but to most there will be nothing familar in the same way London is unless you're well travelled.
As with Midtown Madness 2 there are a number of options available to you - free ride, campaign mode and multiplayer to name but a few. As with most games the campaign mode offers the chance to open up cars and paint jobs in the free ride mode as well as giving the player something to aim for.
Levels see you rising from a pizza delivery boy in Washington up to a chauffeur and beyond while the Paris city sees you starting out as a parcel delivery boy. The campaigns have been split to the separate cities, but the missions are virtually identical. What makes it worse is the annoying in-game characters that are there to insult you as you drive around. The French city sees you trying to steer clear of a badly scripted, badly voiced Frenchwoman. These are stereotypes working to the max.
Multiplayer gives you the chance to play online via the X-Box Live service and this does add some playability to the game as a whole. However it isn't enough to sway the vote.
Free ride mode offers the chance to change daytime settings, weather conditions and the amount of police that will chase you if you're driving badly. The introduction of the police while a good idea does highlight the major problem with this game. Primarily that it's not Grand Theft Auto. When the original Midtown was released there was nothing else like it. Since then we have been spoiled with the ability to get out of the car when we are bored, gun down police and basically cause mayhem, and because of that Midtown Madness comes across as a poor man's GTA.


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Fashion retailer Lacoste has installed digital signage and video walls from YCD Multimedia at three of its stores, including the Fifth Avenue flagship. "These new generation stores, using digital media, allow customers to enjoy a luxurious ambience and feel like they are in a prestigious fashion show," YCD CEO Noam Levavi said.
Full Story:Digital Signage Today


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commando help the final vulture is annoying me
im on commando difficulty on the final vulture part i can defeat the first 4 vultures then the fifth always gets me its driving me insane any help is appreciated. at the rate its going im going to break my control or hand in the process.
Just keep mashing B, eventually you'll get through it.
Actually, there is more than mashing B. It took me a few tries to beat it on commando. The trick is the left stick controls.
No matter how fast you are pressing the B button, if you are not holding the left stick in the proper direction, your presses are not damaging the vulture. The final vulture on Commando you have pretty much zero time in order to move the left stick in the proper orientation.
I don't know if the directions are randomized, but play through once and memorize the two directions of the final vulture (mine was up then right). Then before the indicator shows you the direction, go ahead and push the stick and start pressing the button. Once I did that instead of waiting for the indicator, I won my first try.
I get all of them but the last. It's Right Left, Up Down, Up Down, Left Right, Up Right.
Can't get the last one for some reason. I get it almost all the way then boom instant death. Kind of sick of this game now.
I don't get why I can't get this.
If anyone is still having problems with this, the only thing I can save is save yourself some trouble and use this:
A Spoon.
Take the spoon and put it on the B Button and slide it back and forth during this sequence, it'll make it a lot easier than using your thumb.
Man, was this tough. I had to borrow a friend's controller because my B button sticks every once in a while. Took me forever to get it.
Good ending:uzi:
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Mourinho undaunted by Valencia cauldron
Champions League: As Chelsea reassure worried supporters travelling to Valencia Jose Mourinho remains undaunted about the match that could decide his future.
MI5 and MoD battle to keep Ulster secretsMI5 and the Ministry of Defence are demanding the return of secret documents from the Stevens inquiry in advance of four key inquiries which are set to expose the full extent of security force collusion with loyalist paramilitary figures in Northern Ireland.
Iran raises stakes with claim of nuclear leapIran claimed yesterday to have made a dramatic leap forward in its nuclear programme by enriching uranium "on an industrial scale", a move likely to accelerate a collision with the US and strengthen calls in Washington for military action.
Front page
MoD bows to public pressure and halts sale of hostage interviews to mediaThe government has rushed through a ban on any further media deals by armed forces personnel. By Will Woodward.
Sailor faces final screen test
In countering the image of the events created by Iranian TV, Tonight's Faye Turney interview was as successful as any naval press officer could have hoped. By Mark Lawson.
Top stories p3
Governors call for fewer jailings, not more jails· Open-ended sentences blamed for overcrowding
· Trivial breaches of parole see offenders recalled
Top stories p4
How trees might not be green in carbon offsetting debate
· Planting may worsen warming, say scientists
· Environmental gestures 'useless' outside tropics
Top stories p11
Howls of protest as web gurus attempt to banish bad behaviour from blogosphere
Opinion is divided over a code of conduct meant to rid postings of offensive and abusive comments. By Ed Pilkington in New York.
Top stories p17
Angry investors ready to halt Lord Browne's £72m leaving package
· Battle over BP chief's 'golden wheelbarrow'
· Remuneration report faces rejection on Thursday


text:
Asobi ja Nai no Manga
(1-2) Kagami and Fukamachi are two friends who both secretly love each other, but the other doesn't know it. Then one day, Kagami tells Fukamachi that he's in love with his sister- in which Fukamachi then reluctantly decides to introduce his sister to Kagami. Now Kagami is faced with showing Fukamachi how he feels before he's forced to go out with a girl he doesn't love...(3) Kyouya, a socially awkward college student has trouble smiling and gets bullied at school. What happens when he stumbles into Akira (a high school student) when he's out drinking?(4) Kyouya (not from chapter 3) is in love with Shirou, his business partner, but Shirou already has a lover?! ~Mangaupdates.com
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Asobi ja Nai no Chapters
- Volume 1
- 3 years agoAsobi ja Nai no 1: Ren'ai Han'i 1%
- 3 years agoAsobi ja Nai no 2: Asobi ja Nai no
- 3 years agoAsobi ja Nai no 3: Urahara na Koi
- 3 years agoAsobi ja Nai no 4: Youth's Degeneration
- 3 years agoAsobi ja Nai no 5: Don't Worry About It!
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Discussion in 'Fly Fishing Forum' started by Trustfunder, May 8, 2013.
Seriously. Democrats too!
No doubt! - I should have made that clear - - Clowns to the left, Jokers to the right here I am............
Be something akin to sand papering a tiger's ass or beatin' off a bobcat with a handful of tacks. Sorry to disapoint but I do my fuckin' with from afar; 25.06.
Rather than start another wolf thread, I figure this is as good a thread as any to inject some facts about the recently completed wolf hunting and trapping season in Idaho.
It seems that trappers have pretty much indiscriminantly butchered a large number of animals caught in their traps. In the ocean, they call it 'by-catch.'
Here's the brief article from HCN: http://www.hcn.org/issues/45.7/trappers-catch-a-lot-more-than-wolves
Here are some of the figures:
45; 33 White-tailed deer caught; released alive *
45; 1 Coyotes caught; released alive *
9; 3 Mountain lions caught; released alive *
9; 7 Domestic pets caught; released alive *
39; 22 Other non-target animals caught, including bobcats, geese, skunks, raccoons, golden eagles and ravens; released alive *
I learned in the third grade at school that he was also elected to president of the United States of America besides being an Elk hunter & seeing that Yellowstone be came a national park, Does this mean I'm not a Fucktardery blatant ass inbecile or what?
Bully I say... Bully.
Today I fished briefly and intermittently on my way south. Three running waters, each gave up a trout to this unskilled speed caster. I saw no wolves. I felt no fear.
You went south? Coward! Real men fish in the wolf-infested reaches of the Teanaway.
I spray myself with wolf repellent and have yet to see a wolf in the wild so obviously, the spray works. I also spray myself with bear, cougar, hyena, rhinoceros and tyrannosaurus rex repellent and haven't seen any of those either.
Particularly of local importance, TR also established the Olympic National Monument (1909) which would, in time, become Olympic National Park. His primary purpose in setting up the monument was to provide a measure of protection for what would come to be identified as, and named, Cervus canadensis roosevelti, the largest of the four surviving subspecies of elk. Elk were under seige by commercial hunters of the day, largely for their teeth which were absolutely de rigeur for the adornment of the watch chains of members of the Elks Club.
Those damned Elks! I once was a member but forgot the secret handshake so they booted me out of the herd.
Can't fish the Wolfy Teanaway and coach my team in Corvalis. I'll get my bravery back and come that way sometime soon.
Thank you! .....I hate rattlers and now you just gave me something else to worry about. They probably have a huge mile count hunting radius too.....
Last night a wolf attacked my family, so I had to tackle it and break its neck. Wasn't as hard as I thought it would be. I figured the thing would be tougher but I think it was all bark and snarl. He showed up on the edge of our field while my boy was out there looking for field mice (he planned to skin them and then use the fur to dress some of his Duplo people). At first while standing up at the house I thought that it was just the neighbors dog but once it dropped down into a crouch and started slinking toward my son I knew I'd need to act fast. For some reason my shot gun was broken down and the shells were buried in a closet so I just jumped out there unarmed. Again for some weird reason my wife was already out there with my other son and the wolf was standing in between her and the field mice hunter. The wolf sprang toward my son and I arrived in time to catch it in mid air. I grabbed its muzzle in one hand and quickly tucked it under my right leg and at the same moment I thrust my left leg over its body around its neck and using a deft turning motion with my arms and legs I snapped its neck.
Only two beers before bed and these are the dreams I'm having? I'm blaming it on these dang threads! Trustfunder you owe me a good night of sleep.
Hey, why don't all you comics on here go pool your funds, because you know what's best and buy a wolf wintering range.... then I might drink your Kool-aid. Otherwise go do your hippie shit.
The Associated Press BOZEMAN, Mont. — Billionaire Ted Turner can keep his Yellowstone National Park bison calves.The Bozeman Daily Chronicle reports (http://bit.ly/YDARva) in a story published Sunday that Gallatin County Judge Holly Brown dismissed a request by a coalition of wildlife advocates to overturn an agreement Turner made with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.The agreement transferred dozens of bison to Turner's private ranch near Bozeman to be taken care of for five years. In exchange, Turner gets 75 percent of their offspring, or about 150 animals.Four wildlife groups that opposed the transfer filed a lawsuit contending the animals are a public resource that should be shielded from privatization. The suit's plaintiffs said the state should either move the animals onto public land or pay Turner to take care of them rather than give up their young as compensation.Brown in her decision three weeks ago said state lawmakers gave the state wildlife agency broad decision making authority in the management of bison."The court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the agency by determining whether the department's decision was correct," she wrote.The plaintiffs, Western Watersheds Project, the Buffalo Field Campaign, the Gallatin Wildlife Association and the Yellowstone Buffalo Foundation, said they will appeal.Tens of millions of bison once roamed North America, but they were driven to near-extinction in the late 19th century. Yellowstone's 3,000 bison comprise one of the largest remaining populations in the world."The simple truth is that management of Yellowstone bison is no easy task, from either a logistical standpoint or a public relations one," Brown wrote. "Yellowstone bison arouse great passions from individuals and groups across the spectrum."
Read more here: http://www.adn.com/2013/05/12/2899984/ted-turner-wins-bison-transfer.html#storylink=cpy
I am sure there is a wolf issue somewhere here.
Now that is one snappy come back.........
Can you remind me??....What's hippie shit again?
Your comments are a "real piece of work" but this one takes the prize!
The real danger on the teanaway river is this crazy middle aged tenkara fisherman & his jade hunting female companion who hangs out in a tent trailer thru out the summer. Run if you see they they normaly camp near the Shoe tree!!!!


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Thirty Terror Plots Foiled Since Oklahoma City Bombing
1/16/97 -- Two anti-personnel bombs explode outside an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs, Ga., a suburb of Atlanta. Seven people are injured. Letters sent by the "Army of God" will claim responsibility for this attack and another, a month later, at an Atlanta lesbian bar.
Authorities later say that these attacks, the 1998 bombing of a Birmingham, Ala., abortion clinic and the 1996 Atlanta Olympics bombing, were all carried out by Eric Robert Rudolph, who eludes capture.
1/22/97 -- Authorities raid the Martinton, Ill., home of former Marine Ricky Salyers, an alleged white supremacist and Ku Klux Klan member, discovering 35,000 rounds of heavy ammunition, armor piercing shells, smoke and tear gas grenades, live shells for grenade launchers, artillery shells and other military gear.
Salyers, an alleged member of the underground Black Dawn group of extremists in the military, will be sentenced later in the year to serve three years for weapons violations.
3/26/97 -- Militia activist Brendon Blasz is arrested in Kalamazoo, Mich., and charged with making pipe bombs and other illegal explosives. Blasz allegedly plotted to bomb the federal building in Battle Creek, the IRS building in Portage, a Kalamazoo television station and federal armories.
Prosecutors will recommend leniency on his explosives conviction after Blasz renounces his antigovernment beliefs and cooperates with them. In the end, he is sentenced to more than three years in federal prison.
4/22/97 -- Three Ku Klux Klan members are arrested in a plot to blow up a natural gas refinery outside Fort Worth, Texas. The three, along with a fourth arrested later, planned to blow up the refinery, killing hundreds of people including children at a nearby school, as a diversion for a simultaneous armored car robbery. All four will plead guilty to conspiracy charges and be sentenced to terms of up to 20 years.
4/23/97 -- Florida police arrest Todd Vanbiber, an alleged member of the neo-Nazi National Alliance and the shadowy League of the Silent Soldier, after he accidentally sets off pipe bombs he was building. Officials find a League terrorism manual and extremist literature in Vanbiber's possession. He is accused of plotting to use the bombs as part of a string of bank robberies.
Vanbiber later pleads guilty to weapons and explosives charges and is sentenced to more than six years in federal prison.
4/27/97 -- After a cache of explosives stored in a tree blows up near Yuba City, Calif., police arrest Montana Freemen supporter William Robert Goehler. Investigators looking into the blast arrest two Goehler associates, one of them a militia leader, after finding 500 pounds of petrogel explosives — enough to level three city blocks — in a motor home parked outside their residence.
Six others are arrested on related charges. Goehler, who had previously been convicted of rape, burglary and assault, will be sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. An associate will be sentenced to three years.
7/4/97 -- Militiaman Bradley Glover and another heavily armed antigovernment activist are arrested before dawn near Fort Hood, in central Texas, hours before they allegedly planned to invade the Army base and slaughter foreign troops they mistakenly believed were housed there.
In the next few days, five other people will be arrested as part of the alleged plot to invade a series of military bases where the group thought United Nations forces were massing for an assault on Americans. All seven are part of a splinter group of the Third Continental Congress, a kind of militia government-in-waiting.
In the end, Glover is sentenced to two years on Kansas weapons charges, to be followed by a five-year federal term in connection with the Fort Hood plot. The others will draw lesser terms.
August '97 -- Packages containing fake bombs, carrying return addresses of Southwest Indian Nations and All Nations Militia, are mailed to prosecutors and federal judges in Colorado and New Mexico. The perpetrators are not caught.
12/12/97 -- A federal grand jury in Arkansas indicts three men on racketeering charges for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government and create a whites-only Aryan People's Republic, which they intended to boost through polygamy. Chevie Kehoe, Daniel Lee and Faron Lovelace are accused of crimes in six states, including murder, kidnapping, robbery and conspiracy.
Kehoe and Lee also face state charges of murdering an Arkansas family, including an 8-year-old girl. Kehoe will ultimately receive life on that charge, while Lee will be sentenced to death. Separately, Kehoe's brother, Cheyne, will be convicted of attempted murder in a shootout with police and sentenced to 11 years in prison, despite his role in helping authorities arrest his brother.
1/29/98 -- An off-duty police officer is killed and a nurse is critically injured when a nail-packed bomb explodes outside a Birmingham, Ala., abortion facility, the New Woman All Women clinic. Letters to media outlets and officials claim responsibility in the name of the "Army of God," the same group that took credit for the bombing of a clinic and a lesbian bar in the Atlanta area.
The attack also is linked by authorities to the 1996 bombing at the Atlanta Olympics. Eric Robert Rudolph, who will be charged in all four attacks, will remain at large, although some officials suggest that he has very likely died.
2/23/98 -- Three men with links to a Ku Klux Klan group are arrested near East St. Louis, Ill., on weapons charges. The three, along with three other men arrested later, allegedly plotted to assassinate a federal judge and civil rights lawyer Morris Dees, blow up the Southern Poverty Law Center that Dees co-founded and other buildings, poison water supplies and rob banks.
In the end, all six plead guilty or are convicted of weapons charges, drawing terms of up to seven years in prison.
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text:
A patient is diagnosed to determine whether the patient has a limbic system dysrhythmia and capable of being treated by administration of an anticonvulsant medication by determining whether the patient exhibits symptoms in at least four groups out of twelve defined groups of symptoms. In addition, an electroencephalogram is studied for any focal abnormalities in the temporal parietal areas and, if there are none, the patient is administered a local anaesthetic, procaine, and the electroencephalogram is evaluated for omega band activity (30-50 Hz). A patient exhibiting either focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas on the standard electroencephalogram or, after procaine, exhibiting omega band activity of at least about three times the baseline voltage above normal and exhibiting symptoms in at least four groups of the twelve groups of defined symptoms is diagnosed as having Limbic System Dysrhythmia and being capable of treatment by administering an anticonvulsant medication.
1. A method for diagnosing a patient to determine whether said patient has Limbic System Dysrhythmia and is susceptible of being treated by being administered an anticonvulsant medication which method comprises diagnosing said patient to determine whether said patient exhibits at least four of the twelve groups of symptoms selected from the group consisting of mood change, panic attacks, rage reaction, headaches, addictive states, learning disability, paranoid episodes or thinking, peripheral neuropathic signs, seizure-like phenomena, self-destructive behavior, autoimmune-endocrine disorders and antidepressant stimulant response; performing on said patient at least one test selected from the group consisting of:
(a) An electroencephalographic test employing anteriortemporal leads, and analyzing the results of said electroencephalographic test looking for the condition of focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas; and,
(b) Administering a local anaesthetic intravenously to said patient, then performing an electroencephalographic test employing anterior-temporal leads, and analyzing the results of said electroencephalographic test looking for the condition of omega activity (30-50 Hz.) of at least approximately three times the baseline voltage in the anterior-temporal leads and, if the patient exhibits symptoms in at least four groups of said twelve groups of symptoms and exhibits at least one of the above conditions in (a) or (b) said patient is diagnosed as having Limbic System Dysrhythmia and is susceptible of being treated with an anticonvulsant medication.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said local anaesthetic is procaine.
3. The method of claim 1 which further comprises intravenously administering to said patient a local anaesthetic at a dosage of about 1.38 mg/kg of body weight in a volume of about 3-6 cc prior to performing said electroencephalographic test on said patient.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said omega activity of at least approximately three times the baseline voltage is at least about 45 microvolts.
5. A method for treating a patient suffering from mental disorder which comprises diagnosing said patient to determine whether said patient has Limbic System Dysrhythmia and is susceptible of being treated by being administered an anticonvulsant medication by diagnosing said patient to determine whether said patient exhibits symptoms in at least four groups of the twelve groups of symptoms consisting of mood change, panic attacks, rage reaction, headaches, addictive states, learning disability with or without symptoms of ADHD, paranoid episodes or thinking, peripheral neuropathic signs, seizure-like phenomena, self-destructive behavior, autoimmune endocrine disorders and antidepressant stimulant response; performing on said patient at least one test selected from the group consisting of:
(a) An electroencephalographic test employing anteriortemporal leads, and analyzing the results of said electroencephalographic test looking for the condition of focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas; and,
(b) Administering a local anaesthetic intravenously to said patient, then performing an electroencephalographic test employing anterior-temporal leads, and analyzing the results of said electroencephalographic test looking for the condition of omega activity (30-50 Hz.) of at least about three times baseline voltage in the anterior-temporal leads and, if the patient exhibits symptoms in at least four groups of said twelve groups in at least four of said 12 groups and exhibits at least one of the above conditions in (a) or (b) said patient is diagnosed as having Limbic System Dysrhythmia and is susceptible of being treated with an anticonvulsant medication; and administering an anticonvulsant medication to said patient.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said local anaesthetic is procaine.
7. The method of claim 5 which comprises intravenously administering to said patient a local anaesthetic at a dosage of about 1.38 mg/kg of body weight in a volume of about 3-6 cc prior to performing said electroencephalographic test on said patient.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein said anticonvulsant is carbamazepine.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein said anticonvulsant is valproic acid.
10. The method of claim 5 wherein said anticonvulsant is klanazepam.
11. The method of claim 5 which further comprises administering an antidepressant of neuroleptic medication in addition to said anticonvulsant to treat said Limbic System Dysrhythmia.
12. The method of claim 5 wherein said omega activity of at least approximately three times the baseline voltage is at least about 45 microvolts.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of our copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 07/514,413 filed Apr. 25, 1990 and entitled "Diagnostic Electroencephalogram Procedure."
1. Technical Field
The present invention is concerned with a method for diagnosing a patient to determine whether the patient suffers from limbic system dysrhythmia and is capable of being successfully treated by administering anti-convulsant medication. In particular, the present invention is concerned with a diagnostic process that includes selection of patients with a certain constellation of symptoms and an electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis for determining increased activity in the omega band range (30-55 hertz).
2. Background Art
Diagnosing and attempting to treat a particular mental disorder requires a great deal of effort to first determine in what diagnostic group the patient should be characterized. However, it is often difficult to place a particular patient in a diagnostic group. Diagnosis of patients usually entail a thorough medical examination to determine whether the patient suffers from any physical conditions that may contribute to the cause of the mental disorder. Then, the patient is interviewed over a period of time. For many years various EEG tests have been used to detect any changes in a patient's brain waves. For the most part these EEG tests do not involve the omega band range. However, there have been some recent suggestions in the literature that using an electroencephalogram analysis in the omega wave band range produced by the administration of a local anaesthetic, procaine, and a series of intravenous doses of increasing amount could be useful as a clinical probe and could possibly predict good clinical response to carbamazepine. For example, see Adamec et al., Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Procaine HCl as a Limbic System Excitant, Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat., 1985, Vol. 9, pp. 109-119, Pergamon Press Limited and Kellner et al., Intravenous Procaine as a Probe of Limbic System Activity in Psychiatric Patients and Normal Controls, Biol. Psychiatry, 1987, Vol. 22, pp. 1107-1126. However, even with the use of EEG analysis, the ability to predict with any reasonable degree of success whether a patient would be a likely candidate for treatment was not possible from the above discussions. Moreover, the procedures required a plurality of intravenous doses of a local anaesthetic such as procaine in increasing amounts which is both extremely time consuming and quite uncomfortable if not disturbing for the patient.
Moreover, the ability to reasonably predict whether a patient would be successfully treated by a particular pharmaceutical cannot be underestimated, since an incorrect diagnosis could not only result in an ineffective treatment but one that might even be harmful to the patient.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a diagnostic method that has a very high probability of success and is relatively easy to carry out.
The present invention is concerned with a method for diagnosing a patient to determine whether the patient suffers from limbic system dysrhythmia and can be successfully treated by administration of an anticonvulsant medication In accordance with the present invention, the patient is analyzed to determine whether the patient exhibits at least four symptoms from a group of twelve defined symptoms This group of symptoms includes mood change, particularly frequent, abrupt, fluctuating within one day or from day-to-day or week-to-week, along with swings in mood and occasionally only depression although rarely, chronic fluctuating depression; panic attacks which occur randomly and vary in intensity or having constant intense anxiety experienced as ego alien; rage reaction, often only intense anger and with or without behavioral concomitant, or varying degrees of anger provoked with only minor provocation, and uncontrollable, often experienced with vague or no recall of event; headache, focal or more generalized and bilateral, usually starting unilaterally or varying types of headaches either migraine in character, but more often tension like with muscle tenseness: addictive states consisting of alcohol dependency, bulimia, opiods, marijuana, hallucinogenics, prescription drug dependency, or smoking, the degree and constancy of the addictive state varying and occurring with or without accompanying behaviors of addictive state; learning disability, perceptual dysfunction--problems in integrating sensory input--usually visual, occasionally auditory, often subtle and covered by compensatory mechanisms or associated with problems of attention; paranoid episodes or paranoid thinking often intensified with stress or a general suspiciousness in ideation though not definitely paranoid; peripheral neuropathic signs, paresthesias or hypoesthesis--in one or more extremities--usually episodic; seizure-like phenomena including blackouts, trances or impaired consciousness, myoclonic twitches; self-destructive behavior, episodic--include cutting, burning, biting self, hitting self or the wall, or other objects seems to relieve the mental discomfort or pain; autoimmune-endocrine disorders--rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, asthma, ileocolitis, hypothyroidism, menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovarian disorder; and antidepressant-stimulant response with excessive stimulation or manic-like response to antidepressant medications and stimulants.
In addition, an EEG is performed and evaluated for focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas. If there are none a patient is administered a local anaesthetic, procaine, and evaluated for omega band activity (30-50 Hz.) of at least approximately three times the baseline voltage (for example, at least about 45 microvolts at a baseline voltage of about 15 microvolts) in the anterior temporal leads of the EEG. The patient who exhibits either focal abnormalities or omega band activity after local anaesthetic administration and has at least four of the above specified symptom groups is diagnosed as having limbic system dysrhythmia and is susceptible of being successfully treated by the administration of anticonvulsant medication.
In addition, the present invention is concerned with treating patients diagnosed by the procedure discussed above as having limbic system dysrhythmia by administering to said patients anticonvulsant medication.
FIG. 1 is an EEG tracing before, during and after procaine activation.
FIG. 2 illustrates the standard placement of leads.
In accordance with the present invention, a procedure that is relatively simple to carry out and is more universal than prior suggested diagnostic methods has been achieved. The diagnostic method of the present invention makes it possible to distinguish a category of patients that are most likely to show positive response to treatment with an anticonvulsant medication.
In accordance with the present invention, a patient suffering from a mental disorder is evaluated to determine whether the patient exhibits symptoms in at least four of the twelve groups of symptoms defined herein below.
Group 1 is referred to as rapid mood change which occurs frequently and abruptly and may fluctuate within one day or from day-to-day or week-to-week. The changes are often swings in mood but occasionally only depression.
Group 2 is diagnosed as panic attacks. The panic attacks are typically random but increase in frequency with stress. The intensity of the attacks vary and occasionally can be characterized as phobic reactions. Some of the patients have constant intense anxiety which is experienced as ego alien. Some of these patients have at least four of the following symptoms during an attack as defined in DSM III-R, 1987, pp. 139-140 for panic disorder:
1. shortness of breath (dyspnea) or smothering sensations
2. dizziness, unsteady feelings, or faintness
3. palpitations or accelerated heart rate (tachycardia)
4. trembling or shaking
5. sweating
6. choking
7. nausea or abdominal distress
8. depersonalization or derealization
9. numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias)
10. flushes (hot flashes) or chills
11. chest pain or discomfort
12. fear of dying
13 fear of going crazy or of doing something uncontrolled
Group 3 symptom is referred to as rage reaction. It often involves intense anger and no behavioral concomitant. The degree of anger is variable and is usually unprovoked or with only slight or minor provocation. The reaction is usually uncontrollable, sudden and ego alien. Often there is no or at most vague recall of the event.
Group 4 symptom is headaches which typically are focal, occasionally more generalized and bilateral, usually starting unilaterally. The type of headaches varies; it may be migraine in character with aura, or, more often, the headaches are tension-like with muscle tenseness.
Group 5 symptom is addictive states with at least one of these addictions bulimia, compulsive eating, single food addictions, alcoholism, marijuana, hallucinogen and other street drug dependency, prescription drugs or smoking The degree and constancy of the addictive state varies but often is ascribed to necessity in controlling mood. Such can occur with or without accompanying behaviors of addictive state.
Group 6 symptom is Learning Disability characterized by perceptual dysfunctions. This symptom is usually identified by problems in integrating sensory input which impairs or delays comprehension and is typically visual though occasionally auditory. This symptom is often subtle and masked by compensatory mechanisms. There may also be problems with attention contributing to the disorder with some patients having a number of the symptoms or the complete criteria (at least eight of the following fourteen symptoms for at least six months) defined in DSM III-R, 1987, pp. 56-57 for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder as follows:
1. often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat (in adolescents, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)
2 has difficulty remaining seated when required to do so
3. is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
4. has difficulty awaiting turn in games or group situations
5. often blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed
6. has difficulty following through on instructions from others (not due to oppositional behavior or failure of comprehension), e.g., fails to finish chores
7. has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
8. often shifts from one uncompleted activity to another
9. has difficulty playing quietly
10. often talks excessively
11 often interrupts or intrudes on others, e.g., butts into other children's games
12. often does not seem to listen to what is being said to him or her
13. often loses things necessary for tasks or activities at school or at home (e.g., toys, pencils, books, assignments)
14. often engages in physically dangerous activities without considering possible consequences (not for the purpose of thrill-seeking), e.g., runs into street without looking
Group 7 symptom is Paranoid episodes or Paranoid Thinking. This is often intensified with stress. It may be general suspiciousness though not definitely paranoid.
Group 8 symptom is Peripheral Neuropathic signs which are typically paresthesias, myoclonic twitches or hypoesthesia of hands, feet or one or more extremities with tingling or numbness. It is usually episodic.
Group 9 symptom is Seizure-like Phenomena such as blackouts, trances and impaired consciousness (e.g. "spacing or zoning out").
Group 10 symptom is Self-Destructive Behavior episodes such as cutting, burning, biting or hitting oneself or the wall or other objects. Normally, these episodes seem to relieve the mental pain or discomfort of the patient.
Group 11 symptom is Autoimmune-Endocrine Disorders. These include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, asthma, ileocolitis, hypothyroidism, menstrual irregularities or polycystic ovarian disorder.
Group 12 symptom is Antidepressant-Stimulant Response typically exhibited by excessive stimulation or maniclike response to antidepressant medications and stimulants.
In addition to exhibiting symptoms in at least four groups out of the above twelve symptom groups, a standard electroencephalogram is performed looking for focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas. If there are none, the patient is also administered a local anaesthetic, procaine, with an EEG evaluation for omega band activity (30-50 Hz.) approximately three times the baseline voltage in the anterior temporal leads of the EEG (see FIG. 1). It has been found pursuant to the present invention that it is not necessary to administer increasing doses of the local anaesthetic to the patient but instead a one dose intravenous administration of 1.38 mg/kg of body weight in a volume of about 3-6 cc.
Patients that satisfy the above conditions are diagnosed as having Limbic System Dysrhythmia and are capable of successful treatment by administration of an anticonvulsant medication such as Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakene or Depakote (valproic acid), or Klonopin (clonozepam) alone or in combination with an antidepressant or neuroleptic medication. Without the use of the anticonvulsant medication, the use of the antidepressant or neuroleptic medication is usually ineffective or may actually exacerbate (especially with antidepressants) the condition.
The anticonvulsant medication is generally administered in dosages providing a therapeutic range as defined for seizure control. The medication is given orally. Such ranges are well known, for instance, such can be found in the Physician's Desk Reference, 1988 Edition, Charles Baker, Medical Economics Company or obtained from the manufacturer of the anticonvulsant medication. In addition, in a number of cases, dosages can be reduced to about 50% of the therapeutic range for seizure control. The exact amount to be given to any particular patient can be determined by persons skilled in the art after being made aware of the present invention without undue experimentation.
The above diagnostic procedure has been established to be successful by testing and treatment carried out by the present inventors over the last several years on over 150 individuals suffering from mental disorder. Such evaluation has led to the ability to diagnose a subpopulation of patients having an Affective and other disorders that can be responsively treated by administration of an anticonvulsant medication. The characteristics of a group of 56 patients are presented in Tables I-III and a second group of 114 patients in Table IA-IIIA.
The following non-limiting examples are presented to illustrate the present invention:
The patient is a male student who presents with the symptoms of dyscontrol, mood swings and sleep disruption becoming progressively worse in the past three years. The history revealed his father allegedly being explosive and very angry at times, a grandfather who had rages and a great-grandfather that was described as a tyrant. A medical history included sleep problems which existed for a prolonged period of time and an adverse response to Ritalin. The patient had been seen by multiple psychiatrists over the period of seven years and had multiple psychological and neuropsychological evaluations. The patient had also been through several private schools in each case being asked to leave because of his offensive and out of control verbal behavior.
The patient presented casually dressed with an excellent memory, oriented times three, showing good judgement except when overwhelmed, and of superior intellect. His affect was appropriate, his mood was slightly depressed and his cognition intact. He denied delusions and hallucinations as well as suicidal thoughts. Symptoms consistent with cerebral dysrhythmia included problems with integration such as having to talk his way through material in order to learn it and findings of relative visual and written processing problems with his strength being auditory processing. It was noted that the patient could not do the multiplication tables for several years. The patient also complained of headaches sometimes lasting several days which were emotionally upsetting. He experienced dyscontrol (feelings that he was going to lose control) which he found that he was able to control by watching TV or listening to heavy metal music. When upset, he would become "spaced out." The patient experienced panic attacks, described as "I can't breathe" which involved hyperventilation on several occasions. He denied any involvement with addictive substances, however, he did note that he had rapid mood changes in which he became intensely angry, became happy and then angry and back again. Some findings of mild paranoia (e.g., he would feel insanely jealous of a girlfriend resulting in behavior which was inappropriate). He noted some olfactory experiences, particularly related a repeating dream in which he would wake up smelling certain types of flowers sometimes for several nights in a row. The patient acknowledged sleep disruption which resulted in pacing or watching TV. He had difficulty falling asleep particularly if upset. The patient was directed to obtain a procaine activated EEG. The baseline EEG was normal. Procaine activation produced bilateral omega activity at a significant level which was much more marked on the right side or the nondominant hemisphere with some posterior spread. This was accompanied by sensory misperception and anxiety. The patient was begun on Tegretol in increasing dosages over a number of days. The patient and family noted he began sleeping more than eight hours per night versus the three or four that he had slept in the previous four years. He began feeling less paranoid, and began to feel "annoyed" rather than "angry." His Tegretol level was raised into the therapeutic range and the dose of Tegretol was spread out during the day. The patient was encouraged to learn some study habit techniques which he had never been able to learn before or take the time to do so. His school performance began to improve in areas such as math now that he was able to concentrate. His tutor was particularly impressed by the significant change in his behaviors. He began getting high 80's in math, where previously he had received 30's. His therapist noted that he was much more available psychologically to work in therapy as well as deal with his family. He began to confront his family about their erratic behaviors. Over the next few months the patient was able to leave a private school setting and enter public school. He has continued to do well and perform at a B average level at one of the finest high schools in this area whereas previously he had been getting C's or lower in all settings.
The patient is a male student. His chief complaint was "trouble controlling my anger." The patient presented a history of having behavioral problems including vandalism, stealing cars, shooting out windows, being arrested for shoplifting, riding motorcycles without a helmet, etc. Prior to the 7th grade the patient was allegedly an excellent student and has continued to do well in IQ and performance tests. However, since then he had been dismissed from several private schools for smoking, stealing slips out of locked school offices, and breaking and entering. There was no family history of loss of control, other than an older brother who had problems with his temper. The patient related a medical history including a head injury this past Thanksgiving with no concussion. He noted trouble falling asleep, described as difficulty "shutting off my brain."
There was no history of previous psychiatric treatment, he was on no medication.
The patient presented in a jean jacket and slacks, seemed to have intact recent memory and was orientated times three. His judgement seemed to be poor by history and to be of average intelligence. His affect was that of a sad facies with depressed mood. His cognition was intact and he denied delusions, hallucinations or suicidal thoughts.
Symptoms consistent with an organic affective state or cerebral dysrhythmia included often not seeming to listen, acting before thinking, headaches, symptoms of dyscontrol, rapid mood changes with clenched jaws and fists, extremely distrustful and when intoxicated losing control and getting into fights. The patient had been previously tested elsewhere. An initial report suggested no evidence of learning disability, concentration or attention problems. Instead the focus of the report suggested the patient was easily frustrated and was depressed. The patient's parents were extremely anxious and they wished to initiate treatment prior to the EEG since the EEG could not be done for several weeks. A trial of Tegretol was initiated and increased into the therapeutic range. The patient acknowledged being somewhat more relaxed and being able to sleep slightly better, however, the sleep pattern continued to be irregular and the patient's rapid mood changes, explosiveness and distrustfulness continued. An EEG was done, the baseline EEG was normal and procaine activated EEG was normal.
The patient was admitted for inpatient evaluation. Psychological testing elsewhere indicated no psychopathology. However, intensive psychiatric interview revealed that the patient was experiencing voice commands, racing thoughts and flight of ideas. The patient was prescribed at first Lithium in increasing dosages and eventually also Trilafon. His racing thoughts decreased, and his paranoia diminished. The patient was stabilized on these two medications and was eventually discharged. He has stabilized and continues to be followed in an outpatient group. The patient has entered a private school where he has done fairly well. Improved communication with family members has occurred.
The patient is a female who presents with a long history of various type of neurotic, panic or chronic anxiety disorders. As early as the 6th grade, the patient was felt to have a school phobia. She threatened at times to harm herself.
A history was obtained of rapid mood changes, panic disorder and rage responses. The patient was going through such severe crisis that she demanded that a trial of Tegretol be initiated as quickly as a CBC could be obtained with a promise to obtain an EEG at a later date after Tegretol had been discontinued for at least 72 hours. Tegretol was increased to therapeutic dosages. Immediately thereafter the patient was calmer. In the interim, the patient went to have a procaine activated EEG which was positive. The patient was finally stabilized on 200 mgm of Tegretol three times per day.
A woman first seen in 1975 with a two year history of depression with anxiety, irritability, lethargy, difficulty in falling asleep and with sleep continuity. She had become addicted to sedatives and alcohol in her efforts to obtain sleep. Despite these symptoms, she had been able to function as a mother and wife.
She was initially treated with Amitriptyline but suffered a hypomanic episode requiring hospitalization. During the hospital stay, she was started on lithium carbonate and thioridazine but soon required an antidepressant. Over the course of the next five years, she was maintained on lithium and thioridazine (intermittently) with a series of TCA's (protriptyline, imipramine, doxepin and nortriptyline). Both the lithium and thioridazine were discontinued at this point and she was started on Bupropion, first during a study and subsequently under a humanitarian IND. Much of her depressive symptomatology cleared though she continued to experience mild lethargy, irritability and considerable sleep difficulty. She did not experience as much mood improvement as on the TCA's but on the Bupropion was able to lose the weight she had gained on the previous medications. During this period, she entered insight oriented psychotherapy and intermittent marital counselling with considerable success.
During the course of therapy it was learned that the patient had some learning difficulties in childhood and still had auditory perceptual problems for which she had compensated. Because of this history, her continuing mood disorder (albeit milder), despite antidepressant, lithium and neuroleptic treatment, further evaluation was conducted. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated a mild disturbance in tactile and auditory perception. An EEG showed bursts of moderate voltage slow waves, often sharply contoured in the left anterior temporal area, intensified with hyperventilation. Subsequently she was started on carbamazepine and improved considerably though continued to be depressed. Wellbutrin was added to the regimen and the depression cleared. After two years the Wellbutrin was discontinued. The patient has remained on carbamazepine and continues to feel well and function well fourteen years after her initial contact.
The daughter of the prior case was brought in a few months after her mother was started on carbamazepine. She had a history of learning problems, poor school performance, decreased attention span, irritability, negativism and considerable anxiety. Neuropsychological testing showed poor spatial reasoning and decreased auditory perception. An EEG showed no irregularities. However, a procaine challenge produced a positive response with omega activity in the anterior temporal areas bilaterally. She was placed on carbamazepine and improved moderately but continued to experience some irritability, mild mood swings and decreased concentration. An antidepressant was added and she became asymptomatic. Five years later, she continues to be asymptomatic, has completed her first year of college with good grades and has been socially active. Repeat neuropsychological testing one year after the first test showed little perceptual difficulty and general improvement.
A male who presented with a history of depression since childhood, marked by a general negativism, easy fatiguability, constant anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance, and recurrent suicidal ideation. He had been chronically alcoholic for a ten year period until 11/2 years prior to being seen by one of the present inventors when he stopped and joined AA. During this 11/2 year period, his depressive symptomology intensified. There was an extensive family history of alcoholism and a suggestive, though not definitive, history of depression.
He was started on Desipramine at an adequate dose as judged by plasma levels and improved partially though remaining suicidal. Because of the partial effectiveness and adverse effects, he was tried on two other TCA's before being placed on Bupropion. There was some additional improvement but it was recognized that the patient had been experiencing seasonal mood change with bouts of euphoria followed by periods of deep depression. He was started on lithium and one year later on Trifluoperazine when his cycling had not fully abated and his anxiety level remained high. There was further improvement but suicidal ideation and some dysphoria continued. An EEG was obtained and showed no abnormalities but there was a positive response to a procaine challenge. Carbamazepine was added to the medication regimen and gradually increased to a level of 9.5 mg/ml. Within two to three months, he became symptom free with no further suicidal ideation. Three years later he has remained symptom free and has completed his training to become an alcoholism counselor.
Patients presenting with the complete criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as defined in DSM III-R, 1987, pp. 56-57. If these patients test procaine negative they will mainly respond with a decrease in the severity of their symptoms or functional impairment to stimulants such as Ritalin or Dexedrine or stimulatory antidepressants such as Desipramine, Imipramine, Wellbutrin or Prozac. If these patients test procaine positive, stimulants or stimulatory antidepressants alone often exacerbate their symptoms and the best response will occur with anticonvulsants alone or with the addition of stimulants or stimulatory antidepressants once the patient has been stabilized on anticonvulsant medication. With adolescents, more consistent, favorable responses are found with Depakote. A more negative hyperactive or agitated response is sometimes seen in adolescents with Tegretol perhaps because it is structurally related to the tricyclic antidepressants.
Patients presenting with the complete symptom criteria for Panic Disorder as defined in DSM III-R or Panic Attacks as defined previously under symptom group two. If the patient tests procaine positive, attempts to treat with antidepressants alone such as Imipramine, Desipramine, Prozac or Nardil results in either brief limited improvement, no change, or exacerbation of their symptoms. Treatment with anticonvulsants alone or with the addition of antidepressants once the patient has been stabilized on anticonvulsant medication is generally favorable, particularly with Tegretol.
Patients presenting with the complete symptom criteria of Cyclothymia or Bipolar Disorder, Mixed as defined in DSM III-R or Mood change as defined previously under symptom group one. If the patient tests procaine positive the patient is more likely to respond to anticonvulsant medication with or without lithium, antidepressants or neuroleptics. If the patient is procaine negative treatment with lithium with or without antidepressant or neuroleptic is suggested.
TABLE I______________________________________Age and SexAGE TOTAL MALE FEMALE______________________________________10-19 4 0 420-29 5 1 430-39 22 3 1940-49 16 3 1350-59 8 3 560-69 1 0 1TOTALS = 56 10 46______________________________________
TABLE I-A______________________________________Age and SexAGE TOTAL MALE FEMALE______________________________________10-19 79 39 4020-29 14 9 530-39 11 5 640-49 7 3 450-59 2 2 060-69 1 1 0TOTALS = 114 59 55______________________________________
TABLE II______________________________________EEG Evaluation TEGRETOL RESPONSE______________________________________ABNORMAL:Slowing 26 23 definite 3 possibleFast activity 2 2 definiteOccasional slowing 5 2 definite 3 possiblePROCAINE:Positive 15 11 definite 3 possible 1 noneNegative 8 none______________________________________
TABLE II-A______________________________________EEG Evaluation ANTICONVULSANT RESPONSE:______________________________________ABNORMAL:Frequent slowing and/or *9 *6 Yes (1 Procaine +)paroxyomal sharp wave 2 Noactivity 1 Non-compliantOmega activity without 4 1 Yesprocaine 1 Yes for 8 months 2 No (1 Procaine +)Occasional slowing and/or 4 2 Yes (Both Procaine +)paroxyomal sharp wave 1 Possibleactivity 1 No**PROCAINE:Positive 70 47 Yes 3 Yes but non-compliant 13 Yes with adverse side effects changing 6 to another anticonvulsant 1 Possible 6 NoNegative 32 2 Yes 28 No 2 No medication prescribed______________________________________ *1 patient had clear spike and wave discharge **11 patients procaine not done for clinical reasons and 1 patient refuse procaine
TABLE III______________________________________Diagnoses - Axis I______________________________________Major Depression 16Dysthymic Disorder 10Panic Disorder 3Schizoaffective Disorder 2Bipolar DisorderI 3II 11III 9IV 2 56 = TOTAL______________________________________
TABLE III-A______________________________________Diagnoses - Axis I(More than one diagnoses per person possible)______________________________________Depressive Disorder, NOS 47Dysthymic Disorder 4Major Depression 14Organic Mood Disorder 26Bipolar Disorder 6Schizoaffective Disorder 9Attention Deficit Disorder 20Explosive Disorder 14Alcohol Abuse 3Substance Abuse 19Panic Disorder 2Generalized Anxiety 6Bulimia 2Borderline Personality Disorder 5______________________________________
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text:
He told the class of 2014 to ignore "cynics" who might doubt their generation's ability to tackle the future and said the more-than-1,000 students were graduating at a unique and changing time in history.
Biden, who also delivered the commencement speech at Miami Dade College on May 3, spoke about having close ties to the Palmetto State -- including a friendship with Republican Sen. Lindsay Graham.
"In an election year, he wouldn't want me to acknowledge that, I suspect," Biden said.
"I probably have the best job on and off the planet." -- Rick Mastracchio, University of Connecticut
It wasn't so much what NASA astronaut Rick Mastracchio said during his commencement speech on Saturday, but where he said it from -- space.
Mastracchio, who graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1982, spoke to graduates from his alma mater's School of Engineering while orbiting 260 miles above Earth, inside the International Space Station.
By video, he told the class of 2014 how he finally landed the job with NASA in 1996 after three separate interview attempts.
"You become an astronaut the same way you accomplish any goal -- through hard work and perseverance," Mastracchio said.
He's scheduled to return to Earth on Tuesday.


text:
Dubai Islamic Bank launches third round of training program
Dubai Islamic Bank has announced the launch of the third round of its training programme, Iktasib, targeting UAE nationals. The training, taking place over the summer period, aims to identify the strength and capabilities available in the working market. It also provides a practical and professional opportunity for the youth to familiarise themselves with the Islamic banking sector while shifting them away from the studying into the working atmosphere.
The program has attracted 160 trainees from senior students in schools and technical collages from all over the United Arab Emirates.
Mr Ahmed Al Sarkal, Human Resources Manager, DIB said: "Through the Iktasib programme, the bank aims to strengthen its contribution to society. Iktasib provides professional training opportunities for young UAE nationals allowing them to develop their skill set and increase their knowledge of Shari'a compliant Islamic finance. Trained individuals will be given priority regarding employment vacancies at the bank in the future." The second round of the Iktasib programme builds on the success of the previous undertaken programs that took place over the past two years."
© 2004 Mena Report (www.menareport.com)


text:
Autumn international: Wales crush Argentina in Cardiff
Last Updated: 16/11/13 5:06pm
Wales scored two tries in each half in a record 40-6 victory over Argentina at the Millennium Stadium on Saturday.
Mike Phillips, George North, Toby Faletau and and replacement Ken Owens all crossed while Leigh Halfpenny added a 20-point haul with the boot as the hosts claimed a first autumn international win since 2009.
The home side made a strong start, monopolising possession and going through several phases of play before full-back Leigh Halfpenny kicked an angled penalty.
Argentina could offer little in response and Wales extended their lead after eight minutes when a crunching tackle by hooker Richard Hibbard - Wales' best player last weekend - on Pumas fly-half Nicolas Sanchez set up a breakaway score for Mike Phillips.
The Wales scrum-half sprinted 70 metres to Argentina's line, and Halfpenny's conversion made it 10-0 before Justin Tipuric was sin-binned by referee John Lacey on his assistant Steve Walsh's recommendation for tackling a Pumas player off the ball.
Sanchez's resulting penalty hit the post, but Wales will have been satisfied with their opening despite the yellow for Tipuric, and a second Halfpenny penalty took the home team 13 points clear.
Great angle
Argentina occasionally threatened Wales' 22, but the reigning RBS 6 Nations champions displayed a clinical edge in attack that was underlined through their second try after 24 minutes.
The source was quality lineout ball, before Phillips delivered a deft inside pass that wing George North gathered on a defence-splitting angle before touching down between the posts.
Halfpenny added the conversion, and Wales were almost out of sight at 20 points clear to suggest a record win against Argentina was very much on the cards.
Sanchez opened the Pumas' account with a penalty 11 minutes before half-time, but they faced a long uphill battle to get themselves back into the contest as Halfpenny's third successful penalty restored the advantage for Wales.
And they showed no sign of letting up in terms of their attacking intent, and centre Scott Williams sparked a brilliant attack from deep inside his own 22 that almost resulted in a try for North.
The Northampton wing required treatment after he was tackled, but he quickly dusted himself down as Halfpenny's fourth successful penalty extended Wales' lead to 26-3.
A second Sanchez penalty doubled Argentina's tally, before Halfpenny missed his first kick of the autumn - it was his 12th attempt across two games - approaching the final quarter.
But Wales then cut open Argentina's defence, with Halfpenny making initial headway before finding wing Liam Williams in support, and his scoring pass was taken by number eight Toby Faletau.
Halfpenny converted for a 33-6 advantage, with Argentina pretty much out on their feet, and when replacement hooker Ken Owens scored a fourth try - converted by Halfpenny - with 12 minutes left there really was no way back for the visitors.
International Match
Sat 11th Jul
South Africa0 - 0World XV
Sat 8th Aug
Wales0 - 0Ireland
Sat 15th Aug
Argentina0 - 0South Africa
New Zealand0 - 0Australia
Ireland0 - 0Scotland
England0 - 0France
Sat 22nd Aug
Italy0 - 0Scotland
France0 - 0England
Sat 29th Aug
Ireland0 - 0Wales
Scotland0 - 0Italy
Autumn Internationals: Wales v Argentina
Williams hopes to boost Wales
Scott Williams looks set to offer Wales a welcome injury boost despite picking up an injury in the win over Argentina.
Wales lose key duo
Adam Jones and Jonathan Davies have been ruled out of Wales' three remaining autumn Tests due to injury.