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Precious Metals Up On The Week, Energy Down
Precious Metals Up On The Week, Energy Down
Aug Gold traded above the flat line Friday, rising to a session high at 1321.90, and finished +0.2% at 1320.00 oz, gaining 0.3% on the week.
Sep Silver traded near the unchanges line at 21.07, on no buying support and finished – 0.1% at 21.14 oz posting a 0.7% gainer on the week.
Aug Crude Oil pulled back from its session high at 106.17 early, and spent the session in the Red, made a low at 105.33, and finished at 105.76, -0.04, posting a 1.0% on for the week.
Aug Nat Gas spent the day in the Red, posting a low at 4.38 per MMBtu, and finished with a 0.5% loss at 4.42 per MMBtu, off 2.9% on the week.
Next week Gold market participants will focus next on the June NFPs report for a take on the health of the US economy, following a grim Q-1 GDP report released earlier this week.
The data, which normally come out on the 1st Friday of the month, are slated for release Thursday because of the Independence Day Holiday in the US falls on Friday, markets and government offices are closed.
Analysts said they expect the June NFPs report will show a continued pick-up in jobs growth in spite of the grim GDP numbers.
With 1 trading day left in Q-2, Gold is up 2.8% and Silver is up 6.5%
In the Gold Survey, out of 37 participants, 25 responded; 13 see higher prices, Bullish, 9 lower prices, Bearish, and 3 see prices sideways, Neutral.
Participants include bullion dealers, investment banks, futures traders and technical analysts.
Gold prices traded in a 20 range this week, consolidating last week's gainer.
In China the Shanghai Gold Exchange prices trading at a discount to London spot prices. At 1 point the discount was as wide as minus 2.50, and traded Friday at minus 1.50 oz.
Summer is traditionally a slow time in the physical market as buying does not pick up until merchants and jewelers need Gold ahead of year-end festivals and holidays, but this year activity feels quieter than normal. That will change but for now physical buyers are sidlined.
Participants say they expects some buying in a few months ahead of the start of the planned 25-kilo bar contract announced by Singapore and the World Gold Council, slated to launch in September. The refiners will need Gold for that, so it will lift prices.
|COMEX Gold Continuous Contract
|+ 0.7
|Change %
Last Updated: 27 Jun 21:10 GMT
Have a terrific weekend.
Paul Ebeling
Paul Ebeling
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An ominous haze from forest fires has engulfed Metro Vancouver and the Sunshine Coast. Take a look at these photos posted to Instagram and other sources.
Stars and stripes flood the city Sunday for the Women's World Cup Final
Great travel photos from around the world
Island-hopping Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in the Caribbean is not quite as easy as ABC, but is definitely possible and certainly rewarding.
It doesn't have to cost an arm and a leg these days to take a cruise, although the twenty foot-plus crocodile which we encountered on the Tarcoles River...


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Maheshwari ElectronicsBengaluru, Karnataka
Products & Services
- Dual Output Hybrid Amplifiers
- Mini Hybrid Amplifier
- Ppm Vhf Amplifier
- Agc Trankline Amplifiers
- Trunkline Hybrid Amplifier
- Brid Line Extender
- OFC Cables
- Ethernet Switches
- Ethernet Repeaters
- Ethernet Media Converters
- Fet Line Extender Amplifier
- Optical Receiver
- Pll Saw Filter Modulator
- Co-Axial Cables
- Optical Transmitter
Company Profile
Maheshwari Electronics pursues its 21st century vision of becoming a true global CATV Solutions provider, who can make its customers worldwide happy through its innovative products and services. Maheshwri Electronics set its long-term vision anew to create a formidable market worldwide.
Fact Sheet
|Year of Establishment
|Legal Status of Firm
Public Limited Company
|Nature of Business
Service Provider, Trader
Contact UsMaheshwari Electronics+91-80-56952105
Murugan Plaza No 4,1st Floor 3rd Cross, S.P Road, S.J.P Road,
Bengaluru - 560002
Karnataka, India
Bengaluru - 560002
Karnataka, India
Send your enquiry to this supplier


text: Buena Vista's Dark Water (Buzz's review) hits theaters today and it's not looking good. Reviews have been quite unpleasant to this astonishing turd of a movie. According to Vapor Rub's review, "Dark Water is an insult to us horror fans and a complete slap in the face. [Walter Salles' film] is in my top 5 worst movies of 2005." He also explains that the film is nice and cleaned up, just like Disney likes to do. Scary? Nope. Unsettling? Nope. Click the link and read for yourself. In Walter Salles dramatic remake of the classic Japanese horror film a mother and daughter escape an ugly custody battle with the girl's father by retreating to a dilapidated apartment building. Instead of finding solace, though, they are haunted by the ghost of a young girl whose family used to live there.


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Working on a project to help improve the experience of purchasing, and consuming a Sub Sandwich.
This is the basic direction of the package graphics, 'printed' on two different materials.One being a white cardstock, and the other a thin recycled cardboard.
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My husband weighs about 450 lbs so we have a combined weight of about 600 lbs. Would this be a good mattress to support him?
I had ordered a more expensive memory foam bed online in the past and this one is comparable and equally as comfortable!...
Give yourself a comfortable rest at night with this soft gel memory foam mattress from Spinal Response. This mattress features a gel-infused memory foam top layer to allow for a comfortable nights rest.
ITEM#: 14024923This Spinal Response memory foam mattress allows a comfortable rest. The 1-inch gel-infused memory foam top layers provide a clean and healthy night's sleep.
- Mattress measures 13 inches thick
- Materials: Aloe-infused gel memory foam
- First layer density: 0.5-inch, 4-pound GEL-infused memory foam
- Second layer density: 2-inch, 3-pound high-resiliency Gel-infused memory foam
- Third layer density: 3-inch, 3-pound green tea high-resiliency memory foam
- Base layer density: 7.5-inch, high-density reflex base foam
- Dimensions: 13 inches high x 75 inches wide x 79 inches long
- Memory foam is resistant to dust mites and is naturally antimicrobial
- Originally designed for NASA, this space age foam cradles your body
- Temperature sensitive foam adjusts to your body
- Improves circulation while reducing pressure points
- Mattress eliminates motion transfer and uncomfortable pressure points
- Never needs turning
- Disperses your weight evenly
- Mattress can be used with an existing frame
- Great for platform beds and slatted frames
- Meets all flammability standards
- Top Cover is quilted with a poly jacquard aloe vera material and handles
Memory Foam Tips:
- Remove from packaging within 72 hours of receipt to maximize memory foam expansion.
- This product arrives very tightly packed. Unwrap and allow 48 hours for this product to return to its original shape.
- Being sealed in plastic packaging sometimes traps odors. After unwrapping, allow product to air for a few hours.
- Due to machine-cutting manufacturing processes, there may be slight variances in the dimensions of this product.
Due to the nature of Memory Foam the firmness level of every item is unique. Please be advised that even similar products may produce different firmness results.
Once opened this product is non-returnable.
|Mattress Type
|Gel Memory Foam Memory Foam
|13 Inch
|Memory Foam Type
|Foam Gel Memory Foam Memory Foam
|3 Pound
|Mattress Top
|Pillow Top
|Product Features
|Recommended Foundation Type
|Bed Slats Box Spring Platform
|See description
|10 year Limited Manufacturer
|See description
|Model Number
Customer Reviews
- Disclosures & Guidelines
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Best sleep ever!
I had ordered a more expensive memory foam bed online in the past and this one is comparable and equally as comfortable!Read More
excellent mattress
I was a little hesitant in making this purchase. The mattress arrived with the box all beaten up and ripped. I was surprised there was no damage to the mattress. The mattress is firm yet very comfortable. There was no odor from the mattress. Have not had any back aches since sleeping on it.Read More
In love!
My husband and I could not be happier with our purchase. No more back pain, no more tossing and turning to get comfortable! It is still fairly firm despite the pillowtop title. My 200lb husband sinks into it much more than I do, but we have only had it for a week and I have read that they break in after time. Regardless of my preference for a super soft mattress, my body seems to love this one based upon how my sleep has improved thus far. The box was fairly damaged upon delivery, but the mattress was still in excellent condition and it expanded very quickly. We slept on it after about 3 hours after it was opened. No strong smells. Such a relief to go to bed knowing I will get good rest!Read More
Good, if not a bit firm
I think I still prefer the feel of the traditional mattress, but my wife really had a strong preference for gel or memory foam, so we went with this. It is very comfortable, nothing wrong with it. And I can say absolutely NO issues with overheating at all. It just feels a tad too solid and firm for me. It doesn't give you that embracing feeling a soft spring mattress can give, but then that's probably a good thing to many people. And it's certainly not "hard" or "cheap" feeling at all. It does add softness with the pillow top, maybe just not quite as much as my tastes would have liked. Overall though, a good mattress.Read More
great mattress
I would recommend the mattress to any one very soft and comfortable.Read More
Like sleeping on a cloud!
After a very long search for a new king-sized mattress, a finally chose the Spinal Response Aloe Gel Memory Foam 13-inch Pillow-Top mattress. The decision was made with many factors in mind and after looking at many web-sites. While I was very impressed with the responses and ratings from other O.co customers and definitely took their input to heart, I also searched the web and read about this mattress and compared it to similar memory foam mattresses. Without a doubt, I found that Overstock.com was selling this matress for the best price! And, the reviews regarding aloe gel memory foam told me what to look for and this Spinal Response mattress had the necessary inner makings for a comfortable and supportive mattress. After putting all this information together, I chose this mattress over another (also on Overstock) and hoped that it was all that I had read about from other consumers as well as what I had learned after researching on the web. After the very small carton (!) was delivered in very short time, (keep in mind that the mattress weighs over 100 lbs and if you are taking it up stairs, you will need assistance!), we took it up to the bedroom. Having read another person's review about opening the mattress on a boxspring due to the weight of the mattress, we prepared everything first. After uncoiling the mattress, (and it was upside-down and had to be flipped!), it VERY quickly expanded to the king-size. Within no more than 5 minutes, the mattress was in it's full size and there was NO smell that I had read about on other reviews. I decided to let it "air-out" for 6 hours anyway before making the bed that evening...just in case... And, that evening, I had the BEST sleep I have had in over a year. I have spinal issues as well as 4 herniated disks in my back and have not been able to sleep for more than 2-3 hours at a time. That night, I slept for 6 hours straight. Since getting this mattress, I have continued to have wonderful nights' sleep and I entirely will endorse this mattress, at this point in time, without hesitation...keeping in mind that I recently ordered it and cannot say how it will last or how it will stand up over time. But, as of now, I am entirely happy with my purchase! Thanks again Overstock...you have a loyal customer!Read More
Great sleep!
Bought this mattress about two months ago. Wanted to wait to write a review to see how we slept on it. I can tell you that ever since we got this, I do not want to get out of bed in the morning and look forward to crawling into bed every night! Some of the best sleep I have had.Read More
Great value. Excellent quality. My husband and I are sleeping better than we have in years. My old mattress hurt my back, this mattress eliminates pressure. I wake up without pain and feel very rested. Wish we would have done this much sooner!Read More
Best Sleep Ever!
We have been sleeping on the mattress for about 3 weeks and it is wonderful. The gel keeps it from getting too hot. I have back problems which have improved since I started sleeping on this mattress. I also sleep deeper than I have in years, no waking up constantly because I am so comfortable. This mattress is hundreds of dollars cheaper than some we researched but the quality is extremely high. It arrived quickly and we slept on it the same day we rec'd it. There was a slight chemical smell the first day but that quickly went away. In addition to helping with my pain, I have noticed that my allergies have subsided. This was a great find. I would not hesitate if you are looking to buy a good night's sleep.Read More
Extremely comfortable
First of all I couldnt be happier with the bed; its exactly what we hoped it would be. My wife has back problems and said after a couple of days her back didnt hurt in the morning like it did before. I would buy this bed again without hesitation. I have to admit I was extremely apprehensive when I arrived home after FedEx had left it by our front door; the box looked like it had gone through a war. It was ripped in multiple places with the packing tape being the only thing holding it together and had holes torn in it but the bed itself was protected by a heavy plastic wrap that was ok so all was well. The bed is heavy so try to have some help available when you set it up. The only thing I wish they had done differently is the way it was rolled and compressed there was no way unroll it where the top of the mattress was up so the first thing you have to do (and quickly because it is inflating) is flip the mattress, this is where having help really will come in handy. All in all its been a great purchase.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello SWARTZSIX, we do not currently weight test items. We apologize for any inconvenience. Thank you for shopping with us.
Why did you choose this product?
Looks cozy, good reviews.
Looked at many websites and mattresses. Found this to be a great value, and the feedback's were great! Can't wait for us to receive this!
Is this a high density foam mattress? Why aloe? Why is there a problem with the mattress smelling?
Hello Babbette42day, this is a memory foam gel infused mattress. It will have different densities for each layer. First layer density: 0.5-inch, 4-pound Gel-infused memory foam. Second layer density: 2-inch, 3-pound high-resiliency Gel-infused memory foam. Third layer density: 3-inch, 3-pound high-resiliency memory foam. Base layer density: 7.5-inch, high-density reflex base foam. The Aloe gel will help reduce heat retention. Being sealed in plastic packaging sometimes traps odors. After unwrapping, allow product to air for a few hours. The order, if any will dissipate. I hope this helps. Thank you for shopping with us! T.B.
Where is this product manufactured?
Hello theravenspeaks, this item is made in China. Thank you for shopping with us! a.c.
Does it come with a box spring/base?
No, this product is just the mattress.
Where is this mattress manufactured?
This item is made in China.
is it 15" or 13" tall?
This mattress is 13 inches thick.
Shopping Tips & Inspiration
Spirit of the Southwest
Capture the enchanting aura cast by red rock and turquise stone in home furnishings and decorative accessories inspired by the American Southwest.
Mixed Material Home
Reclaimed Wood and Cement. Marble and Metal. Leather and Wood. These materials didn't used to be mixed but now they've come together for a winning combination.
Mattresses Buying Guide
Mattresses Buying Guide from Overstock.com. Learn about the different types of mattresses that are available and find just the right bed to get your best sleep ever.
How to Buy a Mattress
How to Buy a Mattress from Overstock.com. With a good mattress, you'll wake up rested and feel better throughout the day. Here's what you need to know about choosing the best mattress.
Best Mattresses for Christmas
Best Mattresses for Christmas 2014 from Overstock.com. This Christmas, treat your family and guests to new mattresses that will keep them comfortable for years to come.
Tips on Buying a Memory Foam Mattress
Tips on Buying a Memory Foam Mattress from Overstock.com. What should you look for when evaluating different memory foam mattresses? Here's what you need to know when you're shopping for memory foam.
How to Fluff a Pillow-Top Mattress
How to Fluff a Pillow-Top Mattress from Overstock.com. Learning how to fluff a pillow-top mattress is a breeze, and once you know how to do it, you'll never fear a deflated pillow-top again.
How to Choose a Serta Mattress
How to Choose a Serta Mattress from Overstock.com. Serta is one of America's most strusted mattress brands. Here's what to look for when you're shopping for a Serta mattress.
How to Select a Mattress Set
How to Select a Mattress Set from Overstock.com. People spend anywhere between six to nine hours each day in their beds, making it one of the most used pieces of furniture in any home.
How to Protect Your Mattress
How to Protect Your Mattress from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to protect your mattress and advice about our many brand-name products.
5 Tips to Help You Defeat Insomnia
5 Tips to Help You Defeat Insomnia from Overstock.com. If you have trouble sleeping, you're not alone. Did you know that 1 in 10 people have insomnia? Here are five methods that have helped many people get a better night's sleep.
FAQs about California King Mattresses
FAQs about California King Mattresses from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with answers to frequently asked questions about California king mattresses and advice about our many brand-name products.
Shipping & Returns
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Mattress Return Policy:
Mattress Sets are non-returnable upon signature at delivery. Mattresses are
non-returnable if opened or taken out of their plastic wrapping.
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Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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Sanders to continue baseball career at Presbyterian
Published: Thursday, July 17, 2014 at 1:53 p.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, July 17, 2014 at 1:53 p.m.
Shawn Sanders was planning on staying close to home this summer, working out and hitting alongside his former North Marion teammates in preparation for his next two years as a Division I baseball player.
But when a summer league opportunity arose a couple of days before the season started, he quickly packed his bags and headed north.
"The Wilmington Sharks needed an infielder, so they called me," said Sanders, a 2012 NMHS grad. "They play in a really good league. It's a way for me to get better, so I jumped at it."
Sanders is playing shortstop and second base for the Sharks in the 14-team Coastal Plain League in the Carolinas. He was referred to the Sharks by a coach from Presbyterian College, which is the school Sanders signed with in early April.
Sanders said he'll primarily play shortstop for the Big South Conference school in Clinton, South Carolina, nestled between Greenville and Columbia.
"I really like the coaching staff," said Sanders, who played his first two college seasons at St. Johns River State College. "… And their strength of schedule will help me get better too in the long run."
The Blue Hose, who went 19-34-1 in the spring, play baseball powers South Carolina, Clemson, Georgia and Auburn.
Presbyterian coaches saw Sanders play in a JUCO all-star game in October, then got the ball rolling on his recruitment. He also had offers from Valdosta State, Nova Southeastern and a few other Division II schools.
"Shawn is a coach's dream," North Marion baseball skipper Dale Hall said. "You will get everything he has on the field and in the classroom. He's the type of player you win championships with. Presbyterian is getting a good one."
Sanders is getting a head start with Wilmington.
"Two kids on the team go to Presbyterian, so I'm building a pretty good relationship with them," Sanders said. "And a couple guys will be opponents (in the Big South) next year, so it's good to get a step ahead."
He has played in 31 games for the 18-22 Sharks. In 105 at-bats, Sanders is hitting .267 with 28 hits, 16 runs, 16 walks, 11 RBIs and eight stolen bases. Wilmington has 14 more games before wrapping up in early August.
Sanders said he will major in business administration management.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.
Cherry-picking in the Golan: A feast for both the palate and the eyes
Delicious fruit orchards in Israel's north are a feast for both the palate and the eyes; but hurry because cherry season won't last much longer.
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On the off chance that cherries aren't your absolutely favorite fruit, it's still worth taking a trip this time of year up to the Golan Heights where the picking season is in...
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Sleeping Angels: This glorious fragrance is fresh, flowery and green with notes of Rose, Muget, and Musk. Delicate and floral, it's a great addition to any soap line! One customer wrote in and said, "I just wanted to let you know that I used the Sleeping Angels FO in it and I love it! It smells great. Like a cross between a baby and a field of flowers."
Check out some of these Crazy Lime Blends using this fragrance!

NOTE I: This fragrance does accelerate trace in cold process (CP) soap, so don't discount your water at all and make sure to add at thin trace, after you've added your colorants or herbs.
NOTE II: Iron Oxide colorants run the risk of turning this fragrance brown as they react with a component in the fragrance. Please do a test batch with your colorantprior to making a big batch to ensure that your soap stays the color you intended.
This fragrance contains phthalates.
Flashpoint: 200ºF +
Photo Attribution: © Can Stock Photo
Reply from Bramble Berry
Hi Vickie! I'm sorry this scent wasn't your favorite. You may like it blended with Green Tea Fragrance Oil, Almond Fragrance Oil, or Vanilla Select Fragrance Oil.
Reply from Bramble Berry
Hi Jeanette! This is quite a delicate fragrance, so you may need to add more to your perfumes or anchor it with a middle or base note. We just love how it smells and suggest blending it with
Bay Rum
Arabian Spice Fragrance Oils
for a nice tropical blend.
"Thank you for your prompt response. Bramble Berry has the best customer service of any company I know of. Pass the word!" -Rene
Margaret of Sweet Soft Skin Handmade Soaps creates gorgeous soap that is full of color and personality. Her signature style are bars with plenty of layers, soap frosting, embeds and glitter. The result is showstopping! Read on to learn more about Margaret, including what inspires her color palettes and her number one soaping tip! -A.M. […]
The post Interview with Margaret of Sweet Soft Skin Handmade Soaps appeared first on Soap Queen.


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Dressing Kids to Complement Their Coloring
Do You Consider Child's Best Colors Before Buying Clothes?
by babysugar
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When wardrobe shopping for tiny tots, most moms consider price, fit, and practicality above all else. One mother recently commented to me, "I wanted to buy that same dress your daughter is wearing, but I wasn't sure the coloring would suit my daughter." Taken back by her statement, it made me wonder if I am abnormal for never having considered my child's complementary hues. Shy of her third birthday, I figure if it's the right price and serves a purpose, it might find a way into the closet.
Do you dress your darling according to his or her color wheel?
Image Source: Getty
Read More Tell MommyBaby Clothing
POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests.
6 years
Yes I do, all of my kids tend to look best in dark clothing (I prefer dark clothing anyway) and my youngest looks really good in cream. none of my kids look good in bright colours (red or orange or hot pink) so I don't tend to buy them. I also take into account the fit and style of clothes, my older daughter has delicate sloped shoulders so I don't buy her square necklines or wide necklines. My mother never paid attention to fit or what colours went with skin tone and I try very hard to do that for my kids.
6 years
some kids can look great in any color, but when the child has pale skin and especially red hair, not all colors look right, the colors can clash with their hair or make them look washed out.
6 years
Yes. I don't see why I wouldn't, if a color washed them out it'd bug me every time they wore it.
6 years
I totally consider my children's skin tones and hair color when choosing clothes for them. Why not? I do it for myself! Don't they deserve to look their best too? (:
MaggieLei 6 years
I totally do. I tend to do my shopping for the kids in one swoop every 6 months or so. I let my toddler pick out a few things and then I build around his stuff. He looks great in brights- orange, green, blue and fortunately that is what his toddler eye is attracted to. Call me shallow, but I've noticed that if one of us doesn't love a piece of clothing, it never gets worn- even if I bought it on clearance.
Sarana 6 years
My mom always said yellow makes me look bad and to this day I hesitate to buy yellow!
masonsmama 6 years
I wouldn't have thought twice about this except my mom is always telling me how my son does not look great in light colors. She prefers him in bright or dark colors - but it really makes no difference to me since he's adorable no matter what he has on :) Plus, he's only 18 months so I figure I might as well enjoy dressing him however I want for as long as I can!
Moms 6 years
I usually let my kids pick the colors when we are out shopping, but since they both have fair hair and complexions, I don't buy many white items. That also has to do with potential stains!
Chrstne 6 years
My mom wasn't into picking out specific colors since I looked cute in anything ;) As soon as I got old enough to have an opinion on colors, (2ish) my mom let me pick out colors I liked, so then is when I had more pinks and purples, versus all shades.Honestly, my mom couldn't give two craps about color as long as it was cute. She would buy me anything. I don't think she ever took it into consideration.
Chrstne 6 years
My mom wasn't into picking out specific colors since I looked cute in anything ;) As soon as I got old enough to have an opinion on colors, (2ish) my mom let me pick out colors I liked, so then is when I had more pinks and purples, versus all shades. Honestly, my mom couldn't give two craps about color as long as it was cute. She would buy me anything. I don't think she ever took it into consideration.
schnappycat 6 years
Sometimes, although selection is generally pretty limited when it comes to toddler boy clothing colors to begin with. But I do notice that he looks great in blue (probably because of his blue eyes), so I tend to dress him in blue when I want him to look especially nice and also gravitate toward certain shades of blue when shopping.


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Donation brings additional technology to Incarnate Word Academy
CORPUS CHRISTI - With a few keystrokes, Incarnate Word Academy students and staff have access to more than 600 databases for research thanks to an anonymous donation.
It's part of a program called Angel eBrary, a virtual library that allows students to sign in and get information from credible Web sources. Once a student submits an assignment, the program helps catch inaccuracies, lack of citations and even plagiarizing. The student has a chance to make the corrections and then it gets sent to the teachers on its due date.
"This is for students at every grade level, and it is age specific, so a search result for a third-grader would be different from a search result that a high school student would get," said Colette Rye, Incarnate Word Academy director of marketing. "The goal is to prepare them for college."
The virtual library is the latest high-tech addition to the school which also has digital microscopes, laptops and digital cameras.
In addition to printed works, the Angel eBrary provides access to thousands of e-books, historical video archives and audio clips. It also can help students get prepared to take the ACT and SAT tests with practice exams and testing tips.
Senior Elani Duzich said she enjoys the eBrary because she can use it anywhere through an iPod, her cell phone, a home computer or an e-reader such as a Kindle or Nook.
"I can find out almost instantly what my grade on something is and it is helping me get ready for college," she said.
Parents also can get involved.
The program gives parents access to their student's grades and assignments and can communicate directly with teachers.
Incarnate Word Academy Director of Curriculum Charles Imbergamo, said every staff member has been trained and embraced the technology and some wish they had the technology years ago.
The students enjoy it, too.
"You can dissect a frog virtually," Elani said. "You don't have to deal with the chemicals and smells."
Senior Anthony Gibson said he feels he will be ahead of many of his college freshman friends because for the past year most of his assignments have been turned in electronically.
"That's how things are in college and I am doing it in high school," Anthony said. "It's easy."
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Here are a few more great shots from this morning's race in The Windy City. Click here to scroll through the images. Photos by
Check out these great shots from this morning's Rock 'n' Roll Chicago Half Marathon benefiting The American Cancer
Star of Real Housewives of NYC brings a taste of the Big Apple to the Chicago Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon. Written by: Sarah W. Flynn
Jake Pavelka set to run this weekend's Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon in the Windy City. Written by: Mario Fraioli Twenty-five
Looking for things to do in Chicago before or after the Rock 'n' Roll Chicago Half Marathon? We have some suggestions. Written
Use these five simple strategies to make your Rock 'n' Roll race-week experience less nerve-racking. Written by: Mario Fraioli
Week 2: Mixing half-marathon training with performance weight loss. Written by: T.J. Murphy After I turned in my first column to
Burning Runner, by the numbers.


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Updated: 6/22/09 4:58 p.m.
Chris Brown won't be doing jail time now that a plea deal in the felony assault case against him has been reached.
TMZ.com reports that the singer will have to spend 180 days on probation in his home state of Virginia. He's also been sentenced to five years of supervised probation for felony assault, and he's been ordered to enroll in a domestic violence counseling program. He must also report to court every three months throughout his probation. Finally, Chris has been ordered to stay at least 50 yards away from Rihanna. If Chris violates the terms of his probation he could get up to four years in prison.
Rumblings of a plea deal began when cameras spotted Chris' lawyer, Mark Geragos, leaving a Los Angeles County coourt house earlier today. There were also reports that Mark had been in chambers with the judge and prosecutors in Chris' felony assault case.
The charges stem from his alleged altercation with Rihanna back in February.
Speculation that a deal had been reached increased when cameras were allowed into the courtroom, something that had previously been banned for the preliminary hearing.
Rihanna was on hand if the hearing had gone through, but now that a Chris copped to the deal, her testimony won't be required and the case will not be going to trial. Although she was at the courthouse, she never went into the courtroom.
Click here to see what's going on outside the courthouse right now.
– Sonya Eskridge
Here's more:
Rihanna subpoenaed for testimony
No delay for Chris' hearing
Chris Brown turns himself in for battery
Picture of Rihanna's injuries released
Rihanna: Chris' attacks became 'more violent;' fight details leaked


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Thumbnail For Excerpts allow easily, without any further work, to add thumbnails wherever you show excerpts (archive page, feed...).
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (cont.)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms
Patient Comments Read 13 Comments
Irritable bowel syndrome affects each person differently. The hallmark of IBS is abdominal discomfort or pain. The following symptoms are also common:
The following are NOT symptoms or characteristics of IBS (but should still be brought to the attention of a physician since they may be signs and symptoms of other conditions):
When to Seek Medical Care for IBS
If a person has any of the symptoms of IBS as discussed previously, or if a person with known IBS has unusual symptoms, a health care practitioner should be consulted. Go to a hospital emergency department if problems are severe and/or come on suddenly.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diagnosis
Patient Comments Read 9 Comments
Irritable bowel syndrome can be a very difficult diagnosis to make. IBS is called a diagnosis of exclusion, which means a doctor considers many other alternatives first, performing tests to rule out other medical problems. Some of these tests may include laboratory studies, imaging studies (such as a CT scan or small intestinal X-rays), or a lower GI endoscopy (colonoscopy). An endoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a tiny camera on one end is passed into the GI tract while the patient is under conscious sedation.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 11/12/2014
Medical Author:
Medical Editor:
Bhupinder Anand, MD
Next Page:
(Page 2 of 8)
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Irritable Bowel Disease »
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of specific and unique organic pathology.


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This is the BEST Prodigy yet. The hottest-selling youth big barrel bat is back again this season with a fresh new look and a new, stronger alloy. The Worth Prodigy Legit GX4 draws it's name from its legit performance and its new GX4 Alloy construction. Worth's GX4 Alloy is its strongest yet, which allows for the thinnest walls and shells for absolute MAXIMUM trampoline effect! If you've ever swung a Prodigy before, you'll notice a stark difference in durability as well. One thing that's stayed the same though is the HUGE 2 3/4 inch barrel. This creates the largest hitting surface in the game, so you can CRUSH anything that comes your way! At the end of the barrel, a Center Load end cap is designed to allow increased barrel flexibility. The taper to the handle is 30% thinner due to Whiplash Technology, resulting in reduced weight and increased bat speed. In addition, the Prodigy Legit GX4 features a balanced weight distribution for maximum control and consistency. This Worth bat is also proudly designed and manufactured in the U.S.A. Worth: 100 Years of Performance Through Technology! The Prodigy Legit GX4 features the USSSA 1.15 BPF Stamp. It is backed by a Full Twelve (12) Month Manufacturer's Warranty.
Check items to add to the cart or select all
Regular Price: $299.95
Special Price: $224.86
Regular Price: $349.95
Special Price: $224.86
|Overall Rating
We bought this bat and our 7 year old swung it at the store. When we got it home the bat was cracked. Took it back, got another one, got it home, took the wrapper off and the bat was cracked (had not been hit with).The bat is really hot and an easy swing, but not durable at all. Worth was supposed to fix the problem last year with their bats, but obviously not. We buy a lot of worth bats for softball as well and have never had this problem. I wish it would have been more durable...like I said before...HOT bat. (Posted on 2/16/14)


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All-American Vol. 3 - Straight Guys with Monster Dicks 4
Tom Collins Loves To Handle His Stiff Hard Cock For You
20,517Added Jul 30, 2010Like26 LikesFavorite13 favorites
Mark Stevens Spreads His Sweet Cheeks.
19,339Added Jul 30, 2010Like19 LikesFavorite12 favorites
Kevin Meyer Plays With His Long Shaft
28,975Added Jul 30, 2010Like28 LikesFavorite13 favorites
43,501Added Jul 30, 2010Like33 LikesFavorite14 favorites


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"PALE COMMUNION" reslated for August 25th release
Roadrunner Records group Opeth has announced that the release of their highly anticipated eleventh studio album, "PALE COMMUNION" has been reslated for August 25th. "Many of you have heard the rumours already and we can now confirm that the release…
May 09 2014
Ilosaarirock 2014 - CONFIRMED
Opeth are confirmed to play Ilosaarirock in Finland which takes place between 11th - 13th July 2014. For more information, full line up details or to buy tickets visit the official festival site: ilosaarirock.fi/2014/
May 06 2014
Be Prog! My Friend show confirmed
Opeth have been confirmed to play Be Prog! My Friend in Barcelona on Saturday July 12th 2014For further details click on the links below.WEBSITE: beprogmyfriend.comTICKETS: ticktackticket.com
April 17 2014
Watershed reissued for Record Store Day
Record Store Day 2014 is just around the corner and Roadrunner Records are reissuing 'Watershed' - the band's 2008 monster on double green vinyl.To find your nearest participating store visit recordstoreday.com
April 10 2014
'Pale Communion' confirmed as new album title.
Opeth has announced the release of their hugely anticipated eleventh studio album. Pale Communion arrives everywhere June 17.Pale Communion, which was produced by bandleader Mikael Åkerfeldt and mixed by longtime collaborator and Porcupine Tree frontman/guitarist Steven Wilson, will be heralded…
April 09 2014


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Elon Musk: Hydrogen Fuel Cells Are "Extremely Silly." Are They Really?
Elon Musk has never been a proponent of the universe's most abundant element, hydrogen. Well, at least in the context of a fuel source for an electric car. This is not a new stance for him, but it is one he reiterated last month at a press conference. So, why, exactly, is he such an H-phobe, and is he right? »


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 1,910 this week
Dolores Hope (1909–2011)
Dolores Hope was born on May 27, 1909 in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA as Dolores DeFina. She is known for her work on Bob Hope's Bag Full of Christmas Memories (1993), Bob Hope's Christmas Cheer from Saudi Arabia (1991) and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast: Bob Hope (1974). She was married to Bob Hope. She died on September 19, ... See full bio »
Died:(age 102) in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California, USA


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Dazandkim's Traveler Profile
I have traveled to 4 countries, posted 979 pictures and written 46 entries in 2 travel blogs
Recent Entries by Dazandkim
Day 3 - Day 1 of Competition - Jul 3, 2013
After our night at the Opening ceremony, all we wanted to do was sleep, but that did not happen. Bolt awake at 7am so we decided to get going early and head into the city after breakfast. We che...
Day 1 and 2 - 25 Hours travelling - Jul 1, 2013
Well, we have started our journey, leaving a very wet Brissy on a Singapore Airlines flight bound for Singapore. It was a lovely flight and surprising leg room for economy class. 8 hours flying and...
Day 55 - Home at Last - Aug 24, 2013
The flight was a good one with both of us getting a little bit of sleep. We arrived in Brisbane at 6.45am and got through immigration and then picked up our bags. We saw Matt and Tara collecting...


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Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Won't Be Quite the Same Script Steven Spielberg Considered Shooting
Posted on Thursday, January 10th, 2013 by Russ Fischer
OK, quick recap: in 2006, Steven Spielberg sparked to the idea of a film based around the idea of using wormholes for time travel. The project came to be called Interstellar, and was scripted by Jonathan Nolan. It turned into the focal point for an audience that hoped Steven Spielberg would make at least one more serious sci-fi movie.
But Spielberg set Interstellar aside, in part to make Robopocalypse. And now, in the wake of the conclusion of his Batman trilogy, The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan may end up making Insterstellar as his next project. But it wouldn't be a Nolan film if he didn't bring his own particular touch to it, and so don't expect to see him shooting the script that Spielberg put down months ago. Read More »


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Judge Nixes Newspaper Ads In Cancer Doc Case
The judge said the legal notices could poison the pool of potential jurors against Dr. Farid Fata.
Michigan Matters: The Healthcare Act and You
This week Michigan Matters features an encore airing of the "Eye on the Future" special about the Affordable Care Act called "The Health Care Act and You."
More Charges Filed Against Cancer Specialist Fata
More charges today for a Detroit area doctor accused of giving chemotherapy to patients who didn't need it.
Cancer Doc Charged With Fraud Indicted By Grand Jury
An oncologist accused of intentionally misdiagnosing patients has now been indicted by a grand jury.
Feds Want Cancer Doctor's Bond Upped To $9 Million
Prosecutors want a judge to set a $9M bond in the case of a cancer specialist accused of intentionally misdiagnosing patients.
Cancer Doctor Stays Locked Up, For Now, In Fraud Case
An Oakland County cancer specialist accused of intentionally misdiagnosing patients will stay in jail at least until Tuesday.
Disgraced Cancer Doctor To Be Released On Bond; U.S. Appeals
He's accused of giving unnecessary treatments for cancer — but a local doctor won't stay behind bars ahead of his trial.
Low Or No Cost Health Care Options For People With Low Incomes
Several health coverage and care options are now available for individuals and families in lower income brackets.
Michigan Senate Leader Defends Medicaid Call
The leader of the Michigan Senate may press ahead in search of a Medicaid expansion plan to pass muster with fellow Republicans, but it's clear he doesn't appreciate how the governor called the Senate out for refusing to vote.
Affordable Care Act Forges Partnership Between Blue Care, Mercy Health
Starting Oct. 1, residents of Kent, Muskegon and Oceana counties who don't receive employer-sponsored health insurance, or who are Medicare-eligible, will have the ability to select new health insurance products from Blue Care Network of Michigan. The Blues say the new products will be affordably priced and provide access to quality health care services through Mercy Health's more than 700 local doctors and four local hospitals.


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Get Started Today!
The first step in evaluating solar for your home is to get a customized preliminary solar proposal built for you by one of our solar design specialists. Using the information you provide us about your location and energy use, our solar designer will be able to tell you:
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After this preliminary proposal, we can set up an on-site evaluation at your home to go over details and move forward with a project if it meets your family's needs. All of this is at no cost to you and with no pressure.
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ReVision Energy values your privacy and will NEVER submit your information to a third party. For more information, see our privacy policy.


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Great Dane Puppy
Deposit: Not Specified
Receive an email alert when additional Great Dane puppies are added. It's easy and free!
BREED: Great Dane Puppy
INCLUDES: Upgrade now for complete access
Country Danes
Member Since: February 2011
Location: Pueblo, Colorado
• Female • $1,000
• Female • $1,500
• Female • $800


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Hostelworld "meet the world" by Lucky Generals
Rating: 5.0
campaignlive.co.uk, Friday, 15 October 2004 12:00AM
The agency has been nominated seven times across three categories. Its work for clients including Super Noodles and the Department of Health Teenage Pregnancy was shortlisted by a nomination panel chaired by Malcolm Poynton, the creative director of Ogilvy & Mather.
Other agencies with several nominations include Saatchi & Saatchi, Miles Calcraft Briginshaw Duffy and Eardrum.
Saatchis has received four nominations, two each for the NSPCC and Monster.co.uk.
MCBD has three nominations for its Travelocity work and Eardrum three for its work for the Radio Advertising Bureau.
Other agencies featuring on shortlists include WCRS, St Luke's, McCann Erickson, DDB London and J. Walter Thompson.
The winners of the Aerial Awards, held in association with Campaign, will be voted for on the night of the awards by an audience of around 500 creatives. The event will be held at the UCL Bloomsbury Theatre on 26 October. Jimmy Carr, the Channel 4 comedian, will host the awards.
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
Before commenting please read our rules for commenting on articles.
If you see a comment you find offensive, you can flag it as inappropriate. In the top right-hand corner of an individual comment, you will see 'flag as inappropriate'. Clicking this prompts us to review the comment. For further information see our rules for commenting on articles.
Rating: 5.0
Agency: Grey London
Rating: 5.0


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Daily Blog
I thought I would share a few reason why I love being a mom :)
~ Spontaneous hugs, the kind that knock you over.~ Slimy kisses from my boy.
~ Watching my determined Ella shovel the sidewalk, so that they all can ride bikes/scooters.~ Seeing pride on their faces with each new accomplishment.
~ The precious moments when they get along, and I am assured that they do love each other.
~ Snuggling with a book with them for the 5th time in a row.
~ The fast pace that they keep, after winding down I fall into bed asleep. (as long as I'm not tortured with creative ideas!)
Of course there are many more reasons, and a few deterrents for those of you yet to be moms, but we are looking at the positive :) Do you love being a mom?
Blessings to you … Read More »
Doll Quilt Swap 6
This last week I stumbled on to John's announcement that DQS was taking sign-ups for the next round! I quickly made way over to flickr to get in on the action. Having done a few swaps in the recent months I was hoping to get in with DQS as they always seem to have beautiful doll quilts for each other. There is no theme, but it is a secret, so you have to "stalk" your partner without them know you are creating for them – fun!
Here's a little inspiration that I found on flickr . . . all the flowers and birds . . . pretty sure I'm ready for spring to be here :) We still have piles of snow, with a north facing home, it sticks around longer even though it has been warm … Read More »
Moody Monday
Not me – thank goodness! The skies. Even though we have a serious winter here – it is mostly sunny, not too much of these overcast days. A good trade off in my opinion :)
Time to get my bloggy butt in gear – I can't believe I haven't posted in a week!
Most of the costumes for Ella's production at school should have been dropped off at school this morning. Speaking with the other mom's about them has been fun, and challenging – it's rarely quiet around here :)
The one giving me trouble is a red/white stripe tee for "Smee" – of course I thought this would be the simplest! ugh. Short of paying $21 on Amazon I haven't found a good cheap shirt that will do – so I'm thinking I … Read More »
A Lesson in Patience
This past week I've been waiting. Not all that patiently I might add – you could ask Joe, he's a good sport – thankfully :)
To ease my impatience I set to work to make a new bag for myself! There's nothing like a new bag, to hopefully welcome spring sooner than later. . . we seem to be having a bit of a thaw at the moment here, but the piles of snow are not fast to melt.
I had won fat quarters of Anna Maria Horner's latest line Good Folks a while back, and Beki's pattern for the Short & Sassy Handbag – put them all together – and whalaa! A new bag that makes me smile :)
Beki's pattern was simple and fun to create – if your in the market for a … Read More »
Recent Winnings :)
I've had a bit of a lucky streak again lately! Within days of each other I had won a pile of Farbenmix patterns from Fabric Hound and a pile of charms from Angela! These patterns may be the ticket to get me to sew clothing for my girls again. The last thing I made for Ella is here. It's been quite a while! Aren't the patterns cute!?
The charms may become coasters . . . not yet decided – but they are so pretty to look at! Thank you to Angela & FabricHound!!
I realize that my blogiversary is coming soon! (and 200 posts) Hard to believe that it's nearly been a year of cultivating friendships and clearing the creative cobwebs from my brain. I feel so blessed to be here :)
Joe … Read More »
Happy Valentine's!
My sentiment for the holiday – "Love isn't love till you give it away." I pray that you are blessed with love today and always!
I found this bowl in a catalog that I still get, I've stopped most – too many trees, theirs is always packed with charming tidbits of days gone by, and I love it all. Although I've yet to buy anything – it's all too nice for this house :)These towels are pretty adorable too! I put links into both of the pictures if you are in the mood to shop :)
I've been quiet here – sorry. I've been feeling the effects of a snowy week, without much sunshine, and I'm not used to that around here. And I've felt inclined to snuggle up with a book(s) instead of quilting. Have … Read More »
A Notion or Two – February
I had a productive day with my machine! I opted for these fast finishes, as my ideas had been stealing my sleep. Don't you hate that? All I really want to do is sleep, and my brain is too busy thinking up stuff to create! I know, you feel my pain :)
My wonky log cabin for Amy. Well kinda wonky. . . Next time I may leave the rotary cutter in the box and use scissors. Old habits die hard.
Amy asked that we applique or embroider a bird to the block – it's a big block 16″ – so I went for a different style with more stature for the piece. Makes me think of a crow on a wire . . .
The rest of the blocks are starting to … Read More »
SewConnected February
Let me start by saying how thankful I am for each of you. I've been a bit slow in responding to your comments – sorry. My secret project has been eating up my free time, and brain space :) I appreciate all your comments and kind words, and I will be getting to my reader to visit you soon – I promise!
This is my SewConnected block for Stefanie, a proud new mama to a son! You really should go congratulate her :) Stefanie sent solids to make a quilt for her boy – aren't the colors great!? Don't look too close at this block you will find lots of little things that don't make much sense! That's why I like having a plan and drafting out my blocks – less … Read More »
I Am Thankful : : 11
for ~
~ my creative mind – it's fun to explore :)~ God's provision for our family.~ Kleenex – we've had the sniffles.~ bloggy friends who encourage me.~ sunshine, the sun shines especially bright when it is really cold here.
You are welcome to join me in being thankful! I would love to know the blessings in your life – leave a comment and let me know :) Or post your own list.
Quilting Community
I love, and am so thankful for this community of crafters in blogland! I have found another community, just for quilters – My Quilt Patch.
They host an interactive quilting website, including forums, and master quilters sharing their knowledge. My Quilt Patch is a members only site, with a small monthly subscription fee, (this keeps advertising on the site to a minimum) but they offer a free trial month – so you can check it out and decide if it's a good fit for you!
My Quilt Patch has galleries to display your creations, lots of articles to encourage you as you learn new techniques and styles. I found free patterns and project there too!
The quilters forum is a great area to ask questions and share from your experiences, and they seem to have lots of new and fun … Read More »
Confession of a Quilter
I have never made a log cabin block. Never – of any sort! This is one of the most basic quilting blocks I have yet to make. I browsed through flickr and found a few extraordinary examples of how amazing these blocks can be. 1. I found a quilt top today!, 2. my new log cabin, 3. Crazy Log Cabin quilt… HPIM0342, 4. log cabin
Have you made a log cabin quilt? I would love to hear your experiences, tips and tricks! I received in the mail last week a collection of vintage sheets for A Notion or Two swap for Amy. And she wants wonky log cabin blocks! I'm pretty sure I can figure this out – but having help is so much fun!
Hope your having a great day!Blessing ~ … Read More »
Secret Project
My football diversion for yesterday was these little piles . . . but that's all I'm going to tell you! Until a later date :)
Blessings ~ Amy


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Because it is more pleasing to the eye ? No. I discovered this secret of life a while ago. It is worth more because there is less of it. This is a universal principle that applies to anything that can be quantified, the less there is of something, the more it is worth. It applies to goods and currency, to materials, to human skills and qualifications. Anything of which we have an infinite sup…
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Economic governance - the institutions and systems that support economic activity - is necessary for broad-based economic growth. Without secure property rights and accessible and fair legal systems there is no incentive to save and invest. Economic governance in Ukraine must advance the interests of small and medium enterprises or average citizens to achieve stability and prosperity.
Local governments need to attract domestic and foreign capital investment and to learn to manage their budgets effectively, while becoming more responsive to the issues of citizens.
- Improve the business climate for small and medium enterprises in Ukraine
- Help Ukrainian cities to attract investment, promote business development and create jobs.
- Improve the delivery of essential communal services.
- Promote a public-private partnership model of collaboration between local governments and the private sector.
- Reduce barriers to trade and harmonize regulatory environment to integrate with European and global markets.
USAID local and economic governance program enhances governance at all levels to provide better services to residents, develop independent and transparent financial planning and management strategies, attract investment, and create a better business environment.
Municipal Finance Strengthening Initiative (MFSI-II)
To advance local social and economic development, MFSI-II promotes a more efficient and transparent implementation of local financing. Specifically, MFSI-II provides technical assistance to central and local government bodies to expand Performance Program Budgeting (PPB), builds the capacity of 15 selected cities to implement multi-year development strategies that foster energy efficiency and increase public awareness of the budgeting process, revenues and expenditures.
Public-Private Partnerships Development Program (P3DP)
P3DP promotes PPPs as a model of collaboration, with a focus on accessing private sector investment and expertise to improve infrastructure and the quality of public services in Ukraine. P3DP activities 1) promote legal and institutional reforms to enable PPPs; 2) strengthen the national public-private partnership unit within the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MOEDT) that supports use of PPPs; 3) train government and private sector representatives on PPP design and implementation, and communicating the benefits of PPPs to the public; 4) work with municipal governments to implement 10 pilot PPP projects; and 5) mitigate climate change through investment in clean energy.
Commercial Law Reform Project (CLRP)
In support of commercial law reform, CLRP assists the Government of Ukraine (GOU) to draft laws and secondary legislation on issues such as deregulation and business liberalization, bankruptcy, corporate governance and protection of investors' rights. Current CLRP activities build on previous accomplishments that assisted the GOU to develop modern legislation and market-oriented policies.
Municipal Finance Strengthening Initiative (MFSI-II)
- PPB implementation pilot extended to 692 budgets representing all of Ukraine's oblasts.
- 5,233 newly-trained local budget officers developed 38,000 budget programs in all oblasts of Ukraine.
- Implementation of budget programs enabled local governments to achieve budgetary savings, on average, of UAH 330mln in 2013 and reallocate these savings to provide better services to their constituents.
- Simplified local borrowing procedures and lifted restrictions on local borrowing, facilitating implementation of PPPs and energy performance contracts in the municipal sector.
- Partner municipalities secured UAH 18.35mn from IFIs to improve energy efficiency.
Public-Private Partnerships Development Program (P3DP)
- Improved, amended and clarified a framework of PPP laws and regulations governing the development and use of PPPs.
- Successfully integrated PPPs into Ukraine's National Economic Reform Program for 2010 – 2014.
- Helped establish a PPP Unit within the MOEDT.
- Enhanced the knowledge and skills of PPP unit staff and government officials at national and local levels.
Commercial Law Reform Project
- Drafted and assisted implementation of the landmark corporate governance law, On Joint-Stock Companies.
- In cooperation with the State Agency for Investment and Management of National Projects and Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, drafted a new law on limited liability companies.
- Assisted the Verkhovna Rada (parliamentary) committees, the Cabinet of Ministers and the National Bank of Ukraine to draft and promote legislation that liberalizes business activities.
- Drafted and improved legislation that regulates property relations and ownership rights with the Ministry of Justice and the State Land Resources Committee.
- Assisted the Ministry of Economy and Verkhovna Rada to draft and pass a Public Private Partnership Law that provides a legal framework for implementing large investment projects.
- Supports implementation of newly adopted amendments to the Public Procurement Law which aim to make government tenders more competitive and transparent.
Last updated: August 18, 2014


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Fishing Report: 08.22.08
Redfish Bay and northward -- South Bay, the flats near Crab Man Marina and any of the back lakes have been holding early morning redfish. Tails have been common. The shell scattered around the deeper wells of Copano Bay are holding trout. Deeper reefs also had trout. The outside drop-off along Mud Island and the backside of San Jose Island held trout this week. Live piggies worked best. San Antonio Bay remains good for trout and reds on live bait, mostly croaker or piggies. But topwaters and soft plastics also produced for waders in these bays. The back lakes of San Jose has scattered reds. Reds also are scattered in the potholes of Estes Flats and surrounding flats. Most were caught with cut bait or live perch or dead menhaden. Aransas Bay reefs were good for trout on croaker this week. San Antonio Bay produced trout, reds and drum near reefs. The back lakes of Matagorda and San Jose islands held redfish. Uprooting seagrass with an outboard propeller is unlawful in the Redfish Bay State Scientific Area.
Port Aransas -- East Flats has redfish, as do some of the shallow oyster shell near Island Moorings. The San Jose surf has held a few trout. And the jetties had trout, along with reds, Spanish mackerel, a few jacks and sheepshead. Lots of baitfish there. The flats near Crabman Marina continue to produce early morning redfish and scattered trout for paddlers. The edges of Lydia Ann has reds and trout. Redfish also are in the Lighthouse Lakes, with some nice trout too. Topwater baits and small soft plastics or DOA shrimp all work well. The outside of Dagger Island has trout and tight against Dagger's outside shore has reds on natural baits, topwaters and soft plastics. The inside of Dagger has a few reds too. Soft plastics worked for all three species. Trout were along the ship channel and reds are in East Flats. Shamrock, Deadmans, Kate's Hole this week. Reds on soft plastics or spoons and drum on live shrimp or Berkley Gulp! were scattered near Shamrock channels. And trout were caught along drop-offs behind Mustang Island on flies and croaker. The Jetty Boat is running out of Fisherman's Wharf (749-5448). Horace Caldwell Pier reported reds, whiting, a few black drum, along with nighttime trout and reds. Call (361) 749-2828.
Gulf beachfront -- Conditions along area beaches still aren't quite right and fishing has been tough. Water clarity is spotty along PINS. A few trout were caught in clear areas. And they're catching a few blacktips. Driving is difficult through the High Banks. The surf near Packery has a few trout but water clarity near the rocks hasn't been that good. Most fish are being caught with live bait. Bob Hall Pier produced a few reds, whiting and Spanish mackerel this week and nighttime trout. Bob Hall Pier's bait & tackle shop and Ozone Grill is open daily from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. Call 949-8558 or check www.bobhallpier.net or www.corpusfishing.com.
Corpus Christi/Nueces Bays -- Shamrock Cove has redfish as does the outside of Dagger Island. Trout are off the drop-off of Dagger. Drift anglers and waders caught trout and reds in the Boathole with shrimp under Alameda Rattlers and soft plastics. Fishing in the back of Nueces Bay was decent this week, with good numbers of trout on piggies near and between reefs. Drift anglers caught drum and reds with shrimp there too. Call Clem's Pier at 949-8445.
Laguna Madre/Baffin Bay -- Piggies are catching trout easily west of the ICW and along the channel itself from the JFK Causeway to past Bird Island. Trout and reds are near seagrass edges around Pita Island. The south shore of Baffin Bay has trout, as does sections of Yarborough where reds also are scattered on shallow seagrass flats. Rocky Slough also is producing a few trout. Anglers caught a few black drum, trout, sand trout, ladyfish and reds mostly at night at Marker 37 (949-8037), Cos Way (939-7513) and Red Dot piers (937-5347).
Choke Canyon Reservoir -- Early morning fishing remains good along shallow banks in heavy vegetation, but the fish are small. Later, Texas rigged soft plastics produced fish from mid-morning on in depths of 10-15 feet. White bass are being caught on jigs and minnows, along with a few crappie. Catfish have been good in five-to six-foot depths upriver in muddy water. Visit www.tpwd.state.tx.us/park/choke/choke.htm.
-- David Sikes
Coleto Creek -- Anglers still are catching decent numbers of good bass early and late with spinnerbaits and shallow crankbaits or topwater plugs in shallow vegetation along banks of coves and with Texas-rigged worms later. Hybrid bass and catfish fishing continues at the Dike II discharge. Check out www.coletocreekcabins.com.
Lake Corpus Christi -- The early morning shallow coves also produced catfish, white bass, black bass, yellow and blue catfish and gaspergou. Crappie also had been good off the pier at Sunrise Beach Park on minnows just about any time of day or night. Bass are being caught on spinnerbaits and topwater plugs early near structure, shallow coves and off rocky points. Check with Bob at Sunrise Beach pier (877-547-9796). Call the state park at 547-2635. Call Corpus Christi RV Park & Marina (547-3462); Tom & Jerry's Park Stop at 547-9716; Riverlake RV Park (547-9853.
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Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM) transceiver system with Complementary Code Keying (CCK) and method for baseband OCDM-CCK encoding and decoding are provided. The OCDM-CCK method comprises a serial-to-parallel data converter converting a stream of M*n-bit serial data to n-bit parallel data in 'M' parallel baseband paths, and encoding each n-bit data segment with a distinct complementary code using CCK modulation for spreading. The CCK encoded baseband signals are all summed and transmitted simultaneously on the same carrier frequency and spread spectral bandwidth. The OCDM-CCK method of encoding and transmission of information, results in enhanced datarates of 33 Mbps, 88 Mbps, 176 Mbps and higher multiples of 5.5 Mbps with backward compatibility for IEEE 802.11b WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), and wireless communication networks supporting real time Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).
1. An Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing CCK (OCDM-CCK) wireless transceiver system, the system comprising:
a RF (Radio Frequency) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) transmission means for transmitting simultaneously a plurality of data carrying symbols, using a Complementary Code Keying (CCK) scheme, and means including:
a serial-to-parallel data converter to convert a serial digital data input to a plurality of parallel data segments;
an encoder to encode the said parallel data segments into a plurality of symbols in parallel baseband paths according to a Complementary Code Keying (CCK) scheme;
a modulator to modulate the said data segments on distinct orthogonal and/or near-orthogonal CCK coded signals; and
a summing circuit to sum the said CCK coded signals at baseband frequency to result in a composite signal; and a RF modulator to modulate the said composite signal on an RF carrier to transmit via a channel to a corresponding OCDM-CCK receiver.
2. The system of
a frequency converter, which down-converts the RF signal to baseband, and a baseband processor comprising:
a signal power splitter, which splits the baseband signal into a plurality of parallel channel paths;
a Demodulator/Decoder that comprises a plurality of parallel channels in a bank for correlation detection and decoding of the transmitted data;
a processor to perform Digital Signal Processing (DSP) for each of the channel paths; comprising: means for crosscorrelation detection in a correlation detector dedicated to the channel path;
DSP for dedicating specific CCK codelists to each channel path;
DSP for detection of the specific CCK symbol present in that channel path by correlation;
DSP means for using stored CCK sequences of the said specific CCK codelist for correlation;
DSP for demodulating and decoding the CCK sequence in each path to recover the data segment;
DSP means for recovering the data signal segments in all the parallel paths using stored CCK look-up tables; and
DSP means for converting the recovered parallel data to serial data signal output.
3. The system of
a bank of 'M' parallel data modulators, which generate and transmit simultaneously, M number of orthogonal spreading codes, and each code encoding n-bits of data on a distinct N-Chip polyphase complementary code, wherein the parameters 'M', 'n' and 'N' are integers.
4. The system of
5. The system of
a serial-to-parallel data converter for converting serial data input to four parallel blocks of 6-bits each;
a bank of four parallel OCDM-CCK modulators; and each of the said modulators encoding a distinct 8-Chip CCK orthogonal spreading code to produce a baseband signal; and
a baseband signal summing circuit, which adds the baseband signals to result in a composite signal for RF carrier modulation resulting in the OCDM-CCK signal RF output at 33 Mbps.
6. The system of
serial-to-parallel data multiplexing (MUX) that is clocked at the symbol rate of 1.375 MHz; and selects 4-bits of the MUX output to pick one of sixteen CCK complex codes of 8-chips from a designated codelist, which is generated in accordance with a designated CCK generator algorithm; and further selects the remaining 2-bits of the MUX output to phase rotate the picked 8-chip CCK code word in accordance with a designated CCK phase rotating scheme; and
baseband modulation to modulate the CCK phase rotated codeword to produce a complementary coded signal at baseband having a length of 8-chips at 11 Mchips/s (Mega chips per second) and output the CCK modulated baseband signal as Inphase & Quadrature components (I & Q) to a Baseband Orthogonal Signal Summing Circuit.
7. The system of
a signal power splitter with timing and synchronization circuits for splitting the OCDM-CCK received signals into four baseband channels paths in parallel; and connected to four CCK codeword correlation detectors in parallel, which are connected to four CCK decoders, wherein each decoder decodes a 6-bit data signal in each path; and
a parallel-to-serial data converter, which restores the four parallel data signals to serial data output at 33 Mbps.
8. The system of
9. The system of
a serial-to-parallel data converter for converting serial data input to sixteen parallel blocks of 4-bits each;
a bank of sixteen parallel OCDM-CCK modulators; and each of the said modulators encodes 4-bits of data on a distinct 8-Chip CCK orthogonal spreading code to produce a baseband signal; and
a baseband signal summing circuit, which adds the said baseband signals to result in a composite signal for RF carrier modulation and results in the OCDM-CCK signal RF output at 88 Mbps.
10. The system of
a RF receiving means to receive transmitted OCDM-CCK RF signals and including a demodulator/decoder comprising:
a signal power splitter with timing and synchronization circuits for splitting the OCDM-CCK received signals into sixteen baseband channels paths in parallel; and connected to sixteen CCK codeword correlation detectors in parallel, which are connected to sixteen CCK decoders, wherein each decoder decodes a 4-bit data signal; and a parallel-to-serial data converter, which restores the parallel data signals to serial data output at 88 Mbps.
11. The system of
a serial-to-parallel data converter for converting serial data input to sixty-four parallel blocks of 2-bits each;
a bank of sixty-four parallel OCDM-CCK modulators; and each of the said modulators encodes 2-bits of data on a distinct 8-Chip CCK orthogonal spreading code to produce a baseband signal; and
a baseband signal summing circuit, which adds the said baseband signals to result in a composite signal for RF carrier modulation and further results in the OCDM-CCK signal RF output at 176 Mbps.
12. The system of
13. A computer program product, which configures/reconfigures a wireless transceiver for Orthogonal Code Division Multiplex (OCDM) data transmission using CCK codewords for OCDM-CCK, and further comprising:
a computer program product embedded in a microprocessor usable medium having computer readable codes embodied in the medium that, when executed, causes microprocessors to execute OCDM-CCK data transmission/reception.
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. An Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing CCK (OCDM-CCK) wireless transceiver transmitting method, the method including:
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) for serial-to-parallel data conversion, to convert a stream of M*n-bit serial digital data stream into n-bit parallel data segments in 'M' parallel baseband channels, for integer values of 'M' and 'n';
DSP for data encoding, to encode the said parallel data segments into a plurality of symbols simultaneously in parallel paths according to a Complementary Code Keying (CCK) scheme;
DSP for CCK modulation, to modulate the said data segments on distinct orthogonal and/or near-orthogonal complementary coded signals;
DSP for signal summing, to sum the said CCK coded signals at baseband frequency to result in a composite signal, and
DSP for modulation to modulate the said composite signal on an RF carrier for transmission via a wireless communication channel.
The present invention claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/013,689 of Sivaswamy et al., entitled "ORTHOGONAL CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEX CCK (OCDM-CCK) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH DATA RATE WIRELESS LAN," filed on Dec. 14, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates wireless communications technologies, and more particularly to a method and system for transmitted signal encoding and received signal decoding for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) transceivers for enhancing information transmission datarates.
2. Discussion of the Background
The IEEE standard 802.11b Wireless LANs have a technical limitation on datarates that cannot go above 5.5 and 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz spectrum for CCK, which is the specified modulation technique called Complementary Code Keying.
The Wireless LANs transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections. Hence, wireless LANs combine data connectivity with operational mobility. Most WLAN systems use spread spectrum technology, a wide-band radio frequency technique developed for use in reliable and secure communication systems.
The modulation method called OCDM (Orthogonal Code Division Multiplex) uses multiple spreading codes on the same frequency simultaneously, and sends multiple streams of data on OCDM channels compared to OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex), which send multiple streams of data on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channels.
Traditionally, encoders and decoders of modulation coding systems use specific modulation methods. Complementary code keying (CCK) is a variation of complementary codes originally discovered only in binary (BPSK) form by M. J. E. Golay, in "Complementary Series," IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-7, pp 82-87, April 1961. Later, R. Sivaswamy in "Multiphase Complementary Codes," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-24, No. 5, September 1978", found the new class of multiphase including polyphase complementary codes for QPSK, which were best suited for CCK modulation, and provided the following generic equation for complementary codes:
Complementary codes are defined by the property that the sum of their aperiodic autocorrelation functions is zero everywhere except at the zero shift. These codes have complementary autocorrelation functions in pairs and sets, and also have good crosscorrelation functions. The CCK codes of QPSK, with four discrete phases (0�, 90�, 180�, 270�), are chosen as a modulation method to support the higher data rates of IEEE 802.11b wireless local area networks (wireless LANs), since it easily provides a path for interoperability with existing systems by maintaining the same bandwidth as the 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates operating in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band.
The CCK method uses eight complex chips in each spreading codeword. Each chip includes one of four phases (QPSK), and a set of 256 near-orthogonal 8-Chip complementary codes are selected for CCK of IEEE 802.11b, wherein each code has been called as a codeword, sequence or symbol interchangeably.
The QPSK Complementary codes, denoted by C, for CCK can be constructed from the following formula in the format of IEEE 802.11b:
The CCK codes may be decoded by many methods: first, there is an optimal maximum likelihood method that needs a bank of 256 correlators in the receiver. However, this optimal method may be considered too complex for implementation. In order to solve this problem, there are many sub-optimum decoding methods that are less complex to implement.
Intersil (registered trademark, formerly Harris Corporation) provides under its trademark "PRISM" a chip set for related art DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) wireless transceivers complying with the IEEE 802.11 standard. The nomenclature HFA 3861A designates the baseband processor of the PRISM chip set.
The baseband processor HFA 3861A provides for differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) and differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) modulation schemes with data scrambling capability along with complimentary code keying (CCK) to provide the data rates of 5.5 and 11 Mbps.
The HFA3861A, implements the CCK codewords to achieve Ethernet data rates over wireless links, and provides robust packet error rate performance in multipath environments through the use of a RAKE Receiver.
Texas Instruments provides the TMS320C6416 DSP, (registered trademark of Texas Instruments) Digital Signal Processing (DSP) hardware platform to implement related art IEEE 802.11b WLAN standard in software.
It is to be noted that the IEEE 802.11b standard is limited to the data rates of 5.5 and 11 Mbps, and has no higher datarate options for encoding with CCK.
IEEE 802.11b specifies CCK modulation as standard, but other traditional encoders and decoders of modulation and coding schemes use specific modulation methods, which need modifications to the already standardized IEEE 802.11b Physical Layer (PHY) and Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) are not mandated because of the incompatibility.
It is also highly desirable to utilize SDR (Software Defined Radio) and SoC (System-on-Chip) technologies, which accommodate large scale memory and processor requirements needed to implement the ever-increasing demand for higher and higher datarates for wireless data transmission.
IEEE Standard 802.11 Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications) is a protocol standard for wireless LAN communication. Its physical layer in the transmitter is responsible for encoding and modulating a packet into baseband signals for a stream of digitized information bits in the physical layer. In particular, IEEE 802.11b high datarate standard implements DS-Spread Spectrum technique using the standard form of CCK encoding scheme to achieve 5.5 and 11 Mbps datarates in Wireless LANs. The CCK encoding scheme requires that digital data be encoded by a complementary code belonging to a set of 256 codes. The digital data comprising eight bits (8-bits) of information is encoded on a 8-Chip CCK codeword and is transmitted at any given time, which results in 11 Mbps of maximum datarate.
One of the limitations of today's IEEE 802.11b networks with CCK modulation is the low datarates of only 5.5 and 11 Mbps possible, and higher datarates are not feasible. It is desirable to invent a CCK based new technology for IEEE 802.1b that provides, as in the present invention of OCDM-CCK, the capability of a wide choice of higher datarates such as 16.5 Mbps, 22 Mbps, 27.5 Mbps, 24.75 Mbps, 33 Mbps, 38.5 Mbps, 44 Mbps, 49.5 Mbps, 55 Mbps, 60.5 Mbps, 66 Mbps, 71.5 Mbps, 77 Mbps, 82.5 Mbps, 88 Mbps and 176 Mbps. The present invention employs Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM) combined with CCK signals, which we call OCDM-CCK. When integrated with CCK, the OCDM method needs only a single carrier frequency channel of IEEE 802.11b to deliver transmission rates in multiples of 5.5 Mbps such as but not limited to 33, 88 and 176 Mbps without the expense of increased bandwidth and thus is superior to the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) defined by the IEEE 802.11a standard, which needs higher bandwidth to increase datarate. It is also the object of some aspects of the present invention to provide improved devices and methods for high-speed wireless data communications, particularly to provide devices capable of reaching data rates above 11 Mbps while maintaining backward-compatibility with the IEEE 802.11b standard.
The invention is a method and apparatus, which discloses a scheme for encoding, modulation, demodulation and decoding of data for digital transmission and reception. More precisely, this invention is for the usage of Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM) and parallel channel encoding using Complementary Coded Keying (CCK). The new method, which we call OCDM-CCK, uses near-orthogonal subsets of complementary codes for encoding, in a plurality of baseband channel paths. The CCK codewords so generated in the parallel oaths are summed, and simultaneously transmitted on a common carrier frequency. On the receiver side, crosscorrelation detection for decoding in a plurality of parallel baseband DSP channels is utilized, which results in recovering the data in segmented format. The segments of data in parallel paths are then converted to serial data in a parallel-to serial converter. The method results in feasibility of very high datarates, because multiple CCK codewords carrying segments of data are transmitted simultaneously in OCDM fashion. On the transmitter side, the method encodes segmented digital data from a serial-to-parallel converter on near-orthogonal distinct CCK codewords in parallel baseband channel paths. The codewords are all transmitted on the same frequency and channel bandwidth in DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) fashion simultaneously. On reception, the digital data segments are individually detected by crosscorrelation in parallel channel paths, CCK decoded and reverted back to serial data in a parallel-to-serial converter.
In the present invention, since OCDM uses multiple symbols encoded in orthogonal codes to increase data rate and is not used for multiple access, it does not require any modifications to the IEEE 802.11b Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications or the frame format.
Since the standard already defines the multiple access technique (CSMA/CA), no changes to the IEEE 802.11b standard would be required to use OCDM-CCK.
Although the present invention will be described with respect to wireless communication and, specifically the IEEE Standard 802.11b, the principles also apply to other transmission and reception schemes, which involve data signal modulation and demodulation, encoding and decoding using so-called orthogonal or near-orthogonal codes in spread spectrum for enhanced datarates.
In OCDM-CCK, an encoder/modulator (20) encodes six-bits (6-bits) of information on each of four distinct CCK codes in parallel paths simultaneously at baseband frequency. The CCK codewords are then combined in OCDM (orthogonal code division multiplex) fashion to result in 33 Mbps of datarate. Since four codewords are simultaneously thus transmitted in the 2.4 GHz band using the existing 802.11b DSSS channel structure scheme instead of only one codeword as in traditional IEEE 802.11b, the total datarate in our invention results in a higher datarate of 33 Mbps. On reception at the OCDM-CCK receiver, the four CCK codewords are each decoded in parallel code division multiplex crosscorrelation detection channel paths individually, and parallel-to-serial converted to recover the data in original serial format for subsequent use. Each of the four encoding/decoding OCDM paths or channel paths uses a distinct subset of 16 codewords. Thus, each encoder has to pick one in sixteen complementary codes, and the decoder has to distinguish one out of sixteen codes by correlation. Thus, the OCDM-CCK digital signal processing (DSP) is more robust and less complex compared to traditional IEEE 802.11b CCK, where the encoder and decoder has to decide amongst 64 codes.
According to another embodiment of our invention, the Encoder/Modulator (37) uses 16 channel paths of OCDM with 4 codewords and 4-bits of information per code, which results in 88 Mbps. Similarly, by a combination of the number of correlator channel paths and the number of information bits mapped per codeword very high datarates in multiples of 5.5 Mbps including 176 Mbps are made possible in our invention.
According to the embodiment of the invention for the 33 Mbps case suitable for IEEE 802.11b backward compatibility, a group of 4 subsets with each having 16 complementary codes is used for encoding 6-bits of information per codeword.
According to the embodiment of the invention for the 88 Mbps case, a group of 16 subsets with each having 4 complementary codes is used for encoding 4-bits of information per codeword.
Accordingly, in exemplary aspects of the present invention there is provided an encoding system and method, including encoding a stream of M*n-bit serial digital data in 'M' orthogonal and near-orthogonal OCDM channels; and allocating 'n' bits per channel and which are mapped using Complementary Coded Keying (CCK) and transmitted simultaneously on the same carrier frequency and spread spectral bandwidth, whereby increased datarates of 33 Mbps, 88 Mbps, 176 Mbps and integer multiples of 5.5 Mbps are achieved for systems including IEEE 802.11b WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and wireless communication networks supporting real time Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments and alternatives described above are non-limiting examples only, and that certain modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
Still other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description, by illustrating a number of exemplary embodiments and implementations, including the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention. The present invention is also capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details can be modified in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
The embodiments, advantages and objectives defined in the included claims of the present invention will become more fully evident from the description given below, and the present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in wherein like reference numerals refer to similar elements, in which:
Before describing in detail the method and apparatus in accordance with the present invention, it should be observed that the present invention resides primarily in a novel functional combination of commercially available communication and signal processing circuits, components including IC chips, and not in the particular detailed configurations thereof. Accordingly, the structure, control and arrangement of these conventional circuits and components have been illustrated in the drawings by readily understandable block diagrams, which show only those specific details that are pertinent to the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with structural details, which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art with the additional benefit of the description herein. Thus, the block diagram illustrations of the Drawings and Figures do not necessarily represent the mechanical structural arrangement of the exemplary system, but are primarily intended to illustrate the major structural components of the system in a convenient functional format, whereby the present invention may be more readily understood.
Referring now to
The present invention is directed to a digital wireless communications system comprising data encoding, modulation and decoding schemes that are capable of higher datarates, in excess of 11 Mbps for CCK technique.
In the present invention, the serial-to-parallel converter section (30) is a data shift circuit for shifting the serial input data according to an input clock to store M*n bits of serial input data, and output that in blocks of n-bit segments into M number of parallel channels in synchronism for further processing.
The system of the invention will be described herein for the case of a digital data stream of the IEEE 802.11b standard conditioned for encoding with CCK.
The IEEE 802.11b digital data packet payload modulation with CCK is accomplished with QPSK complementary code sequences of eight complex chips, which are reputed for unique mathematical properties that facilitate distinguishing between the codewords or symbols at the receiver even in the presence of substantial noise and multipath interference. With a symbol rate of 1.375 Msymbols/s the CCK codewords occupies approximately the same spectrum as that of the DQPSK codewords of lower rate, which is 22 MHz. As a result, even at the higher data rates channels can occupy the ISM band.
In related Art, the IEEE 802.11b CCK code sequences for 11 Mbps are derived from the formula given in Equation (1) for C, where C is the codeword having the least significant bit (LSB) first and the most significant bit last. The phase parameters φ1, φ2, φ3, and φ4 are the four phases parameters derived from
In the present invention,
A particular embodiment of OCDM-CCK Encoder/Modulator (20) is illustrated in
The block diagrams shown as
Referring to
For transmission and reception, the mapping of the data bits to transmitted symbols, and vice-versa, is implemented in software by a look-up table comprising the binary code index corresponding to the CCK symbol for transmission by techniques customary in the art of SDR and SoC.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention,
The exemplary embodiment of the Demodulator/Decoder (38) of the present invention in
Finally, the table shown in
Thus, the exemplary embodiments include a system and method for wireless communication and wireless local area networks (WLANs) of IEEE 802.11b using CCK for very high datarates of the order of 33 Mbps, 88 Mbps, 176 Mbps in multiples of 5.5 Mbps that are not available in today's networks, and is particularly directed to an improved transceiver that includes a new embedded Orthogonal Code Division Multiplex (OCDM) Complementary Coded Keying (CCK) system. In the exemplary system, a stream of digital data including M*n bits, denoted as M*n-bits, is coded in 'M' near-orthogonal OCDM channels with 'n' bits per channel and transmitted simultaneously using enhanced CCK (E-CCK) modulations on the same carrier frequency and spread spectral bandwidth. Parallel CCK coded OCDM channel paths of sequences are employed to enhance datarates dramatically. The transceiver apparatus includes a wireless communication system supporting real time Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communications using a novel method for encoding digital data on complementary codes in parallel OCDM configuration, to increase datarates by several orders of magnitude, hitherto not envisaged in IEEE 802.11b standard. The exemplary method and apparatus invented for this technology can be referred to as OCDM-CCK. The OCDM-CCK encoding system for Wireless LAN includes multiple spreading codes in a set that map input digital data in segments of n-bits on different N-Chip near-orthogonal polyphase complementary codes derived from a specific algorithm. The codewords so selected for OCDM and called as Enhanced CCK (E-CCK) codes are each modulated in a plurality of distinct baseband channel paths using a common bandwidth, and transmitted on the same carrier frequency channel. At the receiver end, correlation detection and decoding results in individually demodulated and decoded blocks of data segments in parallel baseband channel paths, which are then converted to serial format in a Parallel-to-Serial converter to recover the encoded high datarate digital data. In implementing this method, the transceiver system picks complementary codes to pack maximized number of information bits into multiple near-orthogonal symbols resulting in maximized data rate for transmission. Transceiver examples for 88 Mbps and 33 Mbps using the above method with QPSK modulations for encoding data on 8-Chip four-phase CCK codewords, which do not require any modifications to the IEEE 802.11b Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, are disclosed for WLAN backward compatibility. The OCDM-CCK method needs only a single carrier frequency channel of IEEE 802.11b to deliver transmission rates in multiples of 5.5 Mbps including 33, 88 and 176 Mbps without the expense of increased bandwidth and thus is superior to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which can only increase datarate at the expense of increased bandwidth.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments and alternatives described above are non-limiting examples only, and that certain modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
Patent Citations
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