text:
Methods and apparatuses associated with multi-phase wireless handshaking. A user terminal enters handshaking with an access point. The access point may respond to an access request of the user terminal with an access assignment, and alternatively, with a message indicating an assignment will not be presently given. The handshaking process could then be completed at a later time.
1. A method for wireless communication comprising:
receiving a random access message from a remote terminal on an uplink of a wireless exchange period;
determining whether to transmit on a downlink of the wireless exchange period an access assignment or an access assignment delay message indicating a period when an access assignment may be available;
transmitting to the remote terminal a signal having an access assignment or a delay message, based on what was determined, the delay message specifying a period the remote terminal should wait prior to transmitting a repeat random access message to attempt to obtain an access assignment, specifying a minimum number of exchange periods the remote terminal should wait and specifying a maximum number of exchange periods during which the remote terminal should attempt to transmit a repeat random access message to obtain an access assignment; and
receiving a repeat random access message at a time based on the delay message indicating the period when an access assignment may be available.
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receiving an additional random access message from an additional remote terminal during the waiting period of the remote terminal;
determining whether to transmit an access assignment or a delay message to the additional remote terminal; and
transmitting to the additional remote terminal a signal having an access assignment or a delay message, based on what was determined, prior to the end of the wait period specified to the remote terminal.
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20. A method comprising:
receiving on an uplink of a wireless communication event a resource request;
transmitting on a downlink of the event an acknowledgement, the acknowledgement indicating that a resource assignment is not immediately available, the acknowledgement including a delay parameter to indicate a period when the resource assignment may be available, the delay parameter specifying a period a remote terminal should wait prior to transmitting a repeat resource request to attempt to obtain a resource assignment, and specifying a minimum number of exchange periods the remote terminal should wait and a maximum number of exchange periods during which the remote terminal should attempt to transmit a repeat resource request to obtain the resource assignment;
receiving on an uplink of a later wireless communication event a follow-up request; and
transmitting on a downlink of the later event, in response to the follow-up request, the resource assignment.
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24. A method for wireless handshaking, comprising:
sending a channel request to an access point on an uplink of a frame;
receiving on a downlink of the frame a channel assignment status message in response to sending the channel request, the status message indicating a delay period during which the assignment will not be available, the status message indicating either an assignment is pending and will be available after the delay period, or else the request has been queued and will be processed later, where the message indicating the request has been queued and will be processed later includes an indication that a paging message will be received, where the message causes the halting of sending a repeat channel request until the paging message is received; and
sending a repeat channel request on an uplink of a later frame if the status message indicates an assignment is unavailable.
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28. An article of manufacture comprising:
a computer readable medium having content stored thereon embodying computer executable instructions to cause a computer to perform operations comprising:
receiving a random access message from a remote terminal on an uplink of a wireless communication frame;
determining whether to transmit on a downlink of the frame an access assignment or an access assignment delay message indicating a period when an access assignment may be available;
transmitting to the remote terminal a signal having an access assignment or a delay message, based on what was determined, the delay message specifying a number of frames the remote terminal should wait prior to transmitting a repeat random access message to attempt to obtain an access assignment, specifying a minimum number of frames the remote terminal should wait, and specifying a maximum number of frames during which the remote terminal should attempt to transmit a repeat random access message to obtain an access assignment; and
receiving a repeat random access message at a time based on the delay message indicating the period when an access assignment may be available.
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42. A wireless device comprising:
an antenna array to receive a wireless communication including a resource request from a remote unit, and transmit a wireless communication including sending a message in response to the resource request; and
a processing unit coupled with the antenna array to process the communications, the processing unit to have a central processor to manage assignment of resources and an application specific processor to control a resource, the processing unit to process the resource request received at the antenna array on a frame of a wireless communication and prepare a message to be transmitted on the frame from the antenna array to the remote unit in response to the resource request, the prepared message to indicate either a resource assignment or a status of a resource assignment, the message to operate to extend handshaking over multiple frames and to indicate that the resource request has been queued and a resource assignment will not be given on the frame, wherein the processing unit has an additional application specific processor, where the application specific processor knows of an availability of resources of the additional application specific processor, and wherein the application specific processor to independently prepare the resource assignment includes the application specific processor to prepare a resource assignment for a resource of the additional application specific processor.
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51. An electronic circuit comprising:
a general purpose processor to manage traffic channel assignment for a wireless device;
an application specific processor coupled with the general purpose processor to manage a traffic channel, the application specific processor to receive a random access message on a frame and determine whether to make a traffic channel assignment on the frame or indicate on the frame to the wireless device of the random access message that a traffic channel assignment is unavailable at the time of the frame, and to indicate a future frame at which the wireless device may repeat the random access message, including a maximum number of frames by which the wireless device should repeat the random access message; and
an additional application specific processor to manage an additional traffic channel coupled with the application specific processor; wherein the application specific processor to make the traffic channel assignment further comprises the application specific processor to assign the additional traffic channel of the additional application specific processor.
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The present Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/469,499, filed May 9, 2003, and entitled "RA/AA Relaxation Scheme: Method and Apparatus for Two-Phase Handshake in a Wireless Communication System," of common Inventorship, and assigned to ArrayComm, Inc.
Embodiments of the invention relate to wireless communication, and in particular, a multi-phase handshake between wireless devices.
In wireless communication systems, user terminals (UTs) and access points or base stations (BSs) exchange data over an air interface. The BSs may be geographically distributed, e.g., into cells. The UTs and BSs establish an air interface through an exchange of wireless communication signals. The process of exchanging signals to establish an air interface may be referred to as "handshaking." The handshaking process may include a UT requesting a resource, such as a traffic channel (TCH), and a BS determining a TCH assignment for the UT, and responding to the request with the channel assignment.
One handshaking technique involves assigning a TCH stream on a conventional channel resource using a random access channel (RACH). The RACH may be a channel, e.g., a control channel, which is not specifically assigned to any particular UT, and may be accessed by a UT seeking a TCH assignment on a BS. This technique traditionally requires the handshaking to complete in a single frame. For example, a random access signal (RA) may be sent on the uplink of a frame and an access assignment signal (AA) is sent on the downlink of the same frame. The AA will typically indicate the TCH channel assignment determined by the BS. The frame may be an exchange period defined in a wireless communication protocol.
Although this technique is relatively simple, it is difficult to implement in a distributed base station architecture. In a distributed base station architecture, the processing may not all be performed with a single processor. A general purpose processor (GPP) that is typically not a real-time processor may not have the capability to meet the real-time requirements of making an assignment of available resources and transmitting the assignment in the same frame as the resource request.
In a distributed architecture, a combination of one or more GPPs and application specific processors (ASPs), e.g., digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc., is generally used. An ASP may control a set or subset of communication resources, for example, spatial channels. To perform resource assignments, a GPP may need to engage in interprocessor communication with one or more ASPs. The interprocessor communication may be difficult to perform in a manner consistent with the real-time requirements of transmitting a channel assignment on the downlink of a frame where the request was received on the uplink.
Methods and apparatuses for multi-phase handshaking are described. A user terminal (UT) transmits an initial resource request on an uplink of a frame, and a receiving access point or base station (BS) acknowledges the request on a downlink of the frame. The acknowledgement may operate to have the requesting UT await a delayed assignment. The UT may make a follow-up request on an uplink of a later frame, and the assignment is transmitted on a downlink of the later frame.
In one embodiment an application specific processor (ASP) receives the initial request and transmits the acknowledgement. The ASP may make the assignment to a resource of which it is aware that is available. Alternatively, a general purpose processor (GPP) may make the assignment. Where a GPP makes the assignment, the system may be enabled to use multiple phases to complete a handshaking sequence. In one embodiment a system capable of using multiple frames for handshaking may complete handshaking in a single frame.
The frame on which a UT is to make a follow-up request may be specified in the acknowledgement. Additionally, provisions may be provided for making re-transmitting requests and/or assignments on later frames in the case that such a signal may be lost. In one embodiment, consecutive frames may be used to provide for pipelined handshaking with multiple UTs on an access channel.
The description of embodiments of the invention includes various illustrations by way of example, and not by way of limitation in the figures and accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.
BS 110 includes an antenna or antenna array 111. With a single antenna element, conventional traffic and/or control channels may be used. With an antenna array, BS 110 may subdivide the conventional channels into spatial channels based on diversity in time, frequency, and/or code channel. Thus, in one embodiment a controller managing a conventional channel may manage three spatial subchannels of the conventional channel. In one embodiment BS 110 employs a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) protocol to communicate with UTs 130-131. BS 110 includes transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) path(s) 112 from antenna array 111. Tx/Rx paths 112 may represent a combination of components such as pre- and/or post-processing circuits, filters, signal paths, etc., from the antenna element(s) 111 to the elements of processing 120. Processing 120 provides the processing of received signals and prepares transmit signals for transmission. This may include the use of complex weighting and spatial multiplexing and/or selective combining of signals for more effective use of spatial diversity in embodiments where an antenna array is employed.
Processing 120 may include a general purpose processor (GPP) 121 and none or more application specific processor(s) (ASPs) 122-123. GPP 121 represents a processor, microcontroller, and/or logic array employed by BS 110 to provide general processing for systems on BS 110. This may be a central processor that centrally manages system tasks. In one embodiment GPP 121 may not be a real-time capable processing unit. That is, for certain applications where timing deadlines are significant, a processor may be unable to process all data and/or instructions necessary to execute the processes/operations within the deadline. This may result from processor speed, number of processes to manage/execute, etc. A real-time processor is one that may be able to execute in a manner that meets the deadlines.
ASPs 122-123 represent logic arrays, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), microcontrollers, system-on-a-chip circuits, etc., that perform specific processing and/or resource management/control tasks. In one embodiment an ASP is able to provide real-time processing capability. In one embodiment one of ASP 122 and 123 are employed to perform the signal processing of signals for the Tx and/or Rx paths of a particular antenna element of antenna array 111. Thus, if antenna array 111 includes multiple antenna elements, there may be multiple ASPs to control those resources. Alternatively, a single ASP may be employed to provide real-time signal processing of multiple transmit and receive signal paths for BS 110.
GPP 121 and ASPs 122-123 may be interconnected with an interprocessor bus to facilitate interprocessor communication. In one embodiment the speed of interprocessor communication may prevent GPP from being able to perform some processing tasks in real-time. For example, consider if ASP 122 were to control certain communication resources, such as hardware and/or software associated with a certain traffic channel (TCH) and/or a random access channel (RACH). Assume that one of the channels controlled by ASP 122 is a RACH used by UTs 130-131 to establish wireless links with BS 110. If UT 130 were to send a random access signal (RA) requesting a TCH, the RA may come to ASP 122 for processing. Because ASP 122 is receiving the RA for BS 110, and may either fulfill or forward the RA for assignment, ASP 122 may be referred to as the "source" processor.
In one embodiment ASP 122 forwards the RA to GPP 121, or prepares an interprocessor communication with information from the RA to send to GPP 121. GPP 121 may make a resource assignment of a TCH that UT 130 can use to communicate with BS 110, and indicate the assignment to source ASP 122. GPP 121 may also indicate the assignment to the processor that controls the assigned TCH. The processor that controls the assigned TCH may be referred to as the "target" processor. The target processor may or may not be the source processor. Thus, the target processor may be ASP 122, or it may be ASP 123, or some other processor in processing 120 that is not shown in
In an alternate embodiment, source ASP 122 may make the resource assignment without indicating the RA to GPP 121. For example, ASP 122 may know the allocation of TCHs that it controls, and/or possibly know the allocation of TCHs of another processor in processing 120. Based on the knowledge ASP 122 has of resource allocation, it may be able to make a channel assignment in real time in response to the RA. This will be discussed in more detail below.
Execution of various processes/operations are discussed herein. Execution of processes/operations is to be understood as the manipulation, use, generation, etc., of electronic signals in the physical systems of an electronic device, e.g., an element of a wireless system. It is generally to be understood that a series of instructions may be executed on the electronic device, to cause the operations to occur. The instructions may be received by the processing systems of the device from a storage medium. A storage medium includes a manufactured article having electronic, magnetic, optical, acoustic, or other form of storage. This may include optical or magnetic disks, flash, random operating memory/random access memory devices, etc. A manufactured article includes a device used to provide instructions to an electronic device. Thus, an article may include content that provides instructions to an electronic device. The instructions cause the electronic device to perform various operations, as indicated in the content.
In stage 1 UT 220 transmits request 221 to a BS, which request is received by source ASP 230, a processor on the BS that controls the channel over which request 221 was sent. Request 221 may include an identifier of the resource UT 220 is seeking. Source ASP 230 generates forward request 231 from received request 221 and transmits forward request 231 to GPP 250. Forward request 231 may be a copy of request 221, or alternatively a message prepared with data included (e.g., a resource identifier, requester profile, etc.) associated with request 221. This may occur via interprocessor communication. In one embodiment GPP 250 and source ASP 230 are not located on the same hardware; thus, the interprocessor communication may be across hardware systems. In addition to forwarding request 231 to GPP 250, source ASP 230 transmits acknowledgement 232 to UT 220.
In traditional handshaking schemes a TCH assignment is transmitted on the downlink of the same frame on which request 221 was received on the uplink. In one embodiment UT 220 may send several requests on different channels and/or on different frames as it seeks a resource seeking a channel assignment on a downlink, if none is received. UT 220 may continue to seek a resource, for example, on another channel, until an assignment is received. Acknowledgement 232 can have the effect of halting UT 220 from seeking for a resource. An acknowledgement is to be understood as a signal transmitted in response to a received signal, e.g., a reply a verification signal, etc. Instead of receiving an assignment, UT 220 receives acknowledgement 232 that may indicate that the request is received and will be processed. In one embodiment acknowledgement 232 includes an indicator of when a resource assignment may be made.
Stage 2 as shown includes GPP 250 indicating to target ASP 240 and source ASP 230 the resource assignment made. Thus, assignment 251 is sent to target ASP 240, and assignment 252 is sent to source ASP 230. Assignments 251-252 indicate that target ASP 240 is the resource assigned to UT 220. Target ASP 240 in this description may represent a processor that controls a conventional and/or spatial channel, and the resource would be a channel controlled. In one embodiment target ASP 240 is not a separate physical device, but is a process or sequence of processes on, or physically part of a processor that controls various channels; target ASP 240 would thus represent the logic of the processor that controls the target channel.
While shown as a specific stage, the events of stage 2 may logically be considered part of another stage, for example, stage 1. A stage may be considered to include all events from the sending a resource request (or repeat request), e.g., requests 221-222, up to the sending of another request. For example, the sending of request 221 may be considered the start of a stage that lasts until the sending of request 222, making stage 2 a logical "part" of stage 1. Other groupings of events are possible. Thus, in one embodiment a handshaking stage spans multiple wireless exchange periods (e.g., frames). Alternatively, a stage may be considered to be an event in a sequence of handshaking events. Additionally, a system enabled to extend handshaking beyond a single stage may, in some circumstances, complete handshaking in a single stage.
In the case that handshaking extends beyond a single stage, in another stage of handshaking, UT 220 may make another request for the resource. For example, in stage 3 UT 220 transmits request 222, which is processed by source ASP 230. Because the resource assignment was indicated to source ASP 230 in a previous stage to request 222, source ASP 230 is aware of the resource assignment, and is able to provide forward assignment 233 during the stage in which request 222 was transmitted to indicate the resource assignment.
Although the exchange of traffic between the BS and UT 220 would not generally considered a stage in handshaking, stage 4 represents another logical event in the sequence, which is that the BS through the target resource (and associated controller) and UT 220 exchange traffic signals 223 and 241. Traffic exchange on the assigned target resource may continue for a specified or indefinite period.
In one embodiment handshaking includes GPP 250 centrally controlling resource assignments. GPP 250 in making assignments may assign a conventional channel, and allow a processor controlling the conventional channel to make a spatial channel assignment, or GPP 250 may make specific spatial channel assignments. If a specific spatial channel assignment is made, the spatial channel may be indicated in the assignment 251-252, or an associated signal.
In one embodiment GPP 250 uses an assignment algorithm based on load. For example, GPP 250 may make assignments based on lightest load first. If spatial channels are employed, a conventional channel with lighter use of its spatial channels may be assigned before a conventional channel that has a heavier spatial channel allocation in place. For example, a conventional channel that has two spatial channels in use may be disfavored for assignment over a conventional channel with only one spatial channel in use. This preference to lighter load can operate to manage the spatial flatness of a wireless system.
Source ASP 330 may generate a signal to GPP 350, which will fulfill the resource request. As shown, RA indication 331 is sent from source ASP 330 to GPP 350 to indicate the resource request. The message may include a resource identifier for a requested channel, an identifier for requesting UT 320, or other information useful in the handshaking and resource assignment process.
Source ASP 330 transmits a message AA-pending 332 to indicate that an access assignment could be made but is not yet available. AA-pending 332 may differ from a normal access assignment in that a traditional access assignment will generally indicate the traffic channel (TCH) over which the UT will communicate with the BS. AA-pending 332, however, may indicate a period after which, or a window during which, requesting UT 320 should re-submit an RA to attempt to establish a link on a TCH. The period may, for example, be a number of frames, or a time period. In one embodiment AA-pending 332 indicates a minimum number of frames UT 320 should wait to re-submit the RA, and a maximum number of frames after which handshaking will need to re-initialized. Alternatively, a fixed, or a predefined amount of time or number of frames understood by both the BS and UT 320 may be employed. In this instance, a delay period need not be transmitted with AA-pending 332.
The number of frames, or alternatively the amount of time, AA-pending 332 may indicate depends upon the implementation of the system. In one embodiment AA-pending 332 indicates a minimum number of frames and/or a maximum number of frames. The minimum number of frames (e.g., min_frames) is a number of value zero or greater, and indicates how long a UT may wait prior to receiving an access assignment. The maximum number of frames (e.g., max_frames) is a number of value greater than zero that indicates how long a handshaking sequence is valid. Max_frames may indicate an indefinite duration. The values can be modified depending on the system. For example, a larger min_frames may be used in a system with a slower GPP 350 than a system with a faster GPP 350. Also, a larger max_frames may be used in a system loaded with processing tasks.
Alternatively, a number of frames or a time period may be specified for the system design, and both UT 320 and the BS will have the value prior to the initialization of handshaking. Using a minimum number of frames, for example, gives the BS time for GPP 350 to make a determination for an assignment. Using a maximum number of frames allows UT 320 to re-submit an RA, and time to make other attempts at re-submission if the first re-submission is lost. Using the maximum number of frames also allows the BS to have a threshold time after which it will be allowed to re-assign the allocated resource if UT 320 fails to establish the link during the window. In one embodiment the BS has a profile of a requesting UT (e.g., UT 320) and may determine that because of the profile of the UT, a longer delay period should be used to provide more time for the UT. The BS could adjust or use an appropriate delay period and/or handshaking window accordingly.
Thus, the example of
Frame k+3, would be the frame indicated by the minimum frames indication if the minimum frames were three. After this point, UT 320 may be granted an access assignment if another RA is sent. Thus, UT 320 transmits RA 322. Note that the multi-phased handshaking may provide for UT 320 to submit multiple repeat requests or follow-up requests. For ease of discussion, RA 321 may be considered to be the "initial" RA, where UT 320 enters handshaking, and RA 322 may be considered to be a "relaxed," or "extended" RA, meaning an RA sent under a handshaking mechanism that does not require real-time, single frame access assignment. Note that the initial and the extended RAs may have identical content and the BS from knowing of the previous request can determine that a later RA is an extended RA. In other embodiments the RA may be marked as a repeat request.
The initial RA and the extended RA need not be sent over the same channel, although they may be. In one embodiment a dedicated channel is used for the purposes of receiving extended RAs. In one example, a specific RACH may be used to receive initial RAs, and a specific channel may be indicated in an acknowledgement for sending a follow-up RA. The UT could be informed of the extended RA channel assignment in a manner similar to how the UT could be informed of a target resource assignment. For example, a field in AA-pending 332 may indicate a channel assignment for sending an extended RA, just as a field in an access assignment would indicate a channel assignment.
Thus, an initial RA 321 is transmitted, and an AA-pending 332 message is received in response. At a later period that may be indicated in AA-pending 332, UT 320 transmits an extended RA 322, which repeats and/or follows up the previous request, and in response receives an access assignment, represented as a clear to send signal AA-cts 333, to distinguish the access assignment signal from the access assignment "pending" 332 indication. Note that other AA message could be used in addition to, or replacing the AA-pending and AA-cts messages described with reference to
In another embodiment, AA-pending 332 does not halt UT 320 from sending extended RAs, but indicates when UT 320 can expect a grant to be made. Thus, UT 320 may continue to send extended RAs in some or all frames subsequent to frame k on which RA 321 was sent, until an access assignment is received. The series of repeat requests may begin immediately after receiving AA-pending 332, or at some later frame.
AA-cts 333 indicates to UT 320 what resource has been allocated. Thus, it indicates target ASP 340 to UT 320. Once UT 320 receives its assignment and is clear to send on the allocated resource, it may send traffic on traffic channel (TCH) 323 to target ASP 340 on the BS, and target ASP 340 will send traffic on the TCH, as indicated by TCH 341 of the figure.
In the simplest case, a single RA may be present per frame. In another embodiment a system will support receiving and processing various RAs during a single frame. Consider frame k+3 where UT 420 transmits a relaxed RA 422, which is lost. In the case of noise, RA 422 may be lost because of the limitations of the physical layers of the systems of source ASP 430; that is, if the signal is indistinguishable from the ambient noise threshold. In the case of interference, transmissions from other UTs on the same or other conventional channels may cause source ASP 430 to be unable to distinguish RA 422 from the transmissions in the transmit medium. In the case of collision, RAs may be transmitted from different UTs in, for example, the same uplink of the same frame. In the case of a RACH, UTs simply transmit on the RACH when they are ready, which may cause RAs from different UTs to collide. Source ASP 340 monitors the RACH, and attempts to resolve the signals received on it.
In one embodiment preferences are established for dealing with potential loss situations, especially collisions. For example, preference may be given to a signal of greater strength, because the signal is easier to resolve. Preference may be given to a relaxed RA over an initial RA. Thus, if another UT were to attempt to send an initial RA at frame k+3 and priorities were in place to prefer a relaxed RA, RA 422 of UT 420 may be resolved by source ASP 430, and the initial RA of the other UT would be discarded.
In one embodiment a UT will continually transmit a relaxed RA until the assignment is received. Thus, UT 420 transmits relaxed RA 422 at frame k+3, which may be lost. Because no assignment is received on the downlink of frame k+3, UT 420 again transmits relaxed RA 423 on frame k+4. Just as loss of the uplink is possible, loss of a downlink signal may occur for the same, or similar reasons. Thus, as depicted, AA-cts 433 that is sent on the downlink of frame k+4 by source ASP 430 in response to the receive relaxed RA 423 received on the uplink of frame k+4 is lost. Although the assignment was transmitted, because it was lost, UT 420 fails to receive the channel assignment.
Because no assignment is received on the downlink of frame k+4, UT 420 again transmits relaxed RA 424 on frame k+5. Assuming that frame k+5 is still within the window of acceptable transmissions of the relaxed RA, or handshaking window, as indicated by the original AA-pending 432 or a predefined constant, the assignment should be made. Thus, in response to relaxed RA 424 received on the uplink of frame k+5, source ASP 430 transmits AA-cts 434 to indicate the allocated TCH to UT 420. Note that in one embodiment, as part of the standard processing of relaxed RAs, the processing units (e.g., source ASP 430) may perform a check to determine if the window indicated in the AA-pending message has expired. In one embodiment, if the window has expired, source ASP 430 may treat the relaxed RA as an initial RA that begins the handshaking procedure over. With the TCH assignment, the link is established between UT 420 and the BS, and traffic is exchanged at frame k+6, as indicated by TCH 425 and TCH 441.
Below various examples of AA messages are given. The examples are not intended to represent an exclusive list, and other messages could be conceived. The multi-phase handshaking described herein could be understood as including an assignment delay, i.e., an access assignment (link assignment, channel assignment) is not immediately given, but an acknowledgement of the request is sent to indicate that an assignment is intended to be given at some later time. Alternatively, they could stall indefinitely by indicating no available resources. The messages that delay access assignment (e.g., stall the UT), may be transmitted for various reasons, including insufficiency of number of resources, a load limitation procedure, channel allocation procedure, etc. A resource may be unavailable, or not immediately/presently available, if a threshold number of resource assignments has already been made. A resource may be considered to be available if the resource is idle, reserved for the requester, able to be allocated to the requester for traffic exchange, or otherwise not busy.
The acknowledgement may be considered to be a status message, or message that indicates the status of access assignment. For example, an access assignment grant is a status of "access assignment available." A pending message indicates a status of "not presently available." These and other messages are described below. Note that although the message are described separately, a handshaking sequence is to be understood as potentially incorporating any of the messages described herein.
At event 1, UT1 520 transmits an initial RA, RA1 521. This may be processed as discussed in other figures herein. The source and target processors or processes, and the general purpose processor explicitly shown in other figures are generically represented by BS 550. BS 550 may transmit AA-pending 551 a, which indicates to UT1 520 that RA 521 was received, and may indicate a time at which UT1 520 may attempt to obtain a link assignment on the source processor.
UT2 530 transmits extended RA 531 to BS 550 at event 2 as part of a handshaking sequence entered at some time prior to the events shown in
At event 3, UT2 530 may enter the RA/AA relaxation procedure by transmitting an initial RA2 531. In response to this request, BS 550 may send AA-queued 552 b. AA-queued 552 b acknowledges RA2 531, but does not indicate to UT2 530 to follow the same RA/AA relaxation described to this point. Instead, AA-queued 552 b indicates to UT2 530 that the request will not presently be granted, and that the request has been noted. In one embodiment, AA-queued 552 b may include a delay parameter period after which UT2 530 should follow up the request RA2 531.
In one embodiment BS 550 will page the UT associated with a queued RA. For example, once a resource becomes available, BS 550 may page UT2 530. In response to the paging message, UT2 530 may transmit RA2 532. This is illustrated at events 6 and 7. The TCH may be allocated in association with sending page 553 b, and so RA 532 may be followed up with AA-cts 554 b on the downlink of the same frame as RA 532. Alternatively, the RA/AA relaxation techniques described herein are employed after page 553 b.
UT3 540 transmits initial RA3 541 at event 4. In response to RA3 541, BS 550 transmits AA-reject 551 c. AA-reject 551 c indicates to UT3 540 that the stream request was rejected. AA-reject 551 c may include an indication to UT3 540 of how long to back off before re-attempting to establish a link with BS 550, indicate that another request channel should be used, etc. Compliance by UT3 540 prevents BS 550 from being overloaded with requests when it already knows it does not have sufficient resources to fulfill requests. At some later event 10, UT3 540 transmits RA3 542, which is acknowledged by AA-pending 552 c. Although a pending message is shown in
At event 5, UT1 520 transmits an extended RA1 522 in response to AA-pending 551 a received from BS 550 earlier. Event 5 is understood to fall within the window for the extended RA, as described above. Suppose that RA1 522 is received at BS 550 at a moment when there is heavy loading on BS 550. Thus, even though AA-pending 551 a caused UT1 520 to wait for a period of time, BS 550 may be unable to provide a resource assignment to UT1 520. In this case it is not because of the real-time characteristics or lack thereof of processing elements of BS 550, but because there may not be resources available. In one embodiment BS 550 responds in such a case by transmitting AA-pending 552 b, which may be an identical message to AA-pending 551 b transmitted previously. By again transmitting a pending indication to UT1 520, BS 550 is able to have more time to allocate a TCH for UT1 520. Although AA-pending 552 b may be identical to AA-pending 551 b, in some embodiments the messages are different, and may specify different wait periods for UT1 520.
Event 8 shows UT1 520 transmitting another relaxation RA1 523 at the appropriate time in response to AA-pending 552 a. Suppose that BS 550, through an ASP, or a GPP, determines that there is a load on BS 550, but that a TCH should become available very shortly (e.g., within a couple of frames). In one embodiment BS 550 may determine to not send an AA to UT1 520, thus not acknowledging RA1 523. To UT1 520, this situation may appear just as though an AA had been transmitted, but lost, as discussed in
Thus, at event 9 UT1 520 transmits extended RA1 524. Assuming BS 550 has indeed been able to allocate a TCH for UT1 520, it transmits AA-cts 553 a to indicate the TCH to UT1 520. UT1 520 is then able to exchange traffic with BS 550 over the air interface.
As shown, UT 620 transmits initial RA 621, which is received at source ASP 630. Although the BS is capable of multi-phase handshaking as described herein, in one embodiment source ASP 630 determines that target ASP 640 is available for assignment to UT 620. Source ASP 630, rather than sending an indication to the central processor that controls channel assignment (GPP 650), source ASP 630 transmits AA-cts 631 to indicate target ASP 640 to UT 620. At frame k+1, UT 620 is able to exchange traffic with the BS, as represented by TCH 622 and TCH 641.
In one embodiment GPP 650 queries the resource controllers to determine how to allocate resources for a received RA. In another embodiment GPP 650 may keep information on resource allocation within a storage location available to GPP 650. The storage location may also be accessible by the resource controllers to write directly when a resource is allocated, or the resource controllers, such as target ASP 640, may communicate to GPP 650 when a resource has been allocated. Thus, after source ASP 630 has allocated target ASP 640 to UT 620, source ASP 630 may indicate the assignment to GPP 650.
Events 1-3, while not necessarily in any particular order, are to be understood as occurring somewhere after the processing element controlling streams 1-3 becomes lightly loaded, and before the TCHs associated with the streams are re-allocated, or before some other event that would cause the processing element to become more heavily loaded. In one embodiment target ASP 750 is the processing element.
At event 1, UT1 720 transmits initial RA 721 to request a resource. In one embodiment source ASP 740 notes that target ASP 750 is not heavily loaded and, on the downlink of the frame on which RA 721 was received, source ASP 740 assigns a TCH controlled by target ASP 750 to UT1 720. Note that target ASP 750 and source ASP 740 may be interrelated processors (e.g., the same processor, grouped processors, etc.). In one embodiment multiple processors may assign each other's resources, as discussed above with respect to
In one embodiment, when source ASP 740 autonomously, or self-assigns the TCH, source ASP 740 assigns the TCH according to a most recently closed procedure. As discussed previously, when a source ASP, e.g., source ASP 740, autonomously, or independently, assigns a TCH, the source ASP may make the assignment with the involvement of GPP 760. Thus, in
At event 2, UT2 730 transmits initial RA 731 to request a resource on the BS. In one embodiment source ASP 740 employs the RA/AA relaxation techniques discussed herein to provide a TCH assignment to UT2 730. This may include sending RA indicator 742 to GPP 760. GPP 760 may then provide an assignment, which is indicated to target ASP 750 (assignment 761), and to source ASP 740 (assignment 762). Note that these assignments are shown occurring somewhere within events 2 and 3. The sending of the assignments by GPP 760 may be considered to be a separate logical event, or may be considered part of event 2 or event 3, as a matter of logic. Thus, they are shown generically happening after AA-pending 743 is transmitted to UT2 730, and prior to UT2 730 sending an extended RA 732 to request an assignment. In response to RA 732, AA-cts 744 is transmitted to UT2 730.
In one embodiment, when GPP 760 assigns a TCH, it does so according to a least recently closed procedure. Thus, in
Additionally, another assignment algorithm may be employed, either alone, or to resolve cases in which there is a conflict with using the most recently and least recently closed mechanisms. One conflict may arise if multiple streams are closed at the same time, giving a least recently used algorithm multiple options of resources from which to choose. One manner to resolve such a conflict may be to provide a conflict mechanism, such as having source ASP 740 select the TCH of smallest channel number, and GPP 760 select the TCH of largest channel number, or vice-versa. Assume the size of the stream numbers of
Timeline 810 includes various event markers, frames k to k+6. At frames k to k+2, each of UT1 820, UT2 830, and UT3 840 send initial RAs 821, 831, and 841, respectively, to request a TCH. In response to each RA, BS 850 transmits AA-pending messages 851 a, 851 b, and 851 c, respectively, each on the frame corresponding to the one on which the RA is received. Thus, each UT may back off until the period assigned to transmit an extended RA, or proceed as has been previously described herein.
Assuming a minimum frame value of three in the AA-pending messages, UT1 820 will reach the start of its window to receive a channel assignment at frame k+3. At frame k+3 UT1 820 sends RA1 822, which is responded to with AA-cts 852 a. AA-cts 852 a indicates a resource, say TCHa, with which UT1 820 will exchange traffic with BS 850. Beginning on the frame following the assignment, frame k+4, UT1 820 will be able to exchange traffic bursts with BS 850.
In similar fashion, at frame k+4, as UT1 820 is able to exchange traffic, UT2 830 sends RA2 832 and receives AA-cts 852 b, which indicates TCHb. Similarly, at frame k+5, now both UT1 820 and UT2 830 are able to exchange traffic with BS 850, and UT3 840 sends RA3 842, which is replied with AA-cts 852 c, indicating TCHc. Thus, by frame k+6, UT1 820, UT2 830, and UT3 840 all have been allocated traffic channels with which to communicate with BS 850. Note that in general, TCHa, TCHb, and TCHc may not all be different from each other. They may be different spatial channels of a conventional channel.
Reference herein to an "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the described embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, repeated use of "in one embodiment" may describe features of various embodiments of the invention, and are not intended to be limited to all referring to the same embodiment. Besides what is described herein, it will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to embodiments of the invention without departing from their scope. Therefore, the illustrations and examples herein should be construed in an illustrative, and not a restrictive sense. The scope of the invention should be measured solely by reference to the claims that follow.
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Town Square
Fire Retardant Aftermath of North County 2007 Fires
Original post made by TWhite, Escondido School, on Dec 17, 2007
My concerns is how to deal with the fall out of the chemicals used to put out the Witch Fires and other local fires. The winds pick these chemicals up and blow them into our community. There is no education on how to prepare ourselves to avoid health risks.
I called San Diego County Health Dept today and was transferred several times when I finally ended up with "Todd" who took down my concerns and said someone from the fire dept. would come out and check out the substance.
The local fire dept. quickly responded and left a message with the young man at my home that it was just normal cement perspiration. I have lived in this home over 12 years and this is the first time my cement is perspiring.
Can someone give me advise on whom/where I can take a sample of this substance and find out what this white powder is?
Comments (1)
a resident of College Terrace
on Dec 18, 2007 at 8:56 am
If you live in College Terrace it's very likely to be the result of the drain replacement work going on throughout the area. Our street was just done and the work kicked up a huge amount of concrete dust from the excavation. I'm glad it's raining now and washing it away!
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subset: commoncrawl


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*APR = Annual Percentage Rate.
To help you as you make your purchasing decision, Interior Federal Credit Union has created an Auto Buying Resource Center. Here you will find information on car buying services, insurance, calculators, educational videos, and self-paced tutorials. Make it your first stop BEFORE you shop.
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^Your purchase of MEMBER'S CHOICE Guaranteed Asset Protection is optional and will not affect your application for credit or the terms of any credit agreement required to obtain a loan. Certain eligibility requirements, conditions and exclusions may apply. If you choose GAP, adding the product fee to your loan amount will increase the cost of GAP.
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Does debt protection pay off my debt?
The benefit of debt protection is that it either cancels or postpones your loan payments.
Offers the following protection:
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3. Interest cancellation - defers the principal portion of a payment and cancels the interest portion up to the agreement limit (the loan balance does not decline). Program fees may or may not be waived under interest cancellation.
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The fee is specific to the amount and term of your loan and the protection package you select. The fee is automatically scaled to the amount of protection you select since it is calculated against the outstanding loan balance.
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text:
|Yang Zhao
Quick Look
- Graduated from China Pharmaceutical University with a
BS in Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2011
Research Interests
My interest in biological science focuses on 3 aspects: how a gene influences other genes; what is the interaction between proteins; and how the factors on a genetic level and protein level regulate each other. During the years in the department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, my interest was extended on protein interactions from a Mass spectrometer based proteomic lab. I believe the MBG PhD program can provide me the opportunity to gain genetic perspective to see the cells.


text:
Learn more about Memorex 52x CD-R Media - 700MB - 100 Pack:
Manufacturer: Imation Corporation
Mfg Part#: 32024581-KIT
Sku: 205068926
See more in Backup Media
Memorex CD-R offers 80 minutes of audio recording time or 700 MB of data storage, available in 52x write speed compatible and can only be recorded on a Computer CD Writer.
Customer Reviews of Memorex 52x CD-R Media - 700MB - 100 Pack
Great deal!!!8/5/2008
Price was right. No coasters yet!1 Helpful | 0 Not Helpful
item as described, works fine8/13/2007
already used 50 of them, very good quality, worth the money spent.


text:
Originally written on The Cardinal Nation blog | Last updated 1/8/13
Looking to repeat as Major League Baseball's champions, the 2012 St. Louis Cardinals clinched the new second wild card berth after Game 161 of the regular season. As the second wild card winner, St. Louis traveled to Atlanta for the one-game, winner-take-all battle on October 5. It appeared to be a major challenge as Kyle Lohse faced the National League's Pitcher of the Month for both August and September, Kris Medlen. The Cardinals were up to the task. In the 6-3 St. Louis win, Matt Holliday homered and Atlanta self-destructed by making three throwing errors – the most crucial of them by Chipper Jones in his final game before retiring. The contest will be remembered longest due to a very controversial play. The Braves protested to no avail after an eighth-inning fly ball dropped by Pete Kozma in short left field was ruled an out via the infield fly rule. The game had to be stopped for almost 20 minutes as livid Atlanta fans pelted the field with garbage. Lohse earned the win, ...
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Select Local Merchants
Boys & Girls Clubs of the East ValleyRead MoreA safe space. That's what the Boys & Girls Clubs of the East Valley give to more than 43,000 kids each year. But along with keeping kids out of harm's way after school lets out, the Boys & Girls Clubs enrich children's lives though their programs. Kids get creative in arts classes, learn social interaction and fitness skills in sports programs, and prepare for the future with technology courses that ensure they won't buy stock in companies that only produce floppy discs. But the Boys & Girls Clubs impact kids beyond afterschool care. In addition to the East Valley clubs having the first Arizona club to serve a Native American community, the clubs' Ladmo branch has Mona Dixon, who was named National Youth of the Year for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America in 2010. Her path of success, encouraged by the Boys & Girls Clubs, led her from a girl homeless and worried about her family's survival to a young woman with a full ride to college and named one of the Top 28 Most Influential Black Women in America by Essence magazine.9225 S Avenida Del YaquiGuadalupe, AZ US
Baja Fresh PhoenixRead MoreBaja Fresh Phoenix in Tempe is one of the more inexpensive fast food restaurants in the area, featuring a fresh menu that won't cost a fortune. Come by for the great quality and stay for lightning-fast service. You'll be planning your next trip to Baja Fresh Phoenix before you know it. There's not really a recommended attire, so feel free to dress comfortably. Also, though the prices are considered to be lower than average, you aren't going to sacrifice any quality. In fact, you should be able to enjoy a good meal for $11 or $12, and can probably get in and out for $8 if you try. If you're in a hurry, you can always take advantage of the convenient take-out offerings. To sum it all up, Baja Fresh Phoenix is definitely a good call.780 W Elliot Rd.Tempe, AZ US
The Lakes Golf ClubRead MoreFoothills Golf Group's four golf courses each carry the company's signature: immaculately groomed sweeping landscapes. The 7,142-yard behemoth that is Club West Golf Club showcases this purity of the turf with a challenging course design filled with elevation changes and stunning views of the surrounding hillsides. The Duke At Rancho El Dorado and The Foothills Golf Club represent classic Arizona golf, leading players along a lush emerald carpet that winds through a desert landscape peppered with shrubs and cacti. The 6,713-yard Ahwatukee Country Club rounds out the portfolio with a fair layout that challenges all skill levels to keep the ball out of the desert sands haunted by the ghost of Peter O'Toole's caddy.13431 South 44th StreetPhoenix, AZ US
San Diego Bay RestaurantRead MoreFresh fare can be found at San Diego Bay Restaurant, where patrons seek to sample every seafood dish on the menu. San Diego Bay Restaurant does not prepare their menu with low-fat items, though, so those following a strict diet may have better luck elsewhere. Pair your entree with a glass of wine or draft beer — San Diego Bay Restaurant has a fully-stocked bar to complement your meal. Open air seating is ready for diners at San Diego Bay Restaurant when the weather is warm. It's time to take out your best dress and get ready for a beautiful meal. It's time to gather up the party people. Serve them great food from San Diego Bay Restaurant. Or, take your grub to go. Forget the hassle of street parking and head to San Diego Bay Restaurant for easy access to parking lots. Store your bike safely at one of the main bike racks near San Diego Bay Restaurant. A meal at San Diego Bay Restaurant will typically set you back about $30. You can pay with Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express or any major credit card. The dinner menu is a crowd pleaser at the restaurant, though breakfast and lunch are also served.9201 S Avenida Del YaquiGuadalupe, AZ US
El Yaqui RestaurantRead MoreA well-known Mexican restaurant in Guadalupe, El Yaqui is the perfect location for a flavorful menu. The excellent quality, set in a familiar atmosphere, will make you a regular. Thanks to its outdoor seating, the restaurant is a fantastic option when you feel like soaking up some of those Arizona rays. No specific attire is required, so feel free to dress casually and comfortably. Also, though the overall price can be a bit on the low side, you won't be sacrificing any quality. In fact, you should be able to enjoy a good meal for $11 or $12, and can probably get in and out for $8 if you try. If you need food provided for a local event, take advantage of its catering options. A reputable option for lunch, a trip to El Yaqui is definitely worthwhile. Don't worry about trying to find a spot on the street, as visitors to the restaurant do have access to a private parking lot nearby. Should you prefer to pedal over there, bicycle parking's also provided.9201 S Avenida Del YaquiGuadalupe, AZ US
Delia's CleanersRead MoreAt 18 locations throughout the greater Phoenix area, Delia's team inspects, maintains, and cleans all manner of clothing and fabric, enhancing this service with free pickup and delivery. Founded in 1969, they're careful to ensure that each item gets the right kind of treatment. Sturdy material such as wool and cotton undergoes the standard cleaning. More delicate fabrics and garments with beads or sequins—cowboy outfits, for example—go through a gentler method that prevents any damage. To keep customers in the know, they've documented their means of fabric care in explicit detail online. Delia's crew also works to sew buttons back on, replace zippers, and make alterations.4206 East Chandler BlvdAhwatukee, AZ US


text: Find this wine Find this wine Cavit Pinot Grigio 2011 From the Giant 9/2012 Too sweet !! Pin It Tweet 2 years ago by Hollycshaw More posts Cavit Collection Pinot Grigio 2011 4.8 one year ago by Jgsavickas Cavit Collection Pinot Grigio Party on Wayne! one year ago by Lkonvalin Cavit Collection Pinot Grigio 2012 Great on hot summer day! Tasted at Greenwood. 2 years ago by Dana M. Cavit Pinot Grigio At Ella's 2 years ago by Chinle3 Cavit Collection Pinot Grigio 4 out of 5 2 years ago by Esitkin


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Originally written on Fox Sports West | Last updated 1/18/13
USCs football coaching staff continued to turn over Friday. As expected, the school announced that Clancy Pendergast has been hired as defensive coordinator, replacing Monte Kiffin. Linebackers coach Scottie Hazelton also will depart to become Nevada's defensive coordinator, according to Bruce Feldman of CBSSports.com. Pendergast, 45, was defensive coordinator at California the last three seasons. Clancy is a perfect fit for us, Head Coach Lane Kiffin said in a statement. He is a very experienced and successful defensive coordinator. He plays an attacking-style defense with multiple looks and, having spent the last three years in the Pac-12, he knows how to defend the various kinds of offenses that we see in this conference. At Cal, Pendergast oversaw a defense that ranked first in the Pac-12 Conference in 2010 and 2011 before falling to 10th last season. Cal Coach Jeff Tedford was fired after the Golden Bears finished 3-9 overall and 2-7 in the Pac-12. Pendergast was defensiv...
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I am making an Android app that will use a friends list. As far as I know, you can't store an array in a MySQL table, so it seems that I will have to make a separate table from my "Users" table and call it, say, "Friends". This table will just have Friend1 and Friend2.
My question is the preferred way to store this table. I can use the UserName field (string) from my "Users" table to store them, or I could use the UserID field (integer) from my "Users" table. Using the ID would make the table smaller because the small integers take up more space than the string, but at the same time, I access this data mainly using the UserName field (so I have to query the Users table to get the UserID from the Users table).
Which method is preferred for a MySQL table? Using the users name directly so I do not have to find the UserID from the Users table, or saving the table as two integers, and querying to find the ID from the UserName? Thanks.


text: New stories Upcoming Incoming 20° Long-lost Prototype between the Nintendo and Sony Partnership Discovered 1m ago - A long-lost prototype between the Sony and Nintendo alliance has been discovered. This alliance w... | Retro Comments (0) Source 20° Minecraft: Windows 10 Edition Launches July 29th with a Beta 4m ago - Information from Minecon 2015 in London says that Minecraft: Windows 10 Edition will launch at th... | PC Comments (0) Source Ad Filmwatch Contest Details Now - Come celebrate Independence Day with us on Filmwatch and win cool prizes. | Promoted post Read More SiteBot 20° Pixelated Adventure City Quest Gets a Release Date 21m ago - Serena Nelson writes: "Just what is City Quest, though? In short, it's a death simulation. Seriou... | PC Comments (0) Source 20° Cycling Stars - Tour de France Cheats: The Strategy Guide and Tips 23m ago - There are 3 types of Draws : the regular draw, represented by 4-leaf clover of green colour, the... | iPhone Comments (0) Source 40° Dragon's Dogma Online For PS4, PS3 and PC Gets New Trailers: Show Opening Video, Pawns and More 26m ago - With Dragon's Dogma Online's closed beta starting today for PS4, PS3 and PC, Capcom opened the fl... | PC Comments (0) Source


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2014 Scholarship Recipients Selected
Bonnie Herdman was dedicated to serving the needs of Entrust Financial CU members and after twenty years of service became the first employee to retire from Entrust Financial CU. The Bonnie Herdman Scholarship Program was designed to reward students for their dedication to education and to honor the work ethic that Bonnie represented.
Entrust Financial CU has selected its 2014 recipients for the Bonnie Herdman Scholarship. Each recipient, one a graduating high school senior and the other a seminary student, was awarded a $1,000 scholarship.
Congratulations to Chris Burton, our seminary scholarship recipient, and Alexander O'Neal Collins, our college scholarship recipient!
|Chris Burton will be attending Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond, VA.
|Alexander O'Neal Collins will be attending The Citadel in Charleston, SC.


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Torbreck Descendant Shiraz 2009
Syrah/Shiraz from Barossa Valley, Australia
Winemaker's Notes
A pure, wild, powerful nose of blackberry and tar is complimented by a gentle floral lift of lavender and violets. Full-bodied with great concentration, silky tannins and perfectly judged extract, this vigorous and suave young wine has a long, long future ahead of it.
92% Shiraz & 8% Viognier
Critical Acclaim
The Wine Advocate - "Deep garnet-purple in color, the 2009 Descendent has 8% co-fermented Viognier in the blend which lends lovely floral, peach blossom and violet aromas to complement an intense blueberry preserves, dark chocolate and star anise aromatic core. Very full and rich, it has a lovely acid vibrancy alongside medium to firm, very fine tannins and a long finish.
97+ points"
Australian Wine Companion - "Deep purple-red; here the lower alcohol does speak, along with more light and shade into the bouquet and the medium- to full-bodied palate; there are notes of spice and savoury licorice coupled with some red fruit nuances, even though blackberry and satsuma plum provide the mainframe for a distinguished wine."
International Wine Cellar - "Bright purple. An exotically perfumed bouquet exudes black and blue fruit liqueur, potpourri, sandalwood and smoky Indian spices. Stains the palate with intense boysenberry and cherry-vanilla flavors and becomes spicier and smokier with air. Lush but energetic, with superb finishing focus, cling and floral-driven persistence"
Tasting Panel - "A dense, rich mataro with intense black fruit and spice; intense yet balanced and precise; stunning and long."
Wine Spectator - "Dark and spicy, not a heavyweight but mouthfilling, offering currant and plum at the core, with hints of apricot and crème fraîche around the edges, finishing with fine tannins and intensity. Shiraz and Viognier. Drink now through 2019."
- View All
Torbreck Winery
Torbreck, founded in 1994 by David Powell, is situated at Marananga on the western ridge of the Barossa. Since that time he has produced some of the world?s finest 'Rhone varietal' wines, exclusively from Barossa fruit; this has been acknowledged by the wine press in Europe, America and Australia. The overwhelming majority of his vines are dry-grown, nearly all are 80 - 125 years old and are tended and harvested by hand.
The wines have an extraordinary combination of power, intesity, complexity and great finesse, and bearing in mind the age of the vines and the laughably low yields, no Torbreck wine could ever be accused of being heavy, cloying or over-extracted. View all Torbreck Wines
About Barossa ValleyView a map of Barossa Valley wineries
The Barossa zone consists of two sections - the Barossa Valley and the Eden Valley. Wines from the Eden Valley can be labelled Barossa or Barossa Valley.
Situated just a bit east of the large city of Adelaide, Barossa is Australia's wine headquarters. Mega producers are based here, boutique wineries call it home and a majority of the habitants claim their income on the wine industry. The valley is strewn with a series of hamlets, small towns spotted throughout the region.
Barossa ValleyBarossa is red-wine territory, with red grapes consisting of about two-thirds of the region's plantings. The reds, Shiraz in particular, are lauded for their rich, concentrated flavors and aging potential. Old vines of Shiraz and Grenache are popular, many up to 80 years old. The valley is home to some of the most famous vineyards of Australia - this is where the first Penfolds Grange was made. Whites are also found, mainly from the Semillon grape – these wines are as full-bodied as the reds although harder to find. Riesling and Chardonnay are also planted.
Eden ValleyRight next to Barossa Valley, but a bit higher in elevation, Eden Valley is an ideal neighbor. Many wineries source vineyards from both areas as the climate difference in Eden Valley leads to wines of a different character. Reds are still mainly Shiraz and Grenache, but the wines are often more restrained and less dense than those in the Barossa Valley. Whites are popular here too. Eden Valley Rieslings and Semillons are particularly excellent.
About AustraliaLike the United States, which is about the same size, Australia's winemaking regions are huddled into one or two pockets of the country. The state of South Australia, which produces about 60% of the country's wine, also has the most wineries and sub-regions, including McLaren Vale, Clare Valley, Coonawarra and Barossa Valley. New South Wales is home to the Hunter Valley, while the smaller, southern state of Victoria is best known for theYarra Valley. Head way west to the very large state of Western Australia and you'll find the tiny region of Margaret River at the southern tip.
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Alcohol By Volume GuideMost wine ranges from 10-16% alcohol by volume. Some varietals tend to have higher (for example Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon) or lower alcohol levels (Pinot Noir and many white varietals), but there is always some variation from producer to producer. Some wine falls outside of this range, for instance Port weighs in closer to 20%, while Muscat and Riesling are usually a bit below 10%.
Wine Style Guide
Light & Fruity
- Red wines that are more fruit-forward and lighter in tannin and body.
Smooth & Supple
- Medium bodied reds that go down easy, with smooth tannins and supple fruit.
Earthy & Spicy
- Wines where earthy and/or spicy dominate the flavors – typically medium to full body.
Big & Bold
- Full bodied wines that have concentrated fruit and are higher in alcohol and/or tannins. Some need age.


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Hi All,
So I've decided that I would like to build my new computer as I'm convinced that it is the best way to stretch my budget and achieve an efficient, reliable machine. One of the problems that im facing is that I simply do not know very much about computer components. The moment that I start looking at components lists, I get lost in all the specs. I've read other posts but I'm having trouble trying to determine what I should buy or even need.
This would be a work/hobby machine and must be a desktop PC. I want to run Windows 7 64 bit as the OS. I cant do MAC because of work requirements. As far as hobbies go, DAZ and Hexagon are my primary concerns and gaming is second. I would like to keep the budget for this computer at 2000 USD.
If anyone has any advice I would really appreciate it. I know that memory is a huge concern with DAZ and that a good graphics card would really help, but other than that I'm kind of stuck.
Thanks for your help.


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Obama Fiscal Cliff
President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden makes a statement regarding the passage of the fiscal cliff bill in the Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House in Washington, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2013. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)
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Pro-Russian separatists from Ukraine confirmed that they are holding American-Israeli journalist Simon Ostrovsky hostage.
Vyacheslav Ponomaryov, the separatist head of the eastern Ukrainian town of Sloviansk, told reporters on Wednesday evening that Ostrovsky had been detained since Tuesday for reporting false information, Reuters reported. Ponomaryov has appointed himself "mayor" of the town.
Ostrovsky has been covering the conflict in Ukraine in recent months for the VICE News website.
In a statement, the website said, "VICE News is aware of the situation and is in contact with the US State Department and other appropriate government authorities to secure the safety and security of our friend and colleague, Simon Ostrovsky."
Separatist gunmen detained Ostrovsky on Monday night along with four other reporters who since have been released. He reportedly is one of 16 people kidnapped in Sloviansk over the past two weeks. Some were released and others were found dead, according to the Kyiv Post.
Without mentioning his name, State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki on Wednesday evening expressed on behalf of the department "deep concern about the kidnapping of a U.S. citizen journalist in Slovyansk, Ukraine, reportedly at the hands of pro-Russian separatists. We have also raised our concerns with Ukrainian officials as they work with local authorities to try to de-escalate the security situation. We likewise condemn the taking of any hostages, including journalists in eastern Ukraine. We call for their immediate release and call on Russia to use its influence to ensure they're freed immediately."
Ukraine has seen violent clashes between pro-Russian protesters and other groups since the ousting in February of the government of President Viktor Yanukovych in a revolution that erupted over his perceived pro-Russian policies. Ukraine's interim government has announced new elections scheduled for next month.
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There's no trick to this cute Disney Minnie Mouse plush bucket - use it to carry all the treats on Halloween. You're never alone when you carry Minnie at your side; her smile spreads cheer both far and near.
Bring your stuffed animals to life when you complete your Halloween costume with the officially licensed Doc McStuffins Lambie Plush Candy Bucket. This white and pink candy bucket is designed to look like a stuffed lamb.
Who knows what kind of mischief you'll get into when you use the officially licensed Despicable Me 2 Jerry Plush Mini Backpack. This plush minion character bag features adjustable shoulder straps.
Don't forget that a pretty costume deserves a lovely candy sack to match. For princesses and fairies, this Princess Plush Purple Trick or Treat Bag will do the trick! No dirty pillowcases for you!
Collect your candy on Halloween in the head of your favorite snowman when you use the officially licensed Disney Frozen Olaf Plush Bucket. This white candy bucket features awesome character face details, including a pointy orange nose, and a few strands of hair.
Halloween means pumpkins and jack-o-lanterns! Celebrate the season when you little one collects tricks and treats in this charming orange Plush Pumpkin Candy Bucket that serves as a decor accent when not in use.
Complete your fairy or princess costume with this pretty pastel plush butterfly fairy bucket.
Monkey around on Halloween when you collect your treats with this plush velour Monkey bucket. Have all the monkeyshines you want - you can even carry some bananas!
Carry your candy and treats in this officially licensed and officially cute plush Hello Kitty basket. Don't worry, be happy and fun!
Take the master of the dark side with you wherever you go when you have the officially licensed Star Wars Darth Vader Plush Backpack. This black, plush, polyester backpack is designed to resemble the evil Darth Vader.
Take some help with you on your trick-or-treat journey when you have the officially licensed Despicable Me 2 Evil Minion Plush Backpack. This plush, purple backpack features evil minion details included one eye with goggle, under bite and long arms.


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Lauren Fussell
Missouri Valley Recognizes 135 MSU Scholar-Athletes
Becker, Karlsen, Duckworth, Scott and Beaty earn prestigious MVC President's Council Award
MSU Tops MVC Scholar-Athlete Teams with Five Selections
Senior Kelsey Fouch and juniors Molly Brewer, Cassie Le, Lauren Fussell and Alix Opfer honored for academic and athletic performances
Women's Soccer Falls in Semifinals to Illinois State
Alix Opfer and Lauren Fussell score goals in MSU's semifinal defeat to Illinois State
Huber Ties School Record with Game-Winner on Senior Day
Senior Molly Huber ties the single season school record with her 12th goal of the season, an overtime game-winner on Senior Day
Fussell Tallies Goal as Bears Hang with #16 Kansas
Lauren Fussell nets second goal of the season, Molly Brewer records assist to move up career charts
At Missouri State: Fussell had a breakout season in 2013 and was a key component of the Bears' defense. She is good at communicating and organizing and will be encouraged to feel more comfortable in a leadership role.
2013: Fussell played in all 19 matches, starting 15 games, while making a valuable transition to the Bears' backline. Fussell made her first start on defense on Sept. 17 versus UMKC and helped the Bears allow just three goals over the next six matches leading to a 3-0-3 record in that span. On the season, she recorded nine shots, two on net. She had a season-high two shots in the season opener against Oral Roberts (8/23).
2012: Fussell saw action in 15 matches, getting the starting nod on seven dates. She netted her first goal on her first shot in her first match in the team's season-opening victory over UALR (8/17). She notched her first career assist against Nebraska-Omaha (8/24) on Molly Brewer's game-winner. Fussell tallied single shots in seven different matches, placing four on net.
Background: Fussell was a four-year starter and letterwinner for head coach Dave Robbin at Oakville High. She was named to the All-Suburban West Conference first team as a senior and a junior. Her senior season, she netted a pair of goals, both game-winners, and added 14 assists to earn team MVP honors. Fussell was also named the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and US Army Scholar Athlete of the Year. Her junior season, she tallied four goals and 10 assists for the Tigers. She was named Outstanding Player of the Year by her teammates. As a sophomore, she scored one goals and added five assists despite missing part of the year with an injury. Fussell earned Rookie of the Year honors from her teammates as a freshman after she scored seven goals, including a game-winner, and recorded nine assists. She won three-straight State Cup titles with her club team, St. Louis Scott Gallagher, including a runner-up finish at nationals in 2011. Fussell also played softball and basketball at Oakville High.
Personal: Fussell is the daughter of Randy and DeAnn Fussell and was born September 10, 1993. She plans to major in criminology at MSU. Her cousin, Amber Rose, played soccer at Mississippi State.


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The Razorbacks cap a seven-game homestand with a pair of mid-week game against UNLV.
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CCCU First Mortgages
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Scicon, Italy's premium manufacturer of bike bags, saddlebags, travel cases and sports bags, has provided ingenious cycling travel solutions since 1980.
Useful protection for your bike in transport, storage, or between journeys. This neoprene saddle protector is a great way to keep your saddle scuff free, and includes loops for bicycle bag internal straps.
Key Features:
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing your account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
Please see our returns policy.
Scicon Front Fork and Seat Stay pads
Scicon Antishock Bicycle Travel Frame
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Without changes, UE games will boast many empty seats
What a difference a day makes. After the University of Evansville men's basketball team lost its game Wenesday night, the headline in the Jan. 20 Courier & Press read, "Worst skid in more than 40 years."
After the University of Southern Indiana's men's team win that week, the headline in the Courier & Press read, "best start" in school history.
In both cases, probably not. The difference in both cases? Strength of schedule.
As for the Aces, is it the players' fault? No. Is it the coaches' fault? No. Is it the fans not continuing to attend games? No. If anyone, who is at fault? My choice would be the University of Evansville administration and athletics department.
Over the years, we've gone from contenders to also rans, to recurring cellar dwellers. It's time to quit digging. To keep pounding one's head against a brick wall year after year, without positive results, is the definition of insanity.
College basketball is all about getting to the NCAA Tournament. I've never heard of a team that was content to be losers.
We're all aware of the given reasons why UE has difficulty recruiting big-time college ready players — the small size of the school, small-town atmosphere and high education standards. These are legitimate reasons.
We primarily can recruit small-town players with small-town games. Our hope is that when those players are juniors and seniors, they can compete with the Missouri Valley Conference's elite freshmen and sophomores.
With the recent loss of Brian Bouchie, and when Pieter van Tongeren (6-foot-10-inches tall) is riding the bench, we are trying to compete with one 6-8 player (Clint Hopf), one 6-7 player (James Haarsma), one 6-5 player (Colt Ryan) and some smaller guards.
That might work for a high school team, but not for one trying to compete in the Missouri Valley Conference. Six Valley teams have six players who are 6-7 or taller.
The MVC has five teams with impressive records this season. But not a single team in the Valley was able to corral a Top 100 recruit coming out of high school last year. What would the elite teams' records be if they were playing in the Big 10 conference?
How difficult must it be for UE coach Marty Simmons to recruit quality players (which he has) coming off a losing streak?
If the University of Evansville administration is concerned about losing face by joining a less competitive conference, as a 30-year season ticket holder, I'd rather see us play teams we can contend with than face the possibility of another long losing streak. Where's the pride in that?
It would be great to watch games at the end of the season that actually matter again, or to watch the NCAA Tournament Selection Show to see who we would be playing in the big tournament.
Since we live in the Ohio Valley instead of the Missouri Valley, the Ohio Valley Conference would seem logical for Evansville. But I do not believe we would have to drop that low, even though we'd have a great chance of going to the tournament every year.
The Horizon League seems to be a perfect fit. Butler would be our primary rival. We were joined with Butler, Loyola (Chicago) and Detroit in the Midwestern Cities Conference (Weren't those some great seasons?).
With a Downtown arena coming, until we start to have winning seasons again, we need to fill as many seats as possible. The vision of 3,500 filled seats in a new 11,000-seat venue isn't a pretty sight.
The UE administration needs to act, and act soon.
Michael R. Townsend is a resident of Evansville.
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From OWASP
The New York City OWASP Chapter uses a community building website known as Meet-Up, if you are unable to access it from your work computer as a result of filtering of social sites we recommend that you come to one of our meetings and ask about how to use a proxy.
New York City Chapter - Click Here More Info
Are you looking for ISC2 CSSLP Training in New York City? simply CLICK HERE


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Man in 'Star Wars' storm trooper costume arrested after triggering school lockdown
Katy Perry's halftime costume scanned in Super Bowl safety bid
The best events in D.C. on HalloweenComment
Everyone's gearing up for Halloween weekend. But, do you know where you're going to celebrate?
Provocative Halloween costumes for teenagersComment
Lots of kids are preparing to don costumes and go trick-or-treating. However, the holiday isn't just about the kids' costumes! Many adults and teenagers dress up, too, and sometimes the costumes can be a little risque!
Walmart's 'Fat Girl' Halloween costumes section on website causes uproar
Weekend Planner: Steeplechase race, Marine Corps Marathon and much more
Diamond 'morphsuit' Halloween costume costs $1.6 million
Money saving 'tricks' for HalloweenComment
Halloween is the spookiest holiday of the year. And some might say it's the hair raising costs, and not the ghosts and goblins that give them a fright.
Worst Halloween costume of the year? Ebola health worker
What are the most popular Halloween costumes for adults and kids for 2014?
Miley Cyrus' Halloween costume is of Lil' Kim from 1999
The polarizing pop star posted several photos to her official Twitter account of her dressed up as Lil' Kim, the rapper, as she appeared at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards.
University of Colorado tells students to choose Halloween costumes wisely
The University of Colorado's dean of students wants students to dress in appropriate costumes for Halloween this year in an effort to discourage the community from dressing in what the school deems as culturally inappropriate garb.
Halloween costumes can hold hidden dangersComment
Before you dress your children up for Halloween, you should be aware of some potential hidden dangers. Following a mass seizure of Halloween costumes in Seattle for lead contamination, ABC7 bought 30 costumes at local stores and had them tested.
Halloween safety tipsComment
Dr. Toni Thompson-Chittams talked to Natasha about important safety tips for everything from candy to costumes this Halloween.
Keeping your pets safe on HalloweenComment
Dr. Katy Nelson joined Natasha and Melanie to talk about keeping yuor pets safe on Halloween.
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Looking for a simple weeknight fix? A satisfying meal that won't take all night to prepare? It doesn't get much easier than this salmon bisque recipe.
With the depth of flavor in this rich and creamy soup from Robin's Restaurant in Cambria, you'd never guess it came together in less than an hour. Butter, leeks, mushrooms and garlic form the base to this soup, layered with crushed tomatoes, chopped fresh herbs and cubes of fresh salmon. The salmon cooks in just minutes, the fragrant soup thickened at the end with cream. Yes, it's that easy.
Robin's was happy to share its recipe, which we've adapted below.
Robin's salmon bisque
Total time: 45 minutes
Servings: 4 to 8
Note: Adapted from Robin's Restaurant in Cambria, Calif.
1/4 cup salted butter
1 cup sliced leeks
1 cup sliced white mushrooms
1 tablespoon minced garlic
2¾ cups (22 ounces) clam juice
2 cups crushed tomatoes
1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley
1 tablespoon chopped fresh dill, plus fresh sprigs for garnish
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon pepper
2 cups cubed fresh salmon (bones removed and cut into ½-inch cubes), about 1½ pounds
2 tablespoons flour
2 cups heavy cream


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Recipe of the Day
My Hoppin' John
A thick, hearty stew of black-eyed peas, ham, and rice, this beloved Southern specialty is well-known for bringing good luck to all who eat it on New Year's Day.
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Something about the grill's heat brings out the best flavor in the simplest chicken recipe.
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