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Osteoporosis is a worldwide health problem predominantly affecting post-menopausal women. Therapies aimed at increasing bone mass in osteoporetic patients lag behind comparable investigation of therapeutic strategies focusing on the bone resorption process. Sesamin, a major lignan compound found in Sesamun indicum Linn., has a variety of pharmacological effects, though its activity on bone cell function is unclear. Herein we examine the effect of this lignan on osteoblast differentiation and function.
Cell cytotoxicity and proliferative in hFOB1.19 were examined by MTT and alamar blue assay up to 96 h of treatment. Gene expression of COL1, ALP, BMP-2, Runx2, OC, RANKL and OPG were detected after 24 h of sesamin treatment. ALP activity was measured at day 7, 14 and 21 of cultured. For mineralized assay, ADSCs were cultured in the presence of osteogenic media supplement with or without sesamin for 21 days and then stained with Alizarin Red S. MAPK signaling pathway activation was observed by using western blotting.
Sesamin promoted the gene expression of COL1, ALP, OCN, BMP-2 and Runx2 in hFOB1.19. On the other hand, sesamin was able to up-regulate OPG and down-regulate RANKL gene expression. ALP activity also significantly increased after sesamin treatment. Interestingly, sesamin induced formation of mineralized nodules in adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) as observed by Alizarin Red S staining; this implies that sesamin has anabolic effects both on progenitor and committed cell stages of osteoblasts. Western blotting data showed that sesamin activated phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in hFOB1.19.
The data suggest that sesamin has the ability to trigger osteoblast differentiation by activation of the p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathway and possibly indirectly regulate osteoclast development via the expression of OPG and RANKL in osteoblasts. Therefore, sesamin may be a promising phytochemical that could be developed for supplementation of osteoporotic therapy.
Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disease, is characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone micro-architecture [1]. This bone disease results from an imbalance in the bone remodeling process. Both a high rate of bone resorption and insufficiency of bone formation cause patients to develop bone fragility and possibly leading to bone fractures. The standard therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis include anti-resorptive drugs such as bisphosphonate, osteocalcin and estrogen, although these have little ability to stimulate new bone synthesis, which is important for patients with advanced bone loss [2-4]. Therefore, investigation of agents that improve bone formation is important as well.
Osteoblasts, or bone forming cells, are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are also the progenitors of myocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes [5]. Enhancement of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation can ameliorate both the quantity and quality of bone tissue. Osteoblast maturation and differentiation can be modulated through many kinds of environmental factors and signaling cascades [6-8]. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a members of transforming growth factors (TGFs) are known to be essential for regulating osteoblast differentiation, especially via the Smad-dependent signaling pathway [9]. Meanwhile, cross-talk among other signaling pathways may also be involved in osteoblastogenesis.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling occurs in many cells and involves in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation [10-13]. Many previous studies have shown that the expression of osteoblastogenic genes and functions are stimulated by MAPK signaling [14]. For example, the constitutively active form of ERK2 activates osteoblast differentiation both in vitro and in vivo[15,16] and p38 involves phosphorylation of smad-1 thus resulting in ALP expression and activation of osteoblasts [17].
Sesame seeds (Sesamun indicum L.) are widely used as dietary supplements. The plant is widely cultivated in Asian and African countries. The oil from the seed contains various phytochemical compounds that display medicinal properties. Jeng and Hou reported that health benefits of sesame seeds may be attributed to its lignans, especially sesamin [18]. Sesamin affects lipid metabolism, contributes to reduced incidence of tumorigenesis, and has the ability to protect neuronal cells against oxidative stress. The preventive ability of lignans on bone loss was reported [19], but effect on the bone formation process has as yet not been examined.
This study aimed to investigate sesamin's effects on osteoblast differentiation by examination of osteoblastogenic related gene expression, ALP activity, the mineralization process, and an activation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway. We also examined sesamin's effect on OPG/RANKL gene expression, the important regulators of osteoclast differentiation.
Cell culture and treatment
Human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB1.19, CRL NO.11372) was purchased from ATCC and expanded in a 1:1 mixture of phenol red-free DMEM/Ham's F-12 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (basal media). Cells were incubated at a temperature of 33.5 °C with 95% air 5% CO2.
Human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) were purchased from Invitrogen. The cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FCS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and were incubated at 37 °C with 95% air 5% CO2. The media was changed every three days. For osteogenic induction, additional components were 50 μg/ml L-ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 10-7 M dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (Fluka).
Cell cytotoxicity assay
hFOB1.19 and ADSCs were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 5 x 103 cells per well. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were exposed to 0.3-20 μg/ml sesamin for an additional 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Each treatment was carried out in triplicate. At the end of the treatment, 10 μl of MTT solution (0.5 mg/ml in PBS) was added to each well and the plate was incubated in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C for four hours prior to the buffer being decanted, and 100 μl DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. Optical density was measured at a wavelength of 540 nm using an ELISA plate reader. The percentage of cell viability was calculated by the equation:
Cell proliferation assay
hFOB1.19 treatment were performed as described for the cytotoxic assay. At indicated time of treatment, alamar blue dye (10% v/v in culture medium) was added to each well and incubated again at 37 °C for four hours before the absorbance was measured at 540 nm (test wavelength) and 630 nm (reference wavelength) using a Titertek Multiskan M340 multiplate reader.
RNA extraction and gene expression analysis
For examination of gene expression, hFOB1.19 was exposed to sesamin at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/ml for 24 hours. After that, the total RNA was extracted using Nucleospin® RNA II (Machere-Nagel) following the manufacturer's instructions. The total RNA (2 μg) was reversibly transcribed to cDNA using the RevertAidTM H First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in a DNA Engine (ABi 7500) using SYBR GREENER qPCR UNIVERSAL (Invitrogen), primer sequences as indicated in Table 1. Relative expression levels for each primer set were normalized to the expression of GAPDH by 2-CT method [20].
Table 1. Primers used for real time-qPCR
Assessment of alkaline phosphatase activity
Cells were seeded in 24-well plates and treated with sesamin at 5 and 10 μg/ml up to 14 days. For all experiment periods, cells were maintained in osteogenic media, and media was changed every three days. ALP activity was detected using an alkaline phosphatase detection kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Briefly, the conditioned media were collected and 20 μl of media were incubated at 65 °C to diminish the background activity. Then samples were mixed with a reaction buffer, which contained 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate disodium salt as substrate. Fluorescence at UV light wavelengths from 360/440 nm was measured with a multi-detection microplate fluorometer (Synergy ™ HT). The conditional medium of the day 3, 7 and 14 were measured for ALP activity and normalized with total protein level.
Mineralization assay
ADSCs were stained with Alizarin Red S on day 21 of treatment for assessing the mineralized nodules. The medium was removed, and the cell layers were rinsed three times with PBS and fixed with 95% ethanol at room temperature for 15 min. Then, the cell layers were washed twice with deionized water. The fixed cells were stained with 2 ml of 40 mM Alizarin red-S (pH 4.0 - 4.5) per culture dish. After incubation at room temperature for 20 min, the cell layers were washed four times with an excess of deioinized water and observed under an inverted light microscope (Olympus BX41). For the quantitative method, stained cells were extracted and normalized with 10% acetic acid and 10% ammonium hydroxide respectively [21]. The absorbance of the solution was read at 405 nm in triplicate and calculated from the staining level using a standard curve.
Western blotting
hFOB1.19 treated with sesamin for the indicated time and concentrations were lysed with a sample buffer containing 5% mercaptoethanol. For western blotting, the samples were subject to 12% gel SDS-PAGE. Then, the separated proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The membrane was blocked for one hour with 5% skim milk in TBS and then incubated with specific primary antibody which are p38, ERK, JNK, phosphorylated p38, phosphorylated ERK, and phosphorylated JNK (Cell Signaling Technology) overnight at 4 ° C. After triplicate washing with TBS-Tween, the specific protein bands were probed with horseradish peroxide-labeled secondary antibody (Cell Signaling Technology) for one hour. Finally, the membranes were developed using an ECL kit (KPL).
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as means ± S.D. Statistically significant differences between the means of control and test group were assessed by independent T-test using SPSS software. p-value less than 0.05 (*) and 0.01 (**) were considered a significant difference.
Sesamin did not affect cell viability and proliferation
Prior to the analysis of the anabolic effects of sesamin, the cytotoxicity on hFOB1.19 and ADSCs were investigated using the MTT assay, which is a reliable and widely used method of assessing cell viability based on mitochondrial enzyme activity [22]. After treatment with sesamin for 24, 48, 72 h, sesamin at various concentrations (0.3-20 μg/ml) had no cytotoxicity effect on hFOB1.19 and ADSCs, cells survival, as illustrated by the percentages of cellviability, which were more than 80% of those of the control group (Figure 1A and B). Besides, to examine whether sesamin had an effect on osteoblast proliferation, an alamar blue assay was performed. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours treatment, sesamin had no significant effect on the proliferation rate on human osteoblast cells (Figure 1C).
Figure 1. The effects of sesamin on cytotoxicity of hFOB1.19 (A) ADSCs (B) and proliferation of hFOB1.19 (C) were examined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after sesamin treatment (0.3-20 μg/ml). Data are shown as mean ± S.D. of three independent experimets. Statistical analysis was analyzed by independent T-test, p < 0.05.
Sesamin up-regulated osteoblastogenic genes
During the bone formation process, there is increased expression of specific genes in osteoblasts; these genes play roles in extracellular matrix formation and mineral deposition. In order to study the anabolic effect of sesamin, we examined mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), runt related protein 2 (Runx2), type I collagen, and osteocalcin (OC). COL1, ALP and BMP-2 were highly up-regulated in the presence of sesamin. At the highest dose (10 μg/ml), expression levels of those genes were up to 7-fold, 15-fold and 20-fold increased relative to control, respectively (Figure 2A). Additionally, significantly increased expression of Runx2 transcription factor and osteocalcin were observed in the culture with sesamin treatment (Figure 2B).
Figure 2. Gene expression analysis and enzymatic activity of osteoblastogenic markers, for gene expression, 24 h FCS deprived hFOB1.19 cells were cultured in the presence of sesamin at indicated concentrations for another 24 h. cDNA of each samples was analyzed by Real-time PCR. The expression of COL1, ALP, and BMP-2 (A) The expression of Runx2 and OC. (B) The expression of OPG and its counterpart RANKL (C) ALP activity was detected in culture media at days 3, 7 and 14 of culture using an alkaline phosphatase detection kit (D). All data are shown as mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was analyzed by independent T-test, * and ** denoted for p-value ≤ 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.
Osteoclast differentiation may be regulated by sesamin via osteoblasts
Many studies have suggested that osteoclast differentiation is controlled by the action of the osteoblastic lineage through the RANKL/RANK/OPG system [23]. RANKL activates the development of pre-osteoclasts to become mature osteoclasts, while osteoprotegerin or OPG serves as a secreted receptor of RANKL (decoy receptor), resulting in inhibition of RANKL binding to its cell surface receptor and activation of osteoclast maturation. Because RANKL and OPG are both synthesized by the osteoblastic lineage, it is worthwhile to examine the expression levels of these genes under sesamin treatment. After 24 h of treatment, sesamin (2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml) up-regulated OPG gene expression, while the expression of RANKL was significantly decreased (Figure 2C). According to these results, sesamin might have an indirect inhibitory effect on osteoclasts via osteoblast function.
ALP activity was stimulated by sesamin treatment
To verify the potential of sesamin on osteoblast differentiation, ALP activity was measured. Culture media were collected at days 3, 7, and 14 to measure ALP activity. Sesamin (10 μg/ml) significantly increased the enzyme activity at each date, while the highest stimulatory effect was observed on day seven, on which ALP activity levels were increased up to 208% compared with control. ALP activity of all treatments reached its highest levels on day 7 of the culture (Figure 2D). This result agreed with previous findings, that ALP is most highly expressed during the onset of the mineralization process, which lasts for about 7 days and decreases during later stages of bone formation [24].
ADSCs were stimulated to form mineralized nodules by sesamin treatment
According to unobvious report of Alizarin Red S staining in hFOB1.19 shown by others [24,25] and undetectable of this stain performed in our sesamin treated hFOB1.19 that may be attributed to inadequate calcium supplement in recommend culture medium (DMEM/HAM F'12). Thus, the mineralization assay was performed in ADSCs, which are well studies about differentiation capacity as same as stem cells from other sources [26,27]. After 21 days of treatment, ADSCs had the potential to form mineralized nodules, which were observed as a bright red field with Alizarin Red S staining (Figure 3A). Quantification of Alizarin Red showed that sesamin significantly promoted mineral deposition by ADSCs, nearly up to 250% of the OSM control (Figure 3B). This suggests that sesamin can stimulate bone cell differentiation and bone matrix formation by ADSCs.
Figure 3. Osteoblast differentiation of ADSCs was determined by Alizarin Red S staining. Plate view (upper) and microscopic view (lower) of the staining on day 21 of sesamin treatment (A). Intensity of Alizarin Red S stains, which relative to quantity of mineralization process, were examined (B). Graph data are shown as mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
Acceleration of osteoblast differentiation by sesamin might be attributed to p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK signaling pathways
Although it is well documented that BMPs and Smad signaling pathways are enough to modulate bone cell growth and differentiation, cross-talking with other signaling pathways such mitogen activated kinase (MAPKs) are involved in bone formation. It has been reported that MAPK signaling mediate sesamin effects, therefore, we interested to test whether sesamin modulate osteoblast differentiation through MAPK signaling pathways. Sesamin treatment continuously increased phosphorylation of p38 and ERK in a time dependent manner (6, 12, 24 h). Band density analysis of signaling protein normalized to total form at 24 h treatment showed that sesamin (5.0 μg/ml) increased phosphorylated p38 and ERK1/2 up to 1.3 and 1.5 fold compared to control (Figure 4A). Concomitantly, 10.0 μg/ml sesamin treatment also significantly increased phosphorylated form of p38 and ERK1/2 (1.4 and 8.8 time compare to control) (Figure 4B), while, the activation of JNK was not found. To verify that JNK was not stimulated in this treatment condition, input p-JNK loaded on the same western blot was also determined as positive control. Phosphorylated JNK was detected only in input lane but not in cell lysate of sesamin treatments (data are not shown).
Figure 4. MAPK signaling protein activation under vary times and concentration of sesamin treatment on hFOB1.19 by western blotting. The numbers denoted the quality density value based on Quantity One 4.6.5 software. The MAPK signaling activation under vary time treatment (0–24 h) (A). The MAPK signaling activation under different concentration of sesamin treatment (B). The data is representative of three independent studies.
As mentioned concerning osteoporotic therapy, most drugs function as resorptive inhibitors. These types of drugs exhibit a negligible ability to enhance new bone synthesis.[2] Therefore, it is desirable to investigate potential anabolic agents that can correct the imbalance in the bone remodeling process. Phytochemical may be an effective addition to osteoporotic therapy. Sesamin, a major lignan component in sesame seeds, is one such promising compound, although to date there are no studies investigating the effect of sesamin on bone cell function. This report has demonstrated the efficiency of sesamin as an anabolic agent that can enhance osteoblast differentiation without effect on cell proliferation. The result showed that sesamin (at concentration 0.3-20 μg/ml) did not effects osteoblast cytotoxicity or proliferation as well as ADSCs viability. After 24 treatment in hFOB1.19, sesamin potentially up-regulated genes responsible for bone formation process which are ALP, type I collagen and osteocalcin. This rapid genes induction implied that sesamin may play role since early of osteoblast differentiation process. In addition, we found that BMP-2 and Runx2, the well documented growth factor and transcription factor essential for osteoblast development [6,8,9,28,29], were up-regulated by sesamin on the hFOB1.19. This suggests that sesamin stimulate osteoblasts to be mature and function by accelerating osteoblastogenic gene expression.
The bone remodeling is well documented that mainly directed by two cell types, bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone removing cells (osteoclasts). Optimal functioning of these two cells is influenced by many environmental factors and signaling pathways [7,30]. We demonstrated that sesamin can activate p38 and ERK1/2 in MAPK pathway, which mediated osteoblast maturation and differentiation [15,16]. There is controversial evidence that MAPK signaling promotes osteoblast proliferation or differentiation [31]. Our study showed that elevation of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylated form is in accordance with elevated levels of gene expression essential for the mineralization process (ALPtype I collagen and OCN), which is in agreed with previous study that p-38 plays role in phosphorylation of smad-1 and smad-5 by BMP-2 stimulation [17]. Many studies reported the role of ERK in osteogenesis by enhance ALP activity in osteoblast progenitor cells [32-34]. Interestingly, sesamin up-regulated Runx2 gene expression, in contrast to previous results reported by Xiao et al., that MAPKs can activate and phosphorylate Runx2 without affecting its expression level [35]. From our data, it may be that sesamin can stimulate osteoblast differentiation not only through p38/ERK activation but also via other signaling cascades, which should be further investigated.
ALP has been reported as a key enzyme for initiation of matrix deposition [36]. Since sesamin increased ALP activity, this may promote osteoblast differentiation. The sesamin treatment did not enhance the mineralizing effect in hFOB1.19, which might be due to a limitation on mineral deposition in this cell line. We thus performed additional experiments on ADSCs as potential sources of adult stem cells, that exhibits differentiate capacity into various of cell types [37]. Surprisingly, ADSCs can be induced by sesamin to deposit high quantity of mineralized nodules compared with control. The effect of sesamin on ADSCs implies that sesamin affected not only committed osteoblasts such hFOB, but also osteoprogenitors.
In addition to direct effects of sesamin on osteoblasts, there were indirect effects on osteoclast differentiation by up- regulating OPG expression and decreasing RANKL expression. During the bone remodeling process, there is communication among bone cells in order to modulate the homeogenesis of bone turnover [38]. The essential cross-talk, by which osteoblasts control differentiation of bone resorption cells or osteoclasts, is mediated through interaction between RANKL-expressing osteoblasts and RANK-expressing osteoclast precursors [23]. While RANKL binding leads to osteoclastogenesis activation, osteoblasts also express OPG, a decoy receptor of RANKL, leading to negatively controlled osteoclast development and further bone resorption. Treatment with sesamin at 2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml significantly increased the expression of OPG and decreased the expression of RANKL. These results suggest that sesamin might decrease the RANKL/OPG production ratio, resulting in indirect inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, regulation of RANKL/OPG expression may be one approach to reversing osteoporosis [2,39]. Nevertheless, sesamin (10.0 μg/ml) caused an elevated of RANKL gene expression. This inverse effect may be due to reciprocal regulation from its antagonist gene expression, OPG, to balance the expression ratio of both ligands.
Effects of sesamin on osteoblast differentiation as describe in this study is a good initiation highlight that phytochemical agent could be used as alternative therapy and prevention for bone loss disease. Since, osteoblast and osteoclast responsible for maintaining bone metabolism, thus, the effect of sesamin on osteoclast differentiation by direct and in-diract effects on osteoclast differentiation will be further investigated.
Whereas the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and neuro-protective effects of sesamin are well documented, its effect on bone cells and associated diseases are relatively unknown. We examined the effects of sesamin on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Sesamin had direct effects on osteoblasts by stimulating the expression of essential genes and key enzymes of the bone mineralization process. This stimulation might occur due to the activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. Besides the direct effect on osteoblasts, sesamin may indirectly control osteoclast maturation and function through regulation of the expression ratio of RANKL/OPG. The effects of sesamin on in vitro bone differentiation in our study is in agreement with previous studies of Boulbaroud et al., who reported the preventive role of sesame oil in ovariectomized rats. Taken together, we concluded that sesamin is an effective candidate for bone disease therapy.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Authors' contributions
OW carried out cell cytotoxicity assay, cell proliferation assay, mineralization assay, western blotting and drafted the manuscript. KB carried out Real-time RT-PCR, ALP activity and participated in study design and data analysis. PP supervised of the study protocol, data interpretation and manuscript preparation. VR and PK supervised the study design, data interpretation and corrected the manuscript for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This research was supported by grant under the program Strategic Scholarship for Frontier Research Network for the Ph.D. Program Thai Doctoral degree, the Office of the Higher Education Commission and the Graduate School of Chiang Mai University (to OW), Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Commission on Higher Education (to KB), and Center of Excellence Grant of Chiang Mai University (to PK).
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
I received the following brief email this morning, presumably referring to a ward Fourth of July breakfast or some such thing:
Yesterday at the neighborhood party several ordinary members of the church came up to me to ask me about what they have heard is an exodus of people from the church because of material on the internet. Too bad there isn't some organization at BYU that could help with that problem.
Indeed. It's too bad.
If memory serves, there was once such a group, created by generous donations of time, effort, and money from many people over more than three decades.
In the meantime, such underfunded private organizations as FairMormon and The Interpreter Foundation are trying to fill the vacuum.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Pediatric Oncology Treasure Chest Foundation (POTCF) recently received more than $940 in donations, $700 in gift cards and hundreds of toys thanks to the thoughtfulness and generosity of an Orland Park family whose daughter had benefited from services provided by the Foundation.
When Meghan Wise, (now age seven-and-a-half) was diagnosed at age five with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia-otherwise known as ALL-she embarked on a two-and-a-half year treatment plan laced with numerous spinal taps, bone marrow aspirations and daily chemotherapy. On October 5, Meghan completed her final chemo treatment and her family celebrated by hosting a party called The Meghan Wise Victory Celebration.
More than 75 friends, classmates, neighbors and family members-essentially all of the people who supported Meghan and her family during her cancer treatment.
The Victory Celebration attendees were asked in lieu of a gift for Meghan to instead bring a toy or gift card or to donate to the Treasure Chest Foundation which had helped Meghan during her cancer battle.
Meghan's mother Susan recalled the positive effect that the toys from the Treasure Chest provided to her daughter throughout her treatments. "The Treasure Chest was something Meghan would eagerly anticipate. Each time we were headed into the clinic she did not want to cooperate, but as a parent I could remind her she would be getting a toy from the Treasure Chest and it became something for her to look forward to. It brought her such joy and comfort."
With a little help from her friends, seven-year-old Meghan Wise looks to her mother Susan for the go-ahead signal to enjoy some cake during her Victory Celebration party.
Jack's Back Lemonade and Cupcake Stand
May 17, 2014
Fifth Annual Treasuring Our Kids Sport-A-Palooza a Tremendous Success
April 28, 2014
Jack's Back, Lemonade Stand for POTCF
June 5, 2013
Fourth Annual Treasuring Our Kids Event a Tremendous Success
May 20, 2013
44th Treasure Chest Program Opened in Somerset, NJ
April 1, 2013


text:
Sgt. Steve Shupp, a 13-year deputy, recently received a written reprimand because he failed to follow department policy, Huron County Chief Deputy Ted Patrick said.
Shupp responded to a two-vehicle crash Sept. 20 on Chenango Road in New London Township, where Valerie Chapin pulled her vehicle out of a driveway and into the path of an oncoming vehicle, Patrick said.
Shupp, who is also a New London volunteer firefighter, chose not to cite Chapin, the wife of New London fire Chief John Chapin. Patrick was reviewing incident reports when he discovered the issue.
"I asked him, 'Did you not cite her because that's your fire chief's wife?" Patrick said.
Shupp said he didn't cite her because he thought he had discretion in the matter, Patrick said.
The department's policy clearly states drivers must be cited when they're at fault in a crash. Discretion in traffic violations applies to minor speeding infractions and such. "This clearly was not," Patrick said.
Chapin will be cited for causing the crash — likely an improper backing citation, Patrick said.
"He was given clear instructions to do that," Patrick said.
A written reprimand will be placed in Shupp's personnel file, documenting the incident as a violation of failure to observe rules, policies or procedures. Shupp will also undergo re-training on the rules, Patrick said.
Shupp also received a written reprimand in June 2012, after asking a dispatcher to use the sheriff's office computer to run a search that was not related to work, Patrick said.


text:
Stream-of-Consciousness Notes
2010 Fiesta Bowl - TCU vs. Boise State
Pete Fiutak
Fiesta Bowl Stream-of-Consciousness Notes
Let's not worry about what this game isn't. It's isn't for the national title, and no, the winner doesn't deserve
a nod or votes for the national championship. It's
not the 2007 Fiesta Bowl made magic against Oklahoma
with every gimmick ever devised. And it's not a
matchup of nice, cute stories. TCU and Boise State
have been good for a long time and they deserve to
be given more consideration by the human pollsters
during the season, but for now, just enjoy what
should be one of the best bowl games of the season.
At least that's the hope.
- However, No. 4 TCU should be playing No. 3
Cincinnati in this game for the right to finish the
year third, or even second depending on what happens
in Pasadena. Boise State should've played Florida in
the Sugar.
- How does Michael McDonald still have a career
after the 40-Year-Old Virgin?
- Sorry, but an eagle flying through University of
Phoenix Stadium doesn't quite compare to the jets
flying over the Rose Bowl.
- I know I'll get hammered on this on several
different levels, but the Verbal Kint hand crimp of
a horned frog sign that TCU fans do is just plain
- (Warning ... this only works if you can read it in his voice.) I'm Sam Rosen coming to you from lovely Glendale,
Arizona, where the sunsets are lovely in the Valley
of the Sun. I think the weather here is gorgeous, as
I was telling that alter cocker Maury over there
in 3B. He hasn't left Boca in 25 years and he's all ferdrayt.
- Really, why don't we have a playoff?
- I'm Sam Rosen and I'm excited for this game, but
not as excited as I was over the nice piece of fish
I had over at Max & Benny's, where they have the
delightful bowl of pickles sitting on the table for
you as the perfect complement to a corned beef
sandwich with a shmeer of gravy so mouth-watering
that it'll make you plotz.
- Why does Gary Patterson need a visor inside an
enclosed stadium?
TCU on its own 23
- I think TCU is winning this game because of its
defense. The offense doesn't have to do anything
crazy and it doesn't have to take too many chances.
Establish the run right away behind the big,
talented line and wait for the defense to do the
- TCU comes out throwing on the first play and
swarming on the second against the run.
- QB Andy Dalton has to get on the move early.
- Fantastic punt pinning Kyle Wilson deep. He can't
have the ball in his hands on the move.
Boise State on its own 15
- OHHHHHH. Kellen Moore, overshot his
target by ten yards for what would've been a 85-yard
- Moore is too pumped up. This game is in his hands,
but he's way wild for him.
- How did Jerry Hughes not get nailed with a penalty
for pushing Moore after the whistle?
- Three and out. Had Moore misfired on three
straight passes at any time this year?
- Do NOT punt the ball to Jeremy Kerley. Punt it out
of bounds, take a knee, whatever. Don't let him kill
- The Broncos do a nice job of stringing him out.
- TCU is establishing a chippy tone early. This is
an attitude game for the Horned Frogs so far.
TCU on its own 31
- Go to what you do with the zone
read. Run the offense.
- Boise State can run to the ball, but Oregon game
aside, I think it can be powered over. TCU has to
pound away and see early on if the Broncos have an
answer up front for the massive front five.
- Am I insane that I sort of like the porkier
version of the Taco Bell diet chick better?
- I still believe the Taco Bell diet ads are done by
The Onion.
- Touchdown Boise State on a misfire from Dalton.
Brandyn Thompson took advantage of a horrible,
horrible play by Dalton, who locked in on his target
starting last Tuesday and took the pick for an easy
- If nothing else, maybe this will stop the steady
diet of Andy Dalton For Heisman e-mails that fill up
my inbox on a weekly basis.
- I don't think TCU believed before this game that
it could lose this game, or even be challenged.
It'll be interesting to see if the offense comes out
- Dalton is honking on the sideline, obviously
ticked about the broken off route by Antoine Hicks,
but Dalton never took his eyes off him.
Boise State 7 ... TCU 0
TCU on its own 24
- Dalton comes back trying to make up
for his pick six by forcing a throw into triple
- TCU, RUN YOUR NORMAL OFFENSE. Make Boise State
stop the rushing aspect of the zone read.
- That's a third straight awful decision by Dalton.
He had Ryan Christian wide open but didn't show any
touch, allowing Kyle Wilson to easily bat it away.
- Three plays, three passes. Boise State didn't stop
the run on the previous drive.
- 11 of the 12 things Tim Ryan have said so far have
been excuses for TCU.
- TCU is playing like a bully who needs to try to do
some pushing because it's insecure. The Horned Frogs
are so much better than they played in the first
five minutes.
- I'll be Ryan ... TCU needs to settle down.
Boise State on its own 26
- Kelly Griffin blows up a BSU running
play. And there are the TCU fans with their Verbal
Kint quotation marks.
- BSU, run right at Hughes. Don't let him chase down
- No, no, no, no, no. That's not going to work.
Delays aren't going to fly against this defense.
Everything has to be decisive, quick-hitting ...
- Like that. Moore throws a strike to Austin Pettis
for the first down.
- BSU has had two open target on both bomb attempts
with Moore being off on each one. The offense isn't
afraid of the TCU corners.
- And the TCU fans rejoice ..."Back when I was picking beans in Guatemala, we used to make fresh coffee, right off the trees I mean. That was good. This is sh** but, hey, I'm in a police station."
- The BSU receivers are abusing the TCU corners. The
Horned Frogs can't cover Titus Young or Pettis.
- Moore is locked in. He's making the right reads,
he's in a rhythm, and he's throwing darts.
- Don't look now, but the impenetrable TCU D is
getting picked on. Why? There's no pass rush. Moore
is getting time and he's making the right reads.
- 36-yard field goal try...
- Nope. Kyle Brotzman pushed it wide.
- And the TCU fans rejoice ... "Where's your head, Agent Kujan? Where do you think the pressure's coming from?"
- I'm now annoyed by Ryan calling last year's
Poinsettia Bowl the "Poin-seeee-et-tia Bowl" twice
TCU on its own 21
- Dalton isn't getting any open
targets to throw to. He has had to try to make
things happen so far.
- I'm Sam Rosen, and this is one of the things I
love about college football: the bands. You know who
had a good band? That Benny Goodman. The first time
I heard him I had to fend off that schmendrick
Herschel Weinstein to get dances with all the pretty
- Dalton ... TURN YOUR HEAD. He's not reading the
Bronco defense at all and he just got mashed by Kyle
Wilson on a corner blitz.
- Uh oh ... Dalton is down. He got laid out by
Wilson who nailed him with a perfectly clean hit.
Wilson could've blown him up with a kill shot, but
- It's third down and TCU might want to get this
drive over with, but if it's Marcus Jackson under
center, he needs to connect on a pass right away or
the Bronco safeties will cheat up and erase the run.
Boise State on its own 27
- Dalton got the wind knocked out of
- This is just about as bad as TCU can play, and
Boise State has had a lot to do with that. But it's
only 7-0.
- Again, I guarantee you that TCU is stunned that
it's not winning this game easily.
- No, no, no, no, no, no. Again, that's not going to
work. Don't string out the TCU defense and try to
stretch out an option play.
- Moore reacted to pressure that wasn't there, threw
off his back foot, and missed.
- The Boise State offense didn't go back to what
worked on the last drive. It got way too cute.
TCU on its own 26
- The punters are doing a great job.
- TCU isn't sharp. Lots of ticky-tack, false
start-type of mistakes.
- Dalton is back in.
- Nice play call to settle Dalton in. He flairs a
quick pass out to Christian who gets free and close
to a first down.
First Quarter Score: Boise State 7 ... TCU 0
- ANOTHER TCU false start.
- TCU, you have running backs. Use them.
- It's almost like both teams are trying to empty
their playbooks instead of going at the opposing
team's relative weaknesses.
- That's the third shot of the Boise State pep
chicks or the band that showed someone yawning.
- Dalton makes a magnificent throw between three
defenders and it's dropped. No one's making plays.
Boise State on its own 23
- Both of these teams would be down 21
to Florida by now.
- No. You can't use Misirlou to promote The
Hangover. That song is forever associated with
the opening of Pulp Fiction.
- For the first time all game, BSU gets a little bit
of running room. I'm a big fan of Doug Martin. He's
a tough, decisive runner who's always making
something positive happen.
- Finally, a Jerry Hughes sighting.
- Hughes jumps. He's misreading Moore's cadence.
- Moore throws a perfect strike to Titus Young. He's
getting the time and he's delivering.
- Brenel Myers moved outside and is now handling
Hughes well.
- The Broncos are using Young in every way possible.
- THERE'S Hughes. Just as I praise Myers, Hughes
flies into the backfield and sits on Moore's head.
Boise State might have to start providing more help
on him.
- 4th and three and Boise State is going for it on
the TCU 25. This seems like more of a statement that
the Broncos don't believe in Brotzman at the moment
from 42 yards out than a statement trying to be made
against the TCU D.
- Yes, I'm questioning TCU's defense. What are you
doing giving Austin Pettis a five-yard cushion on
4th and 3?!
- Boise State needs to get a TD on this drive. TCU
is too good not to start playing better.
- No, no, no, no, no. I'm still not sure why Boise
State thinks it can use delays and thinks it can run
wide on this swarming D.
- Has TCU's offense had the ball this half?
- Oh Kellen ... Moore had a wide open Chris Potter
and airmailed his throw. He's way, way too good to
be struggling with his consistency.
- Brotzman easily nails the field goal.
Boise State 10 ... TCU 0
TCU on its own 20
- Does TCU panic? There might be a
feeling setting in that it needs to do something big
soon to change the momentum.
- Boise State is playing far faster right now.
- Bad Tostitos promo shot. Someone's holding a bad
of chips and it looked like he pulled one out of a
Boise State player's butt.
- That's fine. It only went for a five yards, but a
Joseph Turner power run got things moving. Keep at
it, don't go for the home run, and get that running
game working.
- And is all goes down the toilet. Dalton takes his
eyes off the snap and loses it for a huge nine-yard
- Dalton isn't even thinking about going to a second
read. The Broncos are going to pick him off again
for a huge play before this game is over.
- MVP ... TCU P Anson Kelton.
- And the TCU fans rejoice ... "Keaton always said, "I don't believe in God, but I'm afraid of him." Well I believe in God, and the only thing that scares me is Keyser Soze."
Boise State on its own 4
- This is where Hughes has to earn his
- Again, Boise State doesn't really seem to believe
that the TCU corners, with Rafael Priest out, can stop
Young and the Bronco
- And yet again, the TCU fans rejoice ... "Are you trying to get a rise out of me, Agent Kujan?"
- TCU CB Greg McCoy has wheels, but he's getting
ripped apart.
- Moore is getting all the time he wants to throw.
- HOW IS THAT DEFNESIVE PASS INTERFERENCE?! Young
pulls down Jason Teague on a Moore pop fly. The
Horned Frogs got totally screwed on that call.
- Hughes isn't getting to Moore, but he's making
plays. He came up with a nice batted down pass on
third down.
- Kerley is way overdue to do something interesting.
- Ryan had it right when he said, "uh oh." Kerley
should've done more with a bad punt.
TCU on its own 38
- Two minutes to play and TCU has done
nothing offensively. Dalton is having an awful game.
He's not reading the BSU D at all ...
- ... and then he makes an excellent read and gets a
first down play on a nice read an throw to Antoine
- Dalton isn't getting much help from his targets.
- If TCU scores on this and it's 10-7 at halftime,
TCU might as well be up by two scores. Again, this
is as bad as it can play, and again, Boise State has
had a lot to do with this.
- One minute to play. Dalton is playing better in
the hurry-up, but he's still locked on to every
primary target.
- Touchdown. This play has been set up all first
half, and Dalton comes up with a fantastic throw to
Curtis Clay on a slant and go. Brandyn Thompson
gives with a pick six, and he gives back by biting
on a fake and getting burned deep.
- This is devastating for the Broncos. Basically,
it's 7-3 TCU even after the Broncos owned this half.
Boise State10 ... TCU 7
Boise State on its own 9
- With less than a minute to play,
yeah, Titus Young was right to bring it out, even if
it didn't work.
- Take a knee. You have the lead, Boise State. Get
in the locker room ...
- ... but TCU has two timeouts left.
- .Uhhhhh, TCU, why aren't you calling a time out?
Major gaffe here. With this defense, you make Boise
State snap the ball deep in its own territory every
chance you get.
Second Quarter Score: Boise State 10 ... TCU
Boise State on its own 32
- TCU has just 28 rushing yards in the
first half. That's TCU's fault.
- I'm not sure why Boise State isn't going with more
quick hitting passes. It's almost like the Broncos
are playing into TCU's speed and aggressiveness
instead of taking what's being given. Young and
Pettis can catch 6-to-9-yard passes all game long.
- Three and out. Yes, I'll say it. Boise State's
coaches are calling a dumb offensive game. 3rd and
short and it ran wide?! On TCU?!
TCU on its own 24
- There we go. Fine. An inside
hand-off only goes for a yard, but TCU has to
establish something on the ground. Use the big beefy
guys up front.
- But that only works if Dalton is making the right
read on the option.
- Based on the way the offenses are playing,
Florida, Texas, and Alabama would KILL these two
- I've been overly critical of Dalton because he's
better than this. This time, he makes a great play
and fires a perfect pill for a first down with
Broncos in his face.
- Basically, Dalton is looking at whoever isn't
being covered by Kyle Wilson and going that way.
- I want a cute blond girl following me around with
water at the ready like a head coach gets to have.
- BSU S George Hoka is killing the TCU quick passing
- No excuse. Dalton had all the time in the world to
throw, he never turns his head to find a second
receiver, and he misses on 3rd and 10.
Boise State on its own 17
- Again, I really like Doug Martin and
he's the perfect player for what Boise State needs
to do. There's no dancing, no finesse. Attack
straight ahead and don't mess around.
- And the TCU fans rejoice ... "You tell me, Agent Kujan, if I told you the Loch Ness Monster hired me to hit the harbor, what would you say?"
- 3rd and 1 and Martin powers for the first down.
Quick, decisive, and effective.
- The Broncos are WAY overdue to do something
gimmicky, and Moore is WAY overdue to connect ...
- ... on a deep pass. As I wrote that. Kyle Efaw got
open and Moore found him for a 28-yard play.
- Uhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, how is that not TCU's ball?!
Martin put it on the turf ...
- Yup, Hughes strips Martin and rips it out.
TCU on its own 44
- Late in the third quarter and TCU
has to take advantage of this. This is the break it
- TCU is having the same problem that Boise State is
having with its play calls. Too much horizontal and
not nearly enough vertical.
- Best play call of the day. Dalton comes up with a
perfect fake and reads that Jeremy Kerley FINALLY
gets a little room to breathe with Kyle Wilson
backing off. Great call, great play great throw,
first down.
- TCU on the Boise 15.
- Both defenses are way too disciplined. None of the
misdirection stuff is working.
- It seems like there are five different levels of
TCU cheerleader.
- Again, dumb. It's 3rd and long and it's a
four-yard pass on a play that hasn't worked all game
long and has no chance whatsoever this close to the
goal line. It's one thing to take what a defense
gives you, and it's another to try to make the play
that needs to be made.
- Field goal. And for some reason, the TCU fans are
rejoicing ... "It's all there. May I have a cigarette?"
Boise State on its own 27
-Two straight plays, two straight wide
- Texas, please be watching this and realize this
isn't going to work against Alabama.
- I'm sorry to be so harsh, but this is insane.
BALL ... ON ... TCU ... WIDE. My kingdom for a
downfield throw.
TCU on its own 25
- With one minute to go in the third
quarter, it's sort of too late to start establishing
the run.
- (Heavy sigh) Dalton AGAIN fails to look off his
receiver, locks on to Jimmy Young, Boise State
swarms all over the throw and comes up with the pick
- Or not. The ball hit the turf.
- Another great punt from Kelton. If TCU wins this,
he's the most valuable player by far.
Boise State on its own 27
- Boise State's best play call of the
night. Everyone swarms to stop Martin and Jeremy
Avery slips open for a 13-yard gain.
- Maybe, just maybe, Boise State has used the first
three quarters to set up one big downfield pass
Third Quarter Score: Boise State 10 ... TCU
- Avery is starting to be used more.
Fresh, speedy legs late in the game.
- 3rd and 3. Let Moore make a play down the field.
- He gets the chance and makes a nice throw, but
Jason Teague makes a great play to force a punt.
TCU on its own 2
- Teague makes a big play, and then
gets hit for a penalty to put TCU back deep.
- TCU, go vertical. Get one of your speedy targets
on the outside and see what you can get deep.
- Dalton hits Jimmy Young wide for first down of ten
- FINALLY ... Dalton connects with Young deep, but
if he had floated it out a few yards more Young is
gone for a touchdown. Instead it's at midfield.
- OHHHHHHHH. Boise State almost picked off a Dalton
quick pass, but Jonathan Jones almost got the
deflection for a big TCU play.
- Dalton has shown no deep arm whatsoever. Again,
had he been able to push it deep, Antoine Hicks
makes a big play, Instead, he underthrows him and
gets picked off by Brandyn Thompson.
Boise State on its own 22
- This is SO headed for overtime.
These two offenses have been too mediocre, and the
defenses have been too good.
- TCU, get ready ... the trick play is coming. Sniff
it out.
- Moore isn't having any luck. His receivers that
were open in the first half are blanketed now.
- Nothing is happening for the Bronco attack and
it's going to come up with something quirky to shake
things up. It has to, but the third down play goes
nowhere ...
- And there it is. A fake punt for 29 yards on a
great throw by Kyle Brotzman with a man in his face.
He calmly finds an open Kyle Efaw for a huge first
- When a kicker is the best passer in the game,
there's a problem.
- Boise State is energized and Moore is on. The O
line is doing a FANTASTIC job of keeping Moore
- Where was this offense all game long? Moore is
finding the right receivers, TCU has failed to come
up with any pressure, and now it's down to the one.
- Jerry Hughes, time to get off the milk carton.
- Martin punches it in and the game has finally
shown a sign of life after roughly 53 minutes of
offensive futility.
Boise State 17 ... TCU 10
TCU on its own 24
- TCU needs to go back to the hurry
up. It needs to find something to get into a groove.
- Thompson is getting picked on with Dalton not even
thinking about going at Kyle Wilson, and he's coming
up with a huge day.
- DALTON ... LOOK FOR A SECOND RECEIVER. He's
getting the time and he's forcing it to his primary
target every time with little luck.
- And again, Kelton bails the team out of a jam with
a big kick.
Boise State on its own 36
- Doug Martin ... run him and get this
clock, now at 6:47, down ...
- ... it's Avery on the run.
- Wow ... Ian Johnson and that cheerleader are still
married after two years?! Everyone is making it
sound like that's a big deal.
- Why?! The play calls have been awful. Simply
awful.. On 2nd and 12 Boise goes to a short pass
that would've gained two yards, at most, and then
comes a moon shot pass out of bounds. There should
be four minutes left in this game, but there's ...
- ... and then a bad line drive punt to Kerley, who
comes up with a huge return.
TCU on the Boise State 32
- OHHHHH. Dalton finally comes up with
a fantastic throw and Hicks drops a touchdown.
- Boise State comes up with a strong pass rush and
forces a 3rd and 13.
- More pressure and Dalton comes up with a good,
quick read to get in range for a fourth down play.
- And yes, 4th and 6 with 4:33 to play, with the
offense struggling this much, you go for it.
- Please, TCU, throw it past the first down line.
- Dalton doesn't turn his head AGAIN, so he doesn't
see an open post route for a touchdown. Instead he
forces a short-range pass that doesn't work and
Boise State takes over. The Bronco secondary is in
Dalton's kitchen and is making biscuits.
Boise State on its own 27
- NOW YOU RUN THE BALL. Eat up clock.
Your offense isn't going anywhere, anyway. with just
over four minutes to play, force TCU to burn its two
timeouts, and go and rely on the defense that has
been so brilliant all game long.
- Kellen Moore makes a nice, cool throw to his
brother for the first down. TCU has one time out
- Give the TCU fans credit; they're still doing the
claw thing.
- 3rd and 5 for Boise State ... 1:30 to play. Moore
has to make one throw for 14-0.
- Nice call be TCU bringing the house. Moore doesn't
pick it up and throws it away.
- Great point by Ryan. Moore should've sat down to
force TCU to burn its last time out.
- 1:16 to play, and ...
TCU on its own 1
- Alright, Andy Dalton. If you do
this, your bad night gets wiped away.
- He's going to get all the ten-yard throws he
- Out pattern to Hicks ... first down at the 12.
- Completion to Kerley short of a first down and the
last time out is called.
- 54 seconds to play.
- First down on a nice throw by Dalton up to the 36.
- Downs don't mean anything. Take one shot deep to
Hicks and see if your 6-2 target can make a play on
the 5-10 Thompson.
- Or get the pass interference. Dalton goes to Jimmy
Young and Jerrell Gavins comes up with a very
questionable-looking pass interference call ... but
two officials threw the flag.
- :36 to play at midfield. No timeouts.
- Great, great, great presence from Dalton. He
doesn't panic, finds Kerley, first down with :29 to
- And then Dalton turns into Chad Pennington and
noodle arms a long out throw that hangs up in the
air for an hour and a half. Thompson bats it up,
Winston Venable gets there and gets the win.
- That was a great TCU team that Boise State just
FINAL SCORE: Boise State 17 ... TCU 10


text:
Originally written on The Sports Bank | Last updated 4/25/13
Free agency came and went without much activity for the Green Bay Packers. This shouldn't come as much a surprise to die-hard cheese heads because General Manager Ted Thompson and the Packers have always banked their future on the NFL Draft and the ensuing development of young talent. Green Bay snatched up it's best two players in QB Aaron Rodgers ('05 draft) and LB Clay Matthews ('09) via the annual selection of college players and they haven't turned back since while finding countless value-picks in the Thompson era. After a quiet off-season, what players will be on the radar of one of the NFL's premier teams in 2013? There are really only two ways to guess what player a team will draft in the first round. They will either go with one of their primary positional needs or they will pick the best player available (BPA). For this preview's purpose, we will lean towards the positional needs theory because the Packers have a few pressing needs at key positions. Defensive Line Top Candi...
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text:
A switchable resistive device has a multi-layer thin film structure interposed between an upper conductive electrode and a lower conductive electrode. The multi-layer thin film structure comprises a perovskite layer with one buffer layer on one side of the perovskite layer, or a perovskite layer with buffer layers on both sides of the perovskite layer. Reversible resistance changes are induced in the device under applied electrical pulses. The resistance changes of the device are retained after applied electric pulses. The functions of the buffer layer(s) added to the device include magnification of the resistance switching region, reduction of the pulse voltage needed to switch the device, protection of the device from being damaged by a large pulse shock, improvement of the temperature and radiation properties, and increased stability of the device allowing for multivalued memory applications.
1. A method of using a two terminal multi-layer perovskite thin film resistance device comprising:
providing a switchable two terminal multi-layer perovskite thin film resistive device comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a perovskite material thin film layer between the first and second electrodes;
a first insulating buffer layer between the perovskite material thin film layer and the first electrode; and
a second insulating buffer layer between the perovskite material thin film layer and the second electrode; and
selecting an electrical pulse with a certain polarity and a certain duration; and
selecting a maximum value and a waveform for the electrical pulse.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/034,695, filed on Jan. 13, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,467, which claims the benefit of the following U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/536,155, filed Jan. 13, 2004.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a two-terminal microelectronic device, and, in particular, to a two-terminal non-volatile resistor device, having a structure of electrode/perovskite-active-material-layer/electrode, which is an Electric-Pulse-Induced-Resistance change device, commonly referred to by the acronym EPIR.
2. Description of the Related Art
The properties of materials having a perovskite structure, among them colossal magneto-resistance (CMR) materials and high transition temperature superconductivity (HTSC) materials, can be changed significantly by external influences, such as temperature, magnetic field, electric field, photons, and pressure.
Traditional CMR resistance change effect under high magnetic fields, is set out, for example, in the paper "Growth, Transport, and Magnetic Properties of Pr0.67 Ca0.33MnO3 Thin Films", S. K. Singh, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 263-265, 1996. The pulsed electric field or pulsed current through the sample cannot create a high enough magnetic induction to change the resistance of the PCMO.
The electric resistance of the perovskite materials, particularly CMR and HTSC materials, can be modified by applying one or more short electrical pulses to a thin film or bulk material. The electric field strength or electric current density of the pulse is sufficient to switch the physical state of the materials so as to modify the properties of the material. The pulse is desired to have low energy so as not to destroy the material. (S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, Applied Physics Letters, 76, 2749 (2000).) Multiple pulses may be applied to the material to produce incremental changes in properties of the material (S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,204,139, and 6,473,332, which are incorporated herein by this reference). One of the properties that can be changed is the resistance of the material. The change may be partially or totally reversible using pulses of opposite polarities. This has been defined as the electrical pulse induced non-volatile resistance change effect, abbreviated as the EPIR effect. Based on the EPIR effect, a two terminal non-volatile resistor device, having a structure of electrode/perovskite-active-material-layer/electrode, can be produced, and is called an EPIR device.
What is needed is an EPIR device that requires less pulse voltage to switch the device, that exhibits greater resistance, that is protected from being damaged by a large pulse shock, and that has improved temperature properties and radiation hardness.
A buffered electric-pulse-induced-resistance change device (buffered-EPIR device) is provided. The buffered-EPIR device comprises a conductive bottom electrode overlying the substrate, a top conductive electrode, a perovskite active layer, and a buffer layer interposed between the perovskite function layer and an electrode, and two or more buffer layers inserted between two sides of perovskite function layer and two electrodes respectively, in the devices. The resistance of the perovskite function layer can be modified by electrical pulses and/or applied DC potentials, and thus such layer is a perovskite switchable function layer. The buffer layer material can be either a non-switchable or switchable material. By adding the buffer layers, the device changes from a device having a structure of electrode/perovskite/electrode, an EPIR device, to a device having a structure of electrode/buffer/perovskite/buffer/electrode, a buffered-EPIR device. The buffered-EPIR device can be fabricated on various substrates such as oxides, semiconductors, and integrated circuit wafer substrates. The benefits of the buffer layers to the device include, but are not limited to, an increased asymmetric configuration and magnifying resistance switching region, reduction of the pulse voltage needed to switch the device, protection of the device from being damaged by a large pulse shock, improvement of the temperature properties and radiation hardness, increased device stability, and improvement of switching to multiple resistance states. The electrical pulse may have square, saw-toothed, triangular, sine, oscillating or other waveforms, and may be of positive or negative polarity. Multiple pulses may be applied to the material to produce incremental changes in properties of the buffered-EPIR device.
The applications of the buffered-EPIR device include non-volatile memory devices, and electrically variable resistors in electronic circuits.
In summary, buffer layers are added to an EPIR device to create a buffered-EPIR device. Referring to
Referring to
The buffered-EPIR device of
The preferred embodiment of the present invention consists of two conductive film layers as top-electrode and bottom electrode. Material of the conductive layer can be metal, alloy, conductive oxide, or other conductive materials, or their combination, e.g., Pt, RuO2, SrRuO3, IrO2, YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO), La1-xSrxCoO3 (LSCO), SiC, carbon-tube, or their combinations. The bottom conductive electrode layer 12 is deposited on an atomically ordered or polycrystalline substrate 11, e.g., LaAlO3 (LAO), SrTiO3 (STO), MgO, Si, GaAs, TiN, etc., with or without the pre-existence of circuits on the substrate. The bottom electrode contact pad 19 and top electrode contact pad 16 may be made of metal, conductive compounds and their combination, such as Ag, Au, Pt, Al, C, or other metal or alloy or a conducting oxide, and may be deposited by any variety of techniques onto the bottom conductive electrode layer 12 and top buffer layer 15, as well as the top switchable function layer 14, depending on device design.
The switchable function layer 14 is made of a perovskite-related material, such as colossal magneto-resistance (CMR) materials and their parent Mott insulator materials, High transition Temperature Superconducting (HTSC) material families (such as YBa2Cu3O7-x-based (YBCO) and Bi—Sr—Ca—Cu—O ("BSCCO")), and the ACu3Ti4O12 family of compounds (where A is a trivalent and/or rare earth ion) with thickness in the range from about one nanometer to about several micrometers. For example, CMR materials including the manganese perovskites and the cobalt perovskites described as ReBMnO3 and ReBCoO3, where Re is rare-earth ions, B is alkaline ions, and their doped stoichiometric perovskites (such as (La,Pr)(CaPb)MnO3) and non-stoichiometric perovskites (such as LnBa(Co,M)2O5+x, Ln=Eu or Gd, M=Cu,Fe) can be used as the active switchable layer in the buffered EPIR devices. Examples of HTSC materials are YBCO and the Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox-based (BSCCO) materials as well as other phases of these materials. The examples of the ACu3Ti4O12 compound are CaCu3Ti4O12, YCu3Ti4O12, and GdCu3Ti3FeO12.
In the preferred embodiment, buffer layer 13, and/or buffer layer 15, is made of insulating materials consisting of single layer or multi-layer structure. Material for a buffer layer can be oxide or non-oxide with various lattice structures, including crystalline, polycrystalline, and glass. The oxide material for the buffer may be with or without perovskite lattice structure. Non-perovskite oxides, such as SiO2, CeO2, MgO, ZnO, Y2O3, and their doped oxides, such as yittrium-stabled ZrO2 (YSZ), (Sm,Gd) doped-CeO2, are examples, but others may be suitable. When perovskite oxides are used as buffer layers, they can be switchable or non-switchable insulating materials. These switchable perovskite-related oxide buffer layers can be, but are not limited to, the high dielectric ACu3Ti4O12 family, CMR materials and their non-doped parent Mott-insulator materials such as LaMnO3, and polar materials such as Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (BST), Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), La doped-PZT (PLZT), and Pb3Ge5O11 (PGO). Non-oxide materials such as nitrides can also be used for the buffer layers 13 and 15. The buffer layer thickness is preferably in the range from approximately 1 nm to about 500 nm.
By applying an electrical pulse between the top and bottom electrodes, 16 and 19, through wires 17 and 18, an electric field and current will be created across the multi-layer structure 50 or 60. A sufficiently high electric field strength and/or electric current density can change the charge distribution, and possibly the microstructures, and thus switch their states or modify properties such as the sensitivities to temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical pressure. Specifically, the reversible resistance switching change in the buffered-EPIR devices can be realized by applying short electric pulses to electrodes 16 and 19.
Because the materials for the top switchable function layer 14, particularly CMR and HTSC materials, have quasi-symmetric structure and electrical properties, the asymmetric interface properties between the bottom electrode 19 and the switchable function layer 14, and between the top electrode 16 and the switchable function layer 14, can be induced or enhanced by adding the buffer layers and the corresponding film deposition processing. The buffer layer may be used on the top side or bottom side or both sides of the switchable function perovskite layer, shown as
The buffer layers can be made by various deposition techniques including rf-sputtering, e-beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, metal organic deposition, sol gel deposition, pulse laser deposition, and metal organic chemical vapor deposition, but not limited only to these techniques.
The following are examples to illustrate the need for the buffer layers in buffered-EPIR device of the present invention.
Referring now to
As another example, non-perovskite insulating CeO2 and Sm-doped CeO2 materials were used as buffer layers.
As another example, CCTO, PLZT, BST and PGO switchable materials can also be used as the buffer layer in the present invention. The switchable perovskite material can be polar, such as PZT or PLZT, or non-polar material, such as CCTO. A buffered-EPIR device with a buffer PLZT layer inserted between the Ag top electrode and the PCMO layer was switched to the low RL state (˜9 kΩ) by 4.7V pulses, and to the high RH state (˜16 kΩ) by −6V pulses, as shown in
In the previous examples, the non-volatile resistance switching properties of the buffered-EPIR device were obtained by applying across the device, positive and negative pulses alternatively, that is, bi-polar electric pulses. For some applications, it may be more convenient to switch the device resistance, i.e., increase or decrease resistance by single polarity pulses—only positive pulses or only negative pulses, uni-polar electric pulses with different durations, or with different intensities, or with different applied pulse numbers, or their combination.
Referring now to
The buffer/switchable-layer structure offers great opportunity to modify the layer interface properties, and to modify the character of the hysteresis loop (the definition of the hysteresis has been explained in
Instead of the heterojunction buffer/switchable-function-layer/electrode described in
The device can be used to make random access or read only memory devices with high data density and high read/write speed. Another application of this properties-modification method yielding the buffered-EPIR device is for a variable resistor that can be used in electronic circuits. Another application of this method is to modify the characteristics of the device, to increase or decrease their detection sensitivities when they are used as sensors for temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical pressure. It is not intended that the descriptions above be regarded as limitations upon the present invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Stevens, PA (PRWEB) September 03, 2014
Two of the nation's leading research firms focused on the affluent, Unity Marketing and American Affluence Research Center, are teaming together to launch a groundbreaking new study into the mindset and lifestyle of millionaires, high-net-worth and ultra-high-net-worth consumers. This new study, Millionaire Market Monitor, will deliver totally new and powerful insights to marketers that target the truly wealthy.
By participating in this study of the wealthy, your firm will gain a powerful competitive edge over the multitude of marketers scrambling for the wealthy's attention and dollars. You will get new research understanding and insights that you can put to work for your business.
The results will give marketers research based facts and figures of their wealthy customers' priorities, values, and concerns that will translate into:
The two firms bring together their unique and specialized expertise as researchers probing the affluent market segment to focus on consumers at the very pinnacle of the income and wealth pyramid. These customers represent the ultimate high-powered, moneyed customers for luxury marketers and bespoke service providers.
Unity Marketing's Pam Danziger contributes her expertise in consumer questionnaire design, analysis and communicating research findings and American Affluence Research Center's Ron Kurtz brings more than ten years of experience surveying the wealthy using a proven survey methodology that combines effective targeting of HNW households using a survey instrument that maximizes response.
"As researchers focused on the affluent consumer segment, Ron and I have crossed paths often over the years. We've competed and challenged each other and ultimately passed clients back and forth," Danziger says. "We decided that the time was right to bring our talents to bear on a special challenge for marketers that target the wealthiest and most affluent consumer segments. These customers are an extremely challenging group to study, yet success in all marketing comes by understanding the customer."
"So we set out to fill the information vacuum at the very upper-range of the affluent market by pooling our experiences, our talents and our ingenuity to conduct a statistically reliable study of this consumer market," Kurtz explained.
What Insights Will Power Your Business?
Get the information about the wealthy that will move your business forward into this powerful consumer market segment. Do you need to know more about:
A [ needs analysis survey is available where you can tell us what information you most want to learn about millionaires, HNW and UHNW consumers.
Get Involved by Telling Us Your Research Needs
You can get involved now to help define the goals and objectives of the Millionaire Market Monitor study. [Click this link to cast your vote about what information you need to know about millionaires.
By completing the survey you can share your specific research needs and tell us how you want to participate. You can also request a prospectus that will describe the Millionaire Market Monitor study and how you can get the study results delivered first to you.
More about the Millionaire Market Monitor study
The study will be fielded in early 2015 among a representative sample of Millionaires, those High-Net-Worth (HNW) and Ultra-High-Net-Worth (UHNW) consumers who represent the best target customers for high-end luxury goods and services companies. The survey will be conducted by mail among a sample of 4,500 households identified by AARC's exclusive targeting system which identifies consumers who meet our wealth criteria -- households with $1 million or more net worth.
About Ron Kurtz and the American Affluence Research Center:
Prior to starting AARC in 2001, Ron's experience included 20 years in executive positions in the airline, cruise, and hotel industries and 13 years as a strategic marketing consultant. Established in 2001 and with an exclusive focus on the affluent market, The American Affluence Research Center conducts the original and only continuous twice-yearly tracking studies of the mood and future spending plans of the wealthiest 10% of U.S. households based on net worth. AARC has become a recognized authority and a credible source of reliable insight and marketing information about the values, lifestyles, attitudes, and purchasing behavior of America's most affluent consumers.
AARC is also somewhat unique in using mail surveys sent to a random projectable sample, a research methodology that provides several advantages over other research among the affluent that is typically done through online panels.
About Pam Danziger &Unity Marketing
Pamela N. Danziger is an internationally recognized expert specializing in consumer insights for marketers targeting the affluent consumer. She is president of Unity Marketing, a marketing consulting firm she founded in 1992. Pam received the 2007 Global Luxury Award for top luxury industry achievers presented at the Global Luxury Forum by Harper's Bazaar. Luxury Daily named Pam to its list of "Women to Watch in 2013." She is a member of Jim Blasingame: The Small Business Advocate's Brain Trust and a contributing columnist to The Robin Report, a monthly newsletter for senior executives in the retail, fashion, beauty, consumer products and related industries.
Pam's latest book is Putting the Luxe Back in Luxury: How new consumer values are redefining the way we market luxury (Paramount Market Publishing, 2011). Her other books include Shopping: Why We Love It and How Retailers Can Create the Ultimate Customer Experience, published by Kaplan Publishing in October 2006; Let Them Eat Cake: Marketing Luxury to the Masses-as well as the Classes, (Dearborn Trade Publishing, $27, hardcover) and Why People Buy Things They Don't Need: Understanding and Predicting Consumer Behavior (Chicago: Dearborn Trade Publishing, 2004).


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Podcast: OK State's penalty, Michael Sam reaction and Petrino
MAY 20, 2014 1:00p ET
Oklahoma State was recently docked one practice day per week during the 2014 season as its penalty for substandard Academic Progress Rate scores.
Was this penalty too little, too much or did the NCAA get it just right?
You've heard plenty about Michael Sam, the former Missouri Tiger who was selected in the seventh round of the NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams.
But what about the media's reaction to the Sam story and the changing landscape of how opinions are formed in sports conversations?
Bobby Petrino returns to Louisville this fall, so here's a simple question: In the next four years, can he get the Cardinals into the College Football Playoff?
Yahoo Sports' Pat Forde recently joined Bruce Feldman's podcast to dive into those questions and more around the world of college football. To listen to the conversation, click on the embedded player below.
More Bruce Feldman podcasts:
Notre Dame's Brian Kelly on the Irish QB race, ACC dilemma and more.
LSU's Les Miles on SEC schedules, his persona and more.
Outtake: Miles explains his famous clapping and grass eating.
FOX Sports' Clay Travis on Florida State's issue with Jameis Winston.
Sports Illustrated's Stewart Mandel on the College Football Playoff.
QB guru David Morris on training AJ McCarron and Jacob Coker.
Texas insider Chip Brown talks all things Longhorns football.


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Originally written on Football Nation | Last updated 11/16/12
The playoffs are here. No time to mess around now. Put in your best lineup and let the best man win. Here are the key fantasy games on the docket. Seems that the most intriguing action is backloaded later in the day.12:00pm ETIowa at MichiganIt's Senior Day in Ann Arbor, but it appears Denard Robinson will be nothing more than a spectator in this one. Northwestern at Michigan StateThose of who've been spoiled with Venric Mark as a loophole WR have a difficuly decision to make here. Sparty is coming off a bye, they're at home, and their defense will be ready to roll.UCF at TulsaThis game pits the two best teams in C-USA. The Tulsa defense has tightened things up over the last few weeks. Can Latavius Murray continue on his tear? He's accounted for 12 touchdowns over his last five games.Houston at MarshallRakeem Cato cooled off last week at UAB, only passing for 216 yards and 2 scores - well below his normal output. Can he rebound against a beat up Houston squad? Fantasy managers ...
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Need to know: CV cliches Why you can`t find a jobHF interviews
Goldman Sachs is beefing up its research team in Australia, making a pair of senior hires from rival investment banks in as many weeks.
Andrew Lyons has been appointed by Goldman Sachs to be its lead banking analyst. A former employee, Mr. Lyons joins from CIMB after the Malaysian bank launched down under earlier this month.
Co-heads of research Christian Guerra and Matt McNee have also poached Craig Sainsbury from Citigroup Inc. to cover Australia's major miners like BHP Billiton and bulk commodities.
A lot can happen in ninety days.
That's the time Australia's Macquarie Group took to soar to the top of Dealogic's Australia Announced M&A league tables after finishing eighth on June 30.
Its heavyweight roles during the period include advising the Future Fund Board of Guardians on its 2 billion Australian dollar (US$2.1 billion) offer for Australian Infrastructure Fund, co-advising TPG on its refreshed offer for boardsports retailer Billabong International, advising Talison Lithium on its takeover by Rockwood Holdings Inc., and advising TelstraClear on its sale to Vodafone New Zealand.
When it comes to bonuses, Australia's bankers are smiling a little bit more than their counterparts in Asia.
The latest survey by eFinancialCareers shows that 45% of Australia's financial professionals are either very satisfied, or satisfied with their payout, compared with 40% in Singapore, Hong Kong and China. Australia's bankers tied with colleagues in Hong Kong and China in terms of an increase in bonus last year, with 34% of those surveyed in both markets reporting a rise in their payout.
In a world of more regulation and shrinking balance sheets, troubled Western banks are pulling back from Asia. Now, Asia's banks are purchasing the ailing businesses to fill out their regional platform. WSJ's Deborah Kan discusses with Alison Tudor in this video.
An insightful read by The Wall Street Journal's Robert Frank, based in New York.
When a banker from Deutsche Bank recently sat down for dinner with a friend at an upscale Manhattan restaurant, the two started joking about who would pick up the check.
"I'll pay with my deferred-stock chips," the banker joked, referring to shares Deutsche Bank is paying some of its employees instead of cash.
As our Deal Journal colleague Shira Ovide reported, the 2011 M&A market was not as bad as we thought.
According to Dealogic, inbound M&A down under rose for a third straight year to a record US$65.7 billion, handily helped by SABMiller's US$13.1 billion acquisition of Foster's Group. Australia also featured in the top ten global transactions of last year via BHP Billiton's US$15 billion acquisition of Petrohawk Energy, which was also last year's biggest cross-border deal.
Deal Journal Australia is an up-to-the-minute take on the deals and deal makers that shape the Australian landscape, including mergers and acquisitions, capital raisings, private equity and debt markets. In short, wherever money changes hands. Deal Journal Australia is updated throughout each trading day with exclusive commentary, analysis, data, news flashes and profiles. The Wall Street Journal's Gillian Tan is the lead writer, with contributions from other Journal and Dow Jones reporters and editors. Send news items, comments and questions to firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Almadaa takes the feature at Dundalk
David Marnane's veteran sprinter Almadaa came out on top in a thrilling three-way finish to the feature Floodlit Friday Nights Handicap at Dundalk.
David Marnane's veteran sprinter Almadaa came out on top in a thrilling three-way finish to the feature Floodlit Friday Nights Handicap at Dundalk.
Conor Hoban recorded his first victory since losing his claim when he partnered Five Claw to a commanding success in the Elusive Pimpernel Maiden at Dundalk.
There was mixed fortune for the Mick Halford and Shane Foley team at Dundalk when Camakasi got off the mark at the 11th attempt to make up for the defeat of hotpot Dalewari in an earlier contest.
Last year's runner-up Minalisa went one better in the Yeomanstown & Morristown Lattin Studs EBF Stakes at Naas.
Jamie Spencer's rare visit to Dundalk just failed to pay a dividend when Jocular was narrowly beaten in the Dundalk Stadium Light Up Your Night Median Auction Maiden.
Rummaging recorded his sixth victory at Dundalk as he came out best in a terrific finish to the feature Your Local Value Centre Race under the all-weather track's lights.
Aidan O'Brien is beginning to gear up for another major assault on Flat racing's big summer prizes but in the meantime he picked up a little something along the way when Lone Star won the Champions Restaurant At Dundalk Stadium Maiden.
Champion jockey Joseph O'Brien opened his 2014 account when leading for most of the way on Reggie Roberts' mare Misty Lane in the Dundalk Stadium Light Up Your Night Handicap on the all-weather track.
Michael Halford was in scintillating form at Dundalk, bagging a treble.
Mick Halford and his stand-in jockey Conor Hoban combined to land a double with Hazledoc and Rummaging in Dundalk's final meeting of the year.
Timeless Call won for the fourth time over course and distance as she took the feature Mercury Stakes under the Dundalk lights for the Reggie Roberts yard.
Conor Hoban enjoyed a terrific night at Dundalk with a treble that included two 20-1 shots.


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Hittite WarriorPaperback Warrior
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- Publisher: Osprey Publishing
- Format: Paperback | 64 pages
- Dimensions: 180mm x 244mm x 8mm | 204g
- Publication date: 21 August 2007
- Publication City/Country: Osprey
- Edition statement: New.
- Illustrations note: Illustrations (chiefly col.)
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Written by Trevor Bryce, one of the world's leading experts on the Hittites, this book charts the rise and fall of a warrior people famed for the ferocity, who built an empire which stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. For nearly a century the Hittites fought a draining war against the Egyptians - the climax of which saw the Hittites defeated and their 400-year-old empire destroyed at Qadesh. Bryce details the day-to-day lives of the Hittite warriors, examining their training, equipment, tactics and their unique attitude to religion and warrior ethos. This book is a fascinating and enlightening addition to an often ignored subject.
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Trevor Bryce is a Classicist and ancient Near Eastern historian who has published extensively on the Classical and Near Eastern worlds. He is currently Emeritus Professor at the University of New England Australia and has been awarded the Australian Centenary Medal for Service to Australian Society and the Humanities in the Study of History. He has held teaching fellowships at numerous universities, including: the University of Oxford and Princeton. He has also lectured all over the world, including the Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC. In 2004 he was historical consultant for a BBC documentary on the 'Truth of Troy.' He leads a number of historical tours in Greece, Italy, Turkey and Jordan. The author lives in Australia.
Review quote
"Beautifully and professionally produced, as are all Osprey publications, this book has 8 color, 39 black and white photos, and 4 maps ... The combination of color plates and well-researched text from rare first-hand sources makes this a must for those interested in this army and period." -Michael Koznarsky, "Historical Miniature Gamer "(Issue 10) "Trevor Bryce's "Hittite Warrior" is written by an expert on the topic and follows the history of a warrior people famed for their ferocity. Their early empire stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine: this book examines not only their history and culture, but specifically their battle tactics and strategies." -"The Bookwatch" (February 2008) "Bryce not only deals with the soldiers' life, but the lives of ordinary Hittites as well to place the military into context... While there are a number of good learned books and articles about the Hittites, this new volume is a useful primer on the subject and as such I can recommend it to the modeller and wargamer." -Paul Bradley, "International Plastic Modeler's Society" "It is a book that should be on the shelf of any serious historian or those who have an interest in this era. One I enjoyed reading and can highly recommend to you." -Scott Van Aken, "modelingmadness.com" (August 2007)