text:
A micromachined, high Reynolds number, sub-millisecond liquid mixer for the study of chemical reaction kinetics. This bulk micromachined silicon mixer is capable of initiating and quenching chemical reactions in intervals as short as 100 μs. The mixer chip contains two tee mixers connected by one channel which serves as a reaction chamber. Each tee mixer consists of opposing channels where liquids meet head-on and exit into a third channel forming the base of a "T".
1. A method of mixing liquids, comprising:
obtaining a first and second liquid;
obtaining a micro-machined chip, with a substrate that has a first mixer integrated with a second mixer;
mixing said first and second liquid at a Reynolds number greater than 2000 and at a flow rate greater than 250 μL/s.
2. An apparatus for mixing, comprising:
a support substrate;
a first reactant inlet area formed on said support substrate;
a second reactant inlet area formed on said support substrate;
a inhibitor inlet area formed on said support substrate;
a reservoir outlet hole formed in said support substrate;
a system of fluid channels formed on said support substrate, wherein said fluid channels include a first reactant channel extending from said first reactant inlet area to said inhibitor inlet area, a second reactant channel extending from said second reactant channel to said inhibitor inlet area, a delay channel, an inhibitor channel, and a reservoir channel, said delay channel is positioned at a first intersection of said first reactant channel and said second reactant channel, said inhibitor channel is positioned to feed liquid out of said inhibitor inlet area, said reservoir channel is positioned at a second intersection of said inhibitor channel and said delay channel;
a first mixer, positioned at said first intersection having a shape to mix fluids;
a second mixer positioned at said second intersection having a shape to mix fluids;
a cover layer having a first hole corresponding to said first reactant inlet area, a second hole corresponding to said second reactant inlet area, and a third hole corresponding to said inhibitor inlet area, said cover layer being bonded to said support layer.
3. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said support substrate is made of silicon.
4. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said support substrate is made of a material that can tolerate flow rates of 1 mL/s.
5. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said first reactant inlet area functions to contain a first reactant sample.
6. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said second reactant inlet area functions to contain a second reactant sample.
7. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said inhibitor inlet area functions to contain an chemical reaction inhibitor.
8. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said reservoir outlet hole functions to allow fluids out of said mixer chip.
9. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said cover layer is made of PYREX(™) glass.
10. An apparatus for mixing on a substrate, comprising:
a first mixer formed in said silicon substrate;
a second mixer also formed in said silicon substrate;
a system of fluid channels each formed in said silicon substrate including a delay fluid channel, connecting said first mixer to said second mixer.
11. An apparatus as in claim 10, further comprising a glass cover, covering said first mixer, said second mixer, and said system of fluid channels.
12. An apparatus as in claim 11, wherein said support substrate is silicon.
13. An apparatus as in claim 11, wherein said support substrate is a material that can tolerate flow rates of 1 mL/s.
14. An apparatus as in claim 10, wherein said delay channel is 5.33 mm.
15. An apparatus as in claim 10, wherein said delay channel is 10.66 mm.
16. An apparatus as in claim 10, wherein said delay channel is 20.66 mm.
17. An apparatus comprising:
a mixer chip, wherein said mixer chip having a system of fluid channels connecting a plurality of mixers on a common substrate;
a flow regulation device, wherein said mixer chip is positioned to interface with said flow regulation device.
18. An apparatus as in claim 17, wherein said mixer chip is held in position by a combination of several o-rings and kel-f blocks.
19. An apparatus as in claim 18, wherein said kel-f blocks are machined to have an area to imbed said mixer chip.
20. An apparatus as in claim 18, wherein said o-rings form seals between said flow regulation device and said mixer chip that can tolerate high flow velocities.
21. A mixer apparatus comprising:
a mixer chip, wherein said mixer chip having a system of fluid channels connecting a plurality of mixers, said mixers operating at Reynolds number greater than 2000, said mixers capable of initiating and quenching chemical reactions in intervals of shorter than 100 microseconds.
22. A method of characterizing a mixer, comprising:
performing a first order chemical reaction with a specified time constant; and
characterizing said mixer based on a result of said performing.
23. A method as in claim 22, wherein said time constant is 3 ms.
24. A method as in claim 22, wherein said time constant is 9 ms.
25. A method of characterizing a mixer, comprising:
performing visualization techniques using a visual indicator; and
using said visualization techniques to characterize said mixer.
26. A method as in claim 25, wherein said visual indicator is a dye.
27. A method as in claim 25, wherein said visual indicator is an acid-base indicator.
28. A method for mixing, comprising:
first obtaining a first fluid sample;
second obtaining a second fluid sample;
forming a fluid channel with an intersection on a support substrate;
injecting said first and second fluid sample into said fluid channel wherein said first and second fluid samples meet head-on at said intersection forming a fluid flow;
forming sharp-edged structures in said fluid channel;
breaking said fluid flow with said sharp-edged structures thereby increasing turbulence.
29. An apparatus for mixing, comprising:
a fluid channel having a channel roof and a channel floor;
a plurality of sharp-edged structures positioned within said fluid channel with at least one end connected to said channel roof or said channel floor.
30. An apparatus as in claim 29, wherein said sharp-edged structures are triangular pillars.
31. A method for mixing, comprising:
forming a first fluid channel, a second fluid channel, and a third fluid channel wherein said first, second, and third fluid channel forms an intersection;
first injecting a first liquid sample at a first fluid velocity in said first fluid channel;
second injecting a second liquid sample at a second fluid velocity in said second fluid channel, wherein said first liquid sample and said second liquid sample meet at said intersection;
flowing said first liquid sample and said second liquid sample out of said intersection into said third fluid channel at an angle.
32. A method as in 31, wherein said first fluid velocity and said second fluid velocity are similar.
33. A method as in 32, wherein said angle is 90 degrees.
This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of the U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/037,315 filed on Feb. 5, 1997, the entirety of which is incorporated herewith by reference.
This disclosure relates to chip-based chemical analysis systems. More specifically, this disclosure relates to fabrication of a micro-electromechanical systems ("MEMS") sub-millisecond liquid mixer, one application of which is the study of chemical reaction kinetics.
Liquid-phase reaction kinetics includes the study of the process of chemical reactions in liquids. Much of the chemistry occurs in sub-millisecond time-scales. Many biological processes such as cell activation, enzyme reactions, and protein folding also require sub-millisecond analysis to investigate intermediate states formed during the reaction. Reactants are often mixed to initiate the chemical reaction.
For example, liquid reactants A and B are mixed to produce product C. The initiation point of this reaction is when the reactants A and B come in contact with one another. The reactants A and B can be mixed together by a mixer. The reactants A and B are allowed to react for a defined duration called the delay. After the delay, the reaction can be quenched by adding reaction inhibitor D. The stopping point of this reaction is when the reactants A and B come in contact with reaction inhibitor D. The reactants A, B, product C and inhibitor D are all mixed together.
Both the initiation point and stopping point may not be instantaneous in a practical mixer. A certain length of time is generally required for the substances in the reaction to adequately mix together. This length of time between the first point of encounter and the point when the substances are completely mixed is called the dead time.
Reduction of dead time better defines the initiation point and stopping point of the chemical reaction. Control of the reaction time by varying the delay is desirable. The delay is the time after the initiation point and before the stopping point, during which the reactants A and B react to produce C. The product C is then collected for further analysis. A high speed mixer apparatus that allows varying delay times and continuous product collection is desired.
Most chemical analysis protocols prefer sub-millisecond mixers that allow short delay times, if the reaction rate is fast, e.g., having sub-millisecond reaction time constants.
Some conventional mixers that allow millisecond mixing are available.
One such mixer is the Berger ball mixer. The fluids to be mixed are injected onto a ball. The flow velocity at which the fluid streams are injected onto the ball drives the fluids around the ball. The flow of the different fluid streams around the curved surface of the ball causes turbulence. Mixing rates can be increased by increasing the flow velocity of the injected fluids thereby increasing the turbulence experienced by the fluids. Berger ball mixers can be implemented in computer controlled fluid delivery systems such as the BioLogic SFM4/Q Quenchflow, available from Molecular Kinetics, WA. These setups can have dimensions of 1 in�0.5 in�0.5 in.
One undesirable feature of some Berger ball mixer setups is additional dead volume. Dead volume is the volume the liquid sample occupies in an apparatus. If mixers are not integrated, the reactants are transferred from one mixer to the other the volume that is taken up during the transfer adds to the total dead volume.
The Berger ball mixer setups are relatively large devices that typically allow reaction delay times of around 3 ms. Any significant delay shorter than 3 ms are usually not attainable.
Mixing using multicapillaries and free jet mixing has also been demonstrated. These methods are not usually adapted for use for a second quench after the first mixing. The capability of a second quench and/or subsequent mixing steps are sometimes desired for studying reaction intermediate states.
Chemical analysis sometimes require the ability to stop the reaction and thus "freeze" the chemical state of the reactants in time. An apparatus that can "freeze" the chemical state of the reactants after a controlled delay is desired.
In the micro-electromechanical systems ("MEMS") field, micro-mixing devices fabricated have operated in low Reynolds numbers, e.g. less than 2000. Low Reynolds numbers regimes results in mixing times on the order of seconds.
The inventors disclose a sub-millisecond micromachined mixer. A chemical reaction technique to calibrate this mixer is also presented. The sub-millisecond micromachined mixer operates at a high Reynolds number, e.g. between 2,000 and 6,000. One embodiment features a 1 cm�1 cm�1 mm, standard chip size, bulk micromachined silicon mixer. Smaller embodiments are also possible. The mixer can also be fabricated on other materials. This mixer is capable of initiating and quenching (starting and stopping) chemical reactions in intervals as short as 100 μs.
In one embodiment, the mixer chip has two tee-shaped mixers connected by a channel which serves as a reaction chamber. Two opposing liquid streams are injected into the mixer chip. Each tee mixer has opposing channels where liquids meet head-on and exit into a third channel forming the base of a "T". In an embodiment where the two opposing liquid steams have similar flow velocities, the exit into the third channel is at a 90 degree angle. Other shapes, featuring different angles, can be fabricated. Flow velocities determine the optimum angles.
The micromachined mixer performance can be characterized by employing two fast hydrolysis chemical reactions with reaction time constants of 3 ms and 9 ms along with visualization techniques using dyes and acid-base indicators, such as phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue.
Shorter delay length, down to e.g., sub μm size, may be possible with micromachining because several mixers can be integrated on one chip and several mixing events in series or parallel can be initiated. MEMS resolution of 10 μm can be achieved. The micromachined device enables smaller dead volumes.
The chip-based integrated mixers also allow continuous collection of samples for analysis. Performance results show that the micromachined mixers outperform commercial devices such as Berger ball mixers by an order of magnitude.
These and other aspects will be described with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of one embodiment of investigating intermediate states of fast liquid-phase reactions;
FIG. 2 is a three dimensional view of the first embodiment mixer chip;
FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C show varying delay lengths on a mixer chip;
FIG. 4 shows a mixer chip interfacing with a flow regulation device;
FIGS. 5A-5B show an embodiment that incorporates micro-turbulence generators into the fluid channels of a mixer chip;
FIG. 6 shows DNPA Absorbance verses Time data for a mixer chip;
FIG. 7 shows comparative data of conventional Ball mixers and the inventors' mixer chip;
FIG. 8 is a graph of mixer chip with PCA reaction;
FIG. 9 is a graph of conventional mixer with PCA reaction;
FIG. 10 is a flow visualization picture.
One purpose of this disclosure is to provide a method to increase the mixing speed of the mixers. Although the mixing of fluids is fundamentally governed by molecular diffusion, turbulence in the flow can enhance mixing by many orders of magnitude. Greater turbulence in the flow field, e.g. Reynolds number Re>2000, can increase reactant area and reduce reaction times. The micromachined mixers are to be used in high Reynolds number regimes to minimize mixing time.
The inventors' micromachined mixers are injected with high velocity fluid streams. The fluid streams, flowing in etched channels, meet head-on in an intersection of the etched channels, thereby mixing. This high fluid velocity is directly proportional to the pressure pushing on the fluid and the turbulence in the mixer. High turbulence is characterized by high Reynolds numbers, e.g. 2000-6000. Materials, such as <110> silicon wafers, used for the micromachined mixer can accommodate flow rates of 1.5 mL/s.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of one embodiment of investigating intermediate states of a fast liquid-phase reaction. The lines 110, 112 represent fluid channels. The stars 120, 130 represent mixing points. First mixer 120 mixes reactants A and B which react to form product C. Product C and reactants A and B travel through delay channel 140 which connects first mixer 120 to second mixer 130. The length of the delay channel 140 and speed of travel determine the delay time allowed for the reactants A and B to react. Reaction inhibitor D is mixed with A, B, and C at second mixer 130 to stop the reaction. The mixture of A, B, C, and D then flows into a reservoir 150 for analysis.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the first embodiment mixer chip. A support substrate 210, preferably a <110> silicon wafer is etched to form a system of fluid channels 115. These <110> silicon wafers are selected for their ability to hold channels through which high speed fluids can be injected. This system of fluid channels 115 has a first reactant channel 220, a second reactant channel 230, a delay channel 140, an inhibitor channel 240, and a reservoir channel 250. A first reactant inlet area 260 is formed on the support substrate 210. The first reactant channel 220 is positioned to feed fluid out of the first reactant inlet area 260. A second reactant inlet area 270 is formed on the support substrate 210. The second reactant channel 230 is positioned to feed fluid out of the second reactant inlet area 270. A first mixer 120 is formed at an intersection 293 of the first reactant channel 220, the second reactant channel 230, and the delay channel 140. The first mixer 120 mixes the first and second reactants, A, B.
An inhibitor inlet area 280 is formed on the support substrate 210. The inhibitor channel 240 is positioned to feed fluid out of the inhibitor inlet area 280. A reservoir outlet hole 290 is etched onto the support substrate 210. The reservoir channel 250 is positioned to feed fluid into the reservoir outlet hole 290. The reservoir outlet hole 290 is connected to the reservoir 150. A second mixer 130 is formed at an intersection 297 of the delay channel 140, the inhibitor channel 240, and the reservoir channel 250. The second mixer 130 mixes the first and second reactants, A, B, the product C, and the inhibitor D. The mixture of A, B, C, D flows into the reservoir channel 250 and out through the reservoir outlet hole 290 to the reservoir 150.
The first and second mixers, 120, 130 are positioned at intersections, 293, 297. These intersections have a "T" shape and the mixers are hence called "Tee mixers". Two opposing liquid streams are injected into the mixer chip. Each tee mixer has opposing channels where liquids meet head-on and exit into a third channel forming the base of a "T". In an embodiment where two opposing liquid steams have similar flow velocities, the exit into the third channel is at a 90 degree angle. Other shapes, featuring different angles, can be fabricated. Flow velocities determine the optimum angles.
The mixer chip can be fabricated to have various delay lengths by varying the length of the delay channel 140. FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C show delays of 5.33 mm, 10.66 mm and 20.66 mm respectively. Bends 310 of varying length can be introduced into the delay channel 140 to increase the total length of the delay channel 140. Short delays of 10 μm can also be made.
In one embodiment, thermal oxide is used as a mask for the fluid channel system 115. Channels which are 80-300 μm deep, preferably 150 μm deep, and 200-600 μm wide, preferably 408 μm wide are etched. The etching uses 70� C. KOH on the silicon support substrate 210 for about 2.2 hours. A reservoir outlet hole 290 with a 750 μm diameter is drilled into the support substrate 210. The support substrate is etched to form the fluid channel system 115. The first reactant inlet area 260, the second reactant inlet area 270, and the inhibitor inlet area 280 is formed on the support substrate 210 such that liquid can be deposited into these areas and fed out of these areas via the fluid channel system 115. These areas are not holes through the support substrate layer 210.
A cover layer 2100, preferably made of PYREX(™) 7740 glass, is drilled to form three holes 2110, 2120, 2130 corresponding to first reactant inlet area 260, the second reactant inlet area 270, and the inhibitor inlet area 280, respectively. These holes 2110, 2120, 2130 are preferably the same diameter as the diameter of the first and second reactant inlet area, 260, 270 and the inhibitor inlet area, 280. In this embodiment, all holes are 750 μm in diameter. The glass layer 2100 is anodically bonded to the support substrate 210 forming the mixer chip.
This mixer chip can operate at high Reynolds number, e.g. 2000-6000. One embodiment has dimensions of 1 cm�1 cm�1 mm. This embodiment is capable of initiating and quenching chemical reactions in intervals as short as 100 microseconds.
During operation, high speed fluids are injected into the first reactant inlet area 260, the second reactant inlet area 270, and the inhibitor inlet area 280 through the holes 2110, 2120, 2130 in the cover layer 2100.
As shown in FIG. 4, the mixer chip 410 can be used to interface with a computer controlled fluid delivery system, flow regulation device 420, preferably a BioLogic SFM4/Q, available from Molecular Kinetics, WA. The flow regulation device 420 functions to control the input flow rates of the first and second reactants, A, B, and also the inhibitor, D. Holders 430, 435, preferably a combination of kel-f holders 440, 442 with o-rings 450, 452, 454, 456 secures the mixer chip 410 onto the flow regulation device 420. Kel-f is a hard plastic substrate. A piece of kel-f is machined into two 1 cm2 cylindrical blocks, 440, 442. Each block has an area 445 where a mixer chip 410 can be imbedded. Four O-rings 450, 452, 454, 456 made of a soft plastic are placed on area 445. O-rings 450, 452, 454, 456 correspond to the first inlet area 260, the second inlet area 270, the inhibitor inlet area 280, and the reservoir outlet hole 290, respectively. Clamping two holders, 430, 435, together seals the mixer chip 410. The o-rings form a tight seal between the mixer chip 410 and the kel-f holders 440, 442. This seal tolerates high pressures from high flow velocity and Reynolds numbers of 2000-6000. Additional o-rings can be placed between the kel-f holders and the mixer chip to provide a mechanical buffer for the mixer chip.
Fluids at controllable flow rates up to 1.5 mL/s can be injected into the first reactant inlet area 260, the second reactant inlet area 270, and the inhibitor inlet area 280 through the holes 2110, 2120, 2130, respectively in the cover layer 2100. Since the dimensions of the fluid channel system 115 are known, by controlling the flow rates the reaction time can be controlled. Furthermore, by using a well calibrated chemical reaction, the actual delay between the two mixing steps can be confirmed.
FIGS. 5A-5B show another embodiment that incorporates micro-turbulence generators 510 into the fluid channels 115 of a mixer chip 410. Sharp edges 520 can be introduced into the fluid channels 115 of a mixer chip 410 by placing pillars 510 in the fluid channel 115. The pillars are preferably sharp-edged triangles with their points oppositely pointing, as shown. These sharp edged pillar structures 510 function as micro-turbulence generators. Fluid samples are injected into the fluid channels 115 at high velocities. The turbulence experienced by the fluid samples are increased when the fluid flow is broken by sharp edges 520 in the channel 115. Increased turbulence produces faster mixing times.
FIG. 5B shows pillar structures 510 in fluid channels 115. The pillar structure 510 is connected on one end 530 to the floor of the fluid channel, touching the support substrate 210. The opposite end 540 of the pillar structure is connected to the roof of the fluid channel, touching the cover layer 2100. The pillar structures 510 have dimensions that allow passage of fluids through the fluid channel 115. Fluid sample come in contact with the sharp edges 520 of the pillar structure as the fluid sample flows past the pillar structures 510 inside the fluid channels 115.
Pillar structures 510 can be placed at an intersection 550 of the fluid channels 115 as shown in FIG. 5A. Pillar structures 510 can also be placed elsewhere in the fluid channel 115. Another embodiment may feature pillar structures with only one end fixed to the channel.
Triangular-shaped pillar structure is one embodiment. Other shapes that introduce sharp edges into the fluid channels can also be used to increase turbulence in the mixer chip.
The mixer chip 410 is calibrated with two pseudo first order reactions. The concentration of one of the reactants relative to the other reactant is essentially unchanged through the reaction. Hence the reaction has a reaction rate constant similar to that of a first order reaction. The first reaction, the hydrolysis of DNPA (2,4 dinitrophenylacetate), is a well studied reaction specifically suitable for sub-millisecond mixing. The DNPA is hydrolyzed by a base, sodium hydroxide, DNP (dinitrophenol) is formed as shown in equation 1, 2, and 3. ##EQU1## k is the rate constant of this reaction, and OH- ! represents the hydroxide concentration. This reaction is pseudo first order as, shown in equation 4, with a time constant, τ=1/k', if DNPA!<< OH- !, i.e.,
CDNPA (t)=CDPNA (O)�e-t/τ (4)
Experimentally, this reaction is quenched at the second mixer 130 with HCl which neutralizes the NaOH. Mixer chips 410 with different delay times can be used to collect fluids with the corresponding reaction times. Then, the UV absorbance of these fluids is measured to determine concentration of unreacted DNPA. The reactant, DNPA, and the product, DNP, have different sensitivities at a wavelength of 320 nm which can be easily detected by a UV Spectrometer.
Mathematically, the absorption dependency to concentration of DNPA and DNP can be described in equation 5, where a and b are absorption coefficients of DNPA and DNP respectively.
A(t)=a�CDNPA (t)+b�CDNP (t)) (5)
Combining equations 4 and 5 relates the change of absorbance verses reaction time in a first order exponential function:
A(t)=(A0 -A.sub.∞)e-t/τ +A.sub.∞ (6)
Characterization experiments are performed using mixer chips with reaction delay lengths from 2.66 mm to 20.66 mm and flow rates from 100 μL/s to 1000 μL/s. Data of absorbance verses reaction time is calculated by varying the flow rates of DNPA and NaOH.
FIG. 6 shows an experiment using the inventors' mixer where 2M NaOH is reacted with DNPA for reaction times of 3 ms to 12 ms. This base concentration corresponds to the published rate constant of 56 M-1 s-1 and a reaction time constant of 10 ms, represented by τ in equation 4.
FIG. 7 shows a series of experiments done with both the conventional mixers and the inventors' micromachined mixers for comparison. Linear fits of these experiments produce rate constants of 51 M-1 s-1 for the inventors' silicon mixer and 46 M-1 s-1 for the Berger ball mixer. The inventors' mixer data agrees well with the published figure of 56 M-1 s-1 for DNPA hydrolysis. This good agreement with the published rate constant illustrates that the reaction delay length on the chip agrees with the first order reaction model. This demonstrates that mixing time is negligible compared to the reaction delay time. In the ideal case of instantaneous mixing, the linear fits should intersect the origin. In other words, at time zero there should be no products, e.g. no change in A(t).
The conventional mixer, e.g. Berger ball mixers, may have some reaction occurring in the mixer stage which causes an upward shift of the data. There is also a shift associated with the inventors' mixers but the value is on the order of the experimental error, e.g. ˜�100 μs.
In order to further characterize the inventors' mixer, a faster chemical reaction is used. To study shorter reaction intervals, a reaction with a shorter time constant is used. FIG. 7 shows, for sub-millisecond reaction times, the change in absorbance is not significant enough for accurate calibration which suggests that the reaction time constant needs to be smaller. Although this modification can be done by simply increasing the base concentration, increasing base concentration can produce problems. Firstly, to reduce the reaction time constant to 3 ms, 4 M base is used. This high base concentration can produce excess heat which in turn will exponentially vary the reaction rate. Furthermore, 4 M NaOH has almost twice the viscosity, as compared with 2 M NaOH, which results in increased back pressure and a lower Reynolds number flow. Lastly, high base concentration is corrosive and can slowly etch the silicon channels of the inventors' mixer.
To obviate these problems, a faster reaction, the hydrolysis of phenylchloroacetate (PCA), is used. This reaction has a time constant of 3 ms using 1M NaOH. Characterization experiments are conducted and the rate constant, 430�47.6 M-1 s-1 with a dead time of 120 μs�100 μs are measured with the silicon mixers, as shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 reveals the achievement of reaction times as short as 110 μs. The rate constant derived from the inventors' silicon mixer PCA experiments differ from the conventional mixer by 20%, e.g. 362 M-1 s-1, a similar trend is noted in the DNPA experiments. The commercial mixers consistently seem to predict a rate constant that is 20% lower from the actual value as shown in FIG. 9.
10% to 20% error in the experimental data is considered good in these types of quench flow experiments where there are a number of sources of error such as manual pipetting of collected solution, time delay in measurements, and a shift in NaOH concentrations over time. Nevertheless, one drawback of the PCA reaction is background hydrolysis. The fast PCA reaction is so sensitive that the PCA reaction slowly hydrolyzes by itself. To reduce this background hydrolysis, the PCA solution and the reacted samples used in the PCA reaction experiments are cooled. However, fast hydrolysis may still contribute errors for some of the shortest reaction time points. Overall, the inventors' silicon mixers have demonstrated a superb performance which is not usually attainable from the conventional state-of-the-art instruments.
The inventors have also used the micromachined mixer in successful protein folding experiments.
Flow visualization supports the performance of the inventors' silicon mixers. Flow visualization experiments are performed using acid-base indicators and reaction in 2-5 mm diameter sized pipes to determine downstream mixing distances. To further correlate some of the mixing trends in the inventors' silicon mixers, extensive flow visualization experiments are conducted using the color change of an acid-base indicator, bromothymol blue. Bromothymol blue remains dark green between pH 6.0-7.6, but turns yellow in the presence of acid and blue in the presence of base. Phenolphthalein is another acid-base indicator that can be used.
By injecting acid into the first reactant inlet area 260, refer to FIG. 2, the indicator solution into the second reactant inlet area 270, and base into the inhibitor inlet area 280, three color changes, green to yellow to blue, of the indicator are observed. Photographs of mixer chips with delays lengths of 2.66 mm, 5.33 mm, 10.66 mm, and 20.33 mm while varying flow rates in the delay channel from 100 μL/s to 2000 μL/s are taken. Two significant trends are observed. First, at low flow rates, a clearly visible interface between the two streams can be seen; at higher velocities such a boundary can not be discerned. This observation agrees well with chemical reaction calibration method. Consistent reaction data is produced at flow rates corresponding to flow rates above ˜250 μL/s. Flow rates below this point resulted in scattered data points below the linear fit. Visualization shows that there are finite mixing delays after the first and second mixing points at all flow rates. These mixing distances, in effect, shift the actual reaction zone without substantially affecting the reaction delay time for the longer delays. Otherwise, the chemical calibration can not have been successful. In fact, the mixing delays can contribute significant error for the mixers that have delay lengths of the same order. To illustrate this effect, two pictures of a 2.66 mm delay chip at 100 μL/s and 500 μL/s are shown in FIG. 10. Visual interpretation of these pictures is sketched on the right. The lower photograph shows that second mixing length is almost as large as the reaction pathway itself. The flow visualization is a method to verify the validity of the chemical reaction, and can be used in conjunction with the chemical calibration.
Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail above, those having ordinary skill in the art will certainly understand that many modifications are possible in the preferred embodiment without departing from the teachings thereof. Mixers can be fabricated on materials other than silicon. Mixer geometries provided in the disclosure can be fabricated on other hard materials that can tolerate high flow velocity.
All such modifications are intended to be encompassed within the following claims.
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Review: A great option if you're at Melbourne uni, though I wouldn't travel especially just to visit here. Then again, I visited at the very end of their year, as they close after exam session ends for the summer. All they were serving was one dahl dish, and I ate there twice. Both times, the dahl was solid, though the second version, with Black eyed peas, was tastier. They also had wonderful Las Vegan muffins to savour. All around, a good very affordable option.
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Originally written on Pirates Prospects | Last updated 11/30/12
The Pittsburgh Pirates have agreed to terms with right-hander Charlie Morton, per a team press release. Terms of the deal weren't announced, but this means the two sides will avoid arbitration. The club also officially non-tendered Jeff Karstens, which was a move we learned about earlier today. Everyone else on the 40-man roster was tendered a contract, including arbitration eligibles Joel Hanrahan, Garrett Jones, Neil Walker, James McDonald, and Gaby Sanchez.
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DOB: 24 Aug 1995
Height: 33" (84 cm)
Available as a pet non-breeding pair only. They are EXTREMELY attached to one another can never be separated. They are by far the most bonded two donkeys I have yet to meet. Both are extreme wooly with Harriet being the wooliest donkey I have yet to meet. Harriet does not shed and Dealers Choice sheds almost halfway by the dead end of summer but still maintains a very long coat year round. They are in their late teens and approximately 33" (DC is a touch smaller). They were exposed to a wooly jack, but just ultrasounded open and may be barren. They have been in with many other types of livestock, chickens, dogs, and cats and are very calm and accepting of everyone. UTD on vaccines, hoof trims, deworming, microchipped, and registered ADMS MDR.
Sale Pending
Gray spotted semi-wooly jennet
DOB: 06 May 2014
Height: 27.5" at 8 months
Peeper is very pretty and very stocky like her dam. She has the genetic potential to produce almost every color that exists in donkeys including gray, brown, red, frosted, ivory, black, and spotted versions of all these colors. Her tooth alignment is perfect. She has a semi-wooly coat and bred to a wooly jack she has a 50/50 chance of producing an extreme wooly foal.
Sale Pending
winter coat starting to grow in
Dark Red wooly barren jennet
DOB: 15 July 2000
Height: 32" (81 cm)
Boop is a rare dark red wooly and very sweet. Unfortunatly we have not been able to get her in foal. She is being offered as a barren pet jennet. She does cycle regularly and likes her boys so she can also be used as a jack companion. Boop is a very sweet gentle girl and will make a wonderful pet. She does have fantastic conformation as well and can be shown at halter in sanctioned shows or trained to cart.
All of our donkeys are well socialized and handled daily.
They are all used to and good with our dogs, cattle, and cats.
Our donkeys are all vaccinated annually, dewormed regularly, and have thier feet trimmed every 3 months (or more often if needed especially if young).
All donkeys sold for over $1500 will have a Coggins test and Health Certificate provided if needed.
Their health and happiness is our top priority.
We will not sell donkeys to homes that do not have other animals for them to live with and much prefer to have them go to homes with at least one other donkey. They are much happier animals and better pets if they have a donkey friend.
All of our donkeys are sold with a new halter, lead rope, health records, transfer papers, information on how to care for your donkey(s), and assorted other donkey information.
We can accept payment plans and even Paypal (add 3% to sales price for Paypal payments).
A 20% deposit will hold your donkey for you. All donkeys must be paid for and picked-up within 3 months. If you opt out of a donkey sale within one week your deposit will be refunded. If you opt out after that your deposit can be credited toward another donkey for sale on the farm.
All donkeys must be paid for in full before leaving the farm. Personal checks must clear before they leave.
We will happily help you arrange for shipping nationally or internationally, but we do not provide shipping for you unless otherwise arranged. Shipping expenses are not our responsiblity.
If we do not have what you want we can either help you find your donkey(s) or you can be placed on our notification list. Just let us know. We are always happy to help.
Visitors are always welcome. Just contact us for an appointment.
Questions are always welcome. We love to talk donkey...even if we don't sell ya' one :-)
We are pretty firm on our prices (our animals are worth what we ask), but we will often consider assorted trades too...for other animals, tack, farm equipment, etc.
Jacks (intact males) are NOT pets:
A jack has all the impulses to perpetuate the species and the intelligence and strength to over power rivals - including you. IF YOU ARE NOT MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY CAPABLE OF HANDLING THESE RULES - Don't keep a jack intact! Geldings make great and safe pets.
(304) 466-2528 home
Website created and maintained by Tara Wiles


text: best efforts should be made to develop reasonable solutions. At the same time, there should be a realistic understanding of the limitations of the NHBD given current technology and procedures. Both the lower numbers of organs per donor (because of their deterioration in the body of the donor) and the condition of the organs that are recovered limit the benefits, and undoubtedly increase the costs of NHBDs relative to other categories of donors. There also seems to be considerable inertia in developing procurement policies, as well as uncertainty and anxiety about the proper policies and procedures to adopt. In some OPOs, there is opposition to NHBDs, and because some of this opposition is said to reflect public concerns, it could be difficult to change. Identification, discussion, and if possible, resolution of some of the outstanding issues concerning the proper ethical and medical management of these donors might help to overcome this uncertainty or opposition if they are indeed among the reasons for the very slow expansion of the NHBD pool.


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RED searches and deletes empty directories recursively below a given start folder and shows the result in a well arranged tree. Further you can create some custom rules for keeping and deleting folders. Empty files in directories can also be ignored.
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Everything tagged
Latest from The Spokesman-Review
Maloofs reach agreement to sell Kings
May 17, 2013 in Sports The Sacramento Kings' unsteady future finally seems to be settled. A person familiar with the deal says the Maloof family has reached an agreement with a Sacramento group headed by … 9
Boy Scout camp land swap not happening
Sept. 27, 2012 in Idaho COEUR d'ALENE — The Inland Northwest Council of the Boy Scouts of America says it has ended discussions with a developer over the proposed swap of the historic Camp Easton … 4
Judge to reconsider ruling in Boy Scout camp case
July 19, 2012 in Idaho COEUR D'ALENE — A judge says he will reconsider his earlier ruling allowing a land deal involving a historic Boy Scout campsite along Lake Coeur d'Alene to go ahead. 2
Kootenai County may sell popular waterfall
May 3, 2012 in Idaho, Outdoors COEUR D'ALENE — Kootenai County commissioners are considering selling a parcel of land that includes the Chilco waterfall, and that has some ice climbers and environmentalists upset. 12
Small prices draw big turnout
Sept. 4, 2007 in City on Page A5 Mom, Dad and 10 kids from the Gardner family had a plan going into Spokane's Value Village on Monday to finish their back-to-school shopping: Divide and conquer. After splitting up …
Mpm To Buy Assets Of New Jersey Firm
Feb. 19, 1998 in Nation/World on Page A10 MPM Technologies, Inc. of Spokane announced Wednesday that it will purchase the assets of a New Jersey air pollution control company for an undisclosed amount of cash. The acquisition will …
Kodak Acquires Stake In Online Rival
Feb. 13, 1998 in Nation/World on Page A16 Accelerating its foray into distributing photos on the Internet, Eastman Kodak Co. said Thursday it will take control of its biggest online competitor. With PictureVision Inc., Kodak will reach another …
Lawton Printing Buys Texas Publishing Firm
Feb. 13, 1998 in Nation/World on Page A16 Lawton Printing Inc. Thursday announced the acquisition of a Texas publishing company which will make the Spokane-based company the country's largest printer of directories for chambers of commerce. Lawton is …
Cavanaugh's Acquires Templin's Resort Bob Templin, 74, Gives Personal, Business Reasons For Decision
Jan. 20, 1998 in City on Page B1 Bob Templin will join the Cavanaugh's board of directors now that Templin's Resort will become part of the Spokane-based Cavanaugh's Hospitality Corp. File/The Spokesman-Review
Ge Gains Ok To Buy Gas Turbine Division
Dec. 31, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 General Electric Corp. won Justice Department approval Tuesday for its proposed $600 million purchase of Stewart & Stevenson Services gas turbine division. The approval followed GE's agreement to license a …
Applebee's Franchisee Selling Out Inland Northwest Restaurants Aren't Affected By Agreement
Dec. 24, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A6 Apple South Inc. said Tuesday it plans to sell its 264 Applebee's Neighborhood Grill and Bar restaurants and instead focus on its faster growing chains. All the restaurants are expected …
Ritz Buys Kits, Will Keep Name Purchase Gives Photo Chain 810 Stores In 47 States
Nov. 30, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A17 Ritz Camera Centers, the nation's largest camera and supply retailer, has acquired Seattle-based Kits Cameras. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Lucent Strikes Deal To Buy Livingston
Oct. 16, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A12 Lucent Technologies Inc. said it's buying Livingston Enterprises Inc. for $650 million in stock, furthering its push into the fast-growing computer-networking industry. Lucent will take an unspecified charge in its …
Pentzer Expands Marketing Group
Oct. 14, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 Pentzer Corp. has added another company to its Creative Solutions Group, which specializes in in-store marketing and displays. With Proco Wood Products of Minneapolis, the group's sales will exceed $110 …
Cpm Development Corp. Sold Irish Company Acquires Local Firm In Deal Worth $94 Million
Sept. 18, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A12 CPM Development Corp., the holding company for Central Pre-Mix Concrete Co. and Inland Asphalt Co., has been sold for $94 million to an international building materials company based in Dublin, …
Adidas To Buy Salomon Sa For $1.5 Billion
Sept. 18, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A15 Adidas AG is buying French ski-maker Salomon SA in a $1.5 billion deal that will create Europe's largest manufacturer of sportswear and equipment. The two companies have combined annual sales …
Northwest Nexus Buys Data Source
Sept. 12, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A14 Northwest Nexus Inc., the region's largest independent provider of Internet service to business, has acquired Data Source of Spokane. The deal, said Data Source's Chad Skidmore, will enable the company …
Aol Close To Buying Compuserve Two Biggest Competitors In On-Line Services Could Become One
Sept. 8, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A3 America Online Inc., is close to reaching a deal to take over CompuServe Inc., its biggest competitor in the online business, The Washington Post reported. The paper reported in Monday's …
Safeco To Purchase Bank Subsidiary
Sept. 4, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 Safeco Corp. will acquire Washington Mutual Inc.'s insurance underwriting subsidiary, and Washington Mutual will distribute Safeco's annuities through its banking networks, the companies said Wednesday. Safeco's acquisition of the WM …
Dupont Strikes Deal With Ralston Purina
Aug. 23, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A12 Ralston Purina Co. narrowed its focus to pet food and batteries Friday by announcing plans to sell its protein technologies business to the chemical giant DuPont Co. for $1.5 billion …
General Dynamics Cuts Deal With Lucent
Aug. 22, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A20 General Dynamics Corp. will buy Lucent Technologies Inc.'s military products business for $300 million, the company's fourth acquisition since September 1995. The maker of tanks, submarines, and U.S. Navy destroyer …
Questor Partners To Acquire Schwinn
Aug. 14, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A12 Schwinn Cycling & Fitness is being acquired by the Michigan-based Questor Partners in a deal Schwinn hopes will give it "the pump we need." Terms of the deal weren't disclosed …
Lockheed Martin Cuts Deal To Sell Unit
Aug. 12, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 Lockheed Martin Corp. agreed to sell its commercial electronics manufacturing unit to closely held Manufacturers' Services Ltd., another step to shed product lines that don't fit with its main aerospace …
Raytheon Sells Appliance Business
July 15, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 Raytheon Co. sold most of its appliance business for $750 million Monday, unloading its Amana kitchen appliance line as part of an increased focus on defense electronics. The deal with …
Kaiser Acquires Plant From Reynolds Metals
July 1, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A10 Kaiser Aluminum Corp. said Monday it has acquired a Reynolds Metals Co.' aluminum extrusion factory in Bellwood, Va., for $40 million cash and assumption of $3 million to $4 million …
Stuttgart, Germany Regulators Approve Daimler-Benz Deal
June 12, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A12 Daimler-Benz AG said Wednesday it received the go-ahead from U.S. and Canadian regulatory officials to purchase Ford Motor Co.'s heavy truck business through its U.S. subsidiary, Freightliner Corp. of Portland, …
Levi Strauss To Sell Brittania Sportswear
June 6, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A14 Levi Strauss & Co. is selling its Brittania Sportswear Ltd. trademarks and inventory to VF Corp. and closing its Brittania headquarters in Renton and a distribution center in Fife. VF, …
Egghead To Acquire Competitor Spokane-Based Company Buying Surplus Software In Deal Worth $31.5 Million
May 2, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A14 After 17 lonely years, Professor Egghead is finally getting hitched. Spokane-based computer retailer Egghead Inc. said Thursday it will buy Surplus Software Inc. of Hood River, Ore., for $31.5 million.
Cable TV Giant Buys Newspapers $627 Million Deal Includes 3 Inland Northwest Papers
April 23, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 The nation's largest cable television company got into the newspaper business Tuesday as TeleCommunications Inc. of Denver bought out the Kearns-Tribune Corp. of Salt Lake City and its five papers. …
Saks Holdings Bids To Buy Barney's Inc.
April 23, 1997 in Nation/World on Page A8 Saks Holdings Inc. and Isetan Co. said they are bidding to buy Barney's Inc. for $290 million. Barney's, which has been in bankruptcy court since January 1996, has been trying …
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Version: 1.0
This is a plugin developed for the newest feed from YCombinator News which has no RSS feed. It's very gentle and doesn't hit the server too often. Always be polite to others. Bit of a YCNews junkie, and annoyed I couldn't get a feed on my site (Shopping Cart Reviews) and (Smartpoppy) so built this plugin.


text:
Museum cockroach expert George Beccaloni talks about the huge variety of cockroaches that exist, shows you some live specimens and explains his work on the first online database of the world's cockroaches, the Blattodea Species File Online (BSF).
Got a question or a comment about this video?
To watch video, you'll need to have Windows Media Player or QuickTime installed on your computer.
In World War II the Museum was used as a secret base to develop new gadgets for allied spies, including an exploding rat!


text:
September 18, 2013
The Leviathon steam engine is parked next to the Saratoga & North Creek Railway engine at the North Creek Railway. The engine was in town this past weekend, giving rides during the Teddy Roosevelt Returns to North Creek festival.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


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When China Stops Buying US Treasuries
by Andrew White | July 6, 2015
I dutifully read my weekend edition of the Financial Times. One small column explored one of the most important issues of the day. It is an issue that is not...
Demographics and deflation
by Andrew White | July 5, 2015
I spied two interesting articles in the US print edition of the Financial Times on July 2nd:
- Sweden cuts interest rate to minus 0.35% over Greece fears
- Japan's...
Planning Cloud Analytics: conceptual architecture alternatives
by Lakshmi Randall | July 4, 2015
In my previous companion blog post "Planning Cloud Analytics: Key Questions to consider", I shared key questions to ask when planning Cloud Analytics. As a continuation, this blog illustrates sample...
The Internet of Blings and Pings
by Martin Kihn | July 2, 2015
And just when you thought Big Data couldn't get any bigger -- it can't. Along comes the Internet of Things (IoT) to make it look like a falling Bieber.
Do We Really Need all These People? When Less is More.
by Richard Fouts | July 2, 2015
Years ago, when I conducted a community chorus I asked (during a budget meeting), "Do we really need all these musicians?" One of the things this role taught me was...
A Scalable Chorus: Bringing Employee Voices to Social Marketing
by Jay Wilson | July 2, 2015
I read with interest this morning's Adweek recap of IBM's employee advocacy efforts in social media. Indeed, this is a trend we see as social marketers look for ways to improve reach and...
Now, What Is Hadoop?
by Merv Adrian | July 2, 2015
Updated July 3, 2015
This perennial question resurfaced recently in a thoughtful blog post by Andreas Neumann, Chief Architect of Cask, called What is Hadoop, anyway?. Ultimately, after a careful deconstruction of...
Christmas in July: Train now to win the holiday shopping race
by Kirsten Newbold | July 1, 2015
2014 was a year of record breaking online sales during the US Thanksgiving week and weekend with 26% growth on Black Friday and Cyber Monday up 16% year-over-year resulting in...
Speaking at Gartner Catalyst 2015
by Anton Chuvakin | July 1, 2015
Gartner Catalyst 2015, a conference by Gartner for Technical Professionals (GTP), is coming soon. Here is my traditional blog post summarizing my speaking at this event (San Diego, CA -...
Where has all the Stolen Data Gone? And who the heck is "King S"
by Avivah Litan | July 1, 2015
I just returned from Israel where one of the more interesting sessions I participated in included an impromptu discussion with some very smart attendees, including former Israeli intelligence officers trying...


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Originally written on 60 Max Power O | Last updated 11/26/12
David Wilson was selected in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft by the New York Giants, 32nd overall. The expectations were that Wilson would be the compliment to Ahmad Bradshaw. In the season opener against the Dallas Cowboys, Wilson lost a fumble on his second career carry and did not receive another carry for the rest of the game. He also opened the door as Andre Brown who rushed for 71 yards on 13 carries, converting a two-point conversion and scoring the game-winning touchdown against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers the following week, and securing the 2nd running back position. Wilson fell deeper in Tom Coughlin's doghouse until last night when Brown broke his fibula vs. the Green Bay Packers. "Takes an awful lot off of the win," Tom Coughlin said via Hank Gola of the New York Daily News, not exactly a vote of confidence for Wilson. Wilson has 24 carries for 102 yards and 1 touchdown in limited action in 2012 but now is pushed into the spotlight. Wilson came out of Virginia Tech with a reputation of being a fumbler, something he quickly reinforced in the season opener. However, one man's bad luck is another man's opportunity, and Wilson gets another shot at redemption. var switchTo5x=true; stLight.options({publisher:''});
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Learn more about DELUXE IPOD CASE - Carnation Pink:
Manufacturer: Royce Leather
Mfg Part#: 906-CP-5
Sku: 209182065
See more in MP3 Players Accessories
|Made from Top Grain Nappa Cowhide Leather this beautiful case keeps any version of iPod safe and secure. Flip over top has to pockets for bank or credit cards cut outs for head phone plug in and access to controls elastic sides holds unit securely in place. The exterior features a snap closure on the flap to protect the front of the unit and a handy clip on the back allows you to hook it onto a belt pocket of pant top.


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Outer Space Ark
Post your Comments or Review
This page has been viewed 10 times this month, and 821 times total.
Outer Space ArkOuter Space Ark (1972) Season 1 Episode 15- Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Cartoon Episode Guide
This page has been viewed 10 times this month, and 821 times total.
- Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Cartoon Episode Guide
- Hanna-Barbera Studios
- Cartoon Characters: Josie, Melody, Valerie, Alan, Alexander Cabot III, Alexandra Cabot, Sebastian, Bleep, Arkapus.
- Originally Released in 1972.
- Season: 1
- Color
- Running Time: 30 minutes.
Cartoon Summary:
The group thwarts a power plot by mad scientist Arkapus, who by means of a sonic transmitter has trained the local animals for conquest.
Submit Additional Information:
Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about Outer Space Ark? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!Report Errors / Submit Additional Information
Cartoon Comments:
Below are comments about this cartoon submitted by people who have seen this show. Take a look and see what others have said about Outer Space Ark. We want to know what you think, too!! Feel free to share your own opinion- we do want to hear from you! You can add your own comments here.
Outer Space Ark
Comments By: richardjf
The rich Pussycats characters were sadly outshadowed in this cartoon by the utterly ridiculous alien creatures that consisted of a giant rabbit, a giant ostrich and a giant deer among others that all made totally weird noises when they talked to Melody.
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Race One in Detroit Ends Early for Newgarden
Race One of the Indy Dual in Detroit looked to be smooth sailing for Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing (SFHR) before Josef Newgarden's day ended early on Lap 37 when he made contact with the wall in Turn 7.
Newgarden was credited with 20th place after completing 36 of 70 laps on the 13-turn, 2.35-mile street circuit at Belle Isle.
"I feel bad for everyone on our team," Newgarden said. "They've done a great job this weekend, especially coming off of Indy with the long stretch that they've had. The crew has been working flat out."
Newgarden started 14th on Belle Isle's street circuit and drove his way to fifth place before the incident, which damaged his front wing and left front suspension.
"It's my fault; I messed up," Newgarden said. "I locked up the rear brakes, and I couldn't catch the (car) into the corner. It caught me off guard. I didn't lock up before that, and then all the sudden I got a big one from the rear side, and I was sliding all the way through the corner.
"It's a silly mistake that cost us today. We had a great car, and we were doing a great job. We didn't really have any complications, so days like that you want to finish strong and do a good job overall."
Will Power of Team Penske won the race.
Newgarden's No. 67 SFHR Dallara/Honda/Firestone car will have a shot at redemption in Race 2 of the dual weekend Sunday, June 1.
"I hope we have a good day tomorrow," Newgarden said. "We get another chance to qualify and to race so I know we will have a great car again, and I will do my best out there for the team."
The second Indy Dual in Detroit race will air live on ABC at 3:30 p.m. (ET) Sunday. Newgarden will qualify the No. 67 car for the second race at 10 a.m. (ET).
To keep up with the latest team news and updates, follow @SFHRindy on Twitter and Instagram and like Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing on Facebook.
Tags Indy Dual in DetroitJosef NewgardenSarah Fisher Hartman RacingVerizon IndyCar Series
- Previous Newgarden Looking To Bounce Back in Belle Isle
- Next Newgarden Dropkicked on Day 2 in Detroit


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Would a 2048x1536 iPad 3 qualify as a Retina display?
Even if the iPad 3 does indeed come with a 9.7-inch, 2048x1536 screen, would that still qualify as a "Retina display"? Does Retina display even have official qualifications? Ever since Apple adopted Retina display as the name for the iPhone 4's high pixel density screen, there's been some confusion as to both of those things. At 330dpi, the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S seems obvious. At 264dpi, a theoretical iPad 3 not so much.
Heroically, TUAW's Richard Gaywood has busted out the tape measure and done the math, and not just about the iPad 3, and here's his determination.
a pixel-doubled iPad running at 2048x1536 is easily enough definition to count as a Retina display -- even at a 16" viewing distance, which is on the close side from my experimentation with an iPad and a tape measure.
Retina is a function of distance as much as density, so the larger the screen, the further you hold it from your eyes, and the lower the density needs to be to effectively "disappear".
Richard's whole post is outstanding, and includes discussion on Retina display Macs as well, so be sure to hit the link below.
Source: TUAW
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Would a 2048x1536 iPad 3 qualify as a Retina display?
@SF Giants fan - Its an Apple fan blog so obviously they'd fall for this stupid marketing scheme.
iMore - Home for the iZombies
We r not iZombies as much as simply iFans. Fans of a great company that makes great products... U can find fanboys where ever you look, apple, google, Microsoft, blackberry and so on. I still never get people that come to a site dedicated to a specific device or culture and expect to see posts bashing the products. We all know all our devices from various manufactures have failures and faults but we have chosen them because they work best for us in the long run... Just head back to your favorite forum of choice and leave everyone to their own "devices" so to speak...
Would it be like the difference between the iPod touch 4, and the iPhone 4? Does it really matter? If you compare a iPod touch 1,2,or 3 to the 4, yes big difference in display, but if you compare the 4 to an iPhone 4, even a bigger difference. I think any any improvement over the iPad, or iPad 2 will be fantastic, retina or not. Boils down to user experience. It does make you wonder what they plan for the next generation of devices.
Retina is a function of distance as much as density, so the larger the screen, the further you hold it from your eyes, and the lower the density needs to be to effectively "disappear".
That was said at the iPhone 4 presentation, too. So it's already known for years.
The closet I hold my iPad 2 to my face is about 1 foot, and I can barely notice the pixels at that distance. Who gives a $&@?! I'm not going to hold it as close to my face as an iPhone, and if the iPad 3 or 2s or iPad 4g (rediculous naming scheme) has double the current res, then I would have to put my face on it and make out to notice the pixels,
Why does it matter what it's called or qualifies as? As long as the resolution is higher! That's all that truly matters! If it had the same screen as the first two you all would buy it anyway.


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Gear Review
Jeff Guest
Nalgene is Durable!
I own lots of Nalgene bottles of different sizes and this one is very nice at 32 oz. I use it at work and when I go camping. I also keep it next to my bed in case I get thirsty during the night. I've had a friend shoot his old one with a shotgun and it to 2 shots to put 1 tiny crack in it! I threw one full of water off a 70ft cliff and it didn't break! That is durable! :)
View More Details on Nalgene Wide Mouth Tritan Bottle - 32oz


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of the Year
Matt Ryan, QB Boston College
He threw too many interceptions (18) and
struggled in a few of the biggest games
of the year, but he provided college
football with one of the most thrilling
three minutes in the road win over
Virginia Tech and led his Eagles to the
ACC title game. When he was needed down
the stretch, he came through, even if
his team lost three of its final five
games, with two 400-yard games and three
300 yarders. If nothing else, he was the
signature national player for the ACC
throughout the season.
Player of the Year -
Jamie Silva, FS Boston College
Virginia DE Chris Long is the ACC's most
talented defensive player, and might be
the league's best player, but Silva had
the best season of any defender
finishing sixth in the league in tackles
while coming up with six interceptions.
He was all over the place in the loss to
Florida State wit 18 tackles, 15 solo,
with a sack.
2006 CFN All-ACC Team |
2007 CFN Preseason All-ACC Team


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Movea Announces Beyond Fusion conference on June 23 in San Francisco First-of-its-kind event features important industry leaders discussing the 'what and how' of bringing advanced context awareness to smart devices Business Wire SAN FRANCISCO -- May 2, 2014 Movea (www.movea.com), a leader in data fusion and motion-sensing technology for consumer electronics, today announced the Beyond Fusion conference on June 23, 2014, at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in downtown San Francisco. This premiere industry event will feature experts from companies including Audience, Broadcom, InvenSense, Neurosky, Samsung and STMicroelectronics, who will explore the "what and how" of bringing sophisticated and advanced context awareness to smart devices including smartphones, wearables and peripheral devices. Beyond Fusion will highlight and examine the growing role of sensors in smart devices, the implications of deploying context-aware applications and the increasing usage of data in our daily lives. Highlights of the conference agenda include discussions on: *Creating the ultimate user experience *Extending consumers' abilities beyond the five senses *Problem solving around the cost and power consumption issues associated with deploying context aware applications *Enabling smartphone and connected peripheral sensors to measure physical and environmental activities. "The Beyond Fusion conference is one important way Movea is showing its commitment to bringing context awareness to smart devices," said Sam Guilaumé, CEO of Movea. "We're excited to collaborate with partners, customers, and other industry leaders to further explore how the next generation of smart devices will simplify and enhance our daily life." "This year alone, we're expecting to see more than 6 billion new Internet-enabled devices," said Shane Walker, analyst for IHS and speaker at the event. "Context awareness is a vital ingredient to the Internet of Things, turning the myriad of sensors in our devices into countless smart applications for always-on connected devices. It's important to have industry leaders gather together to discuss the opportunities in this area and work to avoid potential barriers that could stand in the way of adoption." Beyond Fusion's complete speaker lineup are the following industry experts: *Alexis Bernard, Audience *Steve Malkos, Broadcom *Hugues Metras, CEA-Leti *Shane Walker, IHS *Mike Housholder, InvenSense *Bruno Flament, Movea *Jake Chuang, Neurosky *Blake Bullock, Samsung LSI *Jay Esfandyari, STMicroelectronics. Check out http://www.beyondfusionconference.com/ for registration details and the full agenda. For additional updates, follow @beyondfusioncon and @MoveaDataFusion on Twitter. Register for the event today, as space is limited. For conference questions, please email email@example.com. ABOUT MOVEA Movea is the leading provider of data fusion and motion processing firmware, software, and IP for the consumer electronics industry. Thriving on its portfolio of more than 500 patents, Movea turns sensor data into meaningful personal information, decoding and analyzing sensor signals using ultra-low power, high performance algorithms and data hub technology. Our expertise enables customers and partners to unlock the 1 trillion sensors opportunity into 1 million smart applications for mobile, sports and interactive TV while reducing the risk, cost, and time-to-market for delivering compelling new features that differentiate their products and deliver more end-user value. Movea has a global presence with headquarters in Grenoble, France, subsidiaries in the U.S. in Silicon Valley, Calif., and Seoul, South Korea, as well as technology and manufacturing partners and distributors around the world. For more information visit www.movea.com or follow us on Twitter at @MoveaDataFusion. Contact: Racepoint Global for Movea Jon Diaz, +1-415-694-6708 firstname.lastname@example.com
Movea Announces Beyond Fusion conference on June 23 in San Francisco
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Pilates N HarmonyRead MoreWhile Pilates a popular fitness method, Pilates N Harmony states that its primary principle is concentration. Aided by supportive instruction and a tranquil environment, instructors provoke this concentration within their students by first coaxing their mind into a meditative state. From there, an uninhibited attitude allows students to focus their energy on self-improvement. Of course, Pilates are only a subset of the rewarding and challenging classes Pilates N Harmony has to offer. The studio also offers a variety of all-ages yoga and zumba classes, such as vinyasa yoga and zumba core. 30-minute assessments and private instruction are also available for any class type.1872 Polk StHollywood, FL US
MetaBody Yoga & Fitness PassRead MoreWith a name that combines words meaning wholeness, life, and joy, OM'echaye welcomes clients searching for ways to look and feel their best through fitness classes and alternative health treatments. Classes range from Zumba to cycling. Yoga sessions derived from traditions including Iyengar, Kundalini, and Vinyasa soothe minds while building flexibility, and Pilates workouts build the core strength needed for holding up the earth while Atlas is on vacation. The center also delves into the internal aspects of health and wellness with integrative living programs that run the gamut from dieting and detox to acupuncture and vibrational therapy. Spa services help clients look as good as they feel, aiding relaxation with massages or enhancing exteriors with facials and manicures. The center?s restaurant even helps guests stay on track by dishing up healthy fare made with fresh, natural ingredients, rather than serving preprocessed foods or meats from extinct animals.1100 E. Hallandale Beach Blvd.Hallandale Beach, FL US
Olympia Gym & Fitness CenterRead MoreEstablished in 1978, Olympia Gym is more than just a fitness facility with cutting-edge equipment and classes?it's a family-oriented private club that caters to members who want the most out of their workout. Owners Delia and Peter Cicale as well as the trainers and staff provide a fun and safe way to achieve your desired weight. Amenities at the gym include Hoist Roc-It machines that adjust to users' movements, a free weight room, a steam and sauna room, kids' karate classes, and TRX and Power Plate vibration training that enhances the ability to gain muscle. Their training services are performed by industry experts with decades of knowledge and experience. But beyond the gym's compassionate, motivating people is an impressive list of credentials ? they have been dubbed the Best Gym and Best Trainers by the Miami Sun Post. Their trainers specialize in injury recovery and services for pre- and post-natal women, but whatever your fitness needs and goals are, the gym's down-to-earth crew is there to help you achieve them.20335 Biscayne Blvd.Aventura, FL US
Bikram Yoga College of India-AventuraRead MoreIn 1977, Maritza Detz ventured into the health-care industry. As a licensed practical nurse, she ameliorated injuries, softened the effects of trauma, and cemented her desire to help others live fuller lives. This career laid the groundwork for her next occupation as a certified Bikram-yoga instructor. Since 1988, she's been practicing Bikram Choudhury's 26-posture practice, helping students of all athletic abilities and fitness levels recovery from injuries, strengthen their bodies, and expel harmful toxins accumulated during family reunions.20695 Biscayne BoulevardMiami, FL US
TransForm PilatesRead MoreRobin Ryan and Christine DeStefano know that in each person?s body is written the story of their lives, from wear and tear caused by a job to past injuries that can limit mobility. Using Reformer machines?exercise-enhancing equipment invented by concept founder Joseph Pilates?they help write a new chapter in the body?s history. Among their many benefits, Reformers help remove unnecessary joint and muscle stress from exercising, allowing people to achieve body-transforming workouts without irritating old injuries. With only eight Reformers in the studio, class sizes remain intimate, allowing Robin and Christine to provide personal instruction to teach student. Classes typically last one hour or the amount of time it takes a beer belly to come to terms with its shrinking existence.17771 SW 2nd StreetPembroke Pines, FL US
Just Breathe YogaRead MoreEvery human being is perfection, is love, is amazing on every level, Ashley reminds you. Her classes are a perfect experience for any level student of Yoga, she is sensitive to every individual that she meets. Her intention in her Power and Vinyasa Yoga classes is to show you who you really are- which is DIVINE PERFECTION.17070 Collins AveSunny Isles Beach, FL US


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Discover the powerful tool set offered in the audio post-production application Audition CC.
The fundamentals of delay and modulation effects and how to apply these effects, technically and creatively, to improve the sound of a mix.
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Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
- FP Exclusive :
- Only sold thru Free People
Lightweight and flowy printed halter dress. Button closures at neck. Bandeau style top that ties in back. Elastic waistband. Lined.
*100% Rayon
*Lining: 55% Rayon, 45% Cotton
*Hand Wash Cold
*Lining: 55% Rayon, 45% Cotton
*Hand Wash Cold
Measurements for Small:Waist: 29"= 74 cm
Length: 33 1/4"= 84 1/2
Rated 4.2 out of 5Â by 5 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5Â by Burg333 Stunning I absolutely love the details on this dress. The way the dress is cut around the shoulders is really nice. The only things to watch out for: the elastic around the back will stretch easily (I've worn the dress maybe 4 times and I have to have it replaced before I can wear it again) and you may have to re-tighten the tie in the back throughout your day/night wearing it. But I still highly recommend this dress. It's a little daring and edgy while still being subtle about it. 8.8.2014
Rated 4 out of 5Â by mandaray pretty pretty. love this dress so much! I'm 5'2, 115lbs, the fit on me is a little off. I ordered an XS and the the top was still loose. But overall it's a great dress! 7.29.2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by stormielynn87 so cute Love this dress. It runs a little bit big in my opinion. I ordered my normal size small and it was a tad roomy. I am 5'3" with a 34B bust. But overall the dress is really lovely. Not transparent in the slightest, at least in the dark color. 7.2.2014
Rated 4 out of 5Â by jblack28 Great dress! I purchased this dress in my usual size small and it fits wonderfully! For reference, I am 5'8 and 123 pounds. I am always skeptical about ordering dresses online because most of the time they end up too short, but this is the perfect length. The neckline could be a bit more fitted, but there are two different buttons to adjust the halter part so it makes it okay to work with. 6.25.2014
Rated 4 out of 5Â by BlackMagicWoman Casablance sunset dress The dress is adorable. I find the halter part to be a little too big so I will have to pin it tighter around my neck rather than using the buttons. Overall, I love the dress. 5.30.2014
1-5 of 5
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A temperature sensitive memory, such as a ferroelectric polymer memory, may be utilized as a disk cache memory in one embodiment. If the temperature begins to threaten shutdown, the memory may be transitioned from a write-back to a write-through cache memory. In such case, the system is ready for shutdown without the loss of critical data.
1. A method comprising:
monitoring a temperature of a cache memory;
adjusting the operation of a system using said memory at a first temperature; and
in response to the detection of a higher, second temperature, transitioning the cache memory from a write-back cache to a write-through cache.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. An article comprising a medium storing instructions that, if executed, enable a processor-based system to:
monitor a temperature of a cache memory;
adjust the operation of a system using said memory at a first temperature; and
in response to the detection of a higher, second temperature, transitioning the cache memory from a write-back cache to a write-through cache.
13. The article of
14. The article of
15. The article of
16. The article of
17. The article of
18. The article of
19. The article of
20. The article of
21. The article of
22. The article of
23. A processor-based system comprising:
a processor;
a disk drive coupled to said processor;
a cache memory coupled said processor; and
a storage to store a cache driver to monitor a temperature of said cache memory and adjusting the operation of a system using said memory at a first temperature and, in response to the detection of a higher, second temperature, transitioning the cache memory from a write-back cache to a write-through cache.
24. The system of
25. The system of
26. The system of
27. The system of
28. The system of
29. The system of
30. The system of
31. The system of
32. A circuit comprising:
a component to receive an indication of a first temperature of a cache memory and to develop a signal to transition the cache memory from a write-back cache to a write-through cache in response to said temperature indication, said component to receive an indication of a second temperature, lower than said first temperature, and to develop a signal to vary the operation of a system to adjust for the temperature affected operation of said cache memory.
33. The circuit of
34. The circuit of
35. The circuit of
36. The circuit of
37. The circuit of
38. The circuit of
This invention relates generally to electronic memories which may be sensitive to higher temperature environments.
In many cases, electronic memories may be subjected to higher temperature operating environments. For example, within a notebook or mobile personal computer, elevated temperatures may be encountered. Some types of memory may cease to function correctly at extended temperatures.
Ferroelectric polymer memory uses a polymer between a pair of electrodes. Ferroelectric polymer memories may be subject to voltage based disturbs at higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, a ferroelectric polymer memory may slow down its operation in order to function correctly.
This tendency to reduce speed at extended temperatures may complicate the operation of the system which relies on the ferroelectric polymer memory or other temperature sensitive memories. The slower data transfer rate may be unexpected by the rest of the system, since the remainder of the system may not be aware of the higher temperature conditions. Thus, the unexpected speed reduction may create unexpected problems in processor-based systems that rely on these memories, for example for caching purposes.
Thus, there is a need for a way to adapt processor-based systems to temperature sensitive memories.
Referring to
The system 10 may include a processor 12 coupled in one architecture to a memory control hub 16. The hub 16 may in turn be coupled to an input/output control hub 18 in that architecture. The input/output control hub 18 may be coupled to a disk drive 20 and a cache memory 22. The cache memory 22 may be temperature sensitive. As examples, the temperature sensitive cache memory may be a ferroelectric polymer memory or a flash memory.
The memory 22 may include a temperature sensor 24 in one embodiment of the present invention. The temperature sensor 24 may be a silicon diode formed on or integrated into the memory 22 in one embodiment.
Although a particular architecture is illustrated in
The processor 12 may include a storage 14 that stores a cache driver 14 that executes on the processor 12. The cache driver 14 adapts the processor-based system 10 to the vagaries of the cache memory 22 and, particularly, to its temperature sensitivity. For example, in one embodiment, when the temperature rises, and the memory 22 has a slower data transfer rate, the cache driver 14 may enable the system to adapt. The driver 14 itself may adapt to make more optimal decisions about what data to cache and not cache based on its knowledge of the cache's current data rate in view of the detected temperature.
Whenever the driver 14 makes a request to the cache memory 22, a status code is returned. This status code includes whether the operation succeeded or failed, whether error correction was applied, how much was applied, and the cache's temperature environment.
Referring to
The system 10 transitions from the normal operation state 26, to a reduced speed operation state 28, for example when the cache memory 22 is exposed to an elevated temperature environment called the throttle temperature range. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor 24 may detect that a higher temperature environment has been encountered. This higher or throttle temperature environment may be a temperature in the range of 60 to 80� C. in an embodiment where the cache memory 22 is a ferroelectric polymer memory.
In this throttle temperature range, the cache memory 22 may be exposed to voltage disturbs if it does not reduce its data transfer rate. A voltage disturb is a voltage that causes data to be written incorrectly. The use of the memory 22 may be adjusted for reduced speed operation, if any, at state 28. For example, in one embodiment, the cache driver 14 may avoid operations like pre-fetching or other speculative data acquisitions that may necessitate higher data transfer rates than the cache memory 22 can currently support. Also, the timing of the control logic on the memory 22 may be slowed down.
From the reduced speed operation state 28, the system may transition to an operation safe for sudden shutdown state 30. This may occur when the temperature becomes even more elevated. In one embodiment, using a cache memory 22 that is a ferroelectric polymer memory, the state 30 may be encountered at a critical temperature of 80 to 85� C.
In the state 30, the system 10 switches to a write-through caching algorithm and dirty cache lines (i.e., those that have not been written to system memory) are flushed. The system 10 may be close to the upper temperature or shutoff temperature of the cache memory 22. Thus, the cache driver 14 software or its hardware equivalent, changes algorithms so that it can shut off at any time without compromising data integrity. The driver 14 may cause the memory 22 to operate as a write-through cache rather than a write-back cache so that there is no dirty data in the cache.
The next transition, to the cache shutdown state 32, may occur at a shut-off temperature of about 85� C. in the embodiment in which the cache memory 22 is a ferroelectric polymer memory. In this transition, cache lines may be invalidated and the cache memory 22 may be shut off.
The system 10 then waits for a reduced or critical temperature range to introduce hysteresis in state 34. Alternatively, the system may wait until a reboot/resume before resuming reduced speed cache operations. From the hysteresis state 34, the system 10 may transition back to reduced speed operation state 28 by initializing a cache state, beginning the use of the cache, and using reduced speed algorithms. In the reduced speed operation state 28, with reduced temperature, the system 10 may adjust the algorithm for full speed operations, eventually returning, as indicated at F, to the normal operation state 26 at the normal temperature range.
Transitions may be spurred by the temperature sensor 24 that provides the temperature information to the cache driver 14 to appropriately control the operation of the system 10. For example, in the transition A, the temperature sensor 24 may indicate a throttle temperature range through the cache driver 14. The transition B may be initiated in response to a critical temperature range and the transition C may be indicated in response to the detection of a shutoff temperature. The transition D may be the result of a status indication of a critical temperature. The transition E may be the result of a status indication of a throttle temperature range, while the transition F may result from a status indication of a normal temperature range.
When the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor 24 is rising, the cache memory 22 is switched to write-through caching, so if the temperature rises further, and cache memory 22 shutdown is necessary, it can be done without loss of data integrity. The cache memory 22 operates in a shutdown safe mode without dirty data in the cache. The critical range is set sufficiently below the shutdown temperature to allow margin for writing the dirty data before the temperature rises to shutdown.
If the temperature reaches the shutdown temperature, the cache memory 22 is no longer used. The contents of the cache memory 22 are invalidated so that, in case of a crash and recovery, it is clear that the contents of a cache memory 22 are invalid. As the temperature cools, there are two choices in some embodiments. Under one choice, the system 10 can wait until a reboot or resume to start up the cache memory 22 again. Alternatively, the system 10 can wait until the temperature is below the critical temperature. In either case, the cache memory 22 may be reinitialized and started from empty.
Referring to
Next, a check at diamond 40 determines whether or not a critical temperature has been exceeded. If so, the cache memory 22 may be switched to operate as a write-through cache as indicated in block 42. Also, any dirty lines may be flushed as indicated in block 44.
Thereafter, the driver 14 monitors for the occurrence of a shutoff temperature as determined in diamond 46. If it is detected, the cache memory 22 may be shutdown as indicated in block 48. Thereafter, the memory 22 may transition back through a hysteresis state 34 to a reduced speed operation state 28, back to normal operation as shown in
Thus, despite temperature sensitivity, some memories can be used as cache memories, for disk caching purposes for example, when the operating range is less than the possible temperatures experienced in real life usage. In one such case, the cache memory 22 may be utilized as a disk cache to cache information read off the disk drive 20.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
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Sonesta Announces New Hotel in Philadelphia - the Sonesta Hotel PhiladelphiaSonesta International Hotels Corporation announces its first hotel in Pennsylvania, the 445-room Sonesta Hotel Philadelphia. Scheduled to come under Sonesta management June 18th, 2012, the hotel is located in downtown Philadelphia just 8 miles from Philadelphia International (PHL) Airport. The hotel is currently known as the Crowne Plaza Hotel Philadelphia Downtown. Additional information and reservations for stays after June 18, 2012 are available at www.Sonesta.com/Philadelphia.
Sonesta Hotel Philadelphia is within walking distance of the business district and many popular downtown Philadelphia attractions. Guest rooms offer luxurious bedding, high speed wireless internet access, and views of downtown Philadelphia. The hotel features a swimming pool with panoramic views of the city, a 24-hour fitness center and a 24-hour business center. With 16,000 square feet of meeting space, Sonesta Hotel Philadelphia easily accommodates meetings and events. The hotel features a full service restaurant offering breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night dining in a pub style atmosphere.
Philadelphia is a vibrant and historic colonial city. The hotel's downtown neighborhood is home to Rittenhouse Square, the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Penn's Landing, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia's venues for professional sports are located nearby. Theaters, museums and great restaurants are a short walk from the hotel.
Discover Sonesta Hotels & Resorts in Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Fort Lauderdale Beach, Hilton Head Island, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Sint Maarten (3), Panama, Chile (4), Colombia (4), Ecuador, Peru (7), and Egypt (10). Sonesta ES Suites is an extended stay hotel brand managed by Sonesta found in Andover MA, Atlanta GA, Auburn Hills MI, Burlington MA, Charlotte NC, Columbia MD, Dublin OH, Flagstaff AZ, Houston TX, Orlando FL, Parsippany NJ, Princeton NJ, Malvern PA, St. Louis MO, Schaumburg IL and Somerset NJ. For more about the Sonesta Collection, visit Sonesta.com or call +1.617.315.9200 or 800.SONESTA (800.766.3782) in the U.S. and Canada.
*High resolution images are available at www.sonesta.com/media for all Sonesta hotels.
*High resolution images are available at www.sonesta.com/media for all Sonesta hotels.


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Sorbet colors give spring its flavor.
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Executives from all four of the organizations that form the UIHA noted they have longstanding relationships and a history of working together on selected projects.
The formation of UIHA on On June 29, 2012, was a significant step forward because it formalized the relationships and created an infrastructure to achieve real improvement and cost savings. In many ways it was the next logical step in the clinical relationships between the organizations.
The organizations worked together in various configurations for more than a year to analyze the changing health care environment, determine the best strategies and structures for responding to future demands to create better value for their patients and communities.
We are pleased and committed to working together to assure continued access to excellent health care for Iowans, as well as the shared expansion of our research and education missions into more communities. This is truly a very forward-thinking, exciting and innovative way to address the many changes in our health care environment.
We have approached this alliance in a very thoughtful way to ensure we're moving in the right direction and at the right pace. We genuinely believe we are creating a 'best of both worlds' alliance that will bring real benefits to the founding members, to many other independent providers and organizations wishing to join with us, and to the people of Iowa we serve every day.
University of Iowa Health Alliance
100 Court Avenue, Suite 405 Des Moines, IA 50309 855-944-4692


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Originally written on Fox Sports Arizona | Last updated 1/7/13
TORONTO (AP) -- The NHL will most likely play a 48-game season after its new labor agreement is ratified. Deputy commissioner Bill Daly told The Canadian Press on Monday it's looking "more and more" likely that 48 will be the number of games played. There had been some hope when the tentative deal was reached Sunday morning that a 50-game season might be possible. The sides are working on a memorandum of understanding that will be put to a vote to finalize the new collective bargaining agreement, which was agreed to Sunday. The league has circulated a memo to teams telling them to be ready to play by Jan. 19. That is the date the shortened season is most likely to start.
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