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What if Jonathan were a general?
And so with fiat, President Goodluck Jonathan on January 1 removed fuel subsidy, setting the stage for a clash between his administration and the people. That Jonathan will remove subsidy was a foregone conclusion. The issue was when it will take off. And on that even his key lieutenants did not know the inner workings of his mind.
The timing for the removal was kept close to Jonathan's chest all because of the sinister motive surrounding his action. When last the president and his men spoke on the issue, we were told that he was still consulting. As at then, he had met party leaders, labour activists, students representatives, media chiefs, a section of the organised private sector and youths, among others. It was the president's way of showing that he wanted to be guided in whatever action he took on the matter.
But typical of him, he forsook all what he might have been told when the time for him to act came. He simply did what he had planned to do all along. For long, many of us have been looking at Jonathan as a man without fire in his belly. A softie who will cringe at the sight of blood; but this Jonathan has started to show that he is not that meek. All the same, we still mistakenly carry about that picture of a man who is so gentle and genial that he cannot hurt a fly.
''I am not a general nor am I a Pharaoh or any of the babylonian kings in the Bible'', Jonathan once told us. If he is not any of these, how come he is acting as one? A general or a Pharaoh could not have acted worse than Jonathan in this circumstance. Jonathan enjoys being perceived as the nice guy next door when he knows he is not. He is wily, cunny and dangerous. This fuel subsidy thing has really exposed him for who he is.
Forget that the removal of subsidy was announced by the Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency (PPPRA). Who is PPPRA to do that without the directive of the president. The removal has the imprimatur of Jonathan, the meek and gentle king, who loves his subjects so much that he inflicted pain on them. Subsidy removal will bring pains to the people. We have been told by our president that the pains will be temporal and the gains everlasting. I wish I could believe him.
I am not taking in by the argument for subsidy removal because we are not being told the whole truth. How did we come about subsidy in the first place? Was it not to encourage major marketers to participate in products importation to ensure their availability all year round? Who are these marketers? How are they paid? How much were they paid over the years? Are there records of these transactions? Were the books ever audited? If they were, was any fraud detected? If there was, were the culprits brought to book? If we are today saying that some people overdrew on the subsidy provision of N240 billion for last year, isn't it the job of the government to fish out those involved?
Must the citizenry be punished for the offence of a few people? Government should carry the can for the mismanagement of the subsidy fund. It should not shift the blame for its incompetence and inefficiency to the people. A government that is worth its salt would have dug into the fuel subsidy fiasco rather than be looking for something that is not lost.The N1.3 trillion drawn as subsidy last year opened the eyes of government to the rot in the petroleum sector. Unfortunately, many of those involved are still in the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), PPPRA or Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR).
Since Sunday, many have been gnashing their teeth over the high cost of petrol. The price has virtually shot through the roof following the removal of subsidy. The price varies from one filling station to the other. In some places, it sells for N200, in others, it is either N175, N160, N155, N150, N141 or N138. It is only NNPC that is selling for N138. Yet, we are told that our suffering (pains) will be for a while. How many Nigerian barbers, grocery sellers, tailors and the likes can afford to buy petrol at these cutthroat prices.This is one side of the coin. The other side is the multiplier effect on the economy. The prices of goods and services are bound to go up and when they do, only God knows when they will come down, that is if they will ever come down.
This is the danger in what Jonathan has done. The president and his spin doctors say it is only subsidy removal that can bail us out of our economic doldrums. This is not true. How much did we vote for sudsidy last year. A mere N240 billion. What can that amount do in an economy like Nigeria's. Nothing. The problem with our leaders is that they are lazy, damn lazy. They are always looking for an easy way out of any problem. There is no doubt that the country is cashstrapped and our leaders are looking for funds at all costs to develop infrastructure.
Without much thought, someone might have drawn the president's attention to the subsidy fund, which he sees, anyway, as money just put aside for the boys. Because the money was being mismanaged, he might have been right. But he forgot something: the people were getting fuel to buy at N65 per litre because of that subsidy since the government has decided that our refineries should remain comatose. We need more than the subsidy fund to provide all the infrastructure the government is now promising us. Whether at N240billion or N1.3trillion, there is no way either of this amount could meet the developmental needs of the country.
Anyway, with the removal of subsidy, which gain is the government now talking about? Where will the gain come from? Can you make profit from a business in which you did not invest? If we did not make provision for subsidy in this year's budget, what savings are we talking about that the Kolade panel will manage? Or is the government thinking of giving the panel money outside the budget and damn the constitutional consequences.
Well, you can never say with this president. If he can remove fuel subsidy without the consent of the National Assembly, what can he not do. Yet, he is neither a general nor a Pharaoh! Whether or not he will win this subsidy battle is, however, a different matter.
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What Boko Haram and NADECO have in common
As we watched troubled President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan in his black kaftan with black cap behind the distraught emir of Kano last week, it was ... Full story


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Using Distortion Products to Effect Automatic Frequency Control in FM Tuners
Tuning systems developed for FM tuners are designed to minimize distortion. Recent, as well as traditional approaches to this problem, have concentrated on correction of local oscillator frequency using independent frequency references or a correction voltage developed from an FM demodulator. This paper describes a frequency correction system based on direct analysis of distortion products produced in the intermediate-frequency bandpass filter, and the implementation of a system that corrects tuning to effect a null in distortion products.
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I feel like a terrible failure, and I don't know what to do. I really feel like the worst mother in the world. Seeing moms that have such a strong bond with their child kills me. Why can't I have that?
OT: Still having issues bonding with my toddler?
I feel like a terrible failure, and I don't know what to do. I really feel like the worst mother in the world. Seeing moms that have such a strong bond with their child kills me. Why can't I have that?
MamaS [6/19/93] Teen-age, Cloth-diapering, Full-time student & mama to
BabyL [10/15/11] ♥ BabyA [8/02/13]
Comments (7)
Also, just playing on the floor with them, or laying on the floor and letting them crawl on you. It sounds silly, but they love it.
Wife. Mom. L&D RN.
In a way I'm having the same issue as you. I have a great bond with my 15 month old son, but I have a terrible fear of having a girl this time around. It's very extreme in the sense that I feel as if I won't be able to love her, or even have the urge to feed and care for her. I feel like a terrible person and a horrible mom. Because of this I have decided to go and talk to someone who can help me figure out why I feel this way and help me through it. I have my first appointment tomorrow and I'm very excited to get things worked out. Maybe you just need to talk to someone about your feelings?
I'm sure you are a wonderful mom to your son, and will be a wonderful mom to this baby as well. Maybe you can sign up for some mother/child classes? My son & I go to swim classes every Saturday at the local YMCA and we have a great time together.
I know a girl who had trouble bonding with her daughter for almost 2 years. It wasn't that she was a bad mom (in fact, she's one of the best young moms I know now), but she had a traumatic birth (she was unconscious during the emergency c-section so she basically woke up and there was a kid there) so I really believe it messed with her brain chemistry. It seems like you had a traumatic time after birth, so your brain may have gone into survival mode rather than bonding mode. I think it will come with time. The most important thing is to not feel guilty or like a failure because it's not something you can control. I have a hunch that a lot of women don't immediately bond with their children but there's such a taboo on talking about that, that almost all women will fake it.
The fact that you're concerned about this makes me think you're probably a great mom...
I'm no psychologist...so this could be completely 100% inaccurate, but have you ever talked to a therapist? Could you possibly be having a post-traumatic stress event related to his birth and the events thereafter? I second PP's advice of seeing a therapist for sure.
Married to J [10.08].
Mommy to Harper [03.06.11] and Camden [08.15.13].
Me: 39 DH:32
DS: July 2010
Number 2 due 8th August 2013 Go Team Green!
Is it possible that you have unrealistic notions of what other moms feel?
BabyL [10/15/11] ♥ BabyA [8/02/13]


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Handel and Haydn Society Branches Out with Concerts Across Northeastern MA, Beg. Today
Handel and Haydn Society musicians will present three chamber-sized performances to audiences across Northeastern Massachusetts. H+H's expanded presence stems from strategic initiatives to broaden H+H's audience as it prepares for its upcoming Bicentennial Season.
The concerts will take place within a span of a few days and showcase the full breadth and talent of H+H's singers and instrumentalists. Members of the Period Instrument Orchestra and Chorus will perform a wide range of repertoire, from the choral heights of German Baroque composer Heinrich Schütz to the 19th-century Romantic sounds of Felix Mendelssohn.
Today's program H+H at the Peabody Essex Museum coincides with the opening day of the exhibition "Turner & the Sea." In the first full-scale examination of Joseph Mallord William Turner's lifelong preoccupation with the sea, the Salem museum's exhibition features iconic works spanning the painter's career. To celebrate, mezzo-soprano and museum director Mary Gerbi and baritone Bradford Gleim join violinist Abigail Karr and fortepianist Ian Watson for songs and music by Haydn, Mendelssohn, and British composers working at the same time as J.M.W. Turner.
The next day, members of the Handel and Haydn Society Chorus perform a concert of early American a cappella songs at the Concord Museum. This specially tailored program connects with the just-opened exhibition "The Shot Heard Round the World: April 19, 1775" with music heard during that same time period. Christopher Hogwood Historically Informed Performance Fellow Teresa Neff will provide introduction and commentary during the concert.
On Tuesday, June 3, H+H returns to historic King's Chapel for a free lunchtime concert of Schütz's Musikalische Exequien, Op. 7. Back Bay Chorale Music Director Scott Allen Jarrett will lead the Handel and Haydn Society Chorus in the 35-minute program that takes place at the same location as H+H's first concert in 1815.
H+H at the Peabody Essex Museum
Saturday, May 31, 2014 at 3pm
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lockups w/ Quadro 1000M and 64 bit Ubuntu 11.04, Fedora 15 w/ 270.41.19 or 270.41.06
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Join Date: Jun 2011
Posts: 2
lockups w/ Quadro 1000M and 64 bit Ubuntu 11.04, Fedora 15 w/ 270.41.19 or 270.41.06
I have a Thinkpad W520 with the display set to "Discrete..." in the bios, which sets it to the Quadro 1000M. With both Fedora 15 and Ubuntu 11.04 32 bit I have had no problems with the nVidia drivers. However, I have had terrible luck with the 64 bit distros & drivers. I am pretty confident that the fault is with the nVidia driver because in the 64 bit versions of Fedora 15 and Ubuntu 11.04 everything worked fine when my display was set to "Integrated..." in the bios, and switching to the nVidia adapter and driver caused the following stability issues (I tried both driver versions 270.41.19 and 270.41.06 w/ the same results as far as these lockups are concerned):
On 64 bit Ubuntu 11.04:
1. When I unplug the AC adapter from the laptop, the system locks up within a few seconds. I don't see anything helpful in /proc/kmesg or /var/log/syslog when this occurs. I am unable to ssh into the system when it locks up.
2. When I try to adjust the screen brightness, the system locks up. I haven't actually tried sshing in under this circumstance. I should mention that I've tried adding
Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"
under the "Device" section of my xorg.conf, and it didn't help.
3. When I unsuspend the system, there is a ~50% chance that it will successfully unsuspend. After failed unsuspend I am unable to ssh in.
On 64 bit Fedora 15:
When the nvidia adapter is enabled the system simply won't boot. It locks up well before I would be able to ssh into it. If I leave the default kernel parameters it locks up almost immediately, but if I set turn off the quiet and rhgb options it seems to get slightly farther (and I can see some console output, but nothing that is of obvious help) before locking up.
It's most important to me to resolve the issues w/ 64 bit Ubuntu 11.04, so I've generated a nvidia-bug-report.log.gz for this configuration, though it's before the lockup due to not being able to ssh in afterwards.
Has anyone had success using these 64 bit drivers with a Quadro 1000M? With what distro and version? I really don't want to be running 32 bit linux on this system.
Thanks in advance for any help or information,
- Peter
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The present invention relates to a method of determining characteristics of biological tissues in humans and animals. In particular, it relates to determining the characteristics of tissues such as the lungs and airways by introducing a sound to the tissue, and recording the sound. The invention further includes an apparatus capable of such measurement. In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining characteristics of biological tissue in situ, including: introducing a sound to the tissue at first position; detecting the sound at another position spaced from the first position after it has traveled through the tissue; calculating the velocity and attenuation of sound that has traveled through the tissue from the first position to another position; and correlating the velocity and attenuation of the detected sound to characteristics of the biological tissue.
1. Apparatus for determining characteristics of biological tissues, the apparatus comprising:
a sound generating device which generates a sound signal having audible frequencies;
a sound introduction means comprising a nosepiece adaptor for introduction of the generated sound into the biological tissue;
a recording device which records the sound after it has traveled from one position of the biological tissue, through the tissue and to another position of the tissue;
an analysis device which calculates the velocity and attenuation with which the sound travels through the tissue.
2. Apparatus according to
3. Apparatus according to
4. Apparatus according to
5. Apparatus according to
6. Apparatus according to
7. Apparatus according to
8. Apparatus according to
9. Apparatus according to
10. Apparatus according to
11. Apparatus according to
12. Apparatus according to
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/272,494 filed on Oct. 15, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,347,824, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/AU2001/00465 filed on Apr. 20, 2001, which designated the U.S., claims the benefit thereof and incorporates the same by reference.
The present invention relates to a method of determining characteristics of biological tissues in humans and animals. In particular, it relates to determining the characteristics of tissues such as the lungs and airways by introducing a sound to the tissue, and recording the sound. The invention further includes an apparatus capable of such measurement.
Non-invasive determination of the condition of biological tissues is useful in particular where the patient is unable to co-operate or the tissue is inaccessible for easy monitoring.
Techniques presently used in determining the characteristics of biological tissues include x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radio-isotopic imaging. These are generally expensive and involve some degree of risk which is usually associated with the use of X-rays, radioactive materials or gamma-ray emission. Furthermore, these techniques are generally complicated and require equipment which is bulky and expensive to install and, in most cases, cannot be taken to the bedside to assess biological tissues in patients whose illness prevents them being moved. The present invention provides a method which alleviates these difficulties, providing a non-invasive, cost-effective and ambulatory means for assessing and monitoring the condition of biological tissues in humans and animals alike.
Sound waves, particularly in the ultra-sound range have been used to monitor and observe the condition of patients or of selected tissues, such as the placenta or fetus. However, the process requires sophisticated and sometimes expensive technology and cannot be used in tissues in which there is a substantial quantity of gas, such as the lung.
Every year in Australia about 5000 newborn infants require a period of intensive care (ANZNN Annual Report, 1996-1997). Respiratory failure is the most common problem requiring support and is usually treated with a period of mechanical ventilation. Over the last decade the mortality of infants suffering respiratory failure has shown an impressive decline, attributable at least in part to improved techniques used in mechanical ventilation, and the introduction of surfactant replacement therapy (Jobe, 1993). The vast majority of infants now survive initial acute respiratory illness, but lung injury associated with mechanical ventilation causes many infants to develop 'chronic lung disease'. Chronic lung disease is characterised by persisting inflammatory and fibrotic changes, and causes over 90% of surviving infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation, and 30% of those of 28-31 weeks gestation, to be dependent on supplementary oxygen at 28 days of age. Of these, over half still require supplementary oxygen when they have reached a post-menstrual age of 36 weeks gestation (ANZNN Annual report, 1996-1997). Assistance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or artificial ventilation is also commonly required.
Historically, barotrauma and oxygen toxicity have been considered to be the primary culprits in the aetiology of chronic lung disease (Northway et al, 1967; Taghizadeh & Reynolds, 1976). However, trials of new strategies in mechanical ventilation which were expected to reduce barotrauma and/or exposure to oxygen have often had disappointingly little impact on the incidence of chronic lung disease (HIFI Study Group, 1989; Bernstein et al, 1996; Baumer, 2000). Comparison of strategies of conventional mechanical ventilation in animals (Dreyfuss et al, 1985) have indicated that high lung volumes may be more damaging than high intrapulmonary pressures, and has led to the concept of 'volutrauma' due to over-inflation of the lung. At the same time, experience with high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) has indicated that avoidance of under-inflation may be equally important. HFOV offers the potential to reduce lung injury by employing exceptionally small tidal volumes which are delivered at a very high frequency. However, this technique fails to confer benefit, if the average lung volume is low (HIFI Study Group, 1989), yet it appears to be successful if a normal volume is maintained (McCulloch et al, 1988; Gerstmann et al, 1996). This highlights the importance of keeping the atelectasis-prone lung 'open' (Froese, 1989). Evidence of this kind has led to the concept that a 'safe window' of lung volume exists within which the likelihood of lung injury can be minimised. The key to preventing lung injury may lie in maintaining lung volume within that safe window thereby avoiding either repetitive over-inflation or sustained atelectasis. (See
Attempts to maintain an optimal lung volume in the clinical setting are frustrated by a lack of suitable methods by which the degree of lung inflation can be monitored. In current practice, evaluation of oxygen requirements and radiological examination of the lungs are the principal techniques employed. However, oxygen requirements may be influenced by factors other than lung volume (for example intra- or extracardiac right to left shunting), and the hazards of radiation exposure prevent radiological examination being performed with the frequency required.
Monitoring of infants during mechanical ventilation has been significantly improved over the last decade by the incorporation of a pneumotachograph or hot-wire anemometer into the design of many neonatal ventilators. Although this provides a valuable tool for monitoring tidal volume and compliance, it gives only the most indirect indication (from the shape of the pressure-volume curve) of whether that tidal volume is being delivered in a setting of under-inflation, optimal inflation, or over-inflation. Furthermore, while absolute lung gas volume can be measured using 'gold-standard' techniques of Nitrogen (N2) washout or Helium (He) dilution, these are impractical for routine clinical use.
Even when lung volume is maintained in the "safe window", changes in the lung condition may manifest due to the general damaged or underdeveloped condition of the lung. Fluid and blood may accumulate in the lung, posing additional threats to the patient. Evaluation with a stethoscope of audible sounds which originate from within the lung (breath sounds) or are introduced into the lung (by percussion, or as vocal sounds) forms an essential part of any routine medical examination. However, in the sick newborn, the infant's small size, inability to co-operate and the presence of background noise greatly limits the value of such techniques.
Whilst determining and monitoring lung condition in newborn babies is difficult, determining lung condition in adults can be equally as challenging, particularly if a patient is unconscious or unable to cooperate. This places a further limitation on the presently available techniques for monitoring lung condition. Therefore, a clear need exists for a simple, non-invasive and convenient method by which the condition of the lung can be closely monitored in the clinical setting. Similarly, there is a need for a simple, non-invasive and convenient method of determining the condition of other biological tissues which may be prone to changes in their characteristics, through pathology or otherwise.
Accordingly, the present invention overcomes or at least alleviates some of the problems of the prior art.
In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining characteristics of biological tissue in situ, including:
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for determining characteristics of biological tissues, the apparatus including:
In an embodiment of the invention, a characteristic being determined is a state of the upper airways in a respiratory tract in a patient in situ, wherein:
This method is particularly useful for monitoring for sleep apnea.
In a preferred aspect of the present invention of the characteristics are determined for monitoring lung condition in situ and wherein:
Previous work shows that measurement of sound velocity alone may provide a technique for assessing lung density and gives an insight into the degree of lung inflation. However, no attempt has been made to evaluate the potential utility of the measurement of sound velocity and attenuation as a clinical tool.
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention the characteristics are determined for measuring lung inflation, wherein:
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, of the characteristics are determined for predicting chronic lung disease in infants, wherein:
In yet another preferred aspect of the invention of the characteristics are determined for diagnosing lung disease, said method including measuring lung density, wherein:
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, the characteristics are determined for preventing lung injury, said method including monitoring lung condition, wherein:
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for monitoring lung condition, said apparatus including:
In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining characteristics of biological tissue in situ, said method illustrated in
Characteristics of biological tissues can be determined by measuring the velocity and attenuation of a sound as it propagates through the tissue. This can be achieved by introducing a sound to a particular location or position on the tissue, allowing the sound to propagate through the tissue and measuring the velocity and attenuation with which the sound travels from its source to its destination, wherein the destination includes a receiver which is spatially separated from the sound's source.
Characteristics of the biological tissue may include a feature of the tissue including but limited to its make-up, volume, condition or position in the body.
Biological tissues may include any single tissue or a group of tissues making up an organ or part or region of the body. The tissue may comprise a homogeneous cellular material or it may be a composite structure such as that found in regions of the body including the thorax which for instance can include lung tissue, gas, skeletal tissue and muscle tissue. However, it is particularly preferred that the tissue is porous which comprises a composite structure made up of tissue and gas or has regions of high and low density such as that found in bone tissue.
Preferably the tissue is of the respiratory system. More preferably the tissue is lung tissue or from the upper airway of the respiratory system. Preferably the upper airway includes the buccal region extending to the trachea before entering the lungs.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word "comprise" and variations of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises", is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.
An understanding of the theoretical aspects of sound transmission in tissue is essential for the best use of bio-acoustic data which is obtained using the present invention.
A unique feature of sound propagation through the lung parenchyma is that the sound velocity is less than that expected for either tissue (1500 ms−1) or air (343 ms−1). This can be explained, in part, by examining the basic relationship between sound velocity v and the physical properties of the lung tissue through which the sound is propagating. This relationship is:—
Rice (1983) has shown that this relationship also holds for composite porous materials with a closed cell structure which is similar to that of the lung, but where ρ and C are replaced by the tissue's average or composite values. Expressing these values in terms of the volumetric fraction of tissue h and of gas (1−h) and the constituent densities and compliances gives tissue density:
Substituting equations (2) and (3) into equation (1) yields an expression which relates sound velocity through a composite structure to the volumetric fraction and the physical properties of both the tissue and gas which compose the material:
It must also be noted that the density of air is approximately 3 orders of magnitude less than that of most tissues and the volumetric compliance of air is some 4 orders of magnitude larger than that of most tissues. This can be used to determine the velocity of sound propagation through the lung for a range of volumetric fractions which are likely to be seen in the lung, (0.05 at TLC to 0.5 to 0.9 for a fully at electatic/collapsed lung). These velocities can be determined by simplifying equation 4 as follows:
Equation 5, in combination with
Sound velocity in composite materials is determined in part by the product of the tissue density and the gas compliance. The result of this is that the lung parenchyma appears to act like homogeneous mass-loaded air as far as sound propagation is concerned, such that the velocity of sound propagation through the tissue is markedly slower than through air. Substitution of known values for tissue density, ρt and gas compliance, Cg in equation 5 gives:
Differentiation of v in equation 6 with respect to h determines a minimum value for velocity at h=0.5 where v=23.6 ms−1. For values of h<0.5 the velocity increases with decreasing lung density and conversely for h>0.5 the velocity decreases with decreasing lung density. This is clarified by way of illustration in
The quadratic properties of equation 6 result in the presence of two values for h for any particular value of measured velocity. These values are:
Therefore, the determination as to whether h is above or below 0.5 must be made on physical grounds or by making paired velocity measurements where h is changed between measurements. The direction of the associated change in velocity (increasing or decreasing) can then be used to indicate whether h is above or below 0.5. Therefore, the volumetric fraction of tissue and gas in the lung and hence lung density can be determined directly from measuring the velocity of sound as it propagates through the tissue.
The sound may be introduced in any non-invasive manner, such as by percussion, or using any mechanical, electrical or other transducer 142 which is capable of generating acoustic sounds. It is preferable that the sound which is introduced to the tissue possesses properties which allow it to easily be distinguished from environmental noise which may be present. Examples may include a single tone or a sinusoidal wave. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a pseudo-random noise is produced by an electroacoustic transducer and introduced into the tissue. The transducer is preferably attached to the surface of the biological tissue through which sound velocities are being measured. It is preferred that the pseudo-random noise signal which is used has characteristics which are similar to a white noise signal, but with mathematical properties which allow its amplitude to be defined at any moment in time. Furthermore, it is preferred that introduction of the pseudo-random noise signal to the tissue occurs in bursts, preferably of 0.1 to 20 seconds duration, and the sounds are produced preferably with frequencies which range from 20 Hz to 25 kHz and at a sound pressure level of between 1 and 100 Pascal.
The sound can then be recorded at a location spaced from the position at which the sound is introduced, preferably on the surface of the biological tissue which is spatially distinct from the location of the transducer, using a sound detection means 146 such as a microphone or a vibration detector, such as an accelerometer, which has a frequency preferred that there are at least two of these detectors used to measure the sound, wherein one detector is positioned near a sound-generating acoustic transducer, and another is located at a position spaced from the first position of the tissue being assessed. This enables the sound pressure level, phase, and frequency content of the signal which is produced by the acoustic transducer (the input signal) to be accurately defined before it is detected by the spatially separated second detector. Placement of the second detector is preferably substantially in line with the acoustic transducer and the first detector.
The detector or preferably a microphone output may be amplified using low noise isolation amplifiers and band-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies and roll-off characteristics which depend on the acoustic properties of the tissue which is being assessed. For example, for measurements made on the neonatal lung, the pass band is preferably between 50 Hz and 5 KHz with a roll-off which corresponds to that of a 4th order linear phase filter. These filters remove any very low frequency environmental noise (e.g. below 10 Hz) that can adversely affect the performance of auto-scaling amplifiers into which the filtered signal may be fed.
The amplified output signal from the detector or microphone can then be processed by any means necessary, and a cross-correlation analysis of the input and output signals performed.
The cross-correlation function can be calculated using the output of the microphone which is located in close proximity to the acoustic transducer as the input signal, x(t) and the output of the second microphone located on the other side of the tissue as the output signal, y(t) wherein the cross-correlation function can be calculated as
The impulse response of the system in the time domain can also be determined. It is preferable that the impulse response then undergoes Fast Fourier Transformation so that the signal is transformed into the frequency domain and the transfer function of the tissue can be determined. This transfer function provides a quantitative indication of the characteristics of the tissue, wherein:
(a) the magnitude of the transform provides data relating to the transmission of the sound as it propagates through the tissue as a function of frequency (Rife and Vanderkooy, 1989); and
(b) the phase of the transform (after "unwrapping") can be used to calculate the phase difference, time delay and velocity of the sound for each frequency that is present in the psuedo-random noise signal which is introduced to the tissue by the acoustic transducer.
Commercially available acoustic hardware and software packages may be used to generate the psuedo-random noise signal, and to perform initial data processing. External noise which is not introduced to the tissue as part of the psuedo-random noise signal is strongly suppressed by the cross-correlation process thereby improving the quality of the measurements made.
A separate analysis of the relative transmission of the sound through the tissue can be used to identify resonant and anti-resonant frequencies of the tissue which is being assessed. Changes in these frequencies can then be used to assess regional differences in tissue topology which may be related to pathology.
Despite numerous experimental investigations (Kraman 1983, Goncharoff et al. 1989, Wodicka and Shannon 1990) of trans-pulmonary sound transmission where the source of sound is placed at the mouth, there has been no theoretical model which described sound transmission through the thorax. The present invention uses a simple model, based on the double wall transmission model that is used in architectural acoustics (Fahy 1985) to describe the sound attenuating effect of double walls separated by a compliant air layer, as is present in the lung.
The essential features of this model as it relates to the thorax can be represented by an electrical equivalent circuit that can be used to describe the pertinent features of sound transmission through the thorax. This model is illustrated in
R0 is the acoustic impedance of free space (414 MKS Rayls).
As illustrated in
At sufficiently high frequencies, the output sound pressure level for all three curves falls asymptotically at a rate of 60 dB per decade. As the frequency is increased above the resonant frequency, the response is dominated by the inertial mass of the proximal and distal chest walls, and the shunt gas compliance of the lung. These act together to produce the 60 dB per decade fall-off, such that the thorax is, in effect, acting like a third order low-pass electrical filter. Analysis of the equivalent circuit, neglecting losses, shows that the resonant frequency of the thorax, f0, can be determined using:
Furthermore, if the transfer function is measured at f0 and at another frequency well above f0, say, 3f0 then using an analysis of the equivalent circuit, an explicit expression for lung gas compliance, Cgl, can be deduced in the form
It follows that gas volume vgl can be computed using equation 9:
A further important application of this model is illustrated in
An important component of acoustic transmission which can be modelled using the equivalent electric circuit is the loss component Rcw illustrated in
It has been shown (Wodicka 1989) that the plane wave attenuation produced by N bubbles over distance x is given by:
This is a complex function of R, M, C but a simplified expression for the attenuation can be deduced by recognising that the acoustic vibration of the bubbles (alveoli) is dominated by bubble compliance c at frequencies which are much lower than resonance (ie. <≈10 kHz for realistic alveoli sizes). Therefore, attenuation can be reduced to:
The number of bubbles per unit volume N is approximately related to the gas fraction (1−h) by:
From these equations, it can be seen that:
(a) absorption is related to the square of the gas fraction (1−h); a small increase in the tissue fraction h is associated with a marked decrease in high frequency attenuation (
Furthermore, these equations indicate that:
(a) absorption is related to the square of the gas fraction (1−h); and
(b) Sound transmission attenuation is a strong function of both the frequency and the alveolar radius.
Using these relationships between sound transmission velocity in tissues and the tissue characteristics themselves, it is possible to obtain a workable relationship between acoustic measurements and lung pathology or the pathology or condition of other biological tissues.
This method provides a virtually continuous real-time measurement of tissue characteristics by analysing the velocity and attenuation of a defined sound as it propagates through the tissue. The method is applicable in both adults and infants, and for humans and animals. In particular, the present invention can be used in the determination of respiratory conditions in infants who cannot co-operate with presently available conventional stethoscopic methods of respiratory condition analysis which requires vocal co-operation. It is also useful where the patient is critically ill, is unconscious, or is unable to respond or generate a sound which can be used to determine lung condition.
In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the characteristic being determined is a state of the upper airways in a respiratory tract in a patient in situ, and said method, illustrated in
The state of the upper airways may include any condition of the upper airways such as obstructed or open airways. Measurement of the closure or collapse of the upper airway is particularly useful for conditions such as in obstructive sleep apnea or OSA.
Apnoea, and particularly Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is associated with closure of the upper airway and lapses in respiration during sleep. Using the present invention, a pseudo-random noise may be introduced into the airway using an acoustic transducer 142 which conducts the sound from a location in the upper airway preferably via a Silastic nosepiece adapter 144. During normal respiration, the airway is open and the sound is transmitted via the airway to the lung via the trachea, where it subsequently propagates through the lung parenchyma and thorax to the surface of the chest. A sound-detection device 146 such as a microphone may be attached in the chest region. Variations in the sound level which is measured at the chest region can then be used to model the degree of upper airway patency. The chest region may include the region extending from below the buccal cavity to below the lung.
Preferably, the microphone is placed on the upper chest region generally below the neck and just above the lung.
When the airway is closed, the transmission of sound through the tissue decreases so that it may be undetectable by a microphone located on the chest. Therefore, when the sound falls below a certain value, it is likely to indicate the closure of the airway. When the signal which is detected by a microphone detector or located on the chest region falls below a certain preset limit, an alarm is activated indicating obstruction of the airway. This alarm may wake up the subject which will most often result in the subsequent reopening of the airway, or it may alert attending staff to a patient who is being monitored for OSA or any other airway dysfunction. There are several benefits associated with this method for detecting airway obstruction or closure which include:
(a) the technique is non-invasive;
(b) the technique can be used in new-borns and adults alike, and in humans or in animals;
(c) the technique monitors patency of the airway, not depletion of oxygen or lack of movement as is the case in other apnea detection devices. As a result of this, the susceptibility of the subject to oxygen depletion is detected before depletion itself occurs, reducing the likelihood of discomfort and tissue damage which can be caused by extended lapses or pauses in regular respiration and oxygen deprivation. This method can also be used to set the optimal level of CPAP to apply to a patient in order to maintain airway patency.
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, the characteristics are determined for monitoring lung condition in situ said method, illustrated in
Previous work shows that measurement of sound velocity alone may provide a technique for assessing lung density and gives an insight into the degree of lung inflation. However, no attempt has been made to evaluate the potential utility of sound velocity and attenuation as a clinical tool.
Lung condition may be selected from the group including but is not limited to:
(a) lung tissue density;
(b) lung gas volume;
(c) regional collapse (atelectasis);
(d) regional blood volume, interstitial oedema; and
(e) focal lung pathology such as tumour and global lung disease such as emphysema.
These lung conditions may then be compared with the condition of a normal, healthy lung.
To measure lung condition, the method of the present invention is preferably applied by introducing a sound to the thorax and hence to the lung preferably by applying an acoustic transducer to the thorax on one side of the chest and calculating the sound velocity and attenuation using a detector or microphone which is attached to the other side of the chest and which detects the transmitted sound. Previous measurements of lung condition or volume have been made by introducing sound to the lung tissue via the trachea. However, there are problems associated with this method for the lung which result from the unknown distance between the trachea and chest wall, and an inability to selectively distinguish the effects of the airway from the effects of the lung parenchyma on the velocity of the introduced sound. In other measurement techniques, the sound is generated by the subject by respiration, coughing or speech, or is introduced through percussion. However, this presents a key limitation because the acoustic properties of these sounds are subject-dependent and beyond control, particularly in the newborn infant, who is unable to reliably produce the desired sound on command.
The present invention exhibits a novel approach to examining the acoustic properties of the biological tissues, including the upper airways and of the thorax, by introducing sounds with a known and precisely defined spectral content as the investigative tool. For the lung, by utilising this sound which is introduced directly to the wall of the thorax, and by recording the sound after it is transmitted across the thorax, uncertainties associated with noise introduced via the trachea are eliminated. Without being restricted by the theory, research suggests that the lung tissue type which is primarily responsible for changes in sound velocity as it propagates through the thorax is the lung parenchyma; the contribution to changes in sound wave velocity and attenuation which is made by the airways is insignificant.
Many lung diseases are associated with characteristic features that can be detected using auscultation of the chest (Lowe and Robinson, 1970). In the normal lung, frequencies above 300-400 Hz are heavily attenuated by thoracic tissue, and on auscultation, respiration sounds are soft, conversational sounds are muffled, and whispered sounds are inaudible. By contrast, pneumonic consolidation greatly reduces the attenuation of high frequency sounds, resulting in characteristic respiration sounds known as 'bronchial breathing' and strong transmission of whispered (high-frequency) sounds known as 'whispering pectriloquy'. A pleural effusion on the other hand, classically gives rise to increased attenuation of low frequency sound, causing vocal sounds to have a high pitched nasal quality known as 'aegophony'.
Studies have been published which examine the effect of lung condition on sound attenuation in the healthy human lung. However, these studies have failed to measure the effect of lung inflation on sound attenuation. The present invention utilises transthoracically introduced sound and preferably measures the sound velocity and sound attenuation to determine lung condition. Lung conditions assessed using the present invention may include lung density and lung volume. However, other lung conditions may be determined by correlating changes in sound velocity and sound attenuation which are associated with known lung conditions with sound velocities and attenuation which are measured using a normal, healthy lung.
Tissue density may be measured using sound velocity alone. However, sound attenuation may also be introduced as a parameter for the determination of tissue density. Tissue density may be a measure of the amount of fluid or blood in the tissue. In the lung, it may also indicate gas volume, regional collapse (atelectasis), regional blood volume, interstitial oedema and both focal lung disease (eg tumour) and global lung disease (eg emphysema) which may be compared with a normal, healthy lung.
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention of the characteristics are determined for measuring lung inflation, said method, illustrated in
Lung gas volume is inversely proportional to lung density and may be measured using sound velocity and preferably sound attenuation. Furthermore, measurement of the velocity of a sound as it propagates from one side of the thorax through the lung tissue to the other side of the thorax can be correlated with a change in lung volume (inflation). This may be done in isolation, or during or after clinical interventions which alter the degree of lung inflation. Measurements taken may include:
The degree of change in the sound velocity and preferably also of sound attenuation may be used together to provide a more conclusive indication of the degree to which the lung is inflated. Lung inflation may be determined using a single measurement, or it may be determined continuously, thereby enabling the monitoring of progress of lung disease and its treatment. This has particular value in the treatment and monitoring of lung disorders in premature babies over a period of time.
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, of the characteristics are determined for predicting chronic lung disease in infants said method, illustrated in
Abnormal lung density due to over- or under-inflation of the lung may be associated with increased lung injury and the propensity for development of chronic lung disease in infants. Therefore, measurements of sound velocity and attenuation (which relate to lung density) in a premature infant may allow inflation to be optimised and risk of chronic lung disease to be reduced.
Measurements of the sound velocity and sound attenuation may be made on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 or any interval thereof and then at weekly intervals until about 36 weeks. As a comparison, and to complement measurements made using the present invention, absolute lung volume may be measured using the gold-standard and long-established helium dilution technique at the time of the acoustic measurements. Results taken from infants who subsequently develop chronic lung disease (defined either as oxygen dependency at 28 days or at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks) may be compared with results from those who do not.
In yet another preferred aspect of the invention the characteristics are determined for diagnosing lung disease, said method, illustrated in
A similar technique can be used to assist in diagnosing lung disease wherein again, a sound is introduced to the thorax such that it travels from one side of the thorax, through the lung, to another side of the thorax. The sound velocity and preferably attenuation which is measured is then compared with that of a normal, healthy lung. Since lung disease often manifests in reduced lung volume, a comparison can be used, again, to provide an indication as to whether a subject's lung exhibits a propensity for lung disease. Common lung diseases may include emphysema, asthma, regional collapse (atelectasis), interstitial oedema and both focal lung disease (e.g. tumour) and global lung disease (e.g. emphysema). Each of these may be detectable when measurements of the velocity and attenuation of a sound which is transmitted through a diseased lung is compared with that of a lung in normal condition.
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, of the characteristics are determined for preventing lung injury, said method illustrated in
The present invention provides a reliable method for monitoring lung density and volume in situ. However, it can also be used to provide a method of preventing lung injury by again, introducing a sound transthoracically so that the sound travels from one side of the thorax through the lung to another side of the thorax. The velocity of the sound can be measured as it travels from one side of the thorax through the lung to the other side of the thorax, and the measurement can be used to indicate the volume of the lung which can then be used in the maintenance of an optimal lung volume which is substantially free of atelectasis or over-inflation (volutrauma). These optimal lung volumes are illustrated graphically in
inside this window, the likelihood of lung injury will be reduced. However, to ensure the volume does not rise excessively and does not drop to the level of atelectasis, it is necessary to constantly monitor the lung's volume.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for determining characteristics of biological tissues, the apparatus including:
In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for monitoring lung condition, said apparatus including:
The present invention can be used to provide a monitoring system which measures sound velocity and preferably combines sound velocity data with measurements of sound attenuation in order to determine the level of lung inflation in a subject. Spectral analysis of the impulse response can indicate frequency components in the sound signal which are more prominent than others and which may be an indicator of pathological or abnormal tissue. Preferably the lung condition is monitored by an independent measure of lung density or lung volume.
The benefits associated with the application and detection of acoustic signals to biological tissues is not limited to the lungs, airways and other tissues associated with respiration. The present invention can be used to detect densities of other porous structures and composite biological tissues which have high or low densities, wherein the ratio of solid to porous tissue gives rise to the change in velocity and sound attenuation which is measured.
The present invention will be more fully described with reference to the accompanying examples and figures. It is to be understood that the description following is illustrative only and should not be taken to be limiting in any way, or as a restriction on the generality of applications for the invention previously described.
In 5 healthy adult subjects, the velocity and attenuation of sound which was transmitted from one side of the chest to another, in a range of frequencies from 50-1000 Hz was measured at a number of defined positions on the chest. These measurements were taken while the lung volume was varied between Residual Volume (RV) and Total Lung Capacity (TLC). A reference position was established over the right upper zone of the chest. Using this position, a region in the frequency spectrum (around 100-125 Hz) where sound attenuation was much reduced and where the degree of attenuation was directly related to lung inflation (see
The method of analysis permits determination of phase shift, and therefore velocity as a function of frequency. This work has shown that the speed of sound in the lung parenchyma is dispersive, or frequency dependent, over the range of frequencies studied. This is of considerable importance, since it is theorised that the relationship between velocity and frequency is dependent on regional compliance and inertial (ie mass dependent) properties of the lung. These properties may provide valuable information about the lung since they are partly determined by the condition of the alveolar septum, the degree of fluid infiltration of the lung parenchyma, and the extent of atelectasis.
Preliminary pilot data were collected from newborn infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Experiments were conducted in 1-2 kg New Zealand white rabbits. These animals were chosen for their similarity in size to the human newborn and their widespread use as a model of neonatal surfactant deficiency. Animals were anaesthetised with intravenous thiopentone, before performing a tracheostomy during which a 3 mm endotracheal tube was inserted into the airway to allow ventilation using a conventional neonatal ventilator (Bournes BP200). Maintenance anaesthesia was be achieved with intravenous fentanyl. The chest was shaved and a microphone and transducer secured in various pre-defined positions, including a reference position over the right upper chest. The animal was then placed in a whole body plethysmograph to monitor absolute lung gas volume at intervals throughout the experiment. Tidal volume was monitored continuously with a pneumotachograph attached to the tracheostomy tube. The sound velocity and attenuation was determined at each location of the where a microphone was situated, and each observation was the average of 10 repeated measures.
The effect of changes in lung density as a result of lung disease on sound velocity and attenuation was examined by comparing results from 3 groups of rabbits with differing lung conditions:
Within each group of animals the effect of changes in lung density, resulting from changes in degree of lung inflation, was examined by making measurements under dynamic and static conditions.
To be a valuable clinical tool, measurements of sound velocity and attenuation must be sensitive to changes in lung inflation that are of a clinically relevant magnitude. A test of whether measurable changes in sound velocity and attenuation which occurred after clinical interventions which were confidently predicted alter the degree of lung inflation was conducted. It was found that clinical interventions which cause a significant change in lung inflation are associated with changes in sound transmission and velocity which are measurable using the present invention.
It is also necessary to determine whether evidence from acoustic measurements of abnormal lung density are indicative of either under-inflation or over-inflation, and associated with development of chronic lung disease as a result. It was found that abnormal lung density in the first few days of life was more common in infants who subsequently developed chronic lung disease than in those who did not. Serial measurements of sound velocity and attenuation in a population of pre-term infants (n=30) who, by virtue of their gestation (<30 weeks), are at high risk of developing chronic lung disease were made. In this population and using the present invention, it was estimated that about 65% of the population will still be oxygen dependent at 28 days of age, and about 30% will still be oxygen dependent at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks.
Finally it is to be understood that various other modifications and/or alterations may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention as outlined herein.
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With an eye-catching screenprint designed by Buenos Aires-based artist Ayelen Camiña, this funky pair from BucketFeet clearly encourages you to walk in style. But they're more than just a pretty face for the foot. These lace-ups feature a durable canvas upper, padded ankle collar, removable molded latex insole, and sturdy rubber outsole. Comfort, plus the power to support an artist's work? Yeah—that's some pretty fancy footwork.
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Thursday, July 16, 2015
The 24th Annual Harris Clash is anticipated to draw over 160 entries this year. Sanctioned by the International Motor Contest Association, the oldest active automobile racing sanctioning body in the country, this event features modified and B-modified race cars. All IMCA rules will apply. For more information on rules, visit www.imca.com.
Thursday, August 6 - Saturday, August 8, 2015
Elite 360 drivers storm the track for the 24th Annual Arnold Motor Supply 360 Knoxville Nationals, part of the Lucas Oil Sprint Car Series. Rub elbows with an all-star lineup of drivers, vibe to live music and feast on a smorgasbord of tasty foods.
Sunday, August 9, 2015
A veritable who's who of sprint car racing, the 4th Annual Capitani Classic honors long time Race Director Ralph Capitani. Officials expect over 80 drivers in this 410 feature. One of the biggest 410 sprint car events around, get a sneak peak of what's in store for Knoxville Nationals.
Thursday, September 24 - Saturday, September 26, 2015
Get your first look at a full class of late model cars, as the best of the best compete for glory and a quarter million dollar purse. This 3-day event is packed with exciting time trials and races. With live music and food to enjoy when you're not meeting drivers, you'll definitely get your money's worth.


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DVΛ Multichannel Imaging SystemMay 7, 2015 6:24 pm | Photometrics | Products
Two-Channel, Simultaneous-Imaging System for Large Format Sensors The DVΛ is an emission splitting system enabling a user to acquire two spatially identical but spectrally distinct images simultaneously. What distinguishes the DVΛ from the DV2 is that DVΛ can accommodate image sensors up to a 22 mm diagonal. Simultaneous, multichannel imaging is essential for colocalization analysis, ratiometric analysis, or polarization studies of a single emission wavelength channel.LISTED UNDER: Laboratory Products, Microbiology | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
High-speed EMCCD CamerasOctober 1, 2014 11:16 am | Product Releases | Comments
Princeton Instruments has announced the immediate availability of the ProEM-HS line of high-speed EMCCD cameras with patented eXcelon3 technology (X3) for low-light imaging and spectroscopy applications. This advanced back-illuminated EMCCD technology offers combination of high quantum efficiency (>95% QE), best fringe suppression in the near infrared and single-photon sensitivity.LISTED UNDER: EMCCD | High-Speed
Ultra-high-speed Digital CameraAugust 4, 2014 9:38 am | Vision Research | Product Releases | Comments
Vision Research has introduced the Phantom v2511, a light-sensitive, flexible and high-performance ultra-high-speed camera. The Phantom v2511 can capture up to 25,600 fps at full 1 Mpx resolution, making it the fastest member of the Phantom ultra-high-speed digital camera line.LISTED UNDER: MICROSCOPES, IMAGING AND LASERS | Cameras | Digital and High Resolution
CMOS Line Scan CamerasApril 11, 2014 8:43 am | Product Releases | Comments
Teledyne DALSA has introduced a new family of line scan cameras—the Linea series. The feature-rich Linea cameras address the mainstream market for machine vision applications by delivering high speed and flexibility in a compact form factor.LISTED UNDER: High-Speed
QImaging optiMOS™ Scientific CMOS CameraNovember 7, 2013 6:47 pm | QImaging | Products
This new Scientific CMOS camera is optimized for fluorescence microscopy. optiMOS delivers 10x the time resolution of CCD cameras without trading off on resolution or sensitivity. An alternative to traditional CCD cameras, optiMOS, combines speed with high resolution and increased sensitivity. The affordable sCMOS solution, optiMOS brings the advantages of low noise and high speed imaging to a broader range of cell biology applications. optiMOS is ideally suited for cell biologists using live cell, multicolor fluorescence; biophysicists studying membrane dynamics and protein and lipid trafficking; as well as neuroscientists looking at ion transport such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging and ratiometric imaging.LISTED UNDER: Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
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The Retiga 3000 is the ideal camera for high resolution snapshot fluorescence documentation. With 2.8 million pixels, a 4.54μm pixel pitch and a high quantum efficiency of 75%, this camera provides higher resolution and sensitivity than most standard fluorescence microscopy cameras. Available in monochrome or color, the Retiga 3000 uses a USB 2.0 data connection for a fast and easy installation.LISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
QImaging Retiga™ 6000 Snapshot CCD CameraSeptember 27, 2013 4:49 pm | QImaging | Products
An unequivocal advance in fluorescence documentation, the Retiga 6000 allows you to see larger areas in greater detail and with higher clarity. Capturing the largest Field of View is possible without having to compromise on resolution or sensitivity. With 6.05 million pixels and a 16mm sensor diagonal, the Retiga 6000 exploits the full microscope FOV, capturing twice the image area than most standard fluorescence cameras.LISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
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A cost-effective imaging solution, the Rolera Bolt video rate CMOS microscopy camera meets the imaging requirements for a diverse set of applications ranging from IR-DIC to whole organism motility studies including fluorescence documentation of C. elegans and Drosophila larvae. Capable of streaming at 30 full frames per second with 1.3 mega-pixel resolution and 3e-read noise, the Rolera Bolt is perfect for tracking dynamic events with detailed spatial and temporal resolution. Primary Applications Include: DIC, Phase-Contrast, Brightfield and Darkfield Microscopy, Whole Organism Motility Imaging, Video Rate Fluorescence Documentation, Semiconductor Surface Inspection and Metallurgical Microscopy.LISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
QImaging Rolera EM-C2 EMCCD CameraAugust 15, 2013 1:16 pm | QImaging | Products
The Rolera EM-C2 camera is a versatile bio-imaging platform which combines unprecedented 40 MHz speed with high resolution and low light sensitivity. Its Easy-EM™ feature provides one-click optimization of the camera's EM gain settings in all modes of speed. Instant experimental repeatability is possible as each camera is uniquely characterized and operational with the best read noise reduction, dynamic range, and limited EM noise injection. Stream video of your experiment at 34.2 full frames per second. View live cells in high speed, with 200+ FPS using binning and ROIs. Primary Applications Include: Live Cell Imaging; Spinning Disc Confocal Microscopy; Fluorescent Protein Imaging; FRAP; Ion Imaging; Ratiometric Imaging; TIRFLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
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Put Thunder in your research and capture images that elucidate results. Aggressively priced, this EMCCD was added to the Rolera family of cameras from QImaging. The Rolera Thunder camera delivers quantitative capability, linear EM Gain and exceptionally high frame rates, making this EMCCD camera ideal for super resolution. Primary Applications Include: Spinning-Disk Confocal Microscopy; Dynamic Ratio Imaging (e.g., pH, Low-Concentration Flux); FRAP (Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching); Live-Cell Fluorescent Protein Imaging; Astronomy; Bose-Einstein CondensateLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
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The QImaging QIClick™ digital CCD camera provides solid performance and combines speed with resolution which allows for exceptional adaptability to all imaging requirements. Its IEEE 1394 FireWire Interface allows for Plug and Play simplicity with installation and ensures that a standard interface is available on all computers. The QIClick includes QCapture Suite imaging software and is extremely versatile. Applications : Brightfield; Phase-Contrast & Darkfield; Pathology; Histology & Cytology; Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP); FISH; Motility & Motion; DNA Analysis; Metallurgical Microscopy; Semiconductor Inspection; Mfg QC; Failure AnalysisLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
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Features enhanced visible-range quantum efficiency resulting in high sensitivity. Ideal for brightfield, machine vision, metrology, and metallurgical imaging applications. A progressive-scan interline CCD sensor gives a resolution of 1.92 million pixels in a 12-bit digital output. High-speed, low-noise electronics provide linear digital data for rapid image capture. An IEEE 1394 FireWire® digital interface allows ease of use & installation with a single wire. No framegrabber or external power supply is required . Software is included for real-time image preview and capture. Applications: Brightfield/Darkfield; Fluorescence; Pathology, Histology, Cytology; GFP, FISH; DNA; NIR; Motility & Motion; Semiconductor Inspec; Failure; ForensicLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
QImaging Retiga™ 4000R Digital CameraAugust 15, 2013 1:04 pm | QImaging | Products
Features enhanced well capacity and resolution resulting in high sensitivity that's perfect for brightfield, LCD inspection & automated imaging. A progressive-scan interline CCD sensor gives a resolution of 4.19 million pixels with an aspect ratio of 1:1 in a 12-bit digital output making it ideally suited for the 22mm light column provided by many microscope camera mounts. High-speed, low-noise electronics provide linear digital data for rapid image capture. Includes software for real-time image preview & capture. Applications: Brightfield; Phase-Contrast & Darkfield; Fluorescence; Pathology, Histology, Cytology; DNA Analysis; Metallurgical Microscopy; LCD Inspection; Manufacturing QC; Failure Analysis; Forensic Analysis; Auto ImagingLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed
QImaging QICAM Digital CameraAugust 15, 2013 1:03 pm | QImaging | Products
The QICAM camera is designed for quantitative analysis and high-resolution imaging in brightfield, life science and industrial applications. A progressive-scan interline CCD sensor gives a resolution of 1.4 million pixels in a 12-bit digital output. High-speed, low noise electronics provide linear digital data at frame rates up to 110 fps with binning and ROI. QCapture imaging software (Windows® and Mac OS) is included for real-time image preview and capture. Primary Applications Include: Brightfield/Darkfield Microscopy; Live Cell; Pathology, Histology, Cytology; DNA Analysis; Motility and Motion Analysis; Semiconductor Inspection; Failure Analysis; Forensic AnalysisLISTED UNDER: CCD | Digital and High Resolution | High-Speed


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Suspect in stabbing death identified
Lindial has previous burglary, forgery convictions
CORPUS CHRISTI - Police have identified the woman arrested Christmas Day in the stabbing death of a 41-year-old man as Rhonda Lindial of Corpus Christi.
Lindial, 40, is accused of stabbing her boyfriend, 41-year-old Richard Reeves, whom police found about 12:50 p.m. Thursday inside a garage in the 400 block of Glenmore Street. Police said Reeves bled to death after being stabbed at least once in the chest.
Lindial reportedly told police she had an argument with Reeves about whether he was seeing someone else.
Sherri McCune, who lives in the house with her teenage son and daughter, said Thursday that Reeves was a friend who had been living in her garage since August.
The mechanic and handyman slept in a makeshift plywood loft in her garage and helped around the house by mowing the lawn and fixing things.
McCune and her children were out eating Christmas dinner when Reeves was stabbed.
Police have said Lindial and Reeves were the only two in the garage at the time of the stabbing.
Officials at Nueces County Jail said Lindial was booked under the name Rhonda Hutchens. She remained in jail Friday on a murder charge with a $250,000 bond.
Jail officials said she is not eligible for release because she also is being held on a warrant related to a possession of a controlled substance charge.
Lindial has a criminal history that includes forgery and burglary of a habitation dating to the late 1990s, according to Nueces County online court records.
Contact Susan McFarland at 886-3778 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Contact Mary Ann Cavazos at 886-3623 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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September 8, 2004: Testimony of Robert G. Britz, President and Co-COO, New York Stock Exchange, Inc. on "Protecting our Financial Infrastructure: Preparation and Vigilance," before the Committee on Financial Services U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC.
Speech Content Links:
We also participate in the SEC Market Regulation Division's Automation Review Policy (ARP) reports and inspections, and we responded to requests from the GAO as part of their original study on financial markets initiatives following 9/11 – and their subsequent follow-up.
We have also initiated a program to improve coordinated communication with Federal agencies as well as NYSE members and staff. We have created an Emergency Notification System that will forward to our member firms alert messages received from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or the SEC. The Exchange has established new 800 telephone numbers and websites for disseminating emergency information to its members and staff and is developing a secure contingency website for members and staff to report their status after an emergency.


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Grants & Contracts Support
The Office of Science Annual Announcement is published annually and will remain open until succeeded by another issuance by the Office of Science usually posted after the beginning of the Fiscal Year (October).
Pre-Application: Optional
Application Due Date: Not Applicable
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) will remain open until September 30, 2015 or until replaced by
a successor FOA. Applications may be submitted any time during this period.
Note: Department of Energy National Laboratories and other Federal agencies should read Funding Opportunity Announcements carefully to see if they are eligible to apply to a particular solicitation. DOE National Laboratories may wish to respond to the program announcements listed under Open National Laboratory Announcements.


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9 lose ICBM commands in exam-cheating scandal
Posted: March 28, 2014 at 3:03 a.m.
WASHINGTON — The Air Force reassigned nine midlevel nuclear commanders Thursday and announced it will discipline dozens of junior officers at a nuclear-missile base in response to an exam-cheating scandal that spanned a far longer period than originally reported.
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removeAllLocales solves missing texture problem but is it a safe call?
In an earlier post, I describe a problem that I have with two canvases attached to the same view. If I preview lots of 2D images, with JFileChooser (see the Swing tutorial), and then create the universe with the view and the two canvases, in the second canvas, some of the textures are missing and the objects simply appear white.
I have stumbled across a workaround that removes the problem. If I call universe.removeAllLocales() immediately after creating the VirtualUniverse and before adding a locale or anything else, I do not get the problem.
I've taken a look at the source for VirtualUniverse removeAllLocales and the only thing that I think could be helping me is the call to the static MasterControl which performs some cleaning up operations. Quite frankly, that's where my comprehension ends.
My questions are:
1. Is my workaround safe? Is it ok for me to call removeAllLocales immediately after creating a VirtualUniverse and then going on to use that universe?
2. Wouldn't the need for my workaround suggest that there is a problem here that needs resolving?
Many thanks,
It should be safe. Since you have a test case that reproduces the problem (we were unable to reproduce a similar problem with the test case submitted with Issue 18), would you please file a new Issue and attach your test program? Thanks.
-- Kevin
Hi Kevin,
I'm afraid that I cannot submit my code - it's too large and I'm not allowed to redistribute the graphics objects.
However, I will assemble a test case as soon as possible.
On the subject of 'issues', I can support the person who submitted issue number 10 aswell.
Again, I'll try to put together an example that replicates it.
For now, I'll use my workarounds.


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The Victory Garden
Costa Rica: Eco-Tourism/Rainforest (#2606)
Garden correspondent Holly Shimizu meets with David Clark when she tours La Selva, a biological preserve and research facility. She learns that his research tracks how the tropical rainforests respond to climate changes. Together they tour areas of the preserve to demonstrate the breadth of bio-diversity in these forests. Later, Holly meets with Jean Pierre Knockaert, director of Centro Neotropico Sarapiquis, a non-profit model for eco-tourism, which enables people to enjoy the glorious natural surroundings while respecting the fragile relationship man has with the rainforest. Holly learns about the village that dates back to the pre-Columbian era and explores the area to find out about the endangered ecosystem preservation efforts. [26 minutes]
This episode has not aired in the past few months on Iowa Public Television.
The Victory Garden | Dry: Use Less Water in Your... (#3201)
Full Program: Plant your own water-wise garden with tips from host Jamie Durie 25:11
The Victory Garden | Cool: Create a Garden... (#3205)
Full Program: Create a garden that's cool with host Jamie Durie 25:12
The Victory Garden | Vertical: Think Up! | PBS (#3204)
Full Program: Find the best climbing plants and create a vertical element in your garden 25:12
The Victory Garden | Wet: Learn About Water... (#3202)
Full Program: Explore water conservation and water-wise gardening with host Jamie Durie 23:31
The Victory Garden | Hot: Create a Garden that... (#3203)
Full Program: Explore what plants do well in the heat and cultivate a vibrant garden 25:02
- Watch more video from this program »
Series Description: THE VICTORY GARDEN, television's longest-running gardening program, continues to inspire viewers to roll up their sleeves and get their hands dirty. Hosted by Australian gardening and television sensation Jamie Durie, its simple, easy lessons help seasoned and amateur gardeners alike make the most of their outdoor spaces in a way that respects and preserves the environment for future generations.
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There are no broadcasts currently planned. Please check back for future broadcast dates.


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Summer Vacation
Budget Travel Tips For Atlantic City
Read on for budget travel tips for entertainment, travel, dining and lodging on the Jersey shore at Atlantic City
Guide To Yellowstone National Park
Refer to this visitor's guide to Yellowstone National Park – the world's first national park featuring more geysers than any other location in the world.
Seen At 11: Scammers Look To Cash-In On Tourists During Busy Summer Travel Season
The summer travel season is in full swing and scammers are busting out new tricks to take advantage of tourists.
School's Out: Ways To Beat Summertime Boredom
Don't let the summertime blues get you down. There are lots of ways to beat that boredom if you just let your creativity soar. Here are a few fun ideas to get you started.
Tips For Your Next Road Trip
Going on a road trip? Here's a list of great tips to make your outing that much better.
Unique Outdoor Games To Keep Kids Active This Summer
It's summer and the kids are out of school….now what? These outdoor games are designed to get kids moving and actively engaged in activities that will keep them having fun off the couch.
Backyard Olympics: How To Have Your Own Field Day
Give your kids a summer day filled with friends, fitness and fun! Organizing a Backyard Olympics can be as simple or complex as you want to make it, so don't be afraid to dive in and indulge your kids with a field day of their own!
Ask Asa: Protecting Yourself On Vacation
Summer is on its way and that means it's almost time for family vacations. Going on vacation means more than just fun in the sun, it also means that identity thieves will be trying to access your personal information.
How To Protect Oneself Against Identity Theft On Vacation
As families and couples prep for spring and summer vacations, identity theft is one issue to consider when planning.
JetBlue Brings Back 'All You Can Jet' Passes
JetBlue is bringing back its popular All-You-Can-Jet pass that allows customers to travel to an unlimited number of cities over a one-month period for $699.


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Monitoring the network with Zenoss
Installing Zenoss
To set up Zenoss, use either a stack installer or distribution-specific packages. In addition, Zenoss is available in source code, and a virtual appliance is available for VMware.
The stack installer includes dependencies such as MySQL, and it comes with a nice GUI installer that prompts you for the necessary information; however, the stack installer doesn't provide some of the benefits of working through a package management system.
Most of the Zenoss community installs occur on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 or CentOS 5 systems. The preferred means of setting up Zenoss on a Red Hat-based system is with the RPM packages.
The Zenoss website [1] has the latest version for download. After you obtain the RPM, execute the following command as root:
yum localinstall --nogpgcheck ./zenoss-<version>.rpm
Once Zenoss and its dependencies are installed, you need to enable and start MySQL:
/sbin/service mysqld start /sbin/chkconfig mysqld on
Because Zenoss must communicate with other servers, you need the following ports:
- 8080 TCP – web interface
- 162 UDP – SNMP trap
- 514 UDP – Syslog
Start Up
Starting Zenoss will initialize the database. One word of caution: Zenoss assumes that the MySQL root user password is blank and that the database server is running on the same machine. If this isn't the case, you need to edit the /opt/zenoss/bin/zenoss_init_pre file. Having the database on the same machine as the monitoring system is a bit controversial.
Experts often recommend running the database server on a dedicated host. However, with a monitoring system that stores events in the database, putting the database on a separate system introduces an additional point of failure.
To initialize the database and start Zenoss, enter the following command:
/sbin/service zenoss start
To connect to the web interface, point your browser to http://<ipaddress-ordnsname>:8080. The default username is admin and the password is zenoss.
Monitoring with Zenoss
Before you can start monitoring with Zenoss, you need to make sure net-snmp is installed on the system:
yum -y install net-snmp
To set up a minimal configuration file, type the following as root:
echo 'rocommunity zenoss <ipaddress>' > /etc/snmp/snmpd
This line permits the IP address of the Zenoss box to connect to the SNMP daemon running on the Linux server, defining the read-only community name zenoss.
Next, you must open port 161 UDP on the machine you want to monitor. Finally, you need to start the SNMP daemon and set it to start on boot with:
/sbin/service snmpd start /sbin/chkconfig snmpd on
Within the web interface of Zenoss, click on Add Device in the lower left-hand corner (Figure 3) and enter at least the following:
- The IP address or hostname of the unit you want to monitor.
- The class of machine you are monitoring (/Server/Linux in this case).
- The SNMP community name (zenoss, in this case).
Click on the Add Device button to start collecting data. Although SNMP is the preferred monitoring protocol for Zenoss, you can change it on the Add Devices page. Note that defining the device class is crucial. Zenoss changes what it monitors on the basis of the device class.
Some monitoring events might already be defined in the Event Console – for instance, to alert you about misconfigurations. To see the event list, click on the Event Console link in the upper-left corner. To add alerts for additional events, click on the Settings link under Management on the left hand menu, then choose the Users tab. Select a user, then click on the Alerting Rules tab (Figure 4). In the Alerting Rules menu, choose Add Rule and provide a name for the rule. After clicking OK, click on the rule that specifies where and how messages are sent, if delayed, and finally, what criteria are used for determining which messages are sent. A single rule can handle a wide swath of alerts, whereas more finely grained alerts might require multiple rules.
Monitoring a Windows Client
Monitoring a Windows machine also requires preparation on the client side. To begin, you need to install the SNMP service by selecting Start | Control Panel | Add/Remove software | Windows Components | Select SNMP.
Unfortunately, Windows SNMP is severely limited. Zenoss recommends use of the free SNMP Informant add-on instead.
Also, you need to configure the SNMP daemon. To do so, right-click on My Computer and select Manage. Then choose Services, select SNMP Service, right-click, choose Properties, choose the Security tab, add your selected community name, and define it as read-only.
To configure which service accepts SNMP packets from specific hosts, add an entry for your Zenoss server. Now start the service and ensure that it is configured to start automatically on boot. In addition, you'll need to open UDP port 161 so that Zenoss can connect with the Zenoss daemon.
Within the Zenoss web interface, click on Add Device, enter the IP address or hostname, choose the class /Server/Windows, and specify the proper SNMP community string. Data collection begins when you click Add Device.
Because Zenoss also is capable of monitoring via WMI, you should provide Windows credentials to permit collection: Click on Devices/Servers/Windows, choose the zProperties tab, and enter the data in the zWinuser and zWinpassword fields. Remember to prepend the domain if you are passing domain credentials. Entering the domain at the Windows server level means that each Windows machine will use these credentials. If you need a "one-off" configuration for a single machine, you can click on that device's zProperties tab to change the configuration.
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NoScript Flaw
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40 CFR 60.241 - Definitions.
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act and in subpart A of this part.
(a) Granular triple superphosphate storage facility means any facility curing or storing fresh granular triple superphosphate.
(b) Total fluorides means elemental fluorine and all fluoride compounds as measured by reference methods specified in § 60.244, or equivalent or alternative methods.
(c) Equivalent P 2O5 stored means the quantity of phosphorus, expressed as phosphorus pentoxide, being cured or stored in the affected facility.
(d) Fresh granular triple superphosphate means granular triple superphosphate produced within the preceding 72 hours.
[40 FR 33156, Aug. 6, 1975, as amended at 62 FR 18280, Apr. 15, 1997; 65 FR 61757, Oct. 17, 2000]
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 40.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 40 CFR 60 after this date.


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I know we have some NHL fans here, so...what is everyone's thoughts for the upcoming season?
In the East as long as Pittsburgh gets healthy by January, I have to with them although I like Montreal quite a bit as well.
the West is very deep and you can pick a number of teams to come out on top. Hard to bet against Detroit, but i like waht San Jose has done and will go with them as my pick.
I'm looking forward to the season. Having moved to Houston this summer, I had to substitute the Center Ice package for living in hockey country (though I kept my Sabres season tickets)...but i know where to buy Labatt blue for Hockey Night....


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Fried Choux Pastry Balls Filled with Sweet Ricotta Filling
|Plain flour
|100 Gram
|50 Gram
|125 Milliliter
|3 Small
|350 Gram
|Milk chocolate
|50 Gram
|Glace cherries
|100 Gram
|100 Gram, roasted and chopped into bit sizes
|Icing sugar
|50 Gram
|Vanilla essence
|3 Drop
|Runny honey
|1 Tablespoon
|100 Gram, roasted, chopped
1. To make Choux Pastry in a pan of water place fat, melt over a gentle heat and then bring to the boil.
2. Remove from heat stir in flour and return to heat, stirring until mixture forms a ball in the middle of the pan, then remove from heat and let it cool.
3. In a bowl lightly beat eggs and with a wooden spoon beat in a bit of the eggs a little at a time such that all the eggs have been added and are thoroughly mixed.
4. In a deep frying pan or preferably a chip pan, dropping teaspoonfuls at a time fry the choux pastry.
5. On kitchen paper drain the cooked choux balls and split open when cool.
6. To make the ricotta filling in a bowl place ricotta and with a fork mash it so as to remove any lumps.
7. Add the chopped chocolate, cherries and nuts, stir in the icing sugar and vanilla essence and mix well.
8. With the rikotta filling fill the cooled choux balls, arrange them on a serving dish and pour the honey over them.
9. Sprinkle the chopped nuts all over the Zeppoli and serve.