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A vertical-cavity, surface-emitting semiconductor diode laser having a monolithic and planar surface and having lateral anisotropy in order to control the polarization of the emitted beam of light. The diode laser includes a body of a semiconductor material having an active region therein which is adapted to generate radiation and emit the radiation from a surface of the body, and a separate reflecting mirror at opposite sides of the active region with at least one of the mirrors being partially transparent to the generated light to allow the light generated in the active region to be emitted therethrough. The anisotropy may be provided by utilizing anisotropy in the atomic or molecular structure of the materials forming the laser, or by anisotropic patterning or deliberate offset alignment in processing of the laser or through anisotropic structures in the laser cavity to control the polarization of the emitted beam.
1. A monolithic vertical-cavity surface emitting laser comprising:
a body of a semiconductor material having opposed surfaces and an active region therein which is adapted to generate light and emit the light from one of the surfaces thereof;
a separate reflecting mirror at opposite sides of the active region forming an optical cavity which includes said active region and reflecting mirrors, at least one of the mirrors being partially transparent to the generated light to allow the light generated in the active region to be emitted therethrough; and
characterized in that the laser is substantially planar by having all vertical projections or holes less than 10 microns deep, and that the laser is structured to give substantial preference for laser emission to be polarized in one predetermined state.
2. The laser of claim 1, further comprising at least one anisotropic material within said cavity oriented to give substantial preference for laser emission to be polarized in one state.
3. The laser of claim 2 in which the anisotropic material is a semiconductor.
4. The laser of claim 3, further comprising a substrate having a growth surface, in which the anisotropy in the semiconductor material results from the substrate growth surface being oriented at an oblique angle with respect to any of the major crystal axes of the substrate material.
5. The laser of claim 3 in which the active region has anisotropic gain.
6. The laser of claim 1 in which the optical losses in the cavity are anisotropic.
7. The laser of claim 1 in which the optical thickness of the cavity is anisotropic.
8. The laser of claim 1 in which at least a portion of the laser is patterned, thereby producing anisotropy in at least one material in the laser.
9. The laser of claim 1 in which the partially formed laser is anisotropically strained during deposition of at least part of the laser.
10. The laser of claim 1 in which the polarization state is linear.
11. The laser of claim 1, wherein said active region is bounded by an active outer boundary, and further comprising:
means for injecting electrical current from an electrical contact from a region having an injection outer boundary into the active region;
an optical aperture having an aperture outer boundary;
characterized in that the boundaries are structured to give substantial preference for laser emission to be polarized in one state.
12. The laser of claim 11 in which the injection outer boundary is anisotropic.
13. The laser of claim 11 in which the active outer boundary is anisotropic.
14. The laser of claim 11 in which the aperture outer boundary is anisotropic.
15. The laser of claim 11 in which the at least one of the boundaries is substantially not centered with respect to at least one other boundary.
16. The laser of claim 1 wherein the optical cavity has a cavity axis and at least one transverse optical mode, and further comprising at least one anisotropically structured material to give substantial preference for laser emission to be polarized in one orientation.
17. The laser of claim 16 in which the anisotropically structured material has first and second dimensions, both dimensions oriented substantially perpendicular to the cavity axis.
18. The laser of claim 17 in which the first dimension is smaller than an optical wavelength.
19. The laser of claim 17 in which the second dimension is larger than an optical wavelength.
20. The laser of claim 17 in which the light in the cavity forms a standing wave intensity pattern having peaks and troughs.
21. The laser of claim 20 in which the anisotropically structured material is placed in the vicinity of a trough of the standing wave intensity pattern.
22. The laser of claim 20 in which the anisotropically structured material is placed in the vicinity of a peak of the standing wave intensity pattern.
23. The laser of claim 16 in which the anisotropically structured material is a metal, a dielectric, a semiconductor, a liquid, a gas, or any combination thereof.
24. The laser of claim 16 in which the anisotropically structured material is furthermore patterned to give preference to one transverse mode of the cavity.
25. The laser of claim 24 in which the transverse mode is the lowest order transverse mode.
26. The laser of claim 1, further comprising an array of lasers in which at least two lasers are structured to give substantial preference for their emitted beams to be polarized in predetermined polarization states.
27. The laser of claim 26, wherein at least two lasers in the array emit beams in the same predetermined polarization state.
28. The laser of claim 26, wherein at least two lasers in the array emit beams in different predetermined polarization states.
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. F30602-92-C-0091 awarded by Rome Lab, Department of the Air Force. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor vertical-cavity, surface-emitting laser, and, more particularly, to a semiconductor vertical-cavity, surface-emitting laser with monolithic and planar structure and having lateral anisotropy in order to control the polarization of the emitted beam of light.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Semiconductor laser diodes, in general, comprise a body of a semiconductor material having adjacent regions of opposite conductivity type forming a p-n junction therebetween. The body is adapted to generate and emit radiation when an appropriate potential is applied across the p-n junction. Vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) emit radiation in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate rather than parallel to the substrate as in the case of conventional edge-emitting diode lasers. In contrast to the elliptical and astigmatic beam quality of conventional edge emitting lasers, VCSELs advantageously emit a circularly symmetric Gaussian beam. Thus, anamorphic correction of the emitted beams of VCSELs is not required. VCSELs moreover, can readily be made into one- and two-dimensional laser arrays as well as be fabricated in extremely small sizes. Accordingly, VCSEL arrays have various applications in the fields of optical memory, laser printing and scanning, optical communications, integrated optoelectronic integrated circuits, optical computing, optical interconnection, etc.
The circular symmetry of the beams emitted from VCSELs arises partly from the fact that they are usually fabricated in a circularly-symmetric structure. It is also well known that VCSELs fabricated in square or even rectangular shaped structures tend to emit circularly-symmetric beams. A consequence of this circular symmetry is the lack of a preferred polarization direction. VCSEL beams emitting in a single transverse mode are linearly polarized. However, the relative direction of the polarization is often different from one VCSEL element to another within an array. For optical systems employing arrays of VCSELs, the variation in polarization direction can greatly degrade system characteristics, such as efficiency and beam uniformity. Because of the high finesse of VCSEL cavities, a slight anisotropy in the optical characteristics can give slight preference to one polarization direction and thus cause the laser to emit a beam polarized in the preferred direction. The semiconductor material forming the VCSELs is crystalline, and the beams show a statistical preference to be polarized in alignment with one or the other major crystal axes, for example in line with the <110> axis or the <010> axis. The ambiguity in polarization direction remains however.
Polarization of VCSEL beams has been controlled by deliberately introducing anisotropies into VCSEL cavities. Anisotropic diffraction losses were introduced by depositing high refractive index material onto opposing sidewalls of an etched VCSEL, thereby stabilizing the polarization as described in an article by Shimazu, et al., entitled "A method of polarization stabilization in surface emitting lasers," published in the JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, Vol. 30(6A), June, 1991, pgs. L1015-L1017. This method, as described in the article, requires etching through the top mirror, is not effective when the device is larger than about 5 μm across, and this device utilized a hole etched through the entire semiconductor substrate. Another technique, which uses anisotropic strain through a rectangular etch to control polarization has been described in an article by T. Mukaihara, et al., entitled "Stress effect for polarisation control of surface emitting lasers," published in ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 28(6), Mar. 12, 1992, pgs. 555-556. This technique requires etching a rectangular hole through the entire semiconductor substrate. Alternatively, the authors suggested polarization control by externally applying stress in mounting the device. Both of the devices described above used a hole etched through the substrate, resulting in a nonplanar device. This greatly complicates the fabrication and greatly reduces the heat dissipation capability of the devices. The approach of applying an external stress in the mounting results in a non-monolithic device which is subject to nonuniformity and reliability problems. Yet another approach described by Wipiejewski et al., presented at the European Conference on Optical Communication, September 1992, uses an external cavity containing a polarizer to control the polarization of the emitted beam. All these prior art approaches to polarization control suffer serious drawbacks through being nonplanar or requiring external apparatus, and are not considered practical.
The present invention relates to a monolithic and planar vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser which comprises a body of a semiconductor material having an active region therein which is adapted to generate radiation and emit the radiation from a surface of the body and is structured to give substantial preference for the laser emission to be polarized in one state. Planar, in this case, refers to the structure having no vertical features deeper than about 10 microns. One form of the invention utilizes anisotropy in the atomic, molecular or electronic structure of the materials comprising the VCSEL cavity to control the polarization of the emitted beam. Another form of the invention creates anisotropic features through anisotropic patterning or deliberate offset alignment of features in processing of the VCSELs to control the polarization of the emitted beam. Still another form of the invention creates anisotropic structures within the VCSELs to control the polarization of the emitted beam.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3-6 are views similar to FIG. 2 but showing different means for introducing anisotropy, such as anisotropic current flow or anisotropic loss;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are views similar to FIG. 2 but showing two more different means for introducing anisotropy, such as anisotropic loss or birefringence;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an array of VCSELs all having the same polarization; and
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an array of VCSELs having different polarizations.
Referring initially to FIG. 1, there is shown a sectional view of a vertical-cavity, surface-emitting laser 10 in accordance with the present invention. Laser 10 comprises a substrate 12 of a semiconductor material, such as gallium arsenide, having opposed major surfaces 14 and 16. On surface 14, referred to as the growth surface, the VCSEL structure is placed, starting with first mirror 18. The first mirror 18 is formed of alternating layers 20 and 22 of materials having different indices of refraction. Preferably, the first mirror 18 is a distributed Bragg reflector formed of alternating layers 20 and 22 of high and low index of refraction semiconductor materials which are also electrically conductive. Although first mirror 18 is designed to be reflective, it can also be designed to be partially transparent to light.
On the first mirror 18 is a first clad layer 24 of a semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as the substrate 12. On the first clad layer 24 is a thin active layer 26 containing active material, and on the active layer 26 is a second clad layer 28. The second clad layer 28 is of similar material as the first clad layer 24 but of opposite conductivity type. The active layer 26 may be of a single semiconductor material, nonconductive or of either conductivity type, or may be of a single or multiple quantum well structure or may be of a superlattice structure. The first and second clad layers 24 and 28 are of materials having bandgaps different from that of the active layer 26 so as to confine electrons to the active layer 26. On the second clad layer 28 is a contact layer 30 of a semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as the second clad layer 28.
On the contact layer 30 is a second mirror 32. The second mirror 32 is also formed of alternating layers 34 and 36 of materials having different indices of refraction. Second mirror 32 has a top surface 37. Although the second mirror 32, like the first mirror 18 may be formed of alternating layers 34 and 36 of semiconductor materials, it can also be made of alternating layers 34 and 36 of dielectric materials. In either case, the materials of the alternating layers 34 and 36 have high and low indices of refraction. Second mirror 32 may also be at least partially metallic. Although the second mirror 32 is designed to be reflective, it may also be designed to be partially transparent to light. A contact 38 is on the contact layer 30 at each side of or around the second mirror 32, or on the top surface 37 of the second mirror 32. A contact 40 is on the surface 16 of the substrate 12. As will be explained later in detail, anisotropy is introduced into the optical cavity or the active layer 26 so as to control the polarization of the beam of light emitted by the laser 10.
In the operation of the laser 10, a current is passed through the active layer 26 between the contacts 38 and 40. Current is confined substantially to flow within an active outer boundary 42, by a nonconductive region 44 in the second clad layer 28. The nonconductive region 44 is preferably formed by a deep ion implantation. The contact 38 on the contact layer 30 and around the second mirror 32 forms an optical aperture of the laser 10 having an aperture outer boundary 46. From the contact 38 current is prevented from flowing away from the active layer by a nonconductive region 48 which extends through the contact layer 30. The nonconductive region 48 has an injection outer boundary 50 and is preferably formed by a shallow ion implantation. Alternatively, the nonconductive region 48 can be formed by etching away that portion of the contact layer 30.
The injected current generates light in the active layer 26. The light is reflected back and forth between the first and second mirrors 18 and 32 along cavity axis 52 to achieve lasing of the light. Since at least one of the mirrors, for example the second mirror 32, is also partially transparent, some of the lasing light will pass out of the laser 10 through the mirror 32. The light intensity in the cavity forms a standing wave pattern 54 having peaks 56 and troughs 58 in the intensity. Lasing action occurs when the optical gain per round trip through the active layer exceeds the round trip loss of the optical cavity. By introducing anisotropy into the optical cavity or the active layer, the gain to loss ratio can depend upon the polarization state of the light, and the polarization of the emitted beam can be controlled. For all cases of discussion, the VCSEL cavity is understood to encompass all regions in which light is propagating both toward and away from the active layer 26. At a minimum, the VCSEL cavity includes the region extending from top surface 37 to surface 14. In some cases, the VCSEL cavity may also extend beyond top surface 37 or beyond surface 14, for example to major surface 16. Anisotropies introduced into the VCSEL cavity as described are thus considered to be part of the invention.
Anisotropy in the laser cavity can be introduced into the materials comprising the laser. There are many ways in which material anisotropy in the optical cavity can give preference to one polarization state. If the material is birefringent, i.e., having different refractive indices for light polarized in different orientations, the cavity resonance will occur at different wavelengths for the two polarizations. One of these wavelengths will have greater overall gain in the cavity and will therefore be preferred. Thus one polarization state will be preferred and will dominate the lasing action. Many crystalline dielectric materials such as quartz and calcium fluoride are intrinsically birefringent. Most crystalline semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and the numerous combinations of semiconductors containing gallium, aluminum, indium, arsenic, phosphorus and other elements are not intrinsically birefringent. However, birefringence can be induced in these crystalline semiconductors by a variety of means since they have nonzero piezoelectric coefficients, nonzero electro-optic coefficients, and nonzero nonlinear optical coefficients. The presence of pressure, electric fields or light intensity can thus cause these materials to exhibit anisotropic optical properties such as birefringence and therefore, when present in a VCSEL structure, cause the emitted beam to be polarized. Since the optical intensity is high in VCSELs due to their high reflectivity mirrors, the nonlinear optical coefficient can induce the birefringence. Electric fields caused by application of electrical potential across the VCSEL electrodes, or across separate electrodes, can also induce the birefringence. The strongest birefringence is oriented in a direction related to the magnitudes of the abovementioned coefficients, which are related to the crystal axes. In all these cases, it is therefore important to orient the crystal axes such that the refractive index for light polarized in one first direction perpendicular to optical axis 52 is different than the refractive index for light polarized perpendicular to optical axis 52 and the first direction. Anisotropic gain in the active material can cause the gain to be higher for one polarization state than the other. Examples of such active materials are quantum wires and anisotropic quantum dots; both are typically of semiconductors such as gallium arsenide. Absorption losses can also be anisotropic in a material. A familiar example is the polymer polarizing sheets which, due to having long molecules aligned with one another, absorbs more strongly for one polarization than another. Materials having similar properties can be introduced into the laser cavity to cause anisotropic losses in the cavity, giving preference to one polarization, and therefore controlling the polarization of the laser emission.
One means for introducing material anisotropy into the cavity is to orient the semiconductor substrate growth surface 14 at an oblique angle with respect to a major crystal axis, for example the <100> axis, as shown in FIG. 1. Crystal axes 60 and 62 are shown to be oblique to the growth face 14. A consequence of this orientation is illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a top plane view of the laser 10 from the side of the second mirror 32. FIG. 2 shows the outer active boundary 42, the outer aperture boundary 46, and the outer injection boundary 50. Transverse cavity axes 64 and 66 are perpendicular to cavity axis 52. Light which is linearly polarized along transverse cavity axis 64 has its polarization aligned more closely with crystal axis 60 than does light which is linearly polarized along transverse cavity axis 66. Thus the optical properties of the cavity are anisotropic, one polarization state will be preferred over others, and the polarization of the laser emission can be controlled.
Another means for introducing material anisotropy into the cavity is to pattern the semiconductor wafer, with or without semiconductor material grown on top of the substrate, with anisotropic features, followed by epitaxial overgrowth of semiconductor material having a different lattice constant than the underlying material. The different lattice constant results in strain in the overgrown material. The anisotropic patterning makes this strain anisotropic. Therefore the optical properties of the overgrown material will be anisotropic. The anisotropy can manifest itself in the refractive index, absorption, or gain properties of the overgrown material, or combinations thereof. An example of this technique is to grow the structure of semiconductor laser 10 up through first mirror 18. The growth is then stopped and features having, for example, dimensions 7�10 microns, are patterned and etched. The structure up through contact layer 30 is then overgrown. In this example, most of the materials could be aluminum gallium arsenide having various relative concentrations of aluminum and gallium grown on a gallium arsenide substrate. The active material, 26, in this case could be indium gallium arsenide, whose lattice constant does not match to that of aluminum gallium arsenide. Active material 26 would then be anisotropically strained, giving rise to anisotropic refractive index, absorption and gain, thereby causing the semiconductor laser 10 to emit light polarized in one direction.
A related means for introducing material anisotropy into the cavity is to create anisotropic stress by overgrowth of material surrounding the central portion of laser 10. For example the structure of laser 10 could be grown up through contact layer 38. The structure surrounding the central portion of laser 10 could then be etched down into the first mirror 18, followed by overgrowth of material over the region which was etched. If the shape of the etched structure is anisotropic, then strain is exerted on the material of laser 10 which is anisotropic. The resulting anisotropy thereby causes laser 10 to emit light polarized in one direction.
Still another means for introducing material anisotropy into the cavity is to create anisotropic stress, and therefore temporary anisotropic strain, in the substrate during deposition of any of the layers of semiconductor laser 10. When the stress is removed the substrate will return to its original flat shape, thereby causing anisotropic strain in materials which were deposited onto the structure when the substrate was in the stressed state. Such materials will therefore be anisotropically strained and will cause the polarization of semiconductor laser 10 to be polarized in one direction as described above. An example of this process is to fasten the partially fabricated semiconductor laser to a mount having a slightly cylindrical shape, and forcing the substrate to have a slightly cylindrical shape. After depositing upper mirror 32, the structure is loosened from the mount so that it relaxes to its original flat shape. This returning to the flat shape introduces compressive strain in upper mirror 32 only along the direction that had been curved during deposition. The layers 36 and 37 in upper mirror 32 will therefore be anisotropic and cause the emission of semiconductor laser 10 to be polarized as described above.
In all the examples described above the emitted light polarization is usually linear. For the cases of anisotropic gain or absorption, the linear polarization is oriented such that the gain to loss ratio is maximized. For anisotropy in refractive index, the linear polarization direction is generally along, or perpendicular to one of the crystal axes such as the <110>, the preferred axis having a cavity resonance which maximizes the gain to loss ratio as described earlier.
Anisotropic current flow and anisotropic loss can be introduced by anisotropic fabrication of the VCSEL to control its polarization. FIGS. 3-6 show several anisotropic configurations, each of which can be easily accomplished by appropriate patterning of the photolithographic masks used in the fabrication of the laser 10. In FIG. 3, injection outer boundary 50 has been made elongated. In FIG. 4, active outer boundary 42 has been made elongated. In FIG. 5, aperture outer boundary 46 has been made elongated. In FIG. 6, injection outer boundary 50 is not centered with respect to the active outer boundary 42 or the aperture outer boundary 46. All the configurations of FIGS. 3-6 result in anisotropic current flow. There are several consequences of anisotropic current flow. Heating of the device due to electrical resistance will produce an anisotropic, for example cylindrical, thermal lensing effect in the cavity. The electrical fields in the cavity produced by the voltage applied to the contacts can change the optical properties of the materials, making them anisotropic in their optical properties. Anisotropic losses in the cavity, caused by anisotropy in the active outer boundary 42, as shown in FIG. 4, or by anisotropy in the aperture outer boundary 46, as shown in FIG. 5, can also cause the emission of the semiconductor laser 10 to be polarized.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown another approach for introducing anisotropy into a VCSEL, even if all materials used are isotropic and the VCSEL outer boundaries are isotropic. In addition to the outer boundaries previously defined, there is shown an additional anisotropic structure 68 which causes anisotropic losses or birefringence in the optical cavity. Losses are increased for one polarization direction compared to the other by means including, but not limited to, increased absorption, increased scattering, increased diffraction and decreased reflection. Anisotropic structure 68 can also be fabricated to display birefringence. The structure 68 can comprise a material which is isotropic on an atomic scale, but which has been patterned anisotropically. For example, structure 68 can be a grating having grating lines 70. The grating can be in the surface of one of the semiconductor layers of the laser 10, one of the layers (either semiconductor or dielectric) of either of the mirrors 18 or 32, or a separate metal layer, for example gold or tungsten, formed in or on the laser 10. For example, anisotropic structure 68 could be formed by etching into a semiconductor layer of the structure and having on top of it another semiconductor or a dielectric. If etching is the method of forming anisotropic structure 68, the overlying material is also likely to be anisotropic. When anisotropic structure 68 is etched into the top surface 37 of the semiconductor laser 10, the overlying material is most likely air, or it could be a liquid, or it could be a solid material, such as an epoxy. Light polarized linearly along the grating lines will be absorbed more strongly than light polarized perpendicular to the lines 70. The grating shown in FIG. 7 would therefore emit light polarized linearly in the vertical direction. The grating is most effective when the widths of the lines 70 are small compared to an optical wavelength and the lengths are substantially longer than the widths. For emission at visible or near infra-red wavelengths, which are most desirable, the grating line widths are most effective if they are extremely small, thereby making fabrication somewhat difficult to achieve. A consequence of larger widths is increased absorption loss for polarization in the low-loss direction. The effect of anisotropic structure 68 can be controlled by appropriate longitudinal placement in the optical cavity. Referring again to FIG. 1, particularly to the intensity distribution 54, it is seen that the effect of the grating can be maximized or minimized by placing it in the peaks 56 or troughs 58 of the intensity distribution 54, respectively. Furthermore, placing anisotropic structure 68 farther from the active region 26 will incur smaller effects than placing it closer to active region 26. Thus a very lossy grating is most advantageously located in an intensity trough 58 as far as possible from the active region 26.
Another way to control the effect of anisotropic structure 68 is by dilution. Again using the example of a grating, the spacing to width ratio of the grating lines 70 can be increased to decrease the grating's effect. Furthermore, the lengths of the grating lines 70 can be reduced so as not to extend across the entire optical cavity as it does in FIG. 7. Yet another means for controlling the effect of anisotropic structure 68 is to vary the depth of its features along the dimension of cavity axis 52.
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a highly developed anisotropic structure 72 which, for illustrative purposes, uses a grating structure. Here the grating lines 74 are short compared to the aperture outer boundary 46. In FIG. 8 the other outer boundaries referred to previously are not shown in order to better illustrate the distribution of anisotropic structure 72. It is seen that the effect of anisotropic structure 72 can be made as large or as small as desired by varying the density of distribution of the grating lines 74. The distribution of grating lines 74 in FIG. 8 is advantageously chosen to produce smaller losses in the center of the optical cavity where light intensity for the lowest order transverse mode is highest. Thus this kind of grating structure not only gives preference to one polarization, but it can also give preference for one or another transverse mode.
The ability to vary the effect of anisotropic structures 68 and 72 through several means allows the structure to be optimized for manufacturability or for other desirable features. One particular example is to place the anisotropic structure 68 or 72 on the top surface 37 of mirror 32. This location allows the VCSEL to be fabricated through its entire process by normal means, and only then introducing the anisotropy. One desirable configuration is for anisotropic structure 68 or 72 to comprise narrow "trenches" etched into top surface 37. The "trenches" would cause greater loss to occur for one polarization than for the other and thereby control the polarization of the emitted beam. On the other hand, if anisotropic structure 68 or 72 is easily destroyed by environmental factors, as in a metallic grating, it may be preferable to locate it only near top surface 37, allowing the overlying material to protect it.
The need for polarization control is greatest when multiple lasers are used in an array. In most cases the desire is for all polarizations to be the same. FIG. 9 illustrates this case for laser array 76, in which all lasers 78, have linear polarization oriented vertically, as indicated by the arrows. In this case all beams will propagate through an optical system (not shown) with nominally identical transmission/reflection characteristics. Such systems are usually appropriate for applications such as optical memory or laser printing. In other applications, such as optical interconnections between electronic chips or boards, it may be desirable to have the polarizations vary over the array. This variation can take numerous forms. One example is shown in FIG. 10 for laser array 80, where each 2�2 subarray has two lasers, 82 and 84, polarized vertically, one laser, 86, polarized horizontally, and one laser, 88, polarized at 45 degrees as indicated by the arrows. In this example the vertically polarized beams will be transmitted to one destination, the horizontally polarized beams to another destination, and the 45 degree beams split to be transmitted to both destinations.
It is to be appreciated and understood that the specific embodiments of the invention are merely illustrative of the general principles of the invention. Various modifications may be made upon the preferred embodiments described consistent with the principles set forth. For example, the laser structure and electrical injection schemes can both take on a variety of forms, differing substantially from the structure illustrated in FIG. 1 and still utilize the invention. Both electrical contacts can be on the top side of the substrate or the upper contact can be on top of the upper mirror. The upper contact can also contribute to the reflectivity of the upper mirror. In this case the aperture outer boundary, as defined, could be zero, and the aperture outer boundary would need re-definition. There is no restriction for the relative sizes of the active, aperture, and injection outer boundaries to be as illustrated in FIGS. 2-7, for example the aperture outer boundary could be smaller than the active outer boundary. The invention is also applicable to optically-pumped VCSELs. Etching processes could replace part or all of the implantations shown. Lifting off of the VCSEL structure from the original substrate does not affect the invention even for cases where substrate orientation is employed because that substrate crystal orientation is preserved in the crystal orientation of the VCSEL structure. Any of the techniques for controlling polarization can be combined. The scope of this invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description.
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Originally written on Football Nation | Last updated 6/7/12
Hosts Steve Bennett and Don Russ interview the biggest names in sports media and pop culture each week on Football Nation's The Sports-Casters podcast. Their guest this week is Paul Kuharsky, writer and blogger of the AFC South for ESPN.com. The biggest story in the National Football League this week was the arrest of Jaguars WR Justin Blackmon for DUI. Blackmon blew a .24 on his breathalyzer test, three times the legal limit. Steve and Don talk with ESPN's AFC South blogger about Blackmon's arrest and all of the news and notes around the AFC South division. Kuharsky and the guys chat about a potential quarterback controversy in Houston, the rebuilding of the Colts, and what to expect from Chris Johnson this season. Kuharsky also says: The Houston Texans have the most talent in the division and should win it despite a harder schedule this year It is far too early to declare Blaine Gabbert a bust The most interesting story around the AFC South headed into training camp wil...
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Tour Dates - 21st August to 3rd September (14 days)
Tour Price - ZAR 43,500 per person sharing (see below)
(Tour price fixed in ZAR, other rates subject to exchange rate fluctuations)
Tour Size - Limited to 6 participants and 1 RBT leader
21st August - Cape Town to Boulders Beach and Cape of Good Hope National Park
22nd August - Rooi Els and Harold Porter
23rd August - Cape Town environs to Langebaan
24th August - Langebaan and West Coast National Park
25th August - Langebaan to Nieuwoudtville
26th August - Nieuwoudtville
27th August - Nieuwoudtville to Springbok
28th August - Springbok to Augrabies Falls National Park
29th August - Augrabies Falls to Twee Rivieren (Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park)
30th August - Twee Rivieren
31st August - Twee Rivieren to Calvinia
1st September - Calvinia
2nd September - Calvinia to Ceres
3rd September - Ceres to Cape Town and Depart
The fee for the Cape Wildflowers, Birding & Big Game tour is ZAR 43,500 per person sharing.
The single supplement cost for this tour is ZAR 5,875 and will be charged if you wish to have single accommodation. If RBT cannot provide you with a rooming partner although you choose to share, the single supplement will become applicable. We will make all reasonable efforts to ensure that a rooming partner is found if you do wish to share.
Should you wish to pay for this tour in Great British Pound (£), Euro (€), or US Dollar (US$), please refer to our website for the current exchange rate.
This includes:
•All meals from lunch on day 1 to breakfast on day 14;
•All lodgings;
•Ground transportation;
•Reserve entrance fees;
•A night drive in Kgalagadi National Park; and
•All guiding services (including tips for local guides and services).
The tour fee does not include:
•ANY flights;
•Visa fees;
•Any drinks;
•Special gratuities; and
•Telephone calls, laundry and other items of a personal nature.
a) Due to constantly fluctuating exchange rates, we now quote our tours in 4 currencies (see website for all 4 currencies). The tour price is however fixed only in the currency printed in bold (South African Rands), and the actual cost in the other currencies listed will be adjusted according to prevailing exchange rates at the time of final invoicing (usually 3 months before the tour.) The same applies to approximate domestic flight (where applicable) and single supplement rates, which are also quoted in the respective fixed currency.
b) Rates are based upon group tariffs; if the tour does not have sufficient registration (a minimum of 4 paying participants) a small party supplement will have to be charged.
c) Furthermore, these costs are subject to unforeseen increases in tour related costs and may have to be adjusted as a result.
d) Lastly, we may be forced to change or alter the itinerary and / or the designated M17026 leader/s at short or no notice due to unforeseen circumstances; please be aware that we will attempt to adhere as close to the original program as possible.
As noted above, gratuities (drivers, hotel staff, restaurants etc) are included on this tour. However, this does NOT include your M17026 leader/s. If, therefore, you feel that he/they have given you excellent service, it is entirely appropriate to tip them.
Special Notes:
•The intensity and quality of Wildflower displays is influenced dramatically by rain and heat and their impressiveness can vary from one year to the next. 2003, for example, was a very dry year resulting in a poor spring display while in 2004, sufficient rains fell which produced a riot of spring flowers as it did in 2006, 2007 and 2008. This tour is designed to visit the regions best locations at the best possible times under normal circumstances. The tour will run regardless as conditions can change very quickly and even in poor years there is still a great deal to experience botanically.
•Much of our time is spent in vehicles, as we do have to cover long distances in order to get to the best areas for birds and animals. The more luggage you pack the less room there is in the vehicle, so it is important for the comfort of yourself and your fellow travellers that you do not over-pack. Kindly stick to 20 kg (44 lb) for check in luggage and 8 kg (+-18 lb) for hand luggage.
•A related issue is that in all areas that contain potentially dangerous animals you are confined to the vehicle and are, quite understandably, not allowed to exit.
•Crime is problematic in certain areas of South Africa. Exercise caution as you would for any big city where crime exists. Do not unnecessarily flaunt cash and valuables and do not leave valuables exposed in the vehicle.
This tour does not include ANY airfares. The tour will depart from Cape Town International by 10am on day 1, kindly arrive in advance of this time on this day or arrive the day before. Further meeting details in this regard will be forwarded to you in due course. The tour will conclude by 12 noon on day 14 at Cape Town International. If you wish to arrive early and/or depart late and would like assistance in this regard kindly contact the M17026 office.
Johannesburg is the main port of entry for international flights in South Africa and is well serviced by all of the world's major airlines. We have the capacity to advise you on the best route according to your preferences, but your local travel agent will best be able to book these flights for you. If you would like further assistance kindly contact the M17026 office and we will happily help you plan your route. However, please DO NOT book your international flights until you have consulted the M17026 office for confirmation on the status of the tour.
Tour Price (Per Person) €3,130 * £2,510 * USD4,050 * ZAR43,500
About This Supplier
Out-Of-The-Ordinary Ranking
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Africa South Africa Nature & Wildlife Birdwatching Wildlife Viewing
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Can a Harley make it to Magadan?
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Joined: Jan 2010
Location: Illinois
Oddometer: 41
Originally Posted by
Of course i have said it because of radiation worries (It may kill, no doubt), and because it else may cause him REALLY BIG problem with helth, and with our environmental laws ( Court, Jail, etc. you know...). And this can cause break of his trip shedule... :Here in Ukraine we have no superstition about dead, or sacred areas etc... And of course Chernobyl is in a restricted (because of radiation) area today and next 300 years(Decontamination period)... I think that the old sidecar does not worth those problems... (Imagine: Man slowly dying of radiation in the jail, instead of fun riding round the world). Without any jokes.
I didn't mean the question as a joke. I didn't know.... To me that particular sidecar would be a very cool thing to have. A similar sidecar would be OK but that particular one would be special just because of where it is from... Of course you are correct in that it would be foolish to get if it cannot be made relatively safe. I do not know what it would take to decontaminate it but just riding a motorcycle isn't 100% safe so I can understand trying to overcome some problems to get it.
Here in the USA there is the saying that "One mans trash is another mans treasure"
However I have also seen some pretty strange things that the local people thought of as monuments.
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A year later, labor priest movement gains momentum
These priests, who have dedicated their lives to helping those in poor working conditions, brought with them more than curiosity; they brought stories of their experiences from the past year.
These priests, who have dedicated their lives to helping those in poor working conditions, brought with them more than curiosity; they brought stories of their experiences from the past year.
Part educational, part fundraiser and part interactive, the experience allows students to show solidarity with the nearly 43 million displaced persons worldwide.
The Ignatian Solidarity Network will honor St. Joseph Sr. Helen Prejean with the "Robert M. Holstein: Faith that Does Justice Award" May 7 in New Orleans. Prejean is known for her work advocating against the death penalty.
Sr. M. Patrice Kerin, a Franciscan sister in Sylvania, Ohio, who served as general superior and established the health care system Franciscan Services Corporation, died April 7 after a brief illness. She was 86.
Kerin was a good debater and listener, someone who helped people discover solutions instead of giving orders herself, friends said. She exhibited Franciscan values and Irish hospitality, they said.
"She had just a wonderful way of giving you the reverence that you were the only person that was important to her at that time," Franciscan Sr. Rachel Nijakowski said.
"Seelos: Doctor of Souls" tells the story of Blessed Francis Xavier Seelos, the Redemptorist renowned for his power to heal body and spirit.
With the end of basketball season comes an end of an era as the Big East relaunches around a core of Catholic universities.
A Catholic Korean War chaplain who selflessly pulled wounded men from enemy fire was honored posthumously with the Medal of Honor, the highest military honor, Thursday.
President Barack Obama on Thursday awarded the Medal of Honor to famed Korean War chaplain Fr. Emil Kapaun, presenting it to the priest's nephew, Ray Kapaun, almost 22,604 days after his uncle's death in a prisoner of war camp.
"He should have got it long time ago," Joe Ramirez, a war veteran, told Catholic News Service in a telephone interview from Houston. Kapaun baptized Ramirez on July 19, 1950, the day after their regiment landed in Korea.
"He deserves about three or four of them," another soldier friend of the priest, Herbert Miller, told CNS.
Fr. José Rodríguez Carballo, the new second-in-command for the Vatican's religious congregation, is "personally modest, friendly and joyful," his predecessor said.
On Easter Sunday, Mary Louise Schniedwind shook free of the shackles of time to be waived across the border into the Eternal. No need to check her papers; she had been there before, and everybody knew her anyway. She was in her 98th year, acting and looking much younger, still as single-eyed as we are bidden to be in the Bible and, as everyone blessed enough to know can tell you, ever-youthful in her interests and activities, less concerned with what was past than with what was yet to come.


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Desierto 3 Fairing for F800GS, whose got one?
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Joined: Dec 2003
Location: WA
Oddometer: 93
Originally Posted by
You said the Ztech tall clipped you at the forehead. Where does the windstream hit you now?
I rode with the fairing today, no rain. I am 6'3", with a 35" inseam. My seat is a custom Rich a bit taller than OEM. I have ridden the bike with the OEM screen and a Ztechnik Tall.
The OEM screen airflow was difficult as it felt my helmet was being pulled off my head. The airflow was directed low on my helmet.
The Ztech Tall was much better than OEM. A big drawback with the Ztech was its restriction to steering. I installed Ztech mirror extensions but the bases of the clutch and brake levers hit the screen. I tried to remedy the conflict by rotating the levers, no luck. I later installed 20mm risers, no change. They just hit the screen on a slightly different spot. I have been in contact with Ztech and they hinted they had a bad batch, who knows. It is my understanding they will be sending me a new screen if anybody is interested I will have it available for a reasonable price. My feedback to Ztech was I felt the screen was raked too far aft.
As far as the TT fairing I am quite happy so far. The fairing creates a different shaped shelter than the Ztech. With the TT the calm area is taller and more narrow than the Ztech. Also the boundary between the calm and the airflow is less severe. IE, with the Ztech the distance between calm and high speed air was very small. With the TT the boundary is "soft". In other words, the air flow is hitting me about the same spot as with my Ztech, but the air in that spot is much softer. My shoulders however are getting stronger flow than with the Ztech.
Another observation of note is I was feeling the air around my body and especially my head and didn't notice much difference a few inches above my helmet.
I was running the spoiler in the most upright position. The first trial I had the fairing canted forward, the second aft. I need to do that again before I can speak on the difference.
I hope this may help. If you are in the Seattle area and are trying to make a decision regarding the purchase of this fairing you are welcome to ride my bike.
Questions are welcome.
drofwaves screwed with this post 02-19-2010 at
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Leadership Day
ACP Services, Inc. holds an annual advocacy day on Capitol Hill. This event provides an opportunity for ACP and our members to increase our presence in Washington and bring visibility to issues of common concern. Participants receive a comprehensive orientation and briefing on ACPs top legislative priorities and then have an opportunity to meet with legislators and the staff on Capitol Hill.
Watch a video about Leadership Day and see members speaking about their experience.
ACP Policies and Recommendations
This library is a collection of ACP's Clinical Guidelines, Ethical Guidelines, Policy Statements, and copies of testimony and letters to government and non-government officials.
The ACP Advocate Blog
What do doctors really think of Obamacare? (It's not what critics have
told you)
- Thursday, June 18, 2015
How the Supreme Court is Reshaping American Health Care
- Tuesday, June 16, 2015
For physicians, is money all that matters in deciding where to
- Thursday, June 4, 2015


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LONDON: Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) has set up a vigilance division to prevent players becoming involved in illegal betting practices, as a response to spot-fixing scandal which led to the imprisonment of former captain Salman Butt and pace bowlers Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, The Telegraph newspaper reported on Wednesday.
The vigilance division is being established by Zaka Ashraf, the new PCB Chairman, with the intention of eradicating corruption. It is similar to the anti-corruption Access Unit established by the England and Wales Cricket Board earlier this year.
"We are going to keep a very strict eye and bring in very strict discipline so that my players, wherever they are, don't get in touch with people who try to drag them into such negative business," Zaka said.
"We want to discourage that, we want to eliminate that. We have to be a respectable board, we have to work with English Cricket Board, with the rest of the world and we have to move forward."
However, absence of a players union in Pakistan means that there is no formal anti-corruption education for players such as extensive program run by Professional Cricketers Association in England which includes a confidential telephone hot line.
"We believe that player associations are an important vehicle in the fight against corruption," said Tim May, chief executive of the Federation of International Cricketers Associations.
"They are able to build a culture of collectiveness amongst players and continually reinforce various integrity messages to players."—Agencies


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Click here to see the bestselling books.]]>
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Gregory R. Campbell, The University of Montana
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Click here to read the full interview.]]>
All titles purchased by your institution from March 1st 2015 onwards will be DRM-free, meaning that you can access, print and copy and paste without any restrictions at all. In addition new powerful filtered search enables you to effortlessly reach the most relevant content. Rediscover how tandfebooks can help you.
To celebrate, we have made five titles in Anthropology free to view on Taylor & Francis eBooks until the end of April - why not take a look?
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Click here to read them all!]]>
This book was originally published as a special issue of Anthropology and Medicine.]]>
Samuel Gerald Collins and Matthew Slover Durington, authors of Networked Anthropology: A Primer for Ethnographers, answered a few questions for us about their research and the influence of information and communication technologies on self, community, politics and practice.]]>


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While the radical feminists in the U.S. continue their hysterical push for abortions after five months of pregnancy, TheBlaze reports that another Afghan woman was killed at the hands of Islamists extremists. READ MORE
This month, Hollywood's dirtiest secret may finally get the public exposure and national attention it warrants. As the documentary, An Open Secret, is set to debut, it is more than fitting to address the despicable exploitation of child stars that has gone on for years under the radar. READ MORE
Your daughter is going on and on about Instagram and Twitter and Snapchat and her recent "selfie." She has no idea that this is all Greek to you. READ MORE
[As featured on BarbWire.com] For years, Christians have quoted Psalm 101:3, "I will set no wicked thing before mine eyes," to caution the culture about the harmful effects of pornography. Christians realize that pornography is not only spiritually unhealthy for individuals but also extremely detrimental to families and communities. READ MORE
The U.S. State Department released the 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) in June and included a warning to reporters to be careful when doing stories about human trafficking. One of the subjects the State Department raised a red flag about was "numbers." READ MORE
Who doesn't believe some of the unaccompanied alien children flooding across our border are victims of human trafficking? The current situation provides a great cover for it. READ MORE
On May 8, a group of pro-family activists and scholars met with representatives from the Google AdWords Team. The Google team knew that for a couple of years they had been on the PornHarms "Dirty Dozen" list of corporations for enabling the distribution of pornography and the growth of the pornography industry. READ MORE
Over Mother's Day weekend, in a thousand U.S. theaters, a family comedy called Moms' Night Out turned into a Rorschach test. Did you see it? The movie, I mean. READ MORE
A recent feature article in Marie Claire magazine explores Cambodia's big business of buying and selling a young girl's virginity. Most frequently, it's the desperate mother who sells her daughter's virginity to a rich businessman who requires a doctor's certification that she is, indeed, a virgin and is free of disease. READ MORE
Who would be so brazen as to admit to the world that his terrorist group abducted more than 200 Nigerian girls from their school in the middle of the night? Boko Haram admitted earlier this week that it kidnapped the girls from their school in Chibok on April 14. That bold move has caught the […] READ MORE


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Hi folks,
I had this problem with wp-cache and was advised to use wp-super-cache instead, but the problem persists.
As soon as I log in to my blog (the admin panel), the site refuses to load. Not just on the computer I'm logged into, but any computer!
When I clear the cache and cookies, it seems to start loading okay once more.
This is driving me nuts. I don't seem to be able to find any caching solution that doesn't kill the site in some way.
Back to un-cached for now :(


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BOE001 Heavy missed approach at Paine Field
Coming back from another test flight from MWH.
Friendly pilot! BOE001 BFI-BFI
And a dreamshot of the dreamliner has been taken.. Departing for another dreamflight!
[1600 pix] Caught using a lot of reverse thrust after another test flight.
My first JP photo of a 787, about to roll for a morning test flight out of BFI [EOS 7D]
A vintage Piper Cub holds short while the prototype 787 prepares to land a BFI.


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A collection of news and information related to Melinda Shankar published by this site and its partners.
Top Melinda Shankar Articles
Displaying items 1-3
Blackhawks, Bulls ready to add muscle to Auto Show, 'Project X' stars coming to Chicago, John Cusack, Theo Epstein dine together
'Mob Wives' filming in Chicago, Lauren Conrad coming to Naperville, Jennifer Hudson honors Whitney Houston
"Degrassi" stars Melinda Shankar and Jahmil French welcome incoming classStory | Feb 18, 2012It's the show that seems to go on forever, a rite of passage series that's been an education in itself for many going into and attending high school. Degrassi returns with the second half of Season 11 this Monday, Feb. 20, on TeenNick, and...


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Latest Articles
Monaco sign Guido Carrillo from Estudiantes
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Monaco have confirmed the signing of striker Guido Carrillo from Argentinian club Estudiantes.
Exeter City sign Troy Brown
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Exeter have signed defender Troy Brown following his release by Cheltenham.
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Tottenham director Sir Keith Mills has admitted the club are almost powerless to keep Gareth Bale if he wants to move to Real Madrid, even though he signed a new four-year contract only last summer.
Real Madrid have confirmed they are in talks with Tottenham over Bale and a potential world record transfer, with Spurs said to be demanding in excess of £80million.
Tottenham manager Andre Villas-Boas has said that Bale is not for sale, but Spurs recognise any attempts to keep the Wales international against his will would be futile.
Mills told the Evening Standard: "We very much want Bale to stay.
"If a player is desperate to leave, it's very difficult to force him to stay.
"We've seen it in other clubs. Even if he has a contract, you can't force somebody to play for you."
Villas-Boas' comments prompted a report in the Spanish media that Bale would stay away from the training ground today but they proved unfounded.
Such a move would have been out of character for the 24-year-old and he spent five hours at the Spurs training complex at Enfield. He was dropped off at 10.30am and collected at around 3.30pm.
Speculation is at fever pitch, with every move being analysed for clues as to whether Bale will stay at White Hart Lane or become the latest British 'galactico' at Real Madrid.
Tottenham today insisted their decision to remove Bale's image from the club's official Twitter page was unrelated to the on-going transfer saga.
Bale's image had been on the left of the page with Clint Dempsey's on the right. Spurs explained that the page was redesigned following Dempsey's sale to the Seattle Sounders.
Aaron Lennon and Moussa Dembele have been used in place of Dempsey and Bale.
Bale, who scored 26 goals for Tottenham last year, has not played for Spurs since their first game of the summer - a 1-1 draw against Swindon on July 16.
He missed the club's pre-season tour of Hong Kong because of a gluteal injury and did not travel to Monaco after suffering a foot problem.
Spurs are said to be demanding a world-record sum in excess of the £80m fee the Spanish club paid Manchester United for Cristiano Ronaldo four years ago.
Sky Bet Free Bet Club: £10 free bet - £5 free every week


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A celebrity gossip website
The "Fug Girls", as they are known, use their weblog to ridicule and satirize a variety of fashion disasters, whether by established stars or by starlets. Among the celebrities frequently appearing in the blog are Maggie Gyllenhaal, Courtney … see full wiki
POSH: Er, Karl... Karl, don't tell anyone, but... I'm having second thoughts.
KARL LAGERFELD: Thoughts are for the DULL, darling. BE AMAZING.
POSH: Fine, babes, but my problem is just that I don't think I should have worn this after all. I think I look a bit stupid, actually.
KARL: RIDICULOUS! You are a DIVINE dish served cold. I would eat you with caviar if I could and then polish my glove with the CRUMBS of your GLAMOUR.
POSH: See, David said this looks like a bad rug that the royal family rolled up and stuck in a closet in Windsor Castle. But my sister disagreed -- she thought this belonged in Camilla Parker-Bowles' nightie drawer.
KARL: David is a PRECOCIOUS flesh nugget INDEED. Dip him in mustard. HE IS A DELIGHT. But kill your sister.
POSH: Look, I just sort of feel like a 19th century prostitute, Karl. And I'm not sure it's the look I should be going for now.
KARL: It's like I told that delightful Lindsay Lohan -- "To look like a freak is to be ALIVE WITH FASHION, and also, WASH YOUR FACE IN CHAMPAGNE."
POSH: You're mad as pants, aren't you? You're more bonkers than a shed in a limousine.
KARL: I've grown tired of your complaining. You're just AFRAID TO BE FABULOUS. Now leave me unless your breasts make martinis.Another amazing feature is "Fug Madness," which is in the same vein as March Madness, except instead of basketball teams, celebrities duke it out for who has worn the worst outfits that year. It's judged by readers and is always hilarious.
What did you think of this review?
A celebrity gossip website
Online blogging site


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2K Sports is scheduled to reveal which forty-five matches will be part of the 30 Years of WrestleMania mode in WWE 2K14 sometime in the next week. The mode will be one of the main features of the game and will be the games' new single player campaign.
The game releases on October 29, 2013 for the Xbox 360 and PS3.


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Originally written on The Sports Bank | Last updated 10/22/12
Nebraska Cornhuskers quarterback Taylor Martinez has improved his throwing mechanics quite a bit this year. Last season they were just plain unsightly. This fall he looks and throws like a top flight college football quarterback. And the numbers back it up, as he's tossed 15 TDs against just 4 picks, 1,615 yards and 67% completion. On Saturday he accounted for 407 yards of total offense and four touchdowns to help Nebraska to a 29-28 road victory against Northwestern. The dual threat QB engineered two fourth-quarter scoring drives, erasing a 12-point deficit and tying the largest fourth-quarter comeback in school history. Martinez threw for 342 yards, the second-most of his career, and three touchdowns on 27 completions, adding 65 yards on the ground and a score. The league's highest rated passer, he won his fourth career Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week award and third this season. "Overall, Taylor played pretty outstanding football," Nebraska coach Bo Pelini said. "He was po...
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An experimental antlerless deer archery season will open this fall on the North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation land south of Bismarck.
Interested hunters must apply for an access permit from NDDOCR at www.nd.gov/docr (under the Archery Hunt header) before receiving a license. The deadline for applying is July 1 at 4 p.m. Only 25 access permits will be issued.
North Dakota Game and Fish Department fisheries personnel are gearing up to stock a record number of walleye lakes this year.
Fisheries production and development supervisor Jerry Weigel said 20 years ago approximately 50-70 waters were stocked annually with walleye fingerlings, with the number of waters growing to 100 in the early 2000s. This year, 156 waters are scheduled to receive a share of 9 million fingerlings. "The growth in walleye waters is directly correlated to the number of public fishing waters we manage," Weigel said.
Visiting a NDGF WMA this summer?
If your 4th of July or summer excursions include a visit to one of North Dakota's wildlife management area's you should be aware of specific rules & regulations. This weeks North Dakota outdoors video visit with Jeb Williams has the rundown. Watch the video here or click this link
more info on WMA's is here
The June issue of North Dakota Outdoors magazine is out and has a great piece on the western meadowlark. It's the state bird of North Dakota and most will acknowledge the population has shrunk in past years. Check this story and more for free in
the full June issue available right here: or here
A snagging season that lasted a few more days than last year led to a slightly higher number of citations during the recent paddlefish snagging season.
From opening day May 1 until the season closed May 22, North Dakota Game and Fish Department game wardens issued a record 190 citations as part of an annual saturation effort in Williams and McKenzie counties, according to enforcement chief Robert Timian. Last year the citation total was 177.
North Dakota anglers are reminded they can fish for free June 7-8.
That is the weekend North Dakota residents may fish without a license. All other fishing regulations apply.
Refer to the 2014-16 North Dakota Fishing Guide for season information.
Family fishing days return June 7 to the North Dakota Game and Fish Department's Outdoor Wildlife Learning Site. The catch-and-release only OWLS Pond is stocked with trout, bluegill, largemouth bass, catfish and other species.
Family fishing days will run Saturdays and Wednesdays through the end of August. Fishing equipment can be checked out at the OWLS Pond, located adjacent to the Department's Bismarck office, on Wednesdays and Saturdays from 9 a.m. – 4 p.m. Fishing rods and basic tackle are available for use free of charge.
The single most important reminder the North Dakota Game and Fish Department will issue to recreationists this summer is to be alert and safe near water.
Boat and water safety coordinator Nancy Boldt said safety on the water begins with wearing a personal flotation device.
"Failure to wear a personal floatation device is the main reason people lose their lives in water recreation accidents," Boldt said.
North Dakota Game and Fish Department fisheries biologists said despite colder-than-average winter temperatures, not many lakes experienced a fish kill.
Fisheries management section leader Scott Gangl said biologists investigated winterkills at 11 lakes so far this spring, with only a few considered significant enough to affect the quality of fishing this spring.
Lakes that appear to have suffered a significant kill include Leland Dam (McKenzie County), Island Lake (Rolette County) and the State Fair Pond (Ward County).


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Intarapat, S.; (2012) Isolation and characterisation of chick embryonic primordial germ cells. Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).
|PDF - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader
Embryonic stem cells (cESCs) can be isolated from chick embryos, with the ability to contribute to all somatic lineages in chimaeras, but not to the germ line. However, lines of chicken embryonic germ cells (cEGCs), which are able to contribute to the germ line, can be established from chicken primordial germ cells (cPGCs). However very little is known about these cells, or about the changes that accompany the establishment of gonadal cells as self-renewing cell lines. This thesis presents a detailed study of the properties of cPGCs and the parent tissue from which they are derived. Gene expression profiles for 30 genes related to pluripotency and/or differentiation were are compared between gonads at the indifferent stage (stage 26-28HH), in primary gonocytes, established PGCs and cESCs. The results reveal great heterogeneity in the expression of various markers in culture. Several genes associated with pluripotency change dramatically upon culture. The most salient of these changes is that while cSox3 (but not Sox2) is expressed in the gonads, whereas their expression becomes reversed upon culture (becoming more similar to mammalian stem cells). This suggests that these two SoxB1 class genes have swapped functions in chick. In the process of studying the expression pluripotency markers in later (stage HH35) gonads, we made an unexpected discovery: both male and female embryos show left-right asymmetric patterns of expression of some, but not all, of these markers. Expression of pluripotency (cPouV, cNanog, cSox2 and ERNI) in the left gonad is much higher than those in the right gonad of both sexes. The expression of pluripotency markers is irrespective of its colonisation by primordial germ cells, and it appears that this left-right decision is made independently of whether the gonad will regress or be retained. These findings offer a new model system for investigating the roles of pluripotency-related markers during normal development as well as in stem cell lines.
|Thesis (Doctoral)
|Isolation and characterisation of chick embryonic primordial germ cells
|Open access status:
|An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Life Sciences > Biosciences (Division of) > Cell and Developmental Biology
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Bears receiver Alshon Jeffery had his share of disappointments in 2012. Jeffery missed significant time from multiple injuries and and didn't perform as well as he wanted. But the former Gamecock record-holding wideout had a positive look on his rookie campaign.
One season later, the 6-foot-3, 216-pound receiver is breaking professional football records and named the Most Improved Player of the Year by the Pro Football Writers of America on Friday.
For this sophomore, the myth of a "slump" is busted.
Jeffery set a Bears franchise record in receiving yards in a single game twice, breaking his own mark of 218 yards against the Saints with a 249-yard performance eight weeks later against the Vikings.
Jeffery was also named to the Pro Bowl in Lions receiver Calvin Johnson's absence. He caught 89 passes for 1,421 yards and seven touchdowns in 2013, shattering his 2012 numbers of 24 catches, 367 yards and three touchdowns.
Teammate Brandon Marshall paired brilliantly with Jeffery and created the best duo of receivers in Bears history.
If record-breaking performances are the result of the first year under head coach Marc Trestman's offense, I look forward to what the future holds for this talented, young star.


text: Jesus christ, you people on this website are ridiculous. You try to be clever, but you're not. With your very poorly veiled racism you're just as ignorant and racist as ever. So if you want to make generalizations, then let's make em. Republicans can count on the white vote since (as we all know) all white people hate gays, minorities, and poor people. You really should try to have a conversation with a black person one day, I promise you won't get shot, or robbed. Despite what you've been taught about us.


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An Update from Dr. Robin Smith, Chairman and CEO
Greetings from NeoStem where we have recently filed our Company's 2013 Annual Report on form 10-k, which can be found here, with the SEC and made it available to shareholders, providing a great opportunity to update our investors and the public on NeoStem's business by looking back at 2013 and ahead to our outlook for 2014.
This year, NeoStem is significantly transforming its therapeutic product pipeline. We have announced the expansion of our clinical development for both our CD34 Cell Program (focusing on ischemic repair) and our T Regulatory (Treg) Cell Program (focusing on immune modulation). We plan to advance these programs in clinical studies including chronic heart failure, type 1 diabetes and steroid resistant asthma. Of significance, later this year we will also be announcing data results for both our PreSERVE AMI Phase 2 clinical trial, and our collaborator, Dr. Jeffrey Bluestone's Treg Phase 1 type 1 diabetes trial.
Additionally, PCT, our wholly owned contract manufacturing business, is continuing to advance the regenerative medicine industry by utilizing its newly formed Engineering & Innovation Center to help its clients prepare for successful commercial-scale manufacturing. The Engineering & Innovation Center develops innovative solutions for PCT's manufacturing clients by accelerating the use of automation, integration, closed processing and other strategies to address the important issues of scale up, cost of goods, quality control and robustness of the manufacturing process.
Taking a look back at 2013, NeoStem significantly advanced its leadership position in the cell therapy industry, with highlights including:
- Positive Data Safety Monitoring Board outcomes for the 12 and 18 month data and safety reviews for our PreSERVE AMI Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating AMR-001 for the preservation of heart function after a severe heart attack;
- Full enrollment of 160 patients in the Phase 2 PreSERVE AMI trial by December 2013;
- Expansion of CD34 cell intellectual property coverage globally;
- Establishment of relationship with University of California, San Francisco and Dr. Jeffrey Bluestone resulting in the license of three patent families, Phase 1 data and related IND to advance the Treg Program in type 1 diabetes;
- Completion of enrollment in Dr. Bluestone's Phase 1 trial for type 1 diabetes trial using Treg cells;
- Expansion of PCT clean rooms to include a Class 1,000 suite compliant with EU production standards;
- Continued growth in processing and storage services including additional transplant center client;
- Receipt of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) financial support for VSEL™ Technology research;
- Recruitment of additional seasoned management raising the Company's profile in the industry and increasing its knowledge, skill base and competitiveness;
- Listing on NASDAQ Capital Market;
- During the 2013 calendar year, the market capitalization of the Company increased by 89%; and
- Raised $62 million from equity financings.
I am pleased to present the following 2014 Outlook and Company milestones for the year ahead:
Therapeutic Product Pipeline
- Release of data from PreSERVE AMI Phase 2 trial in 2H 2014;
- Initiate a Phase 2 chronic heart failure trial in our CD34 Cell Program;
- Data from the Treg Phase 1 trial in type 1 diabetes presented at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions in June 2014;
- Advance Treg Program to initiate Phase 2 trial in type 1 diabetes;
- Initiate proof-of-concept study to determine if Treg cells can be used to treat steroid resistant asthma; and
- Advance VSELTM research through preclinical studies.
Contract Manufacturing Business
- Drive further growth in revenues through product and service expansion transaction(s);
- Advance initiatives in Engineering & Innovation Center to lower cost of goods and improve robustness and efficiency of the manufacturing process in anticipation of commercial production; and
- Expand manufacturing capabilities internationally.
Strategic Transactions
- Explore strategic acquisitions and business development transactions to increase shareholder value.
Thank you for your confidence in our company and for your continued support. I, as well as other executive team members from NeoStem, look forward to updating you further as more exciting and significant developments occur.
Warm regards,
Robin L. Smith
Chairman and CEO
NeoStem, Inc.
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Company Information
420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 350
New York, New York 10170
Phone: (212) 584-4180
Fax: (646) 514-7787
Eric Powers, Manager of Communications and Marketing
Phone: (212) 584-4173
Forward Looking Statements
This blog contains "forward-looking" statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as well as historical information. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from anticipated results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. When used in this blog, statements that are not statements of current or historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words "plan," "intend," "may," "will," "expect," "believe," "could," "anticipate," "estimate," or "continue" or similar expressions or other variations or comparable terminology are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, although some forward-looking statements are expressed differently. We remind readers that forward-looking statements are merely predictions and therefore inherently subject to uncertainties and other factors and involve known and unknown risks that could cause the actual results, performance, levels of activity or our achievements or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance levels of activity or our achievements or industry results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such forward looking statements appear in this blog. Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from anticipated results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others:
• our ability to obtain sufficient capital or strategic business arrangements to fund our operations and expansion plans, including meeting our financial obligations under various licensing and other strategic arrangements, the funding of our clinical trials for product candidates in our development programs for our Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy Program, our Ischemic Repair Program and our Immune Modulation Program, and the commercialization of the relevant technology;
• our ability to build and maintain the management and human resources infrastructure necessary to support the growth of our business;
• our ability to integrate our acquired businesses successfully and grow such acquired businesses as anticipated, including expanding our PCT business internationally;
• whether a large global market is established for our cellular-based products and services and our ability to capture a meaningful share of this market;
• scientific and medical developments beyond our control;
• our ability to obtain and maintain, as applicable, appropriate governmental licenses, accreditations or certifications or comply with healthcare laws and regulations or any other adverse effect or limitations caused by government regulation of our business;
• whether any of our current or future patent applications result in issued patents, the scope of those
patents and our ability to obtain and maintain other rights to technology required or desirable for the conduct of our business; our ability to commercialize products without infringing the claims of third party patents;
• whether any potential strategic or financial benefits of various licensing agreements will be realized;
• the results of our development activities, especially:
• the results of our planned Intus Phase 3 clinical trial of NBS20 being developed to treat metastatic melanoma;
• the results of our PreSERVE Phase 2 clinical trial of NBS10 being developed to treat acute myocardial infarction for which we released initial data on November 17, 2014 and for which all 6 and 12 month data has been collected; however it is subject to ongoing analysis, and currently reported results, although promising, are preliminary and there can be no assurance that further analysis may not reveal negative, or less promising, results;
• our ability to complete our other planned clinical trials (or initiate other trials) in accordance with our estimated timelines due to delays associated with enrolling patients due to the novelty of the treatment, the size of the patient population and the need of patients to meet the inclusion criteria of the trial or otherwise; and
• the other factors discussed in "Risk Factors" in our Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("the SEC") on March 2, 2015, and elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The factors discussed herein, including those risks described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015 and in the Company's other periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") which are available for review at www.sec.gov under "Search for Company Filings" could cause actual results and developments to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these and other factors. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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December 24, 2012
Brian Hough (left) and Mark Nibbler relax on the couch in their house. THe two men, who have developmental disabilities, share responsibilities and cope with day-to-day living.
Stories this photo appears in:
Developmentally disabled cut apron strings
WALLA WALLA — "At the end of the day, they're really just two guys living in this house."
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


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Getting Involved ...
Carrie & Jeremiah (2009)
Comments (9)
"I think the baby is ready to go to Moms Breastuarant" -ODD
Gabrielle Rose is 13 & excited to be a big sis to
Valerie Lauren born on 6/10/12!
I cant type today
"I think the baby is ready to go to Moms Breastuarant" -ODD
Gabrielle Rose is 13 & excited to be a big sis to
Valerie Lauren born on 6/10/12!
For my ds it was the same way. He has so many things going on in his life between school, sports, friends, etc that it was kind of hard to really get him involved in preparing for the baby. I talked to him constantly about it. We did go and pick out some things for the baby together. I made sure that he was involved in the babyshower planning (as much as a 10 year old boy can be) and I took him to pick out gifts for the baby.
Proud mama to Alexander Lane (13), Liliana Raine (3), and Aria Marceline (6.20.14).
( . Y . ) boobies of Gold!
Going for gold again
My daughter helped me set up the baby's room. She loved doing it. She helped sort all the clothes and put them away. She hung up the pictures and on the door she wrote on the sign (it's a white board flower) Baby Danika's room.
I plan to let my kids help decorate the nursery. I most likely will start working on it after school is out for the summer. I "might" let them help me choose the decor. I have been looking for some specific designs that I am having no luck with, so I may just seek their ideas and come up with something else.
Today we went to the fabric store to buy for the nursery items I am making. She helped me to choose the fabrics. Tomorrow she offered to help me move furniture and clear clutter from the spare bedroom/new nursery.
"I think the baby is ready to go to Moms Breastuarant" -ODD
Gabrielle Rose is 13 & excited to be a big sis to
Valerie Lauren born on 6/10/12!
Each of my kids picked a "baby" chore. I let them pick it so it would be their choice. We presented it as a way to serve their new baby brother and show him their love. My five year old is the binkie finder. My eight year old wanted to fold his laundry. My twelve year old watches him when I shower, or get something done. So far they have done well at their chores and get irritated if someone else does the chore for them. Baby is three months old, and they all seem to be adjusting well...except my five year old...still helping her find her place.
A & W ~ married 12/1997
son ~ 12 years old, daughters ~ 8 & 5 years old, baby boy ~ Nov. 2011
A Forever Family
Carrie & Jeremiah (2009)
My daughter has warmed up slowly to her brother because she REALLY hates change and this was a major one for her after being an only child for 16 years! Now however, she does almost all his laundry, babysits while I'm showering etc, gets all his stuff in the car for daycare in the morning, makes faces etc. to make him laugh, and is my backup babysitter when daycare is closed and she is off from school (i.e. she also knows how to change diapers, warm & feed him bottles, etc.) She has cared for him several times with other people in the house but with him being her sole responsibility for the day in preparation for this, but the real test will be in a couple of weeks when I have to work on a Saturday (fingers crossed)
S&D married 12/10 & finally together 12/12!
DD L (8/95) DS1 Z (10/11) m/c (4/12) & DS2 B (9/14) & hoping for one more
Becoming debt free