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Microsoft Silverlight 5 is a rich application framework for creating high-performance, cross-platform desktop and mobile applications. In this course, author Walt Ritscher demonstrates how to build a variety of applications in Silverlight, with particular focus on building compelling business applications and delivering premium video and audio content. Developers will work with the C# programming language and Visual Studio Professional, as well as Expression Blend, a tool that simplifies creation of the interactive user interfaces expected in modern-day applications.
When you compile your Silverlight application, a number of critical actions are performed. Undoubtedly the most important step that compiler performs in verifying that your code is correct. Once that is finished, the compiler creates a Silverlight specific DLL. It is this DLL that is loaded by the Silverlight Runtime. It is rare these days to have a project so simple that all it needs is a simple Compiler Tool. Instead we create Build Automation scripts that control every step of the build process. Microsoft has their own sophisticated build tool called MSBuild, like other modern Build tools it uses an XML format for the script content.
You create the script that contains a set of instructions for the Build Tool. Instructions are arranged in the preferred build sequence. MSBuild then reads the build file and performs the tasks in the given order. There are hundreds of predefined tasks and if you can't find a task that you like, the system is extensible, which means you can create your own tasks. Under normal circumstances, Visual Studio creates the appropriate build steps for you. When you create a Visual Studio project, it generates an MSBuild file. You can open your CSPROJ file in a Text Editor and see the build instructions.
When you build your application in Visual Studio or an Expression Blend it calls MSBuild. MSBuild reads the build instructions contained in the CSPROJ and performs the requested build steps. One of these build tasks calls the Language Compiler. The Language Compiler then compiles your C# code into the finished executable. Even though it is really a build process, most developers still call it compiling the application. Let's go and see. I'm inside Visual Studio and I've opened the CompilingYourProject Solution. This is a simple Silverlight application that contains the default files.
If I want to compile as application or build as application using the correct phrase, I go to the Build menu and I choose Build Solution or Build the Project. This will run MSBuild. I can also use this keystroke Ctrl+Shift+B, let's do that. I just built my Solution. As the build's tasks are being processed, they will output information to this output window. I have the minimum output set, so I don't see a lot of details down here. Important line is down here where it says Build: 1 succeeded or was updated, I had 0 failed builds and I haven't configured Visual Studio to skip any of my builds.
If I have multiple project you might have one or two of your projects turned off during the build process for some reasons. Once you have compiled your application it generates some files that you can see. I'm going to go out to my file system and look at this. There is an easy way to see those files in Visual Studio. Go to Solution Explorer, right-click on your project and choose Open Folder in Windows Explorer. This shows my project files. It also shows some of the hidden folders, you do not see in Visual Studio, the obj folder and the Bin folder. Now when I compiled my application, I had the Debug configuration setting chosen.
We see it up here in the top of my Visual Studio window. There are two choices up here; Debug and Release. Since I had the Debug configuration set, it generated a subfolder underneath my Bin folder called Debug and that contains my five project files. If you'd like to see these in Visual Studio instead, you can configure Solution Explorer to show those to you. Return to Visual Studio, go to the top of your Solution Explorer and click on this button Show All Files. Now that Bin folder shows up, as a white ghost folder.
There's a reason why they don't show you the Bin folder normally, it's because the contents of this Bin folder are generated each time you do a build. We're going to open the Debug folder and talk about each of these files. The most critical of these files is your application DLL. This contains all your code for your application, and it is this file that is loaded by the Silverlight Runtime. If you're interested in debugging your application, you're going to want to have it generate the PDB file. PDB stands for Portable Debug and this contains the debugging symbols that are used by Visual Studio during a debugging session.
There is also an AppManifest.xaml file that contains information about your application. We'll look at that later, and there's also a file called CompilingYourProject.xap which is usually pronounced XAP. This is a compressed file that is downloaded to the user's computer. Since it is a ZIP file I can change this extension to ZIP and then double-click on it to see the contents. As you can see there are two files currently inside my compressed file. The last file I would like to talk about is TestPage.html.
In another movie I talked about how you can configure a Silverlight Stand-Alone project to use a test harness page. That is set in the Properties node under the Debug section. Right here it says Dynamically generate a test page. So this TestPage.html is the page that's generated because of this radio button selection. Let's see it. I'll press F5 to build my application, and also, start the application and attach a debugger. F5, my default browser loads and as you can see in the end of the URL is my TestPage.html.
With this movie I've shown you is that Visual Studio generates five different files for your output, every time you do a compile.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about Silverlight 5 Essential Training .
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Wrong choice of words there Skippy, downloaded sounds real bad...
Hi guys i have backed up my game world at war, stored it on my external hard drive. when loaded using the wiiflow it plays fine but it will not let me on the multiplayer. Do i need to alter the settings or an additional download to the wad manager maybee?? or is it just a bad download. please help.
Last edited by dicki; 11-24-2010 at 01:51 PM.
Wrong choice of words there Skippy, downloaded sounds real bad...
is that a better choice!!!
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On a Great Team, Could Henrik Lundqvist Break the Single Season 22 Shut Out Record?
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Registered User
Join Date: Aug 2005
Posts: 2,057
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
George Hainsworth of the 1928-1929 Montreal Canadiens set the single season NHL record in shut outs with 22.
We are almost done completing our defensive corps. We have four extremely solid guys in Staal, Girardi, McDonagh, and Sauer. Two of the previously mentioned four are rookies who play well beyond their years (imagine them when they're seasoned!), Staal is elite, and Girardi is a usable 1st pairing guy, but better suited to the second pairing role. We have one more major D man to add before our defense can become scary. Let's say in two or three years our defense as a whole becomes elite with no holes. Is there any limit to what Henrik can do if this likely scenario occurs?
Elite D = easier games for an elite goalie = more shut outs.
Just for the record, there are four players tied for second place all time with 15 shut outs.
I believe Hank is one the real good goalies in the NHL but you are making it seem he is one of the all time greats in the history of the NHL..
This Ranger team had a really good NHL defense this year. They let up the 4th least amount of goals in the WHOLE NHL. Granted, Hank in goal does help but also this Ranger team defense was very good this year also
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
TTR Kelly Clark Wins Roxy Chicken Jam Halfpipe 2009
A Snowboarding video by WorldSnowboardTour - 8,272 views
Kelly Clark wins the TTR 6Star Roxy Chicken Jam Halfpipe snowboard competition in Mammoth Mountain California. Great halfpipe snowboarding action from Mercedes Nicoll, Lisa Wiik, Linn Haug and Sarah Conrad.
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It started with Israel jumped to Baghdad then to Afghanistan was a tradition in Pakistan and today the terrorist home grown or not have opened a door in america that might be hard to shut down. America might be a great country but it hides many terror groups among its societies which are protected under their constitution that will have to change once the white race will lose its grip on power there in the future.
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.


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10 posts tagged with astroturf.
Displaying 1 through 10 of 10. Subscribe:
A few pages from Dr. Evil's playbook
When lobbyist Richard Berman gave a speech to the Western Energy Alliance, he was seeking to raise millions from energy companies for his Big Green Radicals campaign attacking groups like the Sierra Club and NRDC. What he didn't know was that one of the executives in the room would be so offended that he would secretly record the talk and hand it to the New York Times. The transcript (pdf) reveals Berman's strategies for creating non-profit groups to influence public debate and policy. [more inside]
Peak Advertising and the Future of the Web
"Advertising is not well. Though companies supported by advertising still dominate the landscape and capture the popular imagination, cracks are beginning to show in the very financial foundations of the web. Despite the best efforts of an industry, advertising is becoming less and less effective online. The once reliable fuel that powered a generation of innovations on the web is slowly, but perceptibly beginning to falter. Consider the long-term trend: when the first banner advertisement emerged online in 1994, it reported a (now) staggering clickthrough rate of 78%. By 2011, the average Facebook advertisement clickthrough rate sat dramatically lower at 0.05%. Even if only a rough proxy, something underlies such a dramatic change in the ability for an advertisement to pique the interest of users online. What underlies this decline, and what does it mean for the Internet at large? This short [PDF] paper puts forth the argument for peak advertising—the argument that an overall slowing in online advertising will eventually force a significant (and potentially painful) shift in the structure of business online. Like the theory of Peak Oil that it references, the goal is not to look to the immediate upcoming quarter, but to think on the decade-long scale about the business models that sustain the Internet." [more inside]
I reside in the area near where your paper is published
When Rex Conte's letter to the editor -- "Why I am Voting for Mitt Romney" -- was featured in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and then reached top-tier status on Google News, several commenters pointed out that Rex had a similar letter published in the Chicago Sun-Times. Nothing too abnormal there, but in the Post-Dispatch letter he claimed his residence was "Chesterfield," outside of St. Louis, and in the Sun-Times letter, he claimed that his residence was "Oak Hills," outside of Chicago. So, "where does Rex live?" curious readers wanted to find out. An editor from the Post-Dispatch called Rex to find out and followed up with a note at the bottom of the letter: "Mr. Conte wrote a similar letter to the Chicago Sun-Times that said he lived in Oak Park, Ill. Comments and emails questioned how he could live in two places and whether he was a real person. I talked on the phone with Mr. Conte, who says he used to live in Chesterfield but not any more. So we've changed his hometown in this letter." So, we now know he doesn't live in Chesterfield any more but the editor doesn't go into whether he still lives in Oak Park now or if he just "used to live there." The Sun-Times hasn't added any notes to Conte's letter in their publication but critics on the web are claiming that the GOP is "planting fake Letters to Editors." [more inside]
Imaginary friends
Newt Gingrich's presidential campaign is floundering despite his brag that "I have six times as many Twitter followers as all the other candidates combined." Maybe because 80% of them are fake. Or maybe they're not. [more inside]
Rise of the Sockpuppets
A Daily Kos diarist dredging through leaked HB Gary emails has found concerning evidence that the company has been selling advanced "persona management" software to manage large numbers of fake online identities. Meet one of the buyers: the US military [more inside]
Red turf at Eastern Washington U. (It's not unusual at all)
Of course our new football field is cranberry red. What do you think we are – savages? Watch
paint dry Eastern Washington University install its forearm-staining turf on its TurfCam. Hey, for a million bucks what do you expect – something that looks like grass? (Via)
Reach out and touch Streisand
AT&T's recent complaints about its mobile phone customers using too much of its underpowered data service have now expanded this week to open opposition to net neutrality legislation. In response, the satirical blog The Secret Diary of Steve Jobs jokingly "reported" on a fake Apple memo calling for "Operation Chokehold", where customers agree to get together on Friday to overwhelm the company's networks. The joke has gained traction with disgruntled users, enough so that AT&T, in turn, chided the blog for "an irresponsible and pointless scheme", creating a Facebook page to promote "Operation Cuckoo".
Your roots are showing
Oh Blackwater, keep on rollin', Mesopotamia moon won't you keep on shinin' on me.
"Not associated with Blackwater USA." "Blackwater USA is not responsible for this site." "This is an independent site and is not affiliated with Blackwater USA." There's a new trend in the blogosphere, of anonymous people putting significant effort into creating blogs defending military contractor Blackwater USA. Just another bunch of passionate amateur fans showing Old Media how to report a story, or a calculated Astroturf campaign by a well-heeled PR firm? Maybe these guys know.
Dr Pepper in blog astroturf campaign
Dr Pepper astroturf blog shows that the marketers are coming to blogland. What to do? AnilDash suggest that we create a new format.. TNL follows with a first pass at a fulll disclosure that still leaves too much open. What should we do to fight the marketers when they invade our turf?
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You can look at Joker's Build Quality Rating for the RE272. From the looks of it, it's not badly built at all. IMO the E9 will actually be overkill. I don't know about the RE262, but sometimes I can't even use my Fiio E11 with my very sensitive IEM's. Even at the lowest volumes they're still too loud, and when I go even lower, the dreaded channel imbalance prevents me from hearing my music.
7/16/12 at 2:05pm


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Young Parakeets or Zebra finches For Sale At $10.00 Each Mostly Blue Colored With White.
Very Healthy Birds. Or two with a cage $45.00 We Are Located In Hendersonville NC. 828-697-0956
Or You Can Buy 25 Parakeets For $150.00.
Please Note
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I DO NOT hand feed. Thank You.
Jul 2 -
Asheville :
Hendersonville - Birds
Looking for good color Florida Fancy zebra finch pair. Preferably in Georgia, reasonable driving distance from Milledgeville (central GA). No shipping. No texting as I cannot respond.
Jun 22 -
Macon :
Milledgeville - Birds
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Sex of these at this time is unknown. This is the best price I can give so please No offers. Thanks for looking. Location Hendersonville NORTH CAROLINA. Or take advantage of this short term offer 25 finches for $150.00.
May 29 -
Asheville :
Hendersonville - Birds
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Yen Plus September 2010
Just before the Labor Day weekend, Yen Press sent out the announcement that the new issue of Yen Plus was …Read the Rest
Just before the Labor Day weekend, Yen Press sent out the announcement that the new issue of Yen Plus was …Read the Rest
I picked up volume 5 of You're So Cool without having any idea what I was getting into. Reading random …Read the Rest
In this week's post: News from Kumoricon, free manga online, manga by subsciption online, manga in libraries, respect for shojo, …Read the Rest
Noh-A watches in fear as Omu strikes down Maru, the last offspring of the Unicorn. With the last obstacle removed …Read the Rest
The Ranch wasn't fun, hun? But maybe festivals will be less funner?! (Yotsuba's playing opposites, ha-ha!) Yotsuba got uninvited to …Read the Rest
It was starting to become a tradition for me. Going to San Diego Comic Con and by Saturday afternoon, stopping …Read the Rest
And the Con Goes On It's been two weeks since Comic-Con, but reports are still coming out with video and …Read the Rest
Twitter This The week started out with a bang, and just kept on going! Seven Seas started it off with …Read the Rest
Just a stone's throw from London lies the manor house of the illustrious Phantomhive earldom and its master, one Ciel …Read the Rest
For all Kyousuke's resistance to Tena and her bossy ways, he seems to have settled in quite nicely to being …Read the Rest
Going home for his grandfather's funeral, thirty-year-old bachelor Daikichi is floored to discover that the old man had an illegitimate …Read the Rest
When Isabella Swan moves to the gloomy town of Forks and meets the mysterious, alluring Edward Cullen, her life takes …Read the Rest


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Pineapple Bavarian Cream
|Unflavored gelatin
|1 Tablespoon (1 Package)
|Cold water
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Canned crushed pineapple
|20 Ounce (1 Can)
|2 Tablespoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Whipped dry skim milk
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|1 Pint
1. In a small sauce pan, mix the gelatin with cold water.
2. Melt the gelatin over boiling water. Do not melt on direct flame.
3. Stain the pineapple from the can and reserve one cup of the syrup. Add a little water to the syrup if falling short of 1 cup measure.
4. Grease a 1 quarter Bavarian mold or 6 individual jelly molds.
5. Use a large glass bowl.
6. Combine the honey and salt in the bowl
7. Pour reserved 1 cup pineapple syrup into the honey.
8. Add the melted gelatin to the syrup and stir well to blend all ingredients.
9. Chill the mixture in the refrigerator till it is thick and beginning to set.
10. Remove the half set mixture from the refrigerator and beat it with an electric beater till it is thick and frothy.
11. Using a spatula, gently fold in the whipped milk and drained pineapple pieces into the gelatin mixture.
12. Pour the Pineapple Bavarian cream into the greased mold and chill in the refrigerator until firm and set.
13. To serve, unmold the Bavarian onto a dessert plate but loosing the sides slightly or by dipping the mold in warm water for a few seconds.
14. Decorate with sliced strawberries and cream if desired.


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"Idle no More" concerns
View Single Post
Steve G.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Oct 2004
Location: West is the Best
Oddometer: 7,349
Originally Posted by
the kaz
I think we should pay all natives $500 000 each and then thats IT ..... NO MORE!!!!! Plus by accepting the ONE TIME payment they become normal Canadian citizens who pay taxes buy fishing licences etc .....
I am pretty tired of people in modern society blameing someone else for their own problems. In my line of work we have many native bands as customers. Most of them are great to work with and are extremely well managed. The funny thing is the Native bands we work with dont seem to be represented in the current affairs. Maybe someone forgot to tell these other native bands that they are suppossed to be upset and screaming at the goverment ?
In this particular case, with federal 'grants', and royalties from the diamond mine, that band was given over $1,000,00 per household [300 million,300 houses] ,,,,, last year. I'm thinking if I was given a million bucks, I could not only fix the roof on my house, I could make a real nice house. Instead, the chief there kicks out a federal auditor to figure out where the money is going, then,,,,while her people live in tarp houses in the freezing cold, she spends $96,000 on a second Zamboni, even though the government purchased Zamboni they have is quite good. Then she spends another $90,000 to have it shipped up there. Hey, my local ice rink has one Zamboni,,,,,like WTF??
I'm thinking the 'idle no more' bandwagon jumpers should be protesting her instead of that evil monster who's running the country right now.
Steve G.
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Groups plead for Ebola-care aid
Crisis called overwhelming; another American said infected
Posted: September 3, 2014 at 4:59 a.m.
The international aid group Doctor Without Borders warned Tuesday that "the world is losing the battle" against Ebola and lamented that treatment centers in West Africa have been "reduced to places where people go to die alone" as the world struggles to contain the disease.
This story is only available from our archives.
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Stanford dominates Washington State in Pac-12 QFs
By The Sports Network
March 9, 2013 - 3:03am
Seattle, WA (Sports Network) - Chiney Ogwumike totaled 23 points, 21 rebounds, four assists and four blocks, as fourth-ranked Stanford blew past Washington State, 79-60, in the quarterfinals of the Pac-12 Tournament.
The Cardinal (29-2) also received 17 points from Sara James and 10 from Joslyn Tinkle. Stanford will play No. 18 Colorado in the semifinals Saturday.
Ogwumike became the first player in Pac-12 tourney history to h


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Here's a roundup of the late night comics.
Jon Stewart: A funny story. You all know that money we've been giving to the banks? They don't have it anymore!
Jay Leno: Barack Obama said today, again, he wants to raise taxes on the rich. That's provided if, by November, anyone is still rich.
Jimmy Kimmel: The government has bailed two huge financial companies out and today they strongly hinted that they would bail the rest of them out at taxpayers' expense. All part of a new approach that they're taking to the economy, called socialism.
Jay Leno: We are entering a new chapter in the American economy. I believe it's chapter 11.
Conan O'Brien: President Bush doing his best to respond to the crisis. [light laugher] I love that that gets giggles. When that's not even a joke.
Jon Stewart: The crisis affected four Americans in a deeply personal way. McCain: The American economy is in a crisis. Obama: The most serious financial crisis that we've seen. Biden: The crisis that you've been facing on Main Street. It is now hitting Wall Street. Palin: Let me tell you something's going on today in our world. Particularly here in our nation that needs some shaking up and some fixing. Stewart: (long very sarcastic pause with lots of laughter) Did she win a contest?!


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6 Genuinely Scary Things
I don't believe in demons, ghosts, ghouls, goblins or most other things that go bump in the night. I've gone
I don't believe in demons, ghosts, ghouls, goblins or most other things that go bump in the night. I've gone
That's what I am, though I don't much feel like it. My Levi's, always a little too long, drag on
Day 11 – A song from my favorite movie. This one seems simple, but it's not. From the age of
There was a time when I had to find the new and hidden. As much as I hate to say
I don't cry very often. I'm not one of those females who cries at the end of movies or commercials.
This week's Daily Post writing challenge is about violence in film. Specifically, they ask whether I think watching violent movies
I watched a documentary the other day called My Perestroika about the last generation of Soviet kids to grow into
Daily Post prompt: Take a quote from your favorite movie — there's the title of your post. Now, write! There
Make a list of movies you believe everyone should see at least once. Uh oh. There's no number limit on
With Halloween coming up quickly, I thought I'd do a horror movie post. But me being me, I can't just
I wrote a little piece of fiction yesterday. It's the post right before this one. I had no real intent
I have it. I've had it as long as I can remember. If I get five or six hours of
Yes, here's why: Fight Club. I love this movie with all of my heart. I love it so much that
There are too many movies that I quote. Sometimes, it seems as if I don't even have my own words.
My favorite movie endings are unexpected. Any film that doesn't end "happily ever after" wins in my book. If there's
If you had your own reality show, what would it be called? First, I don't have cable, which means I
Who is your celebrity crush? Why? Again with the celebrity questions. Haven't we already hashed and rehashed the fact that
1. The government. If I had my own country that had to provide services for its citizens, I'd like to
Sometimes, I refer to myself as the queen of metaphors, not because I'm royalty, but because my brain can usually
I don't cry. I don't cry for celebrity deaths, weddings, movies, commercials, tv shows, awards shows, talk shows, halftime shows
As I was writing that title, I realized that there is no emoticon for hate. That's just not right. We
Alright, so nothing is really original. Not really. All the words have been categorized as noun/verb/adjective; they've all been defined


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Fight relentlessly wearing this Roman Silver Helmet. You'll be up for any battle in this galea that's engraved with cultural design and comes down over face and neck for protection. Classic steel resembled Mohawk tops off your fierce look.
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19 Jun 2015No Comments
Is the IMF Dismantling Trickle Down Economics?
Oxfam America researcher and inequality guru Nick Galasso hails a new report that finds the poor and middle classes are the main engines of growth – not the rich In a new report, the IMF effectively drives the final nail into the coffin of trickle-down economics. The top finding,... Read More


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Owners' Reviews
1991 Volkswagen Vanagon Reviews and Owner Comments
2 ReviewsWrite Your Review
Overall Score (2 reviews)
1991 Volkswagen Vanagonriverbird, Seattle, WA, December 09, 2008 16:32My family loves this Vanagon. We go camping all over the west coast and it suits all our needs. We have almost 200,000 miles on her, and the kids are getting older so we may need to get another vehicle soon but we'll miss her. Except for the time the alternator failed when we were in Yosemite, it hasn't left us stranded! My hubby does all the work on it so it stays in good shape!Enthusiast
1991 Volkswagen Vanagonlawrenceg, Beaverton, OR, November 06, 2008 12:18My VW Vanagon had to have the cylinder heads replaced and the water pump too. The cylinder heads were pitted and leaking coolant, very expensive repair! Other than those problems it's been reliable and it offers a unique driving experience!Master


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(forgot?) or Register
Insert a responsive Google Map with shortcode [tb_google_map].
Download Version 1.0.2
Google Map displayed in standard web browser.
Same Google Map from previous screenshot displayed on iPhone 3.
How page was setup in previous two screenshots.
Requires: 3.2 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.3.2
Last Updated: 2012-4-6
Active Installs:
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Officially no series 8 in 2013
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January 24 2013, 12:52 AM
Location: UK
Re: Officially no series 8 in 2013
Allyn Gibson wrote:
JoeZhang wrote:
What family connections do you mean?
Moffat's mother-in-law Beryl Vertue. She's a power player in the British television scene.
But not in any sense that's really relevant to this: she's a very successful producer who's worked her way up from starting as an agent's secretary (back in the days when a woman was supposed to start as a secretary and stay as a secretary), but she's never had a management position at any TV station, and at 80-ish she's leaving it a bit late to get one. Her only influence is the respect of younger people in TV, and the fact that she's an owner of the company that makes Sherlock.
"Some days are better than others. They say that where I come from."
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Montreal's Marco Di Vaio scores at home. He always scores at home
Apr 27, 2013, 8:22 PM EDT
We know Marco Di Vaio feels good at home. In fact, if the veteran Italian striker could find goal on the road the way he does around Stade Saputo, he'd be a Golden Boot favorite.
Di Vaio scored his fourth goal this year, all at home, as Montreal prevailed over Chicago, 2-0. The Impact's DP striker has scored once in each of the Impact's home contests in 2013.
It was an important win for the Impact, arresting a mini-slide and providing some relief during a busy spell. Manager Marco Schallibaum had to adjust his roster a bit, accounting for a slate of six matches over 18 days, as his team won for the first time since beating visiting New York on March 23.
Today's contest was the third match of the set. It turned on Jeff Larentowicz's red card for Chicago, leaving the visitors to play a man down for the final half hour. The Impact was already down at the time.
(MORE: Looking at Larentowicz's red card)
Di Vaio's goal provided an extra cushion.
Di Vaio scored in the team's home opener, a 2-1 win over Toronto. had the lone goal in Montreal's last contest at Stade Saputo, a 1-1 draw with Columbus. And he scored the game's only goal in that 1-0 win over New York at Olympic Stadium.
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The Economic Report of the President 2006Paperback
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- Publisher: Cosimo Reports
- Format: Paperback | 408 pages
- Dimensions: 156mm x 234mm x 21mm | 567g
- Publication date: 30 June 2006
- Illustrations note: black & white illustrations
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This is the annual Economic Report of the President for 2006 originally issued by the Council of Economic Advisers to the President. Each year in February, the Council of Economic Advisers submits this report on its activities during the previous calendar year in accordance with the requirements of the Congress as set forth in section 10(d) of the Employment Act of 1946. The 2006 Economic Report of the President topics related to leading economic issues such as: * A review of economic developments in 2005 as well as the forecast for 2006 through 2010. * Current annual financial goals concerning topics, including employment, production, real income and Federal budget outlays. * Employment objectives for significant groups of the labor force. * Annual financial goals and a program for carrying out program objectives. The Economic Report of the President has been published since 1950 and is available on GPO Access at www.gpo.gov from 1995 forward. A searchable database of the Economic Report of the President is available from 1996 forward. A database of Presidential Economic Reports is available in several digital formats at http: //www.whitehouse.gov/cea/.
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While the rise of "Gun Culture 2.0" has seen the number of fellow gun owners in this country grow by leaps and bounds, it is my opinion that we have not yet seen these new gun owners fully come into the fold and become apart of the politics of gun ownership. While they are indeed going out and enjoying all the benefits of gun ownership, most still have not joined the ranks of the politically active gun owners in our great nation… and now is the time for them to do so.
This new Congress, and President Obama's second term as President will present the most challenging time that our nation has ever seen for the guarantee of freedom and liberty that our 2nd Amendment gives us as a people. The horrific tragedy that took place at Sandy Hook Elementary School has emboldened those politicians who would seek to disarm the American People. They are already showing that they are fully prepared to exploit the deaths of innocent children to achieve their desired political ends, and legislation is already being put forth that would put draconian and illegal restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms. From both the state level all the way up to the federal government, everything that they are saying and the legislation that they are putting forth shows that they view this as an opportune time to strip the American People of their God given right to keep and bear arms.
While we as gun owners have always been a political force to be reckoned with, because of our newly increased numbers we now stand uniquely poised to deal a decisive blow to those who dream to completely disarm law abiding citizens. Since the "greatest gun salesman of all time" took office back 2009 we have see a dramatic increase in the number of people who are now exercising their right to keep and bear arms. Now is the time to turn those new gun owners into new gun rights activists. Now is the time when we must harness our increased numbers and turn our political force to be reckoned with into a political force that shall not be infringed. We have a chance to show our ruling class politicians once and for all that we are too great in number for them to ever again trample on our rights.
So if you are a member of this new breed of gun owners, Gun Culture 2.0, I encourage you to get engaged in the political fight that has been brought to us. Stand up for your rights. Be counted and let your voice be heard. Join the NRA, and donate all that you can afford to give. Call your state and federal representatives and tell them exactly where you expect them to stand. Get involved. Stay involved. Then reach out to other new gun owners and non-gun owners as well and tell them to do the same.
If you are not a member of this "new breed" of gun owner, then it is your job to seek them out and to start talking to them. Many of these new gun owners are not old enough to have gone through the Clinton Era AWB. Many of them don't really understand how far reaching these gun grabbers really are. Many of them don't understand the death by a thousand cuts approach that they are taking with gun control. And many of them don't really understand what is at stake and why it is important to engage the enemy.
It is up to us to educate them. It is up to us to explain to them the historical context of gun control and the slavery and genocide that always comes along with it. It is up to us to show them who these politicians are and what they are really about. Seek these people out. Find out who they are and start a conversation. Friends, neighbors, relatives, co-workers, or just the people you might bump into at the range. Talk to them and make sure that they understand what we are up against, why its important for them to get involved, and what they can do to help.
The last thing that I will say about this are two things. 1. Do not underestimate the crossroads that we are at here. The anti-gun crowd is gonna go for broke on this one. 2. We must not let these new gun owners fall through the cracks.
We have a wonderful opportunity to either solidify a much larger political base or have these people fall through the cracks and miss a huge opportunity to have our movement solidified once and for all. Its completely and totally up to us.
We have a wonderful opportunity to either solidify a much larger political base or have these people fall through the cracks and miss a huge opportunity to have our movement solidified once and for all. Its completely and totally up to us.
About:Eric at the Gunmart Blog – Eric is a gun blogger, firearms enthusiast, and sorry excuse for a hunter. He is also an AmmoLand Shoting Sports News Columnist. Leave him some comments on this article before you go. You can also follow Eric on Facebook, Twitter and at his blog, Gunmart. Visit: GunmartBlog.com


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Car Parts Warehouse Customer Information
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Supernatural Exclusive: Go Inside Crowley's Addiction in New Behind-the-Scenes Video
Sep 8, 2014 11:31 AM EDT
The King of Hell took a major hit last season on Supernatural. In fact, Crowley (Mark Sheppard) quite enjoyed taking hits once he got addicted to human blood. Supernatural Infographic: The many deaths of Sam and Dean But as always, Crowley found a wa… Read more


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Concert in the park features local artists
Date posted: July 14, 2014
SHERIDAN — The next Concert in the Park will be held Tuesday featuring the Sheridan Concert Band. From 7:30-9 p.m. in the Kendrick Park Bandshell, band members from all around Sheridan will perform a concert. The concert is free and open to all members of the community. Attendees are encouraged to bring lawn chairs or blankets. Food concessions will be available. For more information on the concert call David Kuzara at 751-7960.
Copyright © 2015 The Sheridan Press or Sheridan Newspapers, Inc.
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Tell us what you think. The Sheridan Press offers you the chance to comment on articles on Thesheridanpress.com. We power our commenting forum with facebook comments. Please take a look at our participation guidelines before posting.


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Felanilla 21 by Parfumerie Generale
I'm getting the vanilla and banana, but no iris. I think I heard there was hay in this, but I don't get that. The vanilla goes a bit rummy on me, not in a terribly offensive way, but not really the overall scent I was hoping for. It's nice, and I'm glad I got a sample of it, but won't need a FB.
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Home > Sneakers
Following up the dope Hammer Snake release comes another pair of kicks from Supra that we are feeling. The Wolf is a shoe/boot hybrid with super clean lines and one of the best names for a shoe on the market. Peep the black after the jump and get a pair here.
While we weren't blown away by Supra's last big release, the Skytop IV, we gotta give it to them for following strong with the Hammer Snake. Even though you'd think trying to make a faux snakeskin skate shoe could end up being a disaster, Supra nailed it with this simple yet ultra detailed remake of Greco's signature kick. Look for them only at Supra's 250 Crown Coalition retailers. Full detailed looks after the jump.
On Black Friday Supra is set to release the Skytop IV, the latest iteration of the Chad Muska inspired sneaker that literally changed the template for skate shoes. Debuting in a clean black waxed suede and red colorway, the IV's have a nice slightly more chill look than previous Skytops, at least until you put the "shroud" on it and then it looks like one of those horrible Spectre Chimera's, so we don't recommend doing that. Full looks after the jump.
There's no doubt about it, Brandon Westgate fuckin rips, but we aren't bugging out over his new Emerica pro model G6. Although it promises higher quality construction, a necessary upgrade in the days of shitty skate shoes, the overall look seems to be too much of a throw back on one hand and too modern tech on the other resulting in a shoe without a distinct identity. It doesn't mean Westgate isn't still gonna rip the hell out of them, we just might not. What do you think of them? Peep the commercial after the jump.
DQM has just released the lookbook for their rad Holiday 2014 collabo collection with Vans. The simple beauty of the shoes speaks for itself but DQM's description includes some fancy language that is actually pretty fun to read: "The DQM/Vans footwear collaboration takes design cues from the WWII HBT and gives them a twist. Using a unique enzyme process created specifically for this project, we wanted to make a subtle camo using the highs and lows that the enzyme process created. The reference for the colors are Jungle, Desert and Ocean. The eyelets have a saltwater patina finish and the shoes utilize a syped bottomplate, as a nod to Vans' nautical past, and for the functionality of the tread on wet surfaces." The Collection will only be available at DQM General in NYC and Boston and online. See the full lookbook shot in the Rockaways by Gerhard Stochl after the jump.
Even people that hate on the big sneaker companies coming into skateboarding have got to have a hard time hating on Lucas Puig's Stan Smith Ltd's. First of all Lucas is one hell of a nice dude, and second Stan Smith's are the shit. Plus they come with a free Hélas X Adidas 5 panel hat. What's there to hate? Get them now at Atlas. More looks after the jump.
The west coast influences are undeniable on TK's newest "Satin Snake" Society, a pimp mix of burgundy satin and snakeskin suede. Add the padded black mesh lining, burgundy vulcanized sole with white foxing and you're ready to step out fresher than Franklin in GTAV. Available at Supra flagships now. Hit the jump for more looks.
These sick new Vans Vault OG 36 LX's may not be for everybody but for those with an appreciation for a slightly askew approach to a classic shoe, they're perfect. Featuring alternating baby blue and navy blue side panels and purina red check pattern foxing they'll match nothing and everything at the same damn time. Get them at The General. More looks after the jump.
It's really hard to say that there's another skate shoe that looks as clean at the new adidas Busenitz ADV Special in shale and gold. A very select few retailers have them now like Atlas. More looks after the jump.
Vans has been quietly revamping their OTW collection, bringing it up in quality and contruction and proof is in these supple looking Bedford's. For a blacked out anytime shoe that you can dress up or down in plus skate, you can't get much better. Available at DQM. More looks after the jump.


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Gemma Godfrey is a Business Leader, Broadcaster & Quantum Physicist.
Voted the most popular business influencer on social media, Gemma Godfrey drives companies to achieve strong financial performance and public engagement. With a robust track record managing investments for the world's biggest companies, Godfrey takes businesses to the next level of growth. She advises 'Game Changer' firms and is their Ambassador in the media.
At Brooks Macdonald, the publicly listed wealth manager, her firm runs $10 billion across 11 offices. Assets trebled during her 3 years of leadership. With refreshing perspective, as a former quantum physicist, she is an Advisor to the Boards of Templars Communications Consultancy, Growth Point Structure, JC Investments and CLU School of Management. She is an Advocate for the Alternative Investment Management Association and ranked amongst the 'savviest' on Wall Street by the Wall Street Journal.
Godfrey educates that in order to shape public opinion, you must empower people with knowledge. A true thought leader, she brings clarity to complex subjects and makes them engaging and accessible. An Official Contributor and co-Host on CNBC, the channel reaches 395 million households around the world. She is a trusted business expert on daytime television and was selected by the BBC as one of the world's Top 100 Women "striving to make the world a better place".
Moderator for some of the largest events internationally, Godfrey founded www.theinvestmentinsight.com, offering smart insights for smart investing. She is a front-page featured columnist for the Huffington Post.
Previously, Godfrey was Chairman of the Investment Committee at Credo Group and a Hedge Fund Manager at GAM and Julius Baer, leveraging her success at UBS and Goldman Sachs.
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As Eurozone turmoil resurfaces, Gemma Godfrey takes you through the under the radar risks and how to trade them. The risk of Greece leaving the Euro is looming large over markets as a 'snap' election nears on Jan 25th. Threatening to reverse the austerity measures (spending cuts etc) required for bailout funds and remaining in […]
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By William Renken, There will be no greater "fail" than to hear NFL commentators and analysts try to correctly pronounce Ikponmwosa Igbinosun's name. Spell checks instantly reject every mention of his name with no suggestion...Read More
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Embodiments of the present invention exploit the reciprocity of radio channels in TDD, and longer-term correlation between average uplink and downlink path losses in FDD wireless communication systems to enable distributed schedulers in an enhanced uplink system to allocate uplink transmission resources while preemptively managing intercell interference levels. Each cell's base station transmits a downlink reference signal at a known transmission power level. A mobile station monitors the received signal strength of the downlink reference signals from multiple base stations. The transmitted and received signal strength levels can be used by the mobile station to estimate the amount of intercell interference that the mobile station's uplink transmissions cause, and the mobile station's uplink transmission parameters are adjusted accordingly. In further embodiments, the received reference signal power levels, or values derived therefrom, are transmitted by the mobile station to its serving base station, where a scheduling algorithm uses the information to adjust one or more transmission parameters relating to a grant of uplink transmission resources to the UE, thereby controlling the intercell interference generated by the mobile station's uplink transmissions.
1. A tangible computer program product having executable program code stored therein for performing a method of intercell control by allocating uplink transmission resources in a mobile station of a wireless communication system, the program code operable for performing a method when executed at a mobile station, the method comprising:
receiving at least one serving base station reference signal transmission transmitted at a transmission power level;
receiving at least one non-serving base station reference signal transmission transmitted at a respective power level;
measuring at least one received signal power level corresponding to the at least one serving base station reference signal transmission;
constructing a noise-free version of one of the at least one respective reference signals;
calculating a power of the noise-free version;
estimating an at least one interference power level for the at least one non-serving base station reference signal transmission by a relationship of the noise-free version power level and the measured, received signal power of the at least one respective reference signal;
calculating a figure of merit for transmission to the at least one serving base station, wherein the figure of merit is for adjusting an uplink transmission resource parameter at the mobile station, and is based on a relationship of the at least one received signal power level and the at least one interference power level;
transmitting, to the at least one serving base station, the figure of merit to determine the uplink transmission resource parameter for the mobile station; and
receiving, from the at least one serving base station, the uplink transmission resource parameter in response to the figure of merit, wherein the uplink transmission resource parameter is determined by an uplink scheduler of the at least one serving base station such that an acceptable uplink interference is predicted to be caused to the at least one non-serving base station as a result of a transmission from the mobile station to the at least one serving base station using the uplink transmission resource parameter based in part upon cell uplink path gain information.
2. The tangible computer program product of
3. A mobile station for intercell control of allocating uplink transmission resources comprising:
means for receiving, by a mobile station, at least one serving base station reference signal transmission transmitted at a transmission power level;
means for receiving at least one non-serving base station reference signal transmission transmitted at a respective power level;
means for measuring at least one received signal power level corresponding to the at least one serving base station reference signal transmission;
means for estimating an at least one interference power level for the at least one non-serving base station reference signal transmission;
means for calculating a figure of merit for transmission to the at least one serving base station, wherein the figure of merit is for adjusting an uplink transmission resource parameter at the mobile station, and is based on a relationship of the at least one received signal power level and the at least one interference power level;
means for transmitting, to the base station, the figure of merit to determine the uplink transmission resource parameter for the mobile station; and
means for receiving, from the at least one serving base station, the uplink transmission resource parameter in response to the figure of merit, wherein the uplink transmission resource parameter is determined by an uplink scheduler of the at least one serving base station by generating an estimate of an interfering signal power level of a neighboring base station such that an acceptable uplink interference is predicted to be caused to the at least one non-serving base station as a result of a transmission from the mobile station to the at least one serving base station using the uplink transmission resource parameter based in part upon cell uplink path gain information.
4. The mobile station of
5. The mobile station of
This invention relates to an interference control apparatus and method for uplink access in a wireless communication system. The invention is applicable to, but not limited to, a communication resource access, particularly for an enhanced uplink of packet-based data employed in a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Wideband-CDMA system, as used in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard (UMTS).
Wireless communication systems, for example cellular telephony or private mobile radio communication systems, typically provide for radio telecommunication links to be arranged between a plurality of base transceiver stations (BTSs) and a plurality of subscriber units, often termed mobile stations (MSs).
Wireless communication systems are distinguished over fixed communication systems, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), principally in that mobile stations move among BTS coverage areas, and in doing so encounter varying radio propagation environments.
In a wireless communication system, each BTS has associated with it a particular geographical coverage area (or cell). The coverage area is defined by a particular range where the BTS can maintain acceptable communications with MSs operating within its serving cell. Coverage areas for a plurality of BTSs can be aggregated for an extensive coverage area. An embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to the Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) defining portions of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard (UMTS), including the time division duplex (TD-CDMA) mode of operation. 3GPP standards and technical release relating to the present invention include 3GPP TR 25.211, TR 25.212, TR 25.213, TR 25.214, TR 25.215, TR 25.808, TR 25.221, TR 25.222, TR 25.223, TR 25.224, TR 25.225, TS 25.309, TR 25.804, TS 21.101, and TR 21.905 hereby incorporated within this application, in their entireties by reference. 3GPP documents can be obtained from 3GPP Support Office, 650 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, FRANCE, or on the Internet at www.3gpp.org.
In UMTS terminology, a BTS is referred to as a Node B, and subscriber equipment (or mobile stations) are referred to as user equipment (UEs). With the rapid development of services provided to users in the wireless communication arena, UEs can encompass many forms of communication devices, from cellular phones or radios, through personal data accessories (PDAs) and MP-3 players to wireless video units and wireless internet units.
In UMTS terminology, the communication link from the Node B to a UE is referred to as the downlink channel. Conversely, the communication link from a UE to the Node B is referred to as the uplink channel.
In such wireless communication systems, methods for simultaneously using available communication resources exist where such communication resources are shared by a number of users (mobile stations). These methods are sometimes termed multiple access techniques. Typically, some communication resources (say communications channels, time-slots, code sequences, etc) are used for carrying traffic while other channels are used for transferring control information, such as call paging, between the Node Bs and the UEs.
It is worth noting that transport channels exist between the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) in the system hierarchy. Transport channels can define how data is transferred over the radio interface. Logical channels exist between MAC and the radio link control (RLC)/radio resource control (RRC)layers. Logical channels define what is transported. Physical channels define what is actually sent over the radio interface, i.e. between layer 1 entities in a UE and a Node B.
A number of multiple access techniques exist, whereby a finite communication resource is divided according to attributes such as: (i) frequency division multiple access (FDMA) in which one of a plurality of channels at different frequencies is assigned to a particular mobile station for use during the duration of a call; (ii) time division multiple access (TDMA) whereby each communication resource, say a frequency channel used in the communication system, is shared among users by dividing the resource into a number of distinct time periods (time-slots, frames, etc.); and (iii) code division multiple access (CDMA) whereby communication is performed by using all of the respective frequencies, at all of the time periods, and the resource is shared by allocating each communication a particular code, to differentiate desired signals from undesired signals.
Within such multiple access techniques, different duplex (two-way communication) paths are arranged. Such paths can be arranged in a frequency division duplex (FDD) configuration, whereby a frequency is dedicated for uplink communication and a second frequency is dedicated for downlink communication. Alternatively, the paths can be arranged in a time division duplex (TDD) configuration, whereby a first time period is dedicated for uplink communication and a second time period is dedicated for downlink communication on an alternating basis.
Present day communication systems, both wireless and wire-line, have a requirement to transfer data between communications units. Data, in this context, includes signaling information and traffic such as data, video, and audio communication. Such data transfer needs to be effectively and efficiently provided for, in order to optimize the use of limited communication resources.
Recent focus in 3GPP has been on the introduction and development of an "enhanced uplink" feature to provide fast scheduling and allocation of system resources for uplink packet-based data, and to serve as a compliment to HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access). Within HSDPA (downlink), a scheduling (or downlink resource allocation) entity is placed in the Node-B network entity (previously scheduling was performed by a Radio network controller, RNC). The scheduler resides within a new MAC entity termed the MAC-hs.
For HSDPA, scheduling is generally distributed among Node-Bs and downlink soft handover (macro-diversity) is not supported. That is to say that a scheduler exists in each cell which is largely, or wholly unaware of scheduling decisions made in other cells. Each scheduler operates independently. Feedback is provided to the scheduler from the UE in the form of Channel Quality Information (CQI). This information enables the scheduler to accommodate each users particular C/(N+I) (i.e. carrier to noise plus interference power ratio) situation. If schedulers in other cells are generating interference to a UE, this is reflected in the CQI report to the UE's serving cell scheduler, and link parameters may be adjusted in response by the scheduler to maintain an acceptable quality or reliability of radio communication between the base station and the UE. Examples of parameters which may be adjusted in accordance to the UE CQI feedback include: (i) the data rate; (ii) the transmit power; (iii) the modulation format (QPSK/16-QAM); and (iv) the degree of FEC coding applied
An enhanced uplink feature was first implemented for the FDD 3GPP variant. In this case, a scheduler is placed in the Node-B (inside a so-called MAC-e function). As a result of the scheduling function being located in the Node-B, scheduling is largely decentralized. However, because uplink signals from a UE may significantly interfere with the operation of other cells, some degree of co-ordination is required between schedulers of different cells.
Soft handover is also supported for uplink in FDD, and this too requires some control or feedback to the UE from all base stations actively receiving its transmissions. This can similarly be thought of as a form of scheduler coordination between cells.
In reference to
Control of the UE transmission power and data rate takes the form of grant commands sent from multiple cells to the same UE. The UE receives an "absolute" grant from the serving cell, and may also receive "relative" grants from neighboring cells in the active set. The absolute grant channel (E-AGCH) 007 is used by the serving cell scheduler to convey information to the UE about which resources it may use. Uplink resources are generally thought of in FDD WCDMA as "Rise-over-Thermal" (RoT) resources wherein an allowable received-interference level threshold is set for the base station (relative to thermal noise in the receiver) and each user is effectively granted a fraction of this allowable received interference power. As the allowable RoT set-point is increased, so the interference level at the base station increases and the harder it becomes for a UEs signal to be detected. Thus, the consequence of increasing the RoT is that the coverage area of the cell is reduced. The RoT set-point must therefore be configured correctly for a given deployment to ensure the desired system coverage is met.
If a user is located close to a cell boundary, his uplink transmissions may contribute significantly to the received interference levels observed in a neighbor cell and may cause an allowable interference target in that cell to be exceeded. This can reduce the coverage and degrade the radio communication in that neighbor cell. This is an undesirable scenario, since decisions made by one scheduler in one cell may have a detrimental (and sometimes catastrophic) impact on the coverage or throughput in another cell. Some form of preemptive or reactive action is therefore required to accommodate for this scenario.
For the FDD WCDMA enhanced uplink, reactive (rather than preemptive) action is taken. The reactive action takes the form of the E-RGCH feedback commands 005, 006 from the neighbor cells 004 and 003, respectively, which can be used by a particular scheduler to reduce the UE transmit power when the uplink signal is causing excessive interference in that schedulers' cell.
Thus, uplink interference coordination can be achieved between schedulers but without explicit need for direct inter-Node-B communication. This is beneficial since a distributed scheduling architecture may be retained on the network side (where schedulers do not need to communicate with each other), and this enables the schedulers to be located in the Node-B which can facilitate faster scheduling, lower latency and faster response to retransmissions. When Hybrid ARQ is used (H-ARQ) this is also advantageous since retransmissions can be combined in a soft buffer in the Node-B, obviating the need to relay soft information over the Node-B/RNC interface (Iub).
Uplink soft handover between cell sites is typically not supported for TDD. Nor is the UE currently required to decode information sent on a downlink from any cell other than the serving cell. Thus, the FDD solution to control intercell interference levels throughout the system using E-AGCH from serving cells and E-RGCH from neighboring cells is not appropriate for TDD enhanced uplink. A requirement for the UE's to listen to commands from multiple cells could be introduced, enabling the same E-RGCH feedback scheme to be used. However, this would significantly increase the UE receiver complexity and for this reason, this is not an attractive solution. In reference to
Other mechanisms for controlling uplink intercell interference must therefore be sought. It is again advantageous to find solutions to this problem that can operate within a distributed scheduling architecture in which a scheduler exists for each cell, or for each Node-B, that may operate independently of schedulers for other cells. This is so that the benefits of a distributed architecture can be retained. These advantages include: (i) faster scheduling; (ii) lower transmission latency; (iii) faster response to retransmissions: (iv) absence of a need for inter-cell or inter-site communication interfaces; (v) reduction in network complexity; and (vi) favorable architecture for hybrid automatic repeat requests, H-ARQ.
Embodiments of the present invention exploit the reciprocity of radio channels in TDD and FDD wireless communication systems to enable distributed schedulers in an enhanced uplink system to preemptively control intercell interference levels. Each cell's base station transmits a downlink reference (or so-called "beacon" signal) The transmission power of the beacon signal (at the transmitter) is known to the UE, because it is encoded on the beacon signal (and/or may be a default value). A UE monitors the received signal strength (received signal code power, "RSCP) of the downlink beacon signals from one or more base stations (received at the UE). The transmitted and received beacon signal power levels for the respective base stations (Node-Bs) are used by the UE to control the amount of inter-cell interference that the UE generates by its uplink transmissions. In further embodiments, the transmitted and received beacon signal power levels, or values derived therefrom, are transmitted by the UE to its serving Node-B (base station), where a transmission parameter scheduling mechanism is used to grant an uplink transmission parameter grant to the UE, thereby controlling the intercell interference generated by the UE's uplink transmissions. There is no need for the UE to receive data content from controlling signals from other (non-serving) cells, and as such embodiments of the present invention advantageously suit the characteristics of the current 3GPP TDD architecture and avoid major increases in UE receiver complexity.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. If a definition set forth in this section is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in applications, published applications and other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth in this section prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference.
As used herein, "a" or "an" means "at least one" or "one or more."
In reference to
For a given transmission from the ith UE, the ratio of power received at his serving cell (J) to the sum of the power received at all other cells is given the term "geometry" (Φ):
Users with high geometry generally interfere less with neighbor cells than UEs with low geometry. It would thus be beneficial if the scheduler had knowledge of the geometry of each UE, since the amount of intercell interference they cause could be predicted before the scheduling grants are sent to the users with the result that the intercell interference is managed and controlled.
Users with high and low geometry are illustrated in
The geometry of the user can be calculated by the network given the received uplink signal powers at each of the base stations. However, this requires that the received signal power measurements for a given UE are collected at that UE's serving Node-B, requiring the establishment of new communication links between the serving Node-B and the Node-B's in neighboring cells (recall this is something we are trying to avoid).
Alternatively, the received power measurements for a given UE could be collected at some other central point (such as a Radio Network Controller, RNC) and then relayed back out to the UE's serving Node-B. Unfortunately, this involves transmission delays of the measurement information within the network, and could mean that the information is "old" before it can be used by the scheduler. It also adds signaling overhead within the network.
An embodiment of the present invention exploits the channel reciprocity for TDD to avoid the issues discussed above. For TDD, because the downlink and uplink channels are reciprocal, geometry (or the corresponding path gains gij) can be measured by the UE using downlink reference, or beacon, signals and can be signaled to the serving Node-B for use by a scheduling process. Such downlink beacon signals already exist for 3GPP TDD WCDMA systems. They are transmitted at a fixed reference power (configured for each cell) once or twice within each radio frame. They are located in the same timeslot as primary synchronization signals, which enable the UE to find the location of the beacon timeslot. Thus, it is possible for the UE to locate in time, the beacon transmissions from various cells (including the serving cell) and to measure the received signal code power levels (RSCP) of those beacon transmissions including the serving cell.
The transmit reference power of the beacon signal is signaled within the beacon transmission itself in each cell. Thus in reference to
By doing this for each cell, it is clear that the UE can calculate his own geometry Φi in an embodiment via equation [1] and can report this to the network for use by an uplink scheduling process.
In other embodiments, similar or related metrics (figures of merit) can be derived, such as the ratio of the serving cell (J) path gain to the strongest neighbor cell (K) path gain:
In other embodiments, when the reference transmit power levels (Pj ref) are equal, and the beacon signals from the multiple cells are transmitted over a common period of time, the UE can make an approximate estimate to Φi of equation [1] by taking the ratio of the RSCP measured for the serving cell, to the residual non-serving cell power, "ISCP". ISCP is the total intercell interference plus thermal noise (i.e. sum of non-serving cell received power) measured by the UE. As mentioned, this approximation assumes that Pj ref is the same for all cells in the network and that only beacon signals are transmitted on the beacon timeslot(s) such that ISCP is approximately equal to the sum of RSCPj for all j≠J.
ISCP may be estimated in several known ways, two examples are herein described. In the first example, a noise-free portion of the serving cell beacon signal is reconstructed and is subtracted from the composite received signal. The power of the remaining signal is then measured to provide the required ISCP estimate. In the second example, the total power "T" of the composite signal (containing the beacon signals from the multiple cells) is measured, and the power of the serving cell signal (RSCPJ) is separately measured. ISCP is then estimated as T-RSCPJ such that:
where ISCP is the total intercell interference plus thermal noise (i.e. sum of non-serving cell received power) measured by the UE. Note that this approximation assumes that Pj ref is the same for all cells in the network and that only beacon signals are transmitted on the beacon timeslot(s) such that ISCP is approximately equal to the sum of RSCPj for all j≠J.
In a further embodiment, a UE can report the individual RSCPj values that it received to the serving Node-B, and the serving Node-B calculates the geometry or other metric itself, to provide to the scheduling process. Calculating the geometry, or other metric, at the serving Node-B can offload computation from the UE, however at the cost of transmitting more data from the UE to the serving Node-B.
In these cases, the geometry (or approximated version thereof) information is conveyed to the base station scheduler in the serving Node-B associated with each particular UE. The scheduler can then preemptively avoid excessive intercell interference by scheduling the UE such that its transmissions do not arrive in the neighbor cells with excessive power. In this respect the geometry value of equation [3] is particularly useful, since the maximum received signal level at any neighbor cell (i.e. the strongest one) may be directly calculated if the transmit power of the UE (or receive power in the serving cell) is known. The received power level in all other cells can then be known to be less than this value, and could be considered to somewhat negligible.
Scheduling of uplink resources to UEs according to their geometry necessarily means that the transmission rate per timeslot is reduced for UEs with low geometry and is increased for users with high geometry. Advantageously, this can be shown to have further benefits in terms of system capacity. Scheduled resources for uplink are generally thought of as received C/(N+I) resources, or rise over thermal (RoT) resources. When users are scheduled an amount of uplink resources in proportion to their geometry, the overall intercell interference generated for a given total amount of resources scheduled in each cell is reduced when compared to the situation in which each user is scheduled an equal fraction of the assigned uplink resources.
In further embodiments, for either TDD or FDD systems, a UE can autonomously use a beacon signal RSCP measurement to control its own uplink transmission characteristics, rather than waiting for commands back from the serving Node-B scheduler. This can effect a very fast secondary interference control which could advantageously be based upon more recent path loss measurement information at the UE than that used by the basestation scheduler when granting the transmission resources. The updated measurements could then be signaled to the basestation scheduler as described in previous embodiments. The basestation scheduler may then use these updated measurements on which to base further scheduling decisions. Embodiments of the present invention can also be used for FDD wireless communication systems. Although uplink and downlink transmission frequencies are different for FDD systems, rather than common as in TDD systems, a downlink transmission path gain can provide a less precise, but usable longer-term estimate of an uplink transmission path gain between a particular Node-B and UE.
The difference between fair and geometrically-proportional scheduling is shown pictorially in
When implementing geometrically-proportional scheduling, the scheduler can ensure that each user creates the same (or a similar) level of intercell interference as each other user, regardless of the users geometry. This is in contrast to fair scheduling in which the degree of intercell interference caused by each user is inversely proportional to the user's geometry. As such, in the case of fair scheduling, the system is often limited by only a few low-geometry users, and this penalizes the high geometry users. By sharing out the intercell "cost" of each user more fairly amongst users (as in the geometrically-proportional case), the system is less compromised by these worst-case users, and system capacity can be increased.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a 3GPP TDD enhanced uplink system is considered in which each UE measures the downlink beacon RSCP from multiple neighboring cells (possibly using the primary synchronization channels to locate the beacon transmissions). The UEs also decode the system information contained on one or more of the beacon signals, and retrieve the beacon reference transmit power for each cell (Pj ref). Using this information, the UEs calculate the path gain to the serving cell and to each neighbor cell (via equation [2]). They then calculate the geometry via equation [1], or a similar metric based upon estimated path gains, and signal this information to the MAC-e entity responsible for uplink scheduling at the serving cell Node-B. The geometry information is pertinent to the uplink even though it is measured on downlink, due to the reciprocity of the TDD radio channel (the same frequency is used for uplink and downlink transmissions). This geometry information can also be applied to FDD systems, except that the uplink and downlink channels can be less correlated and therefore averaged or filtered downlink received signal power measurement or path gain would need to be used, adding latency to the interference control response time.
Without loss of generality the feedback information may be contained or otherwise multiplexed within an actual enhanced uplink transmission, or may be carried on an associated control channel. The feedback signaling is communicated between the MAC-e entity in the UE and the MAC-e entity in the serving cell Node-B as shown in
The network (UTRAN) is comprised of Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) each subtending multiple cell sites (Node-B's). Each Node-B contains a MAC-e entity responsible for scheduling of one or more cells or sectors supported by the Node-B. The schedulers do not require coordination between sites, and hence the need for Node-B to Node-B interfaces is obviated. Of course, schedulers dealing with different cells subtended by the same Node-B may communicate internally to the Node-B if the implementation dictates.
The scheduler is responsible for sharing out uplink interference resources amongst users. The interference resources consist of an intracell interference component and an intercell interference component and are specified as allowable interference levels relative to the thermal noise (so-called "Rise over Thermal", RoT).
A TDD WCDMA receiver can incorporate a joint detection receiver which can cancel some of the energy from other serving cell users. However, the cancellation process is not perfect and some residual interference may remain. The residual interference from each user is likely to vary to some degree in proportion with the received power from that user. Thus, a user granted more received power at the base station will have a higher intracell "cost" than a user granted a lower received-power quotient.
The scheduler can calculate/estimate an intracell cost factor (Fintra) for each UE (i), which when multipled by the hypothetical received power grant results in an absolute intracell cost associated with that grant. The cost factor could for example simply be a fixed scalar related to the efficiency of the joint detection process (0 . . . 1). For example:
Each user's transmission to the serving cell will also appear at a neighboring cell receiver at a level corresponding to the granted received power in the serving cell, and the ratio of the path gain to the serving cell and the path gain to the particular neighboring cell. Users granted more received power at the serving cell will interfere more with neighboring cells than those granted less power. Additionally, users with low geometry will interfere with neighbor cells more than those with high geometry.
As for the intracell case, the scheduler can determine an overall intercell "cost" factor associated with a hypothetical grant of received power resources to a given UE. The cost factor is based upon the geometry of the user. When the cost factor is multipled by the grant, an absolute intercell cost is obtained. For example:
Using the notion of intracell and intercell cost, the scheduler can apportion the allowable intracell and intercell costs to the various UEs in the schedule according to a fairness criterion.
For fair scheduling, each scheduled user in the cell governed by a particular scheduler should receive an equal received-power grant. The sum of the costs of the equal power grants should not exceed the total allowable intracell or intercell costs (these are set in order to maintain a particular outage or system reliability/stability).
For geometrically proportional scheduling, each scheduled user in the cell governed by a particular scheduler should receive a received-power grant in proportion to his geometry. Again, the sum of the costs of the power grants should not exceed the total allowable intracell or intercell costs.
Variable degrees of fairness can also be implemented between the fair scheduling and geometrically proportional scheduling methods, wherein power grants are scaled by a factor that is the sum of a geometry factor and a constant that represents a fairness parameter. An embodiment of the scheduling process is illustrated in
Variations and extensions of the embodiments described are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the uplink scheduler can calculate the effect or cost of a hypothetical grant of uplink resources on other cells before making the grant, using the reported measurements to derive in whole or in part the effect or cost value.
Other applications, features, and advantages of this invention will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art who studies this invention disclosure. Therefore the scope of this invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
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