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From Head to Toe, Young to Old: 26 Knit and Crochet Accessories
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Easy Striped Scarf
By: Bernat
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Keep warm in the winter with this classic striped scarf from Bernat Yarns. This scarf is quick and easy to make and is a practical and essential addition to your winter wardrobe.
You can find this beginner knit pattern, along with several other easy knitting patterns, in our free eBook, Learn How to Knit for Beginners: 27 Easy Knitting Patterns.
Approx 10 x 60 ins [25.5 x 152.5 cm].
Bernat® Super Value (197 g / 7 oz) or yarn of your choice.
- MC: #07421 (Black) -1 ball.
- A: #00610 (Royal Blue) -1 ball.
- Bernat® Berella '4' (100 g / 3.5 oz).
- MC: 1 ball, A: 1 ball.
- Size 5.5 mm (U.S. 9) knitting needles or size needed to obtain gauge.
17 sts and 23 rows = 4" [10 cm] in stocking st.
With MC, cast on 38 sts.
Knit 5 rows, noting that first row is WS and inc 4 sts evenly across last row. 42 sts.
**Next row: (RS). With MC, knit.
Next row: K3. Purl to last 3 sts. K3.
Rep last 2 rows 11 times more.**
With A, rep from ** to ** once.***
Rep from ** to *** until work from beg measures approx 59" [150 cm], ending with RS row and dec 4 sts evenly across last row. 38 sts.
With A, knit 4 rows. Cast off knitwise (WS).
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The framework is great and has some good ideas. Updates are very often (sometimes a bit too often) and unfortunately it destroys very often the existing design. Most of the time I must reorder the widgets and attach modules again. So it's always a good idea to test it local before updating a production server.
Because updates are often a bit problematic, I rate it only with 3 stars. "Never change a running system" is very true with Pagelines.

subset: commoncrawl


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Originally written on Pro Boxing Fans | Last updated 3/28/13
The final press conference for Saturday night's rematch between Brandon "Bam Bam" Rios and Mike "Mile High" Alvarado was held today in Las Vegas. Right here, you can take a look at a full collection of Rios vs. Alvarado presser photos, videos and notes to continue gearing up for what's sure to be another fantastic back-and-forth brawl. Both Rios and Alvarado aren't mincing words when it comes to their intentions on Saturday night. Each man expects it to be another rough outing, and each man is expecting and looking to knock out the other guy. Rios wants to erase anybody's memory who thinks it was an early stoppage and he didn't deserve the win, and Alvarado of course is out for revenge, and wants to settle the score and even the series. Despite all of that, the two men are amiable with one another and certainly respect each other as well. Each man was definitely basking in the moment of the pre-fight buildup and all of the attention on the fight as well. Check back in with ...
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Corypha umbraculifera
Corypha umbraculifera, better known as the "Talipot palm," is the largest flowering plant with branched inflorescence. This simply means that, instead of budding off a single stalk, the flowers of the Talipot bud from tiny branches attached to the main stalk.
This flowering inflorescence is the largest of any plant in the world, sometimes growing more than 25 feet in length.
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons


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A public hearing regarding a proposed zone change from Industrial A to Residential-40 on several properties along Pottery Road in Van Buren will be held at 7:32 p.m. Tuesday Dec. 21 at the Van Buren Town Hall, corner of Van Buren and Ellsworth roads. The current homeowners of respective properties have agreed to the change and letters of approval are available for review, along with the zone change application and maps, in the town clerk's office from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday. All interested persons will have an opportunity to speak at this hearing.
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Kurt Angle push
In case you missed the last few episodes of Impact Wrestling, Kurt Angle defeated Bobby Roode and Eric Young to become the top contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship that is currently held by Bobby Lashley. Reports have surfaced that management was instructed to push the Olympic gold medalist because having a real American hero would be great for a the theme that Destination America has been trying to push for themselves.
March 11, 2015
Angle vs Roode vs Young
A video on YouTube of a match from the latest episode of Impact Wrestling where Kurt Angle, Bobby Roode and Eric Young compete for a chance to challenge Bobby Lashley for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.
March 8, 2015
TNA signs Eric Young
Several names have been locked up by TNA over the last week, but the latest one is a former world heavyweight champion, who might be a big asset for Destination America as well. Eric Young has signed a new contract to be an in ring performer on Impact Wrestling. However, there are speculations floating around right now that he might be in line for a separate television show on the network, as they are owned by the same people as Animal Planet.
January 5, 2015


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41 year old woman | Newport Beach, CA, USA | Seeking men 40-46 within 50 miles of Los Angeles, CA
I'm a combination of traditional contemporary. Simple @ heart straight forward with opinions. I lead a DRAMA FREE, healthy lifestyle and
I'm a combination of traditional and contemporary. Simple @ heart straight forward with opinions. I lead a DRAMA FREE, healthy lifestyle and looking for the same! I'm a proud single mom! Yes I am happy and yes I'm looking.... I'm a go getter, driven, classy, and very career oriented. I work hard to play hard.... I make my own money and buy my own things, and believe that's what ALL woman should do.... INDEPENDENCE for women is key! I consider myself to be very open minded and non judgemental. I do enjoy the finer things in life but definitely materialistic, I am NOT! I will still put on a pair of sneakers and play football with you on a rainy day. I am a fan of UFC and professional boxing. I pay very close attention to detail, which I think is important in life. I love fashion and mad about fitness. I am attracted to Alpha type men, minus the pride ego (does that even exist?) A man that takes pride in his appearance and with a sense of style is very appealing and sexy to me. I am in the health care and fashion industry, so hygiene is an absolute must... from head to toe! I love my family, kids, and friends, they bring balance to my chaotic schedule. I am looking for someone who appreciates the simple act of bringing good to everyone. Someone that is smart (street smart also), self motivated, driven, and educated with a professional career is also a must! I expect to be treated with ultimate respect and respect will be given in return.... I would like to travel the world, meet new people and experience new things. I'm looking for a confident but yet humble quality man that has family values. Lastly, I do not like clingy men! Life is so colorful and I wish to find that special someone to share it with. ** If I do not reply back, please take that as a polite I'm not interested.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering
Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Dogs
I have an awesome 100lb neopolitan mastiff.
Bali. Paris. Miami. New York. Dusseldorf. And of course, my bed.
Being a mother to my amazing kids! Skinny Vanilla Late at Starbucks, LA fitness, fine dining, fancy cars, Thai food, dancing, watching UFC or professional boxing, fashion, orchids, fresh fruit, and sexy heels. These are just a few.
Being outdoors with good company!
Woman's Fitness magazine
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'1" (154cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|Black, Dark brown
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|I'll tell you later
|$100,001 to $150,000
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (2)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Probably not
|Probably not
|Black / African descent, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Buddhist / Taoist, Spiritual but not religious
|Some college
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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42 year old man | Springfield, PA, USA | Seeking women 33-40 within 15 miles
a wink and a smile
I am somewhat intriguing, somewhat adventurous, somewhat attractive and somewhat of a clown. I sing in the shower. I often flip a coin. I'm a great whistler. I think I'd be a good literary character. I don't use profanity ... usually. I don't smoke. I've never used drugs. I forgive and forget. You're OK in my book. I believe goodness, kindness and trustworthiness matter. I'm a mediocre musician. I am a loyal Phillies fan. I more than likely do not know what I did with my keys. My nieces and nephews call me a "Funcle." I don't find silence awkward. I have my vision of the future. I invest in good times and hearty laughs. I am a practicing Catholic. I pray. I'm an extroverted introvert. I get a kick out of myself and all-in-all consider myself one heck of a good guy. Some thoughts about you ... You are a taker of time. You enjoy the simple things. Flowers always make you smile. You believe stargazing is time well spent. The beach -- you love the beach! You like when someone holds the door for you. You enjoy silliness. You point out what clouds appear to be. You laugh and laugh and laugh.
Camping , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports
Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Football, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
I like Dogs
Actually, I have a soft spot for all animals. However, when it comes to pet-of-preference, dog - no contest!
Middle of the Road
I've got a lot of traveling to do!
The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA
Nothing beats getting famlily and friends together. Whether it's burgers on the grill or an Italian feast, I'm happy. Bocce and banter in the backyard. Watching my nieces and nephews play together. Good conversation, good folks and lots of laughs
I enjoy reading, running, biking, swimming, playing, singing, performing, chatting, learning, laughing, lazing and gerunds.
The Old Man and the Sea, though I tend to read several books at once. I'm an avid reader and prefer books to e-readers. Admittedly, most of my reading these days is in the field of Occupational Therapy.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Other profession
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
Irish/Italian! Be it a pint of Guinness or a glass of Montepulciano, I'm good to go.
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic
Let's chat about such things!
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree
I am currently a full-time student pursuing a Master's of Occupational Therapy.


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Privacy and Cookies
Airbus is claiming that its larger-variant A330neo will offer a 7% reduction in overall costs compared with the rival Boeing 787, as it starts the process of building a customer base for the type.
The airframer believes a 310-seat A330-900neo will have a 1% cash operating cost advantage against the 304-seat 787-9 on a 4,000nm sector.
Airbus's analysis assumes lease rates of $1.25 million for the 787 against $1.05 million for the A330neo.
But chief operating officer for customers John Leahy adds that the A330neo will also have a 7% advantage in total operating costs per seat.
He says the re-engined aircraft "beats the 787 on trip cost and seat cost".
Although the A330-800neo is listed at $242 million and the -900neo at $275 million – a $25-30 million premium over the competing 787 variants – Leahy claims the Boeing prices do not offer a true comparison.
"They're not apples to apples," he says, arguing that Boeing's prices are the basic figure for a "stripped down, lightly equipped" aircraft. He insists that the Airbus prices are "realistic".
Lessor Air Lease became the first potential customer for the A330neo after signing a tentative agreement for 25 at the Farnborough air show.


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Hello and welcome to the latest edition of the Giant Bomb Community Spotlight! I am your host as always, and as the ominous launch of new consoles looms near the community keeps on trucking! New code has been pushed on Giant Bomb and Comic Vine to make both sites more stable. Contact @ltsquigs if you are still noticing latency or other quirks. As you all likely are aware of the Giant Bombcast is now sponsored. If you are a premium subscriber an ad free version is available on the Premium podcast portal. If you are having issues with the Premium Podcast feed try using your username, not email when accessing the feed. If you are still having issues post a bug report over here. Finally on a more humorous note, Rap Man is on Rap Genius giving you all a chance to annotate this wonderful composition.
Clip(s) of the Week
Both of the clips of the week go to @pepsiman for taking the time to translate creeper Jeff into Japanese to spread the love. Not only that but both videos have been posted to Nico Nico...with most complaints being about Jeff not standing up for his Waifu and breaking down in tears on the creeper cam.
Community Activities
- The Unofficial GiantBomb NHL 14 Club Thread [Xbox 360] - Join the Club Over Here!
- Persona 4 Arena PS3 Tournament - Sign Up to Fight Other Users Here!
- Official Giant Bomb GTA V Crews (360 / PS3) - Get Ready to Play GTA V Online By Joining a Crew Here!
- Giant Bomb Community GTA V PS3 Social Club - Join Over Here!
- Giant Bomb Community GTA V 360 Social Club - Join Over Here!
- Humble Indie Bundle 9 Giveaway Thread - Post Any Spare Codes You Want to Giveaway Over Here!
Wonderful Wikis
GTA V is a game...I think? The most heavily scrutinized Zelda game has an HD remix, and it also has a great wiki page detailing the differences. Finally your wonderful/odd concept page this week is for "Gorillas with Sunglasses."
Best of Blogs
Hailinel wants YOUR help in improving all of the character pages for fighting game characters. librariangmr uses Michael to discuss GTA V's depiction of masculinity, whereas Sweep shares another case of the Daily Mirror being exploitative about video game violence. CCforUA on the other hand talks about being a worker on the Washington Navy Yard, and not being in the right mindset to play GTA V. Mento has four parts to a blog series breaking down all of the games apart of the LA Game Space Experimental Pack. Video_Game_King has a blog about bacteria and aliens, and FluxWavez has his opinion and hopes for the sequel of Persona 4 Arena. Jan, the master of computer models, shares his own model of the 2DS, whereas yeah_write talks about his modifications to his Sony controllers and peripherals. Matthew makes you nostalgic with a breakdown of the Spore specific Bombcast which includes time stamps of the funniest moments. MMMman explains his video game design theory of the "Difficulty Mill" by using Bulletstorm as a case study. Hailinel defends Hastune Miku with a blog about the diversity of tracks in Project Diva F. Stubbleman continues with his blog series about video game voice actors, but this edition is about Liam O'Brien. GrantHeaslip continues o play through Persona 3: FES, whereas fistfulofmetal continues to truck through Amnesia and Outlast. PerfidiousSinn explains why he likes Assassin's Creed Revelation, but hates Assassin's Creed III. and finally jclane extrapolates why he think Metroid Prime 3 is a great horror game.
- Fighting Game Fans! The Wiki Needs You! (By: @hailinel)
- Michael and Masculinity in GTA V (By: @librariangmr)
- LA Game Space Round-Up: Part 4 [Part 3, Part 2, & Part 1] (By: @mento)
- Aliens, Bacteria, Breaking the Barriers of Being...I'm All Over the Place this Week (By: @video_game_king)
- My Opinions and Hopes Relating to P4A:C (By: @fluxwavez)
- Nintendo 3DS Family Fan-Spot (By: @jan)
- Solutions for Sony Gaming Discomfort (By: @yeah_write)
- Why I Hate That I Don't Want To Play GTA V (By: @ccforua)
- Another GTA Game, Another Media Scandal... (By: @sweep)
- Bombcast Breakdown!! - 9.12.2008 - #38 (By: @matthew)
- Difficulty Mill - Bulletstorm (By: @mmmman)
- A Quick Examination of Select Project Diva F Tracks (By: @hailinel)
- My Gaming Landscape [September 17, 2013] (By: @colorwind)
- Behind the Voice: Liam O'Brien - Part 1 (By: @stubbleman)
- Assassin's Greed III (By: @perfidioussinn)
- (Not)Horror Games Part 2: Odin was a Metroid (By: @jclane)
- Games I've Played: Persona 3 FES (2009-05-14) (By: @grantheaslip)
- Being Afraid with Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs - Part 2 and Outlast - Part 3 (By: @fistfulofmetal)
Fantastic Forums
The top forum post comes from Maddenedman who has created his own jazz version of the Giant Bombcast theme. Beyond that we have a bunch of threads and forum topics related to GTA V, and share your thoughts of the Godus beta if you paid for it. The PC Gaming Hub is gauging interest in a BF4 server and the Warframe online community has a video of their latest hijinx.
- I Made a Jazzy Cover of the Bombcast Theme Tune (By: @maddenedman)
- GTA V Tips and Tricks Thread - Spoiler Free! (By: @mb)
- Official GB Screenshot Thread (By: @jimmyfenix)
- Your Random and Zany GTA V Moment(s) (By: @legion_)
- GTA V Likes & Dislikes Discussion Thread (By: @seppli)
- GTA V Stock Advice Thread (By: @naru_joe93)
- Godus First Impressions Thread (By: @kidavenger)
- Should the PC Gaming Hub Have a Battlefield 4 Server Like We Did with BF3? (By: @rolyatkcinmai)
- Giant Bomb Heavy Industries (GB Clan) Activity Highlight (By: @rapid)
Lovable Lists
Megalowho has a list of old school PC games that time has forgotten that he enjoyed. Whereas SParky_Buzzsaw has a list of video game characters and concepts he wishes he could punch in the face.
- PC Games that Time Forgot (and I Played) (By: @megalowho)
- Punch You in the Face (By: @sparky_buzzsaw)
Useful User Reviews
- @moonlightmoth's user review of Memoria
- @winnipegfats's user review of Out of This World
- @thesilentgod's user review of Catherine


text: Why not for 10 games or so to see if it works? Hamilton had the best spring of any player in the majors. I'm mad as heck about this game tonight--the Reds are facing two right handers they should pound the next two nights and Hamilton better get a start!


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The New Zealand pea crab, Pinnotheres novaezelandiae, is a small crab that lives symbiotically in oyster and mussel shells around New Zealand. They are about the size of a pea but can be up to the size of a small walnut. It is also commonly called the oyster crab.
They have a large tail flap that is used to cover eggs under the body when they are breeding, adding to the spherical appearance.
Of 10 New Zealand green-lipped mussels taken in Four Fathom Bay, Pelorus Sound, New Zealand, eight hosted pea crabs of various sizes. Their presence does not harm the host, which may be harvested and consumed as usual.


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YIELD: Serves 8
1. In a large pot, saut. onion and garlic in olive oil over medium heat until soft, about 5 minutes. Add the veggies and cook until they soften, 5 to 7 minutes. Add the vegetable stock, tomatoes, beans, dried herbs, and bundle of dill and parsley. Mix it all up and let it simmer for about 20 minutes, until the vegetables are tender. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
2. Remove herb bundle.
3. Serve with crackers, toasted bread, or croutons, or place cooked rice or quinoa in the bottom of each bowl and ladle the soup over it.
Reprinted with permission from Mayim's Vegan Table: More than 100 Great-Tasting and Healthy Recipes from My Family to Yours by Mayim Bialik with Dr. Jay Gordon. Copyright © 2014 by Mayim Bialik, PhD, and Jay Gordon, MD. Photos by Denise Herrick Borchert. Published by Da Capo Press, a member of the Perseus Books Group.


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Private Jet Services Group (PJS), the nation's third largest private aviation charter brokerage, recently announced the hiring of Paul Prator as Director of Sales. Prator, who is based in Austin, Texas, will be responsible for providing clients with custom aviation solutions.
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text:
Select Local Merchants
Historic Richmond TownRead MoreOpen for business from the first blossoms of spring until the last leaves of autumn, Decker Farm stocks its shelves with organic fruits and vegetables harvested each day from its 11-acre field. Crisp stalks of asparagus beckon shoppers away from ripe tomatoes and juicy lemons, and fresh foods—such as sourdough bread, cheeses, and raisin fennel semolina prepared onsite—add local touches to dinner parties or food-pyramid Halloween costumes.441 Clarke AveStaten Island, NY US
Clinton Haunted MillRead MoreClinton Haunted Mill challenges visitors to test their might in their zombie-infested attraction, "The Rising Dead...Run for Your Lives". Inside their haunted village, a cast of more than 50 undead walkers team up to terrify young and old alike. Tackle the three horrifying adventures, exploring the mind of a killer and experiencing the Maze. Performances take place on specific nights throughout the season and begin after dark, once all the ghouls come out to play.56 Main StClinton, NJ US
Museum of Early Trades and CraftsRead MoreStep into the Museum of Early Trades & Crafts, and it's as if the Industrial Revolution never happened. The museum focuses on the life of farmers, builders, and other tradesman of the United State's pre-industrial age. The main floor thrusts visitors into the world of New Jersey farming families from the early 1800s to provide in-depth information about these peoples' lives as well as showcase woodworkers' planks and various hand tools. The lower level, meanwhile, celebrates the working lives of four tradesman from 1850, including a shoemaker and a distiller. While these permanent displays stand as time capsules of a bygone area, a special exhibit space rotates its features regularly. Only a small portion of the museum's artifacts is on display at a time, but visitors can make an appointment to see items from the full collection, which totals more than 8800 artifacts from 21 different trades. Even without the artifacts, the museum stands as a piece of history, as it's housed within The James Library Building. The building was finished in 1900 and contains stained glass windows, carved stone and wood detailing, and vaulted ceilings that make it the perfect setting to imagine life before Henry Ford invented his flying car.9 Main StMadison, NJ US
Staten Island Children's MuseumRead MoreSplayed across the green lawns of historic Snug Harbor, Staten Island Children's Museum's main brick building houses a four-level wonderland of kid-friendly fun. Tykes learn about nature in exhibits such as Bugs & Other Insects, which lets explorers crawl through a human-size anthill, don shiny beetle carapaces, and sign peace treaties with hissing cockroaches. Portia's Playhouse puts visitors in charge of their own theatrical productions, complete with costumes, a working curtain, and an interactive soundboard, and House About It beckons youngsters over to pick up real drills and make boxes under careful supervision. Outside, a quiet garden offers visitors a place to wind down, and the Sea Of Boats gives life to nautical fantasies on a springy, outdoor play area that cushions inadvertent falls.1000 Richmond TerraceStaten Island, NY US
Imagine That!!!Read MoreThe constant tug-of-war between education and fun finds middle ground inside this Central Jersey children?s museum, as entertaining exhibits and engaging staff members embed knowledge in each young visitor. Young guests can play veterinarian at the Pet Vet Center, read the news and see themselves on television at the TV News Room, or shed light on the complexities of the human body inside a replica doctor?s office outfitted with realistic equipment. A motorcycle, retired fire engine, and a grounded airplane shows visitors the wonders of mechanized travel in the Varoom!!! Vehicle Showroom, which leads to an enchanted castle outfitted with a wooden drawbridge, a faux moat, and a new level 3 train exhibit. Party rooms manned by helpful staffers merge learning and celebration, and the onsite gift shop coaxes homebound brain building with a selection of scientific toys.4 Vreeland RdFlorham Park, NJ US
Liberty Science CenterRead MoreEasily accessible via NJ transit, PATH, and ferry, this 300,000-square-foot facility strives to spark a love of science in its youngest visitors. Besides hands-on displays, families will find dozens of rotating exhibits on animals, electricity, weather, and the human body, plus a 400-seat IMAX theater and wow-worthy live shows.222 Jersey City Blvd.Jersey City, NJ US


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Location: The Survival Flight Howell Base at the Livingston County Airport - Livingston County Emergency Services, 1911 North Tooley Road, Howell, MI
Please note, registration is limited due to the size of the training facility and fire code restrictions. We are only able to accept 150 registrations.
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e-mail your questions to Survival Flight: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Publisher: Samhain Publishing, Ltd. | Date published: 03/08/2011
It'll take more than one man's love to tame her wild heart. The Onic Empire, Book 4 Bithia, newly crowned empress of Diola, indulges herself with as many men as it takes to satisfy her voracious passion. Now that it's time to continue the family line, though, her advisors expect the unthinkable: for her to submit to one man from a sexually primitive planet. Drahka disobeyed his tribe's strict sexual rules once. The shame still haunts him. He longs for a fresh start, but breaking one cardinal rule--a man gives, a woman takes--is not an option. His struggle to learn local customs is complicated by a mentor whose eyes hunger for the empress?and for him. Viltori is exhausted. He's tried to teach Drakha that there are many ways to find pleasure, only to be met with anger, even violence. Touching the handsome primitive only sharpens his unbearable lust for Bithia, making him wonder if execution for failure wouldn't be a blessing. When Bithia witnesses the results of Viltori's training, she realizes only these two men can fill her empty heart, inspiring her to take command of the throne at last. Except those who've held the reins thus far have a sinister reason for keeping Bithia--and her new consorts--in their place. Product Warnings This erotic romance contains a lusty empress, a primitive alpha male, a dedicated acolyte with domineering tendencies, copious amounts of hot m/m and m/f/m sex, secret torments, burning desires clashing with duty, and a little bit of meddling by future gods.


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A method and system of identifying operations of one or more computer programs include generating a representation of the programs as a visual display of graphs and manipulating the visual display while the program is executed. The manipulation of the display provides a visual indication of threads of execution of the events. In one selectable implementation, the threads of execution are indicated by forming traces that link nodes of a graph, where the nodes are representative of the sequentially occurring events. The dynamic visualization at run-time may be enabled by augmenting the source code of the computer program with stubs that uniquely identify blocks and lines of source code. Each executable event within the program may be uniquely associated with a stub that forms a message to a run-time visualizer as the executable event is triggered during run-time. The dynamic visualization may be set in a speed-controllable continuous execution mode or in a step-by-step execution mode. Optionally, the user can collapse, or cause to disappear, selected portions of the graph of nodes, thereby reducing the processing overhead imposed by the system. The user may also set a breakpoint at a particular node, so that the program stops when the execution path of a thread reaches the breakpoint. A user may associate one or more nodes with the launching of an external application, thereby augmenting the functionality of an existing program or programs at run-time, without requiring recompilation of the programs. Static visualization is also enabled.
1. A method of identifying operations of a computer program comprising steps of:
generating a representation of said computer program such that said representation includes nodes associated with events executable via said computer program;
initiating said computer program to establish a run-time for execution of said events;
forming a visual display of said representation during said run-time;
monitoring said executions of said events during said run-time; and
manipulating said visual display during said run-time, including identifying said nodes at run-time in response to said executions, thereby visually indicating each execution of each said event by identifying said nodes with which said events are associated.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of manipulating said visual display includes forming execution threads on said representation such that said execution threads link nodes associated with sequentially occurring events and are formed in response to execution of said computer program.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said step of generating said representation includes generating a graph from source code of said computer program, said events including executable methods.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein said step of forming execution threads includes displaying a trace of an execution thread for each subsequent event that logically follows a preceding event in execution of said computer program, said trace being a visual link from a first node associated with said preceding event to a second node associated with said subsequent event.
5. The method of claim 2 further comprising a step of enabling a selection between (a) limiting display of execution threads to threads that are presently active in the execution of said computer program and (b) retaining the displays of said execution threads following completions of executions of logical sequences of said events such that said execution threads remain displayed when inactive.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of enabling a selection within a range of execution speeds of said computer program, including a step-by-step execution speed and a plurality of intermediate execution speeds.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising steps of enabling selection of breakpoints for suspending said executions of said events upon occurrence of a selectable event and selectively resuming suspended executions of said events.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of adding stubs to source code of said computer program such that said stubs enable said step of monitoring said executions of said events, said stubs being inserted at locations corresponding to lines relating to said executions of said events, said step of monitoring said executions including recognizing and processing said stubs.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of forming a static visualization of a structure of said computer program, including enclosing each block of source code in a frame and including forming a designation on each said frame that encloses a block which is a loop.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said step of forming said static visualization further includes visually distinguishing internal calls from external calls.
11. The method of claim 2 further comprising a step of setting a particular node such that an independent second program is launched as an automatic response to execution of a thread of said particular node.
12. A system for identifying operations of a computer program at run-time comprising:
graphing means for generating a graph that is representative of said computer program, said graphing means being responsive to identification of blocks of code in said computer program such that said graph includes an arrangement of nodes indicative of said blocks;
monitor means for monitoring operations of said computer program at run-time to recognize accesses to said blocks during said run-time of said computer program;
a display for visually presenting said graph during said run-time; and
indicator means, responsive to said monitor means, for manipulating said display to visually link nodes of said graph in response to said accesses to said blocks, said manipulating occurring during said run-time and being indicative of a sequence of said accesses.
13. The system of claim 12 wherein said display includes video circuitry and said indicator means is connected to said video circuitry to generate traces in a pattern to visually link said nodes in accordance with said sequence of accesses of said blocks.
14. The system of claim 13 further comprising memory connected to said monitor means for recording selected portions of said accesses to said blocks.
15. The system of claim 12 wherein said monitor means is enabled to simultaneously recognize sequences of accesses to blocks for a plurality of runs of computer programs, thereby providing visual links of said sequences of said accesses for a plurality of simultaneous runs of computer programs.
16. A method of visualizing structure of a computer program comprising steps of:
accessing source code of said computer program;
identifying blocks within said source code;
forming a graph of said computer program based upon said blocks, including organizing said graph as a static arrangement of nodes such that at least some of said nodes represent said blocks;
displaying said graph as said static arrangement of nodes;
executing said computer program while said graph is displayed; and
dynamically displaying threads of execution in running said computer program, including indicating active nodes of said graph a run-time such that sequences of node access are graphically displayed during running of said computer program.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said step of dynamically displaying said threads includes forming traces between nodes such that each said sequence is graphically displayed as a plurality of said traces.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein said step of dynamically displaying said threads includes retaining display of said threads only while said threads are active.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein said step of dynamically displaying said threads includes enabling a selection of consistently retaining display of said threads after said threads are active.
20. The method of claim 17 further comprising a step of recording said sequence to enable a playback of said step of dynamically displaying said threads.
21. The method of claim 17 further comprising a step of enabling a selection of execution speeds during said running of said computer program.
22. The method of claim 16 further comprising a step of enabling said steps of displaying and forming said graph to generate events of said computer program, thereby providing interactivity between said computer program and steps of visualizing said computer program.
The invention relates generally to methods and systems for identifying operations of a computer program and more particularly to providing detailed visualization of the run-time behavior of a computer program.
As the complexity of computer programs continues to increase, the benefits of software development tools are amplified. The interactions among operations within a computer program are not apparent to a developer during execution of the program. Typically, when a program stops crashing during testing, it is assumed that the program will run as expected. However, the level of confidence is typically not high, since a program cannot be tested in all possible environments in which the program may be run. For example, conflicts may occur as a result of the loading of two unrelated programs onto a computer system.
One available software development tool is referred to as a compiler. A compiler is a program that converts another program written in a high-level language into machine code or assembly language. A compiler is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,793 to Odnert et al., which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The compiler of Odnert et al. is designed to produce a separate summary file for each source code file that is introduced to the compiler. A program analyzer then builds a single program call graph from all of the summary files. The graph consists of a set of nodes, each representing a procedure. The nodes are interconnected by directional edges that represent calls from one procedure to another procedure. The program analyzer also identifies "webs," which link classes of definitions and uses of a variable. Thus, a web is a collection of program call graph nodes. An optimizer may then be used to increase the efficiency of the program.
Another development tool is an interpreter. The interpreter is similar to the compiler, but includes an execution step. First, the source code of a computer program of interest is converted into machine code or assembly language. A parser then forms a hierarchy that reflects the program's logic. A type checker may be used to identify programming errors. Finally, the program is executed. For example, the interpreter may identify commands to form a sequence of binary machine instructions that a computer system executes until the program is completed.
Yet another available tool is a debugger. The debugger may be used to monitor software as it is executed. Debuggers typically allow a degree of post-mortem visualization of the state of a malfunctioning program at a breakpoint. Thus, there is a limited portrayal of program execution.
A traditional method used by programmers to reduce the complexity of program design is to "encapsulate" segments of source code in blocks having one point of entry and one or more points of exit. Each block may be considered to be a black box that needs to be considered only if there is a malfunction. The black boxes then become building blocks for complex programs. Programmers may work in teams to manage the complexity of administering growing programs. That is, a complex program may be divided into functional parts in order to minimize the interdependencies among functions and to assign each function to a different individual or group of individuals. This solution is simple and elegant, but in practice it is not always viable. Moreover, minimizing interdependencies among different parts of programs may reduce complexity, but often at a sacrifice of performance. That is, there is typically a tradeoff between complexity and performance.
Program visualization may also be used to manage complexity. As previously noted with respect to the Odnert et al. patent, a software program may be viewed as a graph of interconnected nodes, typically having a hierarchical structure. Each block of code may be identified as one of the nodes of the graph. Consequently, the nodes represent methods, data accesses, and other events. Software is dynamic in nature. During run-time, a "thread" of execution traverses the graph. Each node is a potential fork for the execution thread. The description of the graph of a program is a static expression of the paths that threads take. However, the control of a path of a thread usually depends upon external events, such as data dependencies. As a result, such a graph may include a complex of thread paths, if the graphed program is sophisticated.
What is needed is a method and system for increasing the level of visualization of the internal structure of a program. What is further needed is such a method and system which provide run-time displays of operations of a computer program or programs of interest.
A method and system for visualizing the structure and operations of a computer program include generating a representation of the program as a visual display of nodes and include manipulating the visual display in real time when the program is executed. In the preferred embodiment, the representation is a graph and the nodes are associated with executable events, such as those of a block of source code. The nodes include methods that are executable during a run-time of the computer program. As the program is run, the visual display of the graph is manipulated to indicate the accessed blocks at run time. In the preferred embodiment, threads of execution are indicated by forming traces that link nodes which are representative of the sequentially occurring events.
In a compiler mode, the system and method parse instructions written in computer language, check for syntactic and semantic errors, and build an internal representation of the program. Also in this compiler mode, the system and method either augment the source code with stubs that enable communication with a run-time visualizer or generate a second version of the source code that is suitable for reading by an engine that provides static visualization.
In a run-time mode, the system and method display the state of the execution of the program by indicating active threads and active nodes of the graph. In the embodiment in which the compiler mode includes forming stubs to augment the source code, the stubs uniquely identify the state of the program. For example, each executable event within the program may be uniquely associated with a stub that forms a message to the run-time visualizer, so that a line in a program may simultaneously trigger an operation by a central processing unit (CPU) and trigger transmission of a message to the run-time visualizer. As the messages are received, the visualizer updates the display of active execution threads and active nodes.
The updates of the execution threads visually display each subsequent event that logically follows a preceding event in the execution of the computer program. As previously noted, this may be achieved by forming a trace from a first node that is associated with the preceding event to a second node associated with the subsequent event. The traces are visually displayed on a computer monitor or the equivalent until the execution thread is no longer active. However, the system and method preferably enable a user to select between (a) limiting display of execution threads to active threads and (b) maintaining displays of execution threads following completions of executions of logical sequences represented by the threads. Also in the preferred embodiment, the system and method enable a tracking mode that includes recording each event that is executed within a specified time period. This recording capability supports playback, rewind and fast forward direct access to any recorded event. In the most preferred embodiment, the event recorder shows a textual representation of the events, as well as a two-dimensional graph which is identical to the graph used in the original run-time execution.
The system and method preferably include other features that facilitate perception of the interdependencies of the computer program by establishing an interactive relationship between the system and the computer program. The visualizer is not merely a static receiver of events, since it is configured to generate events that affect the behavior of the execution of the program. Preferably, the user is enabled to control the speed of execution of the program within a wide range of speeds that include a step-by-step execution at the low end of the range. A scroll bar may be manipulated to dictate the speed when the user changes from the step-by-step execution to a continuous execution. Portions of the graph may be selectively removed, thereby reducing overhead and increasing the speed of the execution. Thus, the user may collapse all portions of the graph beyond that portion of interest to the user. Also in the preferred embodiment, users may set a breakpoint at a particular node. When the execution path of a thread reaches the breakpoint, execution of the program stops until the user indicates that the execution is to continue.
Visualization is not restricted to a single run. A number of programs or a number of runs of the same program or different programs can be shown simultaneously. The system and method administer a unique name space for all the nodes in order to avoid name collisions.
In addition to the dynamic visualization described above, there is preferably a static visualization that is generated. The structure of the computer program is displayed by identifying related blocks of source code and generating a representation that encloses the blocks within a frame. The blocks may include methods, may contain other blocks, and may reference methods. This is all evidenced within the representation. If a block is a loop (i.e., a "for," "do," or "while" cycle), the frame that is associated with the block may include a mark that is indicative of a loop. For example, an arrow along the frame may be used to indicate that the block is a loop. The size and placement of an outline within a page depends upon the size of the page, the size of the font, and the predetermined layout. Pages may have any width and height, but each method is printed on a single page, regardless of the size of the page. This allows printouts to be sent to either small or large format printers. Preferably, at the end of each method, a call reference graph is shown, as well as a list of called-from methods. That is, each method shows the possible paths a thread can take upon executing the particular method, and also shows potential routes from which the thread may come. As another assist in visualizing the structure in a program, a linear graph and a circular graph may be used to display the nodes and the interdependencies of the nodes.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a visualization system for statically and dynamically displaying operations of a program.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of two modes of operation of the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a PostScript representation of blocks of code generated using the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a linear call graph that is generated using the system of FIG. 1 to statically display operations of the program.
FIG. 5 is a circular call graph that is generated using the system of FIG. 1 to statically display operations of the program.
FIG. 6 is a call map that is generated using the system of FIG. 1 to statically display operations of the program.
FIG. 7 is an exemplary illustration of source code instrumentation to enable dynamic display of operations of the program, using the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is an exemplary dynamic display of the operations of the program using the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of exchanges between the visualizer of FIG. 1 and the program of interest.
FIG. 10 is a process flow of steps for the "Initialize Subgraph" event of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a process flow of steps for the "Enter Block" event of FIG. 9.
FIG. 12 is a process flow of steps for the "Execute Line" event of FIG. 9.
FIG. 13 is a process flow of steps for the "Exit Block" event of FIG. 9.
With reference to FIG. 1, a visualization system 10 includes a first group of functionally related components 12 for enabling static visualization of the operations of a program 14 and includes a second group of functionally related components 16 for enabling dynamic visualization. The first group of components 12 is used when the system is in a compiler mode, while the second group 16 is used when the system is in a run-time mode. As will be explained more fully below when referring to FIGS. 3-6, the static visualization provides a blueprint of the computer program 14. Blocks of code are enclosed within a frame and any block that is a cycle includes a cycle designation, such as an arrow on the frame of that block. The static visualization preferably also includes linear and circular call graphs that identify nodes and the interdependencies among the nodes. As will also be described below when referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the dynamic visualization includes forming a representation of the program and manipulating a visual display of the representation to illustrate execution threads in run-time. Preferably, the representation is a graph of the program and the execution threads are displayed as traces that link sequential events in the execution of the program.
The operations of a scanner 18, a parser 20 and a checker 22 are utilized to provide compilations and are known in the art. A scanner converts source code of the program 14 into symbols that can be arranged in a hierarchy that reflects the logic of the program. The checker then determines whether errors exist. The output of the checker is directed to a grapher 24 that is used to form the static visualizations. Thus, the components of the first group 12 parse instructions written in a computer language, check for syntactic and semantic errors, and build internal representations of the computer program 14. The representations may be displayed using a monitor 26 or may be printed using a printer 28. The representations are stored in memory 30.
Regarding the group of components 16 that provide dynamic visualization, a code generator 32 is connected to the first group of components 12. While the code generator is shown as being connected directly to the grapher 24, the connection may be made upstream of the grapher operations. For example, the code generator may be connected to the checker 22. In the preferred embodiment, the code generator provides code instrumentation that is detected by a monitoring device 34 during execution of the computer program 14. Stubs may be formed to augment the source code of the program 14, so that the monitoring device 34 detects each time that a stub is encountered during the run-time of the program. The stubs may be encoded to uniquely identify each node of a graph that is visually displayed during execution of the program. The device monitor is connected to a network interface 36. The interface links the group of components 16 to hardware for running the program and providing inputs to the program. In another embodiment, a PostScript version of the source code is generated and the printer 28 is a PostScript engine that is able to interpret the source code, thereby enabling the visualization system 10 to track operations of the program in run-time.
During the execution of the computer program 14, a visualizer 38 accesses a run-time representation (e.g., a graph) from memory 30 and displays the representation on the monitor 26. The visualizer 38 receives information from the monitoring device 34. Thus, the visualizer is updated in real time with the state of execution of the computer program. The visualizer manipulates the run-time visualization to indicate the execution threads. As previously noted, an execution thread may be displayed as a number of traces that link nodes to display sequences of events.
The second group of components 16 also includes a graph manager 40 and a recorder 42. The graph manager is used to enhance the visualization of program execution. Selected regions of a graph may be shown or hidden. Thus, nodes of the graph may be caused to collapse. Subgraphs can be removed and restored from the screen, partially or entirely, at the request of the user. When subgraphs are invisible, events related to that subgraph are not identified to the visualizer 38, thereby reducing overhead and increasing the speed of program execution. The graph manager 40 may also be used to set breakpoints at any node of the graph. When an execution thread reaches a breakpoint, execution of a program stops until the user commands the program to continue. As another feature, the graph manager may be controlled to determine the speed of execution of the program. The range of speed variation may be from zero steps per second to full speed. The rate of execution at full speed depends upon the underlying hardware. Users may select a step-by-step execution or a continuous execution at a specified speed.
The graph manager 40 is capable of associating certain nodes with external applications, thereby enabling the cooperation of independent programs without recompiling the programs. For example, when a thread of a running program reaches a particular node, a second program may be automatically initialized. That is, the launching of programs may be conditional to the simultaneous states of independent programs, without requiring reprogramming of the existing programs. A program that is time sensitive with respect to executing events at certain times during a day can be enabled with the enhanced functionality of conditioning the execution of the events upon the day of the week, if the program is linked to an independent calendar program. The system of FIG. 1 may be used to visualize the interrelationship between the programs without requiring the programs to be stopped for recompiling.
The recorder 42 is used to support playback, rewind and fast forward direct access to sequences of events. Thus, an execution thread or a portion of a thread may be recorded and then replayed to enable better understanding of the sequence of events. The event recorder preferably presents a textual representation of the events, as well as a two-dimensional graph which is identical to the graph from which it was originated. The visualizer 38 and the monitor 26 are used for this purpose. The capability provides visualization of the state of monitors and semaphores to show thread blocking and deadlocks.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the two modes of operation of the system 10 of FIG. 1. Three screen windows 44, 46 and 48 are illustrated. Each display window represents a different format of the computer program that is of concern to the user. While the text is not shown in FIG. 2, window 44 represents the program in a text-only format. For example, the source code may be visible to a user via the first screen window 44. It is typically a time-intensive process to determine the operations of a complex program using the text-only format, even when the source code or other text is printed. However, the compiler mode 50 of FIG. 2 utilizes the first group of components 12 of FIG. 1 to form a "blueprint" of the computer program 14 at the second screen window 46. The blueprint will be described more fully below with reference to FIGS. 3-5. The blueprint provides a static visualization of the program.
A dynamic visualization of the computer program 14 is displayed at the third screen window 48 using the second group of components 16 of FIG. 1. Run-time stubs 52 are formed using the code generator 32. The run-time mode 54 of operation accesses a previously formed graph of nodes from the memory 30 and forms traces between nodes to indicate active threads of execution in real time. The dynamic visualization will be described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.
FIG. 3 shows one static representation of the program. As is known in the art, a program includes blocks, which are segments of logically related source code. Some blocks have a name (method). Blocks may contain other blocks and may reference methods. In an object-oriented program, methods may be contained in classes and classes may be contained in packages. The program that was used to form the printout of FIG. 3 is an exemplary program referred to as "StockTracker." The program is not critical to the present invention. The first three blocks in the printout are enclosed in frames 56, 58 and 60. The block 60 is contained within block 58. Consequently, the containment hierarchy is clearly shown by the printout.
A block that is a cycle (such as a "for," "do," or "while" cycle) includes at least one loop designator, which may be shown as arrows 62 and 64 on frame 60. The size and the placement of a frame within a printout depend on the size of the page, the size of the font, and the layout that is selected by a user. Pages can have an arbitrary width and height. However, methods are always printed in the same page, regardless of the size of the page. This allows printouts to be sent to either small or large format printers. This is particulary useful when large segments of a computer program are to be visualized.
The printout of FIG. 3 includes a method header 66 to identify the code that is visualized. The printout also includes method outlines, such as the ones indicated by reference numerals 68 and 70. While not shown in FIG. 3, external and internal calls are preferably shown in different colors or are otherwise distinguishable. Toward the bottom of the printout, there is an identifier 72 of the source file and the location of the visualized program segment within the source file. Finally, there is a call reference graph 74. The call reference graph identifies the "calls to" and the "called from" methods within the visualized segment of code.
A global call reference graph is shown in FIG. 4. The call reference graph is generated using the first group of components 12 in the system 10 of FIG. 1. Referring briefly to FIG. 2, the static visualization of the second screen window 46 may include one or more displays 76 and 78 of the printouts described with reference to FIG. 3, but preferably also includes a call reference graph of the type shown in FIG. 4. The call reference graph includes the identification of the classes of the StockTracker that is used as the exemplary program in describing the present invention. In FIG. 3, the three classes are identified as "StockTracker," "StockUp" and "StockDown." The call graph 80 of FIG. 4 also identifies the methods within each class. Within the StockDown class there are two methods, i.e., "StockDown" and "run." By using lines 82 and 84 that include direction arrows, the possible paths that a thread can follow upon execution of the program are shown. For example, when the "createStockDown" method of the "StockTracker" is executed, the "StockDown" method of the "StockDown" class is called. Then, when the "run" method of the "StockDown" class is executed, the "upStockValue" method of the "StockTracker" class is called. While not shown in FIG. 4, the call graph 80 is preferably color coded to distinguish different types of calls, e.g., intra-class calls, inter-class calls, and recursive/overloaded calls.
The global call graph 80 of FIG. 4 is a linear graph. The system of FIG. 1 preferably includes the capability of providing a circular call graph 86 of the type shown in FIG. 5. The circular call graph of FIG. 5 is consistent with the linear call graph of FIG. 4 with respect to indicating possible paths of a thread during execution of a computer program. The call graphs are also consistent with respect to color coding to indicate the different types of calls. While the classes are not shown in FIG. 5, the methods of one class are distinguishable from the methods of another class by the spacing between the methods. Specifically, the methods within a particular class are equidistantly spaced, but are spaced by a greater distance from a method of a different class.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a global call map 88 is shown. The call map is generated using the first group of components 12 of the system 10 of FIG. 1. Within the call map 88, the different methods are shown in both a vertical list 90 and a horizontal list 92. The lists have identical arrangements. The first portion of each method in a list identifies the class, while the second portion identifies the method. The vertical arrows identify the possible paths of a thread upon execution of the method that is to the left of the vertical arrow. Thus, the vertical arrows indicate the potential routes that thread may take.
Returning to FIGS. 1 and 2, the second group of components 16 of the system 10 operates during the run-time mode 54 to provide the dynamic visualization of program execution within screen window 48. As previously noted, the run-time mode may be enabled by generating a specialized version of the source code, such as a PostScript version that is to be interpreted by a PostScript engine, or by augmenting the source code with stubs that are detected by the monitoring device 34. The monitoring device communicates with the visualizer 38 to identify the state of the computer program 14 in real time. That is, the state of execution of the program is visually identified by traces that traverse the third screen window.
Referring to FIG. 7, a portion of the source code of the StockTracker program is illustrated. Code instrumentation is represented by darkened squares that will be referred to as stubs. In the preferred embodiment, each stub uniquely identifies the specific location within the source code. Four of the stubs 94, 96, 98 and 100 identify the beginning of a block. Stubs 102, 104, 106 and 108 each identify the end of a block. Most of the remaining stubs identify the beginning of a line of code.
The code generator 32 of FIG. 1 is used to generate the stubs 94-108 of FIG. 7. When the program is executed, the encounter of a particular stub generates a message that is detected by the monitoring device 34 and communicated to the visualizer 38. The graph manager 40 may be used to filter the messages or to achieve desired results, such as the ability to collapse portions of the graph that provides the dynamic visualization of execution.
The third screen window 48 is enlarged in FIG. 8. The three classes of the exemplary StockTracker program are listed in a left-hand column 110 of the screen window. The three classes are also indicated at the upper portion of the display region which is to the right of the column 110. The methods that are associated with a particular one of the three classes are listed below the associated class and are directly linked to a vertical line (i.e., an edge) of the class. For example, the vertical line 112 links the methods "StockDown" and "run" to the class "StockDown." In an identical manner, the blocks are shown in a hierarchical manner by connections to vertical lines. For example, block 468 is associated with the "run" method of StockDown class, as indicated by the vertical line 114, and blocks 471 and 474 are associated with block 468, as indicted by vertical line 116.
As the StockTracker program is run, the state of the execution of the program is indicated by identifying active nodes and by forming traces between sequentially activated nodes. Preferably, the traces are color coded to indicate different active threads. In FIG. 8, there are three active threads. The first trace of one active thread is designated as trace 118. The first trace of the second active thread is designated as trace 120, while the first trace of the third thread is designated as trace 122. In the preferred embodiment, each trace of a thread remains visible during the term that the execution thread is active. As shown in FIG. 8, the activated nodes are also identified, using a "fill" of the square associated with the activated node.
A thread event of significance may be continuously updated at a lower left corner of the dynamic display. In FIG. 8, the event is identified as a return of the first thread to block 281, as indicated by reference numeral 124. Adjacent to the thread indicator 124 are four screen "buttons." By locating a cursor over the "RUN" button 126 and depressing a mouse button, not shown, the computer program may be placed in a continuous mode of execution. The speed of the execution can be controlled by the positioning of a scrollbar 128. The selected speed is indicted in a subwindow 130. Since the actual speed is dependent upon a number of factors, the value in the subwindow 130 is percentage-based. In the illustration of FIG. 8, the execution is set to a maximum available speed, i.e., 100%.
As an alternative to the continuous mode, the program execution may be set to a step-by-step mode by depressing a "Step" button 132. This step-by-step mode of operation allows a user to control the execution during program steps of particular interest to the user. For example, a sequence of events that is of particular concern may be slowed to the step-by-step execution of events, while fully tested portions of the program may be run at 100% in a continuous mode. The dynamic visualization of the third screen window 48 may be initiated using a "Trace" button 134 and may be terminated using a "Quit" button 136.
Only a portion of the graph is shown in the third screen window 48. A vertically manipulable scrollbar 138 allows a user to move the graph upwardly and downwardly to selected regions. However, the preferred embodiment enables adjustment of the graph to fit the size of the window, so that the entire graph may be viewed.
The default visualization of the computer program of interest is the two-dimensional graph of FIG. 8. Preferably, a block diagram visualization and a three-dimensional, self-adjusting representation of the computer program are available in the graphical user interface. The block diagram can be selected by designating a "Blocks" region 140 using a computer mouse or trackball. The three-dimensional representation may be selected by designating a "3D" region 142 using the same technique.
A further assistance to a programmer or debugger of the computer program is the ability to cause the source code of the active nodes of the graph to be shown dynamically during the execution of the program. That is, the active traces and the relevant source code may be presented simultaneously within the third screen window 48. By designating a "Source" region 144, the active source code will be presented.
As previously noted, the system 10 of FIG. 1 preferably includes a recorder 42 that enables a tracking mode for recording the sequences of events that are executed during the run-time of the computer program 14. A user can trigger the tracking mode by designating the "Trail" region 146 in FIG. 8. The event recorder supports playback, rewind and fast-forward direct access to any recorded event and supports partial execution between two events. The event recorder shows a textual representation of the events as well as a two-dimensional graph which is identical to the graph of FIG. 8.
A "Colors" region 148 may be designated to enable and disable color differentiation. In the default position, the three initial traces 118, 120 and 122 are different colors in order to allow a user to easily distinguish the three execution threads. Each trace within a sequence that forms an execution thread has a color that is consistent with the thread, but the different threads are easily distinguished. The particular colors depend upon the capabilities of the monitor, as well as the user preferences. However, this default condition can be deselected by designating the "Colors" region 148. Optionally, other techniques may be used to distinguish the threads from each other, such as using differences in line thicknesses or by using dashed, dotted and solid lines for different threads.
The visualization is not restricted to a single run of the program. Any number of runs of the same or different programs can be shown simultaneously, because the system 10 of FIG. 1 administers a unique name space for all the nodes in order to avoid name collisions.
The interaction and cooperation between the visualizer 38 and the program 14 of interest will be described with reference to FIGS. 9-13. In a first exchange 150, a subgraph event is initialized. A graph that represents the program 14 may comprise a number of subgraphs. Subgraphs can be removed entirely or partially from the screen at the request of a user. Moreover, subgraphs can be brought back at any time, whether the underlying user program is running or not.
A subgraph is downloaded at the first occurrence of a thread that executes the subgraph. The visualizer 38 acknowledges the event by returning a subgraph identifier, as represented by exchange 152. The procedures associated with exchanges 150 and 152 will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11.
Another exchange 154 between the program 14 and the visualizer 38 is required in order to enter a block event. A block is defined in many structured languages as a group of statements enclosed within braces (e.g., C, C++, and Java) or keywords (e.g., Pascal and Basic). Entering a block corresponds to a fork in a subgraph tree of the program 14. This event can be signaled to the visualizer 38 when the identifiers for the current block, thread and subgraph have been obtained. Each block has an identifier which was generated during the parsing cycle. In exchange 156, an acknowledge event message is transmitted from the visualizer to the processor for executing the program 14.
In exchange 158, the current thread sends an event "Execute Line" to the visualizer 38. An execute line event is generated every time a thread reaches a new line of source code. In exchange 160, the visualizer acknowledges the event.
An "Exit Block Event" exchange 162 is generated every time a thread leaves a block. An event acknowledgment exchange 164 is initiated in response to the exchange 162, and a semaphore that was used to control concurrency is unlocked, as will be explained more fully below. The exchanges 150-164 are implemented as dictated by the program 14 and the configuration selected by the user.
Referring now to FIG. 10, the steps associated with initializing a subgraph are shown. In step 166, the subgraph event is initialized. As noted in referring to FIGS. 4-8, threads execute simultaneously. Therefore, a semaphore is used to prevent messages from being mishandled or corrupted when two messages are transmitted to the visualizer 38 by simultaneously executing threads. Thus, in step 168, the semaphore is used as a lock. Semaphores are conventionally used in the art to prevent other threads from corrupting a particular message.
In step 170, the subgraph is downloaded to the visualizer 38. The first time that the subgraph is traversed by a thread, its local structures are uninitialized. This event is clocked and sent to the visualizer. The parameter of this event is the Subgraph.
In step 172, the visualizer 38 acknowledges the event by returning an identifier for the current subgraph. In FIG. 9, the acknowledgment is sent in the exchange 156. This identifier will be used subsequently to uniquely identify the current subgraph and the nodes of the subgraph. Then, in step 174, the tables that correspond to the current subgraph are reset. The semaphore that was acquired in step 168 is released in step 176 and the process of initializing the subgraph is ended at step 178.
The enter block event will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 11. In step 180, the block identifier is entered. The identifier is the one that was generated during the parsing cycle. In decision step 182, the determination is made as to whether the subgraph to which the block is a component has been initialized. If the Subgraph is uninitialized, the process steps of FIG. 10 are executed. In FIG. 11, the process of FIG. 10 is represented by only two of the steps 170 and 172.
The first time that a subgraph is executed, the data structures in the visualizer 38 and the local program 14 need to be initialized. The initialization of the data structure corresponding to a graph is executed the first time that a subgraph is executed. This event is trapped at the entering of a block. Modern programs are defined as the recursive enclosing of blocks, where a whole a program is a block in itself. Once the local structures for the subgraph have been initialized and the unique identifier has been acquired from the visualizer, the current block is pushed into the local stack, as shown in step 184. That is, the structure allows individual nodes or parts of the subgraph to be engaged and disengaged by the user. Upon engaging a previously disengaged part of the subgraph, the part is out of synch with the visualizer 38. The stack allows the program 14 and the visualizer 38 to return to synchronization.
In the decision step 186, it is determined whether the subgraph and the current block are engaged with the visualizer 38. As previously noted, the visualizer allows users to disengage individual nodes, parts of a subgraph, whole subgraphs, or whole programs. This has the effect of minimizing the overhead that the visualizer imposes on a running program. If a node or part of a subgraph is disengaged, events belonging to the disengaged node or part are not sent to the visualizer 38. Assuming that there is a positive response at the decision step 186, a step 188 of locking a semaphore is executed. As noted with regard to step 168 in FIG. 10, semaphores are used to prevent messages of simultaneously executing threads from being corrupted. After a lock to the semaphore has been obtained in order to bar other threads from corrupting network messages, the current thread sends the "Enter Block" message to the visualizer 38. The parameters of this event are (1) the identifier of the current thread, (2) the identifier of the current subgraph, (3) the identifier of the current block, and (4) the frequency of utilization of the current block. This is shown at step 190.
With the information that is acquired in step 190, the visualizer 38 can update the display of the subgraph with precision. At decision step 192, a determination is made as to whether the current thread is out of synch with the visualizer as a result of a previous disengagement. If there is no synchronization, an event "Synch" is sent to the visualizer, as shown at step 194. The parameter of the "Synch" event is the contents of the stack. The "Synch" event allows the visualizer to properly display the current traversal and location of a thread in the current subgraph.
If in determination step 192 a positive response is returned, the semaphore that was acquired in step 188 is released in step 196. Then, in step 198, another local structure records the frequency and the time stamp corresponding to the current block. The frequency is a count of the number of times that the current block has been traversed by a thread. The time stamp records the clock. When the current thread exits the current block in an "Exit Block" event, the time stamp at the time of the exit will be subtracted from the current time, thereby providing an approximate indication of the temperature of the current block. The "temperature" is defined herein as the time that the central processing unit (CPU) has spent in the current block.
An "Execute Line" event will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 12. The steps 200 and 202 of executing the line and determining whether the subgraph and current block are engaged with the visualizer 38 are substantially identical to the steps 184 and 186 described with reference to FIG. 11. If a negative response is generated at the decision step 202, no event will be sent to the visualizer and the current thread will proceed to termination step 204. On the other hand, if a positive response is generated at decision step 202, a semaphore is locked at step 206 and a decision step 208 is implemented in order to determine whether the current subgraph is in synch. If a negative response is generated, the step 210 of sending a "Synch" event is identical to the step 194 of FIG. 11. However, a positive result triggers a step 212 of sending an "Execute Line" event to the visualizer 38. The parameters of this event are (1) the identifier of the current thread, (2) the identifier of the current subgraph, (3) the identifier of the current block, and (4) the line number. With this information, the visualizer can update the display with precision. Once the message has been sent and the visualizer has acknowledged the event, the semaphore acquired in step 206 is unlocked, as indicated by step 214.
The process of exiting a block will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 13. In step 216, the identifier of the block to be exited is provided. In the execution of step 218, the difference between the time stamp recorded when the current thread exited the "Enter Block" event at step 198 of FIG. 11 and the current time stamp is recorded. This difference, which is independent from the time spent updating the display by the visualizer 38, is added to a local structure. The temperature of the current node is sent to the visualizer as a parameter of a later step 228 of providing information to the visualizer 38.
In decision step 220, there is a determination as to whether the subgraph and the current block are engaged with the visualizer 38. If one or both are not engaged, no event will be sent to the visualizer and the current thread will proceed to the step 232 of pulling the current block from the current stack.
An affirmative response at step 220 causes a semaphore to be acquired at step 222. This is similar to the semaphores described above, which prevent other threads from corrupting the current message to the visualizer 38.
In step 224, the determination is made as to whether the current subgraph is in synchronization. If not, a "Synch" event is sent at step 226. Once synchronization is assured, the current thread sends an "Exit Block" event to the visualizer 38 at step 228. The parameters of this event are (1) the identifier of the current thread, (2) the identifier of the current subgraph, (3) the identifier of the current block, and (4) the temperature of the current block. The information is used to precisely update the display. Once the message has been sent and the visualizer has acknowledged the event, the semaphore is released at step 230. The local data structure tracking the call stack is then updated at step 232 and the process ends in step 234.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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The .exe extension on a filename indicates an executable file. Executable files may, in some cases, harm your computer. Therefore, please read below to decide for yourself whether the IAAnotif.exe on your computer is a Trojan that you should remove, or whether it is a file belonging to the Windows operating system or to a trusted application.
The process known as Event Monitor User Notification Tool or IAA Event Monitor User Notification Tool
belongs to software RAID Event Monitor or Intel® Matrix Storage Manager or IAA RAID Event Monitor or Intel® PRO Network or Intel® Network Connections or Intel® PRO Network Connections or Intel® Turbo Memory or Event Monitor User Notification Tool
by Intel (www.intel.com).
Description: IAAnotif.exe is not essential for the Windows OS and causes relatively few problems. The IAAnotif.exe file is located in a subfolder of "C:\Program Files" (mostly C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel Application Accelerator\).
Known file sizes on Windows 8/7/XP are 186,904 bytes (28% of all occurrences), 151,552 bytes and 20 more variants.
IAAnotif.exe is not a Windows system file. The program is not visible. The IAAnotif.exe file is certified by a trustworthy company. IAAnotif.exe is able to record keyboard and mouse inputs. Therefore the technical security rating is 32% dangerous, however you should also read the user reviews.
If you run into problems with IAAnotif.exe, you may want to do the following:
1) uninstall the program using the Control Panel ⇒ Add/Remove programs ⇒ Intel® Application Accelerator or Intel® Matrix Storage Manager
2) ask for help from Support
3) make sure that you have installed the latest version.
Recommended: Identify IAAnotif.exe related errors
If IAAnotif.exe is located in a subfolder of "C:\Documents and Settings", the security rating is 56% dangerous. The file size is 186,904 bytes. It can change the behavior of other programs or manipulate other programs. The program has no visible window. It is a Verisign signed file. The IAAnotif.exe file is digitally signed. The program starts when Windows starts (see Registry key: MACHINE\Run). The file is not a Windows core file. IAAnotif.exe is able to record keyboard and mouse inputs.
External information from Paul Collins:
Important: Some malware camouflages itself as IAAnotif.exe, particularly when located in the C:\Windows or C:\Windows\System32 folder, for example TROJ_UNRUY.SMT (detected by TrendMicro), and TrojanDownloader:Win32/Unruy.C (detected by Microsoft). Therefore, you should check the IAAnotif.exe process on your PC to see if it is a threat. We recommend Security Task Manager for verifying your computer's security. This was one of the Top Download Picks of The Washington Post and PC World.
Summary: Average user rating of IAAnotif.exe: based on 22 votes with 9 reviews. 18 users think IAAnotif.exe is essential for Windows or an installed application. 4 users think it's neither essential nor dangerous. 2 users don't grade IAAnotif.exe ("not sure about it").
A clean and tidy computer is the key requirement for avoiding problems with IAAnotif. This means running a scan for malware, cleaning your hard drive using cleanmgr and sfc /scannow, uninstalling programs that you no longer need, checking for Autostart programs (using msconfig) and enabling Windows' Automatic Update. Always remember to perform periodic backups, or at least to set restore points.
Should you experience an actual problem, try to recall the last thing you did, or the last thing you installed before the problem appeared for the first time. Use the resmon command to identify the processes that are causing your problem. Even for serious problems, rather than reinstalling Windows, you are better off doing a repair of your installation, or in the case of Windows 8, executing the DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth command. This allows you to repair the operating system without losing data.
To help you analyze the IAAnotif.exe process on your computer, the following programs have proven to be helpful: Security Task Manager displays all running Windows tasks, including embedded hidden processes, such as keyboard and browser monitoring or Autostart entries. A unique security risk rating indicates the likelihood of the process being potential spyware, malware or a Trojan. Malwarebytes Anti-Malware detects and removes sleeping spyware, adware, Trojans, keyloggers, malware and trackers from your hard drive.
igdctrl.exe ashwebsv.exe rthdcpl.exe IAAnotif.exe dockshellhook.dll dtsrvc.exe frameworkservice.exe tgt_bho.dll brsvc01a.exe vttimer.exe monitor.exe [all]


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Living Way Church, Missions Conference, 2009, Saturday PM Part 1 - Ministry Videos
Embed markblummedia 2256 views 2010-10-02T00:25:01 This is Living Way Church's 2009 Missions Conference, Saturday PM service Part 1. The guest speaker was Greg Dela Cruz, the Pastor of Living Way Church in Maui, Hawaii. Living Way Church is located in Poway, California, and Doug Balcombe is the Pastor.
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
33 year old man | Austin, TX, USA | Seeking women 25-34 within 20 miles
Active within 24 hours
I'm quite easy going and calm which is...
I'm quite easy going and calm which is probably the trait I most appreciate. I am introspective and also have a fascination with people and how we are :) "An uncommon mix of gentility and brute strength." :) I like to be around people who are laid-back, kind, and content with what is. I have masters degrees in cultural anthropology and social work - I work with a hospice organization as their social worker/counselor. It is a great position - hospice staff tend to be very compassionate, so great coworkers, and I spend time with people I enjoy spending time with! While I have to be quite social in my work, I am by nature an introvert - it works :) I enjoy conversing with people and I like when there is a combination of depth and humor/playfulness. I love playing - board games or recreational sports. I love to dance. I like when I laugh, it's nice! I am a pescetarian, I'm not weird about it or anything. While I enjoy a good adventure, I also love watching movies, playing boardgames, dinner with friends, bad TV, and good conversation. When I go out on fridays and saturdays, I love house parties with familiar friends and live theatre and of course random austin events. I believe simplicity in life can be a beautiful thing.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Performing arts , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Watching sports
Bowling, Dancing, Football, Martial arts, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Other
Zilker Park, Alamo Drafthouse, Town Lake, many restaurants, Stacy Pool, Zach Theatre
Movies, Netflix, Dance, Soccer, Disc Golf, Relaxing, Dinner with friends, Game Night, Random Austin events, Live Theatre, Conversing, Working out/Gym
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|5'1" (154cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|$50,001 to $75,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Asian, East Indian
|No preference
Asian/Indian-American - Born in Chicago, raised in Houston, got to ATX as fast as I could :)
|Buddhist / Taoist
|No preference
I consider myself spiritually friendly. Finding meaning in life, working towards inner peace and the thing that keeps your head up when all hope is lost is how I personally define the broad concept of 'spirituality'.
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Axiom Internet Marketing can help build and take your online presence to the next level and increase your company's bottom line and size. Whether you need website design, your website to be Search Engine Optimized (SEO), you desire regular blog posts or any of our other online business optimization services, Axiom Internet Marketing can help you take your business to the next level!
So if you are a Plumber, Electrician, Attorney, Photographer or own your own business and need customers to find you in Google and you are located in California, Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Maine, Hawaii, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New Hampshire we are your Internet Company of choice. Check out Legal Daytona, O'Neal Brown Production and or Total Comfort. Search Engine Optimization (http://www.axiomhealthseo.com/