text:
The progress of a endovascular aneurysm repair can be monitored by inserting a pressure transducer sensor using a catheter into the sac during endovascular aneurysm repair and then using a small, hand-held read out device to measure pressure easily, safely, inexpensively and accurately. In one aspect a sensor is introduced into the body by the steps of folding or rolling the sensor into a cylinder, loading it into a catheter, and deploying into the aneurysm sac by allowing it to unroll or unfold, either by itself or facilitated by the incorporation of a super-elastic alloy component.
1. A flexible sensor for wirelessly determining a physical property of a patient, which sensor comprises a self-contained resonant circuit comprising a capacitor and an inductor, and
wherein the circuit is variable in response to the physical property of the patient,
wherein the sensor is comprised of biocompatible materials,
wherein the sensor is sufficiently flexible to be folded for delivery percutaneously,
wherein the sensor is disk-shaped, and
wherein the sensor has an anchoring system attached to a flat surface of the sensor.
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29. A sensor delivery system comprising:
a sensor comprising a self contained resonant circuit comprising a capacitor and an inductor, wherein the circuit is variable in response to the physical property of the patient, and wherein the sensor is sufficiently flexible to be folded for delivery percutaneously, and
a delivery catheter comprising an inner tubular member having an outer surface and an outer tubular member having an inner surface, the outer surface of the inner tubular member and the inner surface of the outer tubular member defining an annular space therebetween;
wherein the sensor is contained within said annular space.
30. The delivery system of
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43. A sensor delivery system comprising:
a sensor comprising a self-contained resonant circuit comprising a capacitor and an inductor, wherein the circuit is variable in response to the physical property of the patient, and wherein the sensor is sufficiently flexible to be folded for delivery percutaneously; and
a delivery catheter comprising an inner tubular member having an outer surface and an outer tubular member having an inner surface, the outer surface of the inner tubular member and the inner surface of the outer tubular member defining an annular space therebetween;
wherein the sensor is contained within the annular space,
wherein the sensor has a tab member that engages a reciprocal slot in the inner tubular member,
wherein the outer tubular member has a slit, and
wherein rotation of the inner tubular member causes the sensor to advance through the slit.
44. The delivery system of
wherein the inner catheter has a longitudinally extending lumen so that the delivery system is capable of being slidably positioned over a guidewire.
The application is directed to an implantable wireless sensor. More particularly, this invention is directed to a wireless, unpowered, micromechanical, flexible sensor that can be delivered using endovascular techniques, to measure a corporeal parameter such as pressure or temperature.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms represent a dilatation and weakening of the abdominal aorta which can lead to aortic rupture and sudden death. Previously, the medical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms required complicated surgery with an associated high risk of injury to the patient. More recently, endografts (combining stents and grafts into a single device) have been developed that can be inserted through small incisions in the groin. Once in place, these endografts seal off the weakened section of the aorta. The aneurysms can then heal, eliminating the risk of sudden rupture. This less invasive form of treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms has rapidly become the standard of care for this disease. An example of an endograft device is disclosed in Kornberg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,932.
A significant problem with endografts is that, due to inadequate sealing of the graft with the aorta, leaks can develop that allow blood to continue to fill the aneurysmal sac. Left undiscovered, the sac will continue to expand and potentially rupture. To address this situation, patients who have received endograft treatment for their abdominal aortic aneurysms are subjected to complex procedures that rely on injection of contrast agents to visualize the interior of the aneurysm sac. These procedures are expensive, not sensitive, and painful. In addition, they subject the patient to additional risk of injury. See for example, Baum R A et al., "Aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms", The Journal of Vascular Surgery, January 2001, and Schurink G W et al., "Endoleakage after stent-graft treatment of abdominal aneurysm: implications on pressure and imaging—an in vitro study", The Journal of Vascular Surgery, August 1998. These articles provide further confirmation of the problem of endograft leakage and the value of intra-sac pressure measurements for monitoring of this condition.
Thus, there is a need for a method of monitor the pressure within an aneurysm sac that has undergone repair by implantation of an endograft to be able to identify the potential presence of endoleaks. Furthermore, this method should be accurate, reliable, safe, simple to use, inexpensive to manufacture, convenient to implant and comfortable to the patient.
An ideal method of accomplishing all of the above objectives would be to place a device capable of measuring pressure within the aneurysm sac at the time of endograft insertion. By utilizing an external device to display the pressure being measured by the sensor, the physician will obtain an immediate assessment of the success of the endograft at time of the procedure, and outpatient follow-up visits will allow simple monitoring of the success of the endograft implantation.
An example of an implantable pressure sensor designed to monitor pressure increases within an aneurysmal sac is shown in Van Bockel, U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,156. While some of the above objectives are accomplished, this device has multiple problems that would make its use impractical. For example, the sensor disclosed in the Van Bockel patent relies on a mechanical sensing element. Elements of this kind cannot be practically manufactured in dimensions that would allow for endovascular introduction. In addition, this type of pressure sensor would be subject to many problems in use that would limit its accuracy and reliability. One example would be exposure of the mechanical sensing element to body fluids which could disrupt its function. Also, by failing to take advantage of specific approaches to electronic component fabrication, the Van Bockel device requires a complex system for acquiring data from the sensor necessary for the physician to make an accurate determination of intra-aneurysmal pressure. The Van Bockel device would inherently not be as flexible as required for certain endovascular or percutaneous procedures.
It is an object of this invention to provide an implantable wireless sensor.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a wireless, unpowered micromechanical, flexible sensor that can be delivered endovascularly.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an implantable, wireless, unpowered sensor that can be delivered endovascularly to measure pressure and/or temperature.
It is a yet further object of this invention to provide a method of preparing a micromechanical implantable sensor.
These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent from the discussion below.
The present invention comprises a device that can be implanted into the human body using non-surgical techniques to measure a corporeal parameter such as pressure, temperature, or both. Specific target locations could include the interior of an abdominal aneurysm or a chamber of the heart. This sensor is fabricated using MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, which allows the creation of a flexible device that is small, accurate, precise, durable, robust, biocompatible, radiopaque and insensitive to changes in body chemistry, biology or external pressure. This device will not require the use of wires to relay pressure information externally nor need an internal power supply to perform its function.
The MEMS approach to sensor design lends itself to the fabrication of small, flat flexible sensors that can be formed using biocompatible polymers as substrate materials. The pressure sensor described above can then be manipulated into a smaller shape and size by rolling, bending, or folding it into a cylindrical form. This smaller object can be introduced into the sac of an abdominal aneurysm at the time an endograft is deployed within the aorta by using standard endovascular catheter techniques. Once inserted in the abdominal aneurysm sac or in a chamber of the heart, the device either on its own or through the addition or inclusion of metallic elements fabricated from stainless steel or super-elastic or shape memory nitinol alloys can unfurl into a preferred flat shape. The metallic components may also include anchors, hooks, harpoons, coils, barbs or other shapes and configurations designed to secure the pressure sensor to the wall on the aneurysm sac or a chamber of the heart. In addition, appropriately biocompatible coatings may be applied to the surface of the sensor to prevent adhesion of biological substances or coagulated blood to the sensor that could interfere with its proper function.
Delivery of the device of the invention to an aneurysm may be accomplished as follows: Using the standard Seldinger technique, the physician gains access to the patient's femoral artery and places a vessel introducer with a hemostatic valve. Under direct fluoroscopic visualization, a flexible guidewire is inserted through the introducer catheter and maneuvered such that its tip is stationed within the sac of the aortic aneurysm. A coaxial delivery catheter consisting of two hollow extruded polymeric catheters, the smaller of the two disposed inside the larger one, is inserted over the guidewire and through the introducer and advanced distally until its tip is within the aneurysmal sac. The smaller catheter has an annular space to hold a folded sensor, which is released when the outer catheter is withdrawn proximally.
In an alternative delivery procedure, a sensor is attached to a small diameter, proximally extending "safety" or tether wire. The sensor and safety wire are also positioned in the annular space between two coaxial catheters, but the safety wire runs the entire length of the smaller delivery catheter and extends proximally past the proximal end of that catheter outside the patient. In this configuration, the sensor remains secured to the tether wire after the coaxial delivery catheter is removed from the patient. Following the insertion and deployment of the stent-graft, the sensor is detached from the tether wire using any of the methods known in the art, and the wire is removed.
In a further alternative delivery procedure the sensor can be loaded into the annular space between the inner and outer catheters by inserting the sensor into a longitudinal slit cut into the outer catheter and attaching a tab on the sensor's surface into a slot cut into the inner coaxial catheter. By rotation of the inner tube, the sensor will be retracted through the slit and positioned in the annular space between the two tubes. To deploy the device, the rotation of the inner tube is reversed and the sensor emerges through the slit of the outer catheter. There are two specific advantages to this deployment mechanism. First, the sensor can be packaged and stored in a flat configuration. This is desirable since long term storage in a pre-loaded curved geometry could make it more difficult for the sensor to re-establish the flat arrangement that is optimal for effective electromagnetic inductive coupling with the external read-out unit. The second advantage is that by cutting the longitudinal slit at angle that is offset from the main axis of the outer tube, the sensor will be biased into a planar configuration as it is forced through the slit during the deployment process.
A safety wire system can also be used with this mechanism, although the wire may be external to the outer coaxial tube. As described above, the wire will remain attached to the sensor during the deployment process and will stay within the aneurysm sac while the delivery catheter is removed. Subsequent to insertion and deployment of the stent-graft, the wire will be detached from the sensor and pulled out of the body.
The detachment of the wire from the sensor can be accomplished in several ways. The wire may be simply glued to the sensor using an adhesive. To separate the sensor from the wire, a thin-walled, metal or polymer tube is passed along the length of the wire and positioned at the adhesive joint. While holding this tube steady, the wire is then retracted into the tube. Sufficient traction can be applied to the segment of the wire that remains outside of the body to cause the adhesive to joint to fail and allow removal of the wire.
An alternative method would rely on a mechanical connection between the wire and sensor such as adding threads to the end of the wire which could then be connected to a matching threaded female receptacle on the sensor. To separate the wire from the sensor, counter-rotation would be applied to the wire until the threads disengage. One could envision many variations of this design that would involve the mechanical locking and un-locking of two mating components.
In a delivery system intended more for cardiac applications, a "daisy shape" sensor is positioned in the distal end of a catheter lumen so that the middle, flat section of the sensor is essentially normal to the longitudinal axis of the catheter. A solid or hollow member fitting within the catheter lumen is used to push the sensor distally. If the sensor has an anchor member, it is meant that the anchor member will pierce or otherwise attach itself and the sensor to the wall of a chamber of the heart.
The invention can perhaps be better understood by referring to the drawings.
One embodiment of a sensor according to the invention is shown in
The size of the circular sensors of the invention will vary according to factors such as the intended application, the delivery system, etc. The circular sensors are intended to be from about 0.5 to about 3 cm in diameter, with a thickness of from about 0.05 to about 0.30 in. When a ring 32 is employed, the thickness of the ring, i.e., the width of the outside surface 38, will preferably be from about 1.5 to about 3.5 times the thickness of the sensor.
In the embodiment of the invention shown in
Prior to insertion of the coaxial catheter, as shown in
A better appreciation of certain aspects of the invention, especially of a delivery system, can be obtained from
In another embodiment of the invention, seen in
Actual delivery of a sensor according to the invention is shown in
When either delivery system 150 or 182 is retracted, sensor 162 or 194 is left positioned to the side of an aneurysm. Then, as shown in
The pressure sensor of the invention can be manufactured using Micro-machining techniques that were developed for the integrated circuit industry. An example of this type of sensor features an inductive-capacitive (LC) resonant circuit with a variable capacitor, as is described in Allen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,520, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. The sensor contains two types of passive electrical components, namely, an inductor and a capacitor. The sensor is constructed so that the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface changes the distance between the capacitor's parallel plates and causes a variation of the sensor's capacitance.
In a preferred embodiment the sensor of the invention is constructed by laminating several layers of material together, as shown, for example, in
The sensor exhibits the electrical characteristics associated with a standard LC circuit. An LC circuit is simply a closed loop with only two elements, a capacitor and an inductor. If a current is induced in the LC loop, the energy in the circuit is shared back and forth between the inductor and capacitor. The result is an energy oscillation that will vary at a specific frequency. This is termed the resonant frequency of the circuit and it can be easily calculated as its value is dependent on the circuit's inductance and capacitance. Therefore, a change in capacitance will cause the frequency to shift higher or lower in linear proportion to the change in the value of capacitance.
As noted above, the capacitor in the assembled pressure sensor consists of the two circular conductive segments separated by an air gap. If a pressure force is exerted on these segments it will act to deform the outer polyimide sheet and move the two conductive segments closer together. This will have the effect of reducing the air gap between them which will consequently change the capacitance of the circuit. The result will be a shift in the circuit's resonant frequency that will be in direct proportion to the force applied to the sensor's surface.
Because of the presence of the inductor, it is possible to electromagnetically couple to the sensor and induce a current in the circuit. This allows for wireless communication with the sensor and the ability to operate it without the need for an internal source of energy such as a battery. Thus, if the sensor is located within the sac of aortic aneurysm, it will be possible to determine the pressure within the sac in a simple, non-invasive procedure by remotely interrogating the sensor, recording the resonant frequency and converting this value to a pressure measurement. The readout device generates electromagnetic energy that penetrates through the body's tissues to the sensor's implanted location. The sensor's electrical components absorb a fraction of the electromagnetic energy that is generated by the readout device via inductive coupling. This coupling induces a current in the sensor's circuit oscillates at the same frequency as the applied electromagnetic energy. Due to the nature of the sensor's electro-mechanical system there exists a frequency of alternating current at which the absorption of energy from the readout device is at a minimum. This frequency is a function of the capacitance of the device. Therefore, if the sensor's capacitance changes, so will the frequency at which it minimally absorbs energy from the readout device. Since the sensor's capacitance is mechanically linked to the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface, a measurement of this frequency by the readout device gives a relative measurement of the fluid pressure. If calibration of the device is performed, then an absolute measurement of pressure can be made. See, for example, the extensive discussion in the Allen et al. patent, again incorporated herein by reference, as well as Gershenfeld et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,725, incorporated herein by reference.
The pressure sensor is made of completely passive components having no active circuitry or power sources such as batteries. The pressure sensor is completely self-contained having no leads to connect to an external circuit or power source. Furthermore, these same manufacturing techniques can be used to add additional sensing capabilities, such as the ability to measure temperature by the addition of a resistor to the basic LC circuit.
Several alternative configurations of the LC circuit design can be considered to address specific biological and manufacturing issues. For example, in one embodiment of the sensor the capacitor element consists of two plates that are separated by a suitable dielectric material, such as air, inert gas, fluid or a vacuum. To ensure the long term integrity of the sensor, various coatings could be applied to the surface or between the polymeric layers used to form the sensor. These coating can be used to provide a hermetic seal that will prevent leakage of body fluids into the cavity or permeation of the cavity material (gas, vacuum or fluid) out of the sensor. In an another embodiment of the invention, shown in
It is within the scope of the invention that the frequency response to the sensor will be in the range of from about 1 to about 200 MHz, preferably from about 1 to about 100 MHz, and more preferably from about 2 to about 90 MHz, with a Q factor from about 5 to about 80, preferably from about 10 to about 70, more preferably from about 10 to 60.
In a further embodiment of the invention there is no direct electrical connection between the two sides of the LC circuit. Referring again to the sensor described in the Allen et al. patent, the device is constructed using multiple layers upon lie the necessary circuit elements. Disposed on the top and bottom layer are metal patterns constructed using micro-machining techniques which define a top and bottom conductor and a spiral inductor coil. To provide for an electrical contact between the top and bottom layers small vias or holes are cut through the middle layers. When the layers are assembled, a metal paste is forced into the small vias to create direct electrical connections or conduits. However, experimentation has shown that due to parasitic capacitance that is created between the top and bottom inductor coils, a vialess operational LC circuit can be created. This absence of via holes represents a significant improvement to the sensor in that it simplifies the manufacturing process and, more importantly, significantly increases the durability of the sensor making it more appropriate for use inside the human body.
The design of the sensor is not limited to a specific geometric configuration. In the specific example noted above the inductor component is described as a spiral coil. Other embodiments of the sensor could utilize oval, rectangular or an amorphous shape. Specific electrical, mechanical and biologic advantages could be obtained by employing these various geometric designs. By way of example, a rectangular shaped sensor in which the ratio of length to width was greater than four would greater lend itself to catheter based delivery as is would minimize the radius of curvature required to position the folded device within a small diameter catheter. Alternatively, a more elaborate shape, such as one resembling the petals of a flower, would lend itself to more complex folding patterns that could facilitate delivery to specific areas of an aneurysm sac or an organ such as the heart. For example, in
Another, preferred embodiment of a sensor is shown in
The flexible cut-outs 352 facilitate, among other things, folding of sections of sensor 370 for placement in, or arrangement upon, a delivery catheter. The sections can be folded to create either a "Z" shape or, for example, a "U" shape. It is within the scope of the invention that variously numbered and shaped cut-outs could be used for particular applications.
Sensor 330 could be employed in the delivery catheters shown in
In a delivery system shown in
During delivery to a desired location, such as an abdominal aortic aneurysm, an outer catheter sheath 360 encompasses distal portion 350 to hold sensor 356 in position. As shown in
When the distal end of the delivery catheter is properly positioned, outer catheter sheath 360 is moved proximally to release folded sections 362. Then, outer catheter sheath 360 is moved distally to engage sections 362 and cause sensor 356 to disengage from slot 354.
At least one of sections 362 has a tether wire 370 attached at an adhesive point 372, as can be seen in
Further, the invention is not limited to the implantation of a single sensor. Since the biological environment within an aortic aneurysm is not necessarily homogeneous, multiple pressure sensors may be introduced into the aneurysm space, each being positioned at different locations. In this situation, each sensor may be designed with a unique signature (obtained by changing the resonant frequency of the sensor), so that the pressure measurement derived from one sensor can be localized to its specific position within the aneurysm.
Clearly, if multiple sensors are used the same type of wire delivery system described above can also be employed to position the sensors within the aneurysm sac. For example, as shown in
When introduced into the sac of an abdominal aorta, the pressure sensor can provide pressure related data by use of an external measuring device. As disclosed in the Allen et al. patent, several different excitation systems can be used. The readout device generates electromagnetic energy that can penetrate through the body's tissues to the sensor's implanted location. The sensor's electrical components can absorb a fraction of the electromagnetic energy that is generated by the readout device via inductive coupling. This coupling will induce a current in the sensor's circuit that will oscillate at the same frequency as the applied electromagnetic energy. Due to the nature of the sensor's electro-mechanical system there will exist a frequency of alternating current at which the absorption of energy from the readout device is at a minimum. This frequency is a function of the capacitance of the device. Therefore, if the sensor's capacitance changes so will the frequency at which it minimally absorbs energy from the readout device. Since the sensor's capacitance is mechanically linked to the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface, a measurement of this frequency by the readout device can give a relative measurement of the fluid pressure. If calibration of the device is performed then an absolute measurement of pressure can be made
The circuitry used to measure and display pressure is contained within a simple to operate, battery powered, hand-held electronic unit 400, as shown in
Accordingly, the present invention provides for an impedance system and method of determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor. The system includes a transmitting antenna, which is coupled to an impedance analyzer. The impedance analyzer applies a constant voltage signal to the transmitting antenna scanning the frequency across a predetermined spectrum. The current passing through the transmitting antenna experiences a peak at the resonant frequency of the sensor. The resonant frequency and bandwidth are thus determined from this peak in the current.
The method of determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth using an impedance approach may include the steps of transmitting an excitation signal using a transmitting antenna and electromagnetically coupling a sensor having a resonant circuit to the transmitting antenna thereby modifying the impedance of the transmitting antenna. Next, the step of measuring the change in impedance of the transmitting antenna is performed, and finally, the resonant frequency and bandwidth of the sensor circuit are determined.
In addition, the present invention provides for a transmit and receive system and method for determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor. According to this method, an excitation signal of white noise or predetermined multiple frequencies is transmitted from a transmitting antenna, the sensor being electromagnetically coupled to the transmitting antenna. A current is induced in the resonant circuit of the sensor as it absorbs energy from the transmitted excitation signal, the current oscillating at the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit. A receiving antenna, also electromagnetically coupled to the transmitting antenna, receives the excitation signal minus the energy which was absorbed by the sensor. Thus, the power of the received signal experiences a dip or notch at the resonant frequency of the sensor. The resonant frequency and bandwidth are determined from this notch in the power.
The transmit and receive method of determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a sensor circuit includes the steps of transmitting a multiple frequency signal from transmitting antenna, and, electromagnetically coupling a resonant circuit on a sensor to the transmitting antenna thereby inducing a current in the sensor circuit. Next, the step of receiving a modified transmitted signal due to the induction of current in the sensor circuit is performed. Finally, the step of determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth from the received signal is executed.
Yet another system and method for determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor includes a chirp interrogation system. This system provides for a transmitting antenna which is electromagnetically coupled to the resonant circuit of the sensor. An excitation signal of white noise or predetermined multiple frequencies is applied to the transmitting antenna for a predetermined period of time, thereby inducing a current in the resonant circuit of the sensor at the resonant frequency. The system then listens for a return signal which radiates from the sensor. The resonant frequency and bandwidth of the resonant circuit are determined from the return signal.
The chirp interrogation method for determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor includes the steps of transmitting a multi-frequency signal pulse from a transmitting antenna, electromagnetically coupling a resonant circuit on a sensor to the transmitting antenna thereby inducing a current in the sensor circuit, listening for and receiving a return signal radiated from the sensor circuit, and determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth from the return signal.
A representative block diagram of an electrical circuit that can be used to interrogate the sensor and determine the resonant frequency is shown in
The present invention also provides an analog system and method for determining the resonant frequency of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor. The analog system comprises a transmitting antenna coupled as part of a tank circuit which in turn is coupled to an oscillator. A signal is generated which oscillates at a frequency determined by the electrical characteristics of the tank circuit. The frequency of this signal is further modified by the electromagnetic coupling of the resonant circuit of a sensor. This signal is applied to a frequency discriminator which in turn provides a signal from which the resonant frequency of the sensor circuit is determined.
The analog method for determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor includes the steps of generating a transmission signal using a tank circuit which includes a transmitting antenna, modifying the frequency of the transmission signal by electromagnetically coupling the resonant circuit of a sensor to the transmitting antenna, and converting the modified transmission signal into a standard signal for further application.
The invention further includes an alternative method of measuring pressure in which a non-linear element such as a diode or polyvinylidenedifloride piezo-electric polymer is added to the LC circuit. A diode with a low turn-on voltage such as a Schottky diode can be fabricated using micro-machining techniques. The presence of this non-linear element in various configurations within the LC circuit can be used to modulate the incoming signal from the receiving device and produce different harmonics of the original signal. The read-out circuitry can be tuned to receive the particular harmonic frequency that is produced and use this signal to reconstruct the fundamental frequency of the sensor. The advantage of this approach is two-fold; the incoming signal can be transmitted continuously and since the return signal will be at different signals, the return signal can also be received continuously.
The above methods lend themselves to the creation of small and simple to manufacture hand-held electronic devices that can be used without complication.
One additional concern regarding devices designated for long term implantation in the human body is maintenance of electrical stability over time as the environment the sensor has been placed in changes. Under this scenario the sensor's accuracy may drift from its original baseline. It would thus be desirable to have available to the user of the device, a method for determining if the sensor is functioning properly and also to be able to recalibrate the device anytime after it has been implanted. This invention therefore also includes a method of using acoustic energy to challenge the sensor and determining to what degree (if any) sensor performance has been degraded. In this method, energy in the ultrasound range is directed towards the sensor and a measurement is made of the mechanical resonance of the sensor membrane. This same measurement can be made at point after the sensor has been implanted. By comparing the values of these two measurements a determination of the degree of change in mechanical resonance frequency can be established. This value can then be used to create a calibration factor that can be applied to the pressure reading taken post-implantation in order to adjust the measured value to reflect the actual pressure within the aneurysm.
The preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed herein, may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention of the scope of the appended claims.
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 5/1/13
Jordan Zimmermann turned in another dominant performance with two-hit ball over eight innings, Ian Desmond hit a two-run homer in the fourth and the Washington Nationals finally beat the Atlanta Braves, 2-0 Wednesday night. The Braves had won five in a row this season over their NL East rival, and nine straight dating to last season. Zimmermann (5-1) made sure that streak ended with another dominating performance, snapping a three-game losing streak that had knocked the Nationals under .500. Atlanta starter Paul Maholm (3-3) nearly matched Zimmermann. He allowed only three hits in eight innings, retiring the last 13 batters he faced. But Desmond provided all the runs that Washington needed, homering to left-center on a 1-1 pitch in the fourth after Bryce Harper led off with a walk. The only Atlanta hitters to reach against Zimmermann were Justin Upton, who singled with two outs in the first, and Maholm, who doubled into the right-field corner in the third. Zimmermann struck ou...
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PSC considering Fla. Power & Light rate proposal
Jon Moyle, a lawyer for the Florida Industrial Power Users Group, said the deal would be good for businesses by offering rate certainty and keeping their power bills from increasing.
The Florida Retail Federation, Village of Pinecrest and a pair of individual consumers sided with the public counsel, who also argues the deal would give FPL investors a windfall. The settlement calls for a 10.7 percent rate of return, higher than any other electric utility in the state.
"The evidence of record in this docket shows that FPL with no base rate increase at all will be able to provide safe and reliability service in the 2013 test year while recovering all of its reasonable and prudent costs," said retail federation lawyer Robert Scheffel Wright. He added that FPL still would earn more than $1 billion in net operating income and receive a healthy return on equity without an increase.
FPL originally asked to raise base rates by $690.4 million per year effective in 2013. The proposed settlement would raise base rates by only $378 million next year but provides for additional increases as new power plants come on line in June 2013 and in 2014 and 2016.
The monthly base rate for a residential customer using 1,000 kilowatt hours would go up $4.10 in January and $1.74 in June, for a total of $5.84 if the settlement is approved. It then would increase by about $2 in 2014 and another $2 in 2016. Due to reductions in fuel and other costs, the total bill, though, would increase only 94 cents as of June to $95.56.
Under FPL's original proposal the base rate for the same customer would increase by $5.23 in January and $1.86 in June, for a $7.09 total in 2013. The net increase, though, would be $2.54 as of June due to the other rate adjustments for an overall bill of $97.16. FPL would have to file new cases if it wanted additional base rate increases after 2013.


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Oklahoma's Largest Water Balloon Fight
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Executive Summary: Solving the Equation: The Variables for Women's Success in Engineering and Computing
This executive summary makes it easy to share some of the key findings and recommendations of the report and spark action in your community. Read more »
Download the Quick Facts from Solving the Equation
This colorful, accessible fact sheet makes it easy to share some of the key themes of the Solving the Equation: The Variables for Women's Success in Engineering and Computing report and spark discussion in your community. Read more »
AAUW Delegation: Gender Equity and the Role of Women in Poland
In 1920 AAUW's predecessor, the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, helped raise $100,000 for Polish scientist Marie Curie to purchase a gram of radium. In fall 2014, a delegation of seven […] Read more »
The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Spring 2015)
Updated regularly with the most current statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap is a commonsense guide that provides key facts about the gender pay gap in the United States. Read more »
Fact Sheet: For Women and Girls, the Common Core Is a Step Toward Greater Equity
AAUW and the Center for American Progress have released a new fact sheet that explores the positive effect the Common Core State Standards can have on gender equity in education. […] Read more »
AAUW Bylaws
The AAUW Bylaws contain policies and procedures for managing the organization, and information for the Governance Committee (AC73) to conduct AAUW's affairs. Read more »
AAUW Strategic Plan
As AAUW continues to move forward in a changing world, so have our Strategic Plan and our Vision Statement. Read more »
Memorandum from Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP: Affiliate Agreement
Any organization that uses AAUW's name or logo must sign an Affiliate Agreement, a written agreement that delineates the rights and duties of both parties. Read more »
Archive: Annual Reports
2013 Annual Report Building on a Legacy of Fellowships After establishing a career promoting women's reproductive health, mental health, and economic well-being in Peru, Gabriela Canepa dreamed of higher education […] Read more »
Memorandum from Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP: "Disaffiliation or Dissolution"
This document pertains to Article X, Section 5 of AAUW's bylaws. The memorandum addresses what happens to the assets of a branch or a state AAUW affiliate if it is […] Read more »


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Canelo will not lose to mayweather or AustinPosted February 15, 2013 12:38 am
Canelo, yes is young and probably does not have the ability to back down from anyone , however he is not a pushover and I believe he can take Mayweather or Trout in a knockout fashion, remember when you are young nothing is impossible!Posted February 15, 2013 12:36 am
te tumbo
if Canelo's ego has no problem with it, an undercard bout v. Trout begins to make sense. IMO, that's all Trout is. it's a shame that there is no equally-prestigious opponent for Alvarez to headline against. in fact, Trout is more a contiunation of the type of Canelo opponent that so many are complaining about. IMO, even Angulo would provide a more intriguing matchup. otherwise, there's no particular sense of anticipation or suspense for watching Alvarez break down and KO the unproven and barely-tested Trout. at least not as a headliner. as an undercard, it begins to become interesting.Posted February 14, 2013 10:51 am
Christov Anybody can LOOK good fighting a OLD WORN out past his PRIME SMALLER man. Just like TROUT proved.. Canelo will beat TROUT, wear him down with HORRIFIC BODY PUNCHES " You cut the tree down from the trunck and it falls down. (Funny I am a LOGGER and I know this) I am ALSO on a HIT TV. series call the AXMEN, you can watch me on HISTORY CHANNEL in the USA and ALL over the WORLD. I am the TURTLE on the show.. Canelo will have NO problems with LARA, or sissy hitiing Trout. Remember CANELO is STRONG and can NOT be thrown around like Trout did to OLD Cotto.Posted February 12, 2013 6:24 pm
Trout has foot skills only, also he beat a washed up cotto with no power how do u think trout will react to body punches that will have him running and eventually the body punches will take his legs away and slickness what will he do then,,,FALL LIKE A CHOPPED UP TREE ,,,Also canelo would have knock out cottoPosted February 12, 2013 4:12 pm
Fight Aficionado
And before any smart alec retards point out the fight's May 4 not May 5, I know that it was a typo. Was thinking cinco ie. 5.Posted February 12, 2013 12:38 am
Fight Aficionado
And I don't give a GD about this supposedly being a setup for Canelo vs Floyd in fall. That's a big maybe and would be a typical carrot dangling of boxing fans. Fact is it should be Canelo vs Floyd on May 5, the traditional Cinco de Mayo big boxing card with a Mexican headlining. Instead they're likely going to exploit Mexican boxing fans' loyalty by throwing another jr welterweight at Canelo who will eat him like a shark on chum, again.Posted February 12, 2013 12:36 am
Fight Aficionado
WTF kind of headline is that? We all knew Canelo was fighting May 4 on the Floyd undercard for months.Posted February 12, 2013 12:32 am
at some point in time in every hyped fighters padded career they have to grow a set of balls and actually fight someone who is not a bum…Posted February 11, 2013 10:21 pm
I see good, Canelo is very strong, especially when fighting old shopworn or smaller guys.as soon as he steps in the ring with an opponent that is the same size with skills,ala Trout, his punches will have less effect,the few that land,I mean,and the returning fire won't be from a little guy like Matthew Hatton or Lopez…. Canelo's handlers know he's susceptible to being hurt with a good shot.I guarantee his next opponent will be a small, preferably over the hill fighter.GBP through their greed have pushed Canelo too fast, to the point where everyone has expectations beyond his current capability. The lad is still young and a work in progress, but I fear GBP will ruin him.He's going to be cornered soon, where he'll have to fight Trout or Lara, and he'll probably be exposed for what he is right now: a good prospect.Posted February 11, 2013 6:38 pm
Canelo will fight anyone, it's his management that won't , so any bad vibes should be directed at his promotion team, not himPosted February 11, 2013 4:58 pm
It's Me, Ernie
Canelo has too much pop, speed and skills to lose to Trout or whoever…Posted February 11, 2013 4:49 pm
Al grito de Guerra I agree with you on everything except compareing canelo to cotto I say he is closer to a jmm than a cotto skill wisePosted February 11, 2013 4:21 pm
I saw trout beating cotto do to size difference but I just don't see him beating canelo nothing about the dude is special I watched a few recent fights of his and the only real challenge was when he faught rodriguez, and looked horrible taking the win. canelo won't have a problem guy won't have much of a size difference againts the kid canelo is more schooled in the basics faster and stronger don't know if trout has a chin but I see a tko in his near future.Posted February 11, 2013 4:16 pm
Trout wants the fight. Champions prove themselves. Canelo should take the fight if he wants to be a star. Right now Trout is THE champion. If Canelo wants to call himself champ, he's gotta take it from the real belt holder. Until he proves himself, he's just a lot of hype in my book. If he were to fight and beat Trout, I'll give him credit.Posted February 11, 2013 3:11 pm
alot of bias out there.. talking about american fighters… golden boy wants no part of trout.. everyone pleaded with cotto not to take the trout fight because they feared the result..alvarez simply has not beaten anyone and a loss versus trout ruins his payday.. these two guys are exceptional fighters and it would be a great match i just do not believe golden boy will want any part of trout.. the talk was that cotto would ktfo trout.. LMAO!! how did that go?? trout has exceptional skills i think people severely underestimate the man and no one wants to fight himPosted February 11, 2013 2:17 pm
Austin Trout will easily outbox Alvarez. Canelo doesn't know how to use his feet or throw punches from different angles. It will be a one sided decision victory for Trout and Canelo will be exposed. Comparing Alvarez to Cotto is an insult to Cotto considering he is hall of fame worthy and Canelo has never even faught a B level fighter.Posted February 11, 2013 2:12 pm
Why doesn't Canelo fight his Mandatory, GGG or Gabriel Rosado??? well, we'll just have to wait to hear which no name over the hill smaller Bum they dig up for this pampered Prima Donna…Posted February 11, 2013 1:56 pm
The WBC allows Canelo to go almost two years without facing his Mandatory Cuban Lara yet they tell Danny Garcia he must defend his belt against his Mandatory 2 weeks after getting his belt??? LOLPosted February 11, 2013 1:52 pm
Al Grito de Guerra
"No Doubt" Trout gets the KNOCKED THE F#CK OUT!!! That will be the headlines in the boxing world on May 5th. Unless Trout proves to have a chin and simply gets outworked. I won't take anything way from Trout, he's a good fighter. But that's it. He's simply good. People can keep saying that Canelo hasn't fought anyone, but who has by the age of 21 (his last fight was when he was 21)? No one, not De la Hoya, Mayweather, Trinidad, or Duran has fought the quantity of PROFESSIONAL fight s, much less quality opposition by the age of 21.
Essentially, Canelo is a younger, faster, stronger, and better conditioned version of Miguel Cotto. While Trout was able to get a unanimous decision over Cotto, he left himself far to open in many occasions. Luckily for Trout, Cotto (who's infamous for bad conditioning) wasn't packing heavy hands after the first 6 rounds, and Trout was able to float by with out serious injury. That won't be the case with Canelo. Besides the fact that Canelo is MUCH bigger than Cotto. Trout would need a size advantage much bigger than 1/2 an inch to be a credible threat to Canelo. Canelo for an impressive win that will quite down each and everyone of his critics.Posted February 11, 2013 1:06 pm
Cotto was not old or slow against Floyd he was just "Cotto" and Floyd is well??? "Floyd" Trout is a TRUE Jr MW who could probably fight at MW if he choose to do so, he was demonstrably stronger than Miguel and his size presented and obvious issue when coupled with his skills… I see that as a matchup issue, whereas Canelo is not the biggest SMW but he is obviously strong and likely to grow…Posted February 11, 2013 12:53 pm
It's Me, Ernie
Canelo is "gonna gut into dat ass" like uncle Roger says…Posted February 11, 2013 12:24 pm
brick city
@ i see good, Cotto didnt look old and slow against Mayweather, trout"s style maybe to slick for Canelo's one deminsional style. who has he ever fought?????? and old ass shane mosely?????c'mon man!!!!!Posted February 11, 2013 12:19 pm
brick city
so nobody remembers canelo was badly hurt by Cottos brother????? it was on the undercard of mayweather-mosely. we will see what he's made of when he faces another threat and they are out there, we will see how he reacts when he cant dominate his opponent.Posted February 11, 2013 12:16 pm
I See Good
Happy Boy My point is Canelo is YOUNG,STRONG and NOT WORN out. Something to think about, Watching the LAST fight on TV. A OLD WORN out NATE CAMPBELL did have a point. The guy he fought was about 160 pounds. Yes he made the WEIGHT for the match, but put on a lot of weight before the fight. Campbell could not match his opponet 20 pounds heavier than him. Canelo WALKS around at 185 pounds. TRIMS down to make weight 154 and at the time of the fight hes 168 pounds. Thats call in the BOXING world a NATURAL 154. God are you ever DUMB. Yes you Americans want your people to WIN. Its natural but as you KNOW close fights in America the American gets the nod. Canelo will beat TROUT and hopefully KNOCKS him out. Roy Jones KNOWS boxing and he says CANELO will OWN this division. And ROY JONES is an American to boot. Just PUT your money on Canelo. I KNOW I will.Posted February 11, 2013 11:44 am
I was a huge Canelo fan but I see how they are taking too much care of him. I lost interest since he fought Josesito. And even more so know that he won't fight Trout. I'm sure Trout will give him a boxing lesson.Posted February 11, 2013 11:16 am
Just as thought, stacking the card with Mexicans to get PPV ratings.Posted February 11, 2013 10:53 am
Trout is no threat to anyone! His hometown fans don't even claim him, he is so boring.Posted February 11, 2013 9:30 am
Chicago guy
This matchup is a joke. Floyd jr. circus is back. Happygirl is one of the clowns sniffing Floyd jr. assPosted February 11, 2013 9:14 am
Chicago guy
Floyd jr.(The Fraud) should fight Alvarez and be the main event then Devon (The Pretender) should fight TBA as the undercard.Posted February 11, 2013 9:05 am
Joel Craig
If Canelo fights Trout he wont have to worry about fighting Mayweater, he will receive a severe boxing lesson very simular to the one his brother got from Trout. With Trouts boxing skills there is no need for a knockout. So when Trout stops Canelo or makes him look silly for 12 rounds the public will see how limited Canelo is.Posted February 11, 2013 6:39 am
Surprise surprise – no named opponent. Expect another bum who is much smaller than alvarez.Posted February 11, 2013 5:58 am
Edgar Guevara
That will a good double header, we haven't seen in a long time. They can add another championship fight it wil be a Superfight night.Posted February 11, 2013 2:59 am
I see good
I am 7 for 7 in fight predictions. Yes BOXADAMEROUS you have been reading my posts. After the Canelo fight I will be 8 FOR 8. I did NOT predict the MARQUEZ PACQIO fight, its hard to predict the out come of past ROBBERIES. Glad to see MARQUEZ get his REVENGE, Judges couldnt ROB him like in the past 3 fights. Viva MEXICOPosted February 11, 2013 1:43 am
I see good
Oh PLEASE give me a BREAK…. Trout beat a SMALL OLD COTTO. Throwing OLD COTTO around like a rag doll.. NOW Canelo is STRONG!!! NOT OLD PAST HIS PRIME.. YOUNG And CANELO HITS HARD!!!!!!! With BOTH HANDS. Trout is FAST and SLICK no one can deny that. Trout HITS like a GIRL NO POWER. ha ha ha Canelo will WEAR sissy power hitting TROUT down maybe KNOCKING TROUT OUT.. Canelos SKILLS are getting better in EVERY FIGHT.. Its TRUE Canelo hasnt fought any real tough fighters, I admitt that,But CANELO is YOUNG and STRONG and HITS HARD in both hands. Hes NOT OLD, and SMALL like Cotto. Trout better becarefull he doesnt get KTFO in the later rounds. He will get on his bicycle like most American fighters do.Posted February 11, 2013 1:38 am


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Getting really close to being finished with the ATX Web Show re-align.
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White Chocolate Mousse With Raspberry Sauce
|For white chocolate mousse
|White chocolate
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|Egg yolks
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|Chilled heavy cream
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Melt white chocolate in the top of a double boiler over barely simmering water. Stir occasionally with a wooden spoon. Remove from heat.
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Highlighting a pre-show concern that the MoD could be poised to order the P-8 as a successor to its retired British Aerospace Nimrod MR2s, Thompson says: "The P-8 is not the only off-the-shelf solution. There are alternatives."
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Originally written on 5thRound.com | Last updated 3/25/13
Who says you can't go home again? After leaving Greg Jackson's famed academy to join the Blackzilians following a first round submission loss to Joe Lauzon at UFC 136, Melvin Guillard (pictured) has decided to return to Jackson's in hopes of resurrecting his once promising career. "Im no longer a blackzillian I went back to where I belong Jackson's:-):-):-):-):-)" Guillard tweeted Sunday evening. Despite following Jackson's lead towards the top of the UFC's steep lightweight totem pole, which included five straight wins and a near title shot, Guillard chose to take his talents to Boca Raton, Florida after losing to Lauzon in October 2011. Unfortunately for the 29-year-old, he went just 1-3 under the Blackzilians' watch. Guillard makes this change at a crucial stage in his career. The 155-pounder has dropped two straight scraps and could be headed for the unemployment line should he run the reverse trifecta. "The Young Assassin" doesn't currently have a fight scheduled on his agenda. Guillard owns an extensive 30-12-2 (1 NC) professional record. He has lost eight of his 19 bouts inside the Octagon.
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In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for transmitting a packet from a transmitter to a receiver along an interconnect and terminating transmission of the packet at a packet disconnect boundary, which has a length less than a payload length of the packet. After such termination, another packet such as a higher priority packet can be transmitted, or a remainder of the original packet may be transmitted as a separate packet. Other embodiments are described and claimed.
1. A method comprising:
transmitting a first packet from a transmitter to a receiver along an interconnect, the first packet including a header indicating a payload length of a first size; and
terminating transmission of the first packet at a packet disconnect boundary when the transmitter does not have sufficient credits to transfer data to a next packet disconnect boundary, the transmitter cannot guarantee streaming data to the next packet disconnect boundary, or the transmitter has insufficient data stored to the next packet disconnect boundary, the packet disconnect boundary corresponding to an allowable packet disconnect boundary for an extension to a communication protocol of the interconnect and having a length less than the payload length, wherein the packet transmission is terminated after transmission of a first portion of a payload corresponding to the payload length of the first size, and wherein the communication protocol requires the transmitter to guarantee that the payload length is less than or equal to available credits at the receiver and to guarantee no stall of packet transfer.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. An apparatus comprising:
a first component to communicate with a second component over a point-to-point (PtP) interconnect, wherein the first component is to transmit a first packet along the PtP interconnect, the first packet including a header indicating a payload length of a first size, and terminate transmission of the first packet at a packet disconnect boundary, the packet disconnect boundary having a length less than the payload length, wherein the first component is further to transmit a second packet after termination of the first packet, the second packet having a higher priority than the first packet, and to transmit a third packet after transmission of the second packet, the third packet including a header including a payload length of a second size corresponding to a remainder of a payload of the first packet, and a payload portion corresponding to the payload remainder of the first packet, and wherein a communication protocol of the PtP interconnect requires the first component to guarantee that the payload length is less than or equal to available credits at the second component and to guarantee no stall of packet transfer.
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. An apparatus comprising:
a transmitter to communicate with a component over a point-to-point (PtP) interconnect, wherein the transmitter is to transmit a first packet along the PtP interconnect, the first packet including a header indicating a payload length of a first size, when the transmitter has stored data equal to a packet disconnect boundary or can guarantee data to be streamed at least to the packet disconnect boundary, and having sufficient credits to the packet disconnect boundary, and terminate transmission of the first packet at the packet disconnect boundary when the transmitter upon approaching the packet disconnect boundary cannot guarantee data to be streamed without stalls until a next disconnect boundary, if the stored data is less than the next disconnect boundary, or does not have enough credits allocated to the next packet disconnect boundary, and wherein a communication protocol of the PtP interconnect requires the transmitter to guarantee that the payload length is less than or equal to available credits at the component and to guarantee no stall of packet transfer.
14. The apparatus of
Computer systems include a number of components and elements, which are typically coupled via a bus or interconnect. Previously, input/output (IO) devices were coupled together through a conventional multi-drop parallel bus architecture referred to as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). More recently, a new generation of an IO bus referred to as PCI-Express (PCIe) has been used to facilitate faster interconnection between devices having a serial physical layer communication protocol.
A PCIe architecture includes a layered protocol to communicate between devices. As an example, a physical layer, link layer, and transaction layer form a PCIe protocol stack. The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional pairs of serial point-to-point connections referred to as a lane. A link between devices includes some number of lanes, such as one, two, sixteen, thirty-two, and so-on. The current PCIe specification, PCI Express™ Specification Base Specification version 2.0 (published Jan. 17, 2007), is available at http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress/.
A PCIe protocol utilizes credit-based flow control mechanisms to transfer packets across a link. The receiver advertises credits equal to the amount of storage buffers available at the receiver. The transmitter is not permitted to issue transactions that can consume more credits than what the receiver has advertised. The payload length supplied in the transmitter request header is required to match exactly to the amount of data payload supplied and be less than or equal to credits available at the receiver in order to service the transaction. This can unnecessarily limit flexibility in data communication.
Referring to
System memory 110 includes any memory device, such as random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) memory, or other memory accessible by devices in system 100. System memory 110 is coupled to controller hub 115 through a memory interface 116.
In one embodiment, controller hub 115 is a root hub or root controller in a PCIe interconnection hierarchy. Examples of controller hub 115 include a chipset, a memory controller hub (MCH), a northbridge, an input/output controller hub (ICH) a southbridge, and a root controller/hub. Here, controller hub 115 is coupled to a switch/bridge 120 through a serial link 119. Input/output modules 117 and 121, which may also be referred to as interfaces/ports 117 and 121, include/implement a layered protocol stack to provide communication between controller hub 115 and switch 120. In one embodiment, multiple devices are capable of being coupled to switch 120. Embodiments may also apply where a processor and chipset are integrated into the same package. Further, this technique does not require a new revision of PCIe protocol, and can be implemented by PCIe 2.0, 1.1 compatible devices, among others. Thus embodiments can be used anywhere a PCIe interconnect is used for communication.
Switch 120 routes packets/messages from a device 125 upstream, i.e., up a hierarchy towards controller hub 115 and downstream, i.e., down a hierarchy away from controller hub 115 to device 125. IO modules 122 and 126 implement a layered protocol stack to communicate between switch 120 and device 125. Device 125 includes any internal or external device or component to be coupled to an electronic system, such as an IO device, a network interface controller (NIC), an add-in card, an audio processor, a network processor, a hard-drive, a storage device, a monitor, a printer, a mouse, a keyboard, a router, a portable storage device, a Firewire device, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) device, a scanner, and other input/output devices.
A graphics accelerator 130 is also coupled to controller hub 115 through serial link 132. In one embodiment, graphics accelerator 130 is coupled to an MCH, which is coupled to an ICH. Switch 120, and accordingly IO device 125, is then coupled to the ICH. IO modules 131 and 118 are also to implement a layered protocol stack to communicate between graphics accelerator 130 and controller hub 115.
In one embodiment, a PCIe protocol stack may include a transaction layer, a link layer, and a physical layer. In one embodiment, the transaction layer is to provide an interface between a device's processing core and the interconnect architecture, such as a data link layer and a physical layer. In this regard, a primary responsibility of the transaction layer is the assembly and disassembly of packets (i.e., transaction layer packets, or TLPs). PCIe implements split transactions, i.e., transactions with request and response separated by time, allowing a link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response.
In addition PCIe utilizes credit-based flow control. In this scheme, a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each of the receive buffers in the transaction layer. An external device at the opposite end of the link, such as controller hub 115 in
The link layer acts as an intermediate stage between the transaction layer and the physical layer. In one embodiment, a responsibility of the data link layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for exchanging TLPs between two components by a link. One side of the link layer accepts TLPs assembled by the transaction layer, applies identifiers, calculates and applies an error detection code, i.e., cyclic recovery codes (CRC), and submits the modified TLPs to the physical layer for transmission across a physical link to an external device.
In one embodiment, the physical layer physically transmits a packet to an external device. The physical layer includes a transmit section to prepare outgoing information for transmission and a receiver section to identify and prepare received information before passing it to the link layer. The physical layer includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is supplied with symbols, which the transmitter serializes and transmits onto to an external device. The receiver is supplied with serialized symbols from an external device and transforms the received signals into a bit-stream. The bit-stream is de-serialized and supplied to a logical sub-block. In one embodiment, an 8b/10b transmission code is employed, where ten-bit symbols are transmitted/received. In addition, in one example, the receiver also provides a symbol clock recovered from the incoming serial stream. As stated above, although the transaction layer, link layer, and physical layer are discussed in reference to a specific embodiment of a PCIe protocol stack, a layered protocol stack is not so limited. In fact, any layered protocol may be included/implemented.
In accordance with the PCIe protocol, the following rules apply to a transmitter that intends to initiate a transaction with data: (1) a transmitter must issue requests with a data length equal or less than a configured maximum payload size; (2) a transmitter must guarantee that the length of the request is less than or equal to the credits available at the receiver to service the request; (3) a transmitter must guarantee that once a packet transmission begins, it can provide/stream data as indicated in the request length field, in other words the transmitter cannot stall a packet transfer, thus the transmitter must buffer data or guarantee that it can stream data at the packet rate; and (4) any high priority packet must wait for the current packet with data to finish before it can be issued. However, some implementations may terminate a packet with an 'End Bad' termination symbol, in which case any data that was transmitted is dropped by the receiver.
To improve flexibility in this protocol, embodiments may define an allowable packet disconnect boundary. In this way, the transmitter is permitted to terminate a request at the allowable packet disconnect boundary. While the scope of the present invention is not limited in this regard, the allowable packet disconnect boundary may be 64 bytes (B) or multiple of 64 B or other configurable quantity. Some embodiments may also include flow control and length protocol enhancements to enable such variable length transmissions. The transmitter can terminate a packet as per PCIe packet termination rules, with the CRC and normal packet end symbol inserted to terminate the packet.
In some embodiments, length rules can be enhanced such that the length field indicates the payload size the transmitter intends to transfer, however, the packet may be terminated at an allowable packet disconnect boundary. For example, a transmitter may initiate a packet transfer with a length indicating a transfer size of 256 B but terminate the packet after transmitting the first 128 B of payload data. If the transmission is successful, i.e., does not incur any transmission errors, then the receiver consumes the first 128 B of packet that was successfully transferred, rather than dropping the data as per an "End Bad" process. The transmitter may transfer the remaining payload as a separate newly issued transaction; the receiver is not required to keep a history of the previously received transaction. The transmitter may initiate a new transaction to complete the original intended payload with a length equal to 128 B and provide the remaining payload, or the transmitter may start a new packet with a different length starting from the previously disconnected packet boundary, or may initiate a new high priority packet.
In some embodiments, the flow control rules may be enhanced such that the transmitter is permitted to initiate a transaction as long as it has credits up to the allowable disconnect boundary and it can guarantee data to be streamed. If the receiver releases credits up to the next allowable disconnect boundary, the transmitter is permitted to continue its transmission beyond the current allowable disconnect boundary up to the next allowable disconnect boundary, provided sufficient credits are available and data can be provided without stalls.
Thus embodiments provide protocol enhancements to permit a transmitter to specify a payload length that may exceed the actual amount of data supplied in the payload. The amount of data supplied in the payload has to guarantee that it does not exceed the amount of credits allocated by the receiver. The packet can be terminated/suspended at a specified disconnect boundary. With this scheme a large packet, for example a 4 kilobyte (KB) packet (length=4 KB), is permitted to be terminated at a disconnect boundary in order to interleave a high priority packet.
Embodiments may further enhance this protocol enhancement to: (1) optimize receiver buffers, streaming data from memory; (2) improve link utilization based on credit returns; and (3) optimize transmitter store and forward mechanisms, thus enabling streaming data over a PCIe interconnect. Accordingly, a transmitter can initiate the transfer of a large packet once it has stored data equal to the disconnect boundary or can guarantee data to be streamed without stalls at least up to the disconnect boundary and has sufficient receiver credits allocated. Upon approaching the disconnect boundary, the transmitter may continue with data payload if it has data stored up to the next disconnect boundary, or it can guarantee data to be streamed without stalls until the next disconnect boundary and has enough header credits allocated. If data stored is less than the disconnect boundary or data streaming up to the disconnect boundary cannot be guaranteed or lack of receiver credits, the packet is terminated by transmitter.
Embodiments thus enable implementations to optimize receiver buffers, improve link utilization and optimize transmitter buffers. In contrast, conventional PCIe mechanisms are more rigid and require the requestor to delay the transmission of requests until a payload worth of credits is received and does not permit 'on-the-fly' optimization. Using embodiments of the present invention, data from a memory controller can be streamed over a PCIe interconnect. Completions (e.g., memory reads issued by an IO device) can indicate the completion payload equal to the maximum payload size and optimize for completion payloads. This enables completions to be returned at least equal to 64 B and up to the maximum payload size, thus improving the link utilization for read completions.
Referring now to
By providing a transmitter with the ability to terminate a packet, embodiments may enable interleaving of high priority packets after a terminated packet, which can then be followed by the remainder of the disconnected packet. As shown in
Referring now to
During transmission of the first packet, the transmitter, and more specifically a transaction layer of the transmitter or an internal fabric of the device may choose to terminate the transmission, for example to enable interleaving of a higher priority packet. Thus as shown in
Referring still to
Embodiments may reduce the silicon foot print (gate count) for chipset and endpoint designs, and improves the link bandwidth utilization, thus providing additional data throughput that improves maximum achievable platform bandwidth and application performance.
Embodiments may be implemented in code and may be stored on a storage medium having stored thereon instructions which can be used to program a system to perform the instructions. The storage medium may include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritables (CD-RWs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
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Current officials of Good Shepherd Health System (GSHS) have revealed the imminent creation of Good Shepherd Medical Associates (GSMA). This panel of physicians and mid-level health providers specialize in various clinical disciplines, maintaining offices throughout East Texas. According to Good Shepherd, GSMA will act as a canada pharmacy team comprised of the region's most experienced …
Tag Archive: www.goodshepherdmedicalassociates.org
Feb 05 2013
GSHS Expands Self-Government
February 5, 2013
Tags: Bill Torres, CEO Ken Cunningham, Chairman of the GSMA Board of Directors, Chairman of the GSMA Board of Directors Dr. Bill Simpson, Dr. Bill Simpson, Dr. Bill Torres, Executive Vice- President and Interim CEO Ken Cunningham, Gastroenterologist Bill Simpson, gastroenterologist Dr. Bill Torres, good shepard chairman, good shepard gilmer texas, good shepard hospital, good shepard kilgore texas, good shepard linden texas, good shepard longview texas, Good Shepherd Health System, Good Shepherd Medical Associates, goos shepard carthage texas, goos shepard longview texas, GSHS, GSMA, hospital longivew texas, Ken Cunningham, longview texas, vice president bill torres, Vice-President of the GSMA Board, www.goodshepherdmedicalassociates.org
Permanent link to this article: http://www.easttexasreview.com/gshs-expands-self-government/
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How do disk latency and RAID groups affect VM performance?
VMs may run in memory, but they are stored on disks, meaning disk latency and RAID group configuration can be a big factor in how well they perform.
How do the RAID level and number of disks in a RAID group affect storage performance for a virtual machine?
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Both disk latency and RAID level can impact VM performance when accessing storage.
Disk latency should be the first and most important consideration. A single disk has only one spinning platter, so there is rotational latency as the platter rotates sectors underneath the read/write heads. Seek latency occurs when the read/write heads move between concentric tracks across the platter. And beyond mechanical disk latencies, the interface (such as serial-attached SCSI) is much faster than the disk's internal read/write speed, so the cache usually is filled during writing and emptied during reading -- the mechanical systems simply cannot readily keep up with the interface and host server.
The best way to help storage architects overcome disk latency is to group disks together into storage sets such as JBODs (just a bunch of disks) or RAID groups. By using a group of disks configured for RAID 0 (or involving RAID 0), file data is striped across the group. So, rather than waiting for a single disk to read or write an entire file, the file is broken up across multiple disks; each is responsible for a smaller piece of the file, which results in faster apparent storage performance.
Disk groups also support the establishment of disk redundancy and error correction and recovery. However, advanced RAID levels with parity (such as RAID 5) can introduce new latencies because the parity data must be calculated and stored along with the data. Double parity (RAID 6 or a variant) can experience even more latency due to multiple parity calculations.
It's impossible to quantify the exact effect of disk latency on VM performance. It really depends on the VM's use of storage and on the size and configuration of the RAID group. For example, a VM that receives only light user traffic and occasional snapshots might not be noticeably affected by disk latencies, while VMs that generate heavy user data, depend on active swap files and receive frequent snapshots will be more noticeably affected.
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Volunteer Training: Girls Cook Out
|Begin: 4/26/14 at 12:30 PM
End: 4/26/14 at 12:30 PM
Location: Camp Singing Hills
Grade Range: Adult
Prerequisites: Girls Cook In or Staying In
|Cost: $10
Registration Closes: 11:59 PM ET on April 10, 2014
Online registration
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Guide girls in cooking outdoors. Build on the skills you learned in Girls Cook In to prepare you to assist girls with cooking food in the outdoors. Learn essential outdoor cooking skills including: fire building methods, charcoal and camp stove cooking, outdoor dish washing and sanitation methods as covered in safety activity checkpoints, basic knots, and jackknife safety. Enjoy the hands-on experience of cooking a meal using different fuel sources and equipment such as one pot, box oven, and pie irons. Leave No Trace Principles will also be reviewed in this session.
Bring a mess kit containing a plastic or metal plate, cup, and silverware and a dunk bag (mesh bag in which to dry dishes).


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Trying to understand encoding better. As far as I understand UTF-16 is 16 bit and ASCII is 32 bit, so it will send twice the amount of packets if the encoding is changed to UTF-16? Is there any other ways that it will change the function of the code?
Also, I'm getting an error when I change the encoding, are there still packets being sent?