text:
LMi Mobile Applications
LMi Mobile Apps is a suite of mobile tools that includes calculators, research tools and training materials, developed by the LMI Group for the benefit of insurance professionals.
The world's first mobile under-insurance calculator, LMi Mobile Under-insurance Calculator, was the first release in this suite of mobile tools, and LMI Group was pleased to provide this app for your use, with our compliments.
LMI Group now adds to this valuable app, the newly developed LMi Mobile Building Cost Calculator. For your convenience, this calculator has been incorporated into the LMI Mobile App download, meaning that you only need the one download for access to both calculators - now that's convenient!
Under-insurance Calculator
While many Insureds believe they have no exposure until their Sum Insured or Limit of Liability is exhausted, this of course is not the case due to the Average or Co-insurance provision found in most property and business interruption policies. Under-insurance is a huge problem worldwide. Any saving in premium costs is far outweighed by the uninsured losses that have to be carried by a business, even after a partial loss.
This calculator has been designed to enable the insurance adviser to quickly demonstrate to their client the uninsured portion of a loss of any size. The system defaults to a Sum Insured or Limit of Liability of $1,000,000 with a Value at Risk of $2,000,000 and a loss of $250,000. All these figures, including the Co-insurance/Average percentage, can easily be changed by the adviser using this application.
Building Cost Calculator
The second tool in the LMi Mobile suite provides an on-the-spot guide toward the actual value of a property based on the individual characteristics of the property and its location.
There is much more to a property than just bricks and mortar. For instance, fencing, retaining walls and car parks should also be taken into account when valuing a property, but would you know what value to place on these risks? If not, how confident are you that you have adequately valued your property for insurance purposes?
Under-valuing property is yet another factor in the high incidence of under-insurance. In an effort to assist the industry and its clients in combating under-insurance, LMI Group provides this building cost calculator as part of the free LMi Mobile App.
The current release of the LMi Mobile App provides both the LMi Mobile Under-insurance Calculator and LMi Mobile Building Cost Calculator for the iPhone and the iPad.
To learn more, please visit www.LMIGroup.com
What's New
Version 184.108.40.206 (Mar 31, 2015)
Updated to support IOS 8
Version 126.96.36.199 (Jul 26, 2011)
Building Cost Calculator released on iPad
Country Selection on initial app launch so that only relevant calculators are displayed for you
You can now email results for the under-insurance calculator
Version 18.104.22.168 (Apr 12, 2011)
Under-Insurance Calculator Improvements/Fixes for iPhone
Keyboard can now be hidden by tapping the background
Bug fixed with view formatting going off the side of the screen when pressing the calculate button with the keyboard active
Version 184.108.40.206 (Mar 30, 2011)
Disclaimer added for building cost calculator estimate
Version 188.8.131.52 (Mar 24, 2011)
Building Cost Calculator released for Australia on the iPhone:
The building cost calculator tool allows the user to quickly check whether the proposed sum insured for a property is within the correct range of values expected for a building at the particular location and with the configuration described. The valuation ranges are provided by an independent valuer, Andrew Nock and Associates.
More descriptive text added for the results in the under-insurance calculator
Version 18.104.22.168 (Oct 28, 2010)
Changed NZ emergency contact
Default for South African co-insurance set to 100%
Version 126.96.36.199 (Oct 17, 2010)
Internationalisation for currencies displayed
iPad native version
Version 1.20 (Sep 04, 2010)
Rebuild from the ground up to support the iPad user experience, and improve the graphics for the entire experience.
Version 1.10 (Jul 01, 2010)
Added support for multiple regions, and routed calls from the UK, Africa, and New Zealand appropriately.


text:
BFA Fairfax Senior Matt Larose is this week's Local 22/44 Athlete of the Week.
Vote now!
A special "best of the best" from the regular season.. Which is the best play so far this year?
Vote now for your HS Huddle Top Play from Week 9!
Vote for your favorite high school football play of the week!
Week 7 football highlights, and some news about the 2015 Maple Shrine Sugar Bowl
Burr and Burton's Griffin Stalcup is the ABC22/Fox44 Athlete of the Week.
Here are you top plays for Week 6 of the High School Huddle. Cast your vote for a winner!
South Burlington grad and 2013 Vermont Gatorade Football Player of the Year Tanner Contois tore his ACL in the state championship game last year but he's back in time to attempt a comeback in Saturday's Shrine Maple Sugar Bowl.
Here are the Top Plays for Week 11 of the HS Huddle. Vote here for a winner!
Which Play is the Week 10 HS Huddle Play of the Week?
Scores from week 2 of the High School Huddle.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Book online or call +44 (0)1775 843417 at standard rates.
On the cliff tops at Porth, the Kenton Hotel is just 5 minutes' walk from the beach. It features a sun lounge, terrace and restaurant. Some rooms also have panoramic sea views. Most rooms at the Kenton have sea views overlooking the bay and Porth Island. All rooms have a TV, hairdryer, tea and coffee making facilities and bathroom with a shower. The Kenton Hotel Newquay boasts a bar and restaurant with sea views. The sun lounge and terrace overlook the gardens and bay. The games room features a pool table and dart board. Newquay town centre and its famous beaches are 5 minutes' drive or 30 minutes' walk from the Kenton Hotel. The cliff path offers coastal walks with stunning views. Well-known for surfing and water sports, Newquay also has a lively nightlife. Newquay Zoo, the Blue Reef Aquarium and the Lane Theatre are all within 15 minutes' drive.
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Registered Office: Infotel Solutions Ltd, Boston Road, Gosberton, Spalding, Lincs UK PE11 4NR For further information visit www.infotelsolutions.com
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
42 year old man | San Francisco, CA, USA | Seeking women 28-38 within 50 miles of Antioch, CA
Let's pour a bucket of ice on each other.
I'm smart, stable, professional, charming, independent, confident, witty, competitive, organized and down to earth. Big music lover, camper and concert junkie amongst many other fun activities. It would be nice to invite someone to join me and not be afraid to get their hands dirty or dress up for a night in SF. I also don't mind sitting at home watching movies or trashy tv but I do switch it up cooking some good dinners. I'm not looking to rush into anything since I prefer to meet cool people and move up from there at a an easygoing pace.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Martial arts, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs
Anything San Francisco really. Union street Fair, Haight Street Fair, North beach festival, How Weird festival, Mission Parades, Dolores Park, North Beach, Polk, Giants (ATT Park) etc. Seriously, there are a ton of places to be in SF.
Hip hop, pop, alternative, Indie, electronica, R&B, and dance.
Obstacle courses, bull runs, BBQ meetups, burning man, corn hole, collecting, dive bars (San Francisco), concerts, traveling to LA to see friends and occasional hot spots to eat anywhere.
My Profile and yours.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|5'1" (154cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
I'm an outgoing Yahoo! recruiting Software Engineers.
|$100,001 to $150,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|Latino / Hispanic, Other
|Asian, Native American, White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|English, Spanish
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
1. Combine flour, chili powder, salt, and paprika in a mixing bowl. Mix well.
2. Put the chicken in the mixing bowl and coat with the flour mixture.
3. Heat a cooking pot and pour-in cooking oil.
4. Deep fry the chicken wings until golden brown. Set aside.
5. Melt the butter in a sauce pan.
6. Put-in hot sauce, ground black pepper, and garlic powder. Stir.
7. Pour-in the butter mixture over the fried chicken wings. Mix to distribute the sauce evenly.
8. Transfer on a serving plate.
9. Serve with your favorite dip. Share and enjoy!


text:
6600 256MB vs. 6600GT 128MB
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Jan 2006
Location: Sado Island, Japan
Posts: 20
Re: 6600 256MB vs. 6600GT 128MB
Originally Posted by
Few things to remember.
You need a power supply that cranks out a lot of AMPS on the +12v rail.
6600GT AGP needs a power lead plugged into the card. Prefereably nothing else sharing the lead. Don't know if your current card uses one or not...
If you have performance issues, look into uninstalling and reinstalling the motherboard GART driver for the AGP bus. It's easy and is often the solution to performance issues.
Thanks for the pointers, Gentle.
About the power supply...I have a 400W powersupply. I'm pretty sure I've got power to spare. My current card does use a power lead. I haven't opened up the case in a while, but I remember there being a lot of extra power leads. I should be OK.
I have no idea what you're talking about with the GART driver.
But, if I have performcance issues, I'll be back!
One question: I downloaded the newest version of Nvidia's drivers. I'm going to assume that it would be better to use those instead of the drivers included on the CD that comes with the card. An OK assumption?
And I'm just going to use the ATI driver uininstall utility, turn off the computer, change cards, and then boot back up. That should get me where I need to be (as per installing the new drivers), right?
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by mwdowns


text:
[Crushable] She's
not a brat, she just plays one on TV. Can you figure out who this blind item is about?
This star of a popular TV show has a reputation for being particularly…ahem…difficult (both on-screen and off), and it's clear that that reputation is entirely deserved. Crushable has just gotten word that this celebrity was out to dinner with her parents recently and didn't feel that the laws of physics that govern the speed at which food can be cooked should necessarily apply to her. » Continued


text:
MK Deadly Alliance - This is paradise!!
View Single Post
Join Date: Jul 2002
Location: Monroe, MI
Posts: 489
Originally posted by Serath
My fiance and I are playing MK
A. I'm SubZero, and she's Sonya. kick punch kick kick freeze kick then BAM Sonya becomes a snowboard for Subby. A few bloody splats later She's standing there in mid punch when *WHAM!* My sword is sticking in her stomach. SHe's losing lots of blood... her life is slowly fading away... however... sword and all, Sonya still manages to jumpkick me in the face and make me her bitch until she bleeds to death...
amazing! [/b]
I love impales!! Gawd, they are gory!
Sonya is a mean woman this time around, though. She was giving all kinds a grief last night on the Acid Bath stage but I fixed her. No, I coudn't impale her (using Scorpion) but I kept shoving or sweeping her right into the path of the acid spitting Budha statues.
That acid sucks big time...especially if you got a sword stuck in your breadbasket.
Some of the Fatalities are lame but Nitara - the vampire chick - oh, she's got a really good one!
She was definately worth the hefty price of unlocking her.
[b][i]A man's ambition must be small,
To write his name on a s**t-house wall.[/b][/i]
View Public Profile
Visit PsychoSy's homepage!
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text:
Used MINI Cooper Clubman Reviews
Autobytel has reviews that will walk you around a car, give you a peek under the hood and get you behind the wheel with an industry expert. Browse by category or get into a specific brand to see how well a car does when put to the test.
Showing 2 of 2 reviews for this vehicle
First Look: 2011 MINI Countryman
The impressive sales of the MINI vehicle lineup have spurred BMW to further extend the brand by introducing an all-new model for the 2011 year. This baby to the fledgling BMW brand is known as...
Review: 2008 Mini Cooper ClubmanLonger, but still every bit a Mini
Introduction What's New – The 2008 Clubman is a longer version of the Mini Cooper, bringing more cargo space and interior room to those who fell in love...


text:
ASA rejects complaint against Plan UK's 'anti-child marriage' TV advert
1 Jul 2015
The Advertising Standards Authority has rejected a complaint that Plan UK's "anti-child marriage"...
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An analysis of the charities that make up the Charity 250 Index has revealed that the minimum income requirement to be included in this group has increased by 30 per cent over the last year, from £12.5m to £16.8m.
The Charity 250 Index comprises the 101st to 350th biggest UK charities, placed according to their last three years of income performance. At the higher end of this group, maximum income has risen by £4.1m to £49.4m. The full analysis is published in May's issue of Charity Finance as well as on civilsociety.co.uk.
This development follows recent news that the annual aggregated income of the largest 100 UK charities has risen by £355.5m.
This rise for those charities occupying places in the Charity Index 250 has in part been due to an extensive review of eligible candidates, with 58 new entrants.
Help for Heroes, a new entrant at position 104, has seen its annual income more than triple from £14.6m in 2007/08 to £45.7m in 2009/10 – with almost 80 per cent of that through voluntary donations. Hadyn Parry, its chairman, commented: "Despite the economic crisis the British public showed their amazing generosity towards the forces, allowing us to raise a staggering £46m during the year. This was double the previous year which itself was double the first."
The biggest riser in the Charity 250 Index is the Federation of Groundwork Trusts, which has jumped 41 places from position 57 to 16, the result of an increase in three-year average income from £31.5m to £43.9m. The rise derives mainly from a peak in programme funding in 2010/11.
Other notable risers are Sustrans (up 27 places), Catch22 (up 25), Garfield Weston Foundation (up 24) and Autism Initiatives UK (up 19).
Andrew Hind, editor of Charity Finance, sounded a note of caution: "While celebrating those charities doing well of late, we need to understand the implications of what a loss in income for others might mean – for their beneficiaries and for those they employ.
"We also need to be aware that the recent public spending cuts have only taken place in the last 12 months, and this isn't yet represented in the latest Index. So yes, let's celebrate where appropriate, but for many of these charities the environment remains very uncertain."
The top new entrant to the Charity 250 Index is the National Trust for Scotland, which has fallen from number 98 in the Charity 100 Index to first in the 250.
"Unsurprisingly, the handful of new entrants at the upper end of the 250 Index are mainly relegations from the 100," said Diane Sim, who compiled the report for Charity Finance. "Conversely, the four top exits from the 250 are promotions into the 100 – particularly impressive progress has been made by Crime Reductions Initiatives (CRI), which moves from third position in the 250 Index to 79th in the 100. This is based on a three-year average income of £56.4m".
The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation is the biggest faller in the Charity 250 Index, having moved from 87th to 217th, due to a reduction in three-year average income from £26.6m to £18.1m. The Foundation is heavily reliant on investment income, which has decreased from £31.9m to £10.5m over the last three years.
Declining investment income was also the main factor in the demotion of the second biggest faller in the Charity 250 Index, the Henry Smith Charity. It moves from position 134 to 249, as a result of a drop in three-year average income from £20.4m to £16.8m.
Subscribers to civilsociety.co.uk can read Diane Sim's full report here.
Dawn Austwick
Chief Executive
Esmee Fairbairn Foundation
1 May 2012
Esmée Fairbairn Foundation spent a record amount on grants last year, with a 30% increase in 2011 to £39.6million. This may surprise you, as Esmee is named above as "the biggest faller.. having moved from 87th to 217th, due to a reduction in three-year average income from £26.6m to £18.1m".
Lower investment income does not necessarily mean that foundations must cut grants.
Our long-term outlook means that we can model our spending differently to investors seeking short-term income returns. At Esmée, we aim to balance the needs of current beneficiaries with those of the future and that can mean choosing, as we have for the last couple of years, to spend more money at a time when need is most great.
Carl Allen
28 Apr 2012
This is not bucking the trend. It is continuing the trend.
Andrew Malin
Assurance Consultant
27 Apr 2012
It is interesting to compare this story with today's update from the Charity Commission publishing one-year tables for the top 50 registered charities in England and Wales - ranked by a range of indicators, including investment values.
One English university and, now they are on the register, the first of what will be at least two Welsh universities are in the top 50 charities by income. And several of the Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge are in the top 50 for investment values.
It is also good to see lists that include the Arts Council (England) and the British Council.
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Five new entrants join Charity 100 Index this year
130 jobs go as Groundwork South West enters administration
Raising the bar: 250 Index constituent review 2012
1 Jul 2015
The Advertising Standards Authority has rejected a complaint that Plan UK's "anti-child marriage"...
30 Jun 2015
Fundraising think tank Rogare has today called upon the minister for civil society to create a fourth,...
30 Jun 2015
Fundraising charities with incomes over £1m would have to join the FRSB, according to amendments proposed...
30 Jun 2015
Breast Cancer Now has reduced staff numbers by a quarter since the merger, through a mix of redundancy...
30 Jun 2015
A charity has been ordered to seek independent advice on reclaiming £130,000 of missing income after...
29 Jun 2015
Trustees must do more to give the public confidence in charities, and must make sure charitable donations...
24 Jun 2015
There is a "massive future" for charity donations using contactless payment technology, according...
22 Jun 2015
Kew Gardens has denied claims that it pressured travel site TripAdvisor into deleting negative reviews...
19 Jun 2015
A charity set up by JK Rowling ten years ago to close children's institutions and orphanages in developing...
7 Jul 2015
16 Sep 2015
8 Oct 2015
19 Nov 2015
11 Feb 2016


text:
BPhil singles...
BPhil singles...
"There is a great man who makes every man feel small. But the real great man is the man who makes every man feel great." G.K Charleston
Phillips steals 2nd easy
SB for BP
Dunn needs to convert here.
SB for BPhil
"There is a great man who makes every man feel small. But the real great man is the man who makes every man feel great." G.K Charleston
Okay, this ump seriously sucks. His zone is not consistent and he's making a lot of bad calls.
Dunn K's.
Hamels makes a kick save. Inning over.
In those things which we commit to practice we can master, and with mastery we have the freedom to use these skills whenever we desire, without this practice we are slaves to our inability.
48 pitches thru 3 for Hamels.
I like the pitch count situation, they need to force him to a 20 pitch inning in the fourth, and he might have to be lifted after the sixth.
I can't really say I'm surprised by Arroyo today. I sort of figured he'd get hit hard today...like someone mentioned, he always struggles during day games plus the Phillies have a boatload of lefty hitters and lefties crush Bronson.
Amazing 1,2,3...
Hope Springs Eternal
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


text:
Dallas civil trial and appellate lawyer Melanie Okon of Taber Estes Thorne & Carr was honored by Texas Lawyer in the inaugural "Winning Women" list of the state's top women lawyers. Okon focuses on trial and appellate work in state and federal courts. She has represented Fortune 500 companies, as well as medium and small businesses, regulated and unregulated electric utilities, gas companies, mining operations, homebuilders, commercial construction companies, and property owners in a wide range of matters, including contract damages, property damages and personal injury claims.
Kirk L. Pittard (JD '99) was recently selected as one of nineteen Best Lawyers in Dallas in Appellate Law by D Magazine and was named a Texas Lawyer Rising Star for 2011 for the seventh year in a row. Kirk is a partner at Kelly, Durham & Pittard, LLP in Dallas.


text:
Chelsea have Porto's Moutinho on shortlist
Chelsea have Porto midfielder Joao Moutinho on their summer shopping list.
Moutinho declared yesterday he had ambitions of playing in the Premier League.
Chelsea have long been following Moutinho and will make their interest concrete should they fail to strike terms over a deal for Tottenham playmaker Luka Modric.


text:
A circuit and method for replacing a defective memory line with a usable memory line. A test is carried out to locate any defective lines, whether a row line or a column line, within a block of memory. If a defective line is found, the identity of the defective line is stored in software code. The software code is stored in a file or table, or other acceptable location, together with the identification of the memory block which is associated with the test data. When the computer is enabled for operation, the test data is loaded from the file into a register associated with the memory. When the memory is addressed, the register prevents addressing to the defective memory line and replaces it instead with an alternative line in the memory which has been tested as usable for storing and retrieving data.
1. A method of replacing a defective memory line with a usable memory line, comprising:
loading the identification of a defective line in the usable memory into a register associated with the usable memory;
decoding an address signal and sending the decoded address signal to a plurality of multiplexers coupled to the usable memory; and
disabling the defective line and selecting the decoded address signal for an alternative line when an address of the defective line is presented for writing or reading including using the identification of the defective line loaded in the register as control signals for the plurality of multiplexers.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the defective line is a defective row in a block of memory.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the defective line is a defective column in a block of memory.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alternative line is the next adjacent line.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of loading the identification of a defective line in the memory into a register includes the step of:
loading a sequence of "0" and "1" into a register, the register having one bit associated with each line in the memory;
storing bits having the same value adjacent to each other when the associated line is usable;
storing bits having opposite values adjacent to each other when the associated line is defective.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of loading the identification of a defective line in the memory into a register includes the step of:
associating a bit in each register with a line in memory;
loading a shift bit into the register at the line location that contains the defective line to cause the next adjacent line to be accessed each time access is attempted to a defective line.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of loading the identification of a defective line includes storing an encoded value represents the identity of the defective row.
8. A configurable memory redundancy circuit, comprising:
a memory array composed of one or more blocks;
a plurality of lines of memory within each block;
a register associated with each line of memory within each block; and
an enable circuit comprising a multiplexer connected between each line of the block and each register associated with the respective line, each register providing a control signal to a respective multiplexer and to a disable circuit for blocking access to a defective line in the block and selecting one of a plurality of decoded address signals for each line plurality of lines of memory within each the block.
9. The circuit according to claim 8, further comprising an address decode circuit associated with a single line and having an output coupled to two adjacent multiplexers.
10. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the defective line is a row of memory cells.
11. The circuit according to claim 10 wherein the register includes a single bit register storing either a "1" or a "1" associated with each row in the block.
12. The circuit according to claim 10 wherein each multiplexer provides access to the addressed row when the addressed row is not defective and provides access to the row adjacent the addressed row when it is defective.
13. The circuit according to claim 10 wherein the address decode circuit comprises a NAND gate; and further comprising:
a multiplexer associated with each row;
a first NOR gate associated with each row and having a first input coupled to the multiplexer associated with the row and an output coupled to the row; and
a selection line from the register to a control input of the multiplexer to select the addressed row if the row is usable and to select an alternative row if the row is defective, the selection line further coupled to a second input of the first NOR gate.
14. The circuit according to claim 13 wherein the alternative row is the next adjacent row.
15. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein each block of memory includes a single redundant line and the enable circuit is configured for:
shifting the address from a defective row to the next adjacent row to replace the defective row; and
shifting each subsequent row to the adjacent row for access by the address signal.
16. The circuitry according to claim 15 wherein said line is a column line within a memory register.
17. The circuit of claim 13, further comprising a second NOR gate coupled between the first NOR gate and the register.
18. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the second NOR gate has first and second inputs coupled to respective adjacent bit registers and configured to disable a defective row.
This invention relates to replacing a defective memory line with a usable memory line, and in particular, to the use of an available memory line within the same memory array block as the defective line.
It is known that in a large memory array, some memory cells may be defective. It is, of course, possible to discard an entire memory array if one or more cells in the array are defective. On the other hand, it is known in the art that if the number of memory cells which are defective in a given array are few in number, it may be possible to replace these memory cells with usable memory cells on the chip which are not defective.
FIG. 1 shows a memory array having redundant memory cells according to one configuration as used in the prior art. According to this configuration, the array contains main memory blocks, in this instance labeled blocks 1-4. Associated with the main memory block is a row address circuitry and a column address circuitry which can also support defective rows and columns.
One of the blocks may contain a row having two or more defective memory cells, thus causing the entire row to be defective. Further, the memory array may include two or more defective memory cells in a column, causing the entire column to be indicated as defective. According to one prior art technique, the address of the respective defective row or defective column is programmed into the address circuitry of the memory array to prevent access the defective row or column. This programming can take place by blowing fuses in the address circuitry for the defective memory line, thus prohibiting the line being addressed by either the row address circuitry or the column address circuitry.
In one prior art technique, it may be desired to replace the defective memory line with an extra line positioned in a different location on the chip, usually called a redundant line. In such an instance, the address of the redundant line may be stored in the respective row and column address circuitry as a substitute for the defective line. When an attempt is made to address a defective line, the address for a redundant line is substituted by the address circuitry so that data is stored in or retrieved from the redundant line rather than the defective line.
The prior art technique provides the advantage that the entire memory chip does not need to be discarded if there are only a few defective lines in the chip. However, a significant disadvantage is that longer access time is required to access the redundant line than is required for accessing a line in the main memory. This is because of the time required to determine that an attempt has been made to address a defective line and to substitute therefor the address of the redundant line and then to address this redundant line.
There are a number of schemes for providing redundant memory cells to replace defective memory cells in a large array. See, for example, any one of the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,574,688; 5,572,470; 5,566,114; 5,659,509; 5,602,786; and 5,559,743. These above patents describe various schemes for replacing defective memory cells with redundant memory cells and then providing addressing to the redundant memory cells.
According to principles of the present invention, a memory array is configured to provide fast access to a redundant line in a memory array to replace a defective line. The identification of a defective line is stored in a software program associated with the memory. The term line as used herein refers to either a row line or a column line. When the memory is prepared for use, the program is loaded into an access register. The access register contains identification of a defective line in the memory associated with that particular register. When an attempt is made to address a defective line in the memory, the access register automatically directs the address signal to an alternative line which is not defective. The data can then be stored in or read from the redundant line and use of the defective line is avoided.
According to one embodiment, the alternative redundant line is the next adjacent line in the array block. This has the advantage that extremely fast access time to the redundant line can be provided. Since the address has been completely decoded, all that is necessary is to step the line access signal from the present line to the next adjacent line and then access the memory. Such stepping of the access signal is a very high-speed operation and thus access time to and from the memory is not significantly altered by the presence of a defective line.
According to one embodiment, the register associated with each respective line is a 1-bit register. Each register is associated with a particular block within the memory array. Each of the registers is stored with a selected bit pattern based on the location of the defective line in the array. In particular, the bit pattern begins as a sequence of bits having the same value. At the location of the defective line, the value of the bits transitions to a different binary value, the point of transition marking the location of the defective line within that particular block of the array. Therefore, at the transition point the line associated with the transition point is not addressed and instead the next adjacent row is addressed. As each subsequent adjacent row in the memory is addressed, each of the memory lines being accessed is shifted down 1 from the actual addresses presented.
According to one embodiment, the shifting is provided by having the output of the register control a select line on a multiplexer, the multiplexer having two inputs and one output. In the event the line is prior to a defective line, then a first input of the multiplexer is selected as the output. On the other hand, if the address is at or after a defective line then the register causes the selection of a second input for the output of the particular multiplexer, thus shifting the actual line to be addressed down 1. The present invention thus provides the advantage of extremely fast access time to the memory, even when a redundant line is being accessed.
FIG. 1 shows a memory array according to the prior art.
FIG. 2 shows a memory array and a register according to principles of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit schematic for one possible circuit for shifting the address of a defective memory line to a usable memory line.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of shifting the access of data to or from a memory array to prevent access to defective lines and substituted therefor access to usable lines in the memory array.
FIG. 2 illustrates a memory array 10 organized according to principles of the present invention. The memory array 10 includes a plurality of blocks 12 with each block having one or more lines. A line can be either a column line of memory cells or a row line of memory cells. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the line is a row of memory cells. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the line is a column of memory cells as will be explained with respect to FIG. 4.
A memory access register 14 is associated with the memory array 10. The memory access register 14 contains a plurality of registers, each register being associated with a particular line in the memory array. Each register is a 1-bit register which can be loaded with a digital code, whether 0 or 1. In the example shown, the first two registers 16 and 18 are loaded with 0 while the subsequent registers 20, 22, and so on are loaded with 1 s. A defective line is identified as that line occurring at the transition from one value to a second value, in this case from a 0 to a 1. Of course, the defective line could just as easily be identified as a transition from 1 to 0. In an alternative embodiment, the defective line is identified by having a first value stored in a memory associated with a usable line, such as a 0, and a second, different value stored in the register associated with the defective line, such as a 1. Any one of these approaches, as well as others, permit quick and easy identification of a defective line within a memory array.
According to principles of the present invention, the array 10 is divided into a plurality of blocks 12, each block having a group of lines 17 therein. In the example shown, each block 12 has nine lines therein, in this case nine row lines. In a preferred embodiment, each block has 17 row lines, though it can have any acceptable number in each block. The block 12 is presented to the user of the memory, in this case a microprocessor, or some other memory access device as having only eight row lines. Accordingly, each block has within it one redundant row line. The redundant row line can replace a defective row line within the same block, as will now be explained in more detail.
As shown in FIG. 2, memory test data is loaded into the register 14 from a separate program. This data is matched to the particular hardware memory to which it is to be associated. This test data is obtained by testing the memory prior to operation. In particular, the memory is tested before installation to locate the presence of any defective row lines. The address of a bad row line is stored. A configuration file is created that contains the address of the defective row line. Every time the computer is started, the stored data from the configuration file is read out and input to the register 14 as shown in FIG. 2. In a preferred embodiment, the registers 16, 18, 20 and the like are simple flip-flops connected as serial shift registers or other easily and quickly accessed memory. The memory test data is shifted into the registers 16, 18, etc. Once the data is loaded into the access register 14, the memory 10 is now ready for use.
The data identifying the defective row can be stored and output by any acceptable technique. For example, an encoded value of the defective row can be stored in memory. This may be more compact than storing a 0 or 1 for each row in memory. When use of the memory is anticipated, the encoded value can be read out and used to point to the defective row. This can be done by causing the proper sequence of 0 and 1, or can be used to just point to the defective row. In one embodiment, the registers 16, 18 and 20 are nonvolatile memory cells, such as a floating gate EEPROM. The state is programmed as a 1 or 0 upon testing the memory. Thereafter it is not necessary to store or load the test data again. It is stored as firmware or as programmed memory cells on the chip itself and the value of the bit will always be the same. A startup and load of test data each time is thereafter not required in this embodiment.
A row address signal is then provided as desired to store or obtain data. When the row address signal is presented to the memory array, the address passes through circuits associated with the particular register associated with that particular line of memory. For example, for register 18, which is the second register, the row address signal to the second row line in the memory array 10 would pass through the register 18 or circuits driven by register 18. If the bit, or the transition of bits from one value to another as stored in the memory access register 14 indicates that a defective row is present then access to the address row is denied and access is provided to an alternative row so that data can be stored in, or read from, memory 10.
There are a number of techniques by which the data stored in the memory access register 14 can be identified and associated with usable rows in the memory block 12 while blocking access to defective row lines in the memory block 12.
FIG. 3 illustrates one acceptable circuit for providing the row address signal to the usable row lines and not providing the row address signal to the defective row line. According to this embodiment, the row address signal is provided to final decode circuitry logic gates whose inputs include the final decode for address signal for R0, R1, R2, R3, and the like. In the embodiment shown, the logic circuits are NAND gates, but any acceptable logic such as AND, NOR, or other type gates may be used as the final decode logic for the address signal. When the row address signal is provided to the final decode logic, the output of the register 14 is provided to a respective multiplexer associated with each physical row in memory. The output of the multiplexer drives the physical row access line PR which is usually the word line for that row in the physical memory.
A group of NOR gates 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. provides the signal from the register 14 to disable the appropriate row in the physical memory. NAND gates 9, 11, 13, 15, etc. provide the final decode step of the address and input to the respective multiplexers. Only the first four registers and associated selection circuits to drive the memory 10 are shown, but 9 are provided as shown in FIG. 2. Of course, this pattern is repeated to provide selection of 16 rows (17 physical rows), 32 rows (33 physical rows), or more as needed.
The select line for the multiplexer, whether to select input 0 or input 1 as the output is provided from the access register 14, in particular, from the single bit register associated with that particular row line. If the row associated with the register is a usable row, then a first value, such as a 0, will be stored in the respective access register 16, 18, and the like. This will cause the respective NOR gate to be enabled and the input 0 to be provided as the output of multiplexer 26, as shown. If row 0 is a usable row, then NOR gate 17 will be enabled and the decode of R0 address will cause physical row 0 to be selected for access and an address of R1, will cause the decoded R1 to drive the physical row line PR1 in the memory. Assume, in the example shown, that the third physical row line, PR2, is the defective line. Accordingly, in the first two registers 16 and 18 are stored the same bit, in this instance a 0. At the third register 20, the bit transitions to a different value, a 1. The transition from a 0 to a 1 is a marker for the deflective row line. This causes the physical row PR2 to be disabled for either input or output. In addition, PR3 is selected as the row line to be accessed when the row address is for R2. This provides a selection of a usable row and passes completely over the defective row, in this event R2. Access to row R2 is blocked because the output of multiplexer 28 is disabled by NOR gate 21 from register 20.
The address signal to NAND gate 13 when it is decoded as an R2 is provided to the input of multiplexer 30. The register 20 causes selection of the R2 input as the output to drive PR3. All subsequent counters in the same register block 14 are loaded with a 1, as shown in FIG. 2. All subsequent access to the physical memory array has the row line shifted by 1 for the row address.
Thus, in a manner totally transparent to the microprocessor, and in fact completely transparent to the row address decoder, the defective row is replaced instead with a usable row. Access to the defective row is denied. This occurs at the final row line access stage, as the address is completely decoded. This has the distinct advantage of being extremely fast, and avoids cumbersome prior art techniques for identifying, locating, and replacing a defective row with a usable row.
Of course, the circuit of FIG. 3 is only one example for implementing the connection between the access register 14 and with the physical row within the memory array 12. Other acceptable techniques, using other logic may be used. The present invention provides the advantage of extremely fast access to every line in the memory, including replacement lines for defective lines. The only circuit added into the line is a simple multiplexer or similar type logic, therefore access speed to any line in the memory is substantially the same. In addition, because the replacement row is immediately adjacent to the defective row, fast access is provided. According to a further alternative embodiment of the invention, the alternative row may be at a different position than immediately adjacent the defective row in order to avoid the possibility of a defect caused by two adjacent rows having defective memory cells therein. For example, the alternative row can be placed at the bottom row within each memory block.
The present invention contemplates at least one additional line will be provided for each block of memory. Accordingly, so long as there is only one defective line within each block of memory, then such defective line can easily be replaced by an alternative line. In a preferred embodiment, each block of memory contains 16 addressable rows which are usable by the microprocessor. However, the physical array of each memory block includes 17 rows so that each block contains one redundant row. In an alternative embodiment, two extra rows are provided per block so that up to two defective rows can be replaced per block. This is especially useful to replace adjacent defective rows as sometimes happens in memory arrays. The access register 14 contains one register associated with each physical line in memory and the data for the register 14 is created when testing each individual block and stored in the configuration file as associated with that particular block of memory.
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment for providing access to and from a line of memory cells. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the line to be replaced if defective is a column line. According to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the column of memory cells 38 includes a test data register 40 at the input and a test data register 42 at the output. The registers 40 and 42 are each respectively 8 bits and the system operates with an 8-bit word for this particular memory. Accordingly, the microprocessor looks for and expects to receive a signal which is 8 bits wide. According to principles of the present invention, the physical register file 38 is 9 bits wide. Therefore, there is one redundant column within each register 38. The data which is being provided for access to a particular column in the register 38 is organized along the same lines as that provided for the row address signal and therefore is treated in a similar manner by the registers 40 and 42. In particular, in the embodiment of FIG. 4 the address signal has been completely decoded and the write or read data is being provided directly to the register 40. The register 40 itself therefore does not provide any additional decoding or column identification of the register 38. Instead, the register 40 provides a simple shift from one column to a next adjacent column depending on the location of the defective memory cell. This is accomplished as follows.
The register 38 is tested prior to the operation of the memory to locate any defective column line in the memory. In the event a defective column is found, the identity of the location of that memory column is stored in a program. When the memory is enabled for use, the identity of the defective column is scanned into the register 40 from a test scan input. The test scan input provides a simple shifting of the column to be accessed to the next adjacent column if there is a defective column. This can be accomplished by simply shifting the data stream over to one adjacent column at the location of the defective column using the appropriate logic gates. Appropriate logic gates to do this include such gates as an AND, NAND, exclusive-OR or other logic device as will be easily usable by those of skill in the art. Further, the output register 42 is shifted in an identical fashion, since it received the same test scan input via line 44 as shown in FIG. 4. Accordingly, when the data is output from the output register 42, the microprocessor sees all 8 bits properly organized as if there were no defective column within the register 38.
According to one embodiment, the register 38 contains 512 rows organized in 16 blocks of 32 rows each. Each block may also include an extra row so that defective rows may be replaced as previously described with respect to FIG. 2. However, in a preferred embodiment, no additional rows is provided inside the register 38. Instead, within each block 46 a row is identified which stores no data, namely, all data stored in the particular row is known to be a 0. In this instance, when such a row is addressed the output is automatically required to be a 0 for the entire row by logic circuitry within the address decoder. The memory itself is not addressed, instead once the row being addressed is recognized as a row storing all zeroes, an output signal is provided indicating that the value of all memory cells in that row is 0. Thereafter, if a defective row is identified within a particular block 46, then the unused row becomes an alternative row which can be used to replace the defective row using the same technique as described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3.
In one particular embodiment, a system protocol requires as one of its rules that the first row of each block 46 contain all zeroes. This is a particular protocol of some systems to provide initialization of other circuits and programs within the computer, as well as identification of certain locations in the register 38. Accordingly, it is known during system design that the first row in each of the blocks 46 will be programmed to store a 0 in each memory cell in the first row. This first row thus becomes available for use as the alternative row using the memory address technique previously described. In the event a defective row is located within this block 46, each of the other rows can be shifted up 1 and the address to the defective row can be disabled as described. In another embodiment, the address of the defective row is stored in a test data register or X-or (exclusive-or) with all incoming addresses. This has the advantage of using less hardware while accomplishing the same task.
A number of embodiments have been described for quickly and easily replacing defective lines in a memory with alternative lines. According to a preferred embodiment, the defective line is provided within the same memory block so that fast access, as well as ease of identification of the defective row and transition to the usable row is possible. So long as there is only one defective row per memory block, such a scheme is extremely workable and has been found acceptable in practicing the present invention. According to an alternative embodiment, it is possible to provide two or more replacement lines within each block of memory, thus effectively doubling the ability to replace possible defective lines within a memory array with usable lines. A significant advantage is also provided by having the identity of the location of the defective row quickly and easily loadable by software code into a particular register located at the last stage of the address signal.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
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Amid escalation on border || Palestinian militants agree to Gaza truce if Israel ends all military operations
Minutes after the announcement, two rockets explode in open fields near Sderot; in statement released after meeting summoned by Hamas, groups stipulate ceasefire on Israel's ending of blockade on Gaza.
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The representatives of Palestinian militant groups in the Gaza Strip announced an agreement to hold their fire on Monday, following days of persistent rocket attacks on the western Negev, however a matter of minutes later, two rockets were fired in open fields near Sderot. No casualties or damage reported.
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aerosol monitors Equipment in South Africa
Category: Air & Climate ×
Subcategory: Air Monitoring ×
Keyword: ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: South Africa ×
StackGuard - Dust Emission Measuring Systemby Sigrist-Photometer AG based in Ennetbürgen, SWITZERLAND
The StackGuard continuously monitors the scatted light intensity of an extracted, withdrawn sample of gas. The laser light source minimized stray light and improves sensitivity to the µg/m³ level, the filtered purge air prevents from window soiling. A calibration check is performed by means of a checking rod. The sample air is led out ...
Model A²M 4000 - Radioactivity and Gas Monitoring Systemby Sarad GmbH based in Dresden, GERMANY
Monitoring of potentially endangered areas by radioactivity (gamma/aerosols) as well as toxic and combustible gases. The unit contains a GPS receiver and a wireless network interface. This allows to implement a temporary safety network in next to no time.
Model AA-3500 - Airborne Particulate Monitorby Environmental Devices Corporation (EDC) based in Plaistow, NEW HAMPSHIRE (USA)
Air-Aide Model AA-3500 Airborne Particulate Monitor provides accurate and instantaneous display of concentration readings on lung damaging particulates and aerosols. AA-3500 is a portable handheld survey tool for measuring lung damaging particulate matter. The unique sensor design has applications in indoor air quality (IAQ), HVAC, environmental ...
Model TE-AS250D - Dichotomous Air Samplerby Tisch Environmental Inc. based in Cleves, OHIO (USA)
The dichotomous air sampler is a dual-filter air sampler for thesimultaneous collection of the fine PM2.5 and the coarse PM10-2.5particles contained within PM10. Split flow configuration of the virtualimpactor allows a PM10 aerosol to be separated into fine particles andcoarse particles for subsequent collection onto 2 separate PTFE ...
E-Sampler - Laser Backscatter Particulate Monitorby Enviro Technology Services plc based in Stroud, UNITED KINGDOM
The E-SAMPLER is the most feature-packed light-scatter Aerosol Monitor available. Whatever your monitoring need the E-sampler will provide accurate, dependable and relevant data. The E-SAMPLER is a dual technology instrument that combines the unequalled realtime measurement of light scatter with the accuracy standard of filter methods. The simple ...
Buck Elite - Model 12 Pump, Flow range 2 - 12 LPM - Data Logging, Programmable Personal Air Samplerby Keika Ventures, LLC (KV) based in Chapel Hill, NORTH CAROLINA (USA)
BUCK Elite is a data logging, programmable personal air sampler consists of a pump contained in a high impact steel fiber filled Lexan, antistatic, and RFI/EMI-shielded case, exclusive electronic circuit board for constant flow control (patent pending), an LCD display with 2 lines of 16 characters, a single diaphragm pump mechanism, and a ...
Model EPAM-5000 - Environmental Particulate Air Monitorby Environmental Devices Corp. based in Plaistow, NEW HAMPSHIRE (USA)
The Environmental Particulate Air Monitor model EPAM-5000 provides a complete real-time profile and graphical representation of airborne particulate levels and exposures with data read out in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³). This dynamic capability is not possible with using only a gravimetric particulate sampler. The EPAM-5000 combines ...
Model AQ-10 - Air Qualityby Environmental Devices Corp. based in Plaistow, NEW HAMPSHIRE (USA)
Model AQ-10, Air Quality Particulate Sensor, is a Versatile Transducer Designed to Continuously Monitor for the Presence of Airborne Particles. AQ-10 is calibrated for OSHA and EPA Regulations.
Kanomax - Model AES-1000 - Aerosol Monitorby Kanomax USA, Inc. based in Andover, NEW JERSEY (USA)
The Aerosol Monitor which has easy-to-read display, and link to Ethernet system, can materialize simplified monitoring of Particulates at multiple location. It's the perfect for monitoring any place where you need simplified cleanliness level monitoring, such as the gowning area of a cleanroom.The monitor provides stable and sensitive detection ...
StackGuard - Dust Concentration Monitor For Hot Gassesby Sigrist-Photometer AG based in Ennetbürgen, SWITZERLAND
The StackGuard continuously monitors the scatted light intensity of an extracted, withdrawn sample of gas. The laser light source minimized stray light and improves sensitivity to the µg/m³ level, the filtered purge air prevents from window soiling. A calibration check is performed by means of a checking rod.
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A Harry Hole Novel (9)
By Jo Nesbo
(Knopf, Hardcover, 9780307960474, 400pp.)
Publication Date: October 2, 2012
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Following from Jo Nesbø's electrifying international best-sellers The Snowman and The Leopard, now comes Phantom, which plunges the brilliant, deeply troubled, now former police officer Harry Hole into a full-tilt investigation on which his own tenuous future will come to depend.
When Harry left Oslo again for Hong Kong—fleeing the traumas of life as a cop—he thought he was there for good. But then the unthinkable happened. The son of the woman he loved, lost, and still loves is arrested for murder: Oleg, the boy Harry helped raise but couldn't help deserting when he fled. Harry has come back to prove that Oleg is not a killer. Barred from rejoining the police force, he sets out on a solitary, increasingly dangerous investigation that takes him deep into the world of the most virulent drug to ever hit the streets of Oslo (and the careers of some of the city's highest officials), and into the maze of his own past, where he will find the wrenching truth that finally matters to Oleg, and to himself.
JO NESBØ is a musician, songwriter, economist, and author. He has won the Glass Key Award for best Nordic crime novel. His other Harry Hole novels include The Redbreast, Nemesis, The Devil's Star, The Snowman, and The Leopard. He lives in Oslo. Translated from the Norwegian by Don Bartlett.


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Gay and lesbian job seekers face discrimination
A new study shows that discrimination of gay and lesbian job seekers is commonplace within both private firms and the public sector in the UK.
A new study shows that discrimination of gay and lesbian job seekers is commonplace within both private firms and the public sector in the UK.
When social media software firm Sprinklr unveiled its latest funding last month, it vaulted into the club of "unicorns," or tech startups worth at least $1 billion.
Private equity firm Vista Equity Partners is buying Automated Insights, a technology company funded by The Associated Press and other investors.
Private equity firm Thoma Bravo and a Canadian teacher pension will pay about $3.6 billion to take Riverbed Technology private a couple months after the computer networking equipment maker promised a thorough review of its ...
Tibco Software Inc. said Monday that it is selling itself to private equity firm Vista Equity Partners for about $3.98 billion.
Even in an era when former U.S. officials routinely profit from business ventures linked to their public service, recently retired National Security Agency chief Keith Alexander raised eyebrows when he disclosed he is working ...
Yahoo shares tumbled Wednesday on concerns its stake in Alibaba may be worth less than anticipated following the Chinese online giant's stock market offering.
German auto parts maker Continental says it is buying rubber and plastics maker Veyance Technologies Inc. from private equity firm The Carlyle Group for 1.4 billion euros ($1.91 billion).
Business gets blasted for not only ignoring the world's environmental problems, but for contributing to them. But a new book by Case Western Reserve University political scientist Jessica F. Green explains how private firms, ...
The chipmaker Avago Technologies Ltd. is buying LSI Corp. for $6.6 billion to help strengthen its position in the enterprise storage market and broaden its offerings.
Private equity firm Cerberus is interested in taking a look at BlackBerry's books as a prelude to a possible bid for the troubled smartphone company.
After a bruising shareholder battle, Dell appears set for a new path under a private equity buyout aimed at reviving the fortunes of the former number one computer maker.
A key shareholder advisory firm on Monday backed a $24.4 billion private equity buyout of Dell, giving a major boost to the plan led by founder Michael Dell to reorganize the struggling computer giant.
The special committee set up by Dell to evaluate options for the troubled computer giant warned Friday of "substantial downside risk" if shareholders reject a buyout plan led by founder Michael Dell.
IT hub Estonia on Wednesday urged the European Union to rely less on US firms for "cloud" data storage, amid tensions over claims of US spying and data surveillance.


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The ghostlike faces of young children hanging on smokestack streams in China brings home the threats of air pollution in a striking way.
In response to fears over privacy, small social networks offer encryption and refrain from selling user data. Now their services are coming to mobile devices.
Technically Incorrect: To hype a new TV show, Britain's Channel 4 releases an ad that purports to offer your own synthetic human being. And it's slightly disturbing.
A new technique for salvaging recordings from delicate antiques has allowed Thomas Edison's talking dolls to find their lost voices.
Forget the vengeful ghosts of wronged classmates, the Mac OS X desktop is the star of this surprisingly effective horror flick.
Sculptor Anna Sternik makes candles that look so uncannily like human faces that you may think twice about lighting the wick.
"Terminator: Genisys" is out, and so, soon, will be a life-size Terminator T-800 endoskeleton bust. Because nothing says shabby Skynet chic like a killer robot on the fireplace mantle.
Just in time for for Thanksgiving, Old Spice shows what happens when both parents stalk their sons. Can this ad achieve the fragrant heights of its predecessor?
A filmmaker took to 30-year-old disaster site Pripyat, Chernobyl equipped with a camera, a drone and a GoPro.
Enlisting actor Dave Franco to his cause, Conan O'Brien tries to strut his online dating stuff. It's painful.


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In the late 1970s, an American fish seller working in Chile renamed the Patagonian toothfish the Chilean sea bass. In the years that followed, a fish that was traditionally considered a "bycatch" species -- one not expressly targeted by fishermen -- became the most lucrative species caught in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters.
Today, the U.S. imports about 11,000 tons annually of fresh and frozen Chilean sea bass, which has meaty white flesh and is high in heart-healthy Omega-3 fatty acids.
But although the Chilean sea bass moniker stuck, the name for this predatory, deep-sea fish hasn't been accepted by federal agencies, including the Commerce Department's National Fisheries Service. On a Chilean Sea Bass fact sheet, it notes that the Patagonian toothfish "is not really a bass and is not always caught in Chilean waters," and is a different species than sea bass in this country. Much of it comes from Antarctic waters -- where it's technically the Antarctic toothfish -- and is then frozen and shipped.
This deep-sea perch, characterized by rough scales and red skin that turns bright orange once it's caught, goes by the scientific name Hoplostethus atlanticus.
Originally named slimehead after it was discovered in 1957 off the coast of New Zealand, it didn't have many fans. But after a 1979 name change to orange roughy, it became popular -- so much so that several marine conservation groups now have categorized it as vulnerable to overfishing.
By various accounts, including that of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, members of this species live 100 years or more.
By the time this slow-grower is caught in cold, deep waters, the fish often is 30 or more years old. And it's a late-bloomer socially; it doesn't start reproducing until it's 30.
Speaking of fish, there's currently another re-naming effort afoot. Great Lakes states including Illinois are hoping a name change will drive a market for the Asian carp, a non-native species introduced by catfish farmers in the Mississippi River basin to control algae growth. But the fish escaped, and as of late they have invaded the Illinois River and threaten the Great Lakes.
The state of Louisiana is promoting Asian carp as the silverfin. Over in Kentucky, it's being called "Kentucky Tuna." Stay tuned.


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Redwood Rendezvous VII. September 27-29. Rio Nido, CA
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Bigger Al
Still a stupid tire guy
Joined: Oct 2004
Location: Auburn, CA
Oddometer: 7,998
Originally Posted by
The Seven Deadly Sins.
Cardinal sins, capital vices...whatever you call 'em, they're out there. Enticing us every day, drawing us in to do, you know...bad stuff. And who can remember all of them, anyway? So what do you say we admit we're powerless against them, throw caution to the wind and celebrate the Seventh Redwood Rendezvous!
Here's the deal:
Come up with a great term, phrase and/or sentence describing one, some or all of the 7DS's in an "Adventure Rider" kind of way. Something that we can all relate to and are in danger of committing. The best ones will be chosen and emblazoned on the Rallye Shirt.
Something like...
"Wrath: That's it! I am so not waving to any of those Harley guys for the rest of the day."
Ok, it should be funnier than that, but you get the idea.
So let's see what ya'll can come up with.
Oh, and don't forget to register early and often.
Just list the 7 deadly sins with a portrait of JStory. Simple, elegant, poignant.
"I'd rather wake up in the middle of nowhere than in any city on Earth."
Steve McQueen
Bigger Al
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Sketch of a Goat by Chandan Baitalik (10 x 8 inches)
Chandan Baitalik has a dynamic, spontaneous style of creating a sketch. In this work he brings to life a goat with vibrant orange and black colour . Deft strokes and carelessly careful orange highlights add depth and dimension to the work.
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by Ari Phillips Posted on March 31, 2014
Starting in April, most California households will received a $30 to $40 "climate credit" on their electricity bills twice a year.
by Joanna M. Foster Posted on March 25, 2014
A New Jersey appeals court ruled Tuesday that Gov. Chris Christie broke the law when he withdrew the state from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) back in 2011.
by Jeff Spross Posted on March 7, 2014
The system just held its first auction since lowering its cap, and the price of permits jumped -- indicating a renewed incentive to reduce emissions.
by Jeff Spross Posted on February 14, 2014
Agreement in Denmark's parliament cleared the way for a legally binding greenhouse gas emission reduction target of 40 percent below 1990's levels by 2020.
by Ari Phillips Posted on December 19, 2013
Guangdong, a province of over 100 million people, becomes the latest region in China to start operating a carbon market in an effort to reduce crippling air pollution caused by burning fossil fuels.
by Emily Atkin Posted on December 9, 2013
The plaintiffs had argued that the program levied an unlawful tax on electricity ratepayers.
by Ryan Koronowski Posted on October 28, 2013
53 million people living in what would be the world's fifth-largest economy will now be participating in a "far-reaching strategic alignment to combat climate change and promote clean energy."
by Joe Romm Posted on September 12, 2013
My recent article critiquing a Naomi Klein interview engendered among the most positive and negative reactions I have ever received.
by Jeff Spross Posted on August 22, 2013
The latest auction for California's carbon emissions permits had 1.62 bids for every permit available -- the first time demand outpaced supply.
by Matt Kasper - Guest Contributor Posted on March 17, 2013


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Joel Mokyr has a very good essay in the WSJ on what's happening to economic growth. His essential point is that there's still an awful lot of it going on, as there should be given technological advances, but we're not really seeing it in the GDP numbers simply because of the way we compile those GDP numbers. It's an argument I have a lot of sympathy for: indeed, it's one that I would take to a greater extreme than Mokyr does. There's a certain amount of what is undoubtedly economic growth going on which we're actually recording as a shrinking of the economy. That GDP isn't itself a perfect measure of the economy is well known for all sorts of reasons but this is an extra and additional reason why it isn't.
There's essentially two ways that we can get GDP to grow. We can input more into the system: have more people working, the same number of people working longer hours, plough up more land to farm, turn more iron ore into steel. Increase the inputs into the system and we'll have more stuff, GDP will be higher. Or we can use the same inputs we are already using and use them smarter, make more stuff from the same set of inputs. Technically that's called increasing "total factor productivity" and is often simply all lumped together as "technology". We work out newer and clever ways of doing something and thus get that job done consuming fewer resources. This leaves us with more of our already extant resources to do something else and thus we've more stuff: GDP has grown again. The washing machine is an example here, as Hans Roslin likes to explain. When his grandmother got one, instead of having to wash everything by hand, she then had time to read books to the young Hans. The family thus got two things not just the one out of the invention of the washing machine. And we can say the same thing about computers, graphene, genetic testing and all the other technological wonders of our age.
However, while we can look around and see that technology is accelerating that doesn't seem to be turning up in the GDP numbers:
So: If everything is so good, why is everything so bad? Why the gloominess of so many of my colleagues? Part of the story is that economists are trained to look at aggregate statistics like GDP per capita and measure for things like "factor productivity." These measures were designed for a steel-and-wheat economy, not one in which information and data are the most dynamic sectors. They mismeasure the contributions of innovation to the economy.
Many new goods and services are expensive to design, but once they work, they can be copied at very low or zero cost. That means they tend to contribute little to measured output even if their impact on consumer welfare is very large. Economic assessment based on aggregates such as gross domestic product will become increasingly misleading, as innovation accelerates. Dealing with altogether new goods and services was not what these numbers were designed for, despite heroic efforts by Bureau of Labor Statistics statisticians.
The aggregate statistics miss most of what is interesting. Here is one example: If telecommuting or driverless cars were to cut the average time Americans spend commuting in half, it would not show up in the national income accounts—but it would make millions of Americans substantially better off. Technology is not our enemy. It is our best hope. If you think rapid technological change is undesirable, try secular stagnation.
To at least some extent it's the way that we're measuring things that means we're not reflecting how much economic growth is really happening. And I would go one stage further than this. We're actually measuring as declines in the size of the economy some of those new technological marvels as that's what the GDP rules tell us we should do.
To give a personal example, I spent most of the 1990s working in Moscow, Russia. I was phoning around the world working as a broker, selling the output of the Russian weird metals industry. A major expense was the telephone bill, $4,000 a month it averaged. Today I'm still in much the same business, spending much the same amount of time on the phone (and often to largely the same people). But I use Skype and I can't actually remember whether that's $25 a month or $25 a quarter for all of my needs. So I'm doing much the same activity as I was 20 years ago. Yet given technological advance recorded GDP is actually $47,700 a year lower than it used to be. My previously $48,000 a year phone bill has been replaced with one for $300 (maybe) while exactly the same amount of economic activity has been going on.
Sure, this is an extreme case and I wouldn't want to extrapolate too much from personal experience out to the global economy. But it is also true: technological advance has led to, in this case, a decline in the size of the telecoms sector. We can get more complicated and argue that the money save is now spent by me on other things but it doesn't quite work that way. Telecoms costs have fallen for everyone and thus there's more people working as weird metals brokers and so declining margins and so on. It's still going to be true that some portion of that decline in telecoms costs leads to lower recorded GDP.
That's over and above Mokyr's point that some part of technological advance just isn't being measured at all: it's the statement that some of it is being recorded as shrinkage in the size of the economy. When, according to the GDP rules, it actually is, but in any consideration of human lifestyles it clearly isn't.
Put these two together and thus my claim in the headline. We can see in our own lives that things are getting better at an ever increasing rate. We can continually do more for less outlay. That that's not reflected in the GDP numbers is a fault with the GDP numbers, not a fault with economic growth. Those Good Old Days of economic growth are right now.


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Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2009
Location: Montrose, CO
Oddometer: 352
Breaking in the Tiger...
I live in western Colorado. I've been saving, dreaming, researching, plotting, scheming, etc for about 3 years in anticipation of getting an "adventure" bike. The cruiser wasn't doing it for me anymore....
Every year, I go bow hunting for whitetails in Kansas with my friends who live there. Periodically, I take bikes/4-wheelers to a gentlemen in Wichita, KS to help pay for gas money. I had decided that I would try to schedule a test ride on a Tiger 800 xc when I went through the big city this trip. It is the last remaining bike on my "short list" that I had yet to ride... As luck would have it, I found a leftover 2012 at a dealer in Denver. We negotiate a deal over the phone/Internet to trade my cruiser in should I like the Tiger. Wife gives her blessing...THIS MAY ACTUALLY HAPPEN!!
So, I throw my cruiser on the trailer with the 4-wheelers and head to Denver.... Upon test riding the Tiger 800 xc, I decide that I MUST own this bike!!
After purchasing my new bike, I head east for tiny Kit Carson, CO to hang with an old college buddy for the night.
The next morning, I finish the trip to Little River, KS. I head out in search of a proper buck. Periodically it dawns on me that November might not be the best time to buy a new motorcycle (other than the financial savings...). I want to RIDE!!
So, I finally fill my buck tag mid week...
Now, I just have a turkey tag left...
With hunting out of the way and the weather warming up in Kansas, my thoughts turned to riding. After all, I DID drag my new bike all the way here....
Tomorrow, I will go for a day ride I decide...
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Joined: Dec 2007
Oddometer: 4
The Tiger looks nice. Let us know how you like it. Good luck
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2009
Location: Montrose, CO
Oddometer: 352
So, the next day it finally warms up mid-afternoon. I set out on my inaugural journey. I've been coming here for 12 years now, but am usually to occupied hunting to "site see".
While cruising down a paved two lane back road, I saw a sign for a motorcycle museum in the little town of Marquette, KS. I needed to see this!!
Prior to getting to the museum, I stumble into this sign on an old building...
Then, I see an old gas station....
Then, I make it to the museum.... It's an old building on Main Street, packed with old bikes and memorabilia.... After giving them a donation, I look around...
Old Indians are always some of my favorites...
Old Harley's...
Cushman's, Benelli's, etc...
Old gentleman that started the museum passed away back in 2007... His widow watches over it now. We visited for a bit. I feel for her...
I thank her and head out for the next town.... More in a bit.
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Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2009
Location: Montrose, CO
Oddometer: 352
So, the next town is Lindsborg, KS. It is known as "Little Sweden". I believe they had over 20 of these Dala Horses all over town.
I didn't get a picture... But many of these small towns have brick roads still along Main Street. I like them, but I also don't have to drive on them EVERY day...
I stopped at a local coffee shop for a cup. Nice people, I love meeting new people and learning about different towns.
On my way back to my friends house I happened upon this train car.
And a museum...
Back at my friends, after installing the center stand. She's a dirty girl now...
I managed to put 155 miles on that day, and another 140 then next (no pics).
I am loving this bike!!! The power is wonderful and it handles like a dream! Especially as compared to my old cruiser...
I will be ordering a set of Rox risers though.
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Middle East coverage is full of lies
- By David KennerDavid Kenner is the Middle East editor for Foreign Policy.
- david.kenner
- @davidkenner
It has not been a banner week for media coverage of the Arab world. Blame it on journalists unfamiliar with their subject matter, the demands of an ever-quicker news cycle, or simply salacious stories that were "too good to check" — a number of stories that have made it into major media outlets recently are simply not true, or omit essential details of the tale.
First, and most infamously, we have the "farewell sex" episode. The story, which was reported in al-Arabiya and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Huffington Post, goes like this: Islamists in the Egyptian parliament were contemplating a bill that would allow husbands to have sex with their wives for six hours after death. The only problem? As the Christian Science Monitor's Dan Murphy writes, the story is "utter hooey." The rumor was initially advanced in an opinion piece by a partisan of deposed President Hosni Mubarak's regime, and caught fire in the international media from there – without anyone doing a basic fact-check.
While the "farewell sex" report is simply gross, the next story on the docket is the stuff of nightmares. The "buried alive" video reportedly shows soldiers loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's regime burying an opponent of the regime in a pit of dirt. The soldiers taunt the buried activist, telling him to say "there is no God but Bashar." Britain's Daily Mail and the Israeli outlet Ynet called it the "most horrific video" yet to emerge from the Syrian uprising — a high bar.
This case is more difficult than the "farewell sex" story — however, there do seem to be significant concerns about the video's authenticity. As this fact-check on Storyful explains, the video was originally posted on the Facebook page of a group that coordinated anti-Assad activism in southern Syria. However, the video was removed from the page yesterday, soon after it began to attract scrutiny. Other concerns, which have also been raised by an editor at the BBC, relate to the clarity of the audio. It's important to point out that nobody can conclusively prove that the video is fake — but there are more than enough red flags here to hold off on publishing it
If "farewell sex" and "buried alive" stories are examples of journalistic malpractice, the third example is more of a misdemeanor. The Washington Post reported yesterday that Vogue's infamous profile of Syrian First Lady Asma al-Assad had been scrubbed from its website. That's true, as far as it goes, but it's also old news — the profile was scrubbed from Vogue's site roughly a year ago, shortly after Assad's brutal crackdown on protesters began. You'd also think that the Post would want to give credit to journalists like The Atlantic's Max Fisher, who covered this story months ago.
But fear not, journalists of the world. Two Lebanese comedians are currently on trial in what has been dubbed "the case of the Superman underpants." It all began in December 2009, when Edmund Hedded revealed a few square inches of his boxers during a stand-up comedy show at a bar in Lebanon. That was enough for him to be arrested and charged under an act in the penal code that condemns "frivolity" — a crime that, if fully enforced, would condemn a significant portion of the population of Beirut to jail. Incredibly enough, this story actually appears to be true.
Related Stories
Regarding Eason JordanDaniel W. Drezner
Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and a senior editor at The National Interest. Prior to Fletcher, he taught at the University of Chicago and the University of Colorado at Boulder. Drezner has received fellowships from the German Marshall Fund of the United States, the Council on Foreign Relations, and Harvard University. He has previously held positions with Civic Education Project, the RAND Corporation, and the Treasury Department.| Daniel W. Drezner |


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You never need to worry about driving when we are here provide you the best suitable power steering gearbox
for your vehicle. A good power steering gearbox that does not bind, leak or is sloppy makes driving much more pleasurable, and safer too.
The power steering system includes rack and pinion steering, steering gears, rack and pinion assemblies, rack and pinion steering units or
a steering gearbox. Take care of your entire steering system and it will take care of you. We will make your drive simple and comfortable.
A power steering gearbox may look the same on the outside but have minor differences inside. We maintain a massive proprietary database to keep track of the different steering gearboxes and variations of gears. Only high quality components of
the power steering gearbox are carried in our car parts warehouse. Every gearbox is cleaned and carefully inspected. If any parts of the power steering gearbox show signs of impact damage, the entire core is scrapped. Any metal or 'hard' parts that show signs of wear are also thrown out.
Coupled with our knowledgeable staff, it helps ensure the power steering gearbox we send to you will not only bolt up correctly but also feel right when you drive. We stock steering gearboxes for early model cars, late model trucks and everything in between. For those 'hard-to-get' parts that are not on our shelf, we can offer to have your existing part re manufactured with a very quick turn-around time.
Steering gear boxes and power steering pumps
are stocked and are well below the list price. Why compromise on quality, when we have the highest quality available at wholesale prices. Whether it is a power steering box, a manual steering box, a power steering rack or a manual steering rack we have it available. All seals, bushings, and bearings, regardless of their condition, are replaced with very highest quality parts available on every single power steering gearbox.
Only the steering gearboxes that have passed intense scrutiny go on to be re manufactured. The steps taken before the re manufacturing process begins may be a little extreme but we think you'll appreciate the difference it makes on the power steering gearbox
units we sell. In most cases we are able to have your rebuildable part re-manufactured and shipped within 24 hours of receipt.
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Ebola causes the body to excrete fluids that are teeming with the virus.
Hormonal excesses in the blood require a clean and healthy liver to metabolize and excrete.
1610s, from Latin excretus, past participle of excernere (see excrement). Related: Excreted; excreting.
excrete ex·crete (ĭk-skrēt')
v. ex·cret·ed, ex·cret·ing, ex·cretes
To eliminate waste material from the body.


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Salzburg Christmas Eve Tour to the Silent Night Chapel
Spend an unforgettable Christmas Eve in Salzburg on this tour to the Silent Night Chapel. From the city of Salzburg, travel through the breathtaking foothills of the Austrian Alps along the Salzach river valley to the town of Oberndorf, where you'll take part in a touching Christmas Mass at the historic Silent Night Chapel, a symbol of the beloved Christmas carol 'O Holy Night.'
- Enjoy a Christmas Eve Mass in Salzburg
- Journey through the snow-covered foothills of the Austrian Alps
- Soak up the winter wonderland atmosphere in Oberndorf, a quaint Salzburg town on the Salzach river
- Attend a humbling Christmas Eve Mass at the Silent Night Chapel
- Learn about the history and significance of the Silent Night Chapel from your guide
Recent Photos of This Tour
What You Can Expect
In the late afternoon on Christmas Eve, you'll be picked up from your Salzburg hotel and taken on a scenic drive through foothills of the Austrian Alps toward Oberndorf, where your Christmas Eve experience awaits.
Admire the dreamy winter wonderland scenery as your guide takes you along the Salzach river valley to Oberndorf, a small town in the state of Salzburg situated on the Salzach river. Here, hop out and walk to the Silent Night Chapel.
Your guide will explain the background of this historic 19th-century chapel, a visible symbol of the Christmas carol 'O Holy Night.' Every year during Christmas, thousands of visitors from around the world flock to the Silent Night Chapel for a touching, solemn Christmas Eve Mass sung in many languages.
Soak up the Christmas Eve atmosphere as you attend the Christmas Mass outside of the chapel. You'll be truly touched by this unifying experience as you sing Christmas carols with your fellow visitors and reflect on the Christmas celebration in the company of your family and friends.
At the end of the Christmas Mass, hop in the coach and relax on the drive back to the city of Salzburg.
Customer Reviews
March 2015
GHis was the highlight of our Christmas vacation.It was a very meaningful evening and worth every dear expense.My wife,daughter and husband and 3 grandchildren all enjoyed this excursion. Thank You.
Ed Nine
Lexington,South Carolina
January 2015
We had a great tour to the Silent Night chapel. The 4 buses that left were all pretty crowded. Thankfully, we had the best tour guide, Naomi Mogil , and she spoke in both English and German. She gave us all the interesting facts as we headed to Oberndorf. There were a lot of people at the service but not as many as I had thought. The market shops were nice but there were only a few of them. The view from the river was spectacular and we had a wonderful sunset. The service was done mostly in German and Silent Night was only sung in German (we heard the last verse was supposed to be in English). We felt the visit was worth it and I'd recommend it.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
33 year old man | Chicago, IL, USA | Seeking women 28-38 within 10 miles
I'm passionate about creating experiences and memories with those close to me. I have an unmatched sarcasm and wit (in my opinion) so loo...
I'm passionate about creating experiences and memories with those close to me as that is what I think life is about. I have an unmatched sarcasm and wit (in my opinion) so I'm looking for someone that appreciates that, can hold their own, and has a similar outlook on life. A good relationship in my eyes is where each person is the others #1 fan / supporter. I will try to be brief and provide some random notable pieces of information about myself to give you an idea on who I am: 1. I grew up in Minnesota, and some things I say may come off a little Canadian but definitely not like the characters from the movie Fargo. 2. I have a goofy personality and my friends say it best that I am either acting foolish or fifty (not literally). 3. I appreciate the small things in life and don't take life too serious, I prefer to laugh my way through it 4. I am always looking for ways to stretch myself mentally and physically. 5. Life is about adventures - I have been on safaris and rode elephants in Africa, been scuba diving in the Great Barrier Reef, hiked Machu Picchu and am always looking for the next adventure (local or afar) 6. Traveling is very important to me as I love to learn about other cultures of the world and history - my most recent trips have been South Africa, Australia, Peru, and Italy. My mind is wide open to the next destinations... 7. I am a fan of zubaz and can be caught wearing them on a Sunday morning (or running in them to switch things up) - look them up if you aren't sure what they are 8. I enjoy listening to music from Jon Secada to A Tribe Called Quest to M83 to the Avett Brothers while cleaning the house 9. I have a big appetite...so looking for someone that is ok with that (pizza and chocolate are my big weaknesses) 10. I live a healthy lifestyle (I don't eat pizza and chocolate all day, every day), and appreciate a healthy fitness challenge... 11. Work wise, I can be nerdy and enjoy building a "sexy" presentation or spreadsheet This is just the beginning, there is much more that encompasses me so if you think we might have some things in common, send me a note.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Cycling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
San Francisco, NYC, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Florence, Cusco, Port Douglas
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN
Lakefront path, pizza, peanut butter, chocolate, exercise (any type), traveling & learning about other cultures, hiking, camping, being on the lake, exploring Chicago, music (Avett Brothers, Of Monsters and Men, Tribe Called Quest, Imagine Dragons...
Weekend trips, exploring new countries, learning, long bike rides/exercise, sporting events, concerts, street festivals, anything to get out and about
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'11" (180cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Executive / Management
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Other
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Unlike normal cotton bandanas, the Celtek Diamond Facemask features breathable, quick-drying nylon mesh and micro-fleece backing fabric that won't get frozen and clammy after an hour of riding.
Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
Celtek Diamond Facemask - Women's
? Share a...
Stephen Tabler
Given as a gift
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
Gave it as a gift - I mean, it has a kittens face on the front. There's not much more to say besides that, considering nothing can be more awesome than that. It is a pull over style, so it doesn't tie like a bandanna. Pull it over your beautiful faces, and go. Don't worry about face planting anymore, pretty sure cuddles has some super powers to prevent pain.
Lindsay H.
gets it done
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
like this better than my fleece lined bandanna. still freezes on super cold days, but doesn't touch my mouth which is nice. Love that everyone's gotten hip with the women's specific fit.
Lindsay H.
does this product tie like a bandanna or does it have another way of being secured?
Laura Feasler
Actually looks like it is a pullover style (continuous circle) with a stretchy section in the back!