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|78 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 4/28/12
Originally posted by Strap
In the face of failing economic systems ravaging the world like an end-game pandemic, I'd say being a commerical success is a good goal to aim for.
In a free market economy, people use their money to buy things they value, so businesses that make a ton of money are producing goods and services that society assigns value to on an individual-by-individual basis. I understand there's some exceptions to this rule, but we're talking about video games not drug cartels, so let's avoid hyperbole, shall we? The exceptions are (and should be) very few and far-between, allowing you (a free, thinking individual) to decide for yourself what you value, and therefore place your hard-earned money in.
So the hell what if people assign value to MMO games, and therefore pay money to them? God forbid a business "gently nudge you" to give them money for a service they're providing you, and which you are partaking in freely and frequently. What a travesty!
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Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
SO in a nutshell = You do not like to play with groups of people that you don't know in RL.
Solution = MMOs are not "fail" in and of themselfs. You do not like the model and shold move on. Try a console and a group of friend sin your licing room.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 2/05/11
OP this sounds like a you problem. I thought you were going to describe a real design flaw with MMO's as a genre, instead you discussed your own problems.
Originally posted by Kyleran
People eat McDonalds everyday eventhough they know it isn't good for them too. Just saying... I just think mmos are designed poorly but it doesn't matter to players, they buy it anyway. See what I mean ? Too many people are hung up on the word mmo.
Novice Member
Joined: 4/09/05
Originally posted by Mephster
I'm not sure your analogy works on the priniciple that people don't generally goto McD's for food that's good for them, they go because it's cheap, fills them up and tastes good. It generally fulfills their expectations. The difference being with mmo's atm is that people buy them in stupid numbers then days or weeks later are leaving in droves and complaining on every forum going (feeding the idea that all mmo's are dead). Leaving these games in a possition where they have to go f2p to stay alive, seeing as how they are little more than sp games (just with lots of people about) in the first place. In general expectation are not even nearlly being met and that's why they are flawed.
This isn't brain surgery, it's pretty obvious if you leave out the thing that makes your game different, people will judge it against others in the sp genre and in that aspect no mmo's server structured game will come close.
MMO's used to have a point and a very few still do, they are seen as hardcore but they arn't they are just true to the original principle of the genre. You can't do everything and you will need to rely on others around you, that's why there are other playing with you.
Novice Member
Joined: 2/10/12
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
Decades ago I moved to a new city. I needed a haircut for a job interview with a regional CPA firm. My hairdresser asked me what I did. I said I was a tax accountant (which was massively simplifying things). He said he was too! Yeah. So I asked him about it. He worked for H&R Block and made $6 an hour.
I got a laugh out of that. Though not to his face. I didn't want a bad haircut. So you might be able to understand what I think of the 'my hairdresser said so' argument...
As for the rest... WoW will reset with the next patch. It always does. There's a reason for that, though I'm not going to get into the math of the population dynamics. I learned a long time ago that people who'll give weight to what the uninformed say will not listen to someone who is a technocrat and can do the calculus necessary to plot the population dynamic curves...
ARMA2 Day Z is cute. But it's a shooter with a persistent log-in feature, not a persistent character feature. And it does not really exhibit any signifcant charater development or persistance. So it's not an MMO any more than Team Fortress or BF3 is an MMO.
But, more importantly, why do you post? I don't like Harley Davidson motorcycles. I don't go to their forums and tell them their big fat hogs handle like garbage scows... And that they're over-priced pieces of junk. They're not going to listen and my taste in motorcycles doesn't make me right. Just as theirs doesn't make them wrong.
Now, we can talk about repair rates. Failure rates. Design defects. Quality. That sort of thing because they can be objectively measured. But the taste part... Nope..
Novice Member
Joined: 5/18/12
This thread is a horrible troll attempt and a massive scam
The above is my personal opinion. Anyone displaying a view contrary to my opinion is obviously WRONG and should STHU. (neener neener)
-The MMO Forum Community
Novice Member
Joined: 6/10/10
This thread makes me sad for furries....
Advanced Member
Joined: 2/14/10
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
personally i disagree, i believe that true selfless friendship endures regardless of how long you are forced apart for whatever reason. a true friend understands that life gets busy, that situations change, that people change, that relationships with other people sometimes get in the way and he does not hold your friendship hostage for time spent together. he gives you all the room and time you need and always welcomes you back as if you never left.
that is a truly special selfless friendship, and the only way to get it is to first give it. everything else is just people bartering emotion, as soon as they stop getting what they want from you they stop giving and even get mad about it.
Old School
Joined: 3/08/04
Players come for the game, but they stay for the people- Most Devs have forgotten this.
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
Novice Member
Joined: 2/10/12
Originally posted by Amaranthar
Funny, but you don't see me on the Harley boards or the Vespa boards... And that's what they do, repectively. You will see me, as ownership moves me, on either the Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki or Suzuki boards. Those are the brands I ride. With the Honda VF750 Interceptor is still my favorite bike of all time.
Though there is something about my dad's vintage Norton Commando 750cc Twin that tickles my fancy. And, sometimes, I just wish I had my grandfather's old Indian from the 1930s... My uncle has it, doesn't ride it, and just sits there rotten tires, rusty paint and chrome, just begging for a complete restoration...
And, yes, newer, modern bikes are so much better... Faster. Brake harder. All that sort of stuff. But they lack nostalgia.
Novice Member
Joined: 6/11/12
Originally posted by Vesavius
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/23/12
Originally posted by Mephster
Would you care to enlighten us what we should then be looking for instead?
(As a sidenote, I never cared really about MMOs, for me it was actually pretty much always MMORPG or nothing...)
Novice Member
Joined: 10/21/09
I suppose those that say MMO's are not for me are probably right, I'll never be able to play any MMO again, if you all say MMO's are meant to be played with other people then how can I continue playing them if I have nobody to play with? :(
I suppose I should stop playing these full stop and just stick with non-MMO games for now on.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/23/12
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
Part of me wants to congrats you on your choice...
but the other somehow feels sorry for you...
I mean let's be real for a sec: it's a game played over the internet. The I-N-T-E-R-N-E-T.
Where Aunti-je in Mombay can speak live with her NRI nephew Raj in Toronto. Where you can watch a top rated pornstar grind her vagina into a webcam on the other side of the ocean. Where a fat 50 year old guy can groom that 12 year old girl 2 villages over to be his sextoy.
It's the WEB, man!
And you are telling me that you can't connect with anybody out there?
I mean I sorry, and I don't want to bash your ego, but I looked at your other posts and, well, as much as I like weird people you are just not my type of weird... but then again this may be completely different for other people...
And if you don't come in riding on a "I'm gay, but I'm not quite out of the closet, but I'm looking for love anyways, and I'm a furry, but I haven't told anybody, and I'm looking for some sweet petting action, and I'm afraid of being hurt by people but I'd like to be with people, just not too close because they may be unhygenic" horse - not saying that any of this fits you, just dropping waterbombs - you may as well be the black man under the hood at the KKK convention: people may like you!
And here is another idea: start helping people!
Okay, yeah, sure, not everybody is going to end up a great buddy, probably not even 1% of those people you helped, but you may find good people, and they may talk to you and adventure with you and may turn out not to be douches.
The important thing is that YOU need to put yourself out there. Nobody is going to pick up that wallflower standing there in the corner for a dance. Unless she has Double D tits and blowjob lips and her dress is short enough to pretty much show all of her panties. ;-)
But I guess, in the end what it comes down to is what type of game you want to play. If you prefer to be save in your little singleplayer shell, hey, that's cool.
But you may also want to consider that the internet and MMOs are something like a testing ground for social interaction in RL.
There you can fuck things up, and then sneak out and come back with a new name. In RL this won't be as easy.
So, ask yourself: are you ready to be that bitter old fart who gets his groceries delivered to his doorstep and only picks them up after the driver has gone?
Novice Member
Joined: 10/21/09
Originally posted by Trol1
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/05/07
I feel your pain Rudy.. Many old school players, which include me have noticed a change in the genre over the past 10 years.. When I first started playing EQ back in 99, we were all about community.. OH Granted there were some jerks that had to be dealt with, but that is part of life.. However, for the most part on my experience on Rodcet Nife is what we were politce, cooperateive and social.. People yapped all the tine in groups, /ooc or whatever.. Raiding was far more social then it is now.. IMO.. There were plenty of things to do to pass the time while either looking for a group or just taking a break.. Did I think EQ might of been too harsh on group reliance on basic things.. YES, but that was no excuse to toss the baby out with the bathwater..
Today's games solo'ing from quest hub to quest hub is just boring and predictable.. There have been alot of good features that have been added to the genre over the years, but overused instancing and raid restrictions are not some of them.. These MMO's today feel more like E-sport games like Black Ops or Counterstrike.. I or WE are better then you.. and the entire concept of social and community world building is tossed to the curb.. I guess some have epeens that need attention and MMO gaming is the only way to take care of that itch.. Sad.. so Sad
Novice Member
Joined: 10/08/08
Originally posted by RudyRaccoon
In response to your title
"MMO's are a failed genre design and a massive scam"
I've been playing MMOs for nearly a decade now. I've had enormous amounts of fun across many games, made many friends, and have a lot of fun memories to look back on (as well as videos and screenshots commemorating the experiences, much as one would look at old trophies or pictures of old feats).
It has also been a rather cheap hobby, saving me and my liver from many hours of heavy drinking.
I'm not seeing the scam... or the failed genre design.


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RINO Collaborators Who Pushed Through Hagel
By choosing the conspicuously incompetent left-wing screwball Chuck Hagel for Secretary of Defense, Barack Hussein Obama hawked up an oversized, nicotine-stained oyster from deep in his phlegmy chest and spat it squarely in the face of the US Armed Forces, delighting American enemies from Iran to Louis Farrakhan. Here is a list of Republican Senators who participated in this outrage by voting against the filibuster that could have stopped it:
Alexander (R-TN)
Ayotte (R-NH)
Blunt (R-MO)
Burr (R-NC)
Chambliss (R-GA)
Coburn (R-OK)
Cochran (R-MS)
Collins (R-ME)
Corker (R-TN)
Flake (R-AZ)
Graham (R-SC)
Hatch (R-UT)
Johanns (R-NE)
McCain (R-AZ)
Murkowski (R-AK)
Sessions (R-AL)
Shelby (R-AL)
Thune (R-SD)
Never mind the posturing that took place by those who voted against Hagel after his confirmation was already a done deal. The cloture vote was the real one.
If your state suffers the indignity of being "represented" by one or more of these collaborators, make very sure to vote appropriately in the next primary. So long as we continue to tolerate them, they will continue to conspire with Democrats against us.
Cross-posted at Moonbattery.
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subset: commoncrawl


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World Cup, Sugarloaf, 1971
Contributed by Sugarloaf Mountain Ski Club through Ski Museum of Maine
Canadian racer Jim Hunter is pictured here with a fan at the 1971 World Cup at Sugarloaf.
Jim Hunter, nicknamed "Jungle Jim" was on the World Cup circuit for 7 years. He competed in the 1972 and 76 Olympics. He was the first Canadian ski racer to win a medal in the World Championships of ski racing. That was in 1972. He also placed in the top 3 at two world cups.
Upon retiring from the Canadian Ski Team in 1977, he joined the Pro Ski Racing circuit. He won the first ever Downhill event on the Pro Tour.
At Sugarloaf he placed 35th in the Kandahar Downhill, 14th in the Tall Timber Downhill and disqualified in the Giant Slalom race. He currently hosts the Jungle Jim Hunter show on Canadian radio, which is a 2 hour Winter sports show.
Other Information
- Title: World Cup, Sugarloaf, 1971
- Creation Date: 1971
- Subject Date: 1971
- Local Name: Sugarloaf
- Town: Carrabassett Valley
- County: Franklin
- State: ME
- Media: Black and White Photographic Image
- Dimensions (cm): 24 x 20
- Local Code: 2012.001.0007
- Collection: Sugarloaf mountain Ski Club
- Object Type: Image
For more information about this item, contact:
Ski Museum of Maine
256 Main Street, PO Box 359, Kingfield, ME 04947
(207) 265-2023
Cross Reference Searches
LC Subject Headings
Winter sports--Maine--Carrabassett Valley
Athletes--Canadian--Maine--Carrabassett Valley
Other Keywords
giant slalom
ski racers
world cup
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text:
Paul Rudd
While Paul Rudd isn't your typical superhero type, his new film "Ant-Man" is every bit as awesome as its predecessors.
The forthcoming Marvel Studios release just dropped a new teaser trailer with some new footage ahead of its July 17th theatrical date.
Adding to the summer movie season hype, "Ant-Man" just dropped a full-length trailer and it looks like Marvel Studios has another hit on the way.
The much-anticipated new flick stars Paul Rudd, Michael Douglas, Corey Stoll, Evangeline Lilly, Bobby Cannavale, Judy Greer and Michael Pena.
Gearing up for another big year of original content, Netflix just released a video teaser with the stars of the forthcoming series "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp."
The 30-second clip includes footage of the cabins as well as a cheesy soft rock soundtrack and a slew of big-name stars slated for the 8-episode run.
Building plenty of pre-release buzz, Marvel just unveiled the official trailer for the forthcoming flick "Ant-Man." Starring Paul Rudd, Michael Douglas, Evangeline Lilly and Corey Stoll, the new preview first debuted during "Marvel's Agent Carter" on ABC last night (January 6).
Per the synopsis, "Armed with a super-suit with the astonishing ability to shrink in scale but increase in strength, con-man Scott Lang must embrace his inner hero and help his mentor, Dr. Hank Pym, plan and pull off a heist that will save the world."
Why weren't we in Kansas City last night!! After the Royals secured its spot in the World Series, Paul Rudd revealed that he is partying the night away… at his mom's house.
During a post-game interview with a local news station, the "Anchorman" star expresses his excitement for his baseball team's win and said, "I've lost my voice. But I've lost my voice pretty much every game since the Wild Card."
Giving Big Apple fans a serious thrill, Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Vin Diesel, Seth Meyers and Paul Rudd all showed up at the premiere of "Guardians of the Galaxy" in New York City last night (July 29).
The Cinema Society/Men's Fitness-sponsored screening took over the Crosby Street Hotel and afterwards the whole crew headed for The Jimmy at the James Hotel for a fun-filled afterparty.
He has a reputation for being friendly and personable to his loyal followers, and Paul Rudd was more than happy to play a part in two lucky fans' pregnancy announcement.
While out and about recently, the "Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues" star held up a sign that read "She's Knocked Up" and pointed to the mother-to-be.
Pairing up two of our favorite funny people on the big screen, the first full trailer for David Wain's "They Came Together" hit the web on Tuesday (April 29).
Debuting on BuzzFeed, the darling clip stars Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler on their journey towards love.
Creating another hilarious sketch for his series "Billy on the Street," Billy Eichner ran around New York City with handsome actor Paul Rudd.
Billy had one mission for the Big Apple crowd: to find out if they would have sex with the "Anchorman" star for $1.
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text: I just bought a really good looking used slash 4x4 with the 7 cell 8.4. The guy said he hasn't ran it in a really long time. Any way to get some life back into the pack? I have ran two discharge/charge cycles on it and it seems to be getting more mah but i am not sure if its helping....or if its even safe to keep doing this?


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FX 5200 X hangs Suse 10.1
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Registered User
Join Date: Jun 2006
Posts: 3
FX 5200 X hangs Suse 10.1
From reading through here this seems common! I thought nvidia supported linux. My problem I have the latest drivers.Suse 10.1 all updated
But the minute I play a game with 3d the system eventually hangs I can only start this by killing X through ssh, restart X and X will hang on just about anything locking up cpu to +97%.
I believe this is a problem relating to X and my hardware as one of the games I'm trying implies I've got no gl support, glxinfo disagrees, glxgears runs fine at a fps 1100 avg.
On looking through my nvidia-bug-report
loading ext: NV-Control
calcalogarithm is not used
whilst compiling the drivers it also
in function prefetch_range
prefetch.h:62: warning: pointer of type 'void *' used in arithmetic
in function check signature
io.h:258: warning; wrong type to increment
if this is only relevant to my monitor then I accept the errors!
It's been suggested that the card might be over-heating if this is the case how come I seem able to play games with out 3d/gl?
I can replicate the hang by running glxgears with wmcalclock which seems to just re-affirm my believe its something to do with implementation of GL ,with X and my hardware. Windoze successfully plays half-life with the same card.
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text:
Appellation : A.O.C. Saint Estèphe. Cru BourgeoisSurface area : 30 haSol and subsoil : Garonne gravel over clayey limestone subsoilGrapes varieteies: Cabernet Sauvignon 70%, Merlot 30%
The maturating period is making in barrels (30% new barrels) during 14 months.
The wine of Château Laffitte Carcasset is certainly one of the most typical of its appellation due to the vinification, the ageing methods and the care given to it. It has an earthy and tannic taste melted by intensive aromatic notes.
CHATEAU LAFITTE-CARCASSET - 2003 - SAINT-ESTEPHE EVOLUTIVE TASTING in March 2008
Andreas Larsson Very rich and generous nose, dark fruits, plums and blackberries, good ripeness, the palate is rich and structured, the tannins are well integrated, nice fruit and a long finish, it drinks well already so let's follow it and see how the nose and palate will develop.
Commentaries Andréas Larsson, meilleur sommelier du monde 2007


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About Us
Since the original Oppenheimer fund was first offered to the public in 1959, OppenheimerFunds, Inc., has grown into one of the largest and most reputable investment management firms in the country. Today, a subsidiary of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual), OppenheimerFunds and its subsidiaries offer a broad array of products and services to individuals, institutional investors and corporations worldwide.
Under the guidance of collaborative investment teams led by highly experienced portfolio managers, the Company's product offerings include mutual funds, separate accounts, institutional solutions,
529 plans and retirement accounts. Investments are diversified across asset classes for both Equities (Global, Growth, Core and Value), Fixed Income (Global Debt, High Yield Corporate Debt, Investment Grade Debt, and Municipal Bonds) and Alternatives (Commodities and MLPs).
With primary offices in New York, NY, Rochester, NY, Centennial, CO, and Dallas, TX, OppenheimerFunds has helped investors pursue their financial goals for more than half a century.
Arthur P. Steinmetz
Chairman, CEO and President
Art Steinmetz serves as President and CEO of OppenheimerFunds. He has had a long and distinguished career at the firm, holding a number of positions, including Chief Investment Officer and Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income. Art's insights on the markets and investing are frequently sought by media outlets including, CNBC, Barron's and The Wall Street Journal. See Full Profile
Geoffrey Craddock
Chief Risk Officer
Geoff Craddock oversees independent risk management including investment and enterprise risks across the firm. See Full Profile
Andrew Doyle
Chief Human Resources Officer
Andrew (Andy) Doyle leads OppenheimerFunds' Human Resources team in its efforts to attract, retain and develop talent. See Full Profile
George R. Evans
Chief Investment Officer, Equities
George Evans oversees both the U.S. and international equities teams and is the portfolio manager of Oppenheimer International Growth Fund and Oppenheimer International Diversified Fund. See Full Profile
Arthur Gabinet
General Counsel
Arthur (Ari) Gabinet manages the Legal Department at OppenheimerFunds Inc. and supervises the provision of legal services, compliance and audit to all of the company's business units. See Full Profile
Mark Hamilton
Chief Investment Officer, Asset Allocation
Mark Hamilton leads the Firm's efforts in designing and implementing multi-asset products and solutions. See Full Profile
John McDonough
Head of Distribution
John McDonough is responsible for distributing OppenheimerFunds mutual funds, sub‐advisory services, separate accounts and retirement products to broker/dealers, registered investment advisers and institutional investors. See Full Profile
Eric Meltzer
Eric Meltzer is responsible for advancing the firm's technology, infrastructure and data initiatives. See Full Profile
Krishna Memani
Chief Investment Officer
Krishna Memani oversees all investment teams at OppenheimerFunds. He is also currently the Head of Fixed Income. See Full Profile
David M. Pfeffer
Chief Financial Officer
David Pfeffer oversees the company's Corporate Accounting, Business Group Controllers, Treasury, Planning and Analysis, Fund Accounting, Tax and Accounts Payable departments. He is an independent Director of ICI Mutual. See Full Profile
Martha B. Willis
Chief Marketing Officer
Martha (Marty) Willis is responsible for OppenheimerFunds' marketing strategy across corporate, marketing and digital communications, as well as the development of new products for investment, retirement and college savings. See Full Profile


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Land Assemblage Redevelopment Authority (LARA)
The Land Assemblage Redevelopment Authority (LARA) is a 13-member board appointed by the Mayor, City Council, Harris County and the Houston Independent School District. The LARA Authority is organized for the purpose of aiding, assisting and acting on behalf of the City in the performance of its governmental functions to promote the common good and general welfare of the City and in undertaking and completing one or more projects, as may be defined or determined by the City Council of the City.
In particular, such projects shall include, without limitation, the acquisition, assemblage, management, marketing, development and disposition of properties that have been acquired by taxing authorities through foreclosure of delinquent ad valorem taxes, including the redevelopment of such properties.
The Land Assemblage Redevelopment Authority ("LARA"), with the support of the City of Houston, is seeking Contractor(s) that are capable and desirous of providing a proposal for Weeding Cutting and Related Debris Removal Services. A copy of the Request for Proposal (RFP) is available for download from HCDD's Website at http://www.houstontx.gov/housing/rfp.html - RFPs, Applications and Downloads.
Solicitation of Offers for Affordable Housing Development
The Land Assemblage Redevelopment Authority ("LARA"), with the support of the City of Houston, has acquired certain tax delinquent properties to be developed as truly affordable home ownership units. LARA and the City, through the "Houston Hope" initiative, offer the Solicitation of Offers for Affordable Housing Development presented below.
The "Houston Hope" neighborhood revitalization effort will be accomplished through qualified non-profit and for-profit builders. Community Development Corporations (CDCs) may participate as builders, if qualified, or may assist LARA in support of housing development and neighborhood revitalization activities such as marketing, credit counseling, and program promotion.
Down payment assistance under the City's Homebuyer Assistance Program may be made available to qualified home buyers to bring monthly payments down to a level where many working families now renting can instead build equity in their homes.
To acquire LARA lots and participate in this program, qualified builders must complete and submit the following for consideration:
- A fully signed copy of the Contract (accompanied by the proposed house plans and drawings)
- Builder Qualifications Statement
- Requested Parcel List for Acquisition
- Builder House Construction Specifications Document
- Bid Cost Performa Document Worksheet
The contract and other documents listed above are available on line (below) and can be submitted electronically.
Weed Cutting Services
The links below are .xls files
Contact LARA
Contact: Stephen Tinnermon
P.O. Box 1562
Houston, TX 77251
Contact: Chris Butler
P.O. Box 1562
Houston, TX 77251


text:
The Press Newspaper
The Press Newspaper
If you have an idea on how to improve Ohio State Parks, James Zehringer, director of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, would like to hear from you.
Zehringer and State Sen. Keith Faber last week said the state plans to invest about $88.5 million in capital improvements at state parks over the next two years.
St. Kateri Catholic Schools announced a partnership with the University of Notre Dame and the Diocese of Toledo to enhance the educational experience at the school by using blended learning.
The partnership is to make Cardinal Stritch Catholic High School and St. Kateri Catholic Academy the first Catholic schools in the Toledo area to utilize a blended learning model of teaching. It is a style of learning that integrates technology and allows students to learn at their own pace.
"This is part of our school improvement plan," said Stritch Principal Tim Malone. "The use of technology is a growing trend and we want to match that with our education."
Authorities are still investigating bomb threats that occurred at the end of the classes Monday at two Oak Harbor schools.
No suspects have been found as of Wednesday, Oak Harbor Police Chief Steve Weirich said.
Officers are attempting to trace the source of the calls made to the Oak Harbor High School and Middle School shortly after 2:30 p.m. They believe the calls were made by a cell phone that can't be tracked, the chief said.
Oregon City Council on Monday approved the issuance of up to $7 million in mortgage revenue bonds for the development of an assisted living facility for seniors on a 13-acre site at the southeast corner of Seaman Road and South Coy Road in Oregon.
AlcoreSenior LLC, the developer of the project, located in Columbus, proposes to develop, own and operate, through an affiliate, a campus for seniors that will include 10-20 independent living units located either in ranch style bungalows or a multi-family building, and a 77 unit licensed assisted living/memory care center of approximately 45,000 square feet.
After four years of renovations, Toledo Public Schools and the administration, staff, students, and the Alumni Association of Morrison R. Waite High School will host a rededication ceremony of the school this Friday, May 9 at 1:30 p.m. in the Grant Murray Field House.
The Waite pep band, orchestra, and show choir will perform, and TPS Superintendent and Waite graduate Romules Durant, Business Manager James Gant, and architect Gary Ashford will be among those speaking.
Confederate flag
Should S. Carolina lawmakers vote to remove the Confederate flag from the State House Grounds?
Yes (5 Votes)
No (6 Votes)
1444149289 [{"id":"56","title":"Yes","votes":"5","pct":45.45,"type":"x","order":"1","resources":[]},{"id":"57","title":"No","votes":"6","pct":54.55,"type":"x","order":"2","resources":[]}] ["#194e84","#3b6b9c","#1f242a","#37414a","#60bb22","#f2babb"] sbar 160 160 /component/communitypolls/vote/25-confederate-flag No answer selected. Please try again. Thank you for your vote. Answers Votes


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text: Recently James Martin of CNET stopped by our offices and studio and took some photos of Revision3, behind the scenes. He also visited Kevin Rose's apartment and took some photos of Diggnation being taped. Recently the photos along with some cool audio narration from Jim Louderback, David Prager, and Kevin Rose were posted over at CNET. If you're curious about how we produce shows like The Digg Reel and Diggnation, then you definitely have to check out this audio slideshow. It's a super cool combination of photos and the folks that make Revision3 tick talking about what we do.


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leading tone[lēd′iŋ]
Music the seventh tone of a scale, a half tone below the tonic
leading tone
The seventh tone or degree of a scale that is a half tone below the tonic; a subtonic.
Origin of leading toneFrom its tendency to lead into or rise to the tonic.
leading tone
(plural leading tones)
- (music) scale degree seven when the first scale degree is one half step higher than the seventh scale degree


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Book Search
China's Governance Model
Improvement without Democracy and the Durability of the Party-State
Series: China Policy Series
Many books on government in China either simply describe the political institutions or else focus, critically, on the weaknesses of the system, such as corruption or the absence of Western-style democracy. This book, on the other hand, takes a more balanced, more positive view. It argues that,...
To Be Published February 28th 2016 by Routledge
Managing China's Energy Sector
Between the Market and the State
Since China has now become the world's largest energy consumer, its energy sector has understandably huge implications for the global economy. This book examines the transformation of China's conventional and renewable energy sectors, with special attention to state-business relations. Two studies...
To Be Published July 10th 2015 by Routledge
China's Soft Power and International Relations
Series: China Policy Series
China's soft power has attracted considerable attention in the recent decade. In this volume scholars from the U.K., Europe, the U.S., Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong and mainland China, including a number of well established and well known analysts on China, examine main areas where China has made...
Published October 7th 2013 by Routledge
The Domestic Sources of China's Foreign Policy
Regimes, Leadership, Priorities and Process
Series: China Policy Series
As China's political and economic influence in the world is rapidly increasing, it is essential to understand how China's domestic politics affects its foreign political and economic policy. This book offers an accessible, informative and up-to-date systemic analysis of the foreign policy of China....
Published August 18th 2011 by Routledge
The Politics of Agricultural Cooperativization in China: Mao, Deng Zihui and the High Tide of 1955
Mao, Deng Zihui and the High Tide of 1955
The decision to initiate a High Tide of agricultural co-operativisation in 1955 in China, is documented in this text. The social impact, policy conflict and leadership style of Mao is detailed, drawing upon documentary sources, interviews with Party historians, and a chronology of events....
Published September 30th 1993 by Routledge


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Related Content: Riverton High School
On final mission, Riverton officer key to carrier group
Jul 3, 2015 - By Eric Blom, Staff Writer:  Navy Cmdr. Chad Kennedy is retiring after a 20-year Naval career.
Special education students get on-the-job experience through IDEAL program
Jun 7, 2015 - By Andrea Novotny, Staff Writer:  The Riverton High School students finished their year with an employer appreciation luncheon.
RHS club reads more than 320 books
May 29, 2015 - By Andrea Novotny, Staff Writer:  The Wolverine Reader Program had 36 active members in the 2014-2015 school year.
RHS rakes in awards at annual art symposium
May 22, 2015 - By Andee Novotny, Staff Writer:  The talent of Riverton High School art students was demonstrated in their success at the 47th annual state high school art symposium April 23 to April 25 at ... [more]
RHS musical to open Thursday for three shows
Explosions, fire destroy house north of Riverton
RHS troupe lands main stage
Mar 27, 2015 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  Roughly 100 schools worldwide apply for Thespian Festival honor
Some of our nominees made RHS Hall of Fame in a fine group of inaugural members
Mar 17, 2015 - By Craig Blumenshine, Staff Writer:  Now that the inaugural class of the Riverton High School Hall of Fame [more]
RHS student council invites community to paint mural
Mar 13, 2015 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  The $150 kits will go on sale in April.
Riverton High School Hall of Fame's first inductees announced
Mar 13, 2015 - From staff reports:  The inaugural class of the Riverton High School Hall of Fame has been announced.
RHS drama students net championships at state contest
Mar 6, 2015 - From staff reports:  Riverton High School drama students took several state championships and had 21 individual all-state designations at the Wyoming State High School Drama ... [more]
Tournament time
Feb 25, 2015 - By Steven R. Peck:  Get ready for three days of concentrated economic development (and basketball)
Experts to provide one-on-one car seat training
Feb 22, 2015 - From staff reports:  Injury Prevention Resources is hosting a mid-winter car seat check from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Friday at Riverton High School.
County well-represented at music festival
Jan 31, 2015 - Staff:  Riverton High School was well-represented at the recent Wyoming high school all-state music festival in Sheridan. Students rehearsed and performed music for ... [more]
Being human through dance
Jan 29, 2015 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff Writer:  RHS graduate leads Saturday performance
Riverton High School hosting youth car show Thursday
Jan 28, 2015 - By Eric Blom, Staff Writer:  Riverton High School students will show off their rides at the fourth annual SkillsUSA car show Thursday. The event is 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. at the RHS ... [more]
RHS military science student earns award
Jan 16, 2015 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  School resource officer Cody Myers presented Riverton High School sophomore Kasey Rizor with the Outstanding Military Science award Tuesday before the Fremont ... [more]
RHS adviser helps students with post-graduation plans
Jan 2, 2015 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff Writer:  Riverton High School's new college adviser says her title is a bit of a misnomer.
RHS junior first teen to compete in Wyoming Women's Antelope Hunt
Dec 19, 2014 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  While her friends were cheering at the Riverton High School Homecoming game, Christie Wildcat was celebrating her success at the Wyoming Women's Antelope Hunt. ... [more]
LVHS named 'Battle of the Belts' winner
Dec 12, 2014 - From staff reports:  A Fremont County rivalry was renewed in November, and students from Lander Valley High School edged students from Riverton High School in the second Battle of ... [more]
Key Club ready to deliver hot meals for Thanksgiving
Nov 25, 2014 - From staff reports:  Riverton High School Key Club members again are preparing to deliver hundreds of hot meals for Thanksgiving.
The way it was: High school plans -- 1977
Nov 23, 2014 - Staff:  The oldest section of Riverton High School was nearing its 60th birthday in 1977, and plans to replace it had begun -- and at a new location.
RHS teams compete in Taco John's contest
Nov 21, 2014 - From staff reports:  Riverton High School students Rachael Wright and Shayna Hodge were the runners up in the annual Taco John's Culinary Cup competition Wednesday in Cheyenne. ... [more]
Hard work paid off for talented choir performers from Riverton
Nov 14, 2014 - Phil Lavoie, Riverton:  Editor:
Band represents school and town 'tremendously'
Nov 12, 2014 - Lynette Jameson, Orem, Utah:  Editor:
RHS marching band rated best in state
RHS marching band competes in invite ahead of state contest
Tuesday notes
Oct 7, 2014 - By Steven R. Peck:  Homecoming Week
Coronation launches week of Homecoming activities
What about past band director's name on the high school floor?
Sep 17, 2014 - Tracie Mariwell, Gillette:  Editor:


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The UW E-Business Institute (UWEBI) is a campus-wide University of Wisconsin-Madison initiative conducting
multi-disciplinary research on e-business strategies, emerging information technologies and innovative business
practices. The UWEBI's overarching goal: enhance the competitiveness of Wisconsin industry.
We also name annually a Distinguished Fellow, a visionary who has led
significant achievement and advancement in IT and e-business. We give
the award at the annual
Business Best Practices
and Emerging Technologies Conference.
For more information on
the UW E-Business Institute, contact
Dr. Raj Veeramani at 608-262-0861 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Distinguished Fellow Award is presented to visionaries who have led
significant achievements and advancements in IT and e-business. Past
Distinguished Fellows (as well as their titles at the time of receiving the
award) are:


text: Disintegration is described as a "pearl brown." It's a murky, olive-brown with warm undertones and a golden bronze shimmer. It had great pigmentation, and the texture was blendable and finely-milled, though slightly powdery. The color wore well for eight hours when I tested it. See comparison swatches / view dupes.


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Originally written on No Coast Bias | Last updated 11/14/12
Just when I think I have this league figured out, the Bengals upset the Giants, the Chiefs catch the Steelers off guard and we get a tie game. What is happening? Major shifts for some this week. Atlanta Falcons (8-1) [No Change] – Okay, so they can't go undefeated. Look, a loss to a divisional The post No Coast NFL Power Rankings — Week 11 appeared first on No Coast Bias.
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text:
For Belle's Birthday I had gotten her tickets to see Wicked today. She'd been wanting to see it for quite awhile. Then in January we booked the Hollywood Rennaisance hotel last night to make a weekend out of it.
With the rough February we have, our trip was in doubt for awhile, but since everybody was on the mend we put our weekend back on. We decided kind of last minute to take advantage of USH's "Buy a Day-Get a Year Free" deal since we hadn't been since 2005.
Saturday afternoon, Universal Studios Hollywood:
The outside of T2:3D
They are still converting Back to the Future into the new Simpsons Ride
They have a Kwik-E-Mart
Krusty wants you to come back to USH later this year and go to Krustyland
It was a gorgeous day
We did the Studio Tour next
Heroes Rocks
The King Kong thing (this REALLY needs to be replaced)
Magnum PI Car
This was our first time seeing the Fast and the Furious thing ... it was about what I expected
The Dino's spit on us
The Flood is still cool
From Peter Jackson's King Kong
I always loved the Jaws part of the tour
Space Shuttle!!!
The War of the Worlds set still looks cool (too bad the movie sucked)
After the Tour we headed down to the Lower Lot to do the Special Effects stages. I REALLY like the changes they made here since I last saw it.
We rode the Mummy which is still not anywhere as good as it's FL counterpart.
They are still converting the Nick area to Curious George
We took off after this since we figured we be back soon to get the kids passes.
In Citywalk ... this is my kind of store:
Next, we head to our hotel where we feel kind of ... I don't know ... out of place.


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Nigeria, once synonymous with corruption and waste, is now one of the most sought-after destinations for investors.
This apparently is why Rabbi Cohen was upset enough to invoke a name that is synonymous with the sworn enemy of the Jewish people.
Two populist nationalists who praise the institutions that nurtured them and see them as synonymous with the state.
c.1600, from Medieval Latin synonymus, from Greek synonymos (see synonym). Related: Synonymously.


text:
26858 - Le Beaupré
from £65 /night help Price for guests, Nights
from £65 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Apartment / 2 bedrooms / sleeps 4
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment / 2 bedrooms / sleeps 4
|Key Info
3-room apartment 47 m2 on 3rd floor, north-east facing position: living/dining room with TV. Exit to the terrace. 1 room with 1 double bed. Exit to the terrace. 1 small room 5 m2 with 1 x 2 bunk beds. Kitchenette (oven, dishwasher, ceramic glass hob, micro wave, freezer). Shower, sep. WC. Electric heating, air-conditioning. View of the sea. Facilities: washing machine. Garage space n 258.
Residence 'Le Beaupré', 7 storeys. In the district of Canet Sud, 100 m from the sea. In the complex: lift. Shop, restaurant 350 m, sandy beach 50 m. Nearby attractions: Thalasso, SPA, Location vélo.
|Sleeps up to 4, 2 bedrooms
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, Yes, smoking allowed
Features and Facilities
|2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 2 Family bathrooms
|4 Sofa beds
|Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Not suitable for wheelchair users
The Languedoc-Roussillon region
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Jazz trumpeter Ferbos, 103, dies in New OrleansBy STACEY PLAISANCE
The Associated Press | July 20,2014AP file photo
Dixieland jazz musician Lionel Ferbos performs at his 102nd birthday party at the Palm Court Jazz Cafe in New Orleans in 2013. Ferbos died Saturday at his home in New Orleans.NEW ORLEANS Centenarian jazz musician Lionel Ferbos died Saturday at his home in New Orleans, just days after celebrating his 103rd birthday on July 17 with friends and family in the French Quarter.
His granddaughter, Lori Schexnayder, said the trumpeter she called paw-paw died peacefully, surrounded by friends and family.
Ferbos performed all over New Orleans and its suburbs for decades. His ability to read music made him an in-demand musician for gigs that took him to parks, schools, churches, dance halls and even prisons. He also performed at his 102nd birthday party and at every New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival until this past year.
Ferbos was believed to be the oldest working jazz musician, performing regularly until last year. He was also the last living member of the WPA band, which was formed during the Depression by laborers in the citys Works Progress Administration.
He had recently become too weak to hold his trumpet, but family members would occasionally hold it to his mouth so that he could blow into it, Schexnayder said.
He missed it so much, but his arms just werent strong enough to hold it up, she said.
Early on, Ferbos performed with New Orleans society jazz bands at well-known venues such as the Pelican Club among a string of clubs along Rampart Street a downtown strip that in the 1920s and 30s was the epicenter of the citys bustling black entertainment district.
He performed with Walter Pichon and Captain John Handy in the 30s, earning little more than a dollar a night. He also performed with saxophonist Harold Dejan and trumpeters Herbert Leary, Gene Ware and Sidney Desvignes, as well as blues singer Mamie Smith.
He was very advanced and technical for his time, said Dixieland jazz musician Lars Edegran, who performed with Ferbos for decades with the New Orleans Ragtime Orchestra, a group formed in the 1960s to revive the old music unearthed in the jazz archives at Tulane University.
You needed advanced music reading skills to play in the orchestra, and Lionel was a very well-trained musician, Edegran said. He was very professional on stage, a beloved person, and theres just nobody else like him.
Ferbos had a unique voice and a knack for soft, sentimental hits like When I Grow Too Old to Dream and The Beautiful Dreamer.
Though he performed almost exclusively in New Orleans, Ferbos did make eight tours of Europe with the ragtime orchestra. He was also part of the original stage band of the off-Broadway hit One Mo Time, though he dropped out of show in the 70s when it moved to New York. He didnt want to leave his hometown New Orleans, where he met his wife, a Creole seamstress named Margarite Gilyot.
The couple married in 1934 and remained so for 75 years until her passing in January 2009.
Ferbos never had to scramble for work because people came to him with musical offers.
When Danny Barker founded the now-famous Fairview Baptist band to train a young generation of New Orleans musicians, Ferbos was asked to write out all their charts. In the 1940s, he played on New Orleans Lake Pontchartrain at the Happy Landing and Mama Lous, and in the 1950s he worked with Harold Dejan at the Melody Inn, where he recorded with the Mighty Four. In the 1960s he played with Herbert Learys Orchestra.
Manual labor was as much a part of his life as music. Like many musicians of his time, Ferbos had a day trade. He worked for decades as a metal maker, first in his fathers French Quarter workshop, then eventually taking over the family business and building his own workshop.
He was a hard worker, a family man and a wonderful husband to my grandmother, Schexnayder said. Everybody loved him.MORE IN Wire NewsDALLAS Wanda Mobley swerved to avoid something in the remote highway, and seconds later was... Full StoryNEW YORK For decades, a circa 1860s Brooklyn Atlantics team baseball card was tucked away,... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Korean 2560x1440 with 55hz over HDMI (updatet)
I like the korean 2560x1440 ips monitors, and because of this, I added a third one to my setup for 3 screen twinview (with a 660ti).
Because the first 2 monitors already occupy the dvi ports on my card I buyed a monitor with hdmi 1.4a port as the third (there aren't many models with display port).
Under windows it is possible to use the full resolution of the screen with a custom mode of 2560x1440 pixels with 55hz like you can see in this youtube video: http://youtu.be/1oHNl4bMLBA?t=5m36s
This are the working settings under windows:
I translated this to the following modeline:
Modeline "2560x1440_55R" 221.1088 2560 2608 2640 2720 1440 1443 1448 1478 +hsync -vsync
But if i now select this mode (after disabling some (all?) EDID checks) all 3 of my screens turn black and the system doesn't respond any more.
My xorg.conf
My Xorg.0.log
Any ideas what else i should try?
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Technology & Devices
For Cable TV Junkies, It's Xbox One
John Solit
November 20, 2013
This isn't the first generation of game consoles to claim to be the end-all-be-all home entertainment hub, but this may be the first generation to actually accomplish it. Sony's PlayStation4 was released last Friday the 15th and Microsoft's Xbox One will be released this Friday the 22nd. For hard-core gamers who couldn't care less about…


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NewsJuly 18 2012
Blast from the Past returns
Posted by Lucy
Have fun and learn Lyman County history at the second annual Blast from the Past Kids Day to be held at the Lyman County Museum Thursday, July 19 from noon until 3 PM.
Hosted by the Lyman County Historical Society, the event is organized by Gayt Garnos and other volunteers from the community.
A wide rage of fun activities will take place at the museum including a petting zoo.
The cost is $10 per participant. Lunch will be provided and each participant will receive a Blast from the Past sports bag.
Matching funds from Modern Woodmen of America.
- Scavenging through the county
- WCE Cooperative finishes up repairs after weekend storms
- High winds damage structures,
- North Central Farmers Elevator and South Dakota Wheat Growers Member-Owners Vote No on Unification
- Lyman School Board Election results
- Construction at new elevator site stays on schedule
- What's new at the museum
- Local Lions Club projects recognized
- Lyman reunion moves to Clubhouse
- Remebering those who gave all
- Presho HS reunion set


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A powdery white chemical salt with crystalline grains. Its slightly grainy texture helps to exfoliate and soften calloused skin. Mixed with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda can even whiten nail beds. It also helps clear up acne, clean and whiten teeth, and remove product build-up from hair.
natural nail care
Secret Ingredient
October 1, 2010
The ancient Egyptians used natural baking soda and incense as spiritual cleansers in purification ceremonies.
Consider these gel safety products designed to ease concerns about the application process.
Your client is ready to take off her enhancements and give her natural nails a try. How do you give her what she wants without losing her altogether?
Here's a short step-by-step for creating a simple, fun, and bright nail art design by celebrity manicurist Kimmie Kyees.
Determined to break the mold of a quickie salon with mediocre quality and service, this dynamic duo brought a new salon concept to market. And the market was ready.
Clients can dare to bare their natural nails with the help of Dermelect Cosmeceuticals' Nail Recovery System.
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Four Top Coats from Essie
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December 16, 2014
How to Use IBX on Natural Nails
October 1, 2014
In with the Om: Eastern Influences on Western Salon Services9 photos
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AWWA members benefit from professional growth, the acquisition of new skills, exposure to the water industry, and enhanced technical knowledge.
Learn more about AWWA's Conferences, Events and Distance Learning opportunities.
SourceBook is AWWA's official resource guide to water industry products and services.
Critical data to help you manage your utility better.
AWWA's infrastructure financing report, Buried No Longer, is a call to action for utilities, consumers and policy-makers.
More eLearning Information
More ACE information
AWWA offers Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for attendance at workshops, professional and poster sessions, and ACE Online; and Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for attendance at committee meetings, facility tours, and time spent in the exhibit hall. All tracks at ACE will offer credit. AWWA recommends that you check with your licensing agency prior to attending ACE to learn about its criteria, rules, and what you need to do in order to receive credit for your attendance. It is your responsibility to apply for credit approval with your licensing agency if AWWA has not done so.
CEUS: To receive a CEU Certificate of Completion, SCAN your badge when you ENTER and EXIT each workshop/session in order to document your time spent in each. A minimum of 30 minutes of session attendance must be recorded in order to receive a CEU Certificate. CEU Certificates will be available for printing in July. Printing instructions can be found in the Credits page.
PDHS: It is your responsibility to document your PDHs using AWWA's complimentary "Attendee Time & Attendance PDH Record" (PDF) form available in each session room. AWWA recommends that you enter your PDHs into your complimentary AWWA Transcript System Record after ACE. Refer to Credits page for more information.
More Specialty Conference information
1) Do you need to view session in a group setting or with proctor?
2) Will you receive credit for viewing?
3) What do you need to submit before/afterward?
View the current Webinar Line-up
Before viewing a live or archived webinar, AWWA encourages you to:
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Privacy and Cookies
Turning around the loss-making parts of Lufthansa group's business is "priority number one", rather than seeking new acquisition opportunities, says chief executive Christoph Franz, as the German flag carrier adapts its strategy to compete with the changing economic and competitive headwinds.
Citing Lufthansa's changing market environment as a result of Europe's sluggish economies, high fuel prices, as well as the rising competition from low-cost airlines and the Gulf carriers, Franz says the German flag carrier has adapted its strategy from that pursued by his predecessor, Wolfgang Mayrhuber.
"If we are confronted with part of the Lufthansa group being in a loss-making situation, we have to ask ourselves can we turn around this business. That is always priority number one," says Franz.
"And if we are not able to do this in a foreseeable time period then we should consider reshaping or changing the business model, as we have with our non-hub services, or even divest or close down if necessary, for example with Lufthansa Italia."
Franz says that for the moment, further acquisitions are "clearly not our priority. Our priority is to take action inside Lufthansa and we have framed this with our Score [cost saving] programme."
With regard to the Star Alliance airline's 45% shareholding in Belgian carrier Brussels Airlines, Franz says that there will not be any early decision about taking up its option to take a majority stake. "We consider Brussels Airlines as part of the Lufthansa group and this [majority shareholding move] is not necessary for the next years," he says.
"What is really necessary for the airline is to pursue its own turnaround programme in a successful way in order to show positive results."


text:
Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule: Season 1, Episode 6
Friendship (20 Jun. 2010)
Ratings: 8.2/10 from 38 users
Reviews: write review
Dr. Steve goes out on the town to make some new friends.
Directors:Tim Heidecker, Jonathan Krisel, 1 more credit »
Writers:Tim Heidecker (creator), Bob Odenkirk (consultant writer), 2 more credits »
Stars:Robert Axelrod, John C. Reilly | See full cast and crew »


text:
By Sharon Willadsen
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In this interactive object, learners identify a variety of prevention activities as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Learners consider the Apgar scores for several fictitious newborns. They are then given an Apgar score and proceed to create a situation in which a newborn would receive that rating.
Learners quiz themselves on the conversion factors within and between the metric, apothecary, and household systems.
Test your knowledge of environmental issues
Parts of the Ear based on word parts
Have U "Herd" about these conditions of the Human Ear? Build your own band from a herd of mutant cows while reviewing conditions of the ear!


text:
A process and apparatus are described for extruding a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam. A single screw extruder having a very large screw length to diameter ratio is provided to thoroughly mix the thermoplastic elastomer with a blowing agent. A thin, substantially taperless die is also provided to form extruded profiles. By using such a process and apparatus, a variety of complex-shaped extruded profiles may be easily produced.
1. A weatherseal comprising:
a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam profile having a density less than 20 lbs/ft3 and foamed from a thermoplastic elastomer having a durometer reading of less than 65;
a means for attaching said weatherseal to a structure, said means for attaching being bonded along the length of said foam profile; and
a thin, low friction skin bonded to at least part of the surface of said foam profile.
2. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein said thin, low friction skin comprises polyethylene.
3. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein said means for attaching said weatherseal comprises a stiffener having barbs, said barbs effecting secure attachment to said structure.
4. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein the density of said foam profile is between 2 and 19 lbs/ft3.
5. The weatherseal according to claim 3 wherein said stiffener comprises polypropylene.
6. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein said means for attaching is ultrasonically bonded along the length of said foam profile.
7. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber.
8. The weatherseal according to claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber having a durometer reading of 64.
9. A weatherseal comprising:
a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam profile having a density less than 20 lbs/ft3 and foamed from a thermoplastic elastomer having a durometer reading of less than 65; and
a thin, low friction skin bonded to at least part of the surface of said foam profile.
10. The weatherseal according to claim 9 wherein said thin, low friction skin comprises polyethylene.
11. The weatherseal according to claim 9 wherein the density of said foam profile is between 2 and 19 lbs/ft3.
12. The weatherseal according to claim 9 wherein said foam profile is channel-shaped.
13. The weatherseal according to claim 9 wherein said thermoplastic elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber.
14. The weatherseal according to claim 9 wherein said thermoplastic elastomer is a thermoplastic rubber having a durometer reading of 64.
This invention generally relates to the extrusion of an elastomeric thermoplastic foam and, in particular, to a single screw extruder for producing a low density foam having improved characteristics.
According to conventional technique, a thermoplastic foam may be produced by feeding a thermoplastic resin into an extruder and, through the shearing action of one or more screws, melting the resin continuously in the barrel of the extruder. In an intermediate or a mixing section, a blowing agent, usually in a liquid or gaseous state, is continuously injected into the molten resin. In some instances, a chemical blowing agent may be dispersed throughout the particulate resin in a powder form before the resin is fed to the extruder as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,260. In either case, the extruder screw is designed to mix and dissolve the blowing agent as uniformly as possible in the molten resin. Thorough, uniform mixing is essential to the production of a high quality foam. The resultant mixture must be maintained under carefully controlled temperatures and pressures within the extruder in order to prevent the volatilization of the blowing agent. When the molten mixture is forced through a die, the material undergoes decompression to atmospheric pressure so that the blowing agent separates within the body of material as bubbles. If the temperature is too high, there is overexpansion and the cells rupture. If the temperature is too low, there is incomplete expansion, resulting in a low quality foam. In many instances, the temperature window between overexpansion and underexpansion is only a few degrees Fahrenheit.
In many applications, it is desirable to use a low density foam. Among the areas where a low density foam proves useful are insulation and weatherstripping. In general, weatherstrips are used to seal joints or spaces between doors and windows to stop infiltration of air, rain, snow, and other elements. Effective weatherstripping serves to reduce heating costs in winter and cooling costs in summer. A weatherstrip must have certain characteristics to produce an effective seal. First, it should have a good resistance to compression set. Compression set resistance refers to the ability of a material to resume its initial shape after being subjected to a compressive load. Failure to do so may result in an uneven seal, reducing the effectiveness of the weatherstrip. Second, a weatherstrip must be soft and yielding, i.e. it must be easily compressible. This ensures that the door or window can be closed without the need for excessive force and still compress the weatherstrip sufficiently to form the necessary seal. Finally, it is desirable that a weatherstrip be lightweight, i.e. have a low density.
Some these properties have been achieved in prior art weatherstrip products by the use of polyurethane foam materials. Polyurethane foams, however, have a number of significant disadvantages in the manufacture of weaterstrip products. Most importantly, polyurethane foams are not thermoplastic, which results in the need for expensive molding techniques. These molding techniques cannot be easily adapted to products of different cross sections and any waste generated cannot be reused. Another disadvantage of polyurethane foams is their high percentage of open cells which results in undesirable uptake of water, e.g. rain. These water absorption properties deleteriously affect the performance of the polyurethane foam weatherstrip product in adverse weather conditions.
Thus, a low density thermoplastic foam which is easily compressible and has a good compression set resistance would serve as a good weatherstrip. To produce lightweight foams, a substantial percentage of blowing agent must be introduced into the molten resin. Because of the amount of blowing agent requird for a low density foam. thorough mixing and cooling of the molten mixture becomes an even more pronounced problem. In general, as the molten material passes through the extruder, the temperature increases due to the combined shear and compressive forces applied to the material by the rotating extruder screw. The magnitude of the temperature increase varies according to the rotation rate of the extruder screw and the shear properties of the resin being used.
One method to control the temperature increase would be to lower the screw speed, but this would result in a decreased production rate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,729 interposes a cooling/mixing device between the extrusion head and the barrel of the extruder. However, while such devices do increase cooling, there is still a problem of achieving a truly uniform temperature distribution. It is also common to employ a tandem extruder, i.e. a second extruder coupled to the primary extruder which serves to cool the molten mixture. The second extruder is generally larger and has a screw or screws rotating at a lower velocity than the primary extruder. This configuration suffers from several serious drawbacks. First, since the second extruder is independently driven, it requires separate drive and control mechanisms which can double the overall equipment costs. Second, it is necessary to provide a good seal at the point where the second extruder is driven. These seals are very expensive and frequently ineffective. It is therefore desirable to provide an extrusion apparatus which overcomes these difficulties.
In the Monsanto Company publication "Extrusion Foaming Technology for SANTOPRENE® Thermoplastic Rubber", a method is described for producing extrusions of foamed SANTOPRENE® with densities of foam 12-44 lbs/ft3. A tandem extruder system is used with the primary extruder employed for plasticating and for fluorocarbon addition. The downstream extruder, usually one size larger, functions mainly as a cooling and mixing extruder. High pressure crossover piping is used to connect the two machines. However, as noted above, a tandem extruder is generally more expensive and complicated to operate. Any low density foams that can be produced by the described method can only be produced when hard grades of the thermoplastic elastomeric material are used. Because of the increased stiffness and poorer compression set resistance of harder grades of the material, any resulting foams are unsuitable for use as a weatherstrip.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to produce an improved soft, low density elastomeric foam having thermoplastic properties, good compression set resistance and low water absorption.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved weather seal using such a low density foam.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method for producing an improved low density foam product.
It is another object of this invention to provide an apparatus for producing an improved low density foam product.
It is still another object of this invention to provide an apparatus which may be easily configured to produce a variety of relatively complex-shaped soft, low density foam products.
It is still another object of this invention to provide an inexpensive die which may be easily manufactured to shape the extruded foam product.
The above objects may be achieved by providing a process which comprises first selecting a foamable thermoplastic elastomer having a hardness value sufficiently low to enable the production of a soft foam weatherseal. This thermoplastic elastomer is then fed into an extruder barrel where it is compressed and melted by the action of a screw. A blowing agent is introduced into the melted thermoplastic elastomer early enough to permit extended mixing in a metering region. The backflow of the blowing agent is prevented. The melted thermoplastic elastomer and the blowing agent are thoroughly mixed and then cooled to a uniform, predetermined temperature. The mixture is then forced through a die to form an extruded profile.
The present invention also relates to a single screw extruder for producing a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam including a screw contained in an extruder barrel and having an L /D ratio of at least 32:1 for compressing and melting a thermoplastic elastomer. A means is provided for injecting a blowing agent into the melted thermoplastic elastomer as well as a means for preventing the backflow of said blowing agent in order to permit the early introduction of the blowing agent. A means for thoroughly mixing the blowing agent into the melted thermoplastic elastomer is provided on the screw to produce a uniform mixture. A die forms the uniform mixture to a desired shape.
The invention also relates to a weatherseal having a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam profile with a density less than 20 lbs/ft3 and being formed from a thermoplastic elastomer having a durometer reading of less than 65. A means for attaching the weatherseal to a structure is bonded along the length of the foam profile. A thin, low friction skin is bonded to at least part of the surface of the foam profile.
The invention also relates to a weatherseal having a soft, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam profile with a density less than 20 lbs/ft3 and being foamed from a thermoplastic elastomer having a durometer reading of 65 or less. A thin, low friction skin is bonded to at least a part of the surface of the foam profile.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the method and apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the extruder screw used in the present invention.
FIGS. 3a and 3b are illustrative embodiments of profiles which may be extruded according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method of producing a kerf-mounted weatherseal according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a kerf-mounted weatherseal.
FIGS. 6a and 6b are a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a die used with the present invention.
SANTOPRENE® is an elastomeric thermoplastic rubber which may be foamed to produce extruded tubing and profiles. The characteristics and properties of SANTOPRENE® are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,130,535 and 4,311,628 assigned to Monsanto Company. It has physical characteristics with the potential to meet or exceed many elastomers such as neoprene or EPDM rubber. However, the prior art has only been able to foam soft grades (e.g. durometer readings of 64 or lower) of SANTOPRENE® down to densities of about 20 lbs/ft3. Grades of elastomer hardness are typically measured by a durometer. Hardness values are normally provided by the material supplier. For example Monsanto provides SANTOPRENE® in grades such as 72, 64, 55 and the like with higher numbers representing harder materials. Details of grading elastomers in this fashion are well known in the art and are described in ASTM D2240. In addition, the higher density soft foam products produced with SANTOPRENE® have only been extruded in simple symmetric profiles. Thus, the prior art has been unable to take advantage of the physical characteristics of SANTOPRENE® for applications such as weatherseals, where it is necessary to use a soft foam with a density less than 20 lbs/ft3 which may be produced in a variety of shapes.
While the process and apparatus of this invention generally will be described with regard to SANTOPRENE®, the invention may generally be applied to any elastomeric thermoplastic and should not be understood as limited in this respect.
The first step in the process of the present invention involves the selection of a foamable thermoplastic elastomer having a suitable hardness value to permit production of a soft, low density foam. In practice the resulting foam must exhibit compressibility (i.e. load bearing characteristics that permit the foam to deform easily under the pressures employed to close a door or window and still resist permanent deformation (compression set) when the load is removed. For SANTOPRENE® elastomers, grades of durometer readings should be 64 or lower to achieve the proper characteristics of softness and compression set resistence. Selection of comparable hardness grades for other thermoplastic elastomers can be readily determined by reference to the teachings of this invention.
The range of densities to which the soft grades of SANTOPRENE® should be foamed for use as a weatherseal is from about 2 to about 19 lbs/ft3, with good results being obtained with a foam of from about 5 to about 16 lbs/ft3. In the preferred embodiment, a SANTOPRENE® foam with a density of from about 8 to about 10 lbs/ft3 is used. It should be noted that the ideal density for a good weatherseal may depend on the particular geometry of the seal itself and of the object to be sealed, e.g. a door or window. As a comparison, polyurethane foam is typically used at a density of about 6 lbs/ft3 for weatherseal applications. As indicated above, foamed, soft, low density SANTOPRENE® has several key advantages over polyurethane. First, since polyurethane foam is formed by a continuous molding operation, the entire molding operation must be changed to produce different shapes. To change the shape of the foam extrusion involves a simple change of dies. Second, thermoplastic foams such as SANTOPRENE® may be heat welded, an advantageous characteristic in any application where the profile is to be attached to another structure. Heat welding also permits the fusion of the ends of SANTOPRENE® extrudates during installation so that there are no gaps when weatherstrip pieces join e.g. at corners. The physical characteristic which permits the heat welding also permits any defective foam extrudate to be ground up and reused in the extrusion process. In addition, because of the heat welding capability, a weatherstrip may be sealed to itself in cross-section as shown in FIG. 3b. Finally, foamed, low density SANTOPRENE® has a much smaller percentage of open cells than urethane, meaning that SANTOPRENE® absorbs much less moisture, an important feature for a good weatherseal. In addition, foamed, low density SANTOPRENE® has a very good compression set resistance and is among the most flexible of the thermoplastics.
What is unique about the SANTOPRENE® foam weatherstrip product of this invention is its combination of softness (i.e. good compressibility), low density, good compression set resistance, and thermoplastic properties. The prior art does not teach how to achieve these characteristics. While the prior art has been able to foam SANTOPRENE® at densities comparable to the present invention, this has only been achieved with harder grades (e.g. durometer reading of 72 or more) of the thermoplastic elastomer which are unsuitable for weatherstrippig applications. One is not able to foam soft grade SANTOPRENE® (e.g. durometer reading of 64 or less) at low densities using conventional techniques. Thus, no one has been able to take advantage of the materials' physical properties in a weatherstrip. Using the method and apparatus of the present invention, one is able to foam a soft grade thermoplastic elastomer suitable for use as a weatherstrip.
FIG. 1 depicts an extrusion apparatus for extruding a thermoplastic elastomer according to this invention. Beads of SANTOPRENE® are placed in a hopper 5 from where they are fed by gravity into the extruder barrel 10. Motor 27 drives the extruder and is regulated by controls 28. Cramming mechanisms known in the prior art may be used to force the beads into the extruder barrel, although such mechanisms are not necessary. After introduction to the extruder barrel 10, the resin beads are compressed, melted, mixed with a blowing agent and forced through a die 15. At this point, the molten mixture undergoes decompression and a foam profile is produced corresponding to the die configuration. Subsequently, the extruded profile is passed onto a conveyor 20 for cooling. Fans 25 may or may not be provided to facilitate cooling. The cooled extrudate is subsequently reeled up on roll 30. The process and apparatus will now be described in greater detail with reference to the remaining Figures.
FIG. 2 depicts a 2.5 inch diameter extruder screw used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The screw consists of a feed region 35, a transition region 40, open regions 42 and 43, a blister region 45, a reduced region 50, a transition region 55, and a metering region 60. The screw shown is manufactured in two sections which may be joined by a coupling mechanism 56.
After introduction to the extruder barrel 10, the material enters feed region 35 of constant flight depth. In the preferred embodiment of the 2.5 inch screw, the flight depth is 0.297 inches and the feed region extends for 12.50 inches. These numbers should not be understood as limiting, but rather are the results of finding the material parameters necessary to achieve good results. The depth is also limited by the amount of steel wall remaining after a flight is created, a large flight depth possibly resulting in a broken screw at operating temperatures and pressures. The feed region 35 acts simply to convey the resin forward, as is conventional. Some melting of the resin may take place, but it is insignificant.
From feed region 35 the resin material is forced into transition region 40. In the preferred embodiment of the 2.5 inch screw, the flight depth decreases uniformly from 0.297 inches to 0.097 inches and transition region 40 extends for 28.75 inches. The flight depth at the end of the transition region 40 should be one-third that of feed region 35 in order to achieve a 3 to 1 compression ratio. In general for this process, the compression ratio should be between 2.5 and 3.5. Screws with higher compression ratios can produce too much shear and overheat the material. A compression ratio lower than 2.5 may not produce sufficient shear for uniform melts. The transition region acts to mix, heat and most importantly melt the thermoplastic resin. It is imperative that the resin be completely melted before leaving transition region 40.
From transition region 40, the material passes through open region 42 with no flights before encountering blister 45. The open region 42 simply allows the molten resin to redistribute itself. The blister region 45 extends for one flight and serves as a choke to prevent the seepage of the blowing agent back through extruder barrel 10. Its use is important since it is unlikely that enough back pressure has been built up by the resin to prevent the backflow of the blowing agent. The positioning of blister region 45 is an essential feature of this invention. In order to produce a low density foam, a substantial percentage of a blowing agent, generally around 10% by weight based on the polymer charge, must be mixed with the molten resin. In general blowing agent content may be from about 5% to about 15% and in the preferred embodiment, is from about 10% to about 12% by weight based on the polymer charge. Because of this large amount of blowing agent, an adequate amount of length must be provided to thoroughly mix all of the blowing agent. Without enough mixing, the blowing agent will be distributed non-uniformly resulting in a low quality foam when the molten resin expands as it passes through the die. Blister region 45 allows for the introduction of a blowing agent relatively early in the extrusion process so that an elongated metering region 60, to be discussed below, may be provided.
From blister region 45, the material passes through open region 43 which is provided to prevent surging of the molten material. The material then passes to reduced region 50 having a constant flight depth of 0.107 inches and extending for 7.50 inches on the 2.5 inch screw. It is in reduced region that the blowing agent is introduced to the molten resin. The flight depth in this region is somewhat arbitrary, the depth being chosen to provide a reduced pressure area so that the blowing agent is not injected into a very high pressure region. Typically, the blowing agent is injected at pressures from about 1500 to about 3000 psi. The pumping system works less because of this reduced pressure region. Chlorinated fluorocarbon blowing agents are preferred, although almost any non-solid blowing agent may be used including pentane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Chlorinated fluorocarbon 11 is used in the preferred embodiment. The molten resin in reduced region 50 has the blowing agent introduced, homogeneously mixed and dispersed, and ultimately dissolved therein. A true solution of a liquid polymer and chlorinated fluorocarbon 11 is obtained.
From reduced region 50, the molten mixture passes through a transition region 55 which couples reduced region 50 to metering region 60. Its main purpose is to provide a smooth transition between these two regions. The mixture is then fed into elongated metering region 60 having wih a constant flight depth of 0.097 inches and extending for 63.75 inches in the preferred embodiment of the 2.5 inch screw. The flight depth here is chosen with regard to the compression ratio and the length must be enough to ensure proper mixing and cooling. The early flights of metering region 60 are for mixing while the later flights are for cooling. In addition to external temperature controls, the front end of the screw is cooled by a coolant passing through a central bore along the screw length.
The length of metering section 60 is substantially greater than that normally employed in extrusion processes. This length should be sufficient to provide for the thorough mixing of all the material and the attainment of a uniform temperature profile in the material. Inadequate length results in a poor quality foam product. In general the requisite length, which can be conveniently referenced to by the L /D (screw length to diameter) ratio, will vary depending on the thermoplastic elastomer and its degree of hardness. In general, a minimum L /D ratio of about 32:1 is necessary to achieve good low density foams according to the present invention. Typically, L /D ratios of from about 40:1 to about 60:1 are suitable for most thermoplastic elastomers. For soft grades of SANTOPRENE® the preferred L /D ratio is about 48:1.
The mixing is enhanced by the use of mixing pins arranged in rings across the flight channel to break up laminar flow. In the preferred embodiment, a series of continuous flight-interrupted ring configurations is alternated with interrupted flight-continuous ring configurations. The last two configurations are interrupted flight-continuous ring.
After leaving elongated metering section 60, the material is forced through a die 15. At the die, it is critical that the blowing agent be thoroughly mixed with the melted resin, that the pressure be above a certain minimum value, and that the temperature of the melt be within a certain window. In the preferred embodiment using SANTOPRENE®, the pressure should be at least 250 psi, although this value may vary with the blowing agent used. The extrusion temperature must be in a window from 295°-340° F. to produce a good smooth foam product. Table I shows several temperature profiles for the 2.5 inch extruder screw at different operating speeds.
The dies used in the present invention differ significantly from those used in the conventional foaming of thermoplastic elastomers. Conventional dies have included tapered lands to provide laminar flow into the die, i.e. to ensure that there are no abrupt changes in the direction of flow. It was also thought to be necessary to have a land length short enough to minimize pressure drop and premature foaming but long enough to withstand system pressures and form the profile thoroughly. With such a die system, however, only simple symmetric profiles could be produced. It now has been found that contrary to the conventional wisdom, the use of a thin, substantially taperless die results in a high-quality foam and may be used to produce complex profiles. In addition, such dies are much less expensive than conventional dies and can greatly reduce production costs while providing the ability to produce foam products having a variety of shapes.
After the material has been foamed, it passes onto conveyor 20 for cooling. In the preferred embodiment this conveyor is about 60 feet in length. Fans 25 may be provided at various points along the conveyor to facilitate cooling, although they are not absolutely necessary. It should be noted that the extrudate may not be passed into a trough of water as is sometimes done in the prior art since the foamed SANTOPRENE® of this invention floats and thus would result in differential cooling and disortion of the extrudate. At the end of the conveyor, the extrudate is wound up on reel 30.
A particularly preferred extrudate profile will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. FIG. 6 illustrates a die configuration which may be used to produce a foam profile suitable for use as a doorseal. An air jet is positioned beneath the extrudate as it leaves the die to provide cool air to prevent the extrudate from collapsing and adhering to itself. FIG. 5 illustrates the product of this embodiment attached to a structure. Barbs 65a and 65b serve to securely retain the weatherstrip in kerf 70. Foam profile 75 is covered at least in part by a thin skin which provides a low friction contact for a door or window. This skin may comprise any low friction polymer and in the preferred embodiment is polyethylene.
The process of production construction of this preferred embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 4. The foam product produced in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 1 is unwrapped from reel 85 and is subjected to a corona discharge treatment to enhance its bonding ability. The foam is then ultrasonically bonded to a stiffener as is schematically illustrated at 90. As will be appreciated this step is possible because of the thermoplastic nature of the foamed product. Prior art nonthermoplastic foams cannot take advantage of this processing technique. The foam/stiffener configuration then has a low friction skin adhesively bonded to at least part of its outer surface. It is important that the low friction skin not cover the point of attachment of the stiffener, i.e. the barbs. This ensures that the barbs are able to dig into a door jamb or other structure effecting the secure attachment of the weatherstrip.
As shown in FIG. 3a, the stiffener may be omitted, the extruded foam profile simply having a low friction skin 90 bonded to at least a part of its surface.
TABLE I______________________________________ Flight No. 27 RPM 50 RPM______________________________________TEMP ZONE 1 0-8.15 320° F. 320° F.TEMP ZONE 2 8.15-13.8 340 350TEMP ZONE 3 13.8-19.4 390 350TEMP ZONE 4 19.4-25.3 390 350TEMP ZONE 5 25.3-31.1 390 350TEMP ZONE 6 31.1-36.7 390 350TEMP ZONE 7 36.7-42.4 330 310TEMP ZONE 8 42.4-48.2 330 295END CLAMP -- 365 340DIE -- 365 365______________________________________
According to the present invention, a soft, high quality, low density elastomeric thermoplastic foam may be produced. The best prior art foaming techniques were able to produce simple profiles of such foams down to a density of 20 lbs/ft3. The present invention permits the foaming of complex profiles at a density of 10 lbs/ft3. This results in lower overall production costs and enables the use of a thermoplastic elastomer for weatherseal purposes.
By soft is meant a foam having good load bearing (compressibility) properties. Typically loads of from about 0.75 to 1.5 lbs are the maximum that one would want a door or window closure to require. Accordingly the soft foams products of this invention should be deformed by at least about 50% under such loads. The range of densities to which the soft grades of SANTOTPRENE® should be formed for use as a weatherseal is from about 2 to about 19 lbs/ft3, with good results being obtained with a foam of about 5 to about 16 lbs/ft3. A soft grade SANTOPRENE® foam with a density of about 8 to about 10 lbs/ft3 provides the best results. Such densities reduce cost and enhance weatherseal characteristics. The present invention also produces a foam having a good compression set resistance. There is a low percentage of open cells in the foam produced, e.g. typically less than about 10%. Because of the teachings of the present invention, extruded foam profiles of complex shapes may be formed.
The present invention is able to achieve these enhanced low density foam characteristics because of the unique combination of elements comprising the extrusion process and apparatus. An unusually long metering region is provided to more thoroughly mix the greater amount of blowing agent into the melted resin because a blister region prevents backflow of the blowing agent when insufficient back pressure has been developed. The use of a thin plate for the die imparts both diversity and economy to the apparatus. The dies are inexpensive to produce and may be readily interchanged to form a variety of extruded profiles. The apparatus may thus be readily configured to create profiles suitable for many weatherseal applications.
SANTOPRENE® having a durometer reading of 64 was supplied to the hopper of the single screw extruder schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. Within the extruder barrel was the screw depicted in FIG. 2. At a point after the blister 12% by weight of chlorinated fluorocarbon 11 was added to the melted SANTOPRENE®. The temperature and pressure at the die were 365° F. and 250 psi, respectively at a screw rotation of 27 RPM. The melted SANTOPRENE®/blowing agent mixture was forced through the die pictured in FIG. 6 to produce a foamed profile.
While the foregoing description is directed to only presently preferred embodiments, it will be obvious to one of ordinary skill that numerous modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit or scope of the invention which is to be limited only by the appended claims.
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