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A method of producing a lithium-ion battery anode comprising: (a) providing an anode active material; (b) intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of lithium into this anode active material to produce a prelithiated anode active material; (c) comminuting the prelithiated anode active material into fine particles with an average size less than 10 μm (preferably sub-micron and more preferably <200 nm); and (d) combining multiple fine particles of prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material to form the anode. The battery featuring such an anode exhibits an exceptionally high specific capacity, an excellent reversible capacity, and a long cycle life.
1. A method of producing a lithium-ion battery anode comprising:
A) Providing an anode active material; wherein said anode active material is selected from the group consisting of:
a) silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and cadmium (Cd);
b) alloys or intermetallic compounds of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, or Cd with other elements, wherein said alloys or compounds are stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric;
c) oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, and tellurides of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Fe, or Cd, and their mixtures or composites; and
d) combinations thereof;
B) Intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of lithium into said anode active material to produce a prelithiated anode active material;
C) Comminuting said prelithiated anode active material into fine particles with an average size less than 10 μm; and
D) Combining multiple fine particles of said prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material to form said anode.
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17. A method of producing a lithium-ion battery comprising (A) preparing an anode using a method as defined in
18. A method of producing a lithium-ion battery comprising (A) preparing an anode from pre-lithiated and pre-pulverized particles of
19. The method as defined in
The present invention provides a method of producing an anode for a secondary battery, particularly a rechargeable lithium-ion battery that comprises an anode containing a prelithiated anode active material.
The following list of references is closely related to the prior art. These references will be cited from time to time in the specification. They will be indicated as [Ref. xx] or simply [xx], where xx denotes a numeral.
List of References
Concerns over the safety of earlier lithium secondary batteries led to the development of lithium ion secondary batteries, in which pure lithium metal sheet or film was replaced by carbonaceous materials as the negative electrode (anode). The carbonaceous material may comprise primarily graphite that is intercalated with lithium and the resulting graphite intercalation compound may be expressed as LixC6, where x is typically less than 1. In order to minimize the loss in energy density due to this replacement, x in LixC6 must be maximized and the irreversible capacity loss Qir in the first charge of the battery must be minimized. The maximum amount of lithium that can be reversibly intercalated into the interstices between graphene planes of a perfect graphite crystal is generally believed to occur in a graphite intercalation compound represented by LixC6 (x=1), corresponding to a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh/g [Ref. 1].
In addition to carbon- or graphite-based anode materials, other inorganic materials that have been evaluated for potential anode applications include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, and a range of metals, metal alloys, and intermetallic compounds that can accommodate lithium atoms/ions. In particular, lithium alloys having a composition formula of LiaA (A is a metal such as Al, and "a" satisfies 0<a<5) has been investigated as potential anode materials. This class of anode active materials has a higher theoretical capacity, e.g., Li4Si (3,829 mAh/g), Li4.4Si (4,200 mAh/g), Li4.4Ge (1,623 mAh/g), Li4.4Sn (993 mAh/g), Li3Cd (715 mAh/g), Li3Sb (660 mAh/g), Li4.4Pb (569 mAh/g), LiZn (410 mAh/g), and Li3Bi (385 mAh/g). An anode active material is normally used in a powder form, which is mixed with conductive additives and bonded by a binder resin. The binder also serves to bond the mixture to a current collector. Alternatively, an anode active material may be coated as a thin film onto a current collector. On repeated charge and discharge operations, the alloy particles tend to undergo pulverization and the current collector-supported thin films are prone to fragmentation due to expansion and contraction of the anode active material during the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. This pulverization or fragmentation results in loss of particle-to-particle contacts between the active material and the conductive additive or contacts between the anode material and its current collector. These adverse effects result in a significantly shortened charge-discharge cycle life [1].
To overcome the problems associated with such mechanical degradation, several approaches have been proposed [e.g., Refs. 2-18], including (a) using nano-scaled particles of an anode active material, (b) composites composed of small electrochemically active particles supported by less active or non-active matrices or coatings, and (c) metal alloying. Examples of more promising active particles are Si, Sn, and SnO2. For instance, Umeno, et al. [Ref. 14-17] proposed an anode based on carbon-coated silicon prepared by thermal vapor decomposition. Although a specific capacity as high as 800-1,450 mAh/g was achieved, the capacity faded rapidly after 40 cycles. Hung [5] disclosed a method of forming a composite anode material. The steps include selecting a carbon material as a constituent part of the composite, chemically treating the selected carbon material to receive nanoparticles, incorporating nanoparticles into the chemically treated carbon material, and removing surface nanoparticles from an outside surface of the carbon material with incorporated nanoparticles. A material making up the nanoparticles alloys with lithium. The resulting carbon/nanoparticle composite anodes did not exhibit any significant increase in capacity, mostly lower than 400 mAh/g. In fact, most of prior art composite electrodes have deficiencies in some ways, e.g., in most cases, less than satisfactory reversible capacity, poor cycling stability, high irreversible capacity, ineffectiveness in reducing the internal stress or strain during the lithium ion insertion and extraction cycles, and some undesirable side effects.
The positive electrode (cathode) active material is typically selected from a broad array of lithium-containing or lithium-accommodating oxides, such as lithium manganese dioxide, lithium manganese composite oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, and lithium iron phosphate. The cathode active material may also be selected from chalcogen compounds, such as titanium disulfate or molybdenum disulfate. These prior art materials do not offer a high lithium insertion capacity and this capacity also tends to decay rapidly upon repeated charging and discharging. A practical specific capacity of a cathode material has been, at the most, up to 200 mAh/g of the cathode active material, which rapidly decays as the charge-discharge cycling operation proceeds. In many cases, this capacity fading may be ascribed to particle pulverization or thin film fragmentation (analogous to the case of an anode material), resulting in a loss of electrical contact of the cathode active material particles with the cathode current collector. Since the cathode specific capacity is relatively low, there is a strong desire to make use of a cathode active material to its full capacity.
As a lithium-ion cell is charged and discharged, lithium is alternately stored in the cathode and in the anode, so that the total amount of cyclable charge corresponds to the amount of lithium shuttling back and forth between the two electrodes. When the cell is assembled, usually an amount of cathode active material is made to store the amount of lithium available for the subsequent cyclic operation. This selection of cathode, instead of anode, to pre-store the needed lithium was mainly due to the notion that cathode active materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide, are relatively stable in ambient air (e.g., against oxidation) compared to lithiated graphite. However, the notion that this amount of lithium that determines the battery capacity is totally supplied from the cathode, limits the choice of cathode active materials because the active materials must contain removable lithium. Also, delithiated products corresponding to LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 formed during charging (e.g. LixCoO2 and LixNiO2 where 0.4<x<1.0) and overcharging (i.e. LixCoO2 and LixNiO2 where x<0.4) are not stable [26]. In particular, these delithiated products tend to react with the electrolyte and generate heat, which raises safety concerns.
When the lithium-ion cell is assembled and filled with electrolyte, the anode and cathode active materials have a difference in potential of at most about 2 volts between each other. The difference in potential between the two electrodes, after the lithium-ion cell has been charged, is about 4 volts. When the lithium-ion cell is charged for the first time, lithium is extracted from the cathode and introduced into the anode. As a result, the anode potential is lowered significantly (toward the potential of metallic lithium), and the cathode potential is further increased (to become even more positive). These changes in potential may give rise to parasitic reactions on both electrodes, but more severely on the anode. For example, a decomposition product known as solid electrolyte interface (SEI) readily forms on the surfaces of carbon anodes, wherein the SEI layer comprises lithium and electrolyte components. These surface layers or covering layers are lithium-ion conductors which establish an ionic connection between the anode and the electrolyte and prevent the reactions from proceeding any further.
Formation of this SEI layer is therefore necessary for the stability of the half-cell system comprising the anode and the electrolyte. However, as the SEI layer is formed, a portion of the lithium introduced into the cells via the cathode is irreversibly bound and thus removed from cyclic operation, i.e. from the capacity available to the user. This means that, during the course of the first discharge, not as much lithium moves from the anode to the cathode as had previously been released to the anode during the first charging operation. This phenomenon is called irreversible capacity and is known to consume about 10% to 20% of the capacity of a lithium ion cell.
A further drawback is that the formation of the SEI layer on the anode after the first charging operation may be incomplete and will continue to progress during the subsequent charging and discharge cycles [26]. Even though this process becomes less pronounced with an increasing number of repeated charging and discharge cycles, it still causes continuous abstraction, from the system, of lithium which is no longer available for cyclic operation and thus for the capacity of the cell. Additionally, as indicated earlier, the formation of a solid-electrolyte interface layer consumes about 10% to 20% of the amount of lithium originally stored at the cathode, which is already low in capacity (typically <200 mAh/g). Clearly, it would be a significant advantage if the cells do not require the cathode to supply the required amount of lithium.
Takahashi, et al [20], Huang, et al [21], and Jacobs, et al [22] disclosed methods by means of which lithium is introduced into the anode active material in order to minimize the lithium consumption and thus the irreversible capacity loss. However, prelithiated carbon- or graphite-based anode active materials lead to electrodes which can be handled only under non-oxidizing and dry conditions, making practical production of lithium ion batteries difficult.
Meissner [23] disclosed a secondary lithium-ion cell which includes a lithium-intercalating, carbon-containing anode, a non-aqueous lithium ion-conducting electrolyte, and a lithium-intercalating cathode including a lithium-containing chalcogen compound of a transition metal, and a lithium-containing auxiliary electrode disposed in the cell to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss in the secondary lithium-ion cell. This auxiliary electrode is spatially separated from the electrolyte when the cell is positioned in a first orientation and contacts the electrolyte when the cell is oriented in a second position, for supplying additional lithium to the cell. Such an additional electrode makes the battery very complicated and difficult to make. Switching between two orientations is not a good strategy since it would complicate the handling of the battery and an average consumer would not pay attention to such a detail to ensure proper operation of such a battery.
The approach of using a sacrificial electrode, in addition to an anode and a cathode in a cell, was also proposed earlier by Johnson, et al. [24] and by Herr [25]. Again, this additional electrode further complicates the manufacture and operation of a resulting battery. The assembling operation of a battery containing a highly reactive lithium metal or alloy electrode must be handled in an oxygen-free and moisture-free environment.
Gao, et al. [26] disclosed a secondary battery containing an anode that is formed of a host material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium in an electrochemical system and lithium metal dispersed in the host material. The lithium metal is a finely divided lithium powder and preferably has a mean particle size of less than about 20 microns. The host material comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials (e.g., graphite), Si, Sn, tin oxides, composite tin alloys, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides and lithium metal oxides. The method of preparing such an anode includes the steps of providing a host material, dispersing lithium metal in the host material, and then forming the host material and the lithium metal dispersed therein into an anode. The lithium metal and the host material is mixed together with a non-aqueous liquid to produce a slurry and then applied to a current collector and dried to form the anode. Alternatively, the anode can be formed by chemical means by immersing the host material in a suspension of lithium metal in a non-aqueous liquid, and then formed into an anode. The approach of Gao, et al [26] has the following drawbacks:
Furthermore, Gao, et al. [26,27] have not fairly suggested how other anode active materials than graphite can be prelithiated in a controlled manner (e.g., without inducing a lithium coating on the surface of active material particles). In fact, no example was given to illustrate if or how other important anode active materials can be successfully prelithiated prior to battery production. No battery testing or electrochemical performance evaluation data was given in any of Gao's patents [26] or patent application [27] to demonstrate the advantages of their electrodes.
Therefore, there exists an urgent need for a secondary lithium ion battery that has one or more of the following features or advantages:
Therefore, a need exists for an anode active material that has a high specific capacity, a minimal irreversible capacity (or a low decay rate), and a long cycle life. In order to accomplish these goals, we have worked diligently and intensively on the development of new electrode materials. These research and development efforts lead to the present patent application.
The present invention provides a method of producing an anode for a lithium-ion battery that exhibits a significantly improved specific capacity and much longer charge-discharge cycle life. The method comprises (a) providing an anode active material (preferably in the form of fine powder or thin film); (b) intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of lithium into the anode active material to produce a prelithiated anode active material; (c) comminuting the prelithiated anode active material into fine particles with an average size less than 10 μm (preferably <1 μm and most preferably <200 nm); and (d) combining multiple fine particles of the prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material to form the anode.
The anode active material may be selected from the following groups of materials:
Lithiation of an anode active material (e.g., Si particles or thin film) in a prior art lithium ion battery during the charging operation is known to induce a volume change to the anode active material up to 300-400% of its original dimension. Such highly dilated particles or thin film are extremely brittle and prone to pulverization or fragmentation. During repeated charge/discharge cycles, the anode active material tends to quickly become pulverized and the resulting fragments lose contacts with the conductive additive and the current collector. Those fragments are no longer active in providing electrons to the external circuit.
The presently invented method makes use of the notion that highly lithiated anode active material is very brittle and can be readily pulverized. The present invention has turned this drawback into an advantage. The presently invented approach entails prelithiating the anode active material to the extent that the prelithiated material becomes readily pulverizable into nano-scaled particles. The approach includes pre-pulverizing the prelithiated material into ultra-fine particles prior to incorporating these particles into an anode. The results have been most surprising in several aspects:
These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more transparent with the description of the following best mode practice and illustrative examples. The present invention also provides a method of producing a lithium-ion battery; the method comprising (A) preparing an anode using the aforementioned method; and (B) combining the anode with a cathode, separator, and electrolyte to form the battery. Generally speaking, the invention offers a method of producing a superb lithium-ion battery. The method comprises (A) preparing an anode from pre-lithiated and pre-pulverized particles; and (B) combining this anode with a cathode, separator, and electrolyte to form the battery.
This invention is related to anode materials for high-capacity lithium batteries, which are preferably secondary batteries based on a non-aqueous electrolyte or a polymer gel electrolyte. The shape of a lithium metal or lithium ion battery can be cylindrical, square, button-like, etc. The present invention is not limited to any battery shape or configuration.
The present invention provides a method of producing an anode for a rechargeable lithium-ion battery that exhibits a significantly improved specific capacity and much longer charge-discharge cycle life. The method comprises (a) providing an anode active material (preferably in the form of fine powder or thin film); (b) intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of lithium into the anode active material to produce a prelithiated anode active material; (c) comminuting the prelithiated anode active material into fine particles with an average size less than 10 μm (preferably <1 μm and most preferably <200 nm); and (d) combining multiple fine particles of the prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material to form the anode. The starting anode active material in the form of a fine powder preferably has an average diameter less than 10 μm. If in a thin-film or plate form, the anode active material preferably has a thickness less than 10 μm.
As summarized in
The presently invented approach (schematically shown in
Furthermore, even though prelithiated and pre-pulverized particles could still shrink in volume during the discharge process when lithium is extracted out of the anode active material, we have surprisingly found that the resulting anode was capable of maintaining a high capacity for a much longer cycle life compared with conventional anode structures. Presumably, shrinking of prelithiated and pre-pulverized particles did not lead to loss of contacts with conductive additives (e.g., carbon black or fine graphite particles) and the current collector during the charge and discharge cycles.
For a lithium ion battery, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the starting anode active material (in a fine powder or thin-film form) may be selected from the following groups of materials:
The anode active material for use in the presently invented lithium ion battery preferably includes at least one of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) as an element. This is because silicon, germanium, and tin have a high capability of inserting and extracting lithium, and can reach a high energy density. The next preferred group of elements includes lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and cadmium (Cd). When any of these two sets of elements are included as a primary element of an electro-active material (defined as being capable of absorbing and extracting lithium ions in the present context), which is prelithiated and pre-pulverized, the cycling stability of the resulting anode material can be significantly improved. Another preferred class of anode active material include the oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides, or their mixtures (e.g., co-oxides or composite oxides) of: (a) Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Fe, or Cd for anode active materials; or (b) Co, Ni, Mn, V, Ti for cathode active materials. They can be readily produced in a thin-film or powder form.
Prelithiation can be accomplished in several different ways. A physical process entails depositing a Li coating on a surface of an anode active material substrate (e.g., thin Si plate or fine Si particles), followed by promoting thermally induced diffusion of Li into the substrate (e.g., into the interior of a Si plate or Si particles). A thin lithium layer can be deposited on the surface of a thin anode material sheet (e.g., Si plate) using a standard thin film process, such as thermal evaporation, electron beam evaporation, sputtering, and laser ablation. A vacuum is used during the deposition process to avoid reactivity between the atomic lithium and molecules of lithium reactive substances such as water, oxygen, and nitrogen. A vacuum of greater than 1 milli-Torr is desirable. When electron beam deposition is used a vacuum of 10−4 Torr is desired and a vacuum of 10−6 Torr is preferred to avoid interaction between the electron beam and any residual air molecules.
The evaporative deposition techniques involve the heating of a lithium metal to create a lithium vapor. The lithium metal can be heated by an electron beam or by resistive heating of the lithium metal. The lithium vapor deposits lithium onto a substrate such as a Si plate or Si particles. To promote the deposition of lithium metal the substrate can be cooled or maintained at a temperature lower than the temperature of the lithium vapor. A thickness monitor such as a quartz crystal type monitor can be placed near the substrate to monitor the thickness of the film being deposited. Alternatively, laser ablation and sputtering techniques can be used to promote thin lithium film growth on a substrate. For example, argon ions can be used in the sputtering process to bombard a solid lithium metal target. The bombarding knocks lithium off of the target and deposits it on the surface of a substrate. Laser ablation processes can be used to knock lithium off of a lithium target. The separated lithium is then deposited on a substrate.
A more preferred pre-lithiation process involves electro-chemically forcing Li atoms to migrate into the bulk of a Si plate or multiple Si particles under the influence of an electromotive force (emf). In a typical arrangement, again using Si as an example, a thin Si plate or thin Si rod is used as a positive electrode and Li metal sheet or rod as a negative electrode. This is similar to an electro-plating procedure, but, surprisingly, Li atoms are capable of permeating into the bulk of the Si plate or rod (not just being plated on the surface). The surface-coated Li may be dissolved in a solvent and washed away. For electrochemical lithiation of Si particles, the particles may be confined in a porous container (e.g., fine metal mesh) that is permeable to electrolyte, but does not allow solid Si particles to escape. The fine metal mesh serves as a working electrode while a lithium metal rod or sheet serves as a counter electrode.
The aforementioned prelithiation processes are applicable to all the anode active materials discussed in the present specification, not just Si, although Si is used as an example to illustrate the best-mode practice. The anode active material preferably comprises silicon and the prelithiated particles comprise a prelithiated silicon Li4Si, Li4.4Si, or LixSi, wherein numerical x is between 1 and 4.4. These particles were found to be particularly suitable for size-reduction by using ball-milling to produce nano particles. The comminuted, prelithiated fine particles further preferably comprise a prelithiated silicon particle having a size less than 200 nm, more preferably less than 100 nm.
The step of providing an anode active material may comprise providing a doped semiconductor material. Such a doped semiconductor material may be selected from Si or Ge doped with n-type and/or p-type dopants. Commonly used n-type dopants are P, As, and Sb and commonly used p-type dopants are Al, Ga, and In.
The step of comminuting the prelithiated anode active material into fine particles may be accomplished using a wide range of grinding or milling process, such as air jet milling and ball milling, particularly high-intensity ball milling. Preferably, this step is carried out to the extent that the resulting fine particles have an average size less than 10 μm, preferably less than 1 μm, further preferably less than 200 nm, and most preferably <100 nm.
It may be noted that the electro-active material (e.g., prelithiated and pre-pulverized Si nano particles) may be coated with a carbonizable coating material (e.g., phenolic resin, poly(furfuryl alcohol), coal tar pitch, or petroleum pitch). The coating can then be carbonized to produce an amorphous carbon or polymeric carbon coating on the surface of these Si particles. Such a conductive surface coating can help maintain a network of electron-conducting paths during repeated charge/discharge cycles and prevent undesirable chemical reactions between Si and electrolyte from happening. Hence, the presently invented method may further comprise a step of coating a surface of the comminuted, prelithiated fine particles with a thin layer of carbon having a thickness less than 1 μm prior to step (d). The thin layer of carbon preferably has a thickness less than 100 nm. Such a thin layer of carbon may be obtained from pyrolization of a polymer, pitch, or organic precursor or obtained by chemical vapor deposition.
In the preparation of an anode, acetylene black (AB), carbon black (CB), or ultra-fine graphite particles may be used as a conductive additive. Conductive additives may comprise an electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of electro-spun nano fibers, carbonized electro-spun nano fibers, vapor-grown carbon or graphite nano fibers, carbon or graphite whiskers, carbon nano-tubes, nano-scaled graphene platelets, metal nano wires, metal-coated nano wires, carbon-coated nano wires, metal-coated nano fibers, carbon-coated nano fibers, and combinations thereof. A binder material may be chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer (EPDM), or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), for example. Conductive materials such as electronically conductive polymers, meso-phase pitch, coal tar pitch, and petroleum pitch may also be used as a binder. A typical mixing ratio of these ingredients is 80 to 85% by weight for the anode active material, 5 to 15% by weight for the conductive additive, and 5 to 10% by weight for the binder. The current collector may be selected from aluminum foil, stainless steel foil, and nickel foil. There is no particularly significant restriction on the type of current collector, provided the material is a good electrical conductor and relatively corrosion resistant. The separator may be selected from a polymeric nonwoven fabric, porous polyethylene film, porous polypropylene film, or porous PTFE film.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step (d) may comprise combining multiple fine particles of prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material, plus a desired amount of another type of anode active materials selected from particles of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, meso-carbon micro-bead, surface-modified graphite, carbon-coated graphite, or a combination thereof.
Hence, a lithium ion battery may contain an anode that comprises at least two types of anode active material wherein at least one type of active material is prelithiated (e.g., Si and Sn) and at least one type of active material is not prelithiated (e.g., carbonaceous material, such as graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, surface-modified graphite, chemically modified graphite, or meso-carbon micro-beads, MCMBs). Prelithiated carbonaceous anode materials are unstable in regular room air. The present invention enable the battery to contain an anode that comprises at least a non-carbon active material possessing an ultra-high lithium absorbing capacity (e.g., Si that exhibits a specific capacity up to 4,200 mAh/g). The battery comprises an anode that contains an excess amount of lithium (disposed inside a non-carbon anode active material, not on its surface) to compensate for the formation of SEI layers, in addition to providing enough lithium to intercalate into (or form a compound with) a cathode active material.
The present invention allows the excess amount of lithium to be stored in high-capacity anode active materials (there is no need to make use of the full capacity of Si, for instance). The capacity limitation is on the cathode side, rather than the anode side. The present approach obviates the need for the cathode to supply the needed lithium, thereby further reducing the needed initial weight of the cathode or increasing the cathode weight that can be incorporated in a cell. This strategy can increase the overall capacity of a lithium ion battery by another 10%-20%.
The positive electrode active material may be selected from a wide variety of oxides, such as lithium-containing nickel oxide, lithium-containing cobalt oxide, lithium-containing nickel-cobalt oxide, lithium-containing vanadium oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium manganese-iron phosphate, and other lithium metal (or mixed metals) phosphate. Positive electrode active material may also be selected from chalcogen compounds, such as titanium disulfate or molybdenum disulfate. More preferred are lithium cobalt oxide (e.g., LixCoO2 where 0.8≦x≦1), lithium nickel oxide (e.g., LiNiO2), lithium manganese oxide (e.g., LiMn2O4 and LiMnO2), lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese-iron phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate because these oxides provide a relatively high cell voltage and relatively good cycling stability.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is one of the most important cathode materials used in lithium-ion secondary batteries. LiCoO2 and other similar lithium transition metal oxides, such as lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide, can be prepared by various methods using different lithium and transition metal sources. In general, bulk transition metal oxides are prepared by solid-state reactions, which involve repeated heat processes at high temperatures. Such processes generally afford the thermodynamically more stable phases and in general, microcrystalline materials are obtained. Lower temperatures and mild processing conditions may be used for several methods, such as co-precipitation, sol-gel process with/without template, synthesis by precursor, ion-exchange reaction and hydrothermal. These methods also result in particles with better control of morphology and smaller size. Other methods include flame spray pyrolysis, dehydro-freezing evaporation, supercritical dehydration, supersonic hydrothermal synthesis, and ultrasonic processing.
As an example, a process for producing lithium-cobalt oxide my include (a) mixing cobalt oxide having an average particle size of not more than 0.1 μm, with a lithium compound; and (b) calcining the obtained mixture at a temperature of 500 to 850� C. As compared to the conventional processes that begin with larger cobalt oxide particles (e.g., diameter>10 μm), such a process is advantageous in that lithium-cobalt oxide particles (1) can be produced with a short calcination time, (2) have a narrow particle size distribution, and (3) have a uniform small particle size.
The flame-spray pyrolysis method may include the steps of: (a) spraying minute droplets containing a solution of dissolved lithium salt and cobalt salt at room temperature; (b) atomizing the minute droplets through rapid expansion into a high temperature environment generated by combusting oxygen and hydrogen; (c) decomposing and oxidizing the atomized minute droplets thermally at high temperature to produce nano-sized oxides in gaseous phase; and (d) collecting the produced nano-sized composite oxides particles.
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 is a promising candidate of cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The advantages of LiFePO4 as a cathode active material includes a high theoretical capacity (170 mAh/g), environmental benignity, low resource cost, good cycling stability, high temperature capability, and prospect for a safer cell compared with LiCoO2. A major drawback with this material is that it has very low electronic conductivity, on the order of 10−9 S/cm2. This renders it difficult to prepare cathodes capable of operating at high rates. In addition, poor solid-phase transport means that the utilization of the active material is a strong function of the particle size. This major problem may be overcome by using a nano-scaled powder (to reduce the Li ion diffusion path and electron transport path distance) and doping the powder with a transition metal. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nano particles may be prepared by ball milling of conventional micron-sized particles, which may be prepared by a solid state reaction using LiOH.H2O, (CH3COO)2Fe, and NH4H2PO4 as raw materials. Additionally, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 materials, as an example of lithium mixed-metal phosphate, may be successfully prepared by the solution deposition using lithium acetate, aluminum nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and titanium butoxide as starting materials. The resulting material may be ball-milled to sub-micron or nanometer scales. This is but one example of a host of complex metal phosphate-based cathode materials.
A wide range of electrolytes can be used for practicing the instant invention. Most preferred are non-aqueous and polymer gel electrolytes although other types can be used. The non-aqueous electrolyte to be employed herein may be produced by dissolving an electrolytic salt in a non-aqueous solvent. Any known non-aqueous solvent which has been employed as a solvent for a lithium secondary battery can be employed. A non-aqueous solvent mainly consisting of a mixed solvent comprising ethylene carbonate (EC) and at least one kind of non-aqueous solvent whose melting point is lower than that of aforementioned ethylene carbonate (hereinafter referred to as a second solvent) may be preferably employed. This non-aqueous solvent is advantageous in that it is (a) stable against a negative electrode containing a carbonaceous material well developed in graphite structure; (b) effective in suppressing the reductive or oxidative decomposition of electrolyte; and (c) high in conductivity. A non-aqueous electrolyte solely composed of ethylene carbonate (EC) is advantageous in that it is relatively stable against decomposition through a reduction by a graphitized carbonaceous material. However, the melting point of EC is relatively high, 39 to 40� C., and the viscosity thereof is relatively high, so that the conductivity thereof is low, thus making EC alone unsuited for use as a secondary battery electrolyte to be operated at room temperature or lower. The second solvent to be used in a mixture with EC functions to make the viscosity of the solvent mixture lower than that of EC alone, thereby promoting the ion conductivity of the mixed solvent. Furthermore, when the second solvent having a donor number of 18 or less (the donor number of ethylene carbonate is 16.4) is employed, the aforementioned ethylene carbonate can be easily and selectively solvated with lithium ion, so that the reduction reaction of the second solvent with the carbonaceous material well developed in graphitization is assumed to be suppressed. Further, when the donor number of the second solvent is controlled to not more than 18, the oxidative decomposition potential to the lithium electrode can be easily increased to 4 V or more, so that it is possible to manufacture a lithium secondary battery of high voltage.
Preferable second solvents are dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl propionate, methyl propionate, propylene carbonate (PC), .gamma.-butyrolactone (.gamma.-BL), acetonitrile (AN), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl formate (PF), methyl formate (MF), toluene, xylene and methyl acetate (MA). These second solvents may be employed singly or in a combination of two or more. More desirably, this second solvent should be selected from those having a donor number of 16.5 or less. The viscosity of this second solvent should preferably be 28 cps or less at 25� C.
The mixing ratio of the aforementioned ethylene carbonate in the mixed solvent should preferably be 10 to 80% by volume. If the mixing ratio of the ethylene carbonate falls outside this range, the conductivity of the solvent may be lowered or the solvent tends to be more easily decomposed, thereby deteriorating the charge/discharge efficiency. More preferable mixing ratio of the ethylene carbonate is 20 to 75% by volume. When the mixing ratio of ethylene carbonate in a non-aqueous solvent is increased to 20% by volume or more, the solvating effect of ethylene carbonate to lithium ions will be facilitated and the solvent decomposition-inhibiting effect thereof can be improved.
Examples of preferred mixed solvent are a composition comprising EC and MEC; comprising EC, PC and MEC; comprising EC, MEC and DEC; comprising EC, MEC and DMC; and comprising EC, MEC, PC and DEC; with the volume ratio of MEC being controlled within the range of 30 to 80%. By selecting the volume ratio of MEC from the range of 30 to 80%, more preferably 40 to 70%, the conductivity of the solvent can be improved. With the purpose of suppressing the decomposition reaction of the solvent, an electrolyte having carbon dioxide dissolved therein may be employed, thereby effectively improving both the capacity and cycle life of the battery.
The electrolytic salts to be incorporated into a non-aqueous electrolyte may be selected from a lithium salt such as lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium borofluoride (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF6), lithium trifluoro-metasulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide lithium [LiN(CF3SO2)2]. Among them, LiPF6, LiBF4 and LiN(CF3SO2)2 are preferred. The content of aforementioned electrolytic salts in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 0.5 to 2.0 mol/l.
Summarized in
In summary, the present invention provides an innovative, versatile platform materials technology that enables the design and manufacture of superior anode materials for lithium ion batteries. This new technology has the following significant advantages:
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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Description: This jersey knit is perfect for activewear apparel. It features 25% four way stretch and a smooth hand.
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1. What is BMC Health Services Research?
BMC Health Services Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of health services research, including delivery of care, management of health services, assessment of healthcare needs, measurement of outcomes, allocation of healthcare resources, evaluation of different health markets and health services organizations, international comparative analysis of health systems, health economics and the impact of health policies and regulations.
BMC Health Services Research is part of the BMC series which publishes subject-specific journals focused on the needs of individual research communities across all areas of biology and medicine. We offer an efficient, fair and friendly peer review service, and are committed to publishing all sound science, provided that there is some advance in knowledge presented by the work.
BMC series - open, inclusive and trusted.
All articles are available online, and in addition the website offers many other services:
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Alexandra House hosted the 12th Annual Hope Gala March 7 at the Tournament Players Club in Blaine....Read More
alexandra house
Constance Free Church, Andover, had a plan in mind for the offering it collected Christmas Eve – fighting homelessness and domestic abuse in Anoka County. ...Read More
The Coon Rapids City Council Feb. 3 approved a service agreement with Alexandra House, the only women's shelter in Anoka County....Read More
Ahmed Hassan was recognized as the Minnesota Vikings' second Community Captain of the season....Read More
Since 1977, Anoka County residents have been an organized force against domestic violence through the Alexandra House....Read More
On Saturday, March 1, Alexandra House held the 11th annual Hope Gala at the Tournament Players Club in Blaine. ...Read More
Nearly 80 members of the Blaine football program bagged groceries at Cub Foods in Blaine Dec. 21 to help raise money for Alexandra House. Bengals pictured above presented Alexandra House with a $3,200 donation Jan. 30 from money raised at the pre-Christmas fundraising event. ...Read More
The rain falling outside Sunday morning forced the annual Stop Domestic and Sexual Violence Walk-a-thon put on by the student members of the Coon Rapids High School's chapter of Family, Career and Consumer Leaders of America inside to the school's fieldhouse....Read More
More than 500 people walked together on a rainy Saturday morning, hoping to end domestic and sexual violence....Read More
Dobie, a much-loved rescue dog turned therapy dog, has died....Read More
The Edina Realty Foundation has awarded grants to Eagle's Healing Nest, Alexandra House, Inc., and Minnesota Teen Challenge....Read More


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Posted at: 11/15/2012 7:35 AM
By: The Associated Press
LAS CRUCES, N.M. (AP) - A tie in a race for a New Mexico House of Representatives seat could end up being broken by a coin flip or other game of chance.
The race between Democrat Joanne Ferrary and incumbent Republican Terry McMillan for the 37th District seat ended with an even split of more than 12,000 votes.
The Las Cruces Sun-News reports that if a recount leaves the race still even New Mexico law requires a game of chance be used as a tie-breaker.
The exact game is up to a five-person panel that includes the candidates, the county Democratic and Republican chairs and a judge. McMillian says he prefers a single hand of five-card stud. Ferrary says she's not sure which game she might prefer. Each received 6,217 votes.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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On Monday, May 19, the parking lot at the boiler plant will
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The parking lot is needed for the laydown area of the chiller plant expansion
Facilities Engineering and Construction
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Mar. 9, 2015
New Phase 3 plan approved, construction to start this year
The new plan for the third phase of the First Street Redevelopment project was formally approved by the City Council on March 2, following a positive recommendation by the Planning & Development Committee on Feb. 17.
The third phase covers an area bounded by First Street, Illinois Street and the Fox River, with plans for three mixed-use buildings and a 110-space parking deck. All three buildings will have ground floor retail space. Building one will have upper level office space and will be fully occupied by ALE Solutions, which currently has offices across the street at the Fox Island Square building. Buildings 2 & 3 will have residential space on their upper levels.
The parking deck will offer public parking. Private parking will be available under the buildings. The bi-level riverwalk along the river front and an east plaza across from the existing First Street plaza remain part of the site layout.
Construction is slated to begin in spring, with preliminary site work and construction of Building 1 and the parking deck planned to begin in earnest during the summer.
Anticipated construction for Building 2 is spring 2016, and spring 2017 for Building 3.
Jan. 6, 2015
New PUD Preliminary Plan proposed for Phase 3 Site
First Street Development II, LLC has filed an application for PUD Preliminary Plan approval for development of a portion of the Phase 3 site, which is the vacant riverfront property located at the northeast corner of Illinois and First Streets.
The proposed site plan includes three mixed-use buildings and a parking deck. The plan covers the portion of the site located south of the planned East Plaza and is generally located in the previously planned building footprint locations. Attached are location maps showing the building site in relation to the planned public spaces.
The plan is similar to the Concept Plan presented in January 2014, except that Building #1 is now proposed as all office on the upper floors (instead of residential use). No street level office uses are proposed in any building.
Preliminary Plan Review Process
The PUD development standards for the site were approved by the City in 2006 and revised in 2008. The Preliminary Plan process requires a developer to submit plans for review by the City to determine if the plans comply with the previously approved PUD development standards and any other zoning requirements.
The Preliminary Plans were reviewed and recommended for approval by the Historic Preservation Commission on 11/19/14 and the Plan Commission on 12/16/14. The plans will next be presented to the Planning & Development Committee of the City Council in as early as February 2015.
Public spaces around the proposed buildings
Related Documents
Dec. 11, 2013
New Concept proposed for Phase 3 riverfront property
The developers of the First Street project, First Street Development LLC, have submitted a Concept Plan application for feedback on a revised plan for a portion of the Phase 3 property. The revised concept would modify the development plans for the portion of the project site where the River Loft and River Terrace buildings (Buildings 1, 2, & 3) had been planned, between the Fox River and First Street, directly across from the existing Plaza Parking Deck building.
The Concept Plan is scheduled to be reviewed by Historic Preservation Commission on 12/18/13, Plan Commission on 1/7/14, and Planning & Development Committee of the City Council on 1/13/14. The purpose of the Concept Plan review is to enable the developer to obtain informal input on a concept prior to spending considerable time and expense in the preparation of detailed plans and architectural drawings. The Concept Plan process also serves as a forum for citizens and owners of neighboring property to ask questions and express their concerns and views regarding the potential development.
Three new buildings are proposed: two four-story mixed use buildings fronting on First Street, with retail/restaurant/offices uses on the ground floor and rental residential on the upper floors (each building with 36 residential units) and one five-story mixed use building along the riverfront, with retail/restaurant/office uses on the ground floor and residential condominiums above (32 units). A 121 space parking deck would be constructed between the buildings, in addition to 36 parking spaces under each of the buildings intended for use by the building residents. The Concept Plan can be viewed here.
The proposed concept fits within the previously approved building footprints on the site. The planned bi-level walkway along the river and the east plaza, to be located opposite the existing plaza west of First Street, remain in the same locations. The site of Building #9, the One West Main building proposed by SMN Development, is not part of the Concept Plan proposal.


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Your next big job opportunity: Tearing down coal plants
By: SGN Staff
Quick Take: Although it's certainly no surprise, Navigant Research has documented that North America and Europe are about to see a massive wave of coal plant retirements or conversions. Many utility executives just don't see any point in resisting the many pressures against coal.
By the way, if you don't like the idea of tearing down plants in North America and Europe, you can travel to China and other parts of Asia, where they are building them far faster than we are pulling them down in the rest of the world. - By Jesse Berst
Coal Plant Decommissioning
Driven by tightening environmental regulations, competition from natural gas plants, and public pressure for cleaner sources of electricity, utilities will retire record numbers of aging coal plants between 2013 and 2020. Coal plant owners face a complex series of decisions around these plants, including whether to convert them to natural gas combustion, how best to accomplish the decommissioning process, how to replace the generating capacity, and what the eventual disposition of the facility and the land will be.
At the same time, the coming wave of retirements offers large opportunities to the companies that will carry out the decommissioning processes: consultants; engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) companies; demolition companies; environmental remediation firms; and so on. While retirements will occur in many countries, the majority will take place in North America and Western Europe, as countries in Asia Pacific, for example, continue on a path of major coal generation additions in the next 2 decades. Navigant Research forecasts that the market for coal plant decommissioning in North America and Europe will grow from $455 million in 2013 to $1.3 billion by 2016, declining rapidly thereafter. Cumulative revenue from 2013 to 2020 will total $5.3 billion.


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The Rise of Parthia in the East: From the Seleucid Empire to the Arrival of RomePaperback
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- Publisher: Createspace
- Format: Paperback | 178 pages
- Dimensions: 152mm x 228mm x 14mm | 300g
- Publication date: 12 October 2013
- Illustrations note: black & white illustrations
- Sales rank: 772,941
Product description
Seleucus inherited a rather large chunk of land, extending from Anatolia in the west to the borders of India in the east. You could say he hit the "lottery" but at the same time he inherited much more than he bargained, more so for his future inheritors of this vast domain. One of the biggest problems in controlling such a vast amount of land is the issue of holding onto it. In other words, the land is too big to use for it is too big to lose. One has to consider, especially those in the Seleucid administration, that there are going to be language barriers, but even more important than language barriers, are the cultural barriers. Because of these cultural barriers, it was easier to allow the locals to govern. In this way, the Seleucids could control their eastern provinces more effectively. However, even this is a facade. While the Seleucids allowed the locals of their eastern provinces to govern, it also created a friction between the two cultures. In other words and as you shall read, the Seleucids began to ignore their supposed subjects of the east. Ignoring the various peoples on the Iranian Plateau and areas further to the east under Seleucid control caused many of them, including Greco-Macedonians, to question the intent of their masters further west. In doing so, many would secede in the east. This secession from the Seleucids enticed certain nomadic tribes, such as the Aparni (Parthians), to invade, conquer, confiscate and colonize the weakest breakaway provinces. The Seleucid regime's uncertainty allowed a small tribe from the north to invade a breakaway province considered Seleucid territory that, in turn, would go on to nearly re-conquer everything Alexander the Great had subdued almost a century earlier.
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Cam Rea lives in Indiana, and served in the U.S. Army as a Combat Engineer. He holds a BA and MA in Military History. Mr. Rea is currently a Teaching Assistant for the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and contributing writer for Classical Wisdom Weekly. He has also authored four books, the most current, "March of the Scythians: From Sargon II to the Fall of Nineveh."


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July 1st, 2008 #1Registered User
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Any tutorials/books re: use of line weight?
I draw figures mostly and I like comics. I've noticed in any type of drawing, line weight makes a HUGE difference in the outcome of the drawing. I'd love to be able to use it correctly. I use it a bit but never as well as it should be. I need a tutorial or book or whatever, on how to use it. I believe it's thinner where light hits the object; maybe thinner on thin parts.
Anyone know any resources for this?
- Similar Threads
- Line weight
- Art: Line weight
- Playing with line weight
- Line Weight
- Line weight
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJuly 1st, 2008 #2
I have just the thing.
Deals with inking of course, but if you're going for comic-style drawing the rules can still apply. The first volume's better suited to your request, I think, but I wouldn't say no to the combined edition.
...which is only my opinion.
Sketchbook Deviations
July 1st, 2008 #3Registered User
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July 1st, 2008 #4
July 1st, 2008 #5
Prometheus|ANJ touches on line weight a bit in his general art tutorial.
My thoughts on line weight is that it's a form of abstract contrast. That is, it's a form of contrast (obviously, thick lines vs. thin lines) that is not anchored to reality because we do not see actual lines. This is an important distinction because color contrast is something that we derive from reality and thus has certain rules to follow to look accurate (which can be broken for certain effects, of course), value contrast also is anchored in reality and follows similar restrictions, edge contrast as well, and so on.
But line weight, because it is not directly derived from reality doesn't have a particular rule set. What I'm getting at, and the part you can skip to (), is that line weight can serve any function you want. It can even serve multiple functions (as seen in the Tentopet tutorial). But it should be clear to the observer what function(s) the line weight performs, and these functions should be consistent.
For example, line weight can:
- Demonstrate light and shade (thin on the light side, thick on the shade side... a common use)
- Show distance (like a physical object, thicker where the object would be closer and thinner at a further distance)
- Accentuate outlines (thick outline, thinner detail lines)
- Convey a literal sense of weight (dumbells might have huge thick lines while a feather has very thin lines)
- Separate the main focus from the background (typical of the use of edge hardness)
- Accentuate the intersection of lines (largely aesthetic)
- Et cetera
Just be consistent within a piece on the line weight's function, and make sure it in fact conveys that function visually. Hope that helps.
-My work can be found at my local directory thread.
July 1st, 2008 #6
This is a quality tutorial on inking
The Following User Says Thank You to Justice Von Brandt For This Useful Post:
July 5th, 2008 #7Registered User
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The japanese tutorial was the most detailed I've seen, though not quite the style I was thinking. Some of the techniques there I've heard of, like intersections being thicker, close light source thinner, intricate lines thinner...
But what if you have something that intersects two of the rules, like a large mass, which would mean thicker lines, but the mass is close to a light source, which would be thinner lines? Which do you follow?
Anid, what you say makes sense.
From what I've read, the following "rules" are what I learned (or knew):
Line weight:
*Thicker at...
outer parts of a curve
a shadowed area
a large mass
an intersection of the same line
a long straight line with no other thicknesses on it
Outline of object
predominant objects/closer in space
*Thinner at...
Inner parts of a curve
a lit area
a light (non-heavy) mass
inner lines of an object
intricate line work/small details
objects farther back in space/smaller
On MnM's link, it's stated basically that how you do your line weight kind of depends on the artist and there are no real rules. But, I've seen people use line weight and the image will look "off" and you can't really discern why. There must be some logic to how to do it or else you wouldn't be able to say a drawing looks "off" due to line weight, right?
If you go here:
and click on Deckard Cain's journal, there's a lot of beautiful concept art there, not colored, that uses line weight well.
Some of those images...where something gets smaller, meaning like two lines that form the edge of a curved weapon, run together to the tip, the tip is actually inked thicker than the rest of the object...you'd think since that part has less volume it would be thinner, right? But it looks good to me.
Another nice example:
Any other thoughts?
July 5th, 2008 #8
The "rules" you listed, while common uses, are not hard rules. The only real rules I can think of is that the function of the line weight is visually identifiable and that the line weight assists rather than interrupts the other elements of your art.
-My work can be found at my local directory thread.


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Originally written on NESN.com | Last updated 5/3/13
Sometimes, it's just not your night — and it certainly wasn't on Friday night for the Red Sox. Derek Holland pitched eight shutout innings and Adrian Beltre had all the RBIs the Rangers needed to come away with a 7-0 win over the Sox. Felix Doubront was shaky early and was burned for it eventually, but the Red Sox offense never got going in a significant way anyway. NESN Nation's Dan Duquette is awarding Holland our "Shutout Shrug" player of the game award. Who gets your vote? Take Our Poll Join NESN Nation: In-game home page | Twitter | Facebook
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Cemeteries, Saint Augustine
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I stopped briefly to get a couple of snapshots of the Tolomato Indian Cemetery as we walked by. Upon returning home, I learned that this site is worthy of more attention.
The Tolomato tribe was among the earliest to be converted to Christianity. Prior to 1763, this was the location of their village, complete with chapel (served by Franciscan missionaries) and burial ground. When the British acquired Florida in 1777, the Tolomato abandoned the village. The cemetery remained, however, and the last burial took place in 1892. The first bishop of St. Augustine, Augustin Verot (d. 1876), is buried in the mortuary chapel at the rear of the cemetery.
There are those who believe the cemetery to be haunted, and St. Augustine's ghost tour operators include it on their itinerary. There are reported sightings of a child at play and "energy orbs." Beneficial for the tour business, I guess.
In the 1821 the yellow fever epidemic took the lives of many new pioneers. This is the public burial ground for those.
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Texas corporate counsel community raises $71,026 for civil legal aid
The Texas Access to Justice Commission, in conjunction with the General Counsel Forum, raised $71,026 for civil legal aid during the 3rd Annual Charity Golf Classic held Thursday in San Antonio.
This year's event exceeded the amount raised during last year's tournament and is more than double the amount raised in the inaugural tournament. The proceeds will be donated to the Texas Access to Justice Foundation.
Legal aid organizations funded by foundation help more than 100,000 low-income Texas families each year. Many need help with critical civil legal issues impacting their very existence such as securing safety for victims of domestic abuse, obtaining medical care for veterans and the elderly, and helping families maintain their housing. Due to a lack of resources, only about 20 percent of the civil legal needs of low-income and poor Texans are being met.Continue Reading...


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Tens of thousands of buyers are pre-registered to attend the Fairs, including AS Watson, Adidas, AEON, American Greetings, Atico, Baby Boom, Brookstone, Casino, Chickeeduck, Coles Group, Mothercare, Next, Sears and Woolworths.
Private Sourcing Events offer exclusive opportunities for pre-selected exhibitors to meet large global companies in private during the Fairs. A record 35 sourcing teams are scheduled to take part, including 10 teams from Russia, highlighting growing participation from emerging market buyers. Companies set to meet exhibitors at Private Sourcing Events include Amscan, Axon, Alisa, Arti-M, Direct Sourcing Group, Franco, Grand Toys, Groupe Zannier, Hermes-Otto International, Kmart Australia, Liverpool, Mothercare Group, Okaidi, Target Australia and Warrior Sports.
To help buyers and exhibitors meet and do business more effectively, Global Sources is organizing a series of special on-site activities at the Fairs. These include:
|SOURCE Global Sources
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
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We had our 11 day old son circumcised today and after the procedure noticed that the cut is fairly uneven, a lot lower on one side than the other... has anyone ever seen that? Will it heal more evenly? We feel terrible that it looks so bad... did we make the wrong choice in having it done? Any advice, please!
Uneven Circumcision
Comments (6)
I dont know what to tell you, my son's circ was done when he was just a day old still in the hospital, and they put some kind of plastic ring on it that did it instead of cutting it, and it fell off the same day as his umbilical cord. Maybe someone else will have a better answer for you.
Help me pay my rent? Check out my hand-made plushes!
I would wait for it to heal before you start getting worried. I don't remember exactly what my DS's looked like, it's so hard to tell because it's so red. I'm sure if the dr.'s felt they did something wrong they would have told you. Hang in there :)
Mommy to Ivo - 6 and Ezekiel (Zeke) - 5
Presley Jean Born 10/2 - 8lbs 2 oz and BEAUTIFUL!
Thanks for the encouragement-- it's so hard not to be paranoid and worried! We're definitely hoping that things begin to look better, but might go back in just to make sure-- as one side is SO much lower... poor little guy!
Yeah, one of my sons is a bit uneven(longer on the bottomside shorter on the topside). I don't know if I've gotten used to it or if it really looks not so bad, but I do still see that it is uneven. I worry he will feel badly about it later in life. He is such a huge lover though thru and thru. I figure whoever gets him as a husband will be very lucky. He just will have to work on capturing their hearts and not their critical eyes.
If he feels badly enough about it later, he could have it fixed.
Here in Washington the OBGYN does it the pediatricains do not do it. The thing is the OBGYN' s I figure are sleep deprived and our's had just lost her father a week or 2 prior to doing the circumcision. Guess she wasn't concentrating when she was lining up the gompco clamp.
Thanks for sharing your story- helps to hear any bit of encouragement- as hubby and I are regretting it terribly. Our pediatrician did ours, and as far as we know, has had tons of experience... the bottom side is shorter on our little guy- the top side looks ok. I just wonder about later, with erections and appearance- will it all work out? So disconcerting, we just feel sick about the whole thing!
Let it heal before you freak out too much. There's a lot of swelling that may be making it look odd, especially if they injected lidocaine to numb it. My LOs looked horrible and I was asking myself the same thing, but now a week later it looks good.
Mom to *4 Angels* & Tyler Austin 10-17-09


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I have a BFA in graphic design, and currently work at Southern California Edison.
My wife and I run two Etsy shops: one for my clothing company and one for printable DIY stationary.
My wife and I help out at our church in the youth ministry. I also follow a lifestyle free of grains, moving around frequently at a slow pace, lifting heavy things and sprinting every once in awhile.
My free time consists of going on walks with my wife, daughter and dog; playing Ticket to Ride with my wife, or planting stuff in one of our square foot gardens.


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What some people aren't taking into account is that the hour hand (just like the other hands on this clock) is moving continuously. In other words, it won't just be stationary over the 12 from 12:00 to 12:59 and then suddenly jump to the 1 at 1:00. It continues to move at a rate of 1/12 of the arc of the circle (30 degrees) per hour.
if its 1 hour 5 mins after 12noon exactly its 13:05, theres no mention of the second hand...you are overcomplicationg it
&& the angle is 30degrees i think because a full circle is 360 degrees so you quarter it to make 90 and devide by 3...making the answer to the riddle 13:05 and 30 degrees.....thereis no need for long sums or pi...=S
I liked this riddle, a fun one to solve and a few different ways to do it (I used the speed of each hand around the clock).


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As women, hormonal fluctuations throughout our life cycles are natural and important for our health and well-being. Hormonal fluctuations that cause pain and illness, however, are not. A widespread misconception among women and traditional medical practitioners alike is that common "female problems" are simply to be endured as a normal part of being a woman.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormone imbalance of female sex hormones, such as too little estrogen, and too many androgen hormones. PCOS causes a disruption in regular menstrual cycles, increased risk of endometrial cancer, infertility, increased growth of facial hair, decreased breast size, and deepening of the voice.


text:
|Hydreco Patent applications
|Patent application number
|POWER TAKE-OFF - A power take-off (PTO) includes new features to make it more environmentally friendly, improve service life, and reduce service part inventory. The idler shaft, which holds the pick-up gear for connecting the PTO to a transmission, may include a splined shaft. The pick-up gear and an idler gear may be mounted on the splined in different configurations. The output of the PTO, including a splined output and an output plate for connecting to secondary equipment such as a hydraulic pump, can be easily replaced or reconfigured to work with different configurations of secondary equipment.


text:
beaver and deer know of it...
View Single Post
playing in Telluride
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Santa Fe, New Mexico, Rocky Mountains, USA
Oddometer: 113
beaver and deer know of it...
Slept til 8:30am and then packed up
and drove out by 9:30am, immediately heading East from Snow Lake on FR 142/CR 021 headed for the Beaverhead Work Center 30 miles away on dirt. Easy going on a dry, hard surface thru beautiful mountain country.
After 19 miles, I turned onto FR 59 for 11 more miles towards Beaverhead WC.
FR 59 intersects with FR 150 and there I turned South on 150, now headed for Wall Lake
and then on to Mimbres, NM for fuel about 56 more miles away. Make sure you have enough water and fuel! No joke! You dont want anything to go wrong out here! The bears are not helpful and the coyotes just try to scam you out of your money and electronics.
These dirt forest roads take you around the perimeter of the Gila Wilderness, but not into it. Vehicular traffic is not allowed inside any designated Wilderness Area. FR 150 drops you out onto paved Hwy 35 and I turned East down the Mimbres River valley a few miles to Mimbres, NM for fuel. Then I reversed direction on Hwy. 35 and went back towards Hwy 15 and the Gila Cliff Dwellings. But first I stopped in Mimbres for a great BBQ lunch at Brians BBQ on Hwy 35 in Mimbres. I recommend the beef brisket dinner plate, its great stuff!
So after lunch, now west on Hwy 35, past Lake Roberts
to the intersection with Hwy 15, then go north on Hwy 15 which will take you into the heart of the Wilderness
and to Gila Cliff Dwelling National Monument and the nearby Gila Hot Springs. Got to the Visitors Center at the end of Hwy 15 and then paid the $3.00 entry fee and toured the Indian cliff dwellings which date from around 1270 AD. Here are some of the pics.
How amazing the site is, you walk up into a narrow canyon, Gila River nearby, spring fed year round water in a small creek just downhill, mid-cliff cave protection Another western Eden! Its worth seeing. You can also walk right thru some of the caves to see the various rooms and views close up and wonder what it was like to live there 700 years ago. Friendly NP docents are there to answer questions.
I spent a while there and then walked back down out of the canyon to my moto.
It was around 5:30pm in the afternoon, so I rode back down Hwy 15 just a few miles to the Gila Hot Springs Ranch. Here is one of the great bargains of the whole trip. The Hot Springs campground charges just $5.00 a night to soak all you want and then camp overnight. Wow! I put my tent up between one of the hot pools and the Gila River was just a few feet away on the other side. There are three clean pools with different water temps and you can fish or take a cold plunge in the Gila. Everything is clean and simple, quiet and friendly and very Zen. I got in the pool with the medium temp, put my feet up for a few hours and later, still in the water, watched the sunset and thought that life was Goooooooood!
There is fuel and food available if you need it at Doc McDonalds, another local institution in Gila Hot Springs, NM. There are other campgrounds, RV parks and a few bed and breakfast places right in that area, but I recommend the Hot Springs Campground for price, location, outdoor hot spring pools and laid back ambience.
Later, looking at my maps before I sleep, I realized I had driven 135-140 miles on dirt and pavement today, but wound up only 15-20 miles, as the raven flies, from Snow Lake. ..and I am right back on the Gila River in the heart of the Wilderness.
The Beaver and Deer know of it - 6/1/2011
Big Bend National Park, TX, Ride Report, 12/2010
East of Eden's Fires - 8/2011
View Public Profile
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text:
Lyme disease diagnosis and treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at:
. Updated July 26, 2012. Accessed September 26, 2012.
Lyme disease. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated June 29, 2012. Accessed September 26, 2012.
Lyme disease. lymedisease.org. Available at:
. Accessed September 26, 2012.
Lyme disease.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases website. Available at:
Updated March 29, 2011. Accessed September 26, 2012.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
. 21st ed. Englewood, CO: Micromedex; 2001.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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The A's of April: ADHD
I've always had a pretty wild imagination so it was no surprise when my mom enrolled me and my sister in an after school program called "Peter Pan Players." We were encouraged to channel our energy, both physical and mental, into interactive games. One time, we were asked to close our eyes and share what we envisioned. I described, in exhaustive detail, a horse drawn carriage gliding through a snow kissed forest with sleigh bells ringing out a haunting melody…ever sight and sound imaginable until the teacher finally had to stop me. When she got to my sister and asked what she saw, Marie frankly stated, "I can't see anything, my eyes are closed!" It was obvious that we were wired very differently. How about you? Let's delve a little deeper to learn more about our brains and behavior.
Cranium Chaos
The human brain is a fascinating machine capable of precise clarity or wild chaos. Whether in your childhood or as an adult, I'm certain you've had occasions when you lacked focusing, excessively fidgeted, and failed to follow through on everything from homework to housework. For many years scientists, researchers, medical professionals and parents have all sought ways to improve behavior in children. While most behavior is just kids being kids, there are neurological factors that may come into play in which children (and adults) experience more extreme levels of inattention, hyperactivity and lack of impulse control. In these cases, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is identified. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) describes these characteristics as follows:
- Inattention
- easily distracted or confused
- difficulty focusing on one thing, completing tasks, or learning something new
- not listening and daydreaming
- struggling to follow instruction
- Hyperactivity
- fidgeting and squirming
- talking nonstop
- constantly in motion
- inability to do quiet tasks
- Impulsivity
- extreme impatience
- blurting out inappropriate comments
- acting out without restrain or regard to consequences
- interruptive during conversations and activities
In Focus
While scientists and researchers are still unable to pinpoint a specific root cause for ADHD, it is clear that (just like many other conditions, diseases and disorders) genetics and environment play a significant role in the development of ADHD.
- Genes — researchers have found that certain genes actually produce "thinner brain tissue in the areas of the brain associated with attention" according to NIH research. The great news is that as children grow, the brain tissue in that area thickens resulting in a natural relief of symptoms.
- Environment - pregnancy can dramatically affect ADHD symptoms in children when exposed to cigarette smoking, and alcohol in the womb. Lead paint in plumbing and paint may also result in ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Food additives may also be a factor although research remains ongoing to determine a correlation.
The great news here is that with the discovery of the Epigenome, we can influence gene behavior and certainly shape our environment to improve brain function and relieve ADHD symptoms naturally.
Pay Attention
Did you know that a child's brain continues to develop through the age of 12? The better we feed the brain at an early age, the better the odds are in developing optimal mental, physical and behavioral health. Children with ADHD are often deficient in critical brain nutrients. Here are several nutrients identified as low in ADHD children and their benefits to help fuel better behavior:
- Omega-3's — a clinical study of boys showed those with low levels of omega-3s had more temper tantrums and sleep disturbances than those with normal levels. When the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA were given to children 6–12 yrs. old for two months, Japanese researchers found a significant reduction in aggression versus the control group. DHA was also found to improve brain function during sustained attention tasks like test taking.
- Phosphatidylserine (PS) — another great fatty acid found in high concentrations in the brain. It has been shown to improve attention, focus, behavior and learning in children and young adults. A four month study of ADHD children found that daily consumption of PS showed improvement in 25 out of the 27 participants.
- Magnesium — helps calm the brain and may help reduce aggressive and fidgety behavior.
- Zinc — helps produce neurotransmitters which allow the brain cells to better communicate with each other.
- Iron — a key brain nutrient that reduces anger and enhances mood. Research has shown a reduction in depression among teenage girls and higher IQ scores.
Food is your best and should be your first source when adding healthy nutrients such as these to your diet or your children's diets. If you do supplement, look for a complete dietary supplement that includes a balance blend of nutrients. Some single source supplements can be harmful if consumed in excess especially for children.
Tips and Techniques for All
We all need to make better choices for our children and for ourselves. Influencing our genes and our environment requires discipline and determination but it also can be fun. Here are some great steps to help improve attention, focus, behavior, and social interactions:
- Simplify — remove clutter and chaos from your home, school and work environments.
- Schedule — develop a consistent daily schedule from the beginning of the day to bedtime. Be sure to include homework and outdoor activities. Engage children in marking a calendar for upcoming travel or schedule changes so they can be better prepared for the changes.
- Support — we all enjoy encouraging praise and ADHD children expecting criticism will feel more empowered to improve with positive motivation.
- Space — you know the adage "a place for everything and everything in its place." Creating designated spaces for clothing, books, toys, etc. will help improve everyday order.
- Specifics - children suffering with ADHD and other behavioral issues need clarity and specific direction to keep them focused and on task. Be patient and offer clear direction.
- Supplement — we all need balance in our lives to function at our peak. Cleaning up our diet, especially for our children's sake, will not only improve physical health, it will also support healthier mental and emotional states. Eliminate processed foods, especially those containing preservatives, refined sugars and simple carbohydrates. Adding a well-rounded dietary supplement like Reliv Now® for Kids* provides a great source of vital brain boosting nutrients including DHA, EPA, and PS as well as a safe, balanced blend of vitamins and minerals.
Dream On
By now you've either read through this article or found something shiny and I lost you a long time ago. Either way, I can't fault you for it, as I have been guilty of wandering down more than a few bunny trails in conversation and occasionally in print. No matter what you see when you close your eyes, feeding your brain and keeping your kids' brains healthy will help you all stay on a straighter path towards your dreams!
Ready, Set, Grow! - Reliv Now® for Kids includes LunaRich™ with the highest potency of lunasin. 24K™ also provided beneficial B vitamins and Omega-3s for focus and relaxed alertness. Simply go to www.reliv.com/buy use RCN: 53960101
"Train up a child in the way he should go; even when he is hold he will not depart from it. "
The statements contained in this material have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Reliv products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Copyright © 2013 by Christine A.Toriello, all rights reserved.
Just desire to say your article is as astonishing.
The clearness in your post is just nice and i could assume you are an expert on
this subject. Fine with your permission let me to
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Academic difficulties are also frequent. The symptoms are especially difficult to define because it is hard to draw a line at where normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and clinically significant levels requiring intervention begin. To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must be observed in two different settings for six months or more and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age.


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Simple wrapper for a child phantomjs instance. Most of the page API/events are exposed in a transparent way
Simple API for spawning/controlling phantomjs from node.js
npm install phantomjs-wrapper
All this module is forward method calls from node.js to phantomjs and events from phantomjs. Here is a list of supported method and events.
For basic usage tutorial look in the test file


text:
Get free worksheets plus activities, articles, and science projects.
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text:
College Football Scoreboard
|This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (December 2007)
|College Football Scoreboard
|Rece Davis
Lou Holtz
Mark May
Wendi Nix
Todd McShay
Robert Smith
|Country of origin
|United States
|Running time
|30 min. to 45 min.
|Original channel
|Original release
|2001 – Present
College Football Scoreboard is a program on ESPN and ESPN2 that provies up to the minute scores and highlights during the college football season. The official name is College Football Scoreboard presented by Acura.[1] The name of the show was College Gameday Scoreboard up until 2006. It airs four times a day at 3 p.m. ET and 7 p.m. ET on ESPN and at 3 p.m. ET and at 7 p.m. ET on ESPN2. The 3 p.m. ET programs on both networks are thirty minutes long and the 7 p.m. ET programs on both networks lead up to College Football Primetime.
The ESPN College Football Scoreboard is hosted by Rece Davis along with analysis from Lou Holtz and Mark May. They also appear later that night on College Football Final at 12 a.m. ET. The ESPN2 version is hosted by Wendi Nix with analysis from Todd McShay and Robert Smith. Both College GameDay Scoreboard groups also provide the half time reports, post game reports and live in game updates from games around the country. The 7 p.m. ET versions, for both ESPN and ESPN2, lead up to ESPN College Football Primetime, which begins immediately following the show at 7:45 p.m. ET.
See also[edit]
|This article about a sports television series is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Pro+ Premium Content/E-Books
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Protecting patient data: Tips for the health IT pro
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This e-book from SearchHealthIT.com provides invaluable tips for health IT leaders who are considering data, hardware, network and backup tape encryption technologies for their organizations.
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- Use risk analysis to identify data encryption needs
- With data so vulnerable at rest, hardware encryption a must
- Keeping unencrypted patient data out of backup tapes
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text:
Cutting power costs with KPowersave
KPowersave gives KDE users a single easy interface for configuring power management settings.
Modern hardware comes with
any number of power-saving
options. KPowersave [1] provides
a simple interface for managing
these power options in Linux.
Useful Helpers
KPowersave requires an up-to-date KDE
version. You'll also need a few helper applications.
The Hardware Abstraction
Layer (HAL) [2] facilitates access to peripherals.
The version on your machine
must be 0.5.4 or later. D-Bus, a technology
that programs use to communicate
on the X Window System [3], should be
version 0.33 or newer, and you also need
Powersave [4] 0.10.15 or newer.
Buy this article as PDF
(incl. VAT)
Buy Linux Magazine
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Direct Download
Read full article as PDF:KTools_KPowersave.pdf (710.01 kB)
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


text:
2013 snowcollegemag 8 29 final
Fall 2013 Snow College Magazine
Find Us Online: Snow College Snow College Alumni @SnowCollege @Snow Alumni Snow College Snow College Alumni Snow_College Snow College Video www.snow.edu/snowtv Non-profit Organization U.S. POSTAGE Provo, Utah Permit No. 541 PAID POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Snow College Foundation 150 College Avenue Ephraim, UT 84627 Your children's inheritance If you graduated from Snow College, your children or grandchildren can attend Snow College at in-state tuition prices, no matter where you or they live in the world! To receive more information or to request a tuition voucher, please contact the Snow College Alumni Scholarship coordinator, Sara Golding, at (435) 283-7150. just scored a big one 3 20 1 3 | S N O W CO L L EG E M AG A ZI N E


text:
Smallest Motorcycle Model Made Of Recycled Materials
Indu Rawal
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India / May 17, 2012
Indu Rawal built a motorcycle model out of recycled materials measuring 40 millimeters in length and 22 millimeters in width. Some of the materials he used were thin wires, capacitor, and small-cell batteries.
- must build motorcycle out of recycled materials
- must provide measurement
- must provide measurement


text:
Planned giving is a way for you to help us fight Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration and glaucoma. It may also enable you to receive a stream of income for life, provide a charitable income tax deduction, and reduce or eliminate estate taxes. The bequest you make will serve as a significant tribute to your legacy.
A will or Trust also provides a legal record of your wishes concerning the distribution of your assets after your death. More planned giving options that meet your financial and philanthropic goals.
There are many ways you can leave a lasting legacy. Please click on the links below for a more detailed description of each planned giving option.
Contact Barbara Spitzer at 301-556-9340 if you any questions.
Last Review: 08/30/13
For Researchers | For Media | For Financial Advisors | Legal & Privacy Information | Previous Address Information Notice
BrightFocus Foundation
22512 Gateway Center Drive
Clarksburg, Maryland 20871
© 2000 - 2015 BrightFocus Foundation. All rights reserved.
Address: 22512 Gateway Center Drive, Clarksburg, MD 20871
Phone: 1-800-437-2423, Fax: 301-258-9454, E-mail: email@example.com
BrightFocus is a tax-exempt nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of the United States.


text:
Will microgrids destroy traditional utilities... or save them?
By: SGN Staff
Quick Take: Two electric power experts from the Rocky Mountain Institute have penned a lengthy discussion of the microgrid market. You can see a quick summary below, but if you have the time, jump to the full article for its well-balanced look at the pros and cons. - By Jesse Berst
America's electric power infrastructure is amongst the oldest on the planet. A Galvin Electricity Initiative report found that US outages occur three times as often and 10 times as long as those in places such as Germany and Denmark. Our centralized hub-and-spoke system only adds to the brittleness.
Microgrids are emerging as one answer to these challenges. Although they enhance reliability in theory, they also potentially threaten the traditional utility business model.
How microgrids create value...
Microgrids aggregate distributed energy resources. They are one way to make a "commoditized" electric power system customizable to the needs of an individual customer.
Microgrids give customers more power. Traditional electric power customers are often at the mercy of the utility's pricing structure. The microgrid puts the power in the hands of the customer and opens up choices.
Microgrids bring private capital. Much of the investment in microgrids will come from customers. As electric utilities face the burden of replacing aging infrastructure and complying with environmental standards, customer investments in microgrids can ease the pressure.
Microgrids improve efficiency. Microgrids use generating equipment located close to the customer. This reduces the transmission and distribution losses.
Despite these benefits, the microgrid cost-benefit equation is not yet compelling except for a select group of customers such as universities and military installations.


text:
The board that follows the Savannah River Site is still seeking information on the effects of the Site's lapse in appropriations during November's government shutdown.
The SRS Citizens Advisory Board – or CAB – will vote on submitting a letter to the Department of Energy asking for a presentation on the lapse.
Voting will take place during the bimonthly CAB meeting scheduled for Monday and Tuesday in Augusta.
Rose Hayes, the chair for the CAB's Nuclear Materials Committee, said the presentation was slated for a committee meeting in November; however, the presentation was canceled days before the meeting.
"It was the feeling of the board that if that presentation was given, we would have had more information that would prompt us to ask more questions," Hayes said. "We also felt that if we had more information, it would assist us in offering recommendations in the future."
Also listed on the CAB's agenda is a vote recommending a presentation on SRS' process for considering new missions.
CAB Chair Don Bridges said the vote will include a recommendation for the Site to keep CAB informed of new missions.
As an example, Bridges cited recent news of the highly enriched uranium that is expected to come to SRS from Canada this year.
"We want to know the process for determining which new materials come to SRS and what missions the Site decides to take on," Bridges said. "We would also like to be informed on these missions as they occur."
Other recommendations that could possibly receive votes include a recommendation for DOE to fund an independent environmental monitoring system for the Georgia side of the Site.
The CAB meeting is scheduled for Monday and Tuesday in the Willow Room of the Hilton Garden Inn in Augusta. The hotel is located at 1065 Steven Creeks Road, Augusta.
On Monday, the meeting will run from 1 to 5 p.m. On Tuesday, the meeting will run from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The meetings will include public comment opportunities throughout the day.
Derrek Asberry is a reporter with the Aiken Standard. He joined the paper in June. He is originally from Vidalia, Ga., and a graduate of Georgia Southern University. Follow him on Twitter @DerrekAsberry.
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