text:
A disposable, self-administered electrolyte test is affixed to the label of a commercially available electrolyte supplement, is available in the pharmacy section of a retail store, or is distributed by a physician or a clinic.
1. A disposable electrolyte test in the form of a substantially flat package, the electrolyte test comprising:
a. a flat, planar substrate;
b. a sample-receiving region on the substrate;
c. an ion-sensor cartridge in fluid communication with the sample-receiving region, the ion-sensor cartridge comprising an ion-selective layer for passing only certain species of a sample to an electrode layer;
d. an indicator on the substrate adjacent the sample-receiving region, wherein the indicator comprises a plurality of indicator elements for indicating a concentration level of an electrolyte within the sample;
e. circuitry for operating the ion-sensor cartridge and the indicator so as to cause display, on the indicator, of an ionic parameter in response to the presence of the sample on the sample-receiving region; and
f. a flexible cover affixed over the substrate so as to be unsealable therefrom and to thereby expose the sample-receiving region,
wherein the disposable electrolyte test is configured to conformably affix to a curved surface of a fluid container.
2. The electrolyte test of
3. The electrolyte test of
4. The electrolyte test of
5. The electrolyte test of
6. The electrolyte test of
7. The electrolyte test of
8. The electrolyte test of
9. The electrolyte test of
10. The electrolyte test of
11. A method of performing an electrolyte test, the method comprising:
a. providing an electrolyte test element comprising a flat, planar substrate, a sample-receiving region on the substrate, an ion-sensor cartridge in fluid communication with the sample-receiving region, an indicator responsive to the ion-sensor cartridge, and a flexible cover over the substrate so as to be unsealable therefrom and to thereby expose the sample-receiving region;
b. receiving a sample of saliva on the sample-receiving region; and
c. operating the ion-sensor cartridge and the indicator so as to cause display, on the indicator, of an ionic parameter of the sample, wherein the electrolyte test element is configured to conformably affix to a curved surface of a fluid container.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
This application claims the benefits of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/364,213 filed on Mar. 13, 2002, which is owned by the assignee of the instant application and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The invention relates generally to the field of electrochemical ion sensors, and more particularly to a disposable, self-administered electrolyte test.
Electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions, regulate the human body's nervous system, metabolic processes, renal function, vision, cardiac operation, pH balance, and olfactory senses. The body requires a precise balance of electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids to function properly, and through absorption by the intestines or excretion by the kidneys, the body adjusts electrolyte levels accordingly. Neither the intestines nor the kidneys can function, however, if either the electrolytes are not present to be absorbed or are overabundant and cannot be excreted.
Electrolytes may be depleted by excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or the use of diuretics, and depletion can lead to seizure, coma, or even death. Children are particularly susceptible to the loss of electrolytes during flu or other illness. An otherwise healthy person can experience greater than normal electrolyte levels during dehydration, which can also occur during a workout or as a result of vomiting and diarrhea. More severe dehydration can lead to a weak pulse, rapid breathing, and disorientation. Furthermore, the body's ability to sweat is diminished if fluids are unavailable. Because sweating is the body's primary cooling mechanism, a dehydrated person can easily overheat, which can cause a range of conditions from cramps to heatstroke.
While commercially available sports drinks and pediatric electrolyte supplements are available to replenish both fluids and electrolytes, an individual simply may not recognize his vulnerability or the rapidity with which electrolytes can be depleted as a result of sickness or during strenuous activity.
The present invention provides a convenient, self-administered electrolyte test that enables the user to recognize an electrolyte imbalance before injury occurs. The test may, for example, be affixed to the label on a bottle of a commercially available sports drink or a pediatric electrolyte supplement. Alternatively, the electrolyte test may be a personal, self-administered electrolyte test available in the pharmacy section of a retail store or distributed by a physician or clinic (similar to, for example, a home pregnancy test or a personal blood/alcohol test). The test may detect the concentration of one or more electrolytes present in a biomedical fluid, such as blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, or sweat.
In one aspect, the invention provides a disposable electrolyte test in the form of a substantially flat package. The electrolyte test includes a flat, planar substrate; a sample-receiving region on the substrate; an ion-sensor cartridge in fluid communication with the sample-receiving region; an indicator on the substrate adjacent the sample-receiving region; and circuitry. The circuitry operates the ion-sensor cartridge and the indicator so as to cause display, on the indicator, of an ionic parameter in response to the presence of a sample on the sample-receiving region.
In one embodiment, the circuitry includes a power source (e.g., a battery). The ion-sensor cartridge may include a plurality of ion-selective electrodes. The substrate, electrodes, indicator, and circuitry may be integrated such that the sensor retains a substantially flat, planar profile. The sample-receiving region and the indicator may be located on the one side of the substrate, while the other side of the substrate may include an adhesive facilitating affixation of the ion-sensor cartridge and the circuitry onto a surface. In one embodiment, the substrate, electrodes, indicator, and circuitry are flexible, permitting the sensor to conform and be affixed to a curved surface. A flexible cover may be peelably affixed over the substrate.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of performing an electrolyte test. The method includes providing an electrolyte test element including a flat, planar substrate, a sample-receiving region on the substrate, an ion-sensor cartridge in fluid communication with the sample-receiving region, and an indicator responsive to the ion-sensor cartridge. The method includes receiving a sample on the sample-receiving region, and operating the ion-sensor cartridge and the indicator so as to cause display, on the indicator, of an ionic parameter of the sample. In one embodiment, the test element includes circuitry and a power source. The ion-sensor cartridge may include a plurality of ion-selective electrodes. In one embodiment, the method includes the step of affixing the test element onto a surface. The substrate, electrodes, indicator and circuitry may be flexible, and the surface may be curved, permitting the test element to be conformed to the surface. In one embodiment, the sample is saliva.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following drawings, detailed description, and claims, all of which illustrate the principles of the invention by way of example only.
The advantages of the invention described above, together with further advantages, may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
Ion-selective electrodes include ion-selective layers, or membranes, that will pass only certain species. Ions can be transported across a membrane by a number of processes, including complex formation, diffusion, and drift. Diffusion is driven by a concentration gradient, drift by a potential gradient. Ion transport can also be driven by other sources of energy, for example thermal conduction, or an active ion pump utilizing chemical energy to transport ions across a cell membrane.
In the case of a sodium ion-selective electrode, two compartments, A and B, are separated by a semi-permeable membrane (e.g., permeable to only sodium). If the initial concentration of sodium ions in compartment A is zero, sodium ions will move from compartment B to compartment A since there is a concentration gradient across the membrane. A potential develops that is proportional to the log of the concentration of sodium in each compartment. This potential difference between the two compartments is described by the Nernst equation:
To assign a meaningful value to the electric potential, it is compared to a reference value acquired from a reference electrode. Therefore, while an ion-selective electrode measures the potential in the compartment that contains, ideally, only the ion of interest, a reference electrode measures the potential outside. The reference electrode includes a coating that is electrically conducting, while not favoring the conduction of any particular ion. Examples of suitable electrodes will be described below.
A disposable, self-administered electrolyte test may be constructed using ion-specific electrodes.
The electrolyte test 100 provides the ability to detect constituents in a liquid sample. For example, an ion-selective electrode of the invention may be chosen to detect pH (i.e. H+), Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, ammonium ions (NH4 +), Cl−, Br−, I−, F−, CN−, OCl−, perchlorate (ClO4 −), thiocyanate (SCN−), sulphide (S−), nitrate (NO3 −), nitrite (NO2 −), sulfate (SO3 −), carbonate (CO3 −), bicarbonate (HCO3 −), and/or S2O3 2. The ion-selective electrodes may be utilized to detect ions by, for example, amperometric, potentiometric, coulombic, conductometric and/or AC analysis techniques. Suitable liquid samples may include saliva, blood, urine, plasma, serum, or sweat.
In one embodiment, the ion-selective layer 140 includes a doped polymeric material. Suitable polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polystyrenes, polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyvinyl butyryls, polyvinyl formals, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl alcohols, and copolymers of two or more of the above. The dopant may include an ion-selective species such as, for example, a non-dissociable ion-specific, neutral sequestering agent (i.e., an ionophore) or an electrically charged, liquid ion exchanger.
An ionophore is a chemical compound capable of forming a complex with an ion and transporting it through a membrane. The ionophore includes channels that have specific shapes and abilities to bind polar compounds based on the positions of fixed polarities in the molecules in the channel. Ideally, the membrane transports only one ion, but if two ions are similar, a channel designed for one may allow the other also to pass through. The extent to which other ions can diffuse across a membrane is described by the membrane's selectivity coefficient, which can cause deviation from the Nernst equation. The selectivity coefficient is typically measured experimentally, and corrected for by software.
Suitable dopants for a lithium ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, N,N′-diheptyl-N,N′,5,5′-tetramethyl-3,7-dioxononanediamide, 1,4,7,10-tetraoxyacyclodecane 12-crown-4, and N,N,N′,N′-tetraisobutyl-cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboamide. Suitable dopants for a potassium ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, valinomycin, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, bibenzo-18-crown-6, tetraphenyl borate, and tetrakis p-chlorophenyl borate. Suitable dopants for a calcium ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, bis(didecylphosphate), bis(4-octylphenylphosphate), and diethyl N,N′-[(4R,5R)-4,5-dimethyl-1,8-dioxo-3,6-dioxaoctamenthylene]bis(12-methylaminododecanoate). Suitable dopants for a sodium ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, nonactin, moenensin, N,N′,N″-triheptyl-N,N′,N″-trimethyl-4,4′,4″-popyllinditris-(3-oxabutyramide), bis[(12-crown-4)methyl] dodecylmethylmalonate, and N,N,N′,N′-tetracyclohexyl-1,2-phenylenedioxydiacetamide (ETH 2120). Suitable dopants for a hydrogen ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, tridodecylamine, N-octadecyloxy-m-chlorophenylhydrazonemeso-oxalonitrile, and N-octadecyloxy-m-chlorphenylhydrazonemeso-oxalonitrile. Suitable dopants for a chloride ion-selective electrode include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium chloride, tributyl tin chloride, and Ag/AgCl.
In another embodiment, the ion-selective layer includes a crystalline material or crystalline membrane. For example, for a fluoride ion-selective electrode, the ion-selective layer may include a lanthanum fluoride crystal that has been doped with europium fluoride, which reduces the resistivity of the crystal.
Preferably, the substrate 144 is fabricated from a semiconductor material such as silicon, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide or combinations thereof. Other suitable substrate materials include, but are not limited to, plastics, refractory oxides, and glasses. As described above, the substrate 144 may include one or more reference electrodes 128. Reference electrodes 128 provide a controlled potential for aqueous and biological fluids over a wide range of ionic strengths and compositions. The substrate may include one reference electrode having both an anion and a cation exchange material. For example, a reference electrode may include a solution of 0.6% tridodecylmethylammonium chloride, 0.5% potassium tetrakis (para-chlorophenyl) borate in an aromatic polyurethane dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution is applied as a coating and dried in place. Alternatively, the substrate may include one reference electrode for the cation-selective electrodes and another reference electrode for the anion-selective electrodes. Suitable reference electrodes for cation-selective electrodes include, but are not limited to, Ag/AgCl and Ag/AgCl with, for example, a hydrophilic polyurethane, UV-curable polyurethane, and/or UV-curable epoxy. Suitable reference electrodes for anion-selective electrodes include, but are not limited to, Ag/AgCl.
Preferably, the ion-sensor cartridge also contains lead lines 148 that electrically connect one or more ion-selective electrodes 120 and/or reference electrodes 128 to the electrical connection portion 124 of the ion-sensor cartridge 104. The lead lines may be formed (e.g., by affixation or by deposition by, for example, screen printing) on a surface of the substrate, disposed within the substrate, or both. Suitable lead line materials include any sufficiently conductive material to electrically connect an ion-selective electrode or reference electrode to the electrical connection portion of the ion-sensor cartridge. Examples of suitable lead line materials include, but are not limited to, metals such as Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Ti, nickel (Ni), and layered combinations and alloys thereof, metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO), and conductive polymers such as poly(pyrrole), poly(N-methylpyrrole), poly(3-methylthiopene) and poly(o-anisidine).
In various embodiments, the polymeric material/dopant solution includes a plasticizer. Suitable plasticizers include, but are not limited to, o-nitrophenyl-octylether, dimethylphthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA), bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS), dioctylphenyl-phosphonate, dibutylphthalate, dioctylphthalate, dibutyladipate, hexamethylphosphoramide, diundecylphthalate, and dioctyl sebacate. The polymeric material/dopant solution may be deposited on the electrode layer by, for example, screen printing, pneumatic dispensation, and/or spin casting. A sufficient fraction of solvent is then removed to form an ion-selective layer.
An adhesion promoter may be applied to the substrate or a dielectric layer disposed on the substrate to enhance the adhesion of the ionophore to the substrate or dielectric layer. The dielectric layer maintains electrical isolation between the conductive paths on the surface of the cartridges. The dielectric material may be a spun-on or a deposited organic dielectric such as a polyimide, a photoimagable dielectric, or an inorganic material such as silicon dioxide.
When the substrate material is either glass or silicon, a solution of ethanol, water, and a siloxane may be used. The siloxane preferably includes a functional group at each of the two ends of a long-chain molecule. One end bonds with an OH-terminated substrate (e.g., silicon or glass) and the other bonds to the ionophore. Suitable siloxanes include hexamethyldisiloxane. If the substrate includes a polyurethane-based polymer, then 3-aminopropyltri-methoxysilane or 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane is generally used. If the substrate includes a polyimide-based dielectric coating, then glutyraldehyde may serve as the adhesion promoter.
The method of fabrication may include a step of forming one or more reference electrodes on the substrate (step 160). In one embodiment, the method forms one or more cation reference electrodes and one or more anion reference electrodes. The cation and/or anion reference electrode may, for example, consist of or include Ag or Ag/AgCl.
In one embodiment, a Ag/AgCl reference electrode is formed by first depositing an electrode layer on the substrate. Second, if the electrode layer is not silver, a silver layer is deposited on the electrode layer. Third, a silver chloride layer is formed by, for example, chlorination by oxidation with a ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution, or by electrolysis by means of a KCl solution. Fourth, the Ag/AgCl layer is coated with an ion-exchange material such as, for example, a doped polymeric material or ion exchange resin. In another embodiment, the formation of a Ag/AgCl reference electrode includes deposition of a solid electrolyte layer on the AgCl layer instead of an ion-exchange material, and coating the solid electrolyte layer with an ion-exchange material.
Referring again to
It should be recognized that the steps of forming ion-selective electrodes, one or more reference electrodes, an electrical connection portion, and lead lines (steps 156, 160, 164, and 168) may be performed in any order. In addition, two or more of these steps may performed substantially concurrently. For example, where a reference electrode includes an electrode layer, the electrode layers of the reference electrode and one or more ion-selective electrodes may be deposited in the same step. Other combinations and concurrent performances of these steps will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the description of the invention. Subsequent to the ion-selective electrode, reference electrode, electrical connection portion, and/or lead line formation, the substrate is divided into longitudinal strips (step 172) such that at least two or more of the strips include a plurality of ion-selective electrodes (as illustrated, for example, in
An exemplary ion-sensor cartridge is made using the following procedure. A plurality of ion-sensor cartridges are produced from a single silicon wafer. Titanium is sputtered to form a layer about 1000 Å thick on the polished surface of a four-inch silicon wafer, and then an approximately 0.2 μm thick layer of semiconductor-quality silver is sputtered onto the surface of the titanium. This titanium layer serves to enhance adhesion of the silver layer. A layer of photoresist is then spun onto the silver layer. The photoresist is soft baked, exposed in a pattern and developed to yield a pattern of photoresist on the silver layer (i.e., a metallization pattern). This metallization pattern includes what will eventually become the ion-selective electrodes, the reference electrodes, lead lines and electrical connector portion of the ion-sensor cartridge. The uncovered silver layer is then chemically etched to expose the titanium layer, and the titanium layer is chemically etched to expose the underlying silicon wafer. The remaining photoresist is then removed, and the resultant coated wafer is cleaned (e.g., "descummed" to remove photoresist and/or carbonaceous films) with an oxygen plasma etch.
Photoresist is again spun on, baked, exposed and developed. This photolithographic step is used to protect all the previously patterned components, except for the ion-selective and reference electrode areas. The exposed ion-selective and reference electrode areas are then exposed to a 0.1 M FeCl3 solution for five minutes to convert the exposed areas to AgCl. The photoresist is then removed with a solvent, such as acetone, and the resultant coated wafer cleaned (e.g., descummed) in an oxygen plasma.
A photosensitive polyimide is then spun on the coated surface of the cleaned wafer and soft baked at approximately 55� C. for 70 minutes to produce a final cured thickness of approximately five microns. Subsequently, a second photolithographic step is used to pattern the polyimide to set out the ion sensitive electrode areas, the reference electrode areas and contact pads of the electrical connection portion of the cartridge. The patterned photoimagable polyimide is then developed and rinsed to remove the imaged polyimide from the metal. The resultant coated wafer is then cleaned again with oxygen plasma. The resultant coated wafer is then put through a cure cycle in a nitrogen-purged oven at approximately 300� C. for 60 minutes to cure the remaining polyimide.
A 5% aqueous solution by weight of glutyraldehyde may be used as an adhesion promoter. The array of sensors on the substrate as described above is immersed in the glutyraldehyde solution for approximately two minutes. The substrate is then dried in a desiccator. The ionophores and reference electrode coatings are then selectively deposited onto the AgCl layer of the appropriate ion-selective or reference electrode area by, for example, selective dispensation using a positive displacement pump. For example, a sodium ionophore, having as an active ingredient a one percent concentration of ETH 2120 in a solution of approximately 25% aliphatic polyurethane, 9% PVC and 66% DOA, is dissolved in THF. The solution is then dispensed onto regions where the sodium ion-selective electrodes are formed.
Similarly, a reference electrode coating is dispensed in solution onto one or more reference electrode areas to form reference electrodes. The coating may be a solution of 0.6% tridodecylmethylammonium chloride, 0.5% potassium tetrakis (para-chlorophenyl) borate in an aromatic polyurethane dissolved in THF. The ionophores and reference electrode coatings are then air dried at 50� C. for one hour. The silicon wafer is then divided to produce a plurality of ion-sensor cartridges having, for example, final dimensions of approximately 0.200 inch by 0.050 inch.
The first mask step protects all of the silver except the areas for the electrode heads 184. The silver is then chloridized to form a 1000 Å thick layer of AgCl on top of 1000 Å of silver. The second mask step protects the areas of the electrode heads 184, contact pads 188, and lead lines 192. The silver and titanium are then etched away from the remaining exposed area. The third mask step uses a photoimagable polyimide. The polyimide is removed from the electrode heads 184 and the contact pads 188, and serves as an insulator over the remainder of the wafer substrate 176. lonophores are deposited over the electrode heads 184, and the wafer substrate 176 is then divided into individual ion-sensor cartridges 180 each with seven electrodes. The individual cartridges 180 may be wire bonded to a larger, easier-to-handle connector, as described above. Preferably, the electrodes have 5 mil diameters, the lead lines are 2 mil wide with at least 2 mil spaces, the contact pads are 10 mil in diameter, and the ion-sensor cartridge is 50 mil wide and 200 mil long.
To incorporate a disposable electrolyte test on the label of a sports drink or pediatric electrolyte supplement, an electrical circuit 108 may be formed on a circuit board, as a bipolar microchip, or as a CMOS microchip.
The input stage 212 receives inputs from both the ion-specific electrode 224 and the reference electrode 228. The output of the input stage 212 is a voltage proportional to the difference between the two electrodes 224, 228. A transistor-level operational amplifier (op amp) is used to both buffer the signal and increase gain by a factor of ten before transmitting the signal to the other circuitry. To keep the input impedance high, the electrodes are attached to the gates of transistors, which inhibits current from being drawn from the electrodes. The reference electrode may also be buffered before being connected to the op amp.
Gain is obtained by feeding the output of a first op amp 232 through a first resistor 236 and into the negative terminal of a second op amp 240. Both op amps 232, 240 are in a feedback configuration, and a second resistor 244 is placed in the feedback path of the op amp 240. Preferably, the resistance of the first resistor 236 is 2 kΩ, and the resistance of the second resistor 244 is 20 kΩ. The stability of the circuit 212 is increased by including a load 248 of at least 10 kΩ. The first op amp 232 does not require a load because the second-stage gain resistors 236, 244 also load the first stage.
The op amps 232, 240 operate at low voltage (1.5 V supply) and allow both the input and output to go rail-to-rail (i.e., 0.0 to 1.5 V). An entire decade change in concentration (normal concentration of sodium in saliva is in the range of about 10 to about 25 mM) leads to a change of 60 mV, so a gain of almost ten is supported. This is entirely acceptable if the offset for each electrode is consistent and reproducible, which is not necessarily the case. Therefore, a one-point calibration is used, as described below.
The op amps 232, 240 are not coupled to external sources, although they may be. Instead, current mirrors are used in the output and gain stages to equalize the current through each branch. The op amps do not have a large bandwidth because they operate with DC voltage. The corner frequency may be as low as 10 Hz. While such a small bandwidth may not be ideal for all applications, it has some advantages here. First, the indicators have relatively long transition times, which eliminate the display of erroneous states while the comparator 220 makes a decision. Second, if any 60 Hz noise is picked up from surrounding power sources or lines, it will be reduced by 20 dB relative to the DC signal. Third, the Johnson noise arising from the lead lines connecting the electrodes to the electrical circuit is integrated over a smaller bandwidth, reducing its effect.
The capacitor 260 is large enough to hold the calibration voltage for the duration of the test, while not being prohibitive to the size of the electrical circuit 108. Suitable capacitors have a capacitance in the range of about 100 pF to about 400 pF. A preferred range is between about 155 pF and about 270 pF.
Referring back to
The ion-selective electrodes may be microfabricated on the same microchip as the electronics using CMOS technology, instead of separate microfabrication processes, one for the ion-sensor cartridge and one for the electrical circuit. This not only reduces the cost, but also conserves wafer "real estate" since the contact pads and lead lines may be eliminated. If the electrodes are fabricated separately, they may be connected directly to the gates of MOSFETs for the purpose of obtaining high input impedance. In addition, ion-selective field effect transistors, or ISFETs, may be used. These electrodes are also built on the gate of a transistor.
The power source 112 (see
Power Paper Ltd. (Tel Aviv, Israel) manufactures one suitable battery. The chemicals used in Power Paper's battery are a combination of zinc and manganese dioxide. The battery may be printed using silkscreen technology onto almost any surface, including paper or flexible plastic.
The indicator 116 (see
A suitable indicator is a NANOCHROMICS display, available from Ntera Ltd. (Dublin, Ireland). The indicator uses electrochromic ink that changes color in response to an electric potential. The diameter of the particles of the electrochromic ink is 5-20 nm, and therefore they can be printed using a conventional ink-jet printer. The indicator can change state in 0.1 seconds. The ink is either clear or white in its off-state and upon the application of 1.2 V turns blue, green, or black depending on the specific ink. The indicator holds its state until an opposite potential is applied. Because this is a type of ink that can be printed onto plastic or paper, it can be made flexible and conformable. In order to change state, 3 mC of charge is required for each square centimeter of display.
The electrolyte test 100′ is preferably constructed from flexible materials so that it may be conformed to the side of the bottle 336. In one embodiment, the sample-receiving region 344 and the indicator 116′ are formed on the top surface of the substrate 340, and the ion-sensor cartridge and electrical circuit are affixed to or formed on the underside of the substrate 340. Alternatively, the ion-sensor cartridge and electrical circuit may be encapsulated within the substrate 340 and a second substrate adhered to the substrate 340. In addition, the electrical circuit may include the power source, or may be in electrical communication with the power source.
While the indicator shown in
The electrolyte test described above need not be affixed to the side of a bottle. It may be suitably packaged for sale at a retail store or distribution by a physician or clinic. For example, the power source may be a replaceable battery and the ion-sensor cartridge may also be replaceable. The indicator can indicate a range of electrolyte levels, as described above, or provide a numerical display of the electrolyte level.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|January 17, 2013 12:00 PM EST
ROCKVILLE, MD -- (Marketwire) -- 01/17/13 -- Organizations today face competitive and productivity challenges with so-called legacy mainframe applications. End-users of green screen mainframe applications, who are used to working within Windows and other graphically oriented environments, often become frustrated with the rigidity of their business applications. But to modernize this environment satisfactorily can be an expensive option, with a high dependency on specialized developer skills. To address this challenge, Micro Focus (LSE: MCRO.L), the leading provider of enterprise application modernization, testing, and management solutions, today launched RUMBA 9.0 and RUMBA+, which enable organizations to quickly modernize the end-user experience in isolation from the application code. This maximizes end-user productivity and satisfaction without the risks associated with heavy-duty modernization development projects.
Micro Focus RUBMA enhances the end-user experience of legacy applications by transposing their archaic green-screen presentation onto more familiar Windows, mobile and web environments. This allows organizations to improve end-user productivity, shorten business process learning cycles and cut through laborious data input/retrieval processes. Organizations will simply respond faster to market dynamics, their customers will realize the benefits of increased efficiency, and investments and knowledge present in the existing mainframe applications will have been preserved.
Commenting on the new release, Kevin Brearley, Senior Director of Product Management for Micro Focus, said: "RUMBA enables connectivity from Microsoft Windows, iPads or web browsers to virtually any host system with mission critical reliability. With wider reaching deployment capabilities, end-user productivity improvement is quickly delivered through a simple point and click interface. This enhanced experience can be delivered at a pace that suits, to the entire organization, individual departments or specific users. RUMBA is designed to modernize green screen applications with no risk to business continuity."
RUMBA in focus:
- RUMBA 9.0 is the core server required for RUMBA+ deployment. Quickly and securely connects to a range of host systems, enabling green-screen terminal emulation along with a set of popular supporting features and functionalities.
- RUMBA+ introduces three different clients that allow the customer to modernize green-screen applications without the need of specialized knowledge of mainframe applications or Windows, iPad or web browser technologies. Easy point and click controls can be created to enhance a single green-screen or to considerably update an entire application.
- RUMBA+ Desktop is the Windows based client that can quickly introduce productivity enhancements to the green screen pop-up calendars, dropdown menus, tool tips, in line help, graphs, Google maps and more.
- RUMBA+ Mobile is an iPad client that enables mobile access to the application with the RUMBA+ Desktop enhancements driven by native iPad functions.
- RUMBA+ Web is a Web client with out-of-the-box usability and immediate extended reach to the mainframe applications. It offers a modern, fresh and user-friendly interface through browser technology without the normal system overheads.
RUMBA is part of a family of enterprise application modernization technologies from Micro Focus, which help organizations transform the value of their core business systems.
About Micro Focus
Micro Focus, a member of the FTSE 250, provides innovative software that allows companies to dramatically improve the business value of their Enterprise applications. Micro Focus Enterprise Application Modernization, Testing and Management software enables customers' business applications to respond rapidly to market changes and embrace modern architectures with reduced cost and risk. For additional information please visit www.microfocus.com.
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/11/12
Jesse Berry scored 17 points and Ball State pulled away in the second half to beat Grambling State 78-51 in the Cardinals' opener on Sunday. Majok Majok had 12 rebounds and 11 points for Ball State. Three other Cardinals scored in double figures, Marcus Posley adding 12 points and Chris Bond and Zach Fields scoring 10 points each. Grambling (0-2) was led by Terry Rose with a game-high 22 points. He hit six 3-pointers and was 8 for 14 overall, but the rest of the Tigers were 10 of 32 from the field.
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Home / Store / Journals / Electronic Articles / Nuclear Science and Engineering / Volume 136 / Number 2
Akio Yamamoto, Hiroshi Hashimoto
Nuclear Science and Engineering
Volume 136 / Number 2 / October 2000 / Pages 247-257
Format:electronic copy (download)
Temperature parallel simulated annealing (TPSA) was applied to in-core fuel management optimizations, and the optimization performance was evaluated by comparing TPSA with traditional simulated annealing (SA). The TPSA method is an optimization algorithm that is based on SA, but has several distinguishing features: an automatic temperature annealing schedule, time homogeneity, and a significant affinity with parallel execution. The calculation results of a test problem revealed that TPSA was superior to traditional SA in terms of detailed loading pattern optimizations. The reason for this is that the TPSA temperature annealing schedule can effectively avoid local optima by repeating a cooling and heating cycle automatically.
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Car Crash
2 Injured In Collision In Howard County
Howard County police say two people are in serious condition after a car wreck in Columbia.
Man Arrested In Road Rage Incident
A terrifying case of road rage in Harford County. A man survives after police say another driver hit him with his car and dragged him 50 feet across a parking lot.
Police Identify Two Bel Air Students Killed In Crash
Police have identified the two teens involved in a fatal car crash in Kingsville, Md. late Friday night.
Police ID 77-Year-Old Driver, Injured Pedestrians In Dunkin Donuts Car Crash
Three people are injured after a car crashed into a Dunkin Donuts store in Ellicott City.
19-Year-Old Killed, 2 Others Injured In Harford County Car Crash
One teen is dead and two are injured after a car crash in Harford County.
Gunman Opens Fire On Firefighters At D.C. Car Crash
Police and fire officials say a gunman opened fire on police and firefighters who were treating an injured man after a car crash in northeast Washington.
From Home To Car: The Ultimate Guide To Planning Your Memorial Day Weekend
Memorial Day is almost upon us. The holiday marks the beginning of the summer season, and as such, it's also the beginning of summer vacation for many.
Man Seriously Injured In Anne Arundel Co. Crash
Anne Arundel County Police are investigating after a serious crash in Shady Side.
Couple Raises Money For Local College In Memory Of Daughter Killed By Texting Driver
A Harford County couple lost their daughter to a car crash caused by a truck driver who was texting, it soon spurred them to seek changes in our laws.
Failed Theft: Stolen Jeep Crashes Into Home In Odenton
Police are searching for a man who drove an SUV into a house in a failed theft attempt.
87-Year-Old Passenger In Pasadena Car Crash Dies From Injuries
A passenger in the July 1 Pasadena vehicle collision died Sunday as a result of the injuries he sustained in the accident.
5 Transported To Hospital After Barton Car Crash
The Maryland State Police says two adults and three children were taken to the hospital after a two car crash in Barton.


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Javier Orozco scores four for Santos in rout of Queretaro in Liga MX finals
Javier Orozco scored four goals as Santos Laguna crushed Queretaro 5-0 in the first leg of the Clausura final.
Putting the game to bed at what is effectively half-time, the Mexico international scored in the fourth, 26th, 32nd and 62nd minutes, stunning the visitors.
Four-nil was a tough enough scoreline for them to face and then Diego Gonzalez added a fifth with 10 minutes remaining.
Queretaro were entirely out of sorts in the match and even the appearance of Brazil legend Ronaldinho at halftime...


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Disney's Live Action 'Beauty and the Beast' Lands Director Bill Condon
Evan Spiliotopoulos is writing the script for a new version of 'Beauty and the Beast', based on the timeless fairy tale.
Walt Disney Animation Studios' magical classic "Beauty and the Beast" returns to the big screen in Disney Digital 3D™, introducing a whole new generation to the Disney classic with stunning new 3D imagery. The film captures the fantastic journey of Belle (voice of Paige O'Hara), a bright and beautiful young woman who's taken prisoner by a hideous beast (voice of Robby Benson) in his castle. Despite her precarious situation, Belle befriends the castle's enchanted staff—a teapot, a candelabra and a mantel clock, among others—and ultimately learns to see beneath the Beast's exterior to discover the heart and soul of a prince.
Cast & crew
Cogsworth / Narrator
Mrs. Potts
Evan Spiliotopoulos is writing the script for a new version of 'Beauty and the Beast', based on the timeless fairy tale.
By Brian Gallagher | 1 year ago
25 Shares•9 Comments
Enter for your chance to take home these Disney animated classics before they go back in the vault April 30th.
By Brian Gallagher | 3 years ago
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This classic Walt Disney animated fairytale is currently back in theaters for a limited engagement.
By B. Alan Orange | 3 years ago
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'Beauty and the Beast' takes second place with $18.4 million, and 'Joyful Noise' finishes in fourth place with $11.3 million.
By Brian Gallagher | 3 years ago
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This all-new animated short will premiere with 'Beauty and the Beast 3D', in theaters January 13th.
By B. Alan Orange | 4 years ago
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'John Carter', 'Marvel's The Avengers', 'Frankenweenie', 'Brave', and 'Wreck-It Ralph' are arriving from the studio this year.
By B. Alan Orange | 4 years ago
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Paige O'Hara and Robbie Benson voice the title characters in this Disney classic, hitting theaters in an all new 3D version January 13.
By Brian Gallagher | 4 years ago
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This all-new short will feature the royal wedding between Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, in theaters January 13th.
By B. Alan Orange | 4 years ago
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Disney is re-releasing this 1991 animated classic with an all new 3D presentation on January 13, 2012.
By Brian Gallagher | 4 years ago
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Disney is also converting 'Monsters Inc.' and 'The Little Mermaid' to 3D for 2013 theatrical re-releases.
By Brian Gallagher | 4 years ago
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'Tron: Legacy' and 'Tangled' will arrive in 3D BD along with classics such as 'Beauty and the Beast' and 'The Lion King'.
By Brian Gallagher | 5 years ago
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We have some early details on this new Diamond Collection Blu-ray set.
By Brian Gallagher | 5 years ago
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Films include 'Surrogates', 'Disney's A Christmas Carol', and a 'Toy Story 3D' double feature.
By B. Alan Orange | 6 years ago
0 Shares•0 Comments
Take a look at the new films you can catch a glimpse at in San Diego this year.
By Brian Gallagher | 6 years ago
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The studio has started re-renddering the classic film for a 2010 3-D theatrical release.
By Brian Gallagher | 7 years ago
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Schiit's cheap 'n' cheerful headphone amp and digital converter wow the Audiophiliac!
Whether you're out listening to your MP3 player or out at home with your high-end stereo, your headphone choice is critical. Here we've picked our five favorites across every style and category, but if you already know which type of headphones you want, use the links at the left to get more options.
These Bluetooth headphones sold out fast last time, and may do so again now that they're even cheaper. Plus: three bonus deals!
The British hi-fi firm has embraced Bluetooth, cutting the cord on its high-end headphones. We go hands-on with the P5 Wireless.
Some headphones knock you over with mega bass, others hush the outside world. Noble headphones are the kings of clarity.
Normally $29.99, these stylish, rechargeable behind-the-neck 'buds will probably run longer than you will. Plus: two bonus deals!
MrSpeakers' Ether headphone floors the Audiophiliac!
Technically Incorrect: A teardown suggests that a third of the whole weight of Beats headphones is made up of pieces of metal that are there merely to make the 'phones feel sturdier.
The company just announced a line of personalized, 3D-printed badges for its popular headphones in a variety of materials ranging from plain fiber all the way up to stainless steel, 14k white gold, and even platinum.
The combination of an improved design and better performance makes the Marshall Major II a strong on-ear contender for around $100 USD.
LG's high-end, around-the-neck stereo headset has a nifty design and pretty good sound, as long as you get a good fit.


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3 bed, 2 full bath. 3BR/ 2BA, 2000 SQFT, 2-STORY, 1.5 acres, stocked pond, tons of storage, all appli's & spa convey, hMore info
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Before retiring my PS3 (until Persona 5 comes out), I only have the HD collection of Metal Gear left to play. I played a few hours of MGS2 and eventually got too frustrated by the design and remembered reading an article that quoted Kojima saying that MGS3 would be more accessible for first-timers in terms of gameplay.
To get up to speed, I've been watching "movie" versions of the first two games. My eyes are beginning to get motion-sickness though from the amount of rolling that they've been doing whilst watching the second game's story unfold. The anime tropes, the unending chain of betrayals/hidden agendas and quite poor voice acting have left me doubting my desire to play MGS 3 and Peace Walker.
Does it get any better, or is it just a case of loving or loathing Kojima and his ninja-favouring ways? (Ninjas can be badass, not hatin')
EDIT (as quite a few people have missed my later post halfway down) - I played, enjoyed and completed MGS 1 when I was a younger, so do have some affection for the series, but MGS 2 in terms of story and plot points seemed like nonsense.


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 1994 Rankin, Joseph H., Kern, Roger . Parental attachments and delinquency. Criminology. 32, (4), 495 - Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


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Ham, bacon and chicken - all in one filling club sandwiches for dinner made using Pillsbury® Grands!® refrigerated buttermilk biscuits - ready in just 20 minutes!
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August 30, 2012
These low calories ice cream sandwiches from And They Cooked Happily Ever After let you enjoy your dessert without the guilt. Chocolate graham cracker cookies are filled with non-fat whipped topping and placed in the freezer. Before serving, roll the sandwiches in colorful sprinkles to add a festive touch. You can make the flavor more complex by mixing the whipped topping with pureed fruit or chocolate. For full recipe instructions, click here.
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Official word from Zombie inside: Earlier this morning (here) we scored an exclusive first look at the press release announcing shock-rocker Rob Zombie (Devil's Rejects, House of 1000 Corpses) to write, direct and produce the next Halloween film. The details were very vague and still left us with many questions such as… is this a sequel, prequel or a remake? The press release only specified that it would be in theaters October of 2007, along with a little blurb stating that integrity would be kept in Dimension's franchise. Now that word is out on the street, reports are coming in with more details, which can be found inside…
Rob Zombie writes on his official blog:
"Okay here's the real deal for those of you who are confused. As I said yesterday – I am not making Halloween 9. That series is done, complete, over.
But what I am doing is starting totally from from scratch. This the new HALLOWEEN. Call it a remake, an update, a reimagining or whatever, but one thing that for sure is this is a whole new start… a new begining with no connection to the other series. That is exactly why the project appeals to me. I can take it and run with it.
I talked to John Carpenter about this the other day and he said, "Go for it, Rob. Make it your own". And that's exactly what I intend to do.
Any questions? Go ahead and ask'em."
Now here's some more news from Variety:
"This is a bit of a prequel and a remake, combine," Zombie tells Variety.
"Over 25 years and a lot of movies, a very scary character became something of a Halloween cliche, with Michael Myers dolls that play the Halloween music when you press their stomachs. By the end of the sequel cycle, there was little connection to the original. I take that film very seriously, and I want to make it terrifying again."
Before signing on, Zombie said he sought out Carpenter, who has had several of his films remade.
"The original 'Halloween' is hallowed ground to me, and I talked to him about it and he was very supportive of what I wanted to do," Zombie said.
Watch for more news as it comes in…


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Stock market is a wild card in fiscal cliff talks
WASHINGTON Congress and the White House can significantly soften the initial impact of the "fiscal cliff" even if they fail to reach a compromise by Dec. 31. One thing they cannot control, however, is the financial markets' reaction, which possibly could be a panicky sell-off that triggers economic reversals worldwide.
The stock market's unpredictability is perhaps the biggest wild card in the political showdown over the fiscal cliff.
President Barack Obama's re-election gives him a strong negotiating hand, as Republicans are increasingly acknowledging. And some Democrats are willing to let the Dec. 31 deadline pass, because a rash of broad-based tax hikes would pressure Republicans to give more ground in renewed deficit-reduction negotiations.
A chief fear for Obama's supporters, however, is that Wall Street would be so disgusted or dismayed that stocks would plummet before lawmakers could prove their newfound willingness to mitigate the fiscal cliff's harshest measures, including deep, across-the-board spending cuts that Defense Secretary Leon Panetta says could significantly damage the nation's military posture. Some Republicans believe that fear will temper the president's insistence on a hard bargain this month. Obama and GOP House Speaker John Boehner on Sunday held their first meeting between just the two of them since the election, and spokesmen for both emphasized afterward their lines of communication remain open.
The so-called cliff's recipe of major tax hikes and spending cuts can actually be a gentle slope, because the policy changes would be phased in over time. Washington insiders say Congress and the White House would move quickly in January or February to undo many, but not all, of the tax hikes and spending cuts.
Financial markets, however, respond to emotion as well as to research, reason and promises. If New Year's headlines scream "Negotiations Collapse," an emotional sell-off could threaten the president's hopes for continued economic recovery in his second term, even if Republicans receive most of the blame for the impasse.
"Nobody can predict the markets' reaction," said Rep. Jim Cooper, D-Tenn.
Some Republicans are surprised that the White House has not made clearer efforts to reassure Wall Street that if the Dec. 31 deadline is breached, the worrisome pile of tax increases and spending cuts would not hit all at once.
A few liberal commentators are making just that case.
"If we go past the so-called fiscal cliff deadlines and all the resulting budget cuts and tax increases come into force, the administration can minimize the damage," Washington Post columnist E.J. Dionne wrote last week. "Obama can publicly announce he is delaying any cuts, on the theory that Congress will eventually vitiate some of them. And he can make sure the bond markets know of his plans well in advance. ... Everyone (especially Wall Street) should calm down."
Some financial bloggers agree. "Although it would be bad to let the spending cuts and tax hikes fully go into effect, if this thing is addressed in early January, things will be okay," wrote Business Insider's Joe Weisenthal.
So far, the stock markets have stayed calm. The S&P 500 index is up 12 percent for the year.


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How do I get him to stop harassing me?
If a Woman tells her ex to stop isn't he supposed to stop? How can I tell my kid's father to quit harassing me? He grabs at me and tries to sneak... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
Simple: you need to move out.
You can't live under his roof, after being in a relationship with him, and expect him not to want the relationship to continue. If you want to be on your own, you need to be ON YOUR OWN.
Even if he wasn't being physical with you, he's still going to make things difficult, because he wants the relationship to continue.
You decided to end the relationship, for whatever reasons, but that action has consequences, and one of those consequences is that you can't live with him anymore.
What Guys Said 10
"If a Woman tells her ex to stop isn't he supposed to stop?"
No means no, end of story.
Move out and get away from him. Remind him that his behavior is illegal and he doesn't want to end up on a sexual offenders list for the rest of his life.
PS, if you've had to call the police, he is not a "friend" with or without benefits. If you can't afford to move out, there are several organizations that can help. One of them is RAVEN that GaG supports. You need to get out of there.
Aw man, you have kids with him? Smh. Tough situation. Dude feels like you are still his "property". It's messed for sure, but you have kids with him so its hard to get him completely out of your life. I would be blunt. Like real, real blunt to the tune of: I'm not dealing you anymore. I have no feeling towards you at all. If he's violent call the cops...moral of the story: don't mess with lames.
It seems everyone agrees leave him move out.
Just for the hell of it I'm going to assume you ether do not work or you do not have much money. It's so easy for people to say do this or that it's hard when it's you that doing the doing. It's hard to live with some one that you used to love and make love to. Now no more then roommates some people can't or won't change. Unfortunately For your and your children's safety you should start looking for a change in housing
You put yourself in that position by staying with him. Go to a shelter or to family with your kids until you have enough money to go on your own, or you'll have to put up with it cause he's not going to magically stop. And the next time he sexually harrasses you, call 911 FIRST, then protect yourself to the fullest. Kick him in the nuts so hard that his eyes roll in the back of his head & by the time he comes to, the police will be there.
Sexual predators deserve to be Bobbitted, so that's also a solution. If he doesn't have one, he won't have the urge to use it..
What Girls Said 6
Obviously move out! Why are you even asking this!
This isn't a healthy relationship/household for your kids.
He has a temper? Why the f*** do you want him around them?!
My idiot parents stayed together for us for awhile but it was an absolute nightmare where I wanted them to split up! If you don't get along, you two being apart is actually better for your kids!
Have an opinion?


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Goodie Mob
Atlantic Records
Editor's Pick
Featuring: Janelle Monáe
Song: Special Education
Album: Age Against the Machine
In the eyes of many, claiming that someone is in need of "Special Education" is just a polite way of saying that they're suffering from a handicap. But why does "different" have to mean... More
Posted 2 years ago
Editor's Pick
Song: Is That You God?
Originally used in the film ATL and only featuring Cee-Lo, Goodie Mob's Is That You God? has been repurposed for use in upcoming documentary film The Obama Effect. A far cry from the futuristic... More
Posted 3 years ago
Editor's Pick
Featuring: Cee-Lo Green
Song: Fight to Win
While most will undoubtedly agree that it's been dope to watch ATL eccentric Cee-Lo Green ascend to the highest echelon of pop success over the last couple years, one question has remained on... More
Posted 3 years ago
Sample Text - Sample Link


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Corel Painter 11: Mastering Brushes takes a deep look into the variety of mark-making tools found within Corel Painter, a software application that allows you to create painterly images that look like they were made with natural (non-computerized) painting media. Through a comprehensive demonstration of different brushes, Corel Painter guru John Derry shows how to adjust multiple variants to achieve desired results. Just like an artist who holds a paintbrush or piece of chalk at a particular angle to create a specific mark, John demonstrates with both live action and within the application how to modify brush variants for maximum expressive impact. From bristle media to ink media, watercolor to utility media, he explains how to get the most out of this drawing and painting application. Exercise files accompany this course.
For bristle media we are going to take a look at brushes. Brushes are really the basic form of tool used within all bristle media. Basically, what we were talking about are stylus based instruments that use bundle of hairs as a reservoir to contain or hold a medium like oil or acrylic paint. The idea behind the bristle reservoir is that it is able to dispense fluids on a medium over time. Another characteristic of the brush is the way that the brush tip shape changes based on the artist's hand pressure and rotation of the stylus, which contribute to the expressive qualities of the brush.
Now the first thing you want to do with a brush is load the bristles with paint. Once you have the paint on the brush you can apply this medium to a surface, which is typically canvas like this. Depending on the constitution of the paint itself, this can be a very opaque medium or it can be thinned out to where it's very transparent. These are qualities that can alter or change the expression of the marks made with the brush. The amount of paint applied to a brush's reservoir directly affects the character of the resulting stroke. The reservoir is not infinite and eventually runs out.
The artist can intentionally use this fact to charge the reservoir with smaller amounts of paint. The applied strokes will run out of paint quickly leaving a short stroke with a tail of decreasing color until it tapers out. This is a standard look in painting. There are different types of brushes, which could be used in the service of creating different kinds of mark making. For example, a fan brush is not as good at applying paint as it is for spreading already applied wet paint on a canvas. This lets you create subtle gradations of color or tonal variations not easily accomplished by direct application.
For this reason it is made in a wide flat shape optimized for light brushing. You've also got brushes with round tips that taper to a point. This brush shape can go from a very fine stroke to a wider stroke depending on the level of pressure from your hand. In addition, there are wider flat brushes that are generally used to apply paint to larger areas. Each of these brushes allows you a different way to control how you apply paint onto your medium. One of the techniques that artists will use is to mix multiple colors of paint, and then do what's called loading the brush.
This is where the artist will pick up these multiple colors across the bristles of the brush. When the brush is applied to the canvas the resulting stroke will contain striations of the loaded colors, introducing greater complexity. The ability to vary the stroke width and the deposition of color within the stroke provides a wide range of expressive potential. You've also got a technique that can be done with a dry brush. The artist can take a very light amount of paint and then apply it to a textured medium and apply paint only to the topmost portion of the surface by using light pressure strokes, leaving the lower areas of the canvas untouched.
This accentuates the texture of the canvas weave, which visually creates a partial screen of one color over another. The two colors are then mixed optically by the viewer's eye. For example, when yellow is lightly applied over some existing blue the optical result is the appearance of green. In reality there are two distinct colors, but the eye and brain optically mix them together to perceive green. A majority of Painter's brush controls are dedicated to various bristle effects as we'll discover in this chapter.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about Corel Painter 11: Mastering Brushes .
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As Greece prepares for a referendum on its creditors' demands for austerity, the future of Europe hangs in the balance.
The Walton Family Foundation may not want to raise wages or lose tax breaks, but education reform alone can't reduce income inequality.
Inside the lives of 20 courageous women who changed history and fought for social justice.
On campuses across America, contingent faculty are fighting back against low wages and precarious employment.
Although pegged as a fringe candidate, Sanders' views are surprisingly mainstream.