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I'm planning to do a little internet research in order to find out more, but I was wondering if any BTDT moms on here have tried a gluten-fee diet while breastfeeding, and what your thoughts are about it.
Wheat allergies run in my family, though I'm not 100% sure of the severity of them. One of my sisters is pretty much completely gluten-intolerant, but this didn't really seem to be an issue for her until adulthood. My other sister seems to have some sensitivity to wheat, but doesn't get the painful stomachaches or other symptoms. However, she had a lot of trouble as a child being potty trained, and continued to have accidents into age 5 or 6, till my mom put us all on an elimination diet.
My mom avoids wheat herself, and reports that she feels better, gets less bloated, etc. from not eating wheat. In the past, I've gone gluten-free for short periods of time, and I usually will lose weight while eating gluten-free, but that may be in part because all my favorite junk foods have wheat in them.
What got me thinkging about this was that I read that eating peanuts and peanut butter during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of a peanut allergy in your child. I can't really eat gluten-free right now without drastically limiting what I can eat because my pallate is so off . . . meats are often too heavy for me to stomach, so I'm constantly eating carbs. But I was thinking maybe if I avoid wheat while breastfeeding, and introduce it later, could I possibly help my LO avoid developing a gluten intolerance? Or at least I could avoid irritating his stomach if he has something already.
Anyone have any experience with this that they'd like to share?

subset: commoncrawl


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An imaging device formed as a monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit in an industry standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor process, the integrated circuit including a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photogate overlying the substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of the substrate, a readout circuit including at least an output field effect transistor formed in the substrate, and a charge coupled device section formed on the substrate adjacent the photogate having a sensing node connected to the output transistor and at least one charge coupled device stage for transferring charge from the underlying portion of the substrate to the sensing node and an analog-to-digital converter formed in the substrate connected to the output of the readout circuit.
1. An imaging device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate defining a plurality of pixel cell areas, and a signal handling area;
each said pixel cell area comprising:
a) a photogate overlying said substrate, accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of said substrate;
b) a charge transfer section, receiving the accumulated photo-generated charge from the photogate; and
c) a coupling section, formed on said substrate adjacent said charge transfer section, having a sensing node connected to said photogate through said charge transfer section, wherein said charge transfer section transfers stored charge from said photogate to said sensing node;
d) a buffer transistor, operating to buffer signal from said sensing node, and a selection transistor, having a gate, operated to select said pixel; and
e) an output node which receives signal only when said selection transistor is operated;
a focal plane array including a plurality of logic units, each unit of said focal plane array including a plurality of said pixel cells, each unit having said output nodes of all of said pixels connected together, and further comprising:
a readout controller, formed in said substrate, which controls readout of said pixel cells to read out one pixel cell from each of the plurality of units, substantially at the same time; and
a plurality of analog to digital converters, formed in said substrate, and each connected to an output node of a unit to read out information from said pixel cells from multiple said units in parallel.
2. An imaging device as in
3. An imaging device, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate defining a plurality of pixel cell areas, and a signal handling area;
each said pixel cell area comprising:
a) a photogate; and
b) a coupling section formed on said substrate adjacent said photogate, having a sensing node connected to receive a signal indicative of photogenerated charge from said photogate and at least one coupling stage, operating to transfer charge from said underlying portion of said substrate to said sensing node;
d) a buffer transistor, operating to buffer signal from said sensing node, and a selection transistor, having a gate, operated to select said pixel; and
e) an output node which receives signal only when said selection transistor is operated.
4. An imaging device comprising a focal plane array of pixel cells, each of said pixel cells including a monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit substrate, each of said pixel cells comprising:
a) a photogate overlying a first portion of said substrate and operating to accumulate photo-generated charge in a first portion of said substrate that underlies said photogate;
b) a charge transfer section, formed in said substrate adjacent said photogate, having a sensing node adjacent said photogate and at least one charge coupling stage, operating to transfer charge from said first portion of said substrate to said sensing node;
c) an output node; and
d) a transistor which selectively connects said sensing node to said output node,
and further comprising a plurality of A/D converters, connected to said output nodes of a plurality of said pixel cells, but less than all of said pixel cells, so that less than all of said pixel cells are attached to said A/D converter.
5. A device as in
6. A device as in
7. A device as in
8. A device as in
9. A device as in
10. A device as in
11. A method of forming and using an imaging device, comprising:
defining a plurality of pixel areas, each said pixel area covering a specified area of a charge accumulating substrate;
configuring each of said plurality of pixel areas as a portion of said substrate,
providing a photogate controlling a characteristic of each said portion of said charge accumulating substrate;
providing a sensing node which senses charge in said portion of said charge accumulating substrate;
selectively passing a value in said sensing node to an output node associating an A/D converter circuit with each of a plurality of unit groups of said output nodes of each pixel areas; and
connecting each output node within each said unit group to each other and passing only one output therefrom to said A/D converter to thereby read a plurality of said unit groups in parallel.
12. A method as in
This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/567,469, filed Dec. 5, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,524, continuation of Ser. No. 08/278,638, filed Jul. 21, 1994 now abandoned, which is a C-I-P of Ser. No. 08/188,032 filed Jan. 28, 1994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515.
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract, and is subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (35 USC 202) in which the Contractor has elected to retain title.
The invention is related to semiconductor imaging devices and in particular to a silicon imaging device which can be fabricated using a standard CMOS process.
There are a number of types of semiconductor imagers, including charge coupled devices, photodiode arrays, charge injection devices and hybrid focal plane arrays. Charge coupled devices enjoy a number of advantages because they are an incumbent technology, they are capable of large formats and very small pixel size and they facilitate noiseless charge domain processing techniques (such as binning and time delay integration). However, charge coupled device imagers suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, they exhibit destructive signal read-out and their signal fidelity decreases as the charge transfer efficiency raised to the power of the number of stages, so that they must have a nearly perfect charge transfer efficiency. They are particularly susceptible to radiation damage, they require good light shielding to avoid smear and they have high power dissipation for large arrays.
In order to ameliorate the charge transfer inefficiency problem, charge coupled device (CCD) imagers are fabricated with a specialized CCD semiconductor fabrication process to maximize their charge transfer efficiency. The difficulty is that the standard CCD process is incompatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing, while the image signal processing electronics required for the imager are best fabricated in CMOS. Accordingly, it is impractical to integrate on-chip signal processing electronics in a CCD imager. Thus, the signal processing electronics is off-chip. Typically, each column of CCD pixels is transferred to a corresponding cell of a serial output register, whose output is amplified by a single on-chip amplifier (e.g., a source follower transistor) before being processed in off-chip signal processing electronics. As a result, the read-out frame rate is limited by the rate at which the on-chip amplifier can handle charge packets divided by the number of pixels in the imager.
The other types of imager devices have problems as well. Photodiode arrays exhibit high noise due to so-called kTC noise which makes it impossible to reset a diode or capacitor node to the same initial voltage at the beginning of each integration period. Photodiode arrays also suffer from lag. Charge injection devices also suffer from high noise, but enjoy the advantage of non-destructive readout over charge coupled devices.
Hybrid focal plane arrays exhibit less noise but are prohibitively expensive for many applications and have relatively small array sizes (e.g., 512-by-512 pixels).
What is needed is an imager device which has the low kTC noise level of a CCD and is compatible for integration with CMDS signal processing circuits.
The invention is embodied in an imaging device formed as a monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit in an industry standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor process, the integrated circuit including a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photogate overlying the substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of the substrate, a readout circuit including at least an output field effect transistor formed in the substrate, and a charge coupled device section formed on the substrate adjacent the photogate having a sensing node connected to the output transistor and at least one charge coupled device stage for transferring charge from the underlying portion of the substrate to the sensing node and an analog-to-digital converter formed in the substrate as a part of the integrated circuit. In a preferred embodiment, the analog-to-digital converter employs a sigma delta modulator.
In a preferred embodiment, the sensing node of the charge coupled device stage includes a floating diffusion, and the charge coupled device stage includes a transfer gate overlying the substrate between the floating diffusion and the photogate. This preferred embodiment can further include apparatus for periodically resetting a potential of the sensing node to a predetermined potential, including a drain diffusion connected to a drain bias voltage and a reset gate between the floating diffusion and the drain diffusion, the reset gate connected to a reset control signal.
Preferably, the output transistor is a field effect source follower transistor, the floating diffusion being connected to a gate of the source follower transistor. Preferably, the readout circuit further includes a double correlated sampling circuit having an input node connected to the output transistor. In the preferred implementation, the double correlated sampling circuit samples the floating diffusion immediately after it has been reset at one capacitor and then, later, at the end of the integration period at another capacitor. The difference between the two capacitors is the signal output. In accordance with a further refinement, this difference is corrected for fixed pattern noise by subtracting from it another difference sensed between the two capacitors while they are temporarily shorted.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the architecture of an individual focal plane cell of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an integrated circuit constituting a focal plane array of cells of the type illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the cell in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the surface potential in the charge transfer section of the cell of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the focal plane array of FIG. 2 including a micro-lens layer.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of an integrated circuit embodying the invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of one column of pixel cells in the integrated circuit of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a graph of a time domain waveform of the output of a modulator employed in the analog-to-digital converter depicted in FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the modulator employed in the embodiment of FIG. 8.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of one pixel cell 10 of a focal plane array of many such cells formed in an integrated circuit. Each cell 10 includes a photogate 12, a charge transfer section 14 adjacent the photogate 12 and a readout circuit 16 adjacent the charge transfer section 14. FIG. 2 shows a focal plane array of many cells 10 formed on a silicon substrate 20. FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a cell 10. Referring to FIG. 3, the photogate 12 consists of a relative large photogate electrode 30 overlying the substrate 20. The charge transfer section 14 consists of a transfer gate electrode 35 adjacent the photogate electrode 30, a floating diffusion 40, a reset electrode 45 and a drain diffusion 50. The readout circuit 16 consists of a source follower field effect transistor (FET) 55, a row select FET 60, a load FET 65 and a correlated double sampling circuit 70.
Referring to the surface potential diagram of FIG. 4, the photogate electrode 30 is held by a photogate signal PG at a positive voltage to form a potential well 80 in the substrate 20 in which photo-generated charge is accumulated during an integration period. The transfer gate electrode 35 is initially held at a less positive voltage by a transfer gate signal TX to form a potential barrier 85 adjacent the potential well 80. The floating diffusion 40 is connected to the gate of the source follower FET 55 whose drain is connected to a drain supply voltage VDD. The reset electrode 45 is initially held by a reset signal RST at a voltage corresponding to the voltage on the transfer gate 30 to form a potential barrier 90 thereunder. The drain supply voltage VDD connected to the drain diffusion 50 creates a constant potential well 95 underneath the drain diffusion 50.
During the integration period, electrons accumulate in the potential well 80 in proportion to photon flux incident on the substrate 20 beneath the photogate electrode 30 m. At the end of the integration period, the surface potential beneath the floating diffusion 40 is quickly reset to a potential level 100 slightly above the potential well 95. This is accomplished by the reset signal RST temporarily increasing to a higher positive voltage to temporarily remove the potential barrier 90 and provide a downward potential staircase from the transfer gate potential barrier 85 to the drain diffusion potential well 95, as indicated in the drawing of FIG. 4. After the reset gate 45 is returned to its initial potential (restoring the potential 20 barrier 90), the readout circuit 70 briefly samples the potential of the floating diffusion 40, and then the cell 10 is ready to transfer the photo-generated charge from beneath the photogate electrode 30. For this purpose, the photogate signal PG decreases to a less positive voltage to form a potential barrier 105 beneath the photogate electrode 30 and thereby provide a downward staircase surface potential from the photogate electrode 30 to the potential well 100 beneath the floating diffusion 40. This transfers all of the charge from beneath the photogate electrode 30 to the floating diffusion 40, changing the potential of the floating diffusion 40 from the level (100) at which it was previously reset to a new level 107 indicative of the amount of charge accumulated during the integration period. This new potential of the floating diffusion 40 is sensed at the source of the source follower FET 55. However, before the readout circuit 70 samples the source of the source follower FET 55, the photogate signal PG returns to its initial (more positive) voltage. The entire process is repeated for the next integration period.
The readout circuit 70 consists of a signal sample and hold (S/H) circuit including an S/H FET 200 and a signal store capacitor 205 connected through the S/H FET 200 and through the row select FET 60 to the source of the source follower FET 55. The other side of the capacitor 205 is connected to a source bias voltage VSS. The one side of the capacitor 205 is also connected to the gate of an output FET 210. The drain of the output FET is a connected through a column select FET 220 to a signal sample output node VOUTS and through a load FET 215 to the drain voltage VDD. A signal called "signal sample and hold" (SHS) briefly turns on the S/H FET 200 after the charge accumulated beneath the photogate electrode 30 has been transferred to the floating diffusion 40, so that the capacitor 205 stores the source voltage of the source follower FET 55 indicating the amount of charge previously accumulated beneath the photogate electrode 30.
The readout circuit 70 also consists of a reset sample and hold (S/H) circuit including an S/H FET 225 and a signal store capacitor 230 connected through the S/H FET 225 and through the row select FET 60 to the source of the source follower FET 55. The other side of the capacitor 230 is connected to the source bias voltage VSS. The one side of the capacitor 230 is also connected to the gate of an output FET 240. The drain of the output FET 240 is connected through a column select FET 245 to a reset sample output node VOUTR and through a load FET 235 to the drain voltage VDD. A signal called "reset sample and hold" (SHR) briefly turns on the S/H FET 225 immediately after the reset signal RST has caused the resetting of the potential of the floating diffusion 40, so that the capacitor 230 stores the voltage at which the floating diffusion has been reset to.
The readout circuit provides correlated double sampling of the potential of the floating diffusion, in that the charge integrated beneath the photogate 12 each integration period is obtained at the end of each integration period from the difference between the voltages at the output nodes VOUTS and VOUTR of the readout circuit 70. This eliminates the effects of kTC noise because the difference between VOUTS and VOUTR is independent of any variation in the reset voltage RST, a significant advantage.
Referring to FIG. 5, a transparent refractive microlens layer 110 may be deposited overt the top of the focal plane array of FIG. 2. The microlens layer 110 consists of spherical portions 115 centered over each of the cells 10 and contoured so as to focus light toward the center of each photogate 12. This has the advantage of using light that would otherwise fall outside of the optically active region of the photogate 12. For example, at least some of the light ordinarily incident on either the charger transfer section 14 or the readout circuit 16 (FIG. 1) would be sensed in the photogate area with the addition of the microlens layer 110.
Preferably, the focal plane array corresponding to FIGS. 1-4 is implemented in CMOS silicon using an industry standard CMOS fabrication process. Preferably, each of the FETs is a MOSFET, the FETs 210, 220, 215, 235, 240, 245 being p-channel devices. The n-channel MOSFETS and the CCD channel underlying the gate electrodes 30, 35, 45 and the diffusions 40 and 50 may be located outside of the p-well. The gate voltage VLP applied to the gates of the p-channel load FETs 215 and 235 is a constant voltage on the order of �2.5 volts. The gate voltage VLN applied to the n-channel load FET 65 is a constant voltage on the order of �1.5 volts.
Since the charge transfer section 14 involves only a single CCD stage between the photogate 12 and the floating diffusion 40 in the specific embodiment of FIG. 3, there is no loss due to charge transfer inefficiency and therefore there is no need to fabricate the device with a special CCD process. As a result, the readout circuit 70 as well as the output circuitry of the FETs 55, 60 and 65 can be readily implemented as standard CMOS circuits, making them extremely inexpensive. However, any suitable charge coupled device architecture may be employed to implement the charge transfer section 14, including a CCD having more than one stage. For example, two or three stages may be useful for buffering two or three integration periods.
Other implementations of the concept of the invention may be readily constructed by the skilled worker in light of the foregoing disclosure. For example, the floating diffusion 40 may instead be a floating gate electrode. The signal and reset sample and hold circuits of the readout circuit 70 may be any suitable sample and hold circuits. Moreover, shielding of the type well-known in the art may be employed defining an aperture surrounding the photogate 12. Also, the invention may be implemented as a buried channel device.
Another feature of the invention which is useful for eliminating fixed pattern noise due to variations in FET threshold voltage across the substrate 20 is a shorting FET 116 across the sampling capacitors 205, 235. After the accumulated charge has been measured as the potential difference between the two output nodes VOUTS and VOUTR, a shorting signal VM is temporarily applied to the gate of the shorting FET 116 and the VOUTS-to-VOUTR difference is measured again. This latter difference is a measure of the disparity between the threshold voltages of the output FETs 210, 240, and may be referred to as the fixed pattern difference. The fixed pattern difference is subtracted from the difference between VOUTS and VOUTR measured at the end of the integration period, to remove fixed pattern noise.
As previously mentioned herein, a floating gate may be employed instead of the floating diffusion 40. Such a floating gate is indicated schematically in FIG. 3 by a simplified dashed line floating gate electrode 41.
Preferably, the invention is fabricated using an industry standard CMOS process, so that all of the dopant concentrations of the n-channel and p-channel devices and of the various diffusions are in accordance with such a process. In one implementation, the area of the L-shaped photogate 12 (i.e., the photogate electrode 30) was about 100 square microns; the transfer gate electrode 35 and the reset gate electrode were each about 1.5 microns by about 6 microns; the photogate signal PG was varied between about �5 volts (its more positive voltage) and about 0 volts (its less positive voltage); the transfer gate signal TX was about �2.5 volts; the reset signal RST was varied between about �5 volts (its more positive voltage) and about �2.5 volts (its less positive voltage); the drain diffusion 50 was held at about �5 volts.
Combination with Analog-to-Digital Converter
Each pixel cell 10 in the array of FIG. 2 may further include its own analog-to-digital converter 300, as shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, the analog input to the analog-to-digital converter 300 is connected to the output of difference amplifier 250, which is the output node of the readout circuit 70.
The preferred mode is illustrated in FIG. 6, in which each vertical column 305 of pixel cells 10 in the array of FIG. 2 have their output nodes connected to a common analog-to-digital converter 300 at the bottom of the column. Each horizontal row 310 of the pixel cells 10 have their output node simultaneously connected to the analog-to-digital converters 300 of the respective columns under the control of a conventional row-select circuit 315. The row-select circuit 315 has an individual output connected to the gates of the row select transistors 60 of each pixel cell 10 in a given row of pixel cells 10. The outputs of the array of analog-to-converters 300 are connected in a manner well-known in the art to a conventional multiplexer 320 controlled by a conventional column select circuit 325. FIG. 7 illustrates how one column 305 of pixel cells 10 is connected to a common analog-to-digital converter 300 under control of the row select circuit 315.
The semi-parallel architecture of FIG. 6 was chosen as a trade-off between a serial system of the prior art having a single A/D converter and the completely parallel system depicted in FIG. 3 having an A/D converter for each pixel. A major disadvantage of the serial system is that it requires high operating speeds since conversion of each pixel must be done sequentially. This in turn introduces resolution problems due to the limited accuracy attainable at high conversion rates. On the other hand, a completely parallel system reduces the required operating speed but requires too much area to be included in each pixel. With a semi-parallel architecture, where an entire column of pixels shares a single A/D converter, the area available for each converter is limited mostly by the pixel pitch, and the number of conversions is proportional to the number of rows rather than the total number of pixels.
In one implementation of the embodiment of FIG. 6, the imaging area is a 128�128 array of active pixel sensors which is scanned row by row. The row-control circuit 315 decodes the 7-bit row-address and provides the clock signals needed by each row 310 of pixel cells 10. Each column 305 of pixel cells 10 shares a single A/D converter 300 and the array of converters 300 operate in parallel to convert a row of pixel outputs. The column control circuit 325 decodes the 7-bit column address for the readout operation and controls the gates of the column select transistors 220, 240 in each pixel cell 10.
Sigma-Delta A/D Converter
Preferably, each analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 300 of FIG. 6 employs oversampled sigma delta modulation. A/D conversion based on oversampled sigma-delta modulation was selected since it has been proven to be well-suited for VLSI applications where high conversion rate is not a requirement. Due to the averaging nature of sigma-delta modulation, it is more robust against threshold variations and inadvertent comparator triggering than single-slope/dual-slope methods and requires less component accuracy than successive approximation methods. It also uses less power and real estate than flash A/D converters. A semi-parallel architecture with an array of A/D converters reduces the conversion rate of each converter sufficiently to allow the use of sigma-delta modulation. Sigma-delta modulation is suitable for VLSI circuits since it is easier to achieve high oversampling ratios than to produce precise analog components in order to reduce component mismatch.
First-order sigma-delta modulation with a single-bit or two-level quantizer is preferred since it is simple, compact, robust and stable against overloading. The output of such a modulator can be filtered by taking a simple average over a fixed number of bits. To generate an N-bit digital word, 2N output bits are averaged for each pixel.
Since its introduction 30 years ago, oversampled sigma-delta modulation has become a popular method for A/D conversion. Sigma-delta modulation uses oversampling and integration of the signal prior to quantization to increase the correlation between samples and decrease the quantization error. Referring to FIG. 8, each A/D converter 300 consists of a first-order oversampled sigma-delta 340. The counter outputs are latched at the end of each conversion period and read out while the outputs of the next row of pixel cells 10 is being converted. The main components of the first-order sigma-delta modulator A/D converter 335 are a differencing node 345, an integrator 350, a quantizer 355 and a feedback digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 360. The quantities xn, un, qn, dn and en are, respectively, the incoming analog signal, the output of the integrator 350, the output of the quantizer 355, the output of the D/A converter 360 and the quantizer error during the n-th cycle.
During each pixel conversion period, the input to the sigma-delta modulator 335 is the analog output signal from the pixel cell 10, which remains nearly constant at a value between 0 and Xmax. The two level-quantizer 355 is a comparator with threshold equal to Vref corresponding to Xmax and output level corresponding to a digital "1" and "0". In this case, the feedback D/A converter 360 is a switch that chooses between two preset levels depending on the comparator output qn.
The operation of the sigma-delta modulator of FIG. 8 is illustrated in FIG. 9. During each cycle, the difference node 345 subtracts the previous output of the D/A converter 360 from the current analog input Xn. When the integrator output crosses the comparator threshold, an amount equal to the full scale Xmax is subtracted during the following cycle. Therefore, the quantizer output qn oscillates between "0" and "1" such that the average over many cycles is approximately equal to the input. This can be summarized by the recursive relations
In the embodiment of FIG. 8, qn is averaged over 1024 samples by counting the number of "1"'s using the 10-bit ripple counter 340.
Preferred Sigma-Delta Modulator Circuit
The sigma-delta modulator 335 of FIG. 8 is implemented with the switched capacitor integrator and comparator circuit shown in FIG. 10. The integrator 350 has two input branches, one to add the signal and the other to subtract the full scale. P-type MOSFET switches 360 are used since they show better noise performance than N-type switches. MOS capacitors Csig, Cref and Cint, which are controlled by complementary clock signals, are included in the signal path to reduce switch feed-through. The switched-capacitors Csig and Cref, and the integrating capacitor Cint should be large to minimize kTC noise, but the size is limited mainly by the ability of the source-follower to drive them at the oversampling rate and the available area under each column of pixels. Therefore, all the capacitors are designed to be polyl-poly2 capacitors of 1 pF.
The control signals φ1 and φ2 are two non-overlapping clocks that read the two signal levels of the pixel output. Clock φv is synchronous with φ2, and is generated from the output of the comparator so that it is on only when the comparator output is "1". During each cycle, the amplitude of the modulated signal (ΔVsig) is integrated across Cint. In addition, when the comparator output is "1", the maximum signal swing (ΔVmax) is subtracted from the integrator output. A reset switch is included across the feedback capacitor to reset the integrator at the beginning of each pixel conversion. If it is assumed that the op amp and the switches are ideal, the difference equation describing this operation for the n-th cycle can be written as:
where Vq is 0 when q is "0" and V q is Vmax when q is "1".
The quantizer 355 is a conventional strobed comparator whose inputs are the integrator output and a reference level Vref corresponding to the full scale of the input Xmax.
The latched output of the quantizer comparator 355 is used to generate the clock signal v and its complement for the next integration cycle. It is also used to generate the two non-overlapping clocks required as inputs to the counter.
The conventional 10-bit binary counter 340 that averages the output of the sigma-delta modulator has 10 pipelined stages with a counter-cell and latch in each stage. The inputs to the first counter stage are the signals generated from the quantizer output. The inputs to the other stages are the outputs from the previous stage. Each counter cell is reset to zero at the beginning of a pixel conversion. The sigma-delta modulator output is averaged by counting the number of "1"s out during the next conversion period. Since the linear array of sigma-delta modulators and counters operate in parallel to convert a row of pixels at a time, the latched counter outputs are read out column by column during the next conversion period.
Other Types of Digital-to-Analog Converters
In one alternative embodiment of the invention, illustrated as FIG. 11, the analog-to-digital converter 300 is a conventional single-slope analog-to-digital converter. In this embodiment, a comparator 400 compares the analog pixel cell output with the output of a feedback D/A converter 410 whose input is the output of an N-bit up-counter 420. As soon as the two inputs to the comparator 400 are equal, the comparator output changes state, causing a latch 430 to latch the output of the N-bit counter 420 to the digital output of the A/D converter.
In another alternative embodiment of the invention, the analog-to-digital converter employs the well-known algorithm of successive approximations. In this embodiment, the analog-to-digital converter encodes an analog signal, S, as a sum of powers of �:
where bn′s are 1 or 0, and the full scale reference is taken to be 1.0. The conventional successive approximation algorithm for determining the bn′s is to compare S with
for the kth bit conversion. If S exceeds Rk, bk=1 and if S is less than Rk, bk=0. The K=1 reference then becomes:
where a subtraction is involved. (bk=0, 1 for bk=1,0 respectively).
Stating the above nonmathematically, the signal S is progressively compared with
As soon as R exceeds S, the last added fraction (⅛) must be subtracted and the next in the series of (�n) (e.g., {fraction (1/16)}) added. The approximations then continue by successively adding progressively smaller members of the serial (�n) to R until it again exceeds S, at which time the member of the series (say, {fraction (1/32)}) which caused R to exceed S is subtracted from R and, prior to the next comparison, the next member in the series ({fraction (1/64)}) is added to R. The process continues through a series of approximations depending in number on the desired precision of the system.
While the invention has been described in detail by specific reference to preferred embodiments, it is understood that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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NASA's Mars Curiosity rover finds methane in the Martian atmosphere and organic chemicals in the planet's soil, the latest hint that Mars was once suitable for microbial life.
Keywords: Chemicalsonce
German Chancellor Angela Merkel signaled she's ready for a long confrontation with President Vladimir Putin over Ukraine as her foreign minister said the two countries' relations must be "remapped."
Keywords: reach outconflictMerkelEscalatingThe RussianGerman Chancellor Angela Merkel
VietNam News English 7 month(s) ago
A dream turning true for a journalist turned hedonist chef, the Tadioto Bar offers culinary creations that deftly traverses different continents. Lucy Sexton is both satiated and transported to nostalgic cravings.
Keywords: barcentertableImagessoupMemoriestrue
Báo Thanh Niên English 8 month(s) ago
A critically acclaimed Vietnamese film, Flapping in the Middle of Nowhere (Dap Canh Giua Khong Trung), will be screened at the Hollywood's AFI Fest on Tuesday night (local time).
Keywords: nowhereimageThe AmericanFilmsCriticschooseEmploying
VietnamNet English 10 month(s) ago
The US Federal Reserve has reiterated that it will raise interest rates once a "considerable time" has passed after its stimulus programme ends in October.
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Báo Đầu Tư English 10 month(s) ago
A group of young people from Dak Lak Province has made a video clip featuring what they see as the most beautiful spots of their home town.
Keywords: StoresclipDak Lak ProvinceDak LakYoung Peopleportray
Báo Dân Trí English 10 month(s) ago
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Báo Thanh Niên English 10 month(s) ago
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Vietnamese female director Nguyen Hoang Diep's first feature "Flapping in the Middle of Nowhere" has been voted as the best film at the Critics' Week sidebar of the 71st Venice Film Festival.
Keywords: HuyennowhereCriticsreluctantlyfrenchFilms
VietnamPlus English 10 month(s) ago
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A film by Vietnamese female director Nguyen Hoang Diep beat seven other foreign debut features to win the Best Film prize at the 2014 Venice International Film Festival.
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VietNam News English 10 month(s) ago
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Báo Tuổi Trẻ English 11 month(s) ago
Maria Sharapova found no room for sentiment on Monday to give her old friend Maria Kirilenko a tennis lesson and roll to a 6-4 6-0 win and into the second round of the U.S. Open.
Keywords: SharapovaWhile Sharapovago outupsetmatchEach OtherAustralian Open
VietnamNet English 11 month(s) ago
US Federal Reserve chair Janet Yellen has said there is still "remaining slack in the labour market".
Keywords: LabourmarketchairJackson HolethereafterThe FedFederal Reserve
VietNam News English 12 month(s) ago
The wedding season is coming and for any soon-to-be brides and grooms who are struggling to plan their big day, the Rhythm of Love Wedding Fair might be a good option.
Keywords: soonDiscountsenjoyOn Saturday
Báo Tuổi Trẻ English 13 month(s) ago
Many Americans start their day with coffee and end it with a glass (or two) of wine. Now, one US company is offering both beverages... in one can.
Keywords: winecheck inFacebookTwitterbottlehaveIntroduced
Báo Dân Trí English 14 month(s) ago
Vietnamese authorities are seeking for solutions in order to attract more foreign investment in agriculture which currently accounts for only around 1% of the country's total FDI.
Keywords: ImagesattractReasonsForeign Investment AgencyabandonSolutions
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AKF Shop FixAug 28, 2014 Patch 3 comments
Hello i noticed that many had problem with shop in this mod me too, so im uploading mine fix. I tested it on listen server and everything works. But i...
Almost two years in the making, the WPC together with Marco bring you the most comprehensive overhaul of killing floor to date. When Braindead and Hemi created the M41A Pulse Rifle for killing floor, there was only one logical next step. Lets make everything Aliens. Together with Whisky a plan was set into motion that would take the entire killing floor experience to new levels of terror. After persuading Marco to recreate the speed and ferocity of the Alien, including new game play functionalities as facehuggers and endboss-fights with the queen, the team started working on finalising the mod were no one can hear you scream. After multiple setbacks, the end is finally in sight. The Aliens themselves looked better and better, by overhauling meshes and textures along the way. Weapons became more balanced and got shiny new textures. And to really immerse players into the universe of Aliens, created by James Cameron, they can now even play/sound like the iconic characters of the movie.
The AKF Aliens Killing Floor mod is finally here. And we hope server admins around the world give KF-players a chance to experience new terror.
2 comments by WhiskyGartley on Feb 6th, 2013
Due to some poor file management we've had to release a quick hot fix to address some version mismatches people were experiencing.
Hotfix can be found at ModDB or the official website.
Also Steam workshop is being somewhat uncooperative in addressing this issue. So it looks like we are going to have to overhaul that as well. This will probably happen around the next update.
If for what ever reason something does not work, please take the time to help us out. If your game crashes or does not work for some apparent reason then the log can tell us what is wrong.
To retrieve your log once the game stops or crashes. Navigate to your killing floor system folder. Often: C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\killingfloor\system and look for a killingfloor.log file.
Either email this file to email@example.com or copy and paste it's contents to pastebin.com and send me the link.
Sorry to have caused you folks any problems. I will submit myself to a flogging once I've fixed the problem.
- Whisky
If you'd like to offer feedback and support you can reach us either at WolfPackClan, Most Impressive, Wildcard Production Studios or over at the official TWI forums.
Hello i noticed that many had problem with shop in this mod me too, so im uploading mine fix. I tested it on listen server and everything works. But i...
I missed the map Hadley's Hope on AKF Mod. So I do it by myself, map may have many bugs because im just fan and mapping amateur. In 1.2 map version i...
HaTeMe: I also recommend subscribing to AtmosphereProcessor and Aliens Music on steam workshop. Made for Aliens mod looong time ago when it was still...
A quick hotfix to address some file discrepancies. Please let me know if there are any additional problems. We will probably be rebuilding the Steam Workshop...
AKF is one of the most comprehensive mods to date released for Killing Floor. The aim of this mod was to bring the feel and scope of James Cameron's Aliens...
Hi. I have got very big problem with this mod. When i install mod, and turn on this mutators
"WPC Aliens Path Mutator"
"WPC Aliens:KF Server Vetrancy Handler"
"WPC Aliens:Killing Floor Detail Mut"
i everytime get an error. When i do not enable mutators
"WPC Aliens:KF Server Vetrancy Handler"
"WPC Aliens:Killing Floor Detail Mut"
the game is working, i have got aliens, but i havent got perks and new weapons. Please help.
Can u please tell us what about new A:KF patch? Last update was 2 months ago.
Is there any server playing this? I found only a german server at Gametracker, but when I tried to connect on IP from the game it was just a normal, and empty, killing floor server -.-
well is eny way to ADD the weapons in the store? i have installed the mod corectley and i know about adding mods to ut2004 and killing floor (and yes no steam workshop)
skins are working
aliens are working
spawn weapons working
STORE weapons\items are NOT i google the **** out of it and i cant find a fix for it
can you plz give a help?
I have the same problem. Everything else seems to work, but the store/trader is empty, so I'm stuck with the starting weapons.
I subscribed to the workshop collection, but also downloaded the whole mod from the site plus the hotfix and overwrote the workshop incase steam wouldn't download correctly.
So maybe that is why it works as well it does, minus the empty shop.
I understand that some latest patch with KF also messes up mods. But WPC is making a new and better A:KF, have you seen some of the new screens? Awesome stuff.
Will be more updates later? :)
The motion tracker isn't showing up for me. Am I missing something?
Did you buy one at the trader?
Oh, didn't think about that. :p
Highest Rated (2 agree) 9/10
Great mod with alot of potential! Play it :D
Feb 7 2013, 8:07pm by AJ_Quick
Latest tweets from @theimpressive
@FaithNoMore My nephew in his custom FNM shirt. He was a king when he was born and he's Juul 4 a lifetime. :D T.co
Jul 2 2014, 2:19pm
@FaithNoMore New Album? TAKE MY MONEY!!! ALL OF IT!!!!
May 30 2014, 5:07am
Ik vind een @YouTube-video leuk: T.co BODY COUNT - Talk S**t, Get Shot (Official Music Video)
May 25 2014, 5:12pm
New website live: T.co
Mar 17 2014, 9:32am
What a pathetic man... Even the small group of fans of this game are treated as a joke. Thanks (@YouTube T.co)
Sep 25 2013, 4:11am
@avpgalaxy Support the bughunt petition for ACM : T.co :-)
Sep 5 2013, 4:53am
@Killermarmot I've made a 3D render to support A:CM. Hope you like it : T.co
Sep 5 2013, 2:32am
Promote Aliens : Killing Floor on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


text:
Telestream will feature several major new software products, including Vantage video workflow management, at IBC2010 in Amsterdam, Sept. 10-14.
Vantage is the company's new enterprise-class workflow design and automation software solution with video capture, transcoding, metadata processing, analysis, management and delivery functionality for IT video environments. With Vantage's video workflow design capability, media, metadata, analysis data and process flows can be built independently of video file formats or video systems.
Flexible process design and an intuitive GUI simplify the design, automation and management of a variety of workflows. These capabilities allow fully automated, self-adapting video workflows to be built without the need for costly software engineering or consultants.
At IBC2010, Telestream customers and partners will benefit from a new, free SDK that enables third-party systems to access and control Vantage workflows.
See Telestream at IBC Stand 7.D16.
Comedy Central Joins Roku Lineup
Netflix, Amazon Pass on 'Hannibal'
Bill Cosby Admits He Gave Drugs to at Least One Woman
MMTC Backs Trump Dump
Lifetime Renews 'UnREAL'
Wirecast brings fans onboard Extreme Sailing Series
TV4 draws on ChyronHego for automated graphics
EVS set for remote production and Sub-Saharan markets
Watch This Music Video Mash-Up of "Smooth Criminal" and 'Blade Runner'
The Evolution of the Rules of Editing
Watch a Video Review of Adobe Hue


text:
My uncle owns and operates an industrial lighting company, and has an interesting way of motivating people. Whenever they express the futility of the task at hand, he comes back and says, "You should probably just give up and quit, man. It's too hard." Somehow, I think the rest of the media does not have that reverse psychology or that air of thinly veiled sarcasm in mind when they repeatedly state that the championship Chase has all but been decided, and that the final five races – half of the playoffs – are all but a formality for the No. 48 team of Jimmie Johnson and Chad Knaus. Read More »
Danica Patrick, NASCAR, and IndyCar: Motorsports' Torrid Love Triangle Heats Up
Ah, the torrid love triangle. It is the thing of tawdry soap operas, trashy romance novels, and maybe even the topic of water cooler conversation involving your co-workers. Now, coming to a racetrack near you, it is the recurring theme and headline of many a motorsports article. This one is no different, for even I have succumbed to the drama gripping the two top series in American racing. No doubt, the trio has made one heck of a movie trailer this year: "Danica Patrick, the IndyCar Series, and NASCAR." Coming soon to a theater near you, it's the all-consuming romance that threatens to tear each racing series apart. Read More »
It's About Time – NASCAR Reverting Back To Sane Start Times For 2010
After much speculation, an announcement was made Wednesday confirming that in 2010, NASCAR would enforce uniform starting times for Sprint ... Read More »
Not In The Chase? You're Far From A Second-Class Citizen
When the call came down from race control Sunday at Kansas Speedway for Brad Keselowski to be mindful of how he was racing against the Chase competitors, it was as if somebody took a jack handle to a hornet's nest. More than a few NASCAR fans were up in arms over this admonishment from the race stewards to the non-Chase driver after getting an eyeful of the bright red No. 42 Target Chevrolet -- and nearly paying the price. Juan Pablo Montoya initially passed Keselowski through Turns 3 and 4, but the two got a little close in the process and made contact, leaving a donut on the side of Montoya's car and a warning landing smack in the rookie's lap. _Is this is what it's come finally to,_ you may be asking yourself right now, _NASCAR dictating who is allowed to race and who isn't?_ _If you aren't a Chaser, you might as well not even be out there, right?_ Not so fast. Read More »
Overlooking The Obvious: Media Largely Ignoring Compelling Chase Stories, Handing Johnson Title Prematurely
Is there be a more fickle sport than NASCAR? One moment you are an up and coming driver, brimming with a burgeoning career, celebrated by fans both young and old. Then either as a victim of your own success or by making contact with someone more popular, you draw the ire of the grandstands, receiving the type of greeting one expects will await Roman Polanski upon his impending return stateside. While the inverse of that can also be true (witness Darrell Waltrip and to some extent, Dale Earnhardt, Sr.), the flavor of the month syndrome seems to have hit home hardest during the 2009 Chase for the Championship. The 10-race playoff format, whose detractors are rivaled only in their number and intense sincerity by those who oppose government-dictated healthcare, have already turned a deaf ear and a blind eye to the hoopla of hype circulating throughout NASCAR the past few weeks. Considering how the Chase has been portrayed by many in the media the last few days, it would be for good reason, too. Read More »
Strong Chase Starts Not Always A Recipe For Championship Success
Following his fifth win of the season at Loudon this past Sunday, Mark Martin was sure he was dreaming. He had just won a race on one of the five tracks he had yet to score a victory on in the Sprint Cup Series, firing the first round in the 10-race Chase most never thought he'd be a part of again, much less lead the standings heading into Dover this weekend. In three prior playoff appearances, his best finish was a seventh in 2005, so this would surely help get things rolling towards that title that has eluded him in three different decades, right? "It's a great way to start, but it's one of 10, and it ain't that big of a deal …" Ah, _there_ he is. The old Mark Martin... Read More »
What's Vexing Vito: Life Beyond The Chase – Putting Things In Perspective for The Other 31 Drivers
Now that the 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup is upon us, the usual band of detractors have come out ... Read More »
Pugliese The Prognosticator: A Comprehensive Guide To The 2009 Chase For The Cup
Following weeks of speculation, rationalization, and wild-assed guesses, the field for the 2009 Sprint Cup Championship Chase is now set. This week, the Dirty Dozen has been performing the requisite New York City media stops, making appearances on just about any talk show or television program you care to mention before the first round is fired at New Hampshire Motor Speedway on Sunday. After weeks of fretting over Kyle Busch making it in or Matt Kenseth hanging on, the focus shifts to obsessing over who will prevail in the final 10 races and become this year's Sprint Cup champion. So, just how do I see this whole thing playing out? Read More »
Fuel For Thought – Making The Case For Fuel Injection In NASCAR
Progress and change. Both are touchy subjects, and more often than not have no bearing or influence on the other. One can fly in the face of tradition while the other may support and reinforce it. I'll spare you the political diatribe (for now) however, and cut to the chase where in NASCAR, the opportunity to make some gains may be on the horizon. While many oppose the thought of abandoning the iconic Holley four-barrel carburetor for computer controlled fuel injection, I think it is a change worth exploring for a number of reasons. Read More »
Forgotten On Race Day? Ford Looks To Rebound This Weekend in The Irish Hills of MIS
Ford performance enthusiasts are fond of saying that Ford really stands for "First On Race Day." So far in 2009, the Blue Oval brigade has embodied the alternate acronym of their namesake foisted upon them by Chevrolet, Mopar, Pontiac, and just about any other pocket of automotive resistance you can find, that would cruelly laugh in the face of their faltering. The translation is the same, except for the, "F" does not stand for, "First." You can probably figure out the rest of that one for yourself. Read More »


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51 year old woman | Leesburg, VA, USA | Seeking men 41-56 within 50 miles
Active within 24 hours
If you can't handle me at my worst, you don't deserve me at my best!
I am described as a sweet, caring, kind, affectionate, romantic, fun lady. A loyal friend who is there when you need a shoulder to cry on, an ear to listen or someone to make you laugh. I enjoy learning new things, but it is so much better when you share experiences with someone. I am a child of God and fully recognize I am a work in progress! Certainly not perfect, but always trying to tweak my flaws. I love being outdoors in the sunshine and find things I like about every season. I enjoy time at the beach, hikes and have even camped, but prefer resorts over campgrounds. I don't know how to ski or play golf, but am willing to learn if you are a patient teacher. I love to dance, but haven't had the opportunity in a while and would even enjoy taking dancing lessons. I like to occasionally dress up for a night on the town be it a nice dinner, a special event or the theater as much as I enjoy a casual afternoon curled up with my special someone. I am the mother of 2 sons, 16 and 20 and they both live with me. The eldest attends college and works part time. Growing up as one of 3 girls, raising boys has been an adventure. They keep me guessing all the time, but in the end, I adore them! I am looking for someone who first and foremost is a good friend whom I can trust with all of me. Someone who enjoys talking and sharing with me. Someone who will be supportive, encouraging, romantic, funny, patient and helps me to grow as a person and allows me to return all of this to him. I have had to be an independent person for a long time and even though I am capable of doing that, it doesn't mean, I wouldn't like someone to take care of me sometimes. Laughter is important because it helps me get through the hard times as well as the embarrassing times and lets face it, it sure does feel good to laugh :) I enjoy affection without being smothered, but also love the feeling of undeniable chemistry between two people which ignites passion and hopefully leads to love. I am interested in a long term relationship which leads to marriage. I am an optimist and even though things didn't work out for the best the first time around, I still believe in love.
Alumni connections , Book club , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Dancing, Football, Hockey, Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
I have Dogs
We have one dog that we rescued 6 Christmas's ago. She is a Golden Retriever/Cocker Spaniel Mix. I tell people she is a short Golden w/ great hair! She is a doll and can't imagine our life without her now :)
Middle of the Road
I love the beach, especially warm beaches.Myrtle Beach, New York City, Bahamas, George Town, Old Town Alexandria and National Parks. I have not traveled much as of yet, but am hoping to get to do more of that one day.
Longwood University, Farmville, VA
My music taste ranges from Classic rock, to beach music, classical to jazz, contemporary Christian and even enjoy some hip-.hop and some rap. Last show I saw was Journey. Sunshine/ Blue Skies, laughter, Chocolate, Hot Baths, Kisses and love!
Spending time with friends and family. Attending concerts, sporting events, theater or museums. Most anything outdoors whether, it is a hike, visiting a winery or exploring a new location. Dinner, dancing or movies.
Professional Journals, The White Queen, 50 Shades of Gray, The Help. The Shack,
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 6'3" (190cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark blonde
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Bald
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Regularly
|Education / Teacher / Professor
|Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Architecture / Interior design
I am a First Grade teacher and love my job including all the rewards and all the challenges.
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Not sure, Probably not, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
My mother always told us we were Heinz 57. We had a little bit of everything in our background.
|Christian / Protestant
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Six preschool friends looking in camera and laughing
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High quality images curated from over 150 countries.
Over 50 million photos, vectors, illustrations, and more.
Simple and flat pricing by image or by month.
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Free shipping and returns on all orders
Offer does not apply to previous purchases. Free standard shipping applies to us.hunterboots.com orders shipped within the 50 United States via ground shipping (3 to 6 business days).
Original Kids Reflective Contrast Rain Boots
$65.00 $46.00
Final Sale
Selected color: fuscia/damson/mlred
slate/dusty petrol/dr
A kids' style of the iconic Hunter Original Wellington boot with reflective detail. Handcrafted from 28 parts in lacquer-finish waterproof rubber, the style has leg heights that are graded to fit growing children. The reflective back stripe is an additional safety measure, while an expertly crafted fit ensures comfort for the foot and leg.
Size & Fit
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Details & Care
- Rubber
- Lining: polyester
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- Use Hunter Boot Shine and Rubber Buffer to keep boots in optimum condition.


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Professional Development Resources
Dear CUNY Student Affairs Professional,
Fostering student success, enhancing the quality of the University experience and partnering with the academic enterprise is paramount in our work as Student Affairs professionals. With this said, it is essential we identify our strengths, develop our talents and pursue our passions as they relate to student development, learning and achievement.
Professional Development must be among our most cherished core values as we design our student services, programs and policies. We will hold ourselves to the highest expectations of performance and, as such, must be engaged in the most effective student service practice—practice that is both evidence-based and shared amongst the leaders in our field. In addition to conferences and webinars that are typically the venues for advancing our work, the Central Office of Student Affairs (COSA) has organized a series of website pages entitled "Professional Development Resources."
Quick Links
Professional Development Grants Application <pdf>
What We're Reading at COSA <pdf>
Professional Staff Congress HEO Grant
CUNY Central Office of Student Affairs Lecture Series
Coming soon.
NASPA's spring Webinar Series:
Ethical Professional Practice
April 9, 2015
Same Generation, New Challenges: Transforming Advising for New Professionals
April 22 , 2015
Be Strategic: Shape Your Student Affairs Career
May 12, 2015
Contact Us
Central Office of Student Affairs
205 E. 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017
555 W. 57th Street
New York, NY 10019
CUNY Athletic Conference
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Photo by Gourmet Studios
YIELD: Serves 6
Cut cabbage into thin shreds and chop parsley. In a small bowl whisk together mustard, vinegar, and salt until combined. Whisk in oil in a slow stream, whisking until emulsified.
In a large bowl toss together cabbage, parsley, vinaigrette, and salt and pepper to taste until combined. Chill salad, covered, at least 30 minutes and up to 2 hours.


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Ashley Tisdale is in Toronto
The High School Musical star is in Canada to shoot a new HSM spinoff.
By: Ilan Mester
Ashley Tisdale is ready to reprise the role that made her a worldwide star. The 24-year-old actress will be playing Sharpay Evans in a new Disney Channel original movie titled Sharpay's Fabulous Adventures.
The movie follows Sharpay trying to become a Broadway star after she's graduated high school. Tisdale revealed to MTV News that there will be a special cameo in the movie, but didn't say who will be appearing in the new film.
This will be the fourth time the actress has played the theatre-obsessed character. She first played Sharpay in the surprise megahit High School Musical, which first aired in 2006.
Tisdale – who according to the JCC of Greater Monmouth County got her acting start at the JCC – was spotted in Yorkville walking with her dog, Maui. She's in Canada to film the Disney Channel movie.


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The game story is here.
The box score is here.
The photo gallery is here.
Baez made his major-league debut in the ninth inning of Monday night's rain-delayed loss to the Washington Nationals. He allowed two runs to score and heads back to the minors with a career ERA of 18.00.
Kershaw hasn't started since an Opening Day win in Sydney, Australia. He made two rehab starts following the diagnosis of a strained teres major muscle.
Yasiel Puig is sitting out for the second straight day after crashing into the wall in Miami. Adrian Gonzalez is getting his second day off of the season. Here are the lineups for both teams:
Continue reading
The Dodgers have recalled right-hander Pedro Baez from Double-A Chattanooga for tonight's game against the Washington Nationals.
Baez had a 2.84 ERA in 12 ⅔ innings at Chattanooga, with six walks and eight strikeouts. A converted infielder who never made it past Double-A since joining the Dodgers' system in 2007, Baez converted to pitching full-time only last year. He was added to the Dodgers' 40-man roster last November.
Stephen Fife, who started Sunday's game in Miami and left with a no-decision, was optioned back to Triple-A Albuquerque.


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There is such a great staff at the apartment community. I'm very impressed by the property management team. The service is always fast and thorough. They are very attentive and observant. Perfect location. Quick access to I64/I95 and 295. Excellent price.… Full Review ▶
This is the second time I've placed a request for maintenance and the staff has always delivered in a most expeditious and professional manner. Carlos is truly an outstanding asset to the maintenance staff. I would recommend this dwelling to anyone… Full Review ▶
It is very quiet, the grounds are keep up. Office management and maintenance are very polite. It has been very nice living here, it would even be nicer if I could get a few renovation made to my apt. Full Review ▶
Staff if one of the best i have had!!! Full Review ▶
I really like it here. Sometimes when someone moves out and someone else moves in, it takes me a few months to get use to them. The office management staff is awesome. They have always handle maintenance breakdowns in my unit… Full Review ▶


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Tickets to the Applebee's Flapjack Fundraising Breakfast event to support Eyer Middle School's Jr. Kid to Kid will be sold during lunch hours at the middle school through Jan. 9 and will be placed in the homeroom teacher's mailbox for each child.
The fundraiser will be held from 8-10 a.m., Jan. 12, at Applebee's Neighborhood Grill & Bar, 7150 Hamilton Blvd., Trexlertown. Tickets cost $7.50 per person and $5 for children under 5.


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Shark Week
A decoration shark, called "Chompie," on the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, in the lead-up to Shark Week of 2010.
|July 17, 1988
|Discovery Channel
|Discovery Communications
|Shark-based programming
|Running time
|Airs annually for an entire week beginning in either July or August
|Original Language(s)
|Official website
|Official website
Shark Week is (my life) an annual, week-long programming produced by the Discovery Channel which features shark-based programming, real and fictional. In recent years fictitious programming, called "docufiction," were produced, such as Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives, Shark of Darkness: Wrath of Submarine, Monster Hammerhead, Lair of the Mega Shark, and Megaladon: The New Evidence to try to improve their ratings.[citation needed] This strategy worked for the program Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives, as it became one of the most watched programs in Shark Week history, primarily for the controversy and backlash it generated.[1] It originally premiered on July 17, 1988. Held annually, normally in July or August, Shark Week was originally developed to raise awareness and respect for sharks. Since then it has evolved into more entertainment-oriented programming. Shark Week has also attracted criticism by airing dramatic programs related to the great white shark to increase viewers and popularity. It is the longest-running cable television programming event in history.[2]
Now broadcast in over 72 countries, Shark Week is promoted heavily via social networks like Facebook and Twitter. Episodes of recent years are also available for purchase on services like Google Play Movies and TV, Amazon Instant Video, iTunes, and YouTube.
- 1988: The first ever Shark Week premiered July 17, 1988, with the first show to air being Caged in Fear. A total of 10 episodes aired. Other shows include Sharks - Predators or Prey, The Shark Takes a Siesta, and Sharks of a Different Color.
- 1989: Due to the success of the first Shark Week, Discovery decided to continue it. Programs such as Shark: Maneater or Myth?, Shark Hunters of Achill Island, and Sharks of San Francisco aired in 1989.
- 1990: New shows that aired include Shark!: The World of Sharks and Barracuda and Sharks: Hunters of the Oceans.
- 1991: This year was referred to as Shark Week: The Revenge. Shows to air include Shark Shooters, Sea Lovers, and Great Shark Hunt.
- 1992: This year was branded as Shark Week: They're Back. Shows to air include The Man Who Loves Sharks (showcasing scuba diver and underwater producer Stan Waterman), Sharks of Polynesia, Great White Encounters, and Great White! Parts 1 and 2.
- 1993: This year was called Shark Week: We Dare You to Watch. The programs to air included African Shark Safari, Sharks on the Brink of Extinction, Teeth of Death, Assignment Adventure, and Sharks of Pirate Island.
- 1994: Jaws author Peter Benchley hosted Shark Week 1994. This was the first year ever Shark Week had a host. New programs were introduced at locations where Jaws was filmed.
- 1995: Programs to air included Sharks of the Red Triangle, Rendezvous at Ningaloo, and In Search of the Golden Hammerhead (this was the first time this rare shark was aired on television).
- 1996: Shows to air include The Ultimate Guide: Sharks, Danger Beach, and Tales of the Tiger Shark, which is the third most watched Shark Week program ever.
- 1997: Shark Bites: A Decade of Shark Week aired this year, which was a two-hour special reviewing some of the best moments on Shark Week.
- 1998: Show that aired include Prehistoric Sharks, Zambezi Shark, Hammerheads: Nomads of the Sea, and Great White: In Search of the Giants.
- 1999: A two-hour special entitled Live From a Shark Cage aired in 1999, hosted by journalist Forrest Sawyer. It was a live program filmed at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The show also featured cinematographer Al Giddings.
- 2000: In 2000, on Discovery Channel aired Shark Week Uncaged presented by famous zoologist Nigel Marven as a host. Six million 3D Pulfrich glasses were distributed to viewers in the United States and Canada for an episode featuring an extinct giant shark, which had 3D segments.[3]
- 2001: Nigel Marven hosted Shark Week for his second time in 2001. Air Jaws: Sharks of South Africa aired in 2001. The program showed Great White sharks near the coast of South Africa jumping high out of the ocean. It was one of the most watched programs in Shark Week history.
- 2002: Nigel Marven hosted Shark Week for a third time in 2002. This Shark Week was celebrity themed. Various celebrities swam in the water among sharks. They include Julie Bowen, Mark McGrath, David James Elliott, Adrian Pasdar, Estella Warren, Brian McKnight, Gabrielle Reece and Casper Van Dien.
- 2003: There was no host for Shark Week in 2003. It began on August 14. The second most watched show ever in Shark Week history,[citation needed] Anatomy of a Shark Bite, also aired that day.
- 2004: Shark Week 2004 was hosted by the American Chopper cast. It ran from July 25-31.
- 2005: In 2005, Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman from the Discovery Channel series MythBusters hosted Shark Week, and a two-hour MythBusters "Jaws Special" was premiered for the event.
- 2006: In 2006, Mike Rowe from Dirty Jobs hosted, and two Dirty Jobs episodes were featured, titled "Jobs that Bite" and "Jobs that Bite...Harder". Also during the week, the Silver Spring, Maryland headquarters of the Discovery Channel was outfitted to resemble a giant shark.[4]
- 2007: In 2007, Discovery Channel celebrated Shark Week's 20th Anniversary hosted by Les Stroud, host of Survivorman. The 20th anniversary included the launch of Sharkrunners, a video game that uses GPS data from tagged sharks in the Pacific Ocean. The episode Ocean of Fear aired on July 29.
- 2008: Shark Week 2008 ran from July 27 to August 2 and was hosted by both the MythBusters and Mike Rowe.[5][6] Both a new MythBusters shark special and a shark-themed episode of Dirty Jobs premiered for the event.
- 2009: 2009's Shark Week began the evening of August 2. The season premiered with Blood in the Water, a recreation of the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916.
- 2010: Shark Week 2010, hosted by The Late Late Show 's Craig Ferguson, began on August 1 and featured six brand-new shark specials.[7] It was advertised by the second appearance of the giant inflatable shark attached to the Discovery Channel building nicknamed "Chompie".[4] Shark Week 2010 was rated the most viewed Shark Week ever with 30.8 million unique viewers.[8] Shark Week is now the longest-running program event on cable.[9]
- 2011: Shark Week 2011, hosted by Andy Samberg, began on July 31. It featured seven specials.[7]
- 2012: Shark Week 2012, hosted by Philip DeFranco, started August 12, 2012, at 9/8c. After being absent in 2011, "Chompie" the giant shark is once again being displayed on the Discovery Channel Building.[4] To honor the series' 25th anniversary, viewers were encouraged to vote via Twitter or Facebook on which item a mechanical megalodon shark would crush with its hydraulic jaws in the "Shark Week Chompdown".[10]
- 2013: Shark Week 2013 began on Sunday, August 4.[11][12] It began with Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives, a fictitious documentary-style film which hypothesized the Megalodon shark existing in present times. The program was heavily criticized for promoting bad science and manipulating viewers. [13] Shark Week was heavily promoted by a popular ad in which a news program covers the return of "Snuffy The Seal" to the ocean only to see a shark jump out and devour the seal on camera.[14] Each evening of Shark Week, after new episodes aired, a program called Shark After Dark LIVE aired, hosted by comedian Josh Wolf.
- 2014: Shark Week 2014 began on Sunday, August 10. Fourteen programs aired, and five Shark After Dark LIVE episodes were shown for the first five days after two new programs each night. Shark Week ended on Saturday, August 16.
- 2015: Shark Week 2015 will begin a month earlier than the previous year, premiering on Sunday, July 5th at 8/7c.[15] It will last a total of eight days. A total of 14 new episodes will premiere. On June 23, a special titled Shark Week Sharktacular was aired. It highlighted the best moments in Shark Week history, and previewed Shark Week 2015. Also eight special "Sharkopedia Edition" episodes will air. These are re-cuts of new episodes from this year with extra information given for the viewer. For the third year in a row, five Shark After Dark LIVE episodes hosted by will premiere on the first five nights. This year, Eli Roth became the new host, replacing former host of two years Josh Wolf. Shark Week will end on Sunday, July 12, with the final new episode starting at 8/7c.
The following are all of the hosts for Shark Week:
- 1988–1993: No host
- 1994: Peter Benchley
- 1995–1999: No host
- 2000–2002: Nigel Marven
- 2003: No host
- 2004: American Chopper cast
- 2005: Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman
- 2006: Mike Rowe
- 2007: Les Stroud
- 2008: Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman, and Mike Rowe
- 2009: Les Stroud
- 2010: Craig Ferguson
- 2011: Andy Samberg
- 2012: Philip DeFranco
- 2013–2014: Josh Wolf
- 2015: Eli Roth
DVD & Blu-Ray releases[edit]
This television-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
|DVD Name
|No. of
|No. of
|Additional Information
|Anatomy of a Shark Bite
|Bonus Shark Week episode.
|Bull Shark: World's Deadliest Shark
|Single episode
|Jaws of the Pacific
|Single episode
|Shark Week: American Shark
|Single episode
|Diary of a Shark Man
|Single episode
|Great White Shark: Uncaged
|Single episode
|Shark Week: 20th Anniversary Collection
|Various Shark Week episodes.
|Discovery Channel: Shark DVD Set
|Various Shark Week episodes
|Shark Week: Ocean of Fear
|The complete 2007 season, the 20th season. Included Ocean of Fear.
|Shark Week: The Great Bites Collection
|The complete 2008 season, plus three bonus episodes.
|Shark Week: Jaws of Steel Collection
|The complete 2009 season, the 22nd season, plus two bonus episodes.[16] It features the two-hour documentary titled Blood in the Water, which was the season premiere of the 22nd season.
|Great White Appetite
|Single episode
|Shark Week: Restless Fury
|The complete 2010 season.
|Shark Week: 25th Anniversary Collection
|Four popular episodes of recent seasons are packaged on this set.
|Shark Week 2013: Fins Of Fury
|The complete 2011 season
|Shark Week: Predator Of The Deep
|The complete 2012 season
|Day of the Shark 2
|Single episode
|Shark After Dark
|Single episode; not to be confused with Shark After Dark LIVE
|MythBusters: Jaws Special
|MythBusters Shark Week special; includes unaired mini-myths.
|Sharkbite Summer
|Single episode
|Shark Week: Favorites
|Various Shark Week episodes
- ^ Switek, Brian. "It Came From Basic Cable – Phenomena: Laelaps". Phenomena.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Fetters, Ashley (August 13, 2012). "The Evolution of Shark Week, Pop-Culture Leviathan". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
- ^ Bartless Manufacturer "swims with sharks" in Upcoming 3D Television Event, 3dglassesonline.com, August 11, 2000.
- ^ a b c "Return of "Chompie" In Silver Spring Building Marks 25th Anniversary of Shark Week". 31 July 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ^ "Shark Week 2008: Discovery Channel: Shark Behavior and Conservation". Dsc.discovery.com. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
- ^ Vino Crianza. "Les Stroud's Blog ~ Survivorman » Les Stroud hosts "Surviving Sharks" for Shark Week 2008". Les Stroud. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
- ^ a b "SHARK WEEK: TV Shows: Discovery Channel". Dsc.discovery.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
- ^ Source: Nielsen Media Research; cume; M-Su 8-11P; LSD P2+; 6-minute qualifier
- ^ "Discovery Channel's 23rd Annual 'Shark Week' Is Most-Watched Ever; Seen by 30.8 Million People". Tvbythenumbers.com. 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
- ^ "25th Anniversary of 'Shark Week Week' to Premiere Sunday August 12 on Discovery". TV By the Numbers. June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ "Discovery Channel's post on Vine". Vine.co. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
- ^ "'Shark Week' Returns to Discovery Channel August 4 With the Most Hours of Shark Programming Ever". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
- ^ Rich Juzwiak, "Shark Week Opens with Fake Megalodon Documentary", Gawker, August 5, 2013.
- ^ Shark Week Ad on YouTube
- ^ Levin, Gary (January 29, 2015). "Shark Week bites earlier in 2015". usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ "Shark Week: Jaws of Steel Collection".
- General reference
- "Shark Week years". Discovery Channel (Canada). Retrieved August 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
- Shark Week on the Discovery Channel website
- Shark Week at the Internet Movie Database
- Shark Week on Twitter
- Ocean Conservancy is Discovery Channel's Shark Week Conservation Partner


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IND's Green Hell makes a return with a feature in a Falken Tire commercial for Falken's Azenis FK453 tires.
The ad features some great driving by Dai Yoshihara, a 14 year drift driver and 2011 Formula Drift Champion. Check it out inside!
BIMMERPOST members are not ones to shy away and wait from modifying their new BMWs, and the F32 4 Series has proven to be no exception.
Check out this newly modified 435i Coupe by BIMMERPOST member Rich2k1.
Detailed installation journal for an M Performance Power Kit (MPPK) install on a N55 335i engine.
Bryan's BMW E30 325is race car is about to exchange owners. Listen and watch Bryan talk about the N.A.S.A Spec E30 race series and his experience racing his beloved BMW 325i, and watching him wheel it around the race track.
In the wake of Paul Walker's tragic passing, have a look back at Paul Walker's supercharged E92 M3 coupe.
AC Schnitzer's take on the F11 Touring LCI facelift.
As part of a long running campaign led by the Associated of German Vehicle Tuners (VDAT), a special concept car is released every year by tuners to highlight the need to be safe and serious when doing car tuning. This initiative is supported by both the Police and the German Federal Ministry for Transport, Construction and Road Development. The aim of the campaign is to fight against illegal and counterfeit tuning products. A campaign for which AC Schnitzer has been on the forefront, churning … CONTINUED
Ahead of the 2013 Motorshow Essen, AC Schnitzer has released images and details on their complete program for the new BMW 4-Series Coupe.
The famed Aachen based tuner has given the 4-Series a complete workup, similar to previous offerings for the F30 3-Series.
Starting under the hood, AC Schnitzer performance software upgrades raise power levels as follow: 420i (to 245 hp), 428i (to 294 hp), 435i (to 360 hp), 420d (to 218 hp), 430d (to 309 hp) and 435d (to 360 hp).
We've previously already reported on … CONTINUED
First look at the BMW M Performance Parts for the 2 Series Coupe, covering performance, handling and styling.
M Performance Power Kit available for the 220d coupe which increases power from 131 bhp to 200 bhp and torque from 380 Nm to 420 Nm.
M Performance exhaust system will be available for the M235i Coupe and M Performance exhaust pipes in carbon fiber or chrome with the M logo.
M Performance limited slip … CONTINUED
As of March 2014 a large selection of BMW M Performance parts will be available for all model variants of the Sports Activity Vehicle, giving the new BMW X5 an even more athletic look as it lines up at the start. Its powerful appearance can be further highlighted by means of a black decorative grid for the BMW kidney grille, a front splitter and exterior mirror caps in carbon, air ducting elements, a diffuser insert for the rear apron and side sill foils with … CONTINUED
Check out Kh's Laguna Seca Blue M3 by Carrozzeria, put together in Taiwan.
Hamann wheels certainly have a way of fitting in well with the bigger vehicles in the BMW stable, and look right at home on the new X5.
For now, Hamann is showing off two styles of their wheels on the X5, namely the Design Edition Race "Anodized" 23 inch wheels and the "Anniversary EVO" 22 inch wheels.
But rest assured, Hamann is certain to later unveil a full range of wheels and "optik tuning" kits.
Another limited edition 335i M Performance Edition model has been delivered to a Canadian member, this time in Laguna Seca Blue.
The 335i M Performance limited edition comes standard with:
Comes standard with:
20″ M Performance Alloy Wheels
Black Kidney Grilles
Front Diffuser (body color)
Rear Diffuser (body color)
M Side Skirts
M Power Kit
M Performance Exhaust
First look at the production BMW M Performance Exhaust for the M5 and M6.
Alpina has just debuted its newest model – the Alpina B4 Biturbo Coupe at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show. Japan is Alpina's third largest market.
The B4 features the same powertrain as the Alpina B3 Biturbo, a twin turbo 3.0L inline 6 producing 410 HP and 443 LB-FT. The Alpina B4 Coupe covers 0-62 MPH in 4.2 seconds and runs up to 197 MPH. An 8 speed automatic transmission is standard.
Cosmetically and other performance upgrades include a front bumper lip, trunk spoiler, quad exhaust and … CONTINUED
IND Distribution makes a return pilgrimage to Germany and shares with us their visits to BBS, Eisenmann, Motorsport 24, the Nurburgring, M Flight crew and more.
Here is their journal:
Being a member of the IND team offers many amazing opportunities- we
Some great pics of the Alpina D3 F30 Biturbo at the Synter Harold Wood BMW dealership.
This one is special. It's not every day that you see two unique M3's such as these side-by-side.
The first E92 M3 features a color combination that is breathtaking in its own right: BMW Individual Monte Carlo Blue over a Rust Brown Extended leather interior, coupled with one of the most impressive mod lists to date. This beauty receives the full Mode Carbon treatment, our GT4 Motorsport Splitter & Side Skirts in matte carbon finish. Under the bonnet is a serious weapon, the ESS VT3 … CONTINUED


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Handling the pressure
Freshman QB is learning fast as surprise starter
KINGSVILLE - There were endless questions long before Texas A&M-Kingsville's football team stepped onto the field for its first game this season. Once the Javelinas' projected starting quarterback was lost for the season following knee surgery, the questions intensified.
Slowly, the questions are being answered.
Enter Jeremy Heatley, a strapping, 6-foot-2, 200-pound true freshman from Breckenridge. When redshirt freshman Jonathan Ochoa went down with the knee before the season opener, Heatley got the starting job under center.
"Things happened fast," Heatley said. "When I came into two-a-days, my goal was to make the traveling squad and be the backup. The next thing I knew I was the starter.
"Obviously I was excited to get the job, but it wasn't the way I wanted it because Jonathan's a great guy and a good teammate," Heatley said. "If I was going to get it, I wanted to beat out Ochoa fair and square."
learning on the job
That wasn't the case, of course. Regardless, the Javelinas had to move on with Heatley at the controls of a multi-faceted offense that had been mastered in previous seasons by former Abel Gonzalez and Daniel Taylor.
But the pressure of inheriting a high-profile position at such a high-profile university? Heatley said he has ignored it.
"You can't really worry about all that," Heatley said. "The main thing is to go out and perform. If you put your mind into that, that's pressure in itself."
There is no question Heatley has put his mind into improving. Though the Javelinas are sitting with a sub-par 2-3 record heading into Saturday night's Lone Star Conference South Division ballgame at Tarleton State, Heatley has progressed as quickly and as effectively as a true freshman could, said A&M-Kingsville coach Richard Cundiff.
"I think Jeremy's starting to grasp the offense pretty well. He's playing hard, he ran the ball better. He ran the touchdown in the other night," Cundiff said. "Like I said before, I think Jeremy is on track to be a pretty good quarterback. He's still young right now; he still makes some mistakes. But I think he's right on pace to be a guy that you can win with here."
respectable numbers
In last week's 51-31 loss to West Texas A&M, Heatley put up career-best numbers in passing yards (297), touchdown passes (two), rushing TDs (one) and total yards (314).
For the
season, Heatley has thrown for 826 yards and five TDs, completing 56.9 percent of his passes with four
interceptions. Three of those came in the 36-10 loss to Western Oregon last month, only one of which came on a bad pass.
Heatley has tried to stick to the script, learning and trying to improve and ignoring the doubters and the pressure involved.
"I don't approach the game any differently than I did in high school," said Heatley, a Class 3A all-state pick as a senior at Breckenridge. "I'm just trying to play the game the best way I know how. I don't worry about (the pressure). I just go out and do my job."
A winning approach
Game by game, Heatley is building a foundation for future success, Cundiff said, as long as the improvement - especially with decision making - continues.
"I think he's got a great base as far as abilities and the things that a quarterback needs. I think he's got that presence about him, too," Cundiff said. "I think he needs to enhance that a little but I think he's got a presence, and that's getting better every week. He's starting to take more control in the huddle with the guys during the ballgame."
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text:
Fight On! Beat the Red Wolves!
Tom Chaney Memorial Debate Lounge Quote of the Week:
The brick walls are there to stop the people who don't want it badly enough - Randy Pausch[None]
Because I'm not sure I'd even call it "technology."
More like classic mural art, mixed with classic prop staging, mixed with the craft of taxidermy.
To me...the Grand Canyon Diorama will never become dated precisely because it does not rely on any sort of technology (unless you want to call light bulbs, technology ). It's simply an example of a classic static diorama. Add a dash of the Grand Canyon Suite music on the train speakers...and it is what it is. Simple, entertaining, and interesting. Perhaps especially to those that have never had the pleasure of viewing the real thing.
It's more simple display art, than technology.
For nostalgia's sake keep them, I can also think of other area's I'd like to see developed first (Festival of Fools, putting a show back in Aladdins Oasis/Tahitan Area), Redd's into an attraction, Starcade, Heck most of Tommorowland, more put into DCA....
"Tonight I wash my hands of you
You set the bar I could not live up to
Tonight the light is breaking through
So thank you very little and send me postcards from hell"
I don't like the animals in it. They look to real...like they took real animals and had them stuffed. It makes me sad every time I see them.
Well What about creating two new Tomarrowland Dark Rides in those spots=== Maybe a Tron Ride or something more scientific like a shuttle thing similar to soaring over California, It woul dbe Soaring through the Universe.
In that light, I don;t need to see the Grand Canyon any more!
So to be clear ---- The Glass windows separating the tracks and the dinosaurs would all be replaced with LCD screens with interactive speaking characters... they could even show a presentation from the old Grand Canyon if it was truely interactive and soemone casked for it!
But in the space who two scenes take up ---- thats a gold mine of space. GOLDMINE..... 2 new dark or scientific rides in there!
Quick someone get this idea to those who can make this happen!!!
Disney Road
Heresy!!Like the good book say's...
Thou shalt not change the Grand Canyon diorama or the Primevil World exhibit.
Book of Walt: Ch:19-vrs:65
MiceChat User #1037
But don't worry. Walt didn't "order" them killed and stuffed. They were aquired from already long-existing collections and museums.
Really...if you go to any Natural History Museum today...you've going to see many examples of real animals that are stuffed.
If you want to see exhibits very similar to the Grand Canyon Diroama, you need to go no further than the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The animal displays there are very similar to the Grand Canyon Diorama, except they are a lot smaller.
I like the op's idea of maybe putting fibre optic stars in there. That would be nice. But adding Indians and such would be a little too much. If there are going to be any changes I don't think it should be too much...
I know! Redo it with pirates.
*ducks, runs*
A lot of it is closed off to the public right now, because they are restoring the museum back to how it was in 1913 when it was built and retrofitting it as well. (This is the part where the Spiderman scene was filmed). But I was there about a month ago and there is still a lot to see.
Besides all the natural history stuff, one item of interest to all of us micechatters is in the California History portion of the museum. On permanent display there is Walt Disney's animation desk where he drew Steamboat Willie! It is worth a trip if only just to see this!
Anyway...Sorry for going off topic. But just thought I would let you know...
Let's just get rid of something else that educates us about the past!
Friend walks into line of The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh-"Come on, Let's go see Country Bear- .......Oh."-August 1st 2010
And this elevator traverls directly to
The Twilight ZoneThe Gift Shop!-August 2nd 2010
cause it's so educational I'm not sorry, but I'm didn't learn a damn thing from either display. And wasn't it walt who didn't want Disneyand to not change? (yeah yeah, I'm paraphrasing)
"Tonight I wash my hands of you
You set the bar I could not live up to
Tonight the light is breaking through
So thank you very little and send me postcards from hell"


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The effective treatment of many forms of cancer continues to pose a major problem for medicine. Many tumours fail to respond to standard forms of chemotherapy or become resistant to the medication. Scientists at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Leibniz-Universitt (LUH) in Hanover have now discovered a chemical mechanism with which a natural substance - argyrin - destroys tumours. Today, the researchers publish their findings in the renowned scientific journal Cancer Cell.
The basis for this breakthrough was an observation made by the MHH scientist Prof. Nisar Malek: he had been studying the role of a certain protein - a so-called cyclin-kinase inhibitor - in the development of cancer. In the process, Malek noted that mice in which the breakdown of the kinase inhibitor was suppressed by genetic change have a significantly lower risk of suffering from intestinal cancer. "I needed a substance that would prevent the breakdown of the protein that I was investigating in the cancer cells," says Nisar Malek: "This molecule, in all likelihood, would make a good anti-cancer agent."
Nisar Malek approached Dr. Ronald Frank, a chemist at HZI, with his considerations. Ronald Frank has established extensive collections of chemical substances at the HZI that can be tested for their biological activity in a fast, automated procedure. The two agreed to develop a special cell line in which the quantity of the cyclin kinase inhibitor can be measured using simple optical methods. Ronald Frank: "We adapted this cell based assay system to allow automated screening of large numbers of different chemical substances."
Myxobacteria provide another potential cancer medicine
Malek and Frank found what they were looking for in a collection of natural substances which had originally been isolated from microorganisms which live in soil the so called Myxobacteria. Myxob
|Contact: Hannes Schlender
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres