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Publications (79)352.6 Total impact
Article: Antioxidant treatments do not improve force recovery after fatiguing stimulation of mouse skeletal muscle fibres[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The contractile performance of skeletal muscle declines during intense activities, i.e. fatigue develops. Fatigued muscle can enter a state of prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD). PLFFD can be due to decreased tetanic free cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and/or decreased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. Increases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) may contribute to fatigue-induced force reductions. We studied whether pharmacological ROS/RNS inhibition delays fatigue and/or counteracts the development of PLFFD. Mechanically isolated mouse fast-twitch fibres were fatigued by sixty 150 ms, 70 Hz tetani given every 1 s. Experiments were performed in standard Tyrode solution (control) or in the presence of: NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat); NOX4 inhibitor (GKT137831); mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (SS-31); nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME); the general antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC); a cocktail of SS-31, L-NAME and NAC. Spatially- and temporally-averaged [Ca2+]i and peak force were reduced by ∼70% and ∼20% at the end of fatiguing stimulation, respectively, with no marked differences between groups. PLFFD was similar in all groups, with 30 Hz force being decreased by ∼60% at 30 min of recovery. PLFFD was mostly due to decreased tetanic [Ca2+]i in control fibres and in the presence of NOX2 or NOX4 inhibitors. Conversely, in fibres exposed to SS-31 or the anti ROS/RNS cocktail, tetanic [Ca2+]i was not decreased during recovery so PLFFD was only caused by decreased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. The cocktail also increased resting [Ca2+]i and ultimately caused cell death. In conclusion, ROS/RNS-neutralizing compounds did not counteract the force decline during or after induction of fatigue.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reservedThe Journal of Physiology 11/2014; 593(2). DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279398 · 4.54 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Desmin, being a major intermediate filament of mature muscle cell, interacts with mitochondria within the cell and participates in mitochondria proper localization. The goal of the present study was to assess the effect of aggregate-prone and non-aggregate-prone desmin mutations on mitochondrial calcium uptake. Primary murine satellite cells were transduced with lentiviruses carrying desmin in wild type or mutant form, and were induced to differentiate into myotubes. Four mutations resulting in different degree of desmin aggregates formation were analyzed. Tail domain mutation Asp399Tyr has the mildest impact on desmin filament polymerization, rod domain mutation Ala357Pro causes formation of large aggregates composed of filamentous material, and Leu345Pro and Leu370Pro are considered to be the most severest in their impact on desmin polymerization and structure. For mitochondrial calcium measurement cells were loaded with rhod 2-AM. We found that aggregate-prone mutations significantly decreased [Ca(2+)]mit, whereas non-aggregate-prone mutations did not decrease [Ca(2+)]mit. Moreover aggregate-prone desmin mutations resulted in increased resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. However this increase was not accompanied by any alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release. We suggest that the observed decline in [Ca(2+)]mit was due to desmin aggregate accumulation resulting in the loss of desmin mitochondria interactions.Cell Calcium 10/2014; DOI:10.1016/j.ceca.2014.08.001 · 4.21 Impact Factor
Article: Usage of a Localised Microflow Device to Show that Mitochondrial Networks Are Not Extensive in Skeletal Muscle Fibres[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In cells, such as neurones and immune cells, mitochondria can form dynamic and extensive networks that change over the minute timescale. In contrast, mitochondria in adult mammalian skeletal muscle fibres show little motility over several hours. Here, we use a novel three channelled microflow device, the multifunctional pipette, to test whether mitochondria in mouse skeletal muscle connect to each other. The central channel in the pipette delivers compounds to a restricted region of the sarcolemma, typically 30 µm in diameter. Two channels on either side of the central channel use suction to create a hydrodynamically confined flow zone and remove compounds completely from the bulk solution to internal waste compartments. Compounds were delivered locally to the end or side of single adult mouse skeletal muscle fibres to test whether changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were transmitted to more distant located mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane potential was monitored with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE). Cytosolic free [Ca2+] was monitored with fluo-3. A pulse of carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP, 100 µM) applied to a small area of the muscle fibre (30 µm in diameter) produced a rapid decrease in the mitochondrial TMRE signal (indicative of depolarization) to 38% of its initial value. After washout of FCCP, the TMRE signal partially recovered. At distances greater than 50 µm away from the site of FCCP application, the mitochondrial TMRE signal was unchanged. Similar results were observed when two sites along the fibre were pulsed sequentially with FCCP. After a pulse of FCCP, cytosolic [Ca2+] was unchanged and fibres contracted in response to electrical stimulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that extensive networks of interconnected mitochondria do not exist in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the limited and reversible effects of targeted FCCP application with the multifunctional pipette highlight its advantages over bulk application of compounds to isolated cells.PLoS ONE 09/2014; 9(9):e108601. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0108601 · 3.53 Impact Factor
Article: P398 * Aggregate prone desmin mutations reduced mitochondrial calcium uptake in primary myotubes upon electrical stimulation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Calcium (Ca2+) plays key role in muscle cell physiology, e.g. takes part in the contraction and acts as co-factor in Krebs cycle. Mitochondria are capable to uptake calcium due to close proximity to SR Ca2+ releasing microdomains. Mitochondrial calcium balance is crucial for cell destiny, increased calcium leads to apoptosis, when decreased drives autophagy. On the other hand mitochondria within the muscle cells tightly connected to desmin. In desmin knock-out mice mitochondria were non-functional. Desmin mutations are associated with developing of myopathies, however machinery remains to be elucidated. We proposed that mitochondrial failure in desmin-compromised cells might result in disturbed calcium balance. We aimed to assess impact of non-aggregate prone (D399Y) and aggregate prone (L345P, A357P, L370P) desmin mutations on mitochondrial calcium.Cardiovascular Research 07/2014; 103(suppl 1):S73. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvu091.80 · 5.81 Impact Factor
Article: Local Redox Modifications in Skeletal Muscle Differentially Affect Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release and Muscle Force GenerationBiophysical Journal 01/2014; 106(2):728a. DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4018 · 3.83 Impact Factor
Article: Enzymatic Dissociation Makes Skeletal Muscle Fibers Susceptible to Osmotic Stress and More Prone to Mitochondrial Calcium UptakeBiophysical Journal 01/2014; 106(2):766a. DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4210 · 3.83 Impact Factor
Article: Effects of N-acetylcysteine on isolated mouse skeletal muscle: contractile properties, temperature dependence, and metabolism.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The effects of the general antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on muscle function and metabolism were examined. Isolated paired mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles were studied in the absence or presence of 20 mM NAC. Muscles were electrically stimulated to perform 100 isometric tetanic contractions (300 ms duration) at frequencies resulting in ∼85 % of maximal force (70-150 Hz at 25-40 °C). NAC did not significantly affect peak force in the unfatigued state at any temperature but significantly slowed tetanic force development in a temperature-dependent fashion (e.g., time to 50 % of peak tension averaged 35 ± 2 ms [control] and 37 ± 1 ms [NAC] at 25 °C vs. 21 ± 1 ms [control] and 52 ± 6 ms [NAC, P < 0.01] at 40 °C). During repeated contractions, NAC maximally enhanced peak force by the fifth tetanus at all temperatures (by ∼30 %). Thereafter, the effect of NAC disappeared rapidly at high temperatures (35-40 °C) and more slowly at the lower temperatures (25-30 °C). At all temperatures, the enhancing effect of NAC on peak force was associated with a slowing of relaxation. NAC did not significantly affect myosin light chain phosphorylation at rest or after five contractions (∼50 % increase vs. rest). After five tetani, lactate and inorganic phosphate increased about 20-fold and 2-fold, respectively, both in control and NAC-treated muscles. Interestingly, after five tetani, the increase in glucose 6-P was ∼2-fold greater, whereas the increase in malate was inhibited by ∼75 % with NAC vs. control, illustrating the metabolic effects of NAC. NAC slightly decreased the maximum shortening velocity in early fatigue (five to seven repeated tetani). These data demonstrate that the antioxidant NAC transiently enhances muscle force generation by a mechanism that is independent of changes in myosin light chain phosphorylation and inorganic phosphate. The slowing of relaxation suggests that NAC enhances isometric force by facilitating fusion (i.e., delaying force decline between pulses). The initial slowing of tension development and subsequent slowing of relaxation suggest that NAC would result in impaired performance during a high-intensity dynamic exercise.Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 08/2013; 466(3). DOI:10.1007/s00424-013-1331-z · 3.07 Impact Factor
Article: Doublet discharge stimulation increases sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and improves performance during fatiguing contractions in mouse muscle fibres.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Double discharges (doublets) of motor neurones at the onset of contractions increase both force and rate of force development during voluntary submaximal contractions. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of doublet discharges on force and myoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]i) during repeated fatiguing contractions, using a stimulation protocol mimicking the in vivo activation pattern during running. Individual intact fibres from the flexor digitorum brevis muscle of mice were stimulated at 33°C to undergo 150 constant-frequency (five pulses at 70 Hz) or doublet (an initial, extra pulse at 200 Hz) contractions at 300-ms intervals. In the unfatigued state, doublet stimulation resulted in a transient (~10-ms) approximate doubling of myoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]i), which was accompanied by a greater force-time integral (~70%) and peak force (~40%) compared to constant-frequency contractions. Moreover, doublets markedly increased force-time integral and peak force during the first 25 contractions of the fatiguing stimulation. In later stages of fatigue, addition of doublets increased force production but the increase in force production corresponded to only a minor portion of the fatigue-induced reduction in force. In conclusion, double discharges at the onset of contractions effectively increase force production, especially in early stages of fatigue. This beneficial effect occurs without additional force loss in later stages of fatigue, indicating that the additional energy cost induced by doublet discharges to skeletal muscle is limited.The Journal of Physiology 05/2013; DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257188 · 4.54 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are characterised by muscle weakness and fatigue even in patients with normal muscle histology via unresolved pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) acts to accelerate muscle fatigue development. METHODS: Intact single fibres were dissociated from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) of wild type, receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (RAGE) knockout and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice and cultured in the absence or presence of recombinant HMGB1. A decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release during a series of 300 tetanic contractions, which reflects the development of muscle fatigue, was determined by measuring myoplasmic free tetanic Ca(2+). TLR4 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class I expression in mouse FDB fibres were investigated by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate TLR4, MHC-class I and myosin heavy chain expression in muscle fibres of patients. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that TLR4 is expressed in human and mouse skeletal muscle fibres, and coexpressed with MHC-class I in muscle fibres of patients with myositis. Furthermore, we show that HMGB1 acts via TLR4 but not RAGE to accelerate muscle fatigue and to induce MHC-class I expression in vitro. In order to bind and signal via TLR4, HMGB1 must have a reduced cysteine 106 and a disulphide linkage between cysteine 23 and 45. CONCLUSIONS: The HMGB1-TLR4 pathway may play an important role in causing muscle fatigue in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis and thus is a potential novel target for future therapy.Annals of the rheumatic diseases 11/2012; 72(8). DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202207 · 9.27 Impact Factor
Article: Impaired mitochondrial respiration and decreased fatigue resistance followed by severe muscle weakness in skeletal muscle of mtDNA mutator mice.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mitochondrial dysfunction can drastically impair muscle function with weakness and exercise intolerance as key symptoms. Here, we examine the time course of development of muscle dysfunction in a mouse model of premature ageing induced by defective proofreading function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase (mtDNA mutator mouse). Isolated fast-twitch muscles and single muscle fibres from young (3-5 months) and end-stage (11 months) mtDNAmutator mice were compared to age-matched control mice. Force and free myoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) were measured under resting conditions and during fatigue induced by repeated tetani. Muscles of young mtDNA mutator mice displayed no weakness in the rested state, but had lower force and [Ca2+]I than control mice during induction of fatigue. Muscles of young mtDNA mutator showed decreased activities of citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, reduced expression of cytochrome c oxidase; and decreased expression of triggers of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, PPAR α, AMPK). Muscles from end-stage mtDNA mutator mice showed weakness under resting conditions with markedly decreased tetanic [Ca2+]i, force per cross-sectional area and protein expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump (SERCA1). In conclusion, fast-twitch muscles of prematurely ageing mtDNA mutator mice display a sequence of deleterious mitochondrial-to-nucleus signalling with an initial decrease in oxidative capacity, which was not counteracted by activation of signalling to increase mitochondrial biogenesis. This was followed by severe muscle weakness in the end-stage. These results have implication for normal ageing and suggest that decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity due to a sedentary life style may predispose for muscle weakness developing later in life.The Journal of Physiology 09/2012; DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240077 · 4.54 Impact Factor
Article: Dietary nitrate increases tetanic [Ca2+]i and contractile force in mouse fast-twitch muscle[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dietary inorganic nitrate has profound effects on health and physiological responses to exercise. Here, we examined if nitrate, in doses readily achievable via a normal diet, could improve Ca(2+) handling and contractile function using fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles from C57bl/6 male mice given 1 mm sodium nitrate in water for 7 days. Age matched controls were provided water without added nitrate. In fast-twitch muscle fibres dissected from nitrate treated mice, myoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] was significantly greater than in Control fibres at stimulation frequencies from 20 to 150 Hz, which resulted in a major increase in contractile force at ≤ 50 Hz. At 100 Hz stimulation, the rate of force development was ∼35% faster in the nitrate group. These changes in nitrate treated mice were accompanied by increased expression of the Ca(2+) handling proteins calsequestrin 1 and the dihydropyridine receptor. No changes in force or calsequestrin 1 and dihydropyridine receptor expression were measured in slow-twitch muscles. In conclusion, these results show a striking effect of nitrate supplementation on intracellular Ca(2+) handling in fast-twitch muscle resulting in increased force production. A new mechanism is revealed by which nitrate can exert effects on muscle function with applications to performance and a potential therapeutic role in conditions with muscle weakness.The Journal of Physiology 06/2012; 590(Pt 15):3575-83. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232777 · 4.54 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: CROSSTALK BETWEEN NITROSATIVE STRESS AND ALTERED CA2(+) HANDLING IN ARTHRITIS-INDUCED SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION32nd European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 03/2012
Article: HMGB1 mediates muscle fatigue via TLR4 - a possible mechanism for muscle fatigue in patients with inflammatory myopathiesAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases 02/2012; 71(Suppl 1):A42-A43. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201235.1 · 9.27 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Measurements of free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) or free Ca(2+) concentration in cellular organelles have become more routine. The primary reason for this is the availability of membrane permeant forms of Ca(2+) indicators that can easily enter cells. In this chapter, the properties required of an ideal Ca(2+) indicator are identified and the advantages and disadvantages of available Ca(2+) indicators are pointed out. The pitfalls associated with usage of Ca(2+) indicators together with the clear advantages of ratiometric over non-ratiometric indicators are discussed. The excitation of Ca(2+) indicators and detection of the emitted fluorescence light require dedicated equipment; epifluorescence or confocal microscopes are most frequently used for this purpose and the advantages and disadvantages of these are discussed. Calibration experiments are required to translate changes in the fluorescence of Ca(2+) indicators into real [Ca(2+)](i) changes, but this procedure is non-trivial and potential sources of error are identified. Future developments in the field of Ca(2+) detection are discussed.Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 01/2012; 740:27-43. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_2 · 2.01 Impact Factor
Article: Non-crossbridge calcium-dependent stiffness in slow and fast skeletal fibres from mouse muscle[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We showed previously that force development in frog and FDB mouse skeletal muscle fibres is preceded by an increase of fibre stiffness occurring well before crossbridge attachment and force generation. This stiffness increase, referred to as static stiffness, is due to a Ca(2+)-dependent stiffening of a non-crossbridge sarcomere structure which we suggested could be attributed to the titin filaments. To investigate further the role of titin in static stiffness, we measured static stiffness properties at 24 and 35°C in soleus and EDL mouse muscle fibres which are known to express different titin isoforms. We found that static stiffness was present in both soleus and EDL fibres, however, its value was about five times greater in EDL than in soleus fibres. The rate of development of static stiffness on stimulation increased with temperature and was slightly faster in EDL than in soleus in agreement with previously published data on the time course of the intracellular Ca(2+) transients in these muscles. The present results show that the presence of a non-crossbridge Ca(2+)-dependent stiffening of the muscle fibre is a physiological general characteristic of skeletal muscle. Static stiffness depends on fibre type, being greater and developing faster in fast than in slow fibres. Our observations are consistent with the idea that titin stiffening on contraction improves the sarcomere structure stability. Such an action in fact seems to be more important in EDL fast fibre than in soleus slow fibres.Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 11/2011; 32(6):403-9. DOI:10.1007/s10974-011-9274-5 · 1.93 Impact Factor
Article: Force decline during fatigue is due to both a decrease in the force per individual cross-bridge and the number of cross-bridges[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Fatigue occurring during exercise can be defined as the inability to maintain the initial force or power output. As fatigue becomes pronounced, force and maximum velocity of shortening are greatly reduced and force relaxation is prolonged. In principle, force loss during fatigue can result from a decrease in the number of cross-bridges generating force or a decrease of the individual cross-bridge force or to both mechanisms. The present experiments were made to investigate this point in single fibres or small fibre bundles isolated from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) of C57BL/6 mice at 22-24◦C. During a series of 105 tetanic contractions, we measured force and fibre stiffness by applying small sinusoidal length oscillations at 2.5 or 4 kHz frequency to the activated preparation and measuring the resulting force changes. Stiffness data were corrected for the influence of compliance in series with the cross-bridge ensemble. The results show that the force decline during the first 20 tetani is due to the reduction of force developed by the individual cross-bridges and thereafter as fatigue becomes more severe, the number of cross-bridges decreases. In spite of the force reduction in the early phase of fatigue, there was an increased rate of tetanic force development and relaxation. In the latter stages of fatigue, the rate of force development and relaxation became slower. Thus, the start of fatigue is characterised by decreased cross-bridge force development and as fatigue becomes more marked, the number of cross-bridges decreases. These findings are discussed in the context of the current hypotheses about fatigue mechanisms.The Journal of Physiology 05/2011; 589(Pt 13):3371-81. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.209874 · 4.54 Impact Factor
- Biophysical Journal 02/2011; 100(3). DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.899 · 3.83 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Skeletal muscles cope with a large range of activities, from being able to support the body weight during long periods of upright standing to perform explosive movements in response to an unexpected threat. This requires systems for energy metabolism that can provide energy during long periods of moderately increased energy consumption as well as being able to rapidly increasing the rate of energy production more than 100-fold in response to explosive contractions. In this short review we discuss how muscles can deal with these divergent demands. We first outline the major energy metabolism pathways in skeletal muscle. Next we describe metabolic differences between different muscle fiber types. Contractile performance declines during intense activation, i.e. fatigue develops, and we discuss likely underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the ability of muscle fibers to adapt to altered demands, and mechanisms behind these adaptations. The accumulated experimental evidence forces us to conclude that most aspects of energy metabolism involve multiple and overlapping signaling pathways, which indicates that the control of energy metabolism is too important to depend on one single molecule or mechanism.Experimental Cell Research 11/2010; 316(18):3093-9. DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.019 · 3.37 Impact Factor
Article: Increased fatigue resistance linked to Ca2+-stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle fibres of cold-acclimated mice.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mammals exposed to a cold environment initially generate heat by repetitive muscle activity (shivering). Shivering is successively replaced by the recruitment of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1)-dependent heat production in brown adipose tissue. Interestingly, adaptations observed in skeletal muscles of cold-exposed animals are similar to those observed with endurance training. We hypothesized that increased myoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) is important for these adaptations. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles, which do not participate in the shivering response, of adult wild-type (WT) and UCP1-ablated (UCP1-KO) mice kept either at room temperature (24°C) or cold-acclimated (4°C) for 4-5 weeks. [Ca2+]i (measured with indo-1) and force were measured under control conditions and during fatigue induced by repeated tetanic stimulation in intact single fibres. The results show no differences between fibres from WT and UCP1-KO mice. However, muscle fibres from cold-acclimated mice showed significant increases in basal [Ca2+]i (∼50%), tetanic [Ca2+]i (∼40%), and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak (∼fourfold) as compared to fibres from room-temperature mice. Muscles of cold-acclimated mice showed increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and increased citrate synthase activity (reflecting increased mitochondrial content). Fibres of cold-acclimated mice were more fatigue resistant with higher tetanic [Ca2+]i and less force loss during fatiguing stimulation. In conclusion, cold exposure induces changes in FDB muscles similar to those observed with endurance training and we propose that increased [Ca2+]i is a key factor underlying these adaptations.The Journal of Physiology 11/2010; 588(Pt 21):4275-88. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198598 · 4.54 Impact Factor
- The Journal of Physiology 11/2010; 588(Pt 22):4333. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200097 · 4.54 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Karolinska Institutet
Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Universität Ulm
Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physiology
University of OuluUleoborg, Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland
Oslo University Hospital
Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research
VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamo, North Holland, Netherlands
University of Oslo
Kristiania (historical), Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine (IIM)
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Physiology


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This forum has deteriorated into crap.
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the original postmasta'
Join Date: Aug 2003
Posts: 386
Originally posted by maxpower
Just curious, could you elaborate a bit about "too commercialized"? I'm pretty new around here and I see that you go way back and all.
BTW, thought you were just making the "one post"...what's the count up to now? Buzzzz....buzzzz...there's that bug, don't let it bitecha!
well yeah, I got one word for that - procrastination. I got this final on semiconductor properties coming up and just looking at the material makes me feel sick.
As for commercializm, there's really no quick way to answer that question well. I guess at the risk of misinterpretation, I'd have to say that I really enjoyed it back then when 3dfx was all the rage, the fans were passionate, the community was something distinct and had character (i.e. not mainstream), and we actually _needed_ the new hardware to play good games. Now everything has become so comodity - even my neighbour's dog has heard of a "geforce" card (though they couldn't tell the difference between an nv10 and an nv25), the site has all these coporate connections now, the forums are certainly much larger and less tightknit,... I don't know. I really can go on forever in an attempt to describe how I feel but I guess in essence I feel like things have been cheapened from 3D graphics becoming mainstream. Well specifically this site, let me say it's still the best around (or maybe I'm just biased), but seeing all the banners and the polish and the recognition that this place is getting (it's actually being linked to now regularly), I guess it's definitely a good thing cause it's grown so much, but at the same time a part of me misses the way things used to be.
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Baghdad, Iraq (CNN) -- Two separate explosions killed at least three people and wounded several others in Baghdad Wednesday morning, police said.
The first blast took place in northeastern Baghdad outside a compound of the Sunni Endowment, which oversees Sunni religious sites in Iraq. It killed two security guards and wounded four bystanders, police said.
The second explosion occurred when a bomb attached to a car went off in southern Baghdad. A civilian was killed and four others wounded in the attack, police said.


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Lincoln And Slavery (Paperback)
|Author: Albert E. Pillsbury
Learn more about Lincoln And Slavery:
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Lightning Source Inc
Sku: 206663976
Publish Date: 8/17/2009
Dimensions: (in Inches) 8.75H x 5.75L x 0.25T
Pages: 108
Age Range: NA
See more in Political
|This brief review of Abraham Lincoln's real attitude toward Slavery and Emancipation originated in an address delivered at Howard University on the fiftieth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. It is now extended by the introduction of historical evidence; principally form Lincoln himself, which that occasion did not permit. Apart from his conduct, which speaks for itself to those who look beneath the surface of it, nothing can contribute so much as his own words to a true understanding of this great American in the supreme act of his life and one of the monumental events in the world's history.


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June Elaine
Retired Assembler
SEEKONK- June Elaine Marchand, 86, of Perrin Avenue, Seekonk, died unexpectedly on Saturday, June 23, 2012 at the residence she had resided in her entire life.
Born in Seekonk, Massachusetts on January 31, 1926, she was a daughter of the late George Marchand, Sr. and Doris (Thornton) Marchand. She graduated from Seekonk High School.
Miss Marchand was employed as an assembler for Triangle Wire in Seekonk for many years prior to her retirement.
She was a communicant of Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Roman Catholic Church in Seekonk.
Miss Marchand enjoyed spending time at the Seekonk Senior Center, leading a holistic lifestyle, gardening, caring for and receiving companionship from dogs and cats and reading and researching at the local library.
She leaves four nieces: Leslie A. Sharpe of Attleboro; Mary Learned of Carlisle; Pamela Lessard of Newburyport and Dawn Marchand of El Dorado, Arkansas; several great nieces and nephews and extended family members.
She was the sister of the late George Marchand and Earl Marchand.
Visitation has been respectfully omitted.
Relatives and friends are cordially invited to attend a Memorial Mass of Christian Burial on Tuesday, July 10, 2012 at 10:00 AM at Our Lady Queen of Martyrs, Coyle Drive, Seekonk with the Rev. Thomas Rita, Pastor, officiating.
Burial will follow in St. Stephen's Cemetery, Attleboro.
For additional information or to send the family a written expression of sympathy, please visit an online guest book located on the internet at
www.dyer-lakefuneralhome. com.
Arrangements under the direction of the Dyer-Lake Funeral Home, 161 Commonwealth Avenue, Village of Attleboro Falls, North Attleboro.
(508) 695-0200.


text:
Pronunciation: 布帳
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Tag Archives: Telepresence
Hard Hats On: Peek inside Cisco Canada's New Office Space in "The Smartest Building in North America"
On February 13, Cisco Canada hosted a Hard-Hat Tour for local media and analysts, to give them a behind-the-drywall look at our new offices slated for move-in in May 2015 at RBC WaterPark Place, located at 85 Harbour Square. Bernadette … Continue reading
To Live and Collab in L.A.
This year Collaboration Summit was set in sunny Southern California and although I'm sad I couldn't be there, I thought I would hop on the Cisco Canada Blog to review the major announcements. So without further ado, let's take a … Continue reading
Cisco on Cisco: The New Workspace in Action in our Canadian Headquarters
By: Chris Wheeldon, Industry Manager – Smart + Connected Real Estate, Cisco Canada Over the past few months, we've heard from a variety of participants who are helping to build the modern workplace. Increasingly, interior designers and technology providers are working … Continue reading
How the Quebec Technology Association is Transforming with Technology – Part 3
In part one of this series I shared the story of L'Association québécoise des technologies (AQT), or the Quebec Technology Association, and the struggle it faced to connect and engage with disparate members. In part two I revealed how AQT … Continue reading
Bringing education to rural Canada with "Remote Training Centers"
The success of a country depends on the innovation and productivity achieved in –and generated by– its communities. Communities are the heart of every nation and the people in these communities are the fuel for economic growth and prosperity. Thus, … Continue reading
Giving Back with Impact: How Cisco and Our Partners Work Together To Make A Difference In Western Canada
By Dean La Riviere, Director of Partner Operations, Western Canada Good intentions abound, however it is those that take action who really impact change and showcase what is possible. In Western Canada, we've seen an abundance of initiatives where Cisco and members … Continue reading
"Open 24 Hours A Day, Seven Days A Week": How Virtualization Is Making This Possible For Banks
In the fast-emerging world of being "Open 24 Hours," financial institutions have the opportunity to simultaneously increase their service capacity, market coverage, operating efficiencies, customer value and revenue. Having the right people, with the right skills and access to the … Continue reading
Engaging Students in the Classroom with Video
Today's generation of students are digital natives. Their lives outside the classroom are dominated by the non-stop rich media experiences delivered by video games, smartphones and the Internet. Education has to keep innovating to catch up with its students, particularly … Continue reading
A Thousand and One Uses for Video Cameras in Cities
Video cameras are becoming more and more common in cities around the world. In fact, cameras are no longer reserved for the police, who traditionally use them to discourage criminal activity and assist investigations. They are used for many different reasons. … Continue reading
Work is What You Do (Not Where You Go)
As I wrapped up my monthly forecast call last week, it struck me just how drastically work has changed in the last decade. It was 10 p.m. and I was in my hotel room in Macau, face-to-face with sales team … Continue reading


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44 year old woman | Buffalo, NY, USA | Seeking men 35-47 within 50 miles
Active within 3 days
It is not the years in your life but the life in your years that count..
I'm a warm, outgoing, educated woman who is looking for someone to spend time with. I have a great sense of humor and believe in living life to the fullest. I am a successful professional who is petite, with dirty blond hair and big brown eyes. I love to travel, listen to live music, explore new places, hang out with friends, curl up on the couch and watch a good movie on a cold rainy night or anything outdoors on a good weather day. I have a wonderful family and a great group of friends. They would describe me as outgoing, kind-hearted, spontaneous, dedicated, sweet, assertive and loves to laugh. I'm very passionate about things that are important to me. I believe in karma and that everything happens for a reason. What am I looking for? I am looking for my best friend… a true partner in life. I want someone to first laugh with when the times are good but someone to lean on when things are tough. I want a man who is strong enough to lean on me when he needs it. I want someone who will stand up for what he believes in and gentle enough to accept another point of view. A man who is slow to anger and sees the glass as half full. I believe communication and honesty are the foundation to a lasting relationship. I want someone with a sense of adventure. My burning questions... are you looking for everything or will you settle for 90%? Do you believe in love, forever kind of love or do you think it's all just fleeting? My ideal man... I want someone that is honest, humble, grounded, knows what he wants from life, confident, independent, attractive, outgoing, intelligent and confident. He will put the woman in his life first and make her feel special. He must have a true appreciation for life and not be afraid to expand himself. He would have drive, passion and the ability to speak his mind. He will want to start out as friends and allow the relationship to evolve naturally if it's meant to.. If I haven't scared you then I look forward to hearing form you.... Life is to short not to take a chance...
Alumni connections , Book club , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Hockey, Other types of exercise, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Horses
I'm a dog lover.. they're truly your best friend.
Middle of the Road
I love new dining experiences or watching live music on a patio sipping a cool cocktail or great conversation over a cup of coffee. I love the water, the beach or the lake is my favorite weekend spot I'll take anywhere warm for a longer trip..
bright vibrant colors, gerber daisies, snuggling, chocolate, live music, black and white photos, thrillers, romantic comedies, music, fireplaces, warm rainy days, the beach, the ocean, a great bottle of wine and long drives with the top down.
My idea of fun... boating on the lake, being outdoors, live music, margaritas in the evening, coffee on Sunday morning, curling up with a good book, laying on the beach, entertaining, hanging out with family and friends.
I just finished a Bend in the Road by Nicholas Sparks. My favorite book is The Right Words At The Right Time by Marlo Thomas.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'6" (167cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, Stocky
|No preference
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
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|Social Drinker
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
I have been in Sales/ Recruiting for fifteen years. I'm assertive and highly motivated. I love the opportunity to meet new people.
|I'll tell you later
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|No preference
|Associates degree
|Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
According to the Dog Breed Info Center, a Great Dane can grow to 30 inches or more in height, with males on average being larger than females. Adult males are usually between 30 and 34 inches at the shoulder, while females grow to between 28 and 32 inches.Know More
Dogs in this breed often achieve 30 inches in shoulder height before adulthood. Larger Great Danes are more highly prized by the breed standard, with no maximum height set. The World's Largest Great Dane as of 2012 is 44 inches tall at the shoulder and stands 88 inches tall when fully stretched out on its back legs. The previous record holder was 43 inches and three quarters at the shoulder.Learn more about Dogs
Great Danes are one of the largest breeds of dog, standing at a minimum 30 inches at the shoulder for males and 28 inches for females. According to Dane Rescue, the average weight of this breed is 135 pounds, but it can be upwards of 150 pounds.Full Answer >
Labrador Retriever adults grow to around 65 to 80 pounds for males and 55 to 70 pounds for females. Black is one of the three breed standard colors, along with yellow and chocolate.Full Answer >
Chihuahuas can mate as soon as they are sexually active, but a responsible breeder will wait to start breeding his or her Chihuahuas until they have reached full sexual maturity at 12 to 15 months for males and 6 to 18 months for females, says the AKC. Some female dogs can take as long as two years to reach full sexual maturity; however, the AKC also cautions that females should never be bred during their first heat cycle.Full Answer >
The tallest dog on record as of 2014 is a Great Dane who measures 44 inches at the withers, according to the Guinness Book of World Records. The Great Dane, named Zeus, displaced the former record holder, also a Great Dane, who measured 43 inches at the withers.Full Answer >


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Rashad Greene
|Florida State
|5' 11"
|182 lbs
|40 Time
The videos posted here at Draft Breakdown are not hosted on this server and the original video content is not considered the property of Draft Breakdown. The videos are considered to be used under the "Fair Use Doctrine" of United States Copyright Law, Title 17 U.S. Code Sections 107-118. Videos are used on this site for editorial and educational purposes only and Draft Breakdown and its staff do not claim ownership of any original video content. Draft Breakdown and its staff do not use said video clips in advertisements, marketing or for direct financial gain. All video content in each clip is considered owned by the individual broadcast companies.
Rashad Greene, the record-setting receiver from the Florida States Seminoles, enters the 2015 NFL Draft after a college career that was one for the history books. He leaves the program as the record holder in career receptions and receiving yards, and has the second-most career receiving TDs. Greene totaled 270 catches for 3,830 yards and 29 TDs during his four years as a Seminole. He had his best season in 2014, catching 99 passes for 1,365 ards and 7 TDs. In 2013, he totaled 76 catches for 1,128 yards and 9 scores. He ended the 2014 season as an Honorable Mention All-American as well as a First Team All-ACC performer. Physically, Greene meets the position's minimum requirements, but he is on the "light" side at only 180 lbs. His lean frame concerns me, as he is going to face much more physical coverage on the next level. He has proven to be ultra-successful in the ACC, but the weekly battles versus bigger and stronger NFL DB's will be a challenge. Athletically, Greene is a high-caliber prospect who has some of the best movement skills in the entire class. He has the ability to stop and start on a dime and is a precision route runner. Greene looks a little heavy-footed when running with the ball, but it's a deceptive appearance. He's plenty fast enough to be a legitimate big play threat in the NFL, either in the vertical passing game or as a dangerous YAC guy. As a pass catcher, Greene is consistent and reliable even if he's not a true hands catcher. He tends to body the ball a bit, but his top-tier athleticism will make up for it. Greene is tougher than his size would indicate, and he scraps with the defender in an effort to help in the running game.
BOTTOM LINE: Rashad Greene is a top-tier athlete in a less than ideal frame who projects perfectly for the slot role in the NFL. He reminds me of Victor Cruz, sans 20 lbs, with his ability to effortlessly control his body and change directions in the blink of an eye. If Greene can grow into his frame and add another 15 lbs or so (without sacrificing his quickness), he will be one of the most productive receivers in this class. He's a great add for a team that already has a big-bodied No.1 in place and I expect him to come off the board early on Day 2.
GRADE: 7.3 (Late-2nd, Early-3rd)
-Submitted by Bryan Perez (@FirstRoundGrade)


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Two for the Road : Our Love Affair with American Foodby Stern, Jane
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the Reprint edition with a publication date of 5/9/2007.
What is included with this book?
- The eBook copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically only the book itself is included.
Part memoir, part guidebook, part cookbook, and all parts hilarious, Two for the Road shares the lessons the Sterns have learned during thirty years of sampling regional fare on America'ÂÂs back roads. If you want a great restaurant, forget the Yellow Pages, ask the local cop'ÂÂand avoid anything that calls itself 'ÂÂworld famous.'ÂÂ Sure bets are places with a giant plastic pig on the roof or pictures of Jesus on the walls. As the Sterns search for the Holy Grail of barbecue, they relate achingly funny adventures and misadventures, and what emerges is a big picture of America, revealing exotic eating customs that flourish right under our noses.


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I've been trying to research more about the Shellie May bear. I know she is only available in Japan.
What size is she? Is the 5" size the basic one? Seems small compared to the prevalently sold one here in the states. The store in Epcot has several sizes, but I'm sure the one most people buy is far larger than 5 inches.
I'd love to try and get a Shellie May to accompany me on a Disney Cruise next April. My friend took Duffy on a DCL cruise and he got TONS of attention. She's got the cutest photos - so I'll ask her to post a link to them if possible.
So...we are both going on a DCL cruise and she's going to take her Duffy. I am planning on adopting a Duffy, which is fairly easy for me since I live in Florida and can go to Epcot. It's Shellie May that is a challenge. I'd love her to accompany me, but in order to track her down I need more info.
I saw the shopping thread and am trying to figure out what is available so I can make a wish list.
Thanks for any help!


text:
The Lasso: Roping in the best of the web
Man uses 'Angry Birds' to propose to girlfriend
We get that some people are obsessed with playing "Angry Birds" but this is a bit excessive.
Ben Levi, of Australia, is a self-admitted "Angry Birds" addict and his girlfriend, Melissa Swift, can't stand it. But when he pulled out his tablet at lunch to sneak in a few levels, Swift grabbed it and played instead.
We're not sure, but Swift may be just fine with Levi playing "Angry Birds" from now on.


text:
Tax Administration:
IRS's Efforts to Improve Compliance With Employment Tax Requirements Should Be Evaluated
GAO-02-92: Published: Jan 15, 2002. Publicly Released: Feb 19, 2002.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-9039
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Employers are required to withhold amounts from their employees' salary to cover individual federal income tax, Social Security, and Medicare taxes; match the amounts for Social Security and Medicare taxes; and deposit these amounts with the U.S. Treasury. In fiscal year 2000, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collected $1.3 trillion in this manner. Most employers withhold and deposit these taxes as required; however, the amount of unpaid employment taxes, penalty, and interest has grown significantly. IRS data show that in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, delinquent employers owed about $3.2, $3.5, $4.4, and $5 billion, respectively, in unpaid employment taxes, penalties, and interest. The time IRS takes to notify employers of delinquent payment of employment taxes varies. On average, IRS takes about five weeks to initially notify employers regarding employment tax delinquencies after the Form 941 return is received. When employers fail to file Form 941 returns, IRS normally takes from 14 to 28 weeks to notify them of this delinquency. Aside from its usual efforts to educate and inform taxpayers of their responsibilities, IRS has four programs to prevent or reduce employers' tax delinquencies. Two of these programs were designed to achieve early contact with employers, and two were designed to identify employers with existing, multiple employment tax delinquencies and help them to return to compliance. To evaluate the effectiveness of these programs and to support informed judgments about whether to adopt new ones, IRS planned to compare compliance rates of test and control groups and to use customer surveys and focus groups. IRS' efforts to evaluate these programs are being adversely affected by, among other things, delays in obtaining reliable data. IRS officials did not identify any specific programs to improve employment tax intervention under IRS' ongoing effort to modernize its organizational structure, management processes, and information technology systems. However, certain aspects of its modernization effort have some future potential to improve intervention.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: IRS has taken several steps to implement the recommendation. A soft letter research project was completed in January 2003 which showed that payment compliance did not increase using the letter. IRS's non-filer group evaluated the results of the soft letter research project. This lead the FTD Alert Project to develop new criteria for creating alerts which IRS stated has had positive results. IRS implemented the new selection criteria for the FTD alert program in March 2004.
Recommendation: The IRS Commissioner should require the Small Business and Self-Employed Division Commissioner to develop and execute a plan for evaluating the effectiveness of the employment tax early intervention programs. The plan should address the resources needed to evaluate the interventions, ensure the clear and timely assignment of responsibility for the evaluations, and include milestones for completing the efforts.
Agency Affected: Department of the Treasury: Internal Revenue Service
Explore the full database of GAO's Open Recommendations »
May 28, 2015
Electricity Generation Projects:Additional Data Could Improve Understanding of the Effectiveness of Tax ExpendituresGAO-15-302: Published: Apr 28, 2015. Publicly Released: May 28, 2015.
Mar 3, 2015
Internal Revenue Service:Observations on IRS's Operations, Planning, and ResourcesGAO-15-420R: Published: Feb 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 3, 2015.
Feb 19, 2015
Identity Theft and Tax Fraud:Enhanced Authentication Could Combat Refund Fraud, but IRS Lacks an Estimate of Costs, Benefits and RisksGAO-15-119: Published: Jan 20, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 19, 2015.
Dec 17, 2014
Tax-Exempt Organizations:Better Compliance Indicators and Data, and More Collaboration with State Regulators Would Strengthen Oversight of Charitable OrganizationsGAO-15-164: Published: Dec 17, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 17, 2014.
Dec 16, 2014
Tax Filing Season:2014 Performance Highlights the Need to Better Manage Taxpayer Service and Future RisksGAO-15-163: Published: Dec 16, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 16, 2014.
Nov 19, 2014
Individual Retirement Accounts:IRS Could Bolster Enforcement on Multimillion Dollar Accounts, but More Direction from Congress Is NeededGAO-15-16: Published: Oct 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 19, 2014.
Sep 22, 2014
Identity Theft:Additional Actions Could Help IRS Combat the Large, Evolving Threat of Refund FraudGAO-14-633: Published: Aug 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 22, 2014.
Sep 18, 2014
Large Partnerships:With Growing Number of Partnerships, IRS Needs to Improve Audit EfficiencyGAO-14-732: Published: Sep 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 18, 2014.
Aug 11, 2014
New Markets Tax Credit:Better Controls and Data Are Needed to Ensure EffectivenessGAO-14-500: Published: Jul 10, 2014. Publicly Released: Aug 11, 2014.
Jul 29, 2014
Tobacco Taxes:Disparities in Rates for Similar Smoking Products Continue to Drive Market Shifts to Lower-Taxed OptionsGAO-14-811T: Published: Jul 29, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 29, 2014.
Looking for more? Browse all our products here


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Northern Uí Néill
The Northern Uí Néill is the name given to several dynasties in north-western medieval Ireland that claimed descent from a common ancestor, Niall of the Nine Hostages.[1] Other dynasties in central and eastern Ireland who also claimed descent from Niall were termed the Southern Uí Néill.[1] The dynasties of the Northern Uí Néill were the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain, named after supposed sons of Niall: Conall and Eógain.[1]
The over-kingdom ruled by the Northern Uí Néill was known as In Tuaiscert (meaning "the North"), before being renamed Ailech after the Cenél nEógain's rise to dominance.[2]
The Northern Uí Néill are said to have originated from the over-kingdom of Connacht, pushing their way northwards taking western Ulster from the Ulaid.[3] This territory roughly equated to present-day County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. Here they founded their own over-kingdom and dynasties: the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain,[3] The Northern Uí Néill's over-kingdom in its earliest days was known as In Fochla and In Tuaiscert, both meaning "the North", and was ruled by the Cenél Conaill.[2] After the Cenél nEógain's rise to dominance, it became known as Ailech.[2]
The over-kingdom of the Northern Uí Néill's was divided into several sub-kingdoms, which on their own held dominance over smaller tuatha. Cenél Conaill named their territory Tír Conaill, meaning "Conall's land". The territory Tír Conaill (Anglicised as Tyrconnell) held by the late 16th century, would become the basis for County Donegal. The Cenél nEógain named their territory Inis Eógain, meaning "Eógain's island", the name of which survives today as the name of the Inishowen peninsula. The Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain are assumed to have established lordship over their neighbouring local tuatha.[4]
Vying for dominance[edit]
Throughout the 6th and 7th centuries AD, the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain are both claimed as vying for dominance of the Northern Uí Néill over-kingdom.[1] Initially the Cenél Conaill held dominance until the collapsing of their power around the 780s, allowing the Cenél nEógain to advance against them.[2] According to the Annals of Ulster, in 788 AD the Cenél nEógain as part of a southwards push burned the monastery of Derry, which had been built by the Cenél Conaill in the 6th century.[2]
The following year, 789 AD, the battle of Cloítech occurred between the Cenél nEógain, led by Áed Oirdnide, and the Cenél Conaill, for complete control of the Northern Uí Néill.[2] The Cenél nEógain emerged victorious excluding the Cenél Conaill from the over-kingship as well as from Mag nÍtha, the valuable plains south of Greenan Mountain in Inishowen.[2] Following this battle, the Northern Uí Néill over-kingdom became known as "Ailech" instead of "In Fochla" and "In Tuaiscert".[2] The Cenél Conaill where afterwards confined to the sub-kingdom of Tír Conaill.[5]
Dominance over Ulster[edit]
The Northern Uí Néill were initially hesitant to test the might of the Ulster's more powerful kingdoms such as Airgialla, Ulaid, and even the minor Cianacht, however over the following centuries they would come to conquer and dominate the majority of Ulster.[4] The rate of this expansion has been claimed as equating to a rate of not even 10 miles per century.[4]
The main beneficiary of this was the Cenél nEógain, whose gains came largely at the expense of the over-kingdom of Airgialla in central Ulster.[5] At first the Cenél nEógain established hegemony over them.[3] Concurrently, facing pressure from the Cenél Conaill, branches of the Cenél nEógain started to expand into these Airgiallan lands as well as those of Ulaid.[5] These lands became known as Tír Eógain, the "land of Eoghan", preserved in the name of present-day County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. These conquests included:[5]
- The Mac Cathmaíl (McCaul) of the Cenél Feradaig who took Clogher, the capital of western Airgialla.
- The Mac Cana (McCann) of Cenél nÓengussa, who spread into northern County Armagh.
- The Ua Catháin (O'Kane) who conquered Cianacht, the territory of the Ciannachta.
- The Ua Neill (O'Neill) who came to prominence west of Lough Neagh in the lands of the Airgiallan Uí Tuirtre, basing themselves at the ancient site of Tullyhogue Fort.[5][6]
- The sub-kingdom of Uí Fiachrach Arda Strath, which lay to the south of Mag nÍtha, was still ruled by the Airgiallan Ua Crícháin dynasty, however it became a subject of Ailech. By the 12th-century they had expanded southwards into Fir Luírg, in modern-day County Fermanagh.[5]
Southwards the Cenél nEógain had also established the kingdom of Cairpre Dromma Cliab, in modern-day County Sligo.[5]
Despite these gains, the Cenél nEógain suffered some loses. The Ua Dochartaig (O'Doherty) who had come to prominence in Tír Conaill eventually forced the Cenél nEógain out of Inishowen, with the Ua Domnaill (O'Donnell) sept expelling the Cenél nEógain family Ua Gairmledaig (O'Gormley) of Cenél Moen from Mag nÍtha.[5] Eventually Fír Luirg and Tuatha Ratha came under dominance of the Mag Uidhir (Maguire) lordship of Fir Manach.[5] Cairpre Dromma Cliab had also been lost, having been conquered by Tigernán Ua Ruairc of the kingdom of Bréifne.[5]
The Vikings[edit]
Throughout the 9th century the coastline of Ailech and the rest of Ulster was subject to Viking raids. During the 850s, Viking disunity allowed the Ulster kings to fight back and inflict overwhleming defeats on the Vikings.[7] This cumulated in 866, when the king of Ailech, Áed Finnliath, managed to clear the Vikings from their strongholds in "the North, both in Cenel Eogain and Dal nAraide", and won a battle in Lough Foyle on the east coast of Inishowen.[7] This was an important victory as the Vikings largely left Ulster alone for many years afterwards, leaving little imprint on Ulster compared to the rest of Ireland.[7] By the time the Normans arrived in Ulster in the latter 12th century, the Vikings' only settlement of note was "Ulfrek's ford" (modern-day Larne).[7]
Grianán of Ailech[edit]
It has been proposed that the Cenél nEógain occupied the site of Grianán fort, which may have been within Cenél Conaill territory, and as new kings of the over-kingdom, and renamed it after their home territory, giving it its present-day name of the Grianán of Ailech.[2] It is usually identified, whether correctly or not, as the capital of of the Cenél nEógain from the 6th century, until its destruction, according to the Annals of Ulster, in 1101.[2]
Cenél Conaill[edit]
Below is a chart listing the ancestry of the Cenél Conaill from Niall of the Nine Hostages, which contains figures from oral history until the 700s when the historical period in Ireland starts.
|Family of the Cenél Conaill
! ! ! ! O'Freel ! ! ! |_______________________________ |______________ | | | | | | | | | | Ainmire, died 569 Colum Lugaid Mael Tuile Bresal, died 644 Ri of Ireland | | | | | | | Cenél Lugdach Dungal, Rí Cenél mBogaine, died 672 | | | | | |______________ | Ronan | | | | | | | | Sechnasach Dub Diberg, died 703 | Garb | | | | ? | | | | Flaithgus, died 732 | | Forbasach | | | Rí Cenél mBogaine ? | Cen Faelad died 722 | | | Rogaillnech, died 815 | _______________________| | | | | | | | Mael Duin Fiaman | | | | ? ? | | | | Airnelach Maenguile | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cen Faelad Dochartach | | (Clann Ua Dochartaig) | | | |____________________________________________ | | | | | | | Dalach, 'Dux' Cenél Conaill, died 870. Bradagain | | | | | | | Eicnecan, Rí Cenél Conaill, died 906 Baigill | | (Clann Ua Baighill) | | | |_______________________________________________________________________ | | ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! two sons Flann Adlann Domnall Mor Conchobar | died 956 & 962. Abbot of Derry (Clann Ua Domnaill | died 950. Kings of Cenel Conaill after 1270 a.d.) | |_______________________ | | | | Áed, died 598 Ciaran | | | | | Fiachra, founder of Derry, died 620. | |__________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Domnall, died 642 Conall Cu Mael Cobo, died 615 Cumuscach, died 597 High King died 704 High King of Ireland | of Ireland |____________ | | | | | | | Cellach Conall Cael | | both died 658/664 | | | (Clann Ua Gallchobair) | | |_____________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | ! | | | | | ! Oengus, died 650 Conall Colgu Ailill Flannesda Fergus Fanad | died 663 died 663 died 666 died 654 | ! ! ! ! ! | | | Congal Cenn Magair | died 710 | High King of Ireland | ! | _____________________|_______ | | | | | | | | | Donngal Flann Gohan Conaig | died 731 died 732 died 733 ! ! ! ! | O'Breslin-Fanat Loingsech, died 703 High King of Ireland | |_____________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | Flaithbertach, deposed 734. Fergus, died 707 three other sons, all killed 703 | |_______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Aed Muinderg, Ri in Tuisceart, died 747. Loingsech Murchad | Rí Cenél Conaill Rí Cenél Conaill |_______________ died 754 died 767 | | | | | | Domnall Donnchad Mael Bresail died 804 fl. 784 Rí Cenél Conaill | died 767 | | Flaithbertach | | Oengus | | Canannan | (Ua Canannain) Mael Doraid (Ua Maildoraid) Ri Cenel Conaill | _______|_______ | | | | Fogartach Mael Bresail Rí Cenél Conaill Rí Cenél Conaill died 904 died 901
Branches, clans, and septs[edit]
Prominent branches and clans of the Cenél Conaill include the O'Donnell dynasty, O'Doherty family and Gallagher clans. The most famous descendant of the Cenél Conaill is Saint Columba, who founded the monastery at Derry, and is claimed as being the grand-son of Conall Gulban.[1]
Cenél nEógain[edit]
Below is a chart listing the ancestry of the Cenél nEógain from Fergal mac Máele Dúin, the first of the lineage to be recorded in historical records.
|Family of the Cenél nEógain part 1
|Family of the Cenél nEógain part 2
Branches, clans, and septs[edit]
Prominent branches and clans of the Cenél nEógain include the O'Neill dynasty and MacLaughlin clans. However the MacLaughlins defeat at the hands of the O'Neills in 1241 led to the O'Neills dominance over the Cenél nEógain.
See also[edit]
- Byrne, Martin, Moody (1984); "Northern Ui Neill: Cenel nEogain Kings of Ailech and High Kings 700–1083", page 128 in "A New History of Ireland", volume IX, ed.
- Brian Lacey (2003); "The Grianan of Ailech - a note on its identification". JRSAI 131.
- Desmond Keenan (2004). "The True Origins of Irish Society". Xlibris Corporation.
- Art Cosgrove (2008); "A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169-1534". Oxford University Press.
- Jonathan Bardon (2005); A History of Ulster. The Blackstaff Press. ISBN 0-85640-764-X
- S. J. Connolly (2007); Oxford Companion to Irish History, pgs 584-5. Oxford University Press.


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UTEP - Page 7
UTEP Gets More TV Exposure With New American Sports Network
A Deeper Look Into UTEP Men's Basketball Recruiting
Steve Kaplowitz Takes An Ice Bath For Charity
Keitha Adams Challenges Steve Kaplowitz To 'Chill For Charity'
UTEP Men's Basketball To Host Arizona On December 19th
UTEP Spends $3.4 Million For Video Boards And Sound System
UTEP Miner Great Randy Culpepper On 600 ESPN El Paso [AUDIO]
On Tuesday, Steve was joined in studio by former UTEP Basketball great Randy Culpepper.
Culpepper, one of the more popular Miners in recent memory, stopped by to talk about why he is in El Paso, what it was like to play in the Ukraine and Russia and what the arenas were like, what his future plans are and much more
Birmingham Awarded 2015 C-USA Basketball Tournaments
Conference USA announced today that Birmingham, Alabama was awarded the 2015 men's and women's basketball tournaments. Four other presentations on the site of the basketball championships were made to C-USA officials, including El Paso, Shreveport-Bossier, Mississippi Gulf Coast, and Hattiesburg, Mississippi


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Ft. Monmouth Sparks Heightened Interest from Residential, Retail Developers
- September 23, 2014
- comments: 0
Competition among residential and retail developers for space at the former Fort Monmouth has been growing recently as central New Jersey's real estate market heats up. "As every day goes by, the market is getting stronger in those areas," Les Smith, senior director at Cushman & Wakefield, told the New York Times. "If you come up with a good development site, they want it," said Smith, whose firm is the real estate broker for the Fort Monmouth Economic Revitalization Authority …


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Reviewed By Christopher W (SHAWNEE, KS) Reviewed for a 2005 Ford Explorer —6/14/2015 8:30 PM
I was concerned about having two hitches installed on the explorer but after installation I have to say it really looks good. The fit up was perfect, painting appeared very durable. Extremely satisfied. I would recommend this to anyone considering adding a 2" hitch to an explorer.


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Published February 09 2013
Business Digest (February 09, 2013)Krueger retires from US Postal Service
Jerry Krueger has retired from the U.S. Postal Service after 34 years.
Krueger began his postal career as a city letter carrier in 1979 in Elgin, Ill. He transferred in 1993 to Moorhead, where he has worked as a window/distribution clerk.
Annual ADDY awards ceremony set Feb. 22
The annual American Advertising Federation North Dakota ADDY awards will be Feb. 22 at the Holiday Inn, Fargo.
The awards honor excellence in advertising and marketing. Area professionals submit work in 201 categories ranging from sales promotion to interactive media, print, radio and television advertising.
The entries are judged by AAF clubs from across the country. Winners are recognized with gold and silver ADDYs.
The evenings events include a social and preview of the winners at 6 p.m., dinner at 7 and the ceremony at 8.
To register, go online to www.aaf-nd.org. Guest and non-member tickets are $60.
HCSCC offers summer museum internships
The Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County at the Hjemkomst Center, Moorhead, is accepting applications for summer internships.
The HCSCC offers unpaid internships and volunteer and work-study opportunities for students looking to gain experience in a variety of museum fields.
For more information, contact Maureen Kelly Jonason at firstname.lastname@example.com or (218) 299-5511, ext. 6732.
Western State Bank hosting food drive
Western State Bank is hosting a canned-food drive through February at its locations in Fargo and West Fargo.
At the end of the month, the bank will weigh the food and match dollar-for-dollar the total amount of food collected. All proceeds will be donated to the Churches United for the Homeless Food Pantry.
Dale Carnegie course to be offered in Fargo
The Dale Carnegie Skills for Success course will be offered from 1:30 to 5 p.m. on Wednesdays beginning Feb. 20 and from 5 to 8:30 p.m. on Thursdays beginning Feb. 21.
Dale Carnegie offers the nine-week course to improve the performance of employees with emphasis on leadership, sales, team building and interpersonal relations, customer service, presentations and other essential business skills.
To register, contact Tiffaney Holm at (701) 476-8351 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Photos from Photoshop World Vegas KeynoteSep 6th, 2012 | 7 Comments
Hey everyone, Brad Moore here again with some shots from yesterday's opening keynote! Thanks to Pete Collins for helping cover this crazy event :-)
Photos from Pre-Conference Day at Photoshop WorldSep 5th, 2012 | 6 Comments
Hey everyone, Brad Moore here with a quick update from Photoshop World Vegas! Just wanted to share some photos from yesterday with you before heading down to the opening keynote (which will be broadcast live at 9:00am PST [12:00 noon EST] over at PhotoshopWorld.com or KelbyTV.com/onair).
It's Free Stuff Thursday!Aug 30th, 2012 | 66 Comments
Photoshop World Today is the last day to register online for Photoshop World! But that doesn't mean you can't come to the event and register in person. It's not too late to get your Pro Pass upgrade, sign up for a pre-conference workshop, or snag an After Hours Party Ticket for an evening of funContinue…
FMoPA International Photography CompetitionAug 30th, 2012 | 3 Comments
Hey street photographers! Brad Moore here with some info on a contest you might be interested in… The Florida Museum of Photographic Arts is holding their third International Photo Competition, and their theme for this one is Focus on Street Photography. They've also asked Scott Kelby to be the judge for the competition! The deadlineContinue…
It's Guest Blog Wednesday featuring Michael Clark!Aug 29th, 2012 | 19 Comments
Image by Eric Barth "Embrace risk. That is the key to improving at anything. Without the willingness to go down the uncharted path, you will not learn, you will not improve, and you will not grow. This might sound a little preachy, but it is a life lesson I have learned again and again asContinue…
It's Free Stuff Thursday!Aug 23rd, 2012 | 157 Comments
Photoshop World Photoshop World Vegas is less than two weeks away! I can almost see Joe McNally's speedlights firing, hear Alan Hess's shutter clicking as Big Electric Cat rocks his pre-con, and hear Jay Maisel dropping f-bombs as he wows the crowd with his beautiful work and sharp sense of humor… Don't miss this opportunityContinue…
Posts by Brad Moore


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Completely Custom and Made in the USA
Benjamin Jacobs House Renovation
We're so happy to hear kind words from Sarah Toms after she purchased our wood countertops for her impressive kitchen renovation! Check her out at her blog post here or at BenjaminJacobsHouse.org to see the amazing things she's done in her renovation. Beautiful job, Sarah. Thanks for choosing Craft-Art in your [more]
It's been a busy March at Craft-Art! On top of the normal Spring rush, we've got 350 square feet of our absolutely fabulous driftwood floating through the shop. This Craft Art specialty finish is all the rage right now, and we're entirely jealous of the lucky Georgia family that's remodeling [more]
EVERY Tuesday - 1 time, 1 hour Wood Countertop Product Training! Increased demand for wood countertops - and wood countertops 411 - has allowed us to expand our Wood Countertop Product Training to EVERY Tuesday. It's a ONE TIME, ONE HOUR Training that teaches you all things wood countertops. Click here to [more]
Craft Art named Best of Houzz 2015 in Service. Over 25 Million Monthly Unique Users Rated Top-Rated Home Building, Remodeling and Design Professionals in the United States and Around the World [Atlanta, USA], January 21, 2015 – Craft Art based in Atlanta, Georgia has been awarded "Best Of Houzz" for Customer Satisfaction [more]
As a 5 Star Rated wood countertop manufaturer, Craft Art will bring your design dreams to life with our line of solid, waterproof wood countertops, stainless steel countertops, and copper countertops. All of our specialty surfaces are expertly hand-crafted to bring elegance, warmth and durability to any decor. Whether you are choosing an island countertop, a kitchen countertop, a bathroom countertop, a wet bar countertop or a cutting board / butcher block, Craft Art has the broadest selection of the highest quality wood surfaces to meet your needs!
Craft Art also offers a limited line of Do-It-Yourself wood countertops.


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Las Vegas to Los Angeles / Anaheim Luxury Transfer Service
Get to California the safe and convenient way! Don't worry yourself with driving across the desert, leave that to the professionals. All the comforts are there for you - reclining seats, stereo headsets for a feature-length movie, complimentary snacks and beverages and on-board stewardess service. What could be easier?
- Bus from Las Vegas to Los Angeles
- Leave the driving to us and sit back, relax and enjoy the ride
- On the Las Vegas to Los Angeles bus enjoy complimentary snacks and beverages and on-board stewardess service
- Reclining seats and stereo headsets for a feature-length movie provided
What You Can Expect
Sit back, relax and recline your seat, adjust your foot rest, tray table and headrest as you begin your journey to Los Angeles or Anaheim. Your air ride coach smoothly pulls out of the terminal - your friendly crew introduces themselves and tells you about the coach and services. You'll immediately notice the beautiful decor, professionalism and cleanliness on board.
Your uniformed attendant will begin their service by offering you a fresh pillow and blanket. Your attendant will provide you an assortment of snacks and beverages for your enjoyment. Afterwards, you'll begin the full length feature movie. So enjoy the movie, catch up on your reading, enjoy the sightseeing or take a nap. Your attendant will look after your comfort.
You'll arrive relaxed, refreshed and ready to enjoy your California visit!
Customer Reviews
October 2014
This Lux Bus America transfer from Las Vegas to Los Angeles was on time and comfortable. There were 2 films shown during the trip, a 20 minute break at a service area and a steward on the coach serving snacks and drinks. The coach stops at Anaheim where you transfer to a smaller vehicle for a transfer to your hotel.
September 2014
Great way of getting to LA from Las Vegas, comfortable coach, nice scenery along the way.


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Of course, when an entire throng is trying to rise above itself, an epidemic of free-form vulgarity and solipsism ensues.
But in the age of the iPod, where solipsism has been made sophisticated, they are more right than anyone ever imagined.
1871, coined from Latin solus "alone" (see sole (adj.)) + ipse "self." The view or theory that self is the only object of real knowledge or the only thing that is real. "The identification of one's self with the Absolute is not generally intended, but the denial of there being really anybody else" [Century Dictionary].
The belief that all reality is just one's own imagining of reality, and that one's self is the only thing that exists.


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Joe Ferguson has a new post to his site sharing a bit about how he uses Homestead (the Laravel project's virtual machine offering) in his every day development.
I feel like I've been talking about homestead a lot lately. I feel like Vagrant is such an important part of a developer's workflow. If you are still using MAMP, WAMP, or installing Virtual Machines manually you are wasting so much of your own time (and your clients money) by not using prebuilt development environments. [...] I prefer to have my open source projects contain a Vagrant environment so that any potential contributor can easily clone my repository and run "vagrant up". [...] The recent changes to Homestead have brought the option to use Homestead exactly as I do, without having to use my own packages or copy and paste files.
He walks you through the simple process of getting a project set up with this Homestead-per-project configuration:
- Starting a new Project
- Adding Homestead as a dependency
- Make the Homestead configuration for this project
Now when a "vagrant up" is run from the project, Vagrant understands to create a Homestead virtual machine instance, import the base box and configure it to be a locally hosted web server for your application. He also includes instructions for using it with non-Laravel applications and how to share the environment.


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For 2008 Duryea Farm of the Fellowship Community seeks 4�6 Farm Apprentices and long term co-farmer/herdsperson.
Farm Name: Duryea Farm of the Fellowship Community
Country: USA
Address: 241 Hungry Hollow Road, Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977
Phone: (845) 356-8494 (Ext. 451, 236, or 444)
E-mail: email@example.com
Web Site: http://www.fellowshipcommunity.org
Contacts: Chris Riger, Miriam Karnow
General Information:
The life and work of the Fellowship Community is supported and made possible by the Rudolf Steiner Fellowship Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation. Our bio-dynamic farm is an important part of an intergenerational work-based long-term care community. Working here can be very enlivening and fulfilling as we have all ages interacting and much of our sustenance comes from our own land and labor. Our Jersey cows give their calves and all of us delicious milk, our Aracuna hens lay beautiful blue eggs, and with your help we will keep our soil strong and have real home-grown organic Bio-dynamic vegetables long into the winter. The community�s activities include not only farming and gardening but also cooking, baking, cleaning, building maintenance, child care, woodwork, pottery, weaving, candle-making, some retail, and much elder-care.
Agriculture Internship/Apprenticeship:
We will need up to 6 apprentices to cover the period April 15th to November 15th; seven weeks would be the minimum stay. Application deadline � OPEN. Seasonal and longer term co-workers will have the potential opportunity to be involved in all aspects of farm work, including: research, chromatography, planning, seeding, transplanting, tractor work, mulching, observation, record keeping, appreciation, weeding, harvesting, preserving food for winter, milking, haying, pasture rotation work, tending of dairy herd, laying flock and sheep, apple orchard work, creating and applying compost, working with and applying biodynamic preparations. They are also expected, in order to integrate into the life of the community, to help serve and clear tables at the common meals and to do a few hours a week of other community work, such as food preparation and/or kitchen cleanup. There also may be opportunities for some construction and repair for someone with experience.
We are in the midst of a very exciting and vital time in our community�s agricultural efforts. Our primary focus is providing the highest quality, diversity and full supply of food to meet the year-round needs of our community. We are also going to continue to sell and trade a significant amount of our produce and dairy products through our own shop, the local health food co-op, restaurants and caterers in NYC, and possibly contribute to a beginning effort at building a CSA. This year we are in the midst of a fresh commitment to meet these goals more fully.
All of our work to this end is, however, definitely and consciously being done in the context of the reality of what is happening all over the world right now as regards food and fuel/energy, and water. We will engage in regular workshop and mutual teaching sessions both on and off the field, again, in this same world-wide context. We want to try to document through writing, photographs and possibly video work some of this learning process.
The last 150 years has seen a completely unprecedented assault on the life systems of the earth and the viability and quality of human culture. The two trends are directly connected. This same period has also seen the emergence of sources of inspiration and insight that have the potential to reverse these trends and heal the unspeakable damage done. Only, however, if we act on them with the greatest urgency and commitment we can muster. At the request of farmers who were experiencing a decline in the vitality of soil, seed stocks, harvested produce and animal health Rudolf Steiner gave a series of lectures now contained in a book with the subtitle Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal of Agriculture. The material became a foundation of the agricultural efforts here in this community a decade later.
It so happens that this farm and land immediately surrounding us was the very first area in this country where organic farming as such was practiced in the early 1930�s. This was the first bio-dynamic gardening done in North America. The learning process that we want to advance while doing the hard and fun work of growing food and building soil fertility here will be informed by the work of Rudolf Steiner and his Agriculture Course as well as the work of Aldo Leopold, Wendell Berry, John Muir, Rachael Carson, Thomas Berry, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Sir Albert Howard, Johann Goethe, Vandana Shiva, Henry Thoreau, David Brower, Arundatti Roy, Loren Eiseley, Paul Scharff, Gunter Hauk, Jennifer Greene, Wes Jackson, Black Elk, Chief Joseph, Masanobu Fukuoka, Mac Mead, Marija Gimbutas, Craig Holdrege, Frances Moore Lappe, Lynn Margulis, Robinson Jeffers, Jerry Mander, Alastair McIntosh, William A. Albrecht, Charles Walters, Ivan Illich, David Korten, Ernst Callenbach, Charlene Spretnak, Gerald Karnow, Riane Eisler, Elliot Coleman, Joanna Macy, E.F. Schumacher, Roderick Nash, Carl Gustav Jung, Martin Luther King, George Washington Carver, Alan Chadwick, Rene Dubos, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Michael Pollan, Ani Difranco, Bruce Cockburn, Herman Daly, Gary Snyder, Barry Lopez, Annie Dillard, Ceasar Chavez, Howard Zinn, Wolf Storl, Nikolaus Remer, Paulo Freire, Maria Montessori, Janusz Korczak, and others.
It is our serious intention to build on this body of work, as others are doing, through our own learning process as we work the fields together and observe, appreciate and love the soil, the plants and our animals here.
�Humanity has only two choices: either to start once again, in every field of endeavor, to learn from the whole of nature, from the relationships within the whole cosmos, or to allow both nature and human life to degenerate and die off. There is no other choice.�
Rudolf Steiner � The Agriculture Course 1924
�A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.�
��. As the ethical frontier advances from the individual to the community, its intellectual content increases. The mechanism of operation is the same for any ethic: social approbation for right actions: social disapproval for wrong actions.�
Aldo Leopold � A Sand County Almanac 1948
The biotic community includes, of course, the human community.
Work Experience Desired:
Prior solid organic farm experience is desired, especially growing vegetables. Some tractor work experience and/or livestock care experience would be a definite plus. We would consider those without a full season's experience, but with a very strong interest and dedication to this work.
Whatever your level of experience you must be able to be fully present to this work.
Details about Internship/Apprenticeship:
The days will sometimes be long in keeping with the sun�s rhythms and the work can be demanding. We can also have fun, learn a lot, and be fulfilled by the value of the work and the learning.
We provide home-cooked meals in our common dining room where we eat family-style with the other co-workers and community members including elderly residents. Housing is provided (generally private rooms with shared bathrooms and kitchens). There is internet access in the community. A medical clinic exists on the premises serving the community and the public. We will also provide a stipend as do many other organic farms which depend on seasonal apprentice help to meet their production needs. In the case of the Fellowship Community this will be worked out individually in accordance with individual needs.
In your initial inquiry about this position please give us a short description of your farming experience, what you feel about this work and why you want to pursue it � along with your availability dates. All of these details are important when you first contact us.
If you are currently living within a manageable distance we would very much like to meet you, have a personal interview and show you the farm and community; if that is not possible we will want to engage in a detailed phone conversation/interview in addition to email communication.
Description of our Community:
Our human community includes 73 elderly members who help support the community economically, 51 co-workers who are supported economically by the community, 18 children (most of whom attend the nearby Waldorf School), and over 40 volunteers. People from around the world come here to work for various lengths of time. Altogether our quality of life supports all that live and work here, including our elderly, who have opportunities to participate and share in all the activities. Meaningful daily experiences in our multi-generational community help to sustain the human spirit.
Work Groups are an integral part of our community life. They include the group that cares for the elderly, craft groups including Weavery, Mercury Press, Pottery, Candle Shop, and the Wood and Metal Shops. In addition there is a group centered on our Medical Practice, as well as a group which supports the Hand and Hoe (our small store). And, there is a large group which supports the Farm and Gardens.
The Farm and Garden activities provide extensive opportunities to fulfill the many needs of this aspect of our work. We grow a wide variety of vegetables, herbs, flowers, apples, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, grapes, and a good part of our own hay. We blanch and freeze vegetables and fruit for our own use, make yogurt, cottage cheese, pickles, jams, relish, apple cider, and dried herbs. Our products are consumed primarily in the community, but we also operate a caf� and retail store one afternoon a week where garden and farm produce is available. A good local Co-op heath food store - which is less than a mile from where our cows graze, our vegetables grow and we all live - carries our milk, yogurt, cottage cheese and surplus vegetables.
The agricultural portion of our 100 plus acreage consists in 10 acres of vegetable beds, 30 acres of pasture, hay, and cover crops, as well as a 250-tree apple orchard. Right now we are working with 9 Jersey cows (dairy), 5 sheep with lambs and about 200 chickens. Cultivated areas and areas for housing and non-residential buildings are interspersed with woods, 2 streams and small ponds. Our Dairy Barn, milk-handling facilities, farm education center and farm house residence are provided with electric power during the day from an array of solar panels on the south-facing roof of the barn. We have recently intensified our production of high quality carefully made (with Bio-Dynamic preparations) cow manure-based compost, and have between 200 and 500 tons in production at any given time.
Located 30 miles north of New York City we are the only remaining diversified farm in Rockland County, an oasis of rural life in an otherwise suburban area. Within walking distance is the Pfeiffer Garden Center, the Green Meadow Waldorf School, anthroposophically based Sunbridge College and Bookstore, the Eurythmy School of Spring Valley, and the Hungry Hollow Co-op. And an outdoor community swimming pool! Bus service to NYC is very convenient.
As you move just a little farther north of the community there are many wonderful natural areas and great little and medium size Hudson River Valley towns to explore. For example the town of New Paltz, New York with its nearby Schwangunk Range, a unique natural preserve and world-famous climbing and hiking area, is barely more than an hour from here. Harriman Park and Bear Mountain are also very close by.
There is a distinct possibility of your staying on here as a full time working member of this community or returning as such, in which case you would likely become involved in other aspects of the community�s work. We are especially looking for people who cultivate the inner life and are committed to the value of worthwhile work done well. All of life has evolved and will continue only as an interdependent and mutually enhancing community of intimately related individuals. Thus our efforts here at building this community are simply a reflection of what will be needed now all over this earth of ours.