text:
A control channel timing monitor for a simulcast radio frequency (RF) digitally trunked mobile radio communications system continually monitors the outbound control channel timing of each of plural simulcasting transmitting sites. The timing of such monitored signals obtained "over the air" is compared relative to one another and/or to a reference. Fault indications identifying specific sites having faulty synchronization are produced when such comparison indicates lack of synchronization within a programmable tolerance. Appropriate corrective action (e.g., bringing down the control channel and transferring its function to a frequency formerly used for working channel functions) is taken.
1. In a simulcast radio frequency (RF) communications system that simulcasts the same signals from at least first and second RF transmission sites to portable or mobile radio transceivers over a same outbound RF control channel and same RF working channels specified by digital trunking control signals simulcasted over the same outbound RF control channel which are divided into a continuous series of frames with each frame having a synchronization portion including repetitive synchronization signals for obtaining frame and bit synchronization and a message port, ion including a digital thinking control message, wherein at least one of said radio transceivers obtains frame and bit synchronization with said first RF transmission site using the repetitive synchronization signals transmitted over said outbound RF control channel by said first transmission site, a control channel timing monitoring system, comprising:
an RF receiver other than said radio transceiver and corresponding to said first RF transmission site that receives said series of frames transmitted over said outbound RF control channel by said first RF transmission site and generates a first pulse timing signal base detection of said repetitive synchronization signals included in each frame;
a reference timer for providing a reference timing signal; and
a fault detector, connected to receive said reference timing signal and said first pulse timing signal, for determining whether said first pulse timing signal is synchronized to a least within a predetermined tolerance with said reference timing signal and for generating a fault indication if said determination reveals that said first pulse timing signal is not synchronized with said reference timing signal to at least within said predetermined tolerance.
2. The control channel timing monitoring system as in claim 1, further comprising: a further radio receiver that receives said series of frames, along with the repetitive synchronization signals included in each frame, transmitted on said outbound RF control channel by said second RF transmission site and generates a further pulse timing signal based on a predetermined timing specified by said repetitive synchronization signals received by said further radio receiver, and said fault detector is connected to receive said further pulse timing signal and produces said fault indication when said further pulse timing signal is not synchronized with said reference timing signal to at least within said predetermined tolerance.
3. The control channel timing monitoring system as in claim 1 wherein said reference timer comprises a time base providing a timing for frame synchronization of said simulcast system, and said fault detector provides the fault indication when the timing of said first pulse timing signal differs from the timing provided by said time base.
4. The control channel timing monitoring system as in claim 1 further including means for automatically generating calibration data in response to comparison, during a calibration routine, of timing of said first pulse timing signal with the timing of said reference signal.
5. In a simulcast radio frequency (RF) communications system that simulcasts identical signals as a sequence of frames, each frame including a portion containing digital control signals and a portion containing frame synchronization signals, from at least first and second transmission sites having corresponding geographical coverage areas over a same outbound RF control channel, where a portable or mobile radio monitors the digital control signals in each frame transmitted by said first transmission site and obtains synchronization with said first transmission site using said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said first transmission site, a method of monitoring control channel timing comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving at a receiver other than said portable or mobile radio said sequence of flames transmitted over the air by said first transmission site;
(b) providing a reference timing signal;
(c) determining whether the timing of frame synchronization signals included in said sequence of frames received by said receiver in step (a) is synchronized to at least within a predetermined tolerance with said reference timing signal; and
(d) generating a fault indication if said determining step (c) reveals that said received frame synchronization signals are not synchronized with said reference timing signal to at least within said predetermined tolerance.
6. A method as in claim 5 wherein the step (b) of providing a reference timing signal comprises a step of generating a master timing signal that controls the timing of said frame synchronization signals transmitted over the air by said first transmission site.
7. A method as in claim 5 further including a step of automatically generating calibration data by comparing the timing of received frame synchronization signals with said reference timing signal.
8. In a simulcast radio frequency (RF) communications system of the type that simulcasts identical sequential frames of signals, with each frame including a portion containing digital trunking control signals and a portion containing frame synchronization signals, from at least first and second transmission sites over a same outbound RF control channel, where a portable or mobile radio monitors the digital control signals in each frame transmitted by said first transmission site and obtains synchronization with said first transmission site using said frame synchronization signal transmitted by said first transmission site, a control channel timing monitoring system comprising:
a first radio receiver other than said portable or mobile radio that receives said sequential frames transmitted by said first transmission site over said outbound RF control channel and generates a first timing signal in response to frame synchronization signals included in said sequential frames received by said first radio receiver;
a second radio receiver other than said portable or mobile radio that receives said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said second transmission site over said control channel and generates a second timing signal in response to said frame synchronization signals received by said second radio receiver; and
a timing comparator, coupled to said first and second receivers, for comparing the timing of said first timing signal with the timing of said second timing signal and for generating a fault indication if said comparison reveals the timing of said first timing signal differs by more than a certain amount from the timing of said second timing signal.
9. In a simulcast radio frequency (RF) communications system of the type that simulcasts digital control signals and frame synchronization signals from at least first and second transmission sites over the same outbound RF control channel, a method of monitoring control channel timing comprising:
receiving, at a first timing, said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said first transmission site over said RF control channel;
receiving, at a second timing, said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said second transmission site over said RF control channel;
comparing said first timing with said second timing; and
generating a fault indication if said comparison reveals said first timing differs from said second timing by more than a predetermined amount.
10. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor comprising:
a radio frequency receiver that continually monitors frame synchronization signals included in each frame of control signals transmitted over the air on a digital radio frequency control channel and generates a timing signal indicating a timing of said transmitted frame synchronization signals; and
a timing comparator connected to receive said timing signal, said timing comparator comparing said timing indicated by said timing signal with a reference timing and selectively generating a fault indication or not generating a fault indication depending on said comparison.
11. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 10 wherein:
said radio frequency receiver monitors frame synchronization signals transmitted by a first simulcasting transmission site over said digital radio frequency control channel such that the timing signal generated thereby indicates the timing of said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said first simulcasting transmission site; and
said radio frequency control channel timing monitor further includes a further radio frequency receiver that continually monitors frame synchronization signals transmitted by a further simulcasting transmission site over the air on said digital radio frequency control channel and generates a further timing signal indicating the timing of said frame synchronization signals transmitted by said further simulcasting transmission site.
12. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 11 wherein said timing comparator compares the timing of said timing signal generated by said radio frequency receiver with the further timing signal generated by said further radio frequency receiver and produces a fault indication if said compared timings are not identical within a predetermined tolerance.
13. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 11 wherein said timing comparator compares the timing of each of the timing signal and the further timing signal with the reference timing.
14. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 10 wherein said timing comparator includes delay means for introducing a delay to compensate for inherent time delays between said timing signal and said reference timing.
15. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 10 wherein said reference timing comprises a frame timing reference, and said timing comparator includes gating means for passing said timing signal only during a time window beginning a programmable time period after occurrence of said frame timing reference.
16. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 10 wherein said radio frequency receiver includes means for generating a digital pulse each time a frame synchronization signal is received.
17. A radio frequency control channel timing monitor as in claim 10 wherein said radio frequency receiver includes means for detecting an occurrence of said frame synchronization signals and for producing a digital pulse in response to detection of frame synchronization signals.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/906,438, filed Jun. 30, 1992, now abandoned.
This application is related to copending commonly-assigned application Ser. No. 7/260,184 of Rose et al. filed 20 Oct. 1988, entitled "PUBLIC SERVICE TRUNKING SIMULCAST SYSTEM," which issued on Dec. 15, 1992 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,396 (Attorney Docket Number 46-122: Client Reference No. 45-MR-576). This application is also related to commonly-assigned copending application serial number 07/824,123 of Brown et al. entitled "SELF CORRECTION OF PST SIMULCAST SYSTEM TIMING", filed 22 Jan. 1992 (Attorney Docket Number 46-444: Client Reference No. 45-MR-664).
The present invention relates to radio communications, and more particularly to simulcasting of radio frequency transmissions from multiple transmission sites. Still more particularly, the present invention provides monitoring and self-correction of timing of trunking control (and other) signalling transmitted on the digital control channel of a digitally trunked simulcast type land-mobile radio frequency (RF) communications system.
Due to FCC power limitations, geographical and other factors, it is sometimes not possible for a single RF transmitting site to provide adequate coverage to a large desired coverage area. For example, government entities commonly use land-mobile radio communications systems to provide communications between a headquarters and various mobile and portable radio users that rove throughout the jurisdiction of the governmental entity. In some cases the geographical area of jurisdiction is so large that it is not possible for a single land-based RF transmitting site to cover it. Even if the effective radiated power of the single transmission site was sufficiently great to cover the entire area, users in outlying or fringe areas might receive only spotty service because of the "line-of-site" nature of VHF transmissions and/or due to geographical obstructions (e.g., hills, bridges, buildings, and the curvature of the earth) interposed between the single transmitter site and various fringe locations within the coverage area.
One known way to expand the coverage area is to provide multiple, "simulcasting" transmitting sites. In order to simplify mobile radio operation and conserve radio frequency spectrum, such "simulcasting" RF transmitting sites all transmit substantially identical signals at substantially identical times on substantially identical radio frequencies. Such "simulcasting" eliminates control overhead and other complexities associated with performing "hand offs" from one RF transmitting site coverage area to another as is common, for example, in cellular and "multi-site" RF communications system. So-called "simulcasting" digitally trunked RF repeater systems are generally known. The following is a listing (which is by no means exhaustive) of prior documents that describe various aspects of RF transmission simulcasting and related issues:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,052 to Breeden;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,051 to Breeden;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,265 to Thro;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,516,269 to Krinock;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,246 to Batlivala et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,220 to Martin;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,410 to Cohen et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,321 to Hall et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,699 to Batlivala et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,437 to Jasinski et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,815 to Persinotti;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,617 to Epsom et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,746 to Childress;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,262 to Dissosway et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,496 to Cole et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,966 to Jasinski et al;
U.S. Pat. No. 3,902,161 to Kiowaski et al;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,654 to Ogawa et al;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,815 to Osborn;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,007 to Rodman et al;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,661 to Karlstrom;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,802 to Pin et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,105 to Freeburg; and
Japanese Patent Disclosure No. 61-107826.
While simulcasting thus provides various advantages as compared to other techniques for expanding coverage area, it also introduces its own particular set of complexities that must be dealt with. By way of illustration, please refer to FIG. 1--which is a schematic diagram of an exemplary three-site simulcasting digitally trunked land-mobile RF communications system 10. System 10 includes three simulcasting transmitting sites, S1, S2 and S3. The transmissions of site S1 cover the coverage area A1, and similarly, the transmissions of sites S2 and S3 cover respective coverage areas A2, A3. A central control point C coupled to each of sites S1, S2 and S3 via a respective communications link (L1-L3) delivers, in real time, substantially identical signalling (including digital control channel signalling and associated timing information) for transmission by the various sites.
Exemplary system 10 is preferably a digitally trunked communications system of the type marketed by Ericsson-GE Mobile Communications Inc. under the trade name EDACS. This system provides a digital RF control channel and plural RF working channels. In such a digitally trunked system, an exemplary mobile radio unit M within one (or more) of coverage areas A1-A3 continuously monitors the "outbound" digital control channel when it is not actually engaged in active communications on a working channel with other units. Mobile M may request communications by transmitting a channel assignment request message on the "inbound" control channel. Upon receipt of such channel assignment request (and presuming that at least one working channel is available for temporary assignment to mobile unit M and the other units that mobile M wishes to communicate with), control point C responds by causing a trunking control channel assignment message to be transmitted by each site S1-S3 over the outbound control channel. In simulcast system 10, this channel assignment message is transmitted simultaneously by each of transmitting sites S1-S3 over the same outbound control channel frequency (such that mobile unit M and other mobile units "called" by the channel assignment message will receive the message regardless of which of coverage areas A1-A3 they may happen to be located within). Mobile unit M (and other called mobile units) respond to the received outbound trunking control channel assignment message by changing frequency to an RF working channel and conducting communications on the working channel. Once the working channel communications are concluded, the mobile unit M (and other called mobile units) return to monitoring the outbound control channel for additional messages directed to them.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,905,302 and 4,939,746 provide additional detail regarding the exemplary trunking control process described above and also describe in detail the signals which are transmitted over the outbound control channel. Briefly, the outbound control channel signalling is "slotted" or "framed" with the different message slots being defined by synchronization signalling which is periodically transmitted over the outbound control channel. In preferred system 10, a dotting/Barker code sequence used for synchronization purposes recurs on the outbound control channel every 30 milliseconds. Message slots are defined between such recurring dotting/Barker synchronization signal transmissions. The timing of such dotting/Barker transmissions is set at control point C by a master time base frame synchronization link (FSL) signal. Control point C embeds such timing information into control channel signalling it sends to each of sites S1-S3 via respective links L1-L3.
Referring once again to FIG. 1, suppose mobile unit M is located within an overlap area X wherein coverage areas A2 and A3 overlap one another. Within this overlap area X, mobile unit M will receive (perhaps at approximately equal signal strength levels) the outbound control channel transmission of site S2 and also the outbound control channel transmission of site S3. Simulcast system 10 is appropriately designed such that such outbound control channel transmissions from sites S2 and S3 are on substantially the same RF frequency so that no heterodyning or other interference occurs. Similarly, control point C sends, over links L1-L3, substantially identical outbound control channel messages for transmission by each of sites S1-S3.
However, a problem can arise if the outbound control channels are not precisely synchronized to one another. A transceiver located within overlap region X that receives outbound control channel synchronization signals delayed with respect to one another by even a small time period (e.g., more than about 1-half bit period, or 52 microseconds for 9600 baud operation) could end up losing bits and/or temporarily losing synchronization, bit recovery and error checking capabilities.
Delays due to the limited speed at which electromagnetic waves propagate must be taken into account in systems simulcasting data at high data transmission rates (an RF signal travels "only" about 300 meters in one microsecond). It is possible (and usually necessary) to adjust the relative effective radiated power levels of the site transmitters so that the distances across the overlap regions X are kept less than a desired maximum distance--and thus, the difference in the RF propagation delay times across an overlap region due to the different RF path lengths between the site and a receiver within the overlap region is minimized. Even with this optimization, however, it has been found that (due to the additional differential delay caused by the different RF path lengths) a maximum system differential delay stability of �5 microseconds must be observed to guarantee that the transceiver in any arbitrary location within a typical overlap region X will receive the corresponding digital signal bit edges within 52 microseconds of one another.
Fortunately, it is typically possible to minimize time delay differences to on the order of a microsecond through various known techniques. For example, it is well known in the art to introduce adjustable delay networks (and phase equalization networks) in line with some or all of links L1-L3 to compensate for inherent differential link delay times (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,516,269 to Krinock, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,696,051 and 4,696,052 to Breeden, for example). Typical conventional microwave link channels exhibit amplitude, phase and delay characteristics that are extremely stable over long periods of time (e.g., many months), so that such additional delays, once adjusted, guarantee that a common signal input into all of the links L1-L3 at the same time will arrive at the other ends of the links at almost exactly the same time. The same or additional delays can be used to compensate for different, constant delay times introduced by signal processing equipment at the sites S1-S3 to provide simultaneous coherent transmission of the signals by the different sites. For example, the above-identified Rose et al. patent application describes a technique wherein additional frequency and timing information is provided to each site over one or more additional channels in order to eliminate timing ambiguities that may result from the use of conventional multi-level, multi-phase protocol-type modems.
Even in well-designed simulcasting systems, however, various abnormal factors (e.g., electromagnetic noise and spikes resulting from lightning strikes and the like) can cause a properly operating simulcasting system to lose synchronization. A "hit" or outage effecting a particular data path and its associated modems may cause the timing to be reestablished at a "random" latency. Since the timing and location of these "hits" is not predictable and, moreover, may occur remotely from the control point C, it may be difficult to detect the timing fault, relay this information back to the control point, and initiate effective action.
In 1989, the assignee installed a control channel and working channel resynchronization arrangement in a customer's simulcast system. Such resynchronization arrangement acted to periodically reestablish data timing on the control channel and on working channels. In this simulcast system, the control channel ("CC") formerly carried a continuous data stream that did not provide "gaps" at every call which might be used for resynchronization purposes. The data stream did provide gaps periodically to provide a short time period (e.g., 11 milliseconds long) of all "1's" to periodically cause a resynch. This period is sufficiently brief and appropriately located so that the data framing is left intact; and is chosen to be placed in the data stream every certain time period (e.g., every 54 seconds).
Thus, it is known to resynchronize the control channel periodically (e.g., every 54 seconds) on a routine basis in order to correct any control channel timing errors that may arise in simulcast system 10. In addition, the above-identified U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/824,123 filed Jan. 22, 1992 in the name of the present applicant describes additional techniques (which have been in public use for more than a year and are therefore prior art to the present application) for periodically "kicking" a modem in order to ensure that the modem uses a distributed common clocking signal; and for retraining a communications link and associated modems for a simulcast system working channel if a routinely performed working channel "test call" fails.
Thus, actual "over-the-air" monitoring has been successfully used in the prior art to periodically test working channel timing using the "test call" technique. Unfortunately, the prior art "test call" approach described in copending application Ser. No. 07/824,123 cannot be used for testing control channel synchronization because the control channel is always in use and cannot conveniently be temporarily taken out of service for testing--and because such "test calls" in exemplary system 10 make use of a local test transceiver that is itself synchronized with the locally transmitted outbound control channel and has no other timing reference. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,321 to Hall et al. Thus, although such an exemplary "test call" transceiver can test working channel timing relative to the control channel, it is incapable of comparing control channel timing to any other timing reference. While periodic resynchronization of the control channel every minute or so as described above will (absent some failure more fundamental non-momentary timing malfunction) successfully resynchronize control channel timing of all simulcast sites S1-S3 relative to one another, it has not in the past been possible (due to the fact that the control channel continuously carries messaging traffic) to monitor over-the-air control channel signalling to provide such resynchronization when actually needed. Loss of relative timing synchronization between the control channels of two or more simulcast sites S1-S3 for even a few seconds may cause mobile units M in overlap areas to temporarily lose contact--a condition which is annoying and may also lead to missed calls. Thus, a still more reliable mechanism for continuously ensuring control channel timing synchronization within a digitally trunked simulcast RF communications repeater system would be highly desirable.
The present invention provides highly reliable continuous common point control channel timing detection and correction within a simulcast system. In accordance with one aspect provided by the present invention, a control channel timing monitor receives control channel timing signals transmitted over-the-air on the outbound control channel by each of the simulcasting transmitting sites. The control channel monitor extracts timing information from each of the monitored signals, and analyzes such timing information to determine relative and/or absolute synchronization.
In one preferred embodiment, the extracted timing information is compared to a system-wide master timing reference (this master timing reference available at the control point is used to synchronize all signals provided to simulcasting transmission sites S1-S3). The monitor provides a delay of reference timing relative to the received monitored control channel signalling in order to compensate for inherent system delays. An alarm is generated if the comparison indicates that control channel timing of any of the simulcasting transmission sites is not synchronized with the master timing reference. Corrective action may be immediately taken in response to the alarm.
In accordance with a further aspect provided by the present invention, corrective action may include sending a command to the simulcast control site that causes system 50 to take the faulty control channel out of service as a control channel and substitute a working channel frequency and associated equipment for the control channel equipment. Such shifting of the control channel to a different frequency is accomplished very rapidly in preferred system 50 in accordance with known techniques described, for example, in commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 07/532,164 filed Jun. 5, 1990 entitled FAIL-SOFT ARCHITECTURE FOR PUBLIC TRUNKING SYSTEM (attorney reference number 46-72: Client reference number 45-MR-541). In accordance with this aspect provided by the present invention, the hardware formerly operating on the control channel is left in service as a working channel, and a "test call" may be directed to that working channel (as described in application Ser. No. 07/824,123). Such "test call" will, if it fails, cause retraining of the associated communication link and modems as described in application Ser. No. 07/824,123 (thereby possibly resolving the loss of synchronization problem)--or the channel will be taken out of service entirely if a more severe failure mode is present.
These and other features and advantages provided by the present invention will be better and more completely understood by referring to the following detailed description of presently preferred exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawings, of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a presently preferred simulcast system 10;
FIG. 2A-2D together are a detailed schematic circuit diagram of a first presently preferred exemplary embodiment of a control channel timing monitor provided by the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary timing diagram showing certain timing signals present within the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A-2D;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a further, microprocessor-based presently preferred exemplary embodiment control channel timing monitor provided by the present invention; and
FIGS. 5-7 are schematic flow charts showing exemplary program control steps performed by the embodiment shown in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 2A-2D together are a detailed schematic diagram of a first presently preferred exemplary embodiment of a simulcast control channel timing monitor 100 provided by the present invention. Monitor 100 includes control channel monitoring RF receivers 101 and associated directional antennas (one for each simulcasting transmitting site within system 10 in the preferred embodiment); and further includes associated corresponding signal receivers 102 (one for each site). System 100 further includes a time base 104; time base interval timer 106; a programmable digital value magnitude comparator 108; a further counter 110; and timing comparator/fault indicators 112 (one for each site in the preferred embodiment).
Briefly, each RF receiver 101 and associated signal receiver 102 receives control channel signals monitored off the air from the outbound control channel of an associated transmitting site (S1-S3 shown in FIG. 1). Although the described system includes only three transmitting sites S1-S3, it will be understood that any number of transmitting sites could be accommodated by simply providing additional signal receiver blocks 101, 102 and comparator/fault indicator blocks 112). RF receivers 101 may be located remotely to at least some of the transmitting sites so as to monitor signals transmitted by each of the transmitting sites using, for example, directional antennas (so as to distinguish between the outbound control channel signals that are transmitted by each of the various sites). Alternatively, it may be possible (so long as additional inherent delays are compensated for) to locate receiver 101 at its associated site, and to then provide monitored signalling to monitor 100 via microwave link or the like. There is thus a one-to-one correspondence in the preferred embodiment between RF receivers 101(1)-101(3) and sites S1-S3, with each RF receiver continuously monitoring the outbound control channel signalling transmitted over the air by an associated transmitting site. Each such RF receiver 101 in the preferred embodiment may comprise a conventional mobile transceiver modified to generate a digital pulse output each time the receiver receives and decodes the digital dotting/Barker word synchronization signals received on the outbound control channel.
As mentioned above, exemplary system 10 control channel signalling provides dotting and a Barker code for synchronization once every frame (i.e., once every 30 milliseconds). Control channel monitoring RF receivers 101 respond to receipt of such dotting/Barker word by generating a digital pulse which is then processed by associated signal receiver 102. Thus, each of signal receivers 102 produces an output pulse for each frame of the associated site control channel--with the time the signal receiver produces the output pulse being responsive to the time at which the dotting and Barker word appear on the outbound RF control channel of the associated site.
Each signal receiver block 102 includes conventional clamping circuitry 114 and buffer 116 to provide level stabilization and isolation. The output of buffer 116 is provided within each of signal receiver blocks 102 to a conventional "one-shot" (monostable multivibrator circuit) 118 that generates a pulse having a predetermined width in response to receipt of a pulse from buffer 116. The pulse width output provided by one-shot 118 in the preferred embodiment is set by RC network 120 (which may have values of, for example, R=22 kilohms and C=0.1 microfarads). The output of one-shot 118 is used to clock a "one" input into D flip-flop 122. The Q output of flip-flop 122 is provided to the D input of a further flip-flop 124. Flip-flop 124 synchronizes the Q output of flip-flop 122 to a 9.6 kilobaud system clock signal (which clock signal is provided in the preferred embodiment via time base 104). The Q output of flip-flop 124 is provided to the "CLR" input of flip-flop 122 so as to clear the flip-flop 122 in preparation for receipt of the next pulse from RF receiver 101.
Each RF receiver 101 and each signal receiver 102 introduces additional delay inherent in the processing of such received control channel synchronization signals. However, because preferred embodiment RF receivers 101 are all identical to one another and signal receivers 102 are similarly all preferably identical to one another, uniform delay is introduced into each of the signal receiver outputs such that no differential delay is introduced between the signal processing circuitry for the various sites. Although not necessary, it may be desirable in some applications to provide additional optional adjustable delays 126 in order to compensate for differential delays introduced due to different communication path lengths (e.g., different free space path link lengths between sites S1-S3 and associated RF receivers 102(1)-102(3) if the receivers are located remotely from the sites; or differences in microwave path links L1-L3 if the RF receivers 101 are located at the corresponding transmitter sites S1-S3).
If the control channel timing of each of sites S1-S3 is substantially identical, then signal receivers 102(1)-102(3) will all substantially simultaneously produce periodically-occurring digital pulse outputs. Because outbound control channel relative time synchronization between the various sites S1-S3 (rather than absolute time synchronization) is what is important in simulcast system 10, it is possible to compare the timing of the three signal receiver 102 outputs and generate a false indication if any signal receiver output differs substantially in timing from any other signal receiver output. The preferred embodiment is capable of making this comparison (i.e., by obtaining the "FSL" reference signal from an additional RF receiver 101 monitoring a "reference" site outbound control channel), but may alternatively compare the output of each signal receiver 102 to a periodically recurring system-wide frame synchronization clocking reference signal that provides frame synchronization for the entire system. If the outbound control channel signalling of each of sites S1-S3 is synchronized with an absolute time base, then the signalling of the different sites must also be synchronized relative to one another.
In the preferred embodiment, time base block 104 is connected to receive a periodically recurring "FSL" frame synchronization signal at its "FSL input" line. This frame synchronization signal may be obtained, for example, from a master crystal-controlled time base that serves to synchronize frame timing for all signalling provided by control point C to each of sites S1-S3. In the preferred embodiment, time base block 104 clamps (with clamping circuit 128) and buffers (with buffer 130) the FSL signal before providing it to one-shot 132. One-shot 132 provides a pulsed output (with predetermined pulse width) at the output of time base 104 upon receipt of each frame synchronization pulse from the FSL input line. The output of time base 104 is provided to interval timer block 106, which in the preferred embodiment includes cascaded flip-flops 134, 136 to synchronize the FSL pulses with the 9.6 kilobaud system clock provided by time base block 104 (so that the output of flip-flop 136 is synchronized to the same clock as are the outputs of flip-flop 124).
Counter 138 and magnitude comparator block 108 introduce a delay between the occurrence of an FSL pulse and the opening of a "window" during which monitor 100 is sensitive to the outputs of signal receivers 102. More detail about the nature and function of this window will be provided shortly. Within interval timer 106, the synchronized FSL output is provided to the reset input of a twelve-bit counter 138 the clock input of which is also connected to receive the buffered 9.6 kilobaud system clock via a further clamping circuit 140 and associated buffer 142 (this 9.6 kilobaud clock may be the same clock that sets the bit rate for transmitting signals over the outbound control and working channels). Counter 138 counts the higher frequency 9.6 kilobaud system clock pulses, and resets this count upon the occurrence of every system-wide outbound control channel frame (as indicated by the FSL signal) in the preferred embodiment.
Magnitude comparator block 108 compares the output of counter 138 with a programmed digital value, and produces an output signal when counter 138 reaches that programmed value. In the preferred embodiment, the programmed digital value is eight bits wide, is set by a user programmable DIP switch 144, and is generated by the DIP switch in conjunction with pull-up resistors 146. This programmed digital value is applied to the "B" input of an eight-bit magnitude comparator 148 (two four-bit magnitude comparators coupled together in parallel are used to provide 8-bit comparison capabilities). Eight bits of twelve-bit counter 138 (the least significant bit and the three most significant bits of the counter are discarded in the preferred embodiment) are applied to the "A" input of magnitude comparator 148.
Magnitude comparator 148 produces an output whenever the output of counter 138 exceeds the programmed digital value. This output is used to clock flip-flop 150 in the preferred embodiment to generate a GATE signal. This GATE signal is applied to AND gates 154 within each of comparator/fault indicators 112 so as to gate the outputs of signal receivers 102 to the "reset" inputs of associated counters 156. The GATE signal is also applied to one input of an AND gate 152 so as to permit 9.6 kilobaud system clock pulses to clock counter 110. Counter 110 comprises, in the preferred embodiment, a presettable four-bit counter (clocked as mentioned above, by the 9.6 kilobaud system clock via AND gate 152) that serves as a programmable interval timer for controlling the duration of the window mentioned above. A four-bit preset value may be programmed via jumpers 158 in the preferred embodiment. Each time counter 110 produces a "carry out" signal, the programmable preset value is preset into the counter and an output signal is applied to clear flip-flop 150 within comparator 108 (thereby removing the GATE signal). Counter 110 thus establishes a duration over which the GATE signal is active.
As mentioned above, the GATE signal is used to selectively gate, via AND gate 154, the outputs of respective signal receivers 102 to the reset input of counters 156. Counters 156 are clocked by the 9.6 kilobaud system clock so as to continually count until reset by the outputs of associated AND gates 154. Counters 156 in the preferred embodiment comprise twelve-bit counters, with the most significant bit output Q12 being provided via buffer 160 and clamping circuit 162 as a "fault" indicating output for the respective one of sites S1-S3.
The operation of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A-2D will now be described in connection with FIG. 3.
Time base 104 continuously receives the 9.6 kilobaud system-wide clock input and continually applies that input to 12-bit counter 138 so as to increment the count contained within the counter. Counter 138 is reset once every system-wide frame in response to the synchronized FSL signal provided by flip-flops 134, 136. Upon being reset (see FIG. 3 line A), counter 138 begins counting the 9.6 kilobaud clock pulses--thus timing a time interval beginning at the active edge of FSL. This delay is needed in some installations to compensate for system propagation delay occurring from the time the FSL system reference signal becomes active to the time the RF receivers 101 receive and process the corresponding dotting/Barker signals transmitted by sites S1-S3 over the outbound control channel, and travel over free space to receivers 101). When counter 138 has counted to in excess of the value programmed into DIP switch 144, magnitude comparator 108 begins producing the GATE signal (see FIG. 3 line B) so as to open the "window" during which comparator/fault indicators 112 are sensitive to the frame occurrence signals produced by signal receivers 102 in response to outbound control channels signals received from sites S1-S3 by RF receivers 101.
As mentioned above, the duration of the GATE window is controlled by the preset values programmed via jumpers 108 at the inputs of counter 110. This counter 110 "closes" the "window" when it generates a "carry out" signal (see FIG. 3 line B).
Meanwhile, counters 156 increment their count upon receipt of each frame synchronization signal from flip-flop 136 in the preferred embodiment. If proper synchronization is maintained between the frame timing of the outbound control channel of respective sites S1-S3 and the system-wide frame synchronization FSL signal applied to time base 104, then signal receivers 102 will always produce outputs within the time window opened by comparator 108 and closed by window duration counter 110 --thus resetting associated counter 156 via AND gate 154 (see FIG. 3 lines "C" and "D"). If, on the other hand, one of sites S has an outbound control channel timing which is not in sufficiently close synchronization with the FSL master frame synchronization timing, the output of associated signal receiver 102 will occur outside of the time window (i.e., during a time when the GATE signal is not active; see FIG. 3 line "E") and thus will not be passed by associated AND gate 15 to reset associated counter 156. Thus, instead of being continually reset, counter 156 (see FIG. 3 line "F") will steadily increment its count in response to the occurrence of FSL master frame synchronization signals so as to eventually cause (after a sufficient number of frames have occurred without counter reset) the counter Q12 output to become active--thereby generating a site-specific fault indication.
Counter 156 thus, in the preferred embodiment, provides an integrating function so that spurious faults are not indicated due, for example, to signal fading or other temporary signal loss by monitor 100). The value that counter 156 must count up to before an output is generated may be selected on an empirical basis to provide sufficient error integration while also providing sufficiently rapid response time so as to ensure rapid fault detection.
Referring once again to FIG. 2A, it will be seen that a jumper J1 may be used to connect the clock input of flip-flop 150 directly to the output of one-shot 132. The effect of placing jumper J1 in this position is to effectively remove interval timer 138 from the circuit--so that the time window discussed previously begins immediately upon generation of each FSL master frame synchronization signal. This connection may be used, for example, if the FSL signal input is provided by the output of a control channel monitoring receiver 101 monitoring the outbound control channel of a reference site (in such installations, there is no large inherent differential processing time delay as discussed above. Note that the clock rate and counter size are related, and can be chosen to achieve any desired timing precision.
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic block diagram of a further, microprocessor-based embodiment of a control channel timing monitor 200 provided by the present invention. A microprocessor 202 is coupled in a conventional manner via bus 204 to read only memory (ROM) 206, random access memory (RAM) 208, EEPROM 210, UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) 212, latch 214, programmable divider 216, and counter/timers 218. ROM 206 stores program control instructions for execution by microprocessor 202. RAM 208 provides writable memory locations for use by microprocessor 202 while it is executing, and non-volatile EEPROM 210 is used primarily for storage of calibration information in the preferred embodiment (as will be explained). Microprocessor 202 executes routines for calibration, timing monitoring, counter/time control, and communication through UART 212 as will be explained in connection with FIGS. 5-7.
Counter/timers 218 are controlled by microprocessor 202 via bus 204, and act to precisely (with a precision determined by set-up and clock reference values) measure the time between receipt of inputs provided via a user interface 220. User interface 220 in the preferred embodiment is connected to receive signals from RF receivers 101(1)-101(3) monitoring respective sites S1-S3 as shown in FIG. 2C. User interface 220 includes circuitry on each input providing a single pulse for each site input (with the starting edge of the pulse being a direct function of the corresponding site control channel frame timing).
An oscillator 222 generates a high frequency clock (e.g., 10 megahertz or higher) for microprocessor 202, and is also coupled to the input of programmable divider 216. Programmable divider 216 divides the rate of the clock signal provided by oscillator 222 by a divider that is set by microprocessor 202, and provides the divided rate clock signal to a clocking input of counter/timers 218. Since programmable divider 216 is programmable in response to data received from microprocessor 202, the microprocessor can directly control the rate (precision) of the counting operation performed by counter/timers 218.
A latch 214 provides an interface to programmable DIP switches 224 (i.e., to permit local manual programming of certain parameters of monitor 200) and also may provide outputs to local output/display 226 (which in the preferred embodiment may comprise LEDs and associated drivers to provide a local display of faults).
UART 212 is coupled to a conventional modem port 228 so as to permit microprocessor 202 to communicate with external devices (e.g., a central controller) via a conventional telephone line or other convenient link. A "calibrate" block 230 and associated momentary-on switch 232 provide momentary switch closure and debounce to locally initiate timing calibration (this switching function may also be remotely activated if desired). Depression of the momentary on calibration switch 232 causes monitor 200 to acquire the present relative timing of the inputs and store this as the "correct reference" timing. Reset block 232 provides an automatic power-reset, and may also provide a momentary-on manually-depressible switch for initiating a reset of monitor 200.
FIG. 5 is a schematic flowchart of exemplary program control steps performed by microprocessor 202 upon a power on (or manual) reset. Microprocessor 202 first erases RAM 208 and then clears output latch 214 (block 250). Microprocessor 202 then reads the contents of EEPROM 210 and DIP switches 224, and stores those contents into appropriate locations within RAM 208 for later reference (blocks 252, 254). Microprocessor 202 then tests a predetermined bit of DIP switch 224 (decision block 256) to determine whether it should use tolerance/decision data stored within EEPROM 210 (block 258) or whether it should instead use values programmed manually via DIP switches 224 (block 260). DIP switches 224 in the preferred embodiment thus provide a "manual override" function so as to permit local manual programming of the default tolerance and precision data stored within EEPROM 210.
Microprocessor 202 subsequently initializes and sets up UART 212 (block 260), sets up programmable interval timer 216 (i.e., by writing appropriate values obtained from one of blocks 260, 258) (block 262), and then sets up counter/timers 218 (block 264) (similarly by using appropriate values obtained via blocks 258 or 260).
Microprocessor 202 next tests the contents of RAM 208 to determine whether a relative timing value used as a reference for monitoring was obtained from EEPROM 210 by block 252 (decision block 266). If no reference timing values were obtained from EEPROM 210, then microprocessor 202 writes alternating "1" and "0" values to latch 214 so as to "flash" local output/display 226 to indicate a need for calibration (block 268). Microprocessor 202 will continually loop in this fashion until the user depresses the calibrate switch 232 so as to provide a "calibrate" interrupt that causes the microprocessor to execute the calibration routine shown in FIG. 6. If, on the other hand, appropriate reference data was read from EEPROM 210 by block 252, the reset routine exits to the main routine shown in FIG. 7.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the calibrate interrupt routine is executed whenever a user manually depresses calibrate switch 232. In the preferred embodiment, the counter/timer block 218 includes a counter for each of sites S1-S3 (and, if monitor 200 is located at control point C, it may also include a counter for the FSL master time base input). Such counters are programmable and may function as either an "up" counter or as a "one shot" in the preferred embodiment. Microprocessor 202 programs a "reference" counter to act as a one shot, and programs the other counters to function as up counters in the preferred embodiment. The counters count up from zero at the rate of the divided-down clock pulses provided by programmable divider 216. The counters begin counting up at the command of microprocessor 202, and stop counting upon receipt of a pulse outputted by associated RF receiver 101 via input interface 220.
The calibrate routine first initializes and starts all of the counters within counter/timers block 218 (block 270), and then continually reads the counters and stores their associated counts (block 272). Once all counters have stopped (as tested for by decision block 274), microprocessor 202 compares the values it has read to calculate the relative timing between receipt of frame timing indication outputs provided by receivers 101 (and the FSL signal if this signal is connected). So long as the calibration routine is executed during normal system operation when all of the site outbound control channels are substantially exactly synchronized with one another, block 276 performed in the course of the calibration routine will automatically obtain system reference data indicating "normal" timing differences between the various inputs to input interface 220 that are attributable to differential time delays inherent in the monitoring process (e.g., differential path links and the like as discussed above).
The microprocessor 202 also determines which input is "earliest" and uses this input as the timing reference. Under normal system operation when all sites are in substantial synchronization with one another, the inherent time delays associated with the monitoring process will always cause one of the three receiver 101 outputs to become active prior to the other two receiver outputs. If the system-wide FSL time base is included as one of the inputs to input interface 220, then microprocessor 202 will typically determine this signal to be the earliest. Reference data indicating differential delay between the reference input and each of the other inputs is obtained from the stopped counter values and stored in EEPROM 210 (block 278).
Thus, the Figure embodiment automatically accommodates either a system-wide FSL time base or an RF receiver 101 output as a reference input without any need for manually setting a jumper or other programming. Moreover, the FIG. 4 embodiment automatically selects a reference from among the input signals provided to it, and automatically compensates if necessary for inherent processing time delays between generation of an FSL time base reference and receipt of corresponding frame synchronization signals from the dotting/Barker pattern by receivers 101.
The main monitoring routine executed by microprocessor 202 is schematically shown in FIG. 7. Subsequent to reset (and assuming that calibration has already been performed), microprocessor 202 tests for messages received via modem 276 and UART 212 (decision block 280) and processes any such received messages (block 282). Microprocessor 202 has already initialized as a "one shot" the programmable counter within counter/timer 218 corresponding to the "earliest" (i.e., reference) input (as indicated by the calibration data stored in EEPROM 210) to input interface 220. Microprocessor 202 waits for occurrence of the one shot output corresponding to the "earliest" site to become active (block 284). Once microprocessor 202 detects that the "earliest" site output has become active, the microprocessor initializes the counters in the count up mode (block 286), and then enables the counters to count (block 288). Each of the counters begins to count, and stops counting when its associated receiver 101 has produced an output indicating that a frame synchronization word has occurred on the corresponding site outbound control channel. Microprocessor 202 then waits for all of the counters to stop counting (block 290). At this point, microprocessor 202 reads all counters (block 292) and evaluates the read data using the reference data stored within EEPROM 210 (block 294). If one of the counters stores a value that is significantly different (i.e., outside of a preprogrammed tolerance from) the calibration-obtained data, microprocessor 202 generates a fault indication (block 296)--preferably by writing appropriate data to latch 214 so as illuminate one or more appropriate LEDs to indicate the particular site the timing of which has failed, and also by sending an appropriate digital fault message via UART 212 and modem 228 that designates the failed site. In response to receipt of such a fault message, central point C may preferably take corrective action, such as, for example "bringing down" the control channel and transferring the control channel functions to a frequency that formerly operated as a working channel.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Quail In Rose Petal Sauce
|1 , sliced
|3 Clove (15 gm), sliced
|Vegetable oil
|1 Tablespoon
|Freshly ground black pepper
|To Taste
|For rose petal sauce
|12 (Red / Pink Fragrant, Petals Only)
|Sweet plums
|2 Large, seeded and chopped
|8 Fluid Ounce (1 Cup / 250 Milliliter)
|1⁄2 Ounce (15 Gram)
|2 Clove (10 gm), crushed
|2 Tablespoon
1. To cook quail, place a slice of lime and a slice of garlic in the cavity of each bird. Truss birds and place in a baking dish. Brush with oil, sprinkle with black pepper and bake at 180° C / 350°F / Gas 4 for 20-25 minutes or until quail are tender.
2. To make sauce, place rose petals and plums in a food processor or blender and process until smooth. Set aside. Make a cross in base of each chestnut, place in a hot frying pan or comal and cook, shaking pan occasionally, until shells split and open.
3. Bring a saucepan of water to the boil, add chestnuts and boil for 20 minutes. Drain chestnuts and remove shells and skins. Add chestnuts and the 1 cup / 250 ml / 8 fl oz water to rose puree and process until smooth.
4. Melt butter in a frying pan over a medium heat, add garlic and cook, stirring, for 3 minutes. Add rose puree and honey, bring to simmering and simmer for 10 minutes.
5. Place birds on a serving platter, spoon over sauce and garnish with additional rose petals, if desired.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Oxford Owl is packed with expert advice, top tips and activity ideas so you can help your child with reading and maths.
What's new
70 years of Pippi!
Celebrate 70 years of Pippi Longstocking with our free party pack, costume ideas and reading notes.
Top ten
Grins, giggles and guffaws
Check out our Funny Stories for 6-12 year olds, and get great book suggestions to give your child the giggles.
Don't miss
Maths eBooks
Read about maths in action with Project X. From extreme sports to storm chasing, these great stories combine thrilling stories with fun maths activities.
Don't miss
How to Write your Best Story Ever!
Use our top tips and free activity sheets to bring out your child's inner author.


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
32 year old man | Saint Augustine, FL, USA | Seeking women 25-37 within 50 miles
Active within 5 days
I mean, I don't know if this is as legit as Craigslist but I'm willing to give it a shot....
Well, guess I should start with myself, which is weird. I probably qualify as a little nerdy, well I definitely do. Family is important to me. I have a strong sense of humor and try to laugh at everything that comes my way. Dig music, art, movies, sports, and just pop culture in general. On the more intellectual spectrum, I always enjoy reading, learning, and discovering more about history and the Mesozoic Era...okay, just like learning in general. Yes, I think museums are cool. I'm a pretty progressive person but still believe in some old school values. Yes, I still open open all doors for women and giving flowers on dates. I strive to be a person who can't be typecast and doesn't fit into a mold. Still interested? Awesome. If not, no worries, just avoided awkwardness. Now on the other side. Looking for friends or my own Ramona Flowers (kudos if you get and appreciate that reference). Suppose the type would be smart, funny, artsy, creative, can hold a conversation, genuine, laid back, and a tad nerdy (or more) as well. I'm weird and find intelligence, geekiness, and actually being interesting the sexiest things about a woman. But hey, whatever works. Would like someone with similar interests but her own tastes. Appreciation for New Orleans Saints is a major bonus. Disclaimer; not a stereotypical sports fanatic just love my Saints. In fact, really hate when thats all a conversation can revolve around. Probably skipped a lot so anything else, just ask. Sidenote, I wash dishes and clean w/o being prompted. Double sidenote, I do not wear that Drew Brees jersey that often, just a coincidence. Keep calm and chive on.
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Political interests , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Basketball, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Hockey, Soccer, Swimming, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
Got a husky/mutt named Sierra. Total daddy's girl and suckers me into almost anything.
Middle of the Road
In N. Florida? Riverside and St. Augustine. Globally, I do enjoy New Orleans, SoCal, and New York. Though I do love exploring new places so really this is just a revolving door.
Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA
My dog, Sierra, but should expand on other things. Family is important. Love pop culture, music (punks not dead..okay it is) and most geeky things. Enjoy going to hockey games (Let's Go Bolts). Learning and educating myself, it's fun.
Always up to try something new and/or fun.
Probably a Hunter S Thompson essay...
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'2" (187cms)
|4'5" (134cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Curvy, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Cigar aficionado, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Executive / Management
|No preference
|$35,001 to $50,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
German, Scottish, Irish...though I think my Southern Louisiana heritage has more to do with shaping me than anything else.....thanks Mom.
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree
One day I'm going to finish my masters.


text:
Drug abuse treatment works and brings about reductions not just in drug abuse, but also in criminal recidivism.
A therapeutic community approach (CREST) was tested in prison and continued during participants' transition back to the community. Among those who completed treatment and aftercare programs, 35% remained drug free, and 69% were not arrested within three years of release from incarceration. These reductions in turn yield significant cost savings and provide hope for families and communities devastated by addiction.


text:
Research News
An Easier, Safer, and More Accurate Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer
April 2, 2014 | NCCC
Professor Brian Pogue is quoted about his research which measured treatment response to pancreatic cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT).
New issue of Dartmouth Engineer magazine
April 1, 2014
The newest issue of Dartmouth Engineer, the magazine of Thayer School of Engineering, is now online. Features: Growth Factors; Room to Operate; Schools of Thought.
MRI and Optical Scanning During Surgery Accurately Locate Small Breast Cancer Tumors
March 27, 2014 | NCCC
Dartmouth engineers have collaborated with physicians at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center to develop a new approach to breast-conserving surgery.
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center inaugurates unique intraoperative MRI and CT suite with initial brain tumor procedures in Center for Surgical Innovation
March 19, 2014 | IMRIS
Engineers and neurosurgeons at Dartmouth have inaugurated the use of intraoperative MRI within the VISIUS® Surgical Theatre inside the hospital's Center for Surgical Innovation (CSI).
A weird glow in nuclear power plants is proving valuable when aiming cancer treatment
March 3, 2014 | The Telegraph (Nashua)
Professor Brian Pogue comments on research about using the information from the Cherenkov radiation that patients emit during cancer treatment.
Comparative efficiency and driving range of light- and heavy-duty vehicles powered with biomass energy stored in liquid fuels or batteries
February 18, 2014 | PNAS
A paper to address the question, "When using cellulosic biomass for vehicular transportation, which field-to-wheels pathway is more efficient: that using biofuels or that using bioelectricity?"
Near-IR Spectroscopy Performs Challenging Breast Imaging
February 18, 2014 | Novus Light Technologies Today
Engineers and radiologists at Dartmouth have developed a new way to implement MRI/near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique for women with dense breasts.
Biomimicry - the next engineering revolution?
February 10, 2014 | The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Professor Ulrike Wegst's work is cited in this article about mimicking nature's successful designs that "are more energy efficient and flexible than anything humans have dreamt up."
A better way to detect breast cancer?
January 30, 2014 | WCAX
Thanks to the work of Dartmouth engineers and clinicians, a machine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center is providing some women with two tests in one.
Researchers Developing New Approach for Imaging Dense Breasts for Abnormalities
January 24, 2014 | NCCC
Dartmouth engineers and radiologists are developing new approaches for diagnostic imaging for breast cancer-MRI with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as reported in Academic Radiology.


text:
Book Search
1-1 of 1 results for Author: alan kennedy (sorted by Publication Date, showing all)
Eye Movements and Information Processing During Reading
A Special Issue of the European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
Measurement and analysis of eye movements are two of the most powerful ways to study the workings of the human mind. This Special Issue on eye movements and information processing in reading presents an overview of experimental research based on this methodology. Eye movements provide a unique...
To Be Published August 21st 2015 by Psychology Press


text:
Browse tile wholesalers and suppliers in Grimsby featuring photos, videos, vouchers and tile wholesalers and suppliers reviews to help you choose the right local tile wholesalers and suppliers for you.
Why not list your tile wholesalers and suppliers business on Grimsby Telegraph?
Address: Clayfields Industrial Estate, Tickhill Road, DONCASTER, DN4 8QG
Address: Herons Way, Balby, DONCASTER, DN4 8WA
Address: 363-365 Cleethorpe Road, , Grimsby, DN31 3BP
Address: Unit 2a Gala Retail Park, Pasture Street, GRIMSBY, DN32 9AB
Address: Unit 5, Snowdonia Avenue, Skippingdale Industrial Estate, Scunthorpe, DN15 8NL
Address: Unit 2 Valentine Road, Tritton Road, LINCOLN, LN6 7BH
Address: 55-57 James Street, Louth, Lincolnshire, LN11 0JN
Address: 49 Cleethorpes Enterprise Centre, Jackson Place, Humberston, GRIMSBY, DN36 4AS
Address: Unit 1 Pasture Street, , GRIMSBY, DN32 9AB


text:
Results 1 to 6 of 6
July 1st, 2009 #1
thefirstangel's sketchbook - doodles sketches wip's and speedies
fanart for the fun of it
just sum light thumbs
girlies XD
yeah just random stuff to start this, thoght a dropzone for speedies pencils (may scan some later) and such as would be fun, so there goes sketchthread
- Similar Threads
- SketchBook: sketches & doodles
- SketchBook: Daily sketches, painting speedies and design practices!
- SketchBook: Dchan SKETCHBOOK 2007 concepts and speedies [ C&C highly welcomed]
- SketchBook: -Jokisalo's Sketchbook- 2 speedies [uptade 09.11]
- 2 head sketches + apples and pears speedies
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJuly 1st, 2009 #2
Nice work! especially the first and third image! I'll be checking back
The Following User Says Thank You to DeeStar For This Useful Post:
July 1st, 2009 #3
awesome stuff, really like the light thumbnails
The Following User Says Thank You to davi For This Useful Post:
July 1st, 2009 #4
thanks a lot DeeStar & Davi and thanks for fixing my typo
July 1st, 2009 #5
Hoi Sasha, willkommen bei der Sketchbook-Sektion
The Following User Says Thank You to Kan Muftić For This Useful Post:
July 1st, 2009 #6
danke Kan! *dances*


text:
false pdp {"scheme":"product1_cr"}
false pdp {"scheme":"product2_cr"}
Micro Cotton® Oxygen™ Sheet Set 10 11
Beautiful Sheet Set Lucky me!! Found in the outlet and feel the price was exceptional. Oversize and beautiful, plus very silky to the touch. A lovely addition to the bedroom. I did not attest to the durability as just received. April 21, 2015
Very nice set I ordered a queen set in Taupe for my guest room, and I am very pleased with the quality, soft feel and the look of this set. It has been washed a few times and still looks like new. Living in Florida, the light and cooling fabric was also greatly appreciated by my son visiting me from Norway, as he is not used to our warm and humid nights. The fitted sheet is indeed running a bit large, but that is not a problem - I just push it in and it stays on place. Perfect set for my guests from Europe, will order more of this one. April 3, 2014
Great sheets I am very pleased with the micro cotton oxygen sheet set. Very comfortable, easy to care for and lovely on the bed. November 6, 2013
Pretty sheets These sheets are very pretty sheets, however, they need to be ironed when washed and wrinkle on the bed. June 29, 2015
Pretty sheets Very pretty sheets. I especially like the embroidering on borders. Light weight natural fabric - comfortable to the touch. Generous sizing (no struggle to fit mattress). Sheet and monogram colors not best for my decore, but blues are difficult to match (one of the drawbacks of shopping online). Launders easily. Overall pleased with purchase. March 22, 2015
Could be better I ordered white sheets and am disappointed that they are actually ivory . I wasn't impressed by the quality, no thread count mentioned in specs. Hard to make bed as the sheets don't glide but rather stick to each other. I probably will give them away. April 29, 2015
Not Soft At All I've never had a problem with a Frontgate product before and was so looking forward to having these sheets. But these sheets do not have the softness I was expecting. In fact, they are a little nubby and that's after 1 washing. More like you would expect from a much cheaper set of sheets. They look pretty on the bed and have the cooling effect. But don't have the softness I was hoping for. March 1, 2015
Oxygen Sheets They did NOT meet our expectations. The material lacks any body. We anticipated a material similar to a previous purchase. Also, the bottom sheet is so large it can hardly be called fitted. October 21, 2013
(1 Question : 2 Answers)
Product Q&A
Get help about this item from fellow customers. Ask your questions. Share your answers.
« Back
Micro Cotton® Oxygen™ Sheet Set
2 answers
What is the thread count on these sheets?
Additional information about JeriL could not be loaded.
8 months ago
Additional information about JeriL could not be loaded.
0out of 0found this question helpful.
Was this helpful?helpful0unhelpful0https://answers.frontgate.com/answers/0005/product/66801/question/1337001/undohelpfulness.djs?format=embeddedhtml&sessionparams=__BVSESSIONPARAMS__&return=__RETURN__&innerreturn=https%3A%2F%2Fanswers.frontgate.com%2Fanswers%2F0005%2Fproduct%2F66801%2Fquestions.djs%3Fformat%3Dembeddedhtml%26scrolltotop%3Dtrue%26expandquestion%3D1337001&user=__USERID__&authsourcetype=__AUTHTYPE__&submissionparams=__BVSUBMISSIONPARAMETERS__&submissionurl=__BVSUBMISSIONURL__
Answer:Thank you for your interest in the Micro Cotton Oxygen Sheet Set. We are verifying the thread count and we will update you as soon as possible.
7 months ago
Additional information about MLRFrontgateService could not be loaded.
0out of 0found this answer helpful.
Was this helpful?helpful0unhelpful0https://answers.frontgate.com/answers/0005/product/66801/answer/1586245/undohelpfulness.djs?format=embeddedhtml&sessionparams=__BVSESSIONPARAMS__&return=__RETURN__&innerreturn=https%3A%2F%2Fanswers.frontgate.com%2Fanswers%2F0005%2Fproduct%2F66801%2Fquestions.djs%3Fformat%3Dembeddedhtml%26scrolltotop%3Dtrue%26expandquestion%3D1337001%26expandanswer%3D1586245&user=__USERID__&authsourcetype=__AUTHTYPE__&submissionparams=__BVSUBMISSIONPARAMETERS__&submissionurl=__BVSUBMISSIONURL__
Answer:The Micro Cotton Oxygen Sheet Set has a 400 thread count.
7 months ago
Additional information about MLRFrontgateService could not be loaded.
0out of 0found this answer helpful.
Was this helpful?helpful0unhelpful0https://answers.frontgate.com/answers/0005/product/66801/answer/1586340/undohelpfulness.djs?format=embeddedhtml&sessionparams=__BVSESSIONPARAMS__&return=__RETURN__&innerreturn=https%3A%2F%2Fanswers.frontgate.com%2Fanswers%2F0005%2Fproduct%2F66801%2Fquestions.djs%3Fformat%3Dembeddedhtml%26scrolltotop%3Dtrue%26expandquestion%3D1337001%26expandanswer%3D1586340&user=__USERID__&authsourcetype=__AUTHTYPE__&submissionparams=__BVSUBMISSIONPARAMETERS__&submissionurl=__BVSUBMISSIONURL__
1 of 1
1 of 1
Product:66801-Micro Cotton® Oxygen™ Sheet Set


text:
Feb 24, 2015
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- The United Arab Emirates has announced nearly $2.6billion worth of defense orders.
Jan 22, 2015
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- The Israel Air Force has launched its newfleet of advanced jet trainers.
Dec 11, 2014
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- The United Arab Emirates has ordered advancedreconnaissance satellites from France.
Aug 14, 2014
LONDON [MENL] -- A European fighter-jet procured by Gulf Arab states hasbegun the integration of a long-range missile.


text:
With Instructables you can share what you make with the world and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
share what you made with text, photos, video, and files
Create »
gather your favorite instructables together
1 strong pullyClimbing ropeSlingClimbing carebinerTree Anchor point
Tie the rope around a tree and other end to a anchor pole
Tie a sling around the carebinerHook the pully on and then the carebiner
Slide and have funPS be safe
We have a be nice comment policy. Please be positive and constructive.
1,022 views
9 favorites
lego ziplineby aditya5563
Backyard Fishing Line Ziplineby Dilong_paradoxus
Build a zip line out of reused or recyled materials.by fearme36
Zip Line Pulleyby shawneegeek
How to make a Backyard Ziplineby tschulok589
Water Coolerby C-R-E-8
Zip Line Racerby vaewyn
Zipline Brakeby tim127
video and answers to questionsby theron.joyce
ANGRY PIGS: Real Life Tournament Tableby Mr. Noack
See More
Download our new apps for iOS, Android and Windows 8!
© 2015 Autodesk, Inc.
By clicking "Create Account" you are indicating that you have read and agree to the Terms of service.
Already a member? Login »
Enter the email associated with your account and we will send you your username and a temporary password.
Not a member? Sign Up »


text:
The filthy truth about asbestos
Julie Burchill: Don't all rush at once, like, to get linked up to satellite by November 4, but on that date BBC4 will be showing a documentary about the fatal effects of working with asbestos, featuring your humble heroine and called - a right three-hanky job, this - What Killed My Dad?
Weekend comment & features p7
A change for the betterAlexander Chancellor: No one should doubt President Bush's commitment to "regime change" in Iraq - whatever on earth he means by this.
Words that should be banned
81: No problem
Weekend comment & features p9
Q&AArtist Douglas Gordon
Weekend comment & features p10
Dear WeekendI was interested to read your article on how and why rogue traders lose so much money (How To Lose A Billion, October 26). All of the cases mentioned were no different from pathological gamblers, yet the article steered clear of describing them as such. One of the key predictors of problem gambling is "chasing" losses, where the gambler continuously believes the next bet will get them out of financial trouble. The unrealistic optimism displayed by rogue traders who passionately believe the next trade will solve all their problems is typical of addicted gamblers.
Weekend comment & features p12
A chain reactionFor 30 years Mayer Hillman has been busily turning conventional political thinking on its head. From road safety to renewable energy, he has come up with solutions that are hard to dismiss. Which is probably why you've never heard of him, writes Anne Karpf.
Weekend comment & features p32
Nude awakening
Fine art is respectable, sex is not. So what happens when these worlds collide in the form of the reclining nude? From 16th century Venetian painters to modern-day feminist artists, Frances Borzello traces the history of the genre.
Features & comment p44
Time, and the great healer
In 1943, a young research scientist found a cure for TB. It should have been the proudest moment of Albert Schatz's life, but ever since he has watched, helpless, as another man got all the credit. Veronique Mistiaen reports.
Weekend comment & features p60
How to wear clothes
Jess Cartner-Morley: Watch your step! Round-toe! Not pointy!
Weekend comment & features p69
All made up
"Show me the honey!" cries Laura Barton Well, not really.
The new black
Hannah Pool: I've lost count of the times the women behind make-up counters have told me that I "don't really need foundation".
Features & comment p71
Ask Emma...
Our natural health expert Emma Mitchell answers your questions.
Lazy boy
Ian Belcher: The latest trend among elite hotels is the room service work-out, which caters for those of us who are insecure about using the in-house gym, or for celebrities who prefer to do their sweating in private.
Weekend comment & features p86
That rubbing feeling
If you love spa treatments as much as you love your partner, then you're in for a treat. Hazel Curry reveals a new way to combine the two: therapy for couples.
Features & comment p89
There's no such thing as too much oral
Sorry to break it to you, guys, but there is a wrong way to go downtown.
We love each other
Hamish Glencross & Sarah Stanton
The wedding planner
Liz Jones: It is our Wedding Eve...
Weekend comment & features p90
Bad to the bone
Can a bull terrier be an upstanding member of the canine community, asks Justine Hankins, or are some dogs simply natural-born killers?
Weekend comment & features p93
To die for
Puff Daddy (or is it P Diddy?) is perfectly placed to be the next Ralph Lauren or Martha Stewart. Like them, he's a suburban kid who has worked hard for his success and doesn't use his own name.
Weekend comment & features p95
Take a bough
Trees give gardens the kind of permanence, structure and solidity you just can't find in pint-sized plants. But they're not just for those with vast estates and money to burn. Ann-Marie Powell picks six favourites that will bring grandeur to the tiniest of plots.
Weekend comment & features p96
Wilde side
Kim Wilde answers your gardening questions.
Weekend comment & features p101
Rememberance of things past
Many Victorian terraces have that awkward combination of narrow downstairs rooms and the dead, L-shaped patch out back. Caroline Rodrigues meets a woman who solved the problem.
Weekend comment & features p102
Snooping around...
Live/work properties
Weekend comment & features p107
Under cover
For Heston Blumenthal, winter cooking means taking things long and slow - all of which makes a good old-fashioned braise ideal seasonal fare.
Weekend comment & features p108
Belair House, London SE21
Matthew Fort: Belair House in south east London is the kind of handsome Georgian building that stars in TV costume dramas. Outwardly it speaks of grace and style. Inwardly, though...
Weekend comment & features p113
Down in one
Bombay Sapphire, Vinopolis's "little ginny theme park".
Super plonk
Malcolm Gluck: The first preprandial, early evening aperitif changes us and makes us mellow. I cannot promise exciting metamorphoses from the wines that follow, mind you.
Features & comment p115
The perfect...
...tomatoes in the oven
What's new
Richard Ehrlich's guide to the fresh haul down the shops.


text:
Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
Major PP price hike featured
AKRON, OHIO — A big hike in North American polypropylene prices is featured in this week's Material Insights video. Also this week, we report price changes for polystyrene and PVC, as well as news that Nova Chemicals Corp. has restarted its LDPE plant in Ontario.
More Events > Upcoming Events
Most Popular
Pioneer preparing for more work in medical market
NEWS Tuesday, June 30
Pacur and partners unveil a medical packaging alternative
NEWS Tuesday, June 30
Is Apple's streaming music a roadmap for injection molding?
BLOG03 Tuesday, June 30
Did you hear the one about the lure that got away?
NEWS Wednesday, July 01
Report: Bayer may spin off Covestro as early as October
NEWS Friday, June 26


text:
25 Feb 2010, 10:55am by Bill Barnwell
Our ESPN feature this week is on five Combine myths, covering everything from Mike Mamula's status as the preeminent "Workout Warrior" bust to the hand size of wide receivers.
6 comments, Last at 26 Feb 2010, 10:25am by MilkmanDanimal
01 Feb 2010, 10:29am by Tim Gerheim
The second part of today's two-fer at ESPN Insider looks at how Peyton Manning has done against Gregg Williams defenses over the past few seasons. Manning generally is excellent against the blitz, but looking back, Tim Gerheim finds something very interesting: In three games against Williams defenses since we started game charting (2006 Redskins and 2008 Jaguars), Manning has struggled against Williams' blitzes and just killed his secondary when Williams' defenses only sent the standard four.
1 comment, Last at 02 Feb 2010, 1:32am by Stan
01 Feb 2010, 10:25am by Ned Macey
A two-part feature on ESPN Insider today takes a look at how each quarterback has done against the defensive scheme favored by this week's opponent. First up, Ned Macey looks at the Saints against the Cover-2 over the past three years, and what's changed in 2009.
0 comments
28 Jan 2010, 01:37pm by Ned Macey
Has the Colts' defense really improved? We take a look at ESPN.
17 comments, Last at 31 Jan 2010, 1:09pm by Anonymous6789
26 Jan 2010, 12:30pm by Bill Barnwell
This ESPN.com Insider piece looks at five players who shouldn't have been on the original Pro Bowl rosters -- ignoring the injury replacements -- and five players who still have been snubbed, despite the fact that anybody who threw a pass in the AFC has been named to the team by this point.
21 comments, Last at 02 Feb 2010, 12:22am by Akonz
27 Dec 2009, 02:13pm by Bill Barnwell
This week's ESPN feature looks at the Bears' offense and what they need to do to help out Jay Cutler.
10 comments, Last at 25 Jan 2010, 3:04am by tuluse
20 Dec 2009, 02:50pm by J.I. Halsell
For this week's ESPN MNF feature, our man J.I. Halsell takes a look at what Bruce Allen's management skills could mean for the Redskins -- especially if there's an uncapped 2010.
15 comments, Last at 03 May 2011, 2:08am by johny b
13 Dec 2009, 07:05pm by Aaron Schatz
As this MNF feature points out, Frank Gore's high yards per carry average this year is pretty remarkable given the poor quality of San Francisco's run blocking.
4 comments, Last at 16 Dec 2009, 5:50pm by Sifter
06 Dec 2009, 01:19pm by Ned Macey
This week's MNF feature for ESPN Insider looks at two 34-year-old wide receivers still leading their teams in receiving yards -- and facing off this Monday night.
2 comments, Last at 08 Dec 2009, 4:34am by ammek
03 Dec 2009, 11:58am by Aaron Schatz
Here's a statistical look at the greatness of Chris Johnson, as part of ESPN The Magazine's annual "NEXT" issue. Includes a fun little year-by-year projection for Johnson's career based on doing similarity scores, which ends up with Johnson setting an NFL record with 5.3 career yards per carry.
2 comments, Last at 03 Dec 2009, 5:48pm by E


text:
When we first came across this news in the Times, we immediately nominated it for our Chutzpa of the Year award: Johnson & Johnson has filed a federal lawsuit seeking to wrest the red-cross logo from the American Red Cross. What's next, we wondered, DreamWorks suing Islam for exclusive use of a crescent moon? As we read on, however, we found ourselves involuntarily siding with the health-product giant over the disaster-relief nonprofit. Turns out J&J trademarked the logo before the American Red Cross was even chartered. And that the two had peacefully co-existed, like Apple Computer and the Beatles' Apple Corps, under a deal that allowed the nonprofit use of the logo so long as they not step on each other's toes. This meant that the health org wouldn't go into retail (and that the conglomerate wouldn't go solving health crises, we suppose).
Lately, however, the American Red Cross began licensing its logo to third parties churning out first-aid kits (which J&J also makes) as well as more frivolous items like nail clippers. While we're not sure what kind of consumer, given an array of options, would be into fixing his hair with an American Red Cross–branded comb, it's also irrelevant. Seems the story's less plain old corporate greed than the public sector's sudden and recent obsession with self-branding. NYC condoms are cute. But Red Cross grooming kits at Target are a little, well, unhealthy.


text:
from £67 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
1 review
from £67 /night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Contact the advertiser to confirm the total cost.
Bungalow / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 4
Availability Your dates are available
Bungalow / 1 bedrooms / sleeps 4
|Key Info
CROYDE WINDSWEPT, a traditional beach cabin set on the hill above famous blue-flag Croyde Bay and with commanding views over the sea, Lundy Island and Baggy Point, is not to be missed. Within walking distance of the beach, local amenities & pubs, the chalet is perfectly situated while maintaining a sense of rural solitude. WINDSWEPT is a 1 bedroomed property, sleeping 2+, with open plan living and a large outdoor entertainment area.
The open plan living area comfortably seats 2 with a lovely sofa, has a flatscreen TV with Freeview and a DVD player, as well as a sleeper futon for an additional 2 people (linen provided on request only).
The open plan kitchen is well-kitted with fridge / freezer, microwave, kettle, toaster, 4-plate stove, oven & grill and washing machine. There is plenty of cutlery and all the appropriate utensils. A dining area, seating 4, has lovely views towards the ocean - please note that this is a low ceiling area.
There is one bedroom with cozy furnishings, which has a large double bed with side tables and chest of drawers.
There is a modern shower room with WC & Basin.
The large decked area in front of the chalet is perfect for those special times, with far-reaching views across Croyde and on to the ocean and beyond. Leading off the deck is a large, well maintained garden. The elevated location of this property makes it stand out for the views. A garden table with parasol, chairs and BBQ is provided.
All bookings are subject to the Terms and Conditions on Choice Cottages website.
Arrival time: 4pm with Departure time by 10am
Add to basket items may be available and booking fees apply - see Choice Cottages website for price details.
It is important to note that, although nightly rates are reflected by the advertising portal, these are not applicable. Short breaks, when available, will be offered at a minimum price of 65% of the weekly rate (conditions apply).
Secure, online bookings can be made via the Choice Cottages website
|Sleeps up to 4, 1 bedrooms
|Check in time:
|Check out time:
|Nearest beach
|Croyde Beach 700 m
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings
|Car not necessary
|Nearest Amenities
|300 m
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Exeter 105 km, Nearest railway: Barnstaple 16 km
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|Pets welcome, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|DVD player
|Central heating, TV
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron
|Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Shower rooms
|1 Sofa beds, Double beds (1), Cots (1), Dining seats for 4, Lounge seats for 4
|Linen provided, High chair
|Balcony or terrace, Private garden, BBQ
|Parking, Not suitable for wheelchair users
|Further details
Location - Croyde; Yes - No; 1 Bedroom, Sleeps 4; Post Code EX33 1PX; Ideal for families, children, friends, couples; Changeover Day is Saturday during peak weeks (otherwise flexible); Sleeper futon in lounge; Parking for 2 cars; Flat-screen TV; Radio; DVD / CD player; Linen provided for 1 x double bed ((linen provided for sofa bed on request only); BBQ; Outdoor furniture & parasol; Fridge/Freezer; Oven; Hob; Washing machine; Microwave; Kettle; Toaster; Cutlery; Crockery, Electric heaters
The Devon region
North Devon is one of the most beautiful areas of the British Isles. It boasts miles of unspoilt and award winning beaches. The coastline is one of the most popular surfing venues in the country, with Croyde being the most popular.
The coastline is as rugged as it is beautiful dotted with magnificent cliffs, tiny cove and picturesque harbours. It was once the haunt of smugglers, pirates and wreckers and the fascinating history is retold in many small museums along the coast. Today visitors who love Henry Williamson's famous Tarka the Otter can retrace Tarka's journey by following the Tarka Trail.
Along the coastline surrounding a natural harbour is Ilfracombe with its Victorian architecture, Esplanade and famous Tunnels Beach. The harbour is always busy with fishing boats sailing in and out together with the paddle steamer Balmoral which offers day trips to Lundy Island. North Devon has something to offer and appeal to everyone.
There are activities available for all ages. For children there are fun attractions such as 'The Big Sheep' and 'Dinosaur World'. For the sports fan, there is golf, horse riding, cycling, surfing, kayaking, rock climbing and many other activities all within a 40 minute drive from Barnstaple, the region's major town.
Looking for a North Devon Holiday Cottage or Self Catering Holidays in Devon then you are at the right place!
WALK TO - Croyde is a magical place nestling around a stream running down to the sea. This award-winning sandy beach is fine and flat, ideal for children and good for surfing. With rock pools in abundance and dunes a haven for young and intrepid explorers. Local fun parks for the children such as Cascades Pool Park are a great way to spend the day. Croyde Bay is renowned as a premier surfing beach destination in England for short and long boards. For the more adventurous, kite surfing, volleyball, kayaking and horse riding is on your doorstep. Within walking distance of Croyde beach enjoy its ice cream shop, gourmet restaurants, superb village pubs, surf shops, and art gallery. This classic 'chocolate-box' village is steeped in old-world charm and echoes the feeling of life in Britain in times gone by. Coastal and Countryside walks include the majestic Croyde cliff path to Baggy Point, (and for those energetic), to Woolacombe and beyond.
CYCLE TO - A day at historic Braunton Burrows is great.
Cyclists can enjoy the 30-mile Tarka Trail tracking the scenic coastline of North Devon.
DRIVE TO - Explore the beautiful Exmoor National Park. Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, The Milky Way and The Big Sheep all within a short driving distance. Cultural days can be passed at Arlington Court, historic Clovelly Village, Watermouth Castle, Lynton, Lynmouth, Victorian-styled Ilfracombe with its quaint fishing harbour and many more. Saunton Golf Course is a mere 3 miles down the road with its 2 famous links courses. Finally, picturesque walks through beautiful forested areas and running rivers such as at Watersmeet will complete your wonderful stay in this beautiful part of England.
Guest reviewsPowered by TripAdvisor
Guest reviews no reviews
Guest reviews Powered by TripAdvisor
- 5 star
- 1
- 4 star
- 0
- 3 star
- 0
- 2 star
- 0
- 1 star
- 0
Very Good 4/5
Help other travellers decide where to stay
Add your voice to the conversation about this holiday home and your review will appear on TripAdvisor too.Write a review
This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.
You're booking with
Choice Cottages (Property Manager Choice Cottages)
- 8 Years listed
100% Response rate
Calendar last updated:06 Jul 2015
Based in United Kingdom
- English
Payment accepted
Paypal accepted
Credit cards accepted
- Landline
- +44 (0) 117 2305 115


text:
Average block cheese prices continued to climb last week on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, averaging $1.90, from $1.83 the week before.
Cheese was at $1.72 two weeks ago.
Cheese prices closed at $1.87 Monday, $1.90 Tuesday, $1.89 Wednesday and Thursday, and $1.95 Friday.
Wheat prices jumped up to $9.40 last week on the Minneapolis Grain Exchange, from $9.12 the previous week.
Wheat closed at $9.28 Monday, $9.46 Tuesday, $9.51 Wednesday, $9.45 Thursday and $9.34 Friday.
The U.S. wheat market has been volatile mostly due to weak exports and a weaker dollar.
Gasoline and diesel fuel
Today's nationwide average for regular unleaded fuel is $3.41, up a penny from $3.40 last week, according to AAA and the Oil Price Information Service.
Prices are down slightly from $3.45 a month ago, but are significantly up from this time last year, when consumers were paying $2.89 at the pump.
Mid-range unleaded is $3.56, from $3.55 last week, while today's premium unleaded price is $3.70, from $3.68 last week.
The nationwide average for diesel fuel continues to rise, and is currently at $3.96, from $3.90 last week. The price of diesel fuel is up from last month's $3.80, and from this time last year when it cost $3.18.
Natural gas
Continuing its recent trend of languishing below the $4 per million Btu (MMBtu) mark, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price oscillated this week, and posted an overall net increase of 16 cents, from $3.39 per MMBtu Nov. 2, to $3.55 per MMBtu on Nov. 9.
Pizza company stocks
Pizza Hut parent Yum! Brands Inc. closed last week at $55.81, a big jump from $53.98 the previous week. The company hit its 52-week high in August when shares were $56.72. Yum! traded as low as $46.40 in January.
Domino's closed last Friday at $32.37, up from $32.01 the previous week. DPZ hit its 52-week high in October, at $33.00. Shares remain substantially higher over this time last year when the company traded at $13.98 in November 2010.
Papa John's closed last week at its new 52-week high of $36.50, from $35.54 the previous week. The company's shares continue to surge following a strong earnings report two weeks ago. PZZA's 52-week low was last November, at $25.00.
CEC Entertainment Inc., parent company of Chuck E. Cheese restaurants, closed out last week at $35.03, an increase of nearly $1 from $34.04 the previous Friday. CEC hit its 52-week low of $27.42 in September. The company hit its 52-week high of $41.75 in July.
Pizza Inn hit its new 52-week high last week, and finished Friday at $6.00 even, up from $4.73 last week. The boost came after a strong Q1 earnings report and news of the company's expanded credit facility to grow its Pie Five concept. PZZI traded as low as $1.88 in November 2010.
Read more about equipment and supplies.
Topics: Cheese , Domino's Pizza , Equipment & Supplies , Operations Management , Papa John's , Pizza Hut , Pizza Inn
Let's Pizza vending machine ready for U.S. debut
Domino's adds Fiery Hawaiian pizza to American Legends line
Domino's debuts American Legends specialty pizzas
Pizza Patron drops large pizza price to $3.99 to gain new traffic
Pizzeria Planning: Designing and Maintaining an Efficient Pizza Kitchen
Internet Marketing and the Social Media (Slides)
Driving Delivery: a POS Technology Field Guide
Tech in a box: How Dickey's uses big data to target marketing strategies
Egg shortage 2015: How is your restaurant coping?
ICXSummit: How to bring 'social proof' into your brick-and-mortar locations
Increasing Bar Profits: The Benefits of Adding Food to the Menu