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Rays of the family Myliobatidae are well known for their extreme grace and great size. With three subfamilies containing seven genera and about 42 species, the family includes the eagle rays, manta or devil rays, and cownose rays (see Systematic/Taxonomic History). These are free-swimming rays with broad, powerful pectoral fins that can measure over 6 m from tip to tip (see Physical Description). Many members of the family are able to leap completely out of the water into the air. Rays, like their shark relatives (both fall within the superorder Euselachii), have a reproductive strategy in which a great deal of energy is invested in relatively few young over a lifetime, which may last several decades. Myliobatids generate, depending on the subfamily, only one to six embryos each year, and these young are born live after growing to considerable size inside the mother's uterus (see Development, also Reproduction). Despite the imposing size attained by many members of the family, these rays are not dangerous to humans. Mantas have tiny teeth and strain planktonic organisms (and sometimes small schooling fishes) from the water. Eagle and cownose rays have pavement-like teeth suited for grinding mollusks (see Food Habits). Their tail spines, when present, are used for defense. The worst damage caused by these rays is economic, for they are capable of destroying entire beds of cultivated mollusks or oysters (see Economic Importance to Humans). As of 1994 only one species was listed as vulnerable to extinction, but due to their "slow" reproductive strategy rays may have difficulty replenishing their numbers if human activity threatens them. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Compagno, 1999; Hamlett and Koob, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Nelson, 1994; The World Conservation Union, 2002; Wheeler, 1985)
Geographic Range
Eagle, cownose, and manta or devil rays occur in tropical and warm temperate seas worldwide. They are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, as well as smaller seas. In the Atlantic some migrate as far north as the British Isles and Cape Cod. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Allen, 1996; Nelson, 1994; Wheeler, 1985)
- Biogeographic Regions
- nearctic
- palearctic
- oriental
- ethiopian
- neotropical
- australian
- oceanic islands
- indian ocean
- atlantic ocean
- pacific ocean
- mediterranean sea
Myliobatidae is a marine family, although some eagle and cownose venture into estuaries and mangrove areas. Cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas, this family can be found near reefs, in coastal lagoons, and, especially in the case of manta rays, far out to sea. Many members of the family make summertime migrations into temperate waters. Although cownose and eagle rays spend time feeding on mollusks and other invertebrates on or near the substrate, they, along with the plankton-feeding manta rays, are free-swimming. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Last and Stevens, 1994; Nelson, 1994; Wheeler, 1985)
- Habitat Regions
- temperate
- tropical
- saltwater or marine
- Aquatic Biomes
- pelagic
- reef
- coastal
- brackish water
- Other Habitat Features
- estuarine
- intertidal or littoral
Physical Description
In general, eagle, cownose, and manta or devil rays are medium to large, heavy-bodied fishes with winglike pectoral fins forming a disc that is much wider than it is long. The tail is much longer than the disc, has a filamentous end, and in many species bears one or more serrated stinging spines near its base, close behind the pelvic fins. In these rays the head is elevated and protrudes in front of the disc, but an anterior portion of the pectoral fins continues forward to form a subrostral lobe under the snout. In the subfamily Myliobatinae (eagle rays) this lobe is rounded. The subfamily Rhinopterinae gets its common name, cownose ray, from the indentation in the middle of the snout and forehead that forms a double fleshy lobe. In manta or devil rays (subfamily Mobulinae) this lobe takes the form of two long, mobile, cephalic fins, making manta rays the only living vertebrates with three pairs of functional limbs. These can be rolled into a spiral while swimming or extended like a funnel to guide planktonic organisms into the ray's mouth. Mantas take in water through their mouths and filter out organisms with a highly developed branchial sieve. Their mouths are large and terminal or subterminal, and they have very small, cuspidate or flat-crowned teeth. The other two subfamilies, cownose and eagle rays, have small, subterminal mouths with one to seven rows of large, flat teeth that form pavement-like plates for crushing mollusks. The middle rows of teeth are much wider than the outer rows. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Compagno, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Nelson, 1994; Wheeler, 1985)
Some common characteristics shared by all three subfamilies are the presence of a moderately large dorsal fin over or just behind the pelvic fins, a very small or absent caudal fin, eyes lateral on the head, and two spiracles (respiratory openings) on top of the head just behind the eyes. Like other batoids, the lower eyelid is intact while the upper eyelid is fused to the eyeball. There are five pairs of gill openings, large in Mobulinae but small in Myliobatinae and Rhinopterinae. These rays are generally countershaded, ventrally white or pale and dorsally black, olive, gray, or brown. Some (certain species of eagle ray) have dorsal spots or bands. The disc may be naked or may be covered with small denticles. All three subfamilies can be large fish, with adults measuring between one and five m long. Manta rays (subfamily Mobulinae) are the largest of all rays, with some attaining pectoral fin spans of over 6 m, and weighing more than 1360 kg. Members of this subfamily are reported to be the morphologically the most highly evolved of all living elasmobranch fishes. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Compagno, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Nelson, 1994; Wheeler, 1985)
The male sexual organs are called mixopterygia or claspers, and can be found at the rear bases of the pelvic fins. There are two claspers, and each has a groove that fills with sperm before the clasper is inserted into a female. Female eagle, cownose, and manta rays have a uterus that is specially adapted to nurturing embryos outside of the egg (see Development and Reproduction below). (Hamlett and Koob, 1999; Hamlett, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Wheeler, 1985)
- Other Physical Features
- ectothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- venomous
Members of the family Myliobatidae, like other rays and their shark relatives, employ a reproductive strategy that involves putting a great investment of energy into relatively few young over a lifetime. One species, Aetobatus narinari, is known to reach sexual maturity at four to six years of age, but others may not reach maturity until much older. Once sexually mature, rays have only one litter per year, and in manta rays and some cownose rays a litter consists of only one embryo. Since few young are produced, it is important that they survive, and to this end rays are born at a large size, able to feed and fend for themselves much like an adult. Rays develop from egg to juvenile inside the mother's uterus, sometimes to almost half their adult size. In this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity, developing embryos receive most of their nutriment from a milky, organically rich substance secreted by the mother's uterine lining. An embryo absorbs this substance, called histotroph, by ingestion, or through its skin or other specialized structures. Rays' eggs are small and insufficient to support the embryos until they are born, although the first stage of development does happen inside tertiary egg envelopes that enclose each egg along with egg jelly. The embryo eventually absorbs the yolk sac and stalk and the histotroph provides it with nutrition, so much so that in Rhinoptera bonasus, for example, the embryo's net weight increases to 3,000 times that of the egg. Development from egg to term (birth) usually takes about two to four months. At birth the ray is fully developed and the umbilicus completely absorbed. (Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Hamlett and Koob, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Wheeler, 1985)
Only a few species of elasmobranch (subclass including all sharks and rays) fishes have been observed during courtship and mating. However, rays have a system that involves internal fertilization, and elasmobranch fishes have relatively complex endocrine (hormonal) systems. Based on knowledge of other vertebrates with similar systems, it is likely that females signal to males through chemical or behavioral cues to indicate when their hormonal state is appropriate for mating. Rays in general are reported to engage in prolonged mating that may last up to four hours. According to one observation of manta rays, mating occurred right at the surface of the water, with a graceful undulating motion of their bodies, and the male alternately inserting his claspers (paired male reproductive organs, also known as mixopterygia) into the female. The pair did not copulate continuously, but swam about for short periods. (Allen, 1996; Hamlett and Koob, 1999; Hamlett, 1999; Wourms and Demski, 1993)
Rays bear young on a yearly cycle, although pregnancy usually lasts only several months, generally spanning some period in the spring, summer, and fall. Only a few species, like Myliobatis californica with its nearly year-long gestation period, are known to differ from this pattern. Within any given group of rays, individuals appear to go through mating, gestation, and parturition (birth) at the same time as all the other females in the group. Eagle rays bear up to six young at a time, but all manta rays and at least some cownose rays bear only one pup in each cycle. A milky fluid (histotroph) secreted by the uterus nourishes the embryos (see Development for a description of this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity). In some groups the epithelium, or wall, of the uterus has evolved to form trophonemata, elongated villi that extend into the uterine cavity to provide greater surface area for respiratory exchange and histotroph excretion. This advanced system of nourishing young inside the uterus can produce offspring that are relatively large at birth (see Development). According to one investigator, a young ray is rolled up like a cigar during birth, which, along with the lubricating histotroph, facilitates the birth of such proportionally large young. The young ray then unrolls and swims away. Likewise, sting-bearing young are able to pass out of the mother's body without stinging her because their stings are encased in a pliable sheath that sloughs off after birth. (Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Hamlett and Koob, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Wheeler, 1985)
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- fertilization
- viviparous
No reported evidence of parental care in Myliobatidae was found. After such extended nurturing inside their mothers' bodies, young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves (see Development and Reproduction).
- Parental Investment
- no parental involvement
There was little specific information information found regarding lifespans in Myliobatidae, but in general rays, like their relatives the sharks, grow and mature slowly and are long-lived. It is known that spotted eagle rays reach sexual maturity after four to six years, and bat rays live about 23 years. Some researchers estimate that the largest sharks and rays may not reach maturity until 20 to 30 years of age, and that they may live to maximum ages of 70 to 100 years or more. (Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000)
Eagle, manta, and cownose rays are more active than their bottom-dwelling stingray relatives. They swim freely in the water column, near reefs or over a continental shelf, often near the surface. Eagle rays occur alone, in pairs, or in schools of a hundred or more. Cownose rays have been observed in groups of 4000 to 6000, apparently migrating. Manta or devil rays, although frequently observed singly, also occur in small shoals of up to five individuals. Members of this family are famous for their ability to leap high into the air, sometimes turning a somersault. Some hypothesize that this activity serves to rid the rays of parasites, while others view the behavior as playful. Like other rays, they use their broad pectoral fins rather than the tail for forward propulsion. This results in their graceful "flying" motion through the water. Manta rays have been observed gliding near the surface with the upturned tips of their pectoral fins sticking up out of the water. Remoras often accompany manta rays, inside their mouths or clinging to their pectoral fins. Eagle rays seem to travel around in search of mollusks, which they dig up, using their snouts like a spade. Cownose rays often feed in schools, beating their powerful pectoral fins to expose buried shellfish. (Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Wheeler, 1985)
- Key Behaviors
- natatorial
- diurnal
- motile
- migratory
- social
Communication and Perception
Rays perceive and interact with their environment using sensory channels common to many vertebrates: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Rays also belong to a group of fishes, the elasmobranchs, whose electrical sensitivity seems to exceed that of all other animals. Elasmobranch fishes are equipped with ampullae of Lorenzini, electroreceptor organs that contain receptor cells and canals leading to pores in the animal's skin. Sharks and rays can detect the electrical patterns created by nerve conduction, muscular contraction, and even the ionic difference between a body (i.e. of prey) and water. In lab experiments, stingrays changed their feeding location according to artificially induced changes in the electrical field around them. Other experiments have demonstrated that cartilaginous fishes use electrosensory information not only to locate prey, but also for orientation and navigation based on the electrical fields created by the interaction between water currents and the earth's magnetic field. Although some rays can produce an electric shock to defend themselves or stun prey, members of the family Myliobatidae cannot. Some of them are able, however, to inflict a venomous sting with their tail spine in defense. Rays sometimes let out a sound like a bark when captured. (Allen, 1996; Bleckmann and Hofmann, 1999; Helfman, et al., 1997)
Food Habits
Members of the subfamily Mobulinae, the manta and devil rays, strain their food from the water. The large cephalic fins on either side of the mouth (see Physical Description) can be extended to form a funnel that scoops planktonic organisms, small fishes and crustaceans into the ray's mouth. Manta rays have a highly developed filter system on their gill arches that traps small animals taken in with water during respiration. The other two subfamilies, Myliobatinae (eagle rays) and Rhinopterinae (cownose rays), have interlocking plates of flat, pavement-like teeth suited for grinding mollusks and other hard-shelled prey. Some, however, have also been observed eating fish, octopus, and worms. Spotted eagle rays are able to crush clams and oysters and spit out the shells, accomplishing this so deftly that whole soft oysters, without the shell, have been found in the rays' stomachs. Cownose and eagle rays use their powerful pectoral fins to fan the substrate, creating a suction that digs out buried clams, and then use the lower parts of their snouts to pry up the mollusks. All members of the family Myliobatidae appear to move around in search of concentrations of prey. (Allen, 1996; Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Moyle and Cech, 2000; Wheeler, 1985)
- Foraging Behavior
- filter-feeding
Although rays can grow very large, they are still preyed upon by other large fishes, especially sharks. The great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran, in particular, appears to specialize in eating stingrays. It uses its hammer head to knock a ray to the bottom, and then pins the ray, once again with its head, pivoting around to bite the ray's disc until the ray succumbs and can be eaten. (Helfman, et al., 1997)
- Known Predators
- hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna mokarran)
Ecosystem Roles
Eagle, manta, and cownose rays are nearly cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas, and therefore are a consistent predator on populations of mollusks, crustaceans, planktonic organisms, and small fishes. They, especially smaller specimens, provide food for sharks and other large fishes. (Helfman, et al., 1997)
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
While little information was found regarding human use of the family Myliobatidae in particular, cartilaginous fishes in general are important to humans in a number of ways. Australian Aborigines have eaten rays for centuries. They determine whether a seasonal catch is ready to eat by checking a ray's liver; if it is oily and pinkish white, the ray is suitable for eating. Manta rays, however, along with rays that have two spines, are considered inedible. Aborigines use ray spines for spear tips, although this likely impacts stingrays of other families more than members of Myliobatidae. Rays are considered food fish in Australia, Europe, and parts of Asia, and in some places are among the most highly priced fishes. Like shark fins, fins of some rays are harvested in Asia for soup and as an aphrodisiac. Cartilaginous fishes are used for medical purposes as well. Chondroiten, used as skin replacement for burn victims, is derived from the fishes' cartilage. Other extracts from cartilage help suppress tumors and may assist cancer treatment. Finally, some large rays are a popular part of public aquarium exhibits. (Last and Stevens, 1994)
- Positive Impacts
- food
- source of medicine or drug
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Eagle rays and cownose rays are considered a nuisance wherever humans cultivate oyster or clam beds. They are capable of clearing an entire area of mollusks, and destroy the beds. If these rays perceive the need to defend themselves, they can deliver a stab with their tail spine that is reported to be excruciating. Members of Myliobatidae, however, cannot whip their tails about as effectively as other stingrays because their sting is located near the base of the tail. The largest members of the family, the manta rays, are plankton feeders and are harmless to humans and their commercial endeavors. (Böhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Wheeler, 1985)
- Negative Impacts
injures humans
- bites or stings
- venomous
- crop pest
Conservation Status
As of 1994 only one species, giant devil ray, was listed as vulnerable to extinction. However, sharks and rays in general are vulnerable to overfishing. They grow and mature slowly, and the size of the adult population closely determines the number of young produced, due to their "slow" reproductive strategy of investing a great deal of energy in relatively few young over a lifetime. (Last and Stevens, 1994; Moyle and Cech, 2000; The World Conservation Union, 2002; Wourms and Demski, 1993)
- IUCN Red List [Link]
- Not Evaluated
Other Comments
Myliobatidae is a family of cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes), the oldest surviving group of jawed vertebrates. This group was the first to bear live young, nourish developing embryos by means of a placenta, and to regulate reproduction and embryonic growth hormonally. Batoids (skates and rays) split off from the sharks in the early Jurassic period. Fossil records of Myliobatidae date back to the upper Cretaceous period. (Berg, 1958; Wourms and Demski, 1993)
Monica Weinheimer (author), Animal Diversity Web.
R. Jamil Jonna (author), Animal Diversity Web.
- Atlantic Ocean
the body of water between Africa, Europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. It is the second largest ocean in the world after the Pacific Ocean.
- Australian
Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.
- Ethiopian
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- Nearctic
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
- Neotropical
living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.
- Pacific Ocean
body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.
- Palearctic
living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.
- acoustic
uses sound to communicate
- bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- brackish water
areas with salty water, usually in coastal marshes and estuaries.
- carnivore
an animal that mainly eats meat
- chemical
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- coastal
the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.
- diurnal
- active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
- drug
a substance used for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
- ectothermic
animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature
- electric
uses electric signals to communicate
- estuarine
an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity.
- fertilization
union of egg and spermatozoan
- filter-feeding
a method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms. Used mainly by aquatic invertebrates, especially plankton, but also by baleen whales.
- food
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- internal fertilization
fertilization takes place within the female's body
- intertidal or littoral
the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. An aquatic habitat.
- iteroparous
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- magnetic
(as perception channel keyword). This animal has a special ability to detect the Earth's magnetic fields.
- migratory
makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds
- motile
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- natatorial
specialized for swimming
- native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- oceanic islands
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and have never been, connected to a continental land mass, most typically these are volcanic islands.
- oriental
found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.
- pelagic
An aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone).
- piscivore
an animal that mainly eats fish
- reef
structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (Class Anthozoa). Coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. They form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. The polyps live only on the reef surface. Because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate.
- saltwater or marine
mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.
- seasonal breeding
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- social
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- tactile
uses touch to communicate
- temperate
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
- tropical
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- venomous
an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound (for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes).
- visual
uses sight to communicate
- viviparous
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
Allen, G., D. Robertson. 1994. Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Allen, T. 1996. Shadows in the Sea: The Sharks, Skates, and Rays. New York, NY: Lyons and Buford.
Berg, L. 1958. System Der Rezenten und Fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Bleckmann, H., M. Hofmann. 1999. Special Senses. Pp. 300-328 in W Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Böhlke, J., C. Chaplin. 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. Wynnewood, PA: Published for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Livingston.
Compagno, L. 1999. Systematics and Body Form. Pp. 1-42 in W Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hamlett, W. 1999. Male Reproductive System. Pp. 444-470 in W Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hamlett, W., T. Koob. 1999. Female Reproductive System. Pp. 398-443 in W Hamlett, ed. Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Helfman, G., B. Collete, D. Facey. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Last, P., J. Stevens. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. Australia: CSIRO.
Moyle, P., J. Cech. 2000. Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology – fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Nelson, J. 1994. Fishes of the World – third edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
The World Conservation Union, 2002. "IUCN 2002" (On-line). 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed October 15, 2003 at http://www.redlist.org/.
Wheeler, A. 1985. The World Encyclopedia of Fishes. London: Macdonald.
Wourms, J., L. Demski. 1993. The reproduction and development of sharks, skates, rays, and ratfishes: introduction, history, overview, and future prospects. Pp. 7-19 in L Demski, J Wourms, eds. The Reproduction and Development of Sharks, Skates, Rays, and Ratfishes. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.


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Microsoft Wireless 6000 Mouse11/6/2012
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subset: commoncrawl


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Doug Fraser and the Bribery Scandal of 1910By: Craig Mackie on: Mon 28 of June, 2010 04:34 AEST (20868 Reads)
(34091 bytes)
Part 1 published: March 2009; Part 2 published: July 2010
Part 3: Banished
Doug Fraser, a journeyman footballer playing in his first season for the Carlton Football Club in 1910, was apparently caught red-handed taking money to underperform in the 1910 semi final against South Melbourne.
His much more famous team mates and childhood friends Alex "Bongo" Lang and Doug Gillespie were also implicated.
All players were suspended by the Club shortly after the game. The players were also directed to appear before an enquiry conducted by the Victorian Football League.
The result was a foregone conclusion. The League conducted their investigation in a manner that would not be tolerated today.
The proceedings were closed to members of the public and media. The accused men were not entitled to legal representation or advice. There was no right of appeal. Evidence was given by Carlton committeemen, the accused men and other Carlton players. The hurried jottings of the proceedings made by the League secretary remain, but what the witnesses said was not publicly reported and no record made at the time appears now to exist.
On the 30th September 1910 the VFL chairman released the League's findings:
"That W.A.Lang ( player of the Carlton Football Club ) has been found guilty of conduct not conducive to the best interests of football. Decided that W.A.Lang be disqualified until December 31, 1915."
"That Douglas Fraser ( player of the Carlton Football Club ) has been found guilty of conduct not conducive to the best interests of football. Decided that Douglas Fraser be disqualified until December 31, 1915."
"That Douglas Gillespie ( player) and Edward McInerney ( trainer ) be exonerated from all blame."
The League's reasons for these decisions were never publicly released.
The disqualifications on Fraser and Lang remain the longest ever imposed on a senior VFL/AFL player.
If the penalty imposed on these players was the League's attempt to uphold the amateur status of the game, it didn't work.
The disqualifications very quickly became the catalyst for the game to openly embrace what was obvious to all who followed it – that players were routinely being paid by their clubs, that transfer fees were being paid by administrators for players, and indeed that the game was acknowledged as being professional everywhere except in the boardroom of the Victorian Football League. The game had long stopped being simply a Saturday pastime for school children and cricketers wanting to remain fit over winter. It had become big business – and not paying players appropriately simply invited corruption and bribery.
And so it was that as the weeks unfolded after the infamous game, the initial shock subsided and public mood began to side with the players.
This call for change wasn't just from the ordinary man in the street. Powerful business figures and politicians demanded that players be openly paid. Even the Premier of Victoria chided the League to accept reality, as this newspaper report published immediately before the players were disqualified demonstrates:
The Premier's Hope
The Premier ( Mr Murray ), who takes a keen interest in all aspects of sport, on Saturday expressed the hope that the football league's enquiry into the recent football scandals would lead to the game being played on a much more satisfactory footing from the public's point of view than had been the case in the past.
"It is very desirable" added Mr Murray " that these troubles shall be cleared up. There should be no doubt as to the fairness of the game. If professionalism is to come it should be acknowledged openly. The public will, I believe, think no less of a footballer if he is professional so long as everything is above board. I am informed that these men have to give a good deal of their time and attention to training, and that in some cases this interferes with their business occupations."
(The Argus 26th September 1910.)
The pressure on the League proved too much.
The game officially turned professional only months later, and players were openly being paid by their clubs in the 1911 season for the very first time.
...And so in this era where Australian Rules Footballers demand and receive exorbitant playing contracts, it can be rightly said that lumbering ruckman and impoverished brick layer Doug Fraser, the man who only played 11 senior AFL/VFL games before being banished from the field, is one of the most influential players ever to pull on a boot.
After he was thrown out of the game, Fraser continued to live in Yarraville.
He never played Australian Rules Football competitively ever again, but in truth he didn't check stride. He seems to have simply returned to being the knockabout bricklayer and sometime wharfie labourer he had always been. He continued to live what was probably a hard-working boozy bachelor existence in a series of boarding houses in Yarraville with other young men, no doubt many of them also labourers like him.
When war broke out in 1914 he didn't enlist as a soldier, but it was the war that indirectly killed him.
Returning soldiers brought home with them a deadly strain of influenza that had swept the world and would go on to claim many thousands of Australian lives in 1919 and 1920.
In mid February 1919, Fraser started getting crook, coughing and sneezing in his room at the boarding house in Ballarat Street Yarraville. He quickly became very ill. The nearby Sunshine Industrial School, like many other similar institutions, had been turned into a makeshift hospital in order to cope with the victims of the epidemic. Fraser was taken there after being diagnosed as suffering from the dreaded influenza. Already weakened by a workplace accident, Fraser's condition quickly deteriorated.
Douglas Fraser died on the 24th February 1919. He was only 34 years old. He had never married and apparently had no children.
His family, all still living in Western Australia, were not present when he passed away. It was left to friends to arrange his funeral. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Footscray cemetery on the 25th February 1919. Deliberately or otherwise, they also managed to ensure that his nickname "Dug" was recorded forever as his Christian name on the death certificate.
These same mates, still stunned by his sudden death, went together a few days later to the small offices of the Footscray Advertiser, where they regaled the editor with stories of Fraser's short but colourful life. A piece about Fraser appeared in the paper on the 1st March 1919.
...And let us all wish for an obituary which is as warm, succinct, and as judicious as that which was written for Douglas Stewart Fraser:
Mr "Dug" Fraser
Amongst those who succumbed to the prevailing epidemic during the week is Mr Douglas Fraser, of Yarraville, familiarly known in his football days as "Dug" Fraser. Deceased, a strapping and comparatively young man, fell a victim to the scourge after suffering from a heavy cold, last week, and his demise on Monday supports the view that the disease now ravaging the State has more than one form, and that in its severer form it is well described as highly dangerous. This, however, may be discounted by the fact that deceased was recently caught between the buffers of two trucks and crushed. Deceased, who on one occasion with a mate, established a bricklaying record, was at one time a playing member of the Footscray football Club, and who was formerly a Carlton player, was very well liked by his associates at Yarraville and considerable regret was expressed when it was learnt that he had so suddenly passed to the Great Beyond.
- Note: The funeral notice stated Fraser played for Footscray. This is believed to be a mistake, for Yarraville was the only Victorian team Fraser played for prior to joining Carlton.
Blueseum Footnote: This article is the third of three pieces that have appeared in Blueseum about the life of Doug Fraser. The author Craig Mackie is writing a book about the 1910 Bribery Scandal, and would be most pleased to hear from anyone with any information about the scandal, or its principal players - Alex "Bongo" Lang and Doug "Dug" Fraser. Craig can be contacted on
LinksBlueseum: Fraser's Blueseum Biography | Lang's Blueseum Biography | Season 1910 | Fraser's Blueseum Image Gallery
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Sachin Tendulkar 24 Years Memories !
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The Taking of Power by Louis XIV
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|The Taking of Power by Louis XIV
|Directed by
|Roberto Rossellini
|Produced by
|Roberto Rossellini
|Written by
|Philippe Erlanger
Jean Gruault
|Jean-Marie Patte
Raymond Jourdan
Katharina Renn
Pierre Barrat
|Georges Leclerc
|Edited by
|Armand Ridel
Release dates
Running time
|100 min.
The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (French: La prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV), also called The Rise of Louis XIV, is a French television film by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. The film revolves around the French king Louis XIV's rise to power after the death of his powerful advisor, Cardinal Mazarin. To achieve this political autonomy, Louis deals with his mother and the court nobles, all of whom assumed that Mazarin's death would give them all more power.
- Jean-Marie Patte as Louis XIV
- Raymond Jourdan as Jean-Baptiste Colbert
- Silvagni as Cardinal Mazarin
- Katharina Renn as Anne of Austria
- Dominique Vincent as Suzanne, Marquise du Plessis-Bellière
- Pierre Barrat as Nicolas Fouquet
- Fernand Fabre as Michel Le Tellier, Marquis of Barbezieux
- Françoise Ponty as Louise de la Vallière
- Joelle Laugeois as Maria Theresa of Spain
The Taking of Power by Louis XIV received a DVD release by The Criterion Collection in January 2009.[1]
- ^ Criterion. "The Criterion Collection Coming Soon" criterion.com. Retrieved: October 17, 2008.
External links[edit]
- The Taking of Power by Louis XIV at AllMovie
- The Taking of Power by Louis XIV at the Internet Movie Database
- The Taking of Power by Louis XIV at Rotten Tomatoes
|This article related to a French film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article related to a made-for-TV movie is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
The Baylor Lariat Special Issue: Heisman Issue
Copyright © 2011 Baylor University
s Hei e Issu n ma The Baylor Lariat WE'RE THERE WHEN YOU CAN'T BE MONDAY | DECEMBER 12, 2011 www.baylorlariat.com Vol. 112 No. 52 � 2011, Baylor University "Everybody associated with Baylor University has reason to celebrate tonight." "No pressure, no diamonds. We compete, we win. We are Baylor." "This is a forever kind of moment, and may we be blessed to have many more like it in the future." Gri n III sti -arms preconceptions, brings Baylor rst Heisman B T S E A IT'S OURS! hug his parents, his sister and his anc�e, before nally walking on stage to accept the trophy. " is moment right here is unbelievably believable," Gri n said to begin his acceptance speech. "It's unbelievable because in the moment, we're all amazed when great things happen. It's believable because great things don't happen without hard work. e great coach Art Briles always says great things only come with great e ort. We've certainly worked for this. at's why everybody associated with Baylor University has a reason to celebrate tonight." Gri n received 1,687 points, beating out Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck (1407), Alabama running back Trent Richardson, Wisconsin running back Montee Ball and LSU cornerback Tyrann Mathieu. "It was so well-deserved by Robert Gri n," Luck said. "It was very hard to be upset." Gri n joins a group, known as the "Heisman fraternity," that includes some of the greatest names in football history. "It's paramount, but it's not just me," Gri n said. "Baylor is always forever in this fraternity as well. We had nobody hanging up, but now we at least have one. And hopefully we'll have more in the future. To be a part of these guys behind me, be a part of greatness, you can't ask for more. Not only are they great football players, but they're great people." Gri n's high school football coach, head coach Jack Welch of Copperas Cove High School, said he was very emotional following the announcement. "I actually cried. Tears of joy," Welch said. "It's like a dream come true. ese things just don't happen. It's Robert's victory, but it's also a victory for the area, our school Baylor." Welch said Gri n has matured very well as a football player, and Briles and his sta have done a great job grooming and shaping him. For weeks now, members of the media have been placing doubt in Gri n's ability to win the Heisman, including one memorable quote from Kirk Herbstreit who said, "He's from Baylor. He's not going to win the Heisman." Gri n was asked if he had the last laugh. "We're still trying to laugh some more," he responded. " ey told Tyrann he couldn't play, and look at him at LSU doing great things. ey told me I couldn't play quarterback, and I'm at Baylor doing the best job I possibly can. ey might say it couldn't happen at Baylor, but that's why it's college football, and that's why we play every Saturday." Gri n rst gained national Heisman attention a er Baylor's opening game of the season, when the Bears defeated then-No. 14 TCU in a dramatic 50-48 game. Gri n opened the year with 359 passing yards, ve touchdown passes and a big third-down reception on a trick play Junior quarterback Robert Gri n III approached the Heisman ceremony as he has approached all media events this semester, with an air of dignity, glory to God and a sense of humor. Even on the national stage, standing next to Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck, he pulled up his pants legs and showed o a pair of red and blue Superman socks complete with capes on the back side. "Well, now that my socks are out there I got nothing to lose, right?" he said to get some laughs from the audience. When the announcement nally came that Baylor had just earned its rst Heisman trophy in history, and while Bears everywhere roared with ecstasy and chanted "R-G-3," Gri n shook hands with the other candidates and his head coach, Art Briles. He then walked back to during what proved to be the game-winning eld goal drive. In what has come to be known as Gri n's Heisman moment, he threw for 479 yards and four touchdowns against then-No. 5 Oklahoma, including the game-winning, 34-yard touchdown pass to junior receiver Terrance Williams with eight seconds le . On the season, Gri n completed 74 percent of his throws for 3,998 passing yards with 36 touchdowns and just six interceptions, earning him the Davey O'Brien Award for best collegiate quarterback in the nation. He also ran for 644 yards and nine touchdowns this season. Gri n was also named the Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press. Welch said he's very proud of Gri n and he texts him all the time. What did Welch text him a er the Heisman announcement? "I texted him, `Praise God.'" Newspaper of the Year | Texas APME TheLariat Best Student Newspaper | Houston Press Club 2 | Baylor Lariat the The tale of May 17, 2008 Griffin wins the Big 12 400-meter hurdle race at the conference meet after graduating Copperas Cove one semester early. Aug. 28, 2008 In the Bears' season opener against No. 23 Wake Forest, coach Art Briles replaces starting quarterback Kirby Freeman with Griffin. Griffin breaks a 22-yard run, during which he fakes out a defender and dodges the tackle, and makes national highlights despite the Bears losing 41-13. Heisman Issue MONDAY | DECEMBER 12, 2011 www.baylorlariat.com Matt HellMan | lariat PHoto editor Ten moments that helped shape Robert Griffin III's career, plus images to remember from Baylor's historic 2011 season Above: Robert Griffin III joins fans for a postgame interview after the Bears upset TCU, 50-48, on Sept. 2. Middle: Griffin III evades a tackler in the Bears' 48-24 win over Texas. Lower left: With eight seconds left in the game, Griffin launches a pass to receiver Terrance Williams. Williams hauls it in for a touchdown, and Baylor beats then-No.5 Oklahoma, 45-38. Lower right: Griffin III hurdles a defender in Baylor's 42-39 victory against Missouri at Homecoming. Nov. 15, 2008 Fans receive a breath of fresh air when Griffin helps Baylor rout Texas A&M 4121 to snap the Bears' four-game losing streak and keep the team from finishing the Big 12 in last place. Griffin throws two touchdowns and rushes for 56 yards. Matt HellMan | lariat PHoto editor Sept. 27, 2009 It is revealed Griffin has a season-ending ACL injury suffered in Baylor's 68-13 win over Northwestern State. Under replacement Nick Florence, the Bears finish the season 4-8. Oct. 23, 2010 Griffin throws for 404 yards and four touchdowns as Baylor beats Kansas State and becomes bowl eligible for the first time since 1994. Meagan downing | lariat PHotograPHer Matt HellMan | lariat PHoto editor Sept. 2, 2011 A national ESPN audience watches Baylor drive down the field, aided by a trick play in which Griffin catches a Kendall Wright pass, and score to upset No. 14 TCU 50-48. Griffin records five passing touchdowns. Nov. 19, 2011 Pandemonium strikes Floyd Casey Stadium following Griffin's game-winning touchdown pass to Terrance Williams against No. 5 Oklahoma. The Bears' 45-38 shocker is broadcast nationally on ABC. Dec. 3, 2011 Griffin makes his final case for the Heisman, throwing for 359 yards and two touchdowns in Baylor's 48-24 win over Texas. The victory is the Bears' fifth straight and keeps them unbeaten at Floyd Casey Stadium in 2011. Dec. 4, 2011 At 9-3 on the season, Baylor accepts an invitation to play in the 2011 Valero Alamo Bowl in San Antonio against the Pac 12's Washington Huskies. "It's in Texas, our fans will travel really well and we are excited," Griffin says. Dec. 10, 2011 Griffin becomes the first Heisman trophy winner in the history of Baylor University. "The hotter the heat, the harder the steel. No pressure, no diamonds. We compete, we win. We are Baylor," Griffin says in his acceptance speech. www.baylorlariat.com Students of all years celebrate Heisman win By Krista Pirtle Sports Writer Faith: something that holds the promise of a better tomorrow. Something shown by Heisman Trophy winner Robert Griffin III and the reality of the tomorrow promised by head coach Art Briles when he came to Baylor in 2008. In its first 12 seasons in the Big 12 conference, Baylor won a total of 11 conference games. The year before Griffin came to Baylor, 2007, the Bears were 3-9 with no conference wins. In 2011, the Bears are 9-3 with six conference wins. For the freshmen, a 9-3 football team is all that they know. "It's just a really exciting experience to be here and be a part of it," Scottsdale, Ariz., freshman Caelen Demos said. "Our class has never seen failure from Baylor. We just saw RG3 win a Heisman, and that's all we know coming in." For the sophomores, their first season in the green and gold broke the 15-year bowl drought. "Oh man, just school pride," Houston sophomore Kaosi Egbunike said. "I was proud to be part of something so huge. I loved being able to wear my Baylor shirt back home with pride." For the juniors, their first season fell apart early as Griffin tore his ACL. "I was hopeful that we would be a valiant contender in the Big 12 conference and win the majority of our games, but that didn't happen, which was disappointing," Round Rock junior Nick Cestari said. "When Griffin went down with his injury I figured the worst and that Baylor football was done for ." For the seniors, their first season brought small slices of heaven as Briles entered his first season and Griffin overtook then junior quarterback Blake Syzmanski for the starting job. "Freshman year, we were just excited that Baylor had a new football coach and a new quarterback," Tomball senior Ryan Anderson said. "Being a first generation Baylor Bear, I didn't know much about the football history here pre-RG3, but from what I heard, there wasn't much to talk about. I couldn't have imagined that the program would have grown so much from then to now." For a university drowning in its history of a basketball murder and associated with the location of David Koresh, faith for a moment like this seemed impossible. Off campus, students were screaming and running in the streets. On campus, students packed the Bill Daniel Student Center. A rough estimate of 1,100 students were spread among the den, eating area, Barfield Drawing Room and the basement. When the time came for the winner to be announced, the "R" sound was all that was heard before the eruption that will change Baylor Athletics. "The whole place went nuts," Anderson said. That excitement has been building since the night of Sept. 2, when the Bears upset then-No. 14 TCU in a thrilling 50-48 season opener. Since that night, Baylor went 4-0 in November, defeated Oklahoma for the first time, beat Texas Joe PhotograPher | Lariat staff the MONDAY | DECEMBER 12, 2011 Heisman Issue Baylor Lariat | 3 Matt heLLMan | Lariat Photo editor Baylor fans cheer in the Bill Daniel Student Center during the Heisman Trophy presentation watch party as No. 10 senior quarterback Robert Griffin III is announced as the 2011 Heisman Trophy winner on Saturday. Roughly 1,100 students were at the SUB to see Baylor receive its first Heisman Trophy. Tech for the first time in 15 years and defeated Texas for the second straight year. "Usually the Line is the place where most of the cheering and screaming is happening, but for the OU game, the entire student section was screaming on every defensive down," Anderson said. "Not a single person was sitting. When that last touchdown pass was thrown, I don't think I've screamed harder in my life. A random stranger picked me up, but it didn't matter. We were a Baylor family and it was and has been so incredible having such an energetic student section for the four years I've been here." This is the promise Briles made in a time of drought and defeat. In the words of Griffin, and the rest of the team have made this season "unbelievably believable." Near and far, alumni rejoice By Tyler Alley Sports Editor Doubting Thomas What Robert Griffin III's skeptics had to say about his Heisman chances It was the worst of times, it was the worst of times. But that was then. Students and fans can celebrate the best of times with junior quarterback Robert Griffin III's Heisman victory and the overall success of Baylor football today. Alumni, moreover, can look back at how Baylor football performed during their years and be even more thankful. "This is just unbelievable," said Russell Trippet, class of 1977. "This is the proudest I've ever been of Baylor. Can't imagine it getting better than this. It's worth all the down times." Trippet said he grew up in Waco and started going to Baylor games when he was 5 years old, more than 50 years ago. His father was a team doctor, and Trippet would sit on the sidelines. He was in New York when the Heisman winner was announced. "I just went crazy," he said. "We were at the Baylor network dinner. Everybody went nuts. There were 100 alumni in the room." Trippet was not the only Bear outside Texas with a celebration story. Whitney Wilson, a political science major from the class of 2000, lives in Denver, Colo., and said she was at a neighborhood grill when the announcement was made. In an email to the Lariat, Wilson said everyone in the place was rooting for Griffin. Many people teared up during his acceptance speech, which she said was "touching, humble, thoughtful, well spoken and sincere." Jon Rolph, a member of the class of 2001 with a degree in telecommunications, now resides in Wichita, Kan. "Like the rest of Baylor nation, I was ecstatic for him and for the university and everybody associated with Baylor," Rolph said. Rolph came in as a freshman during Baylor's second year in the Big 12 and said there was a lot of excitement with a new coach coming in. "Then we were awful," he said. "We had six wins total in my four years here. Everybody at school loved the team, poured into it, but it was never good." Rachel Goodlad, a journalism major from the class of 2006, also has plenty of bad Baylor football memories. She said Baylor fans from her era were used to having their hopes dashed and did not know 100 percent Griffin would win. "I think that Baylor fans were expecting it, but people were still holding their breath," Goodlad said. "People in my class were used to the team winning two games, used to hoping for something good to happen then having it slip through our fingers. We wanted to wait until it was official." Goodlad also said much of the credit for Griffin's victory should go to Baylor's sports information department, which she worked for as a student. "They deserve a lot of credit for this season," Goodlad said. "Keeping voters up to speed with Robert, making sure he was out there doing interviews, getting his name out there. Making sure hype was out there." Rolph said he gives much of the credit to Baylor athletic director Ian McCaw. "College football now is about great coaching," Rolph said. "McCaw has brought in great coaching and great talent, but it's also talent with integrity and leadership." Earl Shanks, a member of the 1979 class, comes from a family with multiple generations of Baylor grads. His father went to Baylor, and his father-in-law played in the 1952 Orange Bowl for Baylor. Shanks said his father-in-law "yelled like a kid" when he saw that Griffin had won. Allen Thompson, from the class of 2002, also said he had a very personal connection with Griffin's victory. He said he takes two things from Baylor's success this season, the first being his ability to enjoy it with the friends he made at school. "And secondly it reminds me of my father who passed away from cancer in 2008," Thompson said in an email to the Lariat. "He would always call me after any Baylor win regardless of the sport. I know he would have been so proud of not only RG3 but also the entire past two seasons. I couldn't be prouder to be a Baylor Bear." "We don't plan on letting anyone win the Heisman against us." -Keenan Robinson, Texas linebacker, Nov. 28 "He's from Baylor. He's not going to win the Heisman." -Kirk Herbstreit, ESPN, Dec. 1 "[Griffin] was wrong on Saturday [Dec. 4] when he declared that Baylor had just won its first Heisman trophy." -Robert Smith, ESPN, Dec. 5 "Nice player, but SEC defenses would have eaten him alive. Haters get a clue." -Paul Finebaum, Paul Finebaum Radio Network, Dec. 7 The Breakdown How the media divvied its votes* by region *3 points for each first place vote, 2 for second, 1 for third Robert Griffin III, Baylor Andrew Luck, Stanford Trent Richardson, Alabama Northeast Far West Southwest South Midwest MidAtlantic Far West Southwest Midwest South 220 381 272 303 315 188 220 182 248 254 1,407 137 132 125 256 168 160 978 Mid-Atlantic 254 Northeast Total 257 1,687 4 | Baylor Lariat the Heisman Issue MONDAY | DECEMBER 12, 2011 www.baylorlariat.com Congratulations, RG3! from Baylor Student Publications WE'RE THERE WHEN YOU CAN'T BE www.baylorlariat.com www.baylor.edu/roundup Bridging the Gap www.baylor.edu/focus supporting you every step of the way.


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Pineapple and Raspberry Cream
|2 Small
|Whipping cream
|1 1⁄4 Cup (20 tbs)
|2 Tablespoon (Adjust Quantity As Per Taste)
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs), thawed and well drained if frozen
|Kirsch/Light rum
|1 Tablespoon
|Coarsely crushed peanut brittle
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
1) Cut the pineapples in half and leave the crown as such to prepare pineapple shells.
2) Cut large pineapple pieces into small ones and remove the central tough, woody core.
3) Place a nylon strainer over a bowl and drain the pineapple pieces in it.
4) Whisk the cream with the sugar until they stay upright.
5) Gently crush the raspberries and mix into the cream saving some of the raspberries for decoration.
6) Reserve some pineapple pieces, and then add the rest into the cream mixture with the kirsch.
7) Take a plastic container and put the mixture into it.
8) Wrap this and refrigerate for 30 minutes.
9) Arrange the dessert by first mixing half of the crushed peanut brittle into the cream mixture.
10) Add more sugar to this if required.
11) Pour this mixture into the pineapple shells.
12) Serve immediately after decorating with the reserved fruit and crushed peanut brittle.


text:
Family Fun Crafts: 16 Craft Ideas for Kids
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Felt Conversation Heart Pins
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Make a special conversation heart from The New Image Group for your sweetheart this Valentine's Day! Easy to make with the kids, and contains fewer calories than those little candies!
- Scissors
- Fabric glue
- Twelve 1" long pinbacks with safety clasp
- 12" X 18" Red EZ Felt Sheet
- 12" X 18" White EZ Felt Sheet
- Stick-It Felt 1" Letters
- Conversation Hearts Pattern
Cut out six hearts on both 12" X 18" sheets of EZ Felt.
Use the 1" Stick-It Felt Letters to arrange your favorite valentine sayings on your heart.
Remove adhesive-backing from letters and place on heart.
Glue 1" pinbacks to back of heart. Let dry.
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Feb 14, 2010
nice and simple!
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p e r t e c t just what I needed!!!!
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1799 $1 7x6 Stars MS60 NGC....
2010 January Orlando, FL FUN US Coin Auction #1136
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Appealing 1799 B-8, BB-165 Silver Dollar, MS601799 $1 7x6 Stars MS60 NGC. B-8, BB-165, R.3. Die State I, with the flaw at the final S visible, but not reverse die cracks. In practice, this variety is usually recognized by the small die flaws at the top of the S. The B-8, BB-165 die combination is relatively plentiful, although far from a common variety. Only a few Mint State pieces are known, including five that were listed in the Notable Specimens section of Dave Bowers' Silver Dollar Encyclopedia. This masterpiece has deep blue and iridescent toning over satiny, reflective surfaces. It is sharply struck, even at the centers, with exceptional eye appeal.(Registry values: N4719) (NGC ID# 24X7, PCGS# 6878)
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|50k Plate this weekend!
The prestigious 50k Plate at Phillip Island is this weekend, 29th/30th November! With 37 cars entered it promises to be a great weekend of Sports Sedan racing. Its [ ... ]
|Phillip Island Round 5 This weekend
Round 5 of 2014 Penrite Sports Sedan Championship at the Island... Yes its the second last round of the year can Shane Woodman retain the lead or will second place Bruce Henley catch him?? Here's an [ ... ]
|Other Articles


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 2 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 2006 Resnick, Helaine E., Foster, Gregory L., Bardsley, Joan, Ratner, Robert E. Achievement of American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1999-2002: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 29, (3), 531-537. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML 2005 Resnick, Helaine E., Foster, Gregory L. Prevalence of elevated ankle-brachial index in the United States 1999 to 2002. American Journal of Medicine. 118, (6), 676-679. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


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For you C-41 shooters I've posted a few thoughts about these two films on my blog here.
I'd welcome your opinions also about Ektar in comparison with other films. I've shot little transparency film in my day--personal preference and habit only. I've heard some say that Ektar reminds them of Kodachrome; do you experienced Kodachrome shooters agree?
Thanks for reading, and for your feedback.


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Aura Cacia Sandalwood in Jojoba Oil -- 0.5 fl oz
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Ready-to-use right out of the bottle. This 100% pure essential oil is pre-blended with jojoba oil.
Essential Oil Origin: Australia
Aroma: Woody, Blasamic Base Note
Plant Part: Wood
Suggested Usage: Inspiration: Anoint the forehead to center thoughts and inspire confidence. Skin: Apply to skin after cleansing.
Vitacost price: $16.29
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25 year old man | New York, NY, USA | Seeking women 20-30 within 50 miles
I am an exciting, adventurous, caring,...
I am an exciting, adventurous, caring, thoughtful and sarcastic person. I am originally from Long Island and went to college in West Virginia, where I studied the exciting subject of accounting. I also spent one semester in Hong Kong. I obtained a theatre minor while in college and have an appreciation for the arts including both film as well as live theatre. I am an accountant by day, but have a multitude of interests and enjoy staying active. I enjoy playing the piano, attending live musical performances and comedy shows as well as participating in improv. I also take dance classes every so often. Some music that I like includes The Beatles, John Legend, and Coldplay. In addition, I enjoy most Motown, Rhythm and Blues as well as Reggae. My time in Hong Kong exposed me to many different cultures around the world. I am very interested in learning about different cultures and trying new things. Additionally, while in Hong Kong, I decided to join a track team. Since then, I have competed in many races and have run in six full marathons. I like animals, and by looking at my pictures you can probably deduce that Lemurs are among my favorite. I prefer paperback books and can often be seen with a book while riding the subway to and from work. One of my favorite things to do is to be outdoors. This includes taking a walk in the park, hiking, and other outdoor activities. I also enjoy going to comedy clubs and do go often.
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Basketball, Cycling, Football, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
Central Park, Riverside Park, West Village, East Village, Park Slope.
TV shows: Seinfeld, King of Queens Music: R&B, Motown, Classical Food: Thai, Japanese, Ethiopian, Italian
I enjoy going to comedy clubs, volunteering, playing the piano and running.
Last read These Days Are Ours by Michelle Haimoff, currently reading The Long Run by Leo Furey.
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text:
Ticklists: Extreme Rock, West Country Climbs, Rockfax West Country top 50, Ultimate E3 ticklist.
Photo: Kafoozeled © zach.stone
View all 8 photos or Submit a new photo of this climb.
Rob Greenwood - UKC - 2nd - 26/Jun/15 with Duncan Campbell
Tough in the sun! 3 hard sections which are all pretty well protected, though the start feels a bit necky? Probably worth E4 but an absolutely classic bit of climbing. Effort to frank canning a freeing the first section on the FA.Duncan Campbell - Lead O/S - 26/Jun/15 with Robbie
soph - 2nd O/S - 26/Jun/15 with Michaela Tracy
Hidden - Lead O/S - 20/Jun/15
Hidden - 2nd - 20/Jun/15
Second go with gear in. Classy.Laurence Everitt - Lead RP - 10/Jun/15 with Bryan Taylor, Hazel MacLean, Mark Chevasut
Lawrence lead, got beta from Mark. Possibly the best trad I've ever done??? So much fun, super pumpy, all three cruxes pushed me to my limits in different ways. ACE.HazelMacLean - 2nd dog - 10/Jun/15 with UBMC
Very nearly came a cropper.....pearson9596 - Lead O/S - 23/May/15 with Ian Faulkner
Quite a tough one for the end of the dayian d f - 2nd O/S - 23/May/15 with Michael P
Gregory - Lead - 16/May/15 with dom goodridge
Hidden - 2015
Tough E3. Not sustained enough for E4. Climbs as well as it looks. Ed morris - Lead O/S - 05/Oct/14 with Colin
eel - Lead O/S - 13/Sep/14 with Howard
Hard all the way. E4david morse - Lead O/S - 18/Aug/14 with Jimmy Markot, Gwen, KT, Andy Lole, helen, markalmack
on gay-morse's gearmarkalmack - Lead O/S - 18/Aug/14 with gwen, james marjot
Hidden - 2nd dnf - 18/Aug/14
Just managed to squeeze in as the rain was coming in. Another superb pitch - good practice climbing fast as it was getting wetter by the min!quiffhanger - AltLd O/S - 09/Aug/14 with Peter Hill
Got up it clean just as it started raining.theotherpetehill - 2nd rpt - 09/Aug/14 with Ross McKerchar
Hidden - Lead - Aug/14
malx - Lead O/S - Aug/14
mikeshewring - Lead O/S - 27/Jul/14 with sharpie
Fell off, couldn't get back on route. Came back down and Ali abbed down (several times) for gear :-(tash - 2nd dnf - 26/Jul/14 with ali k
Hidden - Lead O/S - 26/Jul/14
Completely numbed the end of my finger in a black pocket at the start of the crack. Still numb two weeks later. Bastard!Alex Mason - Lead O/S - 21/Jul/14 with Jemma Powell
What a great route! The climbing is as good as the line. Feels a lot steeper than it looks! The 3D section in the initial corner gave pause for thought but wasn't that hard with some jiggery pokery. Great rest at the base of the crack on the headwall (or should I say slab?!). With good footwork (for a change), getting onto the slab wasn't that hard. It's sustained up the crack for a while but nothing desperate. Pretty easy for the grade really, may be I just had a good day! In fact not entirely convinced that it's really 6a. Most people seem to have voted hard E3 or easy E4 - I beg to differ, Raven Wall the next day was harder! Done on the BMC SW Meet. Iain Peters and Frank Cannings watched me climb it and Frank took a few photos and pointed me in the right direction at the top when I wondered whether to keep following the black vein up the slab or take the easier ground to the left. That's pretty special!Misha - Lead O/S - 05/Jul/14 with Sue
Hidden - 2nd dog - 05/Jul/14
a few showers as I was on it, but the rock was staying dry. Great climbtim newton - Lead O/S - 27/Jun/14 with jon stewart
1 fallAnusky - 2nd dog - 24/Apr/14
Bristoldave - Lead O/S - 19/Apr/14 with Caroline
Dan-Cheetham - 2014
mike mo - 2014
Hidden - 2014
alice fuller - 2nd dog - Oct/13
Started off already boxed and expecting to fail - I wasn't disappointed! So done over unable to layback the final crack and had to aid it... Pleased to have read the crux moves correctly from the ground though. The bottom is no pushover either.Justin T - Lead dog - 09/Jun/13 with John Mcshea
oakapple - Lead O/S - 13/May/13
Pieterjan De Roo - Lead O/S - 13/May/13
Ed Booth - 2nd rpt - 11/May/13 with Benno Wagner, Rob Greenwood
andybirtwistle - 2013
What a spanking. Not as 'back on it' as i would like, it turns out! Ben led to the crux, fell off, and I had a go on his gear and couldn't do the crux, so he had another go and got well past the crux with a horrid runout, so opted to reverse right back down til he could safely fall rather than push on into the very wet section facing a nasty fall. Looked and felt E4 to me, for sure, though that may be my post-injury-weakness talking. Abbed for gear.jacobjlloyd - Lead dnf - 27/Oct/12 with Ben Corbey
burto - Lead O/S - 29/Sep/12 with hertha
spat me off the start of the crack, trying to follow guidebook suggestion of entering from the right. Ended up going in from the left. Then got sucked off route rightwards at the top! Bleah.Dr Toph - Lead dog - 22/Aug/12 with Emily
Velo Orange - 2nd dnf - 22/Aug/12 with Toph
tuftynick - 2nd rpt - 04/Jun/12 with Aide Jebb
Pete Graham - Lead - Apr/12 with Rick Graham
Hidden - Lead O/S - 27/Mar/12
Hidden - Lead O/S - 2012
reached crux, placed gear and waited until too opumped to make the move-idiot!...probably good though as the rest was pretty tough.CRiddiford - Lead dnf - 01/Sep/11 with Mike
knackered after my attempt just before sun went down.CRiddiford - 2nd dog - 01/Sep/11 with Mike
Hidden - Lead β - 23/Aug/11
Hidden - 2nd O/S - Aug/11
Hidden - 2nd - Aug/11
JulesV - Lead O/S - 25/Jun/11
Hidden - Lead O/S - 25/Jun/11
colesy - Lead β - 18/Jun/11
datoon - Lead O/S - 02/Jun/11 with K
tuftynick - Lead O/S - 30/May/11 with rich cross
Hidden - 2nd - 30/May/11
Adam Booth - 2nd O/S - 27/May/11 with Ed Booth
Ed Booth - Lead O/S - 27/May/11
Previously led O/S 1996.ellis - 2nd rpt - 26/Apr/11 with Tom Bridgeland
Hidden - AltLd O/S - 22/Apr/11
Fell after entering crack then rested further up. Brought Nathan up for final layback crack.
Made a mess of it but a quality route!Jez - AltLd dog - 22/Apr/11 with NJSharp
oliver.ghill91 - Lead dnf - 2011
Marcus - 2011
Hidden - 2011
Jack Geldard - UKC Chief Editor - 2011
GeoffG - 2011
Hidden - Lead - 2011
pushed caroline on to this as her first E3, bad call commiting crux abover a slab leading to commiting laybacking moves with only one cam placement (of ther same size as the one just before the crux)mwatson - 2011
fell off mantelling onto the top after having done all the hard climbing, I am such an idiot. Great climb though.jacobjacob - Lead RP - 12/Jun/10
With Simon from France on BMC international meet. Several wet holds but not too bad. Top layback is a sting in the tale but all hard!Bobby Gilbert - 2nd O/S - 15/May/10 with Simon from France
Harald - Lead O/S - 12/May/10
Dave Turnbull, BMC - Lead rpt - 10/May/10 with Becky McGovern
It was wet, which was pretty suprising since its been scorching for a week or so. The only dry part was the crux which incidentally felt like the easyest bit.Rowansb - Lead dog - 11/Apr/10
Seymore Butt - 2010
Richard Horn - 2nd O/S - 28/Aug/09
I imposed myself on two extremely friendly locals who patiently belayed and even gave me a lunch! I weighted the gear before getting anywhere near the crux because I'm a tool with no sense of balance. Blind eye to that nonsense and it was on sight. eddy-on-the-rocks - Lead O/S - 24/Aug/09 with Tom
Marti999 - Lead O/S - 18/Jun/09
Another pretty hopeless effort! Found getting on the slab hard and then ran out of steam on the top crack and had to resort to top rope. High in the grade for sure....though did manage to toprope it clean to get all my gear out!Chad123 - AltLd dog - 03/May/09 with Sam
Rob Greenwood - UKC - Lead O/S - 2009 with Kat Spinney
switch - Lead O/S - 17/Jul/08
bfreeman - Lead O/S - 13/Jun/08 with Tom Laurence
jfreeman - 2nd - 09/Jun/08 with Simon and Nick
wojt - Lead O/S - 2008
Toby Dunn - Lead O/S - 08/Jun/07 with Ruth
climber sim - 2007
feilx - Lead β - 28/Aug/06 with Iain Hammond
Hidden - 2nd O/S - 28/Aug/06
dan gibson - Lead O/S - 28/Aug/06 with helen gibson
Dave Kerr - Lead - 02/Aug/06 with Jill Kerr
whispering nic - Lead O/S - 30/Jul/06 with The Wife
Hidden - Lead O/S - 20/Jul/06
Hidden - Lead - 28/Jun/06
Kyuzo - Lead O/S - Jun/06 with Hal Watts
The heaven's opened mid-crux!!Rich Kirby - Lead O/S - Jun/06 with Ash
hal - 2nd dnf - Jun/06 with Virgil Scott
feilx - 2nd - 13/May/06 with keith
Bern - 2006
Adam Lincoln - Lead - 2005
At the third time of asking.pezzerrr - Lead RP - 21/Sep/04
Possibly the best I've done.DubyaJamesDubya - Lead - 26/Aug/02
onsightlx - Lead O/S - Jul/02
William Robertson - Lead O/S - 2002 with Shaun Derry
jfletcher - Lead O/S - 27/Aug/00
Ian Jones - Lead O/S - 2000 with Gary Thingy
Tom Briggs - Jagged Globe - Lead - 2000
Tim M - 2000
It was soaking wet.goi.ashmore - Lead O/S - 13/Jun/99 with Iain Fisher
Hidden - 2nd - 19/Apr/97
Another stunner, beautiful climbecowaller - Lead O/S - 1997 with Wendy Sampson
phardman - 1997
Dave Musgrove - 2nd O/S - 06/Jul/95 with David
brilliantDave Musgrove Jnr - Lead O/S - 06/Jul/95 with Dad
mattnuttall - Lead - 24/Jul/94 with Alan Holden
Pumped out of my box then could not do the weird rockover thingNick Biven - Lead dnf - 04/Apr/93 with Rich Whitwell
Hidden - Lead O/S - 25/Apr/92
Hidden - TR - 21/Aug/91
Chris Wright - Lead O/S - 21/Aug/91
keefe - 25/May/91 with Glenn Sutcliffe
Glenn Sutcliffe - 25/May/91 with keefe
charlesmfrench - 2nd O/S - 26/May/90 with Andy Wingfield
Mark Kemball - Lead - 1990
Hidden - 1990
Bruce Kerr - Lead - 12/Jul/89 with Keith Turton
Mike Owen - 18/Aug/87 with Elaine Owen
Billg - Lead - 09/Aug/87 with Keith Sharples
William Robertson - Lead O/S - 1987 with Emily, Steve, Shaun etc
Hidden - Lead O/S - 04/Oct/86
sadams - Lead - 29/Jul/86 with Kevin Edwards
Hidden - Lead - 1982
Marcus - 1980
Hidden - 1980
Hidden - 1973
Users with this climb on their wishlist are:
Tom McCabe, rurp, Graham Booth, ChrisBrooke, nickstephens, adam cooper*super*, monsteratt, willotheward, BWoodward, ian caton, lukea, pmot, a_radiohead_fan


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38 year old man | Little Canada, MN, USA | Seeking women 25-38 within 5 miles
Music fanatic seeks like-minded female for old movie marathons.
Probably the first thing you'll notice about me is the old-time drivers hats I enjoy wearing, but what I hope you'll discover after an hour with me is that I'm caring. My friends have told me that I can always be counted on, and I have a genuine interest in helping others and would like to find someone who feels the same. I'm most attracted to creative women who are kind and positive about life. But her kindness shouldn't preclude that she's a pushover. My ideal woman is busy, because there's so much of interest to do in life that boredom isn't an option. She doesn't drink much, and she's happy with life in general and ready to build a life with a lucky partner. If she can sing and loves Will Ferrell and Bill Murray, then I'm hers forever. Random facts about me: I dislike even the thought of certain vegetables. My favorite films are "Rushmore," "The Magnificent Ambersons," "You Can't Take it With You," and "Groundhog Day." My favorite bands are Guided By Voices, The Kinks, Sun Kil Moon, Joni Mitchell and lots of '60s Motown artists. I also like to have movie nights whenever possible and I really enjoy wearing suits. And I'm very close with my family.
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Performing arts , Playing cards , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Volunteering
Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Running, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses, Other, Reptiles
Some other viewpoint
I like the Washington Pavilion and a few different venues for seeing live music.
I'd have to say my favorite thing above all is music and everything about it, from guitars to vinyl records. And I love seafood. If you know of a great seafood restaurant in town, let me know! I still haven't found one I can say I love.
Movies, music and nature are my three deepest passions. If there were a way to watch old films and see my favorite band Guided By Voices while in the woods, that would be my idea of heaven. I also enjoy playing music (guitar).
"A Walk in the Woods" by Bill Bryson. My favorite authors are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
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|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
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I own and run an online bookstore and an mp3 record label.
|$25,001 to $35,000
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|Never Married
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Lindsay Lohan has admitted she was targeted by her peers for being a teen actress and wants to take a stand against bullying.
Lindsay Lohan was bullied in high school.
The 26-year-old actress has revealed she was targeted by her classmates for landing successful acting roles as a teenager and was mocked for her dysfunctional family situation.
The starlet tweeted: ''I was actually bullied @ my public school when i would leave to film. Whenever I came back? girls & boys would call me names (sic).
''They would also mock me because of my home situation, when people found out that my father was in jail.''
The tormenting got so bad that the actress - who famously played a school misfit turned bully in teen comedy 'Mean Girls' - decided to drop out of school in favour of home tutoring.
Lindsay added: ''They would yell things, try to trip me & more. I moved to home-schooling instead. In 11th grade. I stuck it out for a while. (sic)''
The 'Liz & Dick' actress' confession came after she was moved to tears by chat show host Katie Couric's interview with bullied 16-year-old Whitney Kropp, who was elected prom queen by her peers as a joke, and Lindsay took to twitter to take a stand against bullying.
She wrote: ''@katiecouric I think what you did today on your show for#WhitneyKropp was lovely. It had me crying. I'd love to meet her.#stopbullying (sic)''.