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A voice switched gain system is disclosed for loudspeaking telephone and hearing aid applications involving electret microphones. A voice switched gain circuit comprises an audio pre-conditioning circuit for providing a conditioned audio input referenced to an unconditioned audio input to a compandor circuit. A linear gain level reference generator circuit generates a level for comparison with the audio input level. A decision circuit then controls the compandor operation based on the result of the comparison. The decision circuit either maintains the audio output of the compandor in a compressed state or expands the audio input signal to a higher level expanded state for transmission. Two such circuits are provided in a loudspeaking telephone system, one circuit for maintaining a preemptive near end control through appropriate timing of the dual decision process. Far end control is provided by the other voice switched gain circuit. Altogether three states of operation are possible, an idle state, near end control and far end control. In one embodiment, a dial preemption circuit is disclosed so that during dialing the loudspeaking telephone only broadcasts dialing signals.
1. A voice switched gain system for an audio reception and transmission system including an electret microphone transducer, the system comprising a source of audio signals for transduction by the electret microphone to provide transduced audio signals, a controlled compandor circuit for compressing or expanding the transduced audio signals from the audio signal source in accordance with a two state control signal, the control signal provided by a decision circuit for comparing the transduced audio signals with a predetermined gain characteristic reference level, the decision circuit switching the control signal to a first state from a second state after a predetermined attack time when the transduced audio signal level exceeds the reference level, the control signal being continuously provided in the first state until the time passage of a predetermined delay time after the audio signal level falls below the reference level when the control signal is switched back to the second state, the control signal in the second state actuating the compandor circuit to compress the gain characteristic of the transduced audio input signal and provide a compressed signal at an output of the compandor circuit and the control signal in the first state activating the compandor circuit to expand the gain characteristic of the transduced audio input signal and provide an expanded signal at the output of the compandor circuit.
2. A voice switched gain system for a loudspeaking telephone including an electret microphone, the system comprising first and second voice switch gain circuits for providing three states of operation of the loudspeaking telephone, the voice switched gain system being connected at a near end of a transmission channel having an audio source at a far end, a first, nonpre-emptive, idle state wherein neither an audio source at the loudspeaking telephone controls audio signal transmission nor does the audio source at the far end of the transmission channel to the loudspeaking telephone control audio signal transmission, a second, preemptive state where the audio source at the near end controls audio signal transmission, and a third, preemptive state where the audio source at the far end controls audio signal transmission,
the first and second voice switched gain circuits each comprising: a controlled compandor connected in series with the transmission channel, a decision circuit and a reference gain level generator, the decision circuit providing a two state control signal for controlling the activation of the compandor to perform an expansion of an input signal and provide an expanded signal at its output when an input signal level presented to the compandor exceeds a level provided by the reference gain level generator; the first voice switched gain circuit effectuating the second preemptive state and, the second voice switch gain circuit effectuating the third state, each controlled compandor being switched off and providing no gain in the transmission channel during the first, non-preemptive idle state.
3. A voice channel switched gain system as recited in claim 2 further comprising a dial preemption circuit, the dial preemption circuit preempting the operation of the system and controlling first and second compandor circuits of the first and second voice switched gain circuits respectively so that a dialing indication signal is broadcast by the loudspeaking telephone.
4. A voice switched gain system as recited in claim 2 wherein the decision circuits of each voice switched gain circuit comprise a voltage comparator amplifier, a timing means and a switching transistor actuated when a predetermined reference gain level of the reference gain level generator is exceeded, the timing means comprising a timing circuit being electrically connected between the voltage comparator amplifier and the switching transistor and comprising a means for establishing a predetermined attack time for intentionally delaying operation of the associated compandor of the respective voice switched gain circuit.
5. A voice switched gain system as recited in claim 4, each timing means of the associated decision circuit further comprising a timing circuit, each timing circuit having a different predetermined attack time.
6. A carbon transmitter emulation circuit for a telephone, the emulation circuit having an idle state, a square law state and a linear gain state of operation, the emulation circuit comprising an electret microphone circuit for providing an output, an audio preconditioning circuit for conditioning the output of the electret microphone circuit, a controlled compandor circuit, and a reference gain level generating circuit, the emulation circuit being in the linear gain state for expanding audio input signals presented to it when the level of the output of the electret microphone circuit exceeds a reference gain level output of the reference gain level generating circuit, the controlled compandor circuit effectuating the audio input signal expansion in a linear manner.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the field of audio reception and transmission systems generally and, more particularly, to the field of voice switched gain systems for loudspeaking telephone or hearing aid applications involving electret microphones.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is recognized in the art of loudspeaking telephones and voice conferencing arrangements that background noise is undesirable and can present a situation where intelligible audio control may be easily lost to the noise source. The noise itself should be cancelled or eliminated. On the other hand, switching of control from near end to far end or from audio source to audio source should be smooth and free of chopping as, for example, when whole first syllables of a word spoken may be lost due to a slow switching process. As a result of the development of the electret microphone, a smooth, linear, highly reliable gain characteristic is achievable in such applications, but telephone engineers have been generally reluctant to implement electret devices in such applications because the gain characteristic was likewise applied to noise as to desirable voice.
Matthews, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,995, discloses a Voice Controlled Microphone Control System including a speech detection circuit and relay arrangement for preempting control of a conference. When speech above a particular level is detected, a relay is operated and a signal is generated which precludes transmission by other microphones of the system so long as the speech level exceeds the particular reference level. No solution is suggested for dealing with background noise problems, however.
The Loudspeaking Telephone disclosed by Breeden in U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,602 tackles timing problems of gain switching and introduces two modes of operation--a transmit or a receive mode where the mode is changed when sufficient audio level is detected from the non-controlling source. Little concern is given to background noise which still can take control of the Breeden telephone. Furthermore, with changes in background noise level, the party who desires control always wonders if they really have control or whether their transmission has been interrupted by noise at the far end.
In Reid, U.S. Pat. No. 3,610,835, a loudspeaking telephone is disclosed which includes a variable impedance device for increasing loss when a translated received noise is greater than a translated received speech signal. This means of dealing with a noise source at the near end does not take into consideration the characteristic gain of electret microphone devices and encourages the near end user to shout to preempt control form the noise source. Also in Reid, there is always a default direction of transmission or controlling end, namely the near or receive end, but usually the near end, which is only switched from when control is taken by the far end. In this arrangement, the far end sounds dead during idle periods to the near end.
The present invention solves the problems that remain unsolved by the prior art by reducing the transmission gain in both directions of transmission when the system is idle. In other words, the present invention creates three states of operation including a first state of operation where both the microphone and loudspeaker at the near end of the transmission channel are switched off during periods when neither party is speaking.
With the present arrangement, neither party is made aware of background room noise during idle periods in the conversation. Consequently, there is no objectionable, apparently sudden deadness of the loudspeaker, leading a person to believe that transmission has been interrupted.
As a subsidiary feature of the invention, a small amount of artificially generated noise may be provided to the loudspeaker to simulate a "live" line during idle periods.
The present invention also eliminates the objectionable chopping of the first spoken syllable of a word because, with the reduced gain in both directions, faster switching action can be achieved. With the present invention, the first party speaking after an idle period takes command of the system, and the speech picked up by their microphone is immediately transmitted to the other party.
Another advantage of the present invention is its design which takes advantage of the superior gain characteristics of electret microphones to provide a true audio signal. Distortion above a particular reference level of audio input is eliminated, and there is no transmission of noise input below the reference level. As suggested above, its first or idle state of operation permits a normally noise-free transmission channel. This is the characteristic of the present invention that appears to be particularly suited for hearing aid application. A hearing aid user in an environment having a relatively high ambient noise level would be normally free from having to listen to such noise but due to rapid voice switching could respond quickly to intelligible audio. During a musical concert, the hearing aid user could enjoy a full audio range from the electret enhanced by a compensation circuit adapted to the user's particular hearing loss characteristic. These and other features of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment as depicted in the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block schematic drawing showing the composition of a simplified embodiment of the present invention for application with one microphone and loudspeaker; and
FIG. 2 is a detailed schematic drawing showing the simplified embodiment of FIG. 1 implemented in a loudspeaking telephone with hands-free operation.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown an electret microphone circuit 1 comprising a preamplifier circuit for providing an audio input directly to a compandor circuit 3 and also to an audio preconditioning circuit 2 for the compandor circuit. The present voice switched gain system also comprises a linear gain level reference generator 4 for providing a reference gain level to a decision circuit 5 for actuating the compandor circuit 3. The output of the compandor circuit is provided to loudspeaker 6.
Also associated with decision circuit 5 is a timing circuit 5a for establishing an attack time by which time a decision is made to actuate an expansion of the gain characteristic audio input of compandor 3 as well as a delay or lag time by which time a decision is made at the termination of audio input signal to actuate a compression of the gain characteristic audio input to the compandor.
This simplified block digram may be implemented as follows. A low power operational amplifier may be used to pre-condition the audio input. The output of the pre-conditioning circuit as well as the audio input from microphone circuit 1 provide a change in gain characteristic through direct current blocking capacitors to compandor 3. Compandor 3 is most conveniently a very large scale integrated circuit designed compandor chip such as a Signetics model 571 compandor. Such a compact chip embodiment permits application in a hearing aid. Application of the model 571 compandor chip is more particularly described in the Signetics Corporation publication, "Analog Data Manual 1983", June, 1983, at pages 5--3 through 5-9.
The compander chip comprises two separate gain circuits. Each gain circuit comprises, in series combination, a variable gain cell, an operational amplifier and a bias system for biasing their operation, all of which operate in a well known manner. Of importance to the present invention, however, is a so-called THD trim terminal of each variable gain cell. The terminal permits a nulling of internal offsets for low distortion operation. All pin assignments shown in FIG. 2 relate to those shown in the Signetics Analog Data Manual.
The decision circuit 5 most conveniently may comprise a low power operational amplifier used as a comparator for operation with a switching transistor. The emitter and collector of the transistor are connected to the terminals of the linear gain level reference generator which may simply be an appropriately chosen Zener diode.
Timing circuits for establishing attack and lag times may be constructed of an appropriate choice of a resistor and capacitor network. A timing circuit is most conveniently placed in series between the operational amplifier and the base of the switching transistor of the decision circuit 5. If necessary, an audio loss compensation circuit, not shown, may be added between the compandor output and the speaker, designed into the compandor, or provided in the preconditioning circuit in a hearing air application. The audio loss compensation circuit would be provided to compensate for the unique hearing loss characteristic of the hearing air user.
The circuit of FIG. 1 simply operates as follows. In its normally idle or first state, or when there is no audio output provided by microphone circuit 1, the compandor 3 provides a compressed gain characteristic to loudspeaker 6. When an audio input is provided at a lower level than is provided by reference generator 4, the circuit remains in its idle state of operation and the compandor continues to present a compressed gain characteristic output from the presented audio input.
When the audio input level exceeds the level presented by generator 4, decision circuit 5 operates within the attack time of supplemental timing circuit 5a to actuate an expansion of the gain characteristic of the audio input. When the audio input level thereafter falls below the level presented by generator 4, decision circuit 5 operates within the delay or lag time of supplemental timing circuit 5a to return compandor 3 to its normally idle state of providing a compressed output gain characteristic.
In a yet more simplified embodiment of FIG. 1, where decision circuit 5 and timing circuit 5a are eliminated, the remaining circuitry can emulate the operation of a telephone carbon transmitter. Left in the circuit are electret microphone circuit 1, preconditioning circuit 2, compandor circuit 3, and linear gain level reference generator 4. The compandor is operated simply as an expandor when and only when the reference level is exceeded. Just as a carbon transmitter tends to only capture intelligible audio presented to it, low level noise is reduced in the suggested emulation circuit. It is reduced by a square law function until the audio input level causes the voltage level generator 4 to be exceeded, at which point, a linear gain characteristic is provided. Consequently, a smooth superior gain characteristic is afforded the intelligible audio input to the electret which is superior to the noise and distortion characteristics of a carbon transmitter.
The simple block schematic diagram of FIG. 1 is shown in particular detail in FIG. 2. While the implementation of the concepts of FIG. 1 may be appropriate for embodiment in a hearing aid application, FIG. 2 represents the embodiment of FIG. 1 implemented in a loudspeaking telephone set. Two separate and distinct circuits, as depicted in FIG. 1, are represented in detail in FIG. 2. While one such circuit is implemented in the transmit direction between the microphone of the loudspeaking telephone and the far end, a second such circuit is implemented in the audio reception path from a far end telephone to a speaker of the loudspeaking telephone at the near end. Dual circuit implementation in practically a mirror image relationship provides a balancing of the transmit and receive paths of the transmission channel. Also, three states of operation are possible as will be hereinafter described in detail. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of a loudspeaking telephone, there is shown in FIG. 2 a dial signaling preemption circuit 252 for forcing the loudspeaker compandor 232 at the near end to broadcast confirmation and other tone dialing signals at the loudspeaker of the loudspeaking telephone.
Three states of operation are provided in the present invention instead of two as disclosed in the Reid and Breeden telephones of the prior art. There is no default direction of transmission nor does control reside with the last source of audio signal until switched. Rather neither end has control during an idle condition. When one end has control, it is because audio signal is present at a level above the reference level provided by the reference level generator. The three states of operation then are idle, near end control and far end control.
Attack and lag times are fast in the present embodiment, but, to eliminate competition between whether the near end source controls or the far end, the attack time for near end control is set slightly faster by appropriate choice of resistors R17 and R18, R17 being of a larger value than R18, capacitors C10 and C16 having the same value. Although not shown in FIG. 2, capacitor C10 and resistor R17 may be considered a part of decision circuit 251, just as capacitor C16 and resistor R18 may be considered a part of decsision circuit 252. Lag time does not need to be set differently for near or far end control, lag time only being related to how quickly control is relinquished to either the idle state of operation or to the far end.
While during the normally idle or first state of operation the compressed gain characteristic applied to the input signal may be applicable to the loudspeaker for broadcast, the channel is almost silent. Consequently, the embodiment may include an intentional discontinuity, a feedback path from the microphone, or other noise source so that the user of the loudspeaking telephone of FIG. 2 appreciates that the loudspeaking telephone is turned on. In the particular embodiment of FIG. 2, there is a noisy reference voltage source 291, 292 provided in both transmission paths through a noise level dropping resistor R8 and R7 respectively. The direct current voltage is blocked by blocking capacitors C6 and C3 from the rest of the loudspeaking telephone circuitry.
Now that a generalized description of the features of the embodiment of FIG. 2 have been provided, a more particularized description of the operation of the circuitry of FIG. 2 follows. First will be described the operation of the circuit when an intelligible audio signal is provided by electret microphone circuit 201.
Preconditioning circuit 221 comprises most simply an operational amplifier such as a National 324 opamp having a gain represented by the ratio of resistors R23 and R22. The output of the opamp and the audio input are presented through blocking capacitors C13 and C5 to pins 2, 3 of compandor circuit CE1, respectively. The higher input level is transmitted from pin 1 of compandor CE1 through a preemptive timing circuit comprising capacitor C10 and R17 toward reference gain level generator circuit 241 which most simply comprises an appropriately chosen Zener diode Z1. The higher voltage that is provided at pin 1 of compandor CE1 than was provided previously is also provided at Zener diode Z1 and pin 9 of switching transistor T1.
That higher voltage level is also provided through resistor R14 to pin 10 of voltage comparator amplifier A4 which also may be a National 324 opamp. The higher voltage at pin 10 is compared with a reference voltage provided from pin 8 of compandor CE1 to pin 9 of opamp A4. The voltages are compared and, within an attack time governed by R21 and C1, the higher voltage output is provided at the output of capacitor C17 of compandor circuit CE1 through resistor R31. This voltage in turn is high enough to actuate switching diode G5. In this manner the audio input signal is transmitted via ouput pin 7 of compandor CE1 through capacitor C17 toward the far end of the transmission channel on lead A0.
Also, through resistor R1, transistor T2 switches on providing a conductive path to ground bringing down the voltage on pin 16 of compandor CE2, thus forcing it to be turned off.
In a similar manner intelligible audio from the far end can assume control of the present voice switched gain system. Preconditioning circuit 222 has a gain that is set by resistors R15 and R16. Capacitor C8 provides direct current blocking for opamp A2 which is most conveniently a National 324 opamp. If desired, volume control can be added between the RLEV and RAI received level inputs typically from the far end to compandor CE2. Blocking capacitors C12 and C11 are provided as described before on the conditioned and unconditioned inputs to pins 15 and 14 respectively of compandor CE2. An operate time of compandor CE2 is set slightly slower than that of compandor CE1 to preclude competition with the near end for control by choice of resistor R18 of the output on pin 16 of compandor CE2 which is presented at Zener Z2. A higher voltage at pin 16 of compandor CE2 is provided also through resistor R13 to pin 12 of operational amplifier A3 operating as a voltage comparator. Opamp A3 is also most conveniently a National 324 opamp. The output of opamp A3 being high, turns on diode G3 permitting the audio input from the far end to be transmitted at loudspeaker 262.
Returning to the idle state from either near or far end control will be described only in reference to the relinquishment of near end control. When the received volume from electret microphone circuit 201 drops from a previously high level so does the level at pin 1 of compandor CE1. That lower voltage passed through resistor R14 is compared at pin 10 of comparator amplifier A4 with a higher voltage on pin 9 and so switches low. A lag or decay time is set by the discharge time of capacitor C1 through resistor R20 to ground. This discharge of voltage in turn brings down diode G5 so that there is no signal transported toward the far end except noise from noise source 291. Of course, the loudspeaker 262 is already switched off in both the idle state and for near end audio microphone 201 control.
Dial preemption circuit 252 will now be described in particular detail. Inputs RLEV and RAI, which during a telephone conversation provide speech signals from the far end, during dialing operations provide in the present embodiment the user audible indication signals of a pushbutton dial, not shown, toward compandor circuit 232. Button push lead BP is low when a dial address signal is generated by the push of a button of the push button dial. Transistor T3 is turned off by the low button push signal. It forces compandor CE2 at pin 16 through a path including resistor R13 and diode G2. It also forces the compandor CE2 by operating opamp A3 so that within an attack time set by resistor R10 and capacitor C2 diode G3 is switched on. Also, transistor T1 is switched on insuring that pin 1 of compandor CE1 is low and compandor CE1 turned off.
At the same time, through transistor T4 any previous bias of transistor T2 is eliminated to ground. Over a path, not shown, the dial address signals are transmitted toward the far end to provide address information to a switch.
It is believed that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention and that other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Patent Citations
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Politicians worldwide often vilify their opponents, and those in Nigeria are no different. As the 2015 elections approach, Nigeria's two main political parties are blaming each other for the violent Boko Haram insurgency in the north.
In the past five years Boko Haram militants have killed thousands of people, and the insurgency appears only to be growing as 2015 elections draw near.
More than 2,000 people have been killed this year alone in attacks on markets, military bases, bus stations and even football viewing centers. In April, the Islamist radical group kidnapped more than 200 schoolgirls.
At his home in the Niger Delta, Ovie Joseph, a local leader within the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) says the opposition funds the violence, trying to make the country "ungovernable."
"When problems of kidnapping ... occur, it's a style of destabilizing the ruling party," he said. "It's the opposition [doing this]."
The opposition he speaks of is the All Progressive Congress, or APC, a mega-party formed last year when several opposition parties merged.
Joseph says Boko Haram's increasing strength is evidence that wealthy politicians must be supporting the group.
Analysts say if the party can stand behind a single candidate next year, it could prove to be a formidable opponent to the PDP, which has governed Nigeria since 1999.
Christian Onodjacha, assistant secretary of APC in Delta State, blames the ruling party for failing to stop the insurgency.
"What they are now trying to do is to trade the blame on us, that we are involved," he said. "But we are not involved. We are not in charge of the federal security apparatus. They are in charge."
The ruling party, Onodjacha says, is wasting time "pointing fingers" when it should be fighting the insurgency. He concedes that individual politicians may be involved, but he thinks they are from the ruling party.
"Our members are clean," he said. "They are people that we know can salvage this nation from the quagmire that it is in currently."
But some analysts say that, on this issue, both parties are correct and both are wrong.
Yan St-Pierre, the CEO of Berlin-based security consulting firm MOSECON, says Nigerian politicians often hire thugs to intimidate their opposition.
"Both sides use them," he said. "Depending on how greedy or ambitious the local politician was, they would sometimes use more of their services, sometimes less, but both sides. All parties are involved."
St-Pierre says the politicians may not be interested in Boko Haram's goals, but in northeastern Nigeria the Boko Haram members happen to be the guys with the guns.
The group is believed to be controlling villages along the Chad and Cameroon borders, he says, and in those areas even conducting an election will require support from Boko Haram.
"They intimidate, they terrorize and, when possible, they actually provide goods and services which gives them the legitimacy, that sometimes despite everything they're doing, that the government doesn't seem to have," St-Pierre said.
Boko Haram's name means "Western education is sinful" and the group has threatened President Goodluck Jonathan by name. However, St-Pierre says while Boko Haram may be partially supported by a corrupt political system, the insurgents probably do not care who wins.
Hilary Uguru contributed to this report from the Niger Delta.

subset: commoncrawl


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Almost a quarter, 23% of respondents to a survey by the Forum of Private Business reported an increase in late payment over the past year.
Phil Orford, chief executive of the forum, said the Government must tackle the problem.
He noted: "Upwards of £30 billion remains tied up in late payments, costing a typical small business 130 hours a year and a third are forced to seek external finance to cover the gaps."


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Posted| Updated
Official records from the weather bureau for Gympie and the Cooloola Coast show in 2007 the region was characterised by extremes.
Topics: weather, rainfall, gympie-4570, bundaberg-4670, cooloola-4580, maroochydore-4558, rainbow-beach-4581
Tourism operators says the Rainbow Beach economy has suffered a 60 per cent downturn in business after last week's forced evacuation of tourists from the region.
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Queensland tourism operators say the Rainbow Beach economy has suffered a 60 per cent downturn in business after last week's forced evacuation of tourists from the region.
Topics: tourism, business-economics-and-finance, industry, states-and-territories, weather, rainfall, rainbow-beach-4581, qld, gympie-4570, inskip-4581
Surf lifesavers are warning people to keep off beaches on the northern end of the Gold Coast.
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An Indonesian Navy sailing ship freed from a beach near Fraser Island is about to dock in the Brisbane River for repairs.
Topics: maritime, accidents, brisbane-4000, australia, qld, colmslie-4170, rainbow-beach-4581, indonesia
The Australian Navy says a salvage assessment of the Indonesian naval sailing ship that ran aground in a storm on Rainbow Beach in southern Queensland last week shows no extensive damage.
Topics: disasters-and-accidents, defence-forces, navy, accidents, maritime, qld, rainbow-beach-4581, indonesia
The Australian Navy says a salvage contractor has been hired by the owners of an Indonesian navy ship that ran aground on Thursday at Rainbow Beach on Queensland's Sunshine Coast.
Topics: maritime, accidents, disasters-and-accidents, qld, rainbow-beach-4581, indonesia
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Dozens of people have been rescued from rising flood waters and thousands of homes are without power as Queensland's south-east continues to be battered by bad weather.
Topics: rainfall, disasters-and-accidents, emergency-incidents, storm-disaster, weather, storm-event, caloundra-4551, gympie-4570, noosa-heads-4567, rainbow-beach-4581
The commanding officer of an Indonesian ship that ran aground in Queensland's south-east yesterday will inspect the hull today with the Indonesian Naval Attache.
Topics: emergency-incidents, navy, storm-event, rainbow-beach-4581, maroochydore-4558
The Australian Navy has thanked Rainbow Beach locals who helped Indonesian sailors when their ship ran aground on the south-east Queensland coastline yesterday.
Topics: maritime, community-and-society, rainbow-beach-4581
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The Australian Navy says it is hopeful the weather will ease so the salvage of an Indonesian naval training ship stranded off south-east Queensland's coast can begin.
Topics: emergency-incidents, defence-forces, navy, disasters-and-accidents, gympie-4570, qld, rainbow-beach-4581, indonesia
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The Indonesian Embassy says the crew of a naval training ship that ran aground on the south-east Queensland coast this morning are in high spirits.
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An Indonesian naval training ship, carrying 18 men, has run aground in southern Queensland.
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Wild weather is continuing to play havoc across south-east Queensland, with the Sunshine Coast feeling the brunt of the storm this morning.
Topics: storm-event, federal-government, weather, mooloolaba-4557, qld, brisbane-4000, dunwich-4183, noosaville-4566, rainbow-beach-4581
About 60 residents attended a public meeting at Rainbow Beach on the Sunshine Coast last night to discuss the options for four-wheel drive access on Teewah Beach.
Topics: transport, rainbow-beach-4581, bundaberg-4670, gympie-4570, maroochydore-4558
There are new restrictions on the use of groundwater from Rainbow Beach to Teewah in south-east Queensland.
Topics: water, rainbow-beach-4581
A person has been killed in a two vehicle accident on Fraser Island in Queensland.
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Cooloola Shire Council has outlined some of the major projects for the year ahead, including those on the drawing board and works already in progress.
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The body of a Sunshine Coast man missing at Lake Poona near Rainbow Beach has been recovered.
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Police divers and State Emergency Service volunteers will resume the search early today for a man missing at Lake Poona near Rainbow Beach on the Sunshine Coast.
Topics: emergency-incidents, regional, rainbow-beach-4581, maroochydore-4558
An 18-year-old man charged with the rape of a Japanese tourist at Rainbow Beach has been remanded in custody until next month.
Topics: sexual-offences, courts-and-trials, crime, rainbow-beach-4581, bundaberg-4670, gympie-4570, maroochydore-4558
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Police have charged a Rainbow Beach man with rape after an attack on a Japanese tourist earlier this month.
Topics: crime, courts-and-trials, rainbow-beach-4581, gympie-4570, maroochydore-4558
A search will resume at the Sunshine Coast's Rainbow Beach today for a missing local man.
Topics: emergency-incidents, police, rainbow-beach-4581, buddina-4575, maroochydore-4558
A Gympie man is in a serious condition after being struck by a car at Rainbow Beach early this morning.
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Generations at 5 Points expanding in Waukesha, as RiverMill Foods moves to Elm Grove
Generations at 5 Points in downtown Waukesha will expand into a neighboring storefront, adding a second kitchen, a second bar and more seating.
Jeff Oberholtzer, the chef and an owner, said the addition could open as soon as September. The storefront, at 290 W. Main St., was vacated last week by RiverMill Foods. »Read Full Blog Post
Summerfest 2015 recap: Best and worst shows, backstage stories and more
Summerfest 2015 will be remembered for the Rolling Stones, for Mayor Tom Barrett dancing on stage next to Stevie Wonder, and for Houston Texans defensive end and Wisconsin native J.J. Watt tackling a dude during a Zac Brown Band concert.
Here are other takeaways from this year's Big Gig: »Read Full Article
Reviews: Brett Eldredge, Smash Mouth, Mat Kearney and more
Brett Eldredge
Brett Eldredge might have won the Country Music Association's Best New Artist award last year, but the Paris, Ill., native is an old soul. In fact, it's his rich, soul-filled voice that differentiates him from his fellow modern country brethren. Sunday night at the Uline Warehouse, Eldredge first appeared atop a flashing light-adorned platform above his five-piece band and a big, boisterous crowd. Pointing at fans and thumping his chest, he opened with the unreleased "Fire," a bright boogie-woogie rocker. "Let me hear you!" the singer exclaimed to a symphony of screams from the bleachers. »Read Full Article
Neil Young and Grace Potter at Marcus Amphitheater
With Neil Young, you never know what you're going to get. And that was especially true at the Marcus Amphitheater for Summerfest's closing night Sunday, for the first show of Young's first-ever tour backed by Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real. (Nelson, as in Willie Nelson's son.)
But it's fair to say some in the crowd may have been bracing for a lecture. Young's new album, "The Monsanto Years," recorded with Real, is filled with impassioned protests against Monsanto and other corporations — but the finger-wagging lyrics are unimaginative, and the album, ultimately, is uninspiring. Young's so caught up in the message this time out he neglected to make very good music. »Read Full Article
'Terminator,' 'Magic Mike' fizzle at July 4th box office
NEW YORK (AP) - July 4th went off like a dud at the box office. Anticipated new releases "Magic Mike XXL" and "Terminator Genisys" fizzled, leaving the popular holdovers "Jurassic World" and "Inside Out" to top the holiday weekend.
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Originally written on Bush League Chronicle | Last updated 7/4/13
FOXBOROUGH, MA - 2009: Eric Kettani of the New England Patriots poses for his 2009 NFL headshot at photo day in Foxborough, Massachusetts. (Photo by NFL Photos)
Washington Redskins fullback Eric Kettani is like many other football players who came before him. He just wants to have a successful career in the National Football League.However, Kettani isn't like most NFL players in the fact that he is also in the midst of serving an active duty commitment with the Navy.Kettani, who was promoted to lieutenant in June, said in an interview on NFL Network that people have criticized him for making an arrangement with the Navy to go to the NFL before completing the five years of active service required of Naval Academy graduates. In 2009, Kettani agreed to do public affairs and recruiting work for the Navy in exchange for allowing him to leave active duty to pursue his dream of playing in the NFL."I received some hate mail, saying, 'Go back to the military, do your job, and do what you signed up for.' They have every right to say that," Kettani said.Kettani spent two years in active service after graduating from the Naval Academy in 2009 and then was told that he'd be allowed to go to the NFL. At the start of the 2011 season he was on the Patriots' practice squad, but the Navy reversed course and told him to report to active duty. In 2012 the Navy reversed course again and allowed him to go back to the NFL.Kettani believes there are similarities between the Navy and NFL."I'll talk about my direct correlation between the NFL and the military and how it relates," Kettani said. "When I'm in the Navy, I'm trusting the guy next to me does his job same as the NFL."The Department of Defense allows Naval Academy graduates with "unique talents and abilities" to request early release after two years of active duty. Kettani served a full three years for making his request.Via For the Win
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You've lost to 2006 World champion Radoslav Velikov of Bulgaria and 2006 World silver medalist Besik Kudukhov of Russia this year. What did you learn from those matches and what do you need to improve on the next time you meet those guys?
I just have to keep wrestling hard and keep the pressure on them the whole time. I need to make them wrestle hard the whole six minutes and wear them down and get them tired.
quick, Is this rational? Sorry but I don't believe this strategy works! First of all 6 minutes already means Cejudo is going to lose a period. Why is he giving up a period before he even wrestles? Wear them down? How much can you wear somebody down when the match can be over in 4 minutes?
Brands is screwing up his head with all the wear them down crap!


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I hear the company hold a real gold one for each one we get and when SHTF we get to use them like money
Best Answer
I guess it all depends on what the trophy is for
Best Answer
Only the meaning that you give to them.
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I am moving back to New Zealand after living in USA . I own a Macbook Pro OSX, 10.6.8 and an Ipad. How can I re-charge them in NZ with the 220v power
- Asked by Gina T from Temecula
Apple World Travel Adapter Kit
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listen to and fire a drag event on a dom element
Listen to horizontal drag events on a dom element. drag-listener will not actually move the element around for you, it will just notify you of the user's attempt to drag the element.
npm install drag-listener
drag-listener has some fairly strict environmental requirements in that it
must be used in conjunction with browserify (hence the npm distribution). It
also expects
$ in the global scope to reference jQuery at runtime.
listen(element, [handle,] offsetMin, offsetMax)
Start listening for drag events on an element. Returns an EventEmitter that emits the events in the events section below.
element the element that will have its position measured to return a value
for the drag event. For more details, on how this is measured, see the
event below.
handle (optional) - the handle of the draggable element, this is the thing
that user clicks on to start dragging. Defaults to
offsetMin the minimum bound of the draggable element. Can also be passed
as a function that returns a number (the function is called at the start of
each drag to determine the minimum bound for that drag)
offsetMax the maximum bound of the draggable element. Can also be passed
as a function that returns a number (the function is called at the start of
each drag to determine the maximum bound for that drag)
dragStart - emitted when the user initiates a drag (when the handle receives
a mousedown event). Does not pass any arguments.
drag - emitted when the user drags the element (fired for every mousemove
event received after the handle has received a mousedown event, but before it
has received a mouseup event). Passes one argument, a number between 0.0 and
1.0 that indicates where the user has dragged the element between the
offsetMin and
offsetMax bounds.
dragFinish - emitted when the user finishes a drag (when the handle receives
a mouseup event). Does not pass any arguments.


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Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics
European Review of Agricultural Economics
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Order information:
Web: http://www.oup.co.uk/journals
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Current editor: Paolo Sckokai
Additional information is available for the following
registered editor(s): Thomas Heckelei
Paolo Sckokai
For corrections or technical questions regarding this series, please contact (Oxford University Press) or (Christopher F. Baum)
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2006, Volume 33, Issue 1
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2005, Volume 32, Issue 4
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2005, Volume 32, Issue 2
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by Wyn Grant
2005, Volume 32, Issue 1
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by Rob Hart
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2004, Volume 31, Issue 4
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by Jack Peerlings
- 451-471 Developed speculation and underdeveloped markets--the role of futures trading on export prices in less developed countries
by Randall Fortenbery
- 473-479 On the Ricardian rent and the allocation of land under joint price and yield uncertainty
by Alexander E. Saak
- 481-485 Agricultural price volatility spill-over effects: a comment
by Philip Kostov
- 487-488 Agricultural price volatility spill-over effects: reply
by Nicholas Apergis
- 489-491 K. Verdery The Vanishing Hectare: Property and Value in Postsocialist Transylvania Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 2004. 0-8014-8869-9, 426 pp., Price: �15.95
by Rachel Sabates-Wheeler
- 491-493 J. D. Gaisford, W. A. Kerr, N. Perdikis Economic Analysis for EU Accession Negotiations: Agri-food Issues in the EU's Eastward Expansion Edaward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2004. ISBN: 1-84376-418-0, 232 pp, Price: �49.95 (hardback)
by Tomas Ratinger
- 493-496 B. A. Babcock, R. W. Fraser, J. N. Lekakis (eds) Risk Management and the Environment: Agriculture in Perspective Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003. ISBN: 1-4020-0981-X, 224 pp., Price: �59.00 (hardback)
by Raushan Bokusheva
- 497-498 J. Wesseler, H.-P. Weikard and R. D. Weaver (eds) Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2003. ISBN: 1-84376-609-4, 320 pp., Price: �69.95 (hardback)
by Karin Holm-Mueller
2004, Volume 31, Issue 3
- 233-234 Introduction to the Special Issue on Risk Behaviour of Market Participants
by Olivier Mahul
- 235-272 A selected review of agricultural commodity futures and options markets
by Philip Garcia
- 273-287 Toward exploring the location-scale condition: a constant relative risk aversion location-scale objective function
by Carl H. Nelson
- 289-307 Optimism and pessimism in commodity price hedging
by Jonathan Tuthill
- 309-330 The joint effect of government crop insurance and loan programmes on the demand for futures hedging
by Keith H. Coble
- 331-352 The impact of US commodity programmes on hedging in the presence of crop insurance
by H. Holly Wang
- 353-368 Relationships among government payments, crop insurance payments and crop revenue
by Robert J. Hauser
- 369-387 Trade exposure and income volatility in cash-crop exporting developing countries
by François Bourguignon
- 389-408 Trading off health, environmental and genetic modification attributes in food
by Wuyang Hu
2004, Volume 31, Issue 2
- 111-123 Riskier product portfolio under decoupled payments
by Maurice J. Roche
- 125-148 Impacts of alternative agricultural income support schemes on multiple policy goals
by Chantal Le Mouel
- 149-178 Regional social accounting matrices for structural policy analysis in lagging EU
by Anna Daouli
- 179-204 Effect of information about benefits of biotechnology on consumer acceptance of genetically modified food: evidence from experimental auctions in the United States, England, and France
by W. Bruce Traill
- 205-223 Willingness-to-pay for safety improvements in the German meat sector: the case of the Q&S label
by Ulrich Enneking
- 225-226 Review of K. D. Olson. Farm Management: Principles and Strategies
by Erik Mathijs
- 226-229 Review of G. Van Huylenbroeck and G. Durand (eds). Multifunctional Agriculture: a New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2004. ISBN: 0-7546-3576-7, 256 pp., Price: $45 (hardback)
by Arild Vatn
- 229-231 Review of W. S. Chern and K. Rickertsen (eds). Health, Nutrition and Food Demand. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2003. ISBN: 0-85199-647-7, 320 pp., Price: �55 (hardback)
by Wim Verbeke
2004, Volume 31, Issue 1
- 1-18 Biodiversity versus transgenic sugar beet: the one euro question
by Eric Tollens
- 19-37 Stated preferences for imported and hormone-treated beef: application of a mixed logit model
by Frode Alfnes


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Volunteer with the Marin Chapter of Surfrider Foundation
The Surfrider Foundation's success is possible thanks to volunteers just like you. If you enjoy the beaches in our area and are interested in having fun while helping a great organization, please contact us, come to the next monthly meeting, and get involved with our Chapter's activities.
Monthly meetings are held the second Wednesday of every month at ROUND TABLE PIZZA, 50 Belvedere Drive in Mill Valley (415-383-5100), behind the Strawberry Shopping Center at 7:00pm.
Donation Information
If you would like to make a donation, please send your check made payable to Marin Surfrider to:
Marin County Chapter
Surfrider Foundation
P.O. Box 1171
Larkspur, CA. 94939
The Surfrider Foundation is an International 501©(3) non-profit enviornmental organization dedicated to the protection and enjoyment of our world's oceans, waves and beaches, for all people, through conservation, activism, research, and education. All donations are tax deductible.
Not a member yet? Join Surfrider Foundation today.


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Updated 04/02/2015
One of the city's most intimate and elegant getaways immerses guests in a mix of classic style (terrazzo floors, dramatic Murano chandeliers, antique-style furnishings) and touches of the contemporary, found in the African-wood reception area and breakfast room. Impressively, five dramatic "concept rooms" take on themes from Venetian history; the Doge's Room is draped in deep-red brocades, while the Oriental Room is inspired by the travels of Marco Polo.
Campo Santa Maria della Salute, Dorsoduro 111, Venice, Veneto, 30123, Italy
Website: www.camariaadele.it
Hotel Details:
Updated 04/02/2015
By celticmoon
May 5, 2008
WE thoroughly enjoyed our stay at this hotel. Wonderful breakfasts and great selections, just fill our the night before, tell them the time you will be down for breakfast and it's ready when you are. Convenient location for St. Mark's (but not too close). One vaporetto stop, and a 5 minute walk and your there. Hope on at the Salute stop, another 5 minute walk. Water taxis will pick you up at their small dock. Accadamia is a 10 -15 minute walk.
Plenty of shops, and restaurants close by. The staff are ready to assist with restaurant recommendations and reservations. It is worth the splurge. Trip to Murano one way by water taxi included in the stay.
By robtaylor
Jul 24, 2007
Beautiful small hotel near Salute with comfortable, large rooms. Excellent breakfast included in rate can be taken in room, on terrace or in breakfast room. Very friendly and helpful staff can arrange excursions and transfers. WiFi internet connection also a plus. Near water taxi stop (Salute) and numerous sights within walking distance. Hotel has its own private dock so water taxis can pick you up and drop you off at door of hotel.
No Thanks


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Multiple textures offer increased tactile and chewing appeal.
Tall Bristles raised during chewing help clean teeth and the cleaning action helps control plaque and tartar build-up.
Measures: 6" Long and 4" Wide
Flavor: Chicken With Action Nubs
© 2015 DogSupplies.com - Visit Our 2 Locations: DogSupplies.com - 11136 Sam Furr Road, Huntersville NC 28078 - 704.875.7800. Store Hours: M-F 9:00am to 6:30pm, Sat 9:00am to 3:30pm
DogSupplies.com Outlet Store - 2960 St Rose Pkwy Ste 170, Henderson, NV 89052 Mon - Sat 9:30am to 7:00pm, Sun 10:00am-6:00pm.


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- About Us
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Home > News > Nanopoint gets VC boost
September 24th, 2005
Nanopoint Inc. has received a boost to its funding following a second place finish at a nanotechnology conference last week at the University of California at Berkeley.
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Harris & Harris Group Portfolio Company, AgBiome, Announces Partnership to Accelerate the Discovery of Next Generation Insect-Resistant Crops July 1st, 2015
Nanometrics to Participate in 7th Annual CEO Investor Summit 2015: Investor Event Held Concurrently With SEMICON West in San Francisco June 25th, 2015
Harris & Harris Group Portfolio Company D-Wave Systems Announces 1,000 Qubit Processor and is Discussed in the Economist June 23rd, 2015
Nanowire LED Innovator Aledia Completes $31 Million Series B Financing June 18th, 2015
Surfing a wake of light: Researchers observe and control light wakes for the first time July 6th, 2015
Tel Aviv/Tsinghua University project uses crowd computing to improve water filtration: The research, a product of the new TAU-Tsinghua XIN Center, was conducted by 150,000 volunteers at IBM's World Community Grid July 6th, 2015
Transition from 3 to 2 dimensions increases conduction, MIPT scientists discover July 6th, 2015
A Stretchy Mesh Heater for Sore Muscles July 6th, 2015
A 'movie' of ultrafast rotating molecules at a hundred billion per second: A quantum wave-like nature was successfully observed in rotating nitrogen molecules July 4th, 2015
Clues to inner atomic life from subtle light-emission shifts: Hyperfine structure of light absorption by short-lived cadmium atom isotopes reveals characteristics of the nucleus that matter for high precision detection methods July 3rd, 2015
Nanometrics to Announce Second Quarter Financial Results on July 23, 2015 July 2nd, 2015
Ultra-stable JILA microscopy technique tracks tiny objects for hours July 1st, 2015
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The vertebrae that make up the spine are cushioned by spongy discs, which act as shock absorbers. Discs may move out of place or break open.
This condition is referred to as a herniated, slipped or ruptured disc. A herniated disc can occur in any part of your spine, but most affect the lower back or lumbar spine.
When a herniated disc of the lumbar spine presses or impinges on a nerve root it can cause pain, numbness and weakness in one or both legs along with low back pain.
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gaming fees...?
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Posts: 404
Re: gaming fees...?
A good MMO is more like a theme park than a video game. It's a place that you visit, not just a game you play. It's always changing and always alive with activity. WoW had me addicted for 4 months straight and in that time I think I saved up enough money (from not doing anything else) to buy an HDTV.
Of course, after I hit lvl 60 there wasn't much to do besides the same few instances (which I hated doing). So I quit. Maybe I'll go back again one day, when I get bored enough,and they have enough new things to see and do.
From what I hear, they save your characters indefinitley, so you can come back after a few months off.
PC= email@example.com, 4 gig OCZ DDR2 Reaper, BFG GeForce 275 gtx oc, Gigabyte GA-P35-DS3L, 120Gig Raptor drive, 22" Diamond Pro 2070sb CRT Z-5500 5.1 sound. Nvidia 3D Vision.
XBL Gamer Tag= Slybri007
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"Nice shot William Burroughs! You hold a gun like a guy who plays Riven!"
------ The Venture Bros.
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You know the drill: for occasional crouching and crawling you like the protection of regular knee pads, for extended ground work shin protection is a must. Instead of lugging 2 sets of pads, Extreem Knee Pads pull double duty featuring a detachable shin pad that's there when you need it, gone when you don't. Exercise your freedom of choice!
Foam Knee Pads
Item: 56797


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Latest Headlines
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China's BeiGene completes $97M financing for targeted oncology candidates
China's BeiGene said it has completed financing of more than CNY450 million ($75 million) from initial angel and strategic investors as well as new investors Hillhouse Capital and CITIC PE, joined by an unnamed "blue chip U.S. public investment fund" specializing in life sciences.
SV Bio changes name to Lifecode, plans rollout of NGS cancer assay
Alongside the launch of a next generation sequencing-based oncology assay, Silicon Valley Biosystems is also rolling out a new name to reflect its mission of providing practical genetic information to patients.
Janssen rethinks drug discovery in a changing R&D environment
For William Strohl, the new head of Janssen's Biotechnology Center of Excellence, the future of drug R&D involves novel targets, "fit-for-purpose" antibodies and lots of collaborations.
Buzz: Google Ventures leading $100M round in oncology Big Data platform
When Flatiron Health emerged in 2012 with a mission to improve oncology care, its founder predicted it would either be "a great success or a horrible failure." Now the Big Data startup is reportedly on the cusp of taking a major step towards the better of these two outcomes, with Fortune writing Google's venture capital wing is leading a $100 million financing round.
GlaxoSmithKline initiates global cancer consortium
GlaxoSmithKline is launching what it calls the Oncology Clinical and Translational Consortium, a collaborative scientific research network intended to advance drug discovery that will include 6 cancer centers around the world.
Indian agency objects to Mylan vaccine plant deal
Indian officials fear the sale of the vaccine and oncology plants will limit the country's ability to supply affordable medicines to citizens.
Ex-Googlers bring Big Data analytics to oncology
When ex-Google ($GOOG) guys Nat Turner and Zach Weinberg discussed their oncology-focused startup Flatiron Health in August they were big on ambition but low on details.
Biomarker shines a light on new pathway to target neuroblastoma
A group of investigators at the prestigious Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center in Boston believe they may have identified the Achilles heel for a common malignant tumor found in pediatric oncology.
Bringing personalized medicine to the market
Personalized medicine has been the holy grail of diagnostics and biomarkers for some time, but at last, it seems like it is becoming a reality. Jan Groen, CEO at MDxHealth, spoke to FierceBiomarkers at BIO2012 about this growing field.
Algorithms espy tumor conspirators
Cancer systems biology algorithms have led researchers to two genes that collaborate to cause an aggressive brain tumor. Researchers from Columbia University and oncology drug discovery company


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The Organisational Change Fund supports specific, time-limited projects for organisations to achieve efficiencies and reduce on-going dependency on grant funding. This could include the exploration of:
The fund will also support a reasonable approach to disinvesting from organisations that are currently funded, but are not considered to be priorities for the future.
Applicants must support the priorities and outcomes of Hampshire County Council's Strategic Plan 2013-17 'Shaping Hampshire: modern, public services for the future' , improving the quality of life for all, particularly those who are vulnerable or disadvantaged:
A maximum one off grant of up to £5,000 can be awarded to eligible organisations within Hampshire to contribute towards specific, time-limited projects (usually no more than a one year period) to achieve organisational efficiencies and reduce on-going dependency on grant funding. Projects must have clear outcomes and must support a sustainable future business model.
A grant can be awarded to organisations currently receiving funding from Culture, Communities and Business Services grant schemes although are not considered to be priorities for the future, to support a reasonable approach to disinvestment. There is no maximum for grants for organisations the County Council is disinvesting from.
In order to assist organisations, Hampshire County Council will support the costs of feasibility studies and management consultancy fees.
Please note we cannot retrospectively fund projects or proposals that have already been carried out. Grants are issued for projects or proposals to be carried out in the future. This includes any contracts issued to consultants before grant approval.
12.30pm 19 December 2014
5 March 2015
April 2015 - March 2016
12.30pm 1 May 2015
16 July 2015
1 August 2015 – 31 March 2016
12.30pm 3 July 2015
24 September 2015
1 October 2015 – 31 March 2016
We will fund organisations in Hampshire that are either not-for-profit, community-based organisations with local governance arrangements or organisations, partnerships and consortiums delivering strategic cultural and recreational services. Applicants must meet all the following eligibility criteria
Where appropriate, depending on the grant sum requested, the organisation will be expected to submit supporting documentation. All documentation will be used, alongside the application form, to assess against the grant criteria. Please see the application checklist for a quick reference guide.
On occasions, at our discretion, we may require further information and documentation in addition to the above to support the assessment process.
All successful applicants will be required to provide appropriate reporting and/or monitoring for their services/programmes, including completion of a 6 monthly and end of grant monitoring and evaluation forms.
Application guidance notes and online form
CCBS Grants
Hampshire County Council
Serle's House
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Telephone 01962 845390
Email email@example.com


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Over the summer I created over 35 achievement badges for the Withings Health Mate fitness app.
Day eleven is hiking boots!
"Hiking became popular in England as the Industrial Revolution led to more leisure time for the growing middle class. A desire to spend time in natural settings and enjoy the fresh air of the countryside led to the formation of groups such as England's Ramblers Association, which was formed to maintain ancient footpaths.
Hiking boots, or lighter weight trail shoes, offer many safety and comfort features that ordinary athletic shoes don't have. Hiking boots are waterproof, or water resistant. They have thick, sturdy soles that help a hiker maintain his or her balance on a slippery or uneven trail, and many styles have rugged "rock guard" areas around the toe and heel area to protect the feet. Trail shoes are low-profile styles, and hiking boots give more ankle support."
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The FITS® Erin Base Layer Long Sleeve Shirt wicks moisture, allows breathability and flatters your figure, giving you the all-around confidence and comfort to enjoy the whole day. This ladies' shirt has a smooth outer surface that lets dirt and top layers slide right over. A sueded interior is super-cozy against your skin.
The Goode Rider™ Ideal Show Shirt is made of a soft, stretchable, anti-pill fabric. Slim and flattering fit. Logo on left sleeve.
The Goode Rider™ Heritage Polo is cut to flatter and made of a soft stretch knit that's comfortable and light against your skin. This versatile ladies' polo is styled with an elongated five-snap placket, ribbed sleeve cuffs with tab detail and crest embroidery on the chest.
Soft and stretchy, the Goode Rider™ Ideal Show Shirt resists pilling to maintain a crisp look. This show shirt goes beyond the show with piped princess seams and a mock neck zip-front that looks fabulous for any ride. This riding shirt is complete with Goode Rider logo branding.
The Goode Rider™ Ideal Long Sleeve Show Shirt features an updated zip front with horse bit pull detail. This easy-care riding shirt has an anti-pill finish that keeps it looking new. Long sleeves make it great for riding in cool weather and for sun protection.
The Goode Rider™ Ideal Short Sleeve Show Shirt features an updated zip front with horse bit pull detail. This short sleeve mock T-neck riding shirt gives a stylish look while the breathable fabric keeps you comfortable. It's perfect for both the practice ring and the show ring.
The Goode Rider™ Ideal Tank Top is stylish worn alone for warm weather riding and ideal as a layering piece. Breathable cotton blend fabric is soft and comfortable against the skin and has an anti-pill finish to keep it looking brand new. This shirt includes Goode Rider's signature horsebit zipper pull detail.


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Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset (Bulk Pack) - BT2080 BULK
Learn more about Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset (Bulk Pack):
|Introducing the Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset - first class user friendliness. Now it's easier than ever to cut the cords and go wireless – even if you're not familiar with Bluetooth® technology headsets. The Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset is designed with one focus only: To be the most user friendly, quality headset on the market. Jabra BT2080 provides all the basic functions you need with the ease of use you want.
Customer Reviews of Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset (Bulk Pack)
Good value3/26/2013
Got exactly what I expected!
Great for price2/20/2013
Easy to set up and works fine.
Great product, spend a day without charging2/15/2013
Ever since I received this product I just charge it at night and use all day for 2+ hours daily, have not run into any loss of connectivity issues thus far. I use it with Galaxy SII. Only struggled in beginning when tried to figure out how to pair it with phone, after that haven't seen any issue.
Small, handy and easy12/23/2012
I had in principle few problems in pairing my blackberry, bu just looking the jabra web site and pictured-step-by-step procedure helped me solving everything. I barely can feel it when I used it and it works good.
Good !12/12/2012
Works good for the price. No complaints.
Good Value12/3/2012
for the dollar a pretty good unit.
happy camper11/29/2012
my husband is very happy with it
every good10/5/2012
every good
Very good buy for a cheap price. The product works very well.
1st bluetooth used on phone7/23/2012
I'm sure there are much better devices available but they are at a higher cost. I just needed something for the occassional use to talk with my wife. I am usually moving around and need both hands available. before the bluetooth, talking with her meant i had to use speaker phone and I would fade in and out. This ear piece works well to eliminate that problem. Usually works well, but wife says there are times where I will cut out while talking. Who knows why. Anyway, I'm satisfied.
not bad for the price7/12/2012
The power button is hard to reach, especially if you are wearing it or holding it to your hear to hear when it turns on or off. It is very easy to hit the call button when you are trying to turn it off. Overall it isn't bad, especially for the price.
Good product; good value7/2/2012
You can't beat the price for the value of the part.
amazing sound clarity6/28/2012
I work from home and I am on conference calls the whole day with colleagues and clients. So I needed a Headset that will let me be heard but will suppress the noise of the TV from my daughters room or helicopters flying overhead. I have tried many different brands and models. Plantronics was very reliable and clear, but did not suppress the background noise very well. But this bluetooth really reduces the background noise considerably. I have used it in the Supermarket, the car and even in the Mall. The people I was speaking to did not have any problems hearing me, and they said that they can hear some faint sounds in the background but was not distracting at all.2 Helpful | 0 Not Helpful
Quality Earpiece6/20/2012
As expected, an inexpensive, reliable earpiece. Battery life is not great, but at least lasts a couple of days.
Non-obtrusive and does the job.6/20/2012
I just purchased Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth headset as backup for another brand. Initially I had some problems pairing it up with my iPhone, following instructions got me nowhere. Eventually I managed to pair it up somehow. I like the way it fits in my ear, securely even without the ear hook. it is so light and comfortable that I forget i'm wearing it. It has become my primary headset now.
Decent headset for the money6/15/2012
for 11.99 I am happy with this headset. If you use a bluetooth constantly and always have it in you ear then I would recommend purchasing a higher quality one. But if you want one for occasional use this is perfect.
Great product all I wanted and more. Best price!!!
First couple of days it is working very well and is comfortable around the ear.
Works Great
Very excellent product, easy to use and very clear. I used it before and I will use it again.
Good quality6/1/2012
I am an avid BEST BUY Shopper love the store and staff. I bought this headset on sale $19.99 + tax the price was good so it bought it. The sound quality is good, ease of use good , but at times it can be hard to pair this bluetooth with my SAMSUNG smartphone and the noise reduction when your outside is minimal at best, but yes I would buy or recommend it you get what you pay for !-)
Excellent value5/31/2012
Excellent value for the money. Works well. Relatively easy to use.
I won on this buy!5/21/2012
Very lite weight and stays charged for the whole day! People say that they hear me very well!! Great buy!
Decent Product5/18/2012
The product is very easy to use, but the sound quality was not what I was expecting from a Jabra. Still not a bad buy for the price.
BT2080 BULK Amazing Bluetooth5/15/2012
This unit is very light weight, it's awsome. Excellent sound, very clear voice and it's very easy to use. Great indication lights, very confortable when you put it on your ears, small surface and very nice look and bottons. Highly recomended and unbeatable price. Just buy it and you won't be disappointed. Good Look!!!
Quality product5/15/2012
Looks good easy to use if you want a good quality Bluetooth headset at a great price this is the one.
Nice blue tooth device5/14/2012
Like the fit and lightweight feeling. Nice sound quality so far.
Nice and easy to connect!5/14/2012
This blue tooth is nice looking and easy to connect to the phone. Its light weight and easy to wear too. Liked the overall perfromance.
I like the call back number last called feature.
Clear sounding headset5/14/2012
Very easy to use and setup. My only complaint is that the range seems a little shorter than some of the other headsets I've used. Not a problem for use in a car, but walking around a large room seemed to be a challenge for this unit.
love it5/6/2012
Will recomend to friends and family
Bluetooth Headset4/24/2012
Works great and really light weight to wear. Charges quickly tool.
light weight4/11/2012
The item itself is nice and light weight.
great product4/8/2012
Jabra BT2080 is a powered packed sleek blue tooth headset that delivers. I was expecting to be a throw around bluetooth given the price but to my surprise is the one I've been using the most. You just can't beat the price given the quality. I have payed more for other Jabras that deliver the same quality but don't look as digital as this one. I'm planning to buy a few more of these to have them all over. Highly recommend it.
View all buying options for Jabra BT2080 Bluetooth Headset (Bulk Pack)
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