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A scavengeless/non-interactive development system for use in highlight color imaging. To control the developability of lines and the degree of interaction between the toner and receiver, the combination of an AC voltage on a developer donor roll with an AC voltage between toner cloud forming wires and donor roll enables efficient detachment of toner from the donor to form a toner cloud and position one end of the cloud in close proximity to the image receiver for optimum development of lines and solid areas without scavenging a previously toned image.
1. Apparatus for forming images on an image receiving surface with developer, said apparatus comprising:
a supply of developer;
means for transporting developer from said supply to an area adjacent said image receiving surface;
means for forming transported developer into a cloud of marking particles;
means for controlling the spacing of said marking particle cloud relative to said image receiver without interacting with said image receiving surface; and
means for establishing a development field between said transporting means and said image receiving surface for causing an image on said image receiving surface to be developed with marking particles.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said means for controlling the spacing of said marking particle cloud comprises an AC bias voltage applied between said means for transporting developer and said image receiving surface.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said means for forming transported developer into a cloud is disposed between said transporting means and said image receiving surface.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said means for forming transported developer into a cloud comprises an electrode structure.
5. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said means for forming transported developer into a cloud further comprises an AC bias voltage applied to said electrode structure.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said AC bias voltages have a different magnitude.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the AC bias voltage applied between said image receiving surface and said transporting means is out of phase with the AC bias voltage applied to said electrode structure.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 including means for forming tri-level images on said image receiving surface.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 including means for forming said tri-level images in a single pass of said images receiving surface past process stations used in forming said images.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said supply of developer comprises single component developer.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said transporting means comprises a donor roll.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said supply of developer, said transporting means, said means for forming and said means for controlling comprise a first developer apparatus and wherein said apparatus for forming images further includes a second developer apparatus including another supply of developer.
13. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said tri-level images comprise two image areas and a background area.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said developer supply is utilized for developing one of said two images and said another of said developer supplies is utilized for developing the other of said two images.
15. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said supply of developer comprises two component developer.
16. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said means for forming transported developer, into a cloud further comprises an AC bias voltage applied to transporting means.
17. In a method for forming images on an image receiving surface with developer, the steps including:
providing a supply of developer;
transporting developer from said supply to an area adjacent said image receiving surface;
forming transported developer into a cloud of marking particles;
controlling the spacing of said marking particle cloud relative to said image receiver without touching said image receiving surface, said controlling step being independent of said forming step; and
establishing a development field between said transporting means and said image receiving surface for causing an image on said image receiving surface to be developed with marking particles.
18. The method according to claim 17 wherein step of controlling the spacing of said marking particle cloud includes applying an AC bias voltage between a developer transport and said image receiving surface.
19. The method according to claim 18 wherein said step of forming transported developer into a cloud is effected by applying an AC bias to said developer transport.
20. The method according to claim 18 wherein said step of forming transported developer into a cloud is effected by means disposed between said developer transport and said image receiving surface.
21. The method according to claim 20 wherein said means disposed between said developer transport and said image receiving surface comprises an electrode structure.
22. The method according to claim 21 wherein said means disposed between said developer transport and said image receiving surface comprises an AC bias voltage applied to said electrode structure.
23. The method according to claim 22 wherein said AC bias voltages have a different magnitude.
24. The method according to claim 23 wherein the AC bias voltage applied between said image receiving surface and said developer transport is out of phase with the AC bias voltage applied to said electrode structure.
25. The method according to claim 24 including the step of forming tri-level images on said image receiving surface.
26. The method according to claim 25 said tri-level images are formed in a single pass of said image receiving surface past the processing stations used in forming said images.
27. The method according to claim 26 wherein said supply of developer comprises two component developer.
28. The method according to claim 26 wherein said supply of developer comprises single component developer.
29. The method according to claim 28 wherein said developer transport comprises a donor roll.
30. The method according to claim 29 wherein said steps of providing, transporting, forming and controlling comprise steps for developing an image and wherein said method of forming images further includes another method including another supply of developer for developing an image.
31. The method according to claim 30 wherein said tri-level images comprise two images areas and a background area.
32. The method according to claim 31 wherein said developer supply is utilized for developing one of said two images and said another of said developer supplies is utilized for developing the other of said two images.
This invention relates generally to the rendering of latent electrostatic images visible using multiple colors of dry toner or developer and more particularly to a development system that does not scavenge or interact with a previously toned image.
The invention can be utilized in the art of xerography or in the printing arts. In the practice of conventional xerography, it is the general procedure to form electrostatic latent images on a xerographic surface by first uniformly charging a photoreceptor. The photoreceptor comprises a charge retentive surface. The charge is selectively dissipated in accordance with a pattern of activating radiation corresponding to original images. The selective dissipation of the charge leaves a latent charge pattern on the imaging surface corresponding to the areas not exposed by radiation.
This charge pattern is made visible by developing it with toner. The toner is generally a colored powder which adheres to the charge pattern by electrostatic attraction.
The developed image is then fixed to the imaging surface or is transferred to a receiving substrate such as plain paper to which it is fixed by suitable fusing techniques.
The concept of tri-level, highlight color xerography is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,929 issued in the name of Gundlach. The patent to Gundlach teaches the use of tri-level xerography as a means to achieve single-pass highlight color imaging. As disclosed therein the charge pattern is developed with toner particles of first and second colors. The toner particles of one of the colors are positively charged and the toner particles of the other color are negatively charged. In one embodiment, the toner particles are supplied by a developer which comprises a mixture of triboelectrically relatively positive and relatively negative carrier beads. The carrier beads support, respectively, the relatively negative and relatively positive toner particles. Such a developer is generally supplied to the charge pattern by cascading it across the imaging surface supporting the charge pattern. In another embodiment, the toner particles are presented to the charge pattern by a pair of magnetic brushes. Each brush supplies a toner of one color and one charge. In yet another embodiment, the development systems are biased to about the background voltage. Such biasing results in a developed image of improved color sharpness.
In highlight color xerography as taught by Gundlach, the xerographic contrast on the charge retentive surface or photoreceptor is divided into three levels, rather than two levels as is the case in conventional xerography. The photoreceptor is charged, typically to 900 volts. It is exposed imagewise, such that one image corresponding to charged image areas (which are subsequently developed by charged-area development, i.e. CAD) stays at the full photoreceptor potential (Vcad or Vddp). The other image is exposed to discharge the photoreceptor to its residual potential, i.e. Vdad or Vc (typically 100 volts) which corresponds to discharged area images that are subsequently developed by discharged-area development (DAD) and the background areas exposed such as to reduce the photoreceptor potential to halfway between the Vcad and Vdad potentials, (typically 500 volts) and is referred to as Vwhite or Vw. The CAD developer is typically biased about 100 volts closer to Vcad than Vwhite (about 600 volts), and the DAD developer system is biased about 100 volts closer to Vdad than Vwhite (about 400 volts).
The viability of printing system concepts such as tri-level, highlight color xerography requires development systems that do not scavenge or interact with a previously toned image. Since commercial development systems such as conventional magnetic brush development and jumping single component development interact with the image receiver, a previously toned image will be scavenged by subsequent development. Since the present commercial development systems are highly interactive with the image bearing member, there is a need for scavengeless or non-interactive development systems.
It is known in the art to alter the magnetic properties of the magnetic brush in the second housing in order to obviate the foregoing problem. For example, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,821 granted on Jan. 5, 1982 to Matsumoto, et al, an electrophotographic development method and apparatus using two magnetic brushes for developing two-color images which allegedly do not disturb or destroy a first developed image during a second development process. This is because a second magnetic brush contacts the surface of a latent electrostatic image bearing member more lightly than a first magnetic brush and the toner scraping force of the second magnetic brush is reduced in comparison with that of the first magnetic brush by setting the magnetic flux density on a second non-magnetic sleeve with an internally disposed magnet smaller than the magnetic flux density on a first magnetic sleeve, or by adjusting the distance between the second non-magnetic sleeve and the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing members. Further, by employing toners with different quantity of electric charge, high quality two-color images are obtained.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,900 discloses the use of a single magnetic brush for feeding developer into a cavity formed by the brush and an electrostatic image bearing surface faster than it is discharged thereby creating a roll-back of developer which is effective in toning an image. The magnetic brush is adapted to feed faster than it discharges by placement of strong magnets in a feed portion of the brush and weak magnets in a discharge portion of the brush.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,001 discloses an electrostatographic developing apparatus utilized in connection with the development of conventional xerographic images. Developer material is applied to a developer receiving surface in conformity with an electrostatic charge pattern wherein the developer is transported from the developer supply to a development zone while maintained in a magnetic brush configuration and thereafter, transported through the development zone magnetically unconstrained but in contact with the developer receiving surface.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,089 granted on Dec. 4, 1984 to Itaya, et. al. a magnetic brush developing apparatus for a xerographic copying machine or electrostatic recording machine has a sleeve in which a plurality of magnetic pieces are arranged in alternating polarity. Each piece has a shape which produces two or more magnetic peaks. The sleeve and the magnets are rotated in opposite directions. As a result of the above, it is alleged that a soft developer body is obtained, and density unevenness or stripping of the image is avoided.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,504 granted on May 23, 1989 to Parker et al discloses a magnetic brush developer apparatus comprising a plurality of developer housings each including a plurality of magnetic rolls associated therewith. The magnetic rolls disposed in a second developer housing are constructed such that the radial component of the magnetic force field produces a magnetically free development zone intermediate to a charge retentive surface and the magnetic rolls. The developer is moved through the zone magnetically unconstrained and, therefore, subjects the image developed by the first developer housing to minimal disturbance. Also, the developer is transported from one magnetic roll to the next. This apparatus provides an efficient means for developing the complimentary half of a tri-level latent image while at the same time allowing the already developed first half to pass through the second housing with minimum image disturbance.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,604 granted to Fred W. Schmidlin on Mar. 7, 1989 discloses a printing apparatus wherein highlight color images are formed without scavenging and re-development of a first developed image. A first image is formed in accordance with conventional (i.e. total voltage range available) electrostatic image forming techniques. A successive image is formed on the copy substrate containing the first image subsequent to first image transfer, either before or after fusing, by utilization of direct electrostatic printing. Thus, the '604 patent solves the problem of developer interaction with previously recorded images by forming a second image on the copy substrate instead of on the charge retentive surface on which the first image was formed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,505 issued on Oct. 23, 1984 relates to developing apparatus for improved charging of flying toner. The apparatus disclosed therein comprises a conveyor for conveying developer particles from developer supplying means to a photoconductive body positioned to define a gap therebetween. A developer supplying passage for conveying developer particles is provided between the developer supplying means and the gap. The developer supplying passage is defined by the conveyor and an electrode plate provided with a predetermined interval with the conveyor. An alternating electric field is applied to the developer supplying passage by an A.C. power source to reciprocate the developer particles between the conveyor and the electrode plate thereby sufficiently and uniformly charging the developer particles by friction. In the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 6 of the '505 patent, a grid is disposed in a space between the photosensitive layer and a donor member.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,955 issued on Feb. 4, 1986 to Hosoya et al discloses a recording apparatus wherein a visible image based on image information is formed on an ordinary sheet by a developer. The recording apparatus comprises a developing roller spaced at a predetermined distance from and facing the ordinary sheet and carrying the developer thereon, a recording electrode and a signal source connected thereto, for propelling the developer on the developing roller to the ordinary sheet by generating an electric field between the ordinary sheet and the developing roller according to the image information, a plurality of mutually insulated electrodes provided on the developing roller and extending therefrom in one direction, an A.C. and a D.C. source are connected to the electrodes, for generating an alternating electric field between adjacent ones of the electrodes to cause oscillations of the developer found between the adjacent electrodes along electric lines of force therebetween to thereby liberate the developer from the developing roller.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,427 granted to Hosaka et al on Mar. 31, 1987 discloses a method and apparatus wherein a layer of developer which is a mixture of insulative, magnetic particles and insulative toner particles is carried on the surface of a developer sleeve forming part of a magnetic brush. A latent image bearing member carrying an image to be developed is moved relative to the magnetic brush. The brush is spaced from the image bearing member and an AC field is formed across the space to effect toner transfer to the image and nonimage areas and to effect a back transfer of excessive toner.
Japanese publication No. 62-70881 discloses a toner separating means using a plurality of electrically biased grid wires disposed intermediate a magnet brush developer roll and an imaging surface. The two-component developer is triboelectrified and magnetic carrier is removed from the outer periphery of a sleeve by the action of the north and south poles of the magnetic poles of the magnetic brush.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 granted to Hays et al on Sept. 19, 1989 and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application discloses a scavengeless development system in which toner detachment from a donor and the concomitant generation of a controlled powder cloud is obtained by AC electric fields supplied by self-spaced electrode structures positioned within the development nip. The electrode structure is placed in close proximity to the toned donor within the gap between the toned donor and image receiver, self-spacing being effected via the toner on the donor. Such spacing enables the creation of relatively large electrostatic fields without risk of air breakdown.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 424,482 filed on Oct. 20, 1989 and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application discloses a scavengeless development system for use in highlight color imaging. AC biased electrodes positioned in close proximity to a magnetic brush structure carrying a two-component developer cause a controlled cloud of toner to be generated which non-interactively develops an electrostatic image. The two-component developer includes mixture of carrier beads and toner particles. By making the two-component developer magnetically tractable, the developer is transported to the development zone as in conventional magnetic brush development where the development roll or shell of the magnetic brush structure rotates about stationary magnets positioned inside the shell.
Some highlight and process color electronic printing concepts are based on multiple xerographic development of an electrostatic latent image on either a photoreceptor or electroreceptor. These printing system concepts can be enabled by development system designs that do not scavenge/interact with a previously toned image or cause cross contamination of the development systems. Since the present commercial two component development systems such as magnetic brush development and single component systems such as jumping interact with the image bearing member, there is a need to identify scavengeless or non-interactive development systems. Recent developments which address this need include powder cloud development systems based on AC fringe electric field toner detachment from a toned donor roll. The AC fringe electric field is provided by self-spaced AC based electrode structures such as wires positioned within the development nip. This configuration is incorporated in a single component development system ('600 patent mentioned above) and a scavengeless hybrid system the '482 application mentioned above in which the toned donor is supplied by two component magnetic brush development.
In accordance with the present invention, a dual AC voltage xerographic development system is provided in which one AC voltage applied to electrodes near a toned donor provide an AC fringe electric field which causes toner detachment and generation of a toner cloud in a gap between the toned donor and image receiver, whereas another AC voltage provides an AC electric field across the gap between the electrode/donor and image receiver to control the proximity of the toner cloud to the receiver. In one embodiment of the invention one AC/DC voltage is applied between the donor substrate and wires in self-spaced contact with the toned donor roll and another AC/DC voltage is applied between the donor roll/wire electrode assembly and ground. The dual AC voltage configuration enables optimum system performance since the AC/DC voltage levels between the donor and wire electrodes can be set to optimum values for toner detachment and formation of the toner cloud whereas the AC/DC voltage levels between the donor and receiver can be independently set at optimum values for controlling the position of the toner cloud within the development gap. The latter AC/DC voltage which provides control of the toner cloud in the development gap results in better development of line images and minimization of toner/receiver interaction.
FIG. 1a is a plot of photoreceptor potential versus exposure illustrating a tri-level electrostatic latent image;
FIG. 1b is a plot of photoreceptor potential illustrating singlepass, highlight color latent image characteristics;
FIG. 2 is schematic illustration of a printing apparatus incorporating the inventive features of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary schematic view of a development structure according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a plot of line width versus AC voltage bias applied to a donor roll; and
FIG. 5 is a plot of cleaning potential versus donor AC bias.
For a better understanding of the concept of tri-level, highlight color imaging, a description thereof will now be made with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b. FIG. 1a illustrates the tri-level electrostatic latent image in more detail. Here V0 is the initial charge level, Vddp the dark discharge potential (unexposed), Vw the white discharge level and Vc the photoreceptor residual potential (full exposure).
Color discrimination in the development of the electrostatic latent image is achieved when passing the photoreceptor through two developer housings in tandem or in a single pass by electrically biasing the housings to voltages which are offset from the background voltage Vw, the direction of offset depending on the polarity or sign of toner in the housing. One housing (for the sake of illustration, the second) contains developer with black toner having triboelectric properties such that the toner is driven to the most highly charged (Vddp) areas of the latent image by the electrostatic field between the photoreceptor and the development rolls biased at Vbb (V black bias) as shown in FIG. 1b. Conversely, the triboelectric charge on the colored toner in the first housing is chosen so that the toner is urged towards parts of the latent image at residual potential, Vc by the electrostatic field existing between the photoreceptor and the development rolls in the first housing at bias voltage Vcb (V color bias).
As shown in FIG. 2, a highlight color printing machine in which the invention may be utilized comprises a charge retentive member in the form of a photoconductive belt 10 consisting of a photoconductive surface and an electrically conductive substrate and mounted for movement past a charging station A, an exposure station B, developer station C, transfer station D and cleaning station F. Belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 16 to advance successive portions thereof sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Belt 10 is entrained about a plurality of rollers 18, 20 and 22, the former of which can be used as a drive roller and the latter of which can be used to provide suitable tensioning of the photoreceptor belt 10. Motor 23 rotates roller 18 to advance belt 10 in the direction of arrow 16. Roller 18 is coupled to motor 23 by suitable means such as a belt drive.
As can be seen by further reference to FIG. 2, initially successive portions of belt 10 pass through charging station A. At charging station A, a corona discharge device such as a scorotron, corotron or dicorotron indicated generally by the reference numeral 24, charges the belt 10 to a selectively high uniform positive or negative potential, V0. Any suitable control, well known in the art, may be employed for controlling the corona discharge device 24.
Next, the charged portions of the photoreceptor surface are advanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, the uniformly charged photoreceptor or charge retentive surface 10 is exposed to a laser based input and/or output scanning device 25 which causes the charge retentive surface to be discharged in accordance with the output from the scanning device. Preferably the scanning device is a three level laser Raster Output Scanner (ROS). Alternatively, the ROS could be replaced by a conventional xerographic exposure device. An electronic subsystem (ESS) 27 provides for control of the ROS as well as other subassemblies of the machine.
The photoreceptor, which is initially charged to a voltage V0, undergoes dark decay to a level Vddp equal to about -900 volts. When exposed at the exposure station B it is discharged to Vc equal to about -100 volts which is near zero or ground potential in the highlight (i.e. color other than black) color parts of the image. See FIG. 1a. The photoreceptor is also discharged to Vw equal to approximately -500 volts imagewise in the background (white) image areas.
At development station C, a development system, indicated generally by the reference numeral 30 advances developer materials into contact with the electrostatic latent images. The development system 30 comprises first and second developer apparatuses 32 and 34. The developer apparatus 32 comprises a housing containing a pair of magnetic brush rollers 36 and 38. The rollers advance developer material 40 into contact with the latent images on the charge retentive surface which are at the voltage level Vc. The developer material 40 by way of example contains color toner and magnetic carrier beads. Appropriate electrical biasing of the developer housing is accomplished via power supply 41 electrically connected to developer apparatus 32. A DC bias of approximately -400 volts is applied to the rollers 36 and 38 via the power supply 41. With the foregoing bias voltage applied and the color toner suitably charged, discharged area development (DAD) with colored toner is effected.
The second developer apparatus 34 comprises a donor structure in the form of a roller 42. The donor structure 42 conveys developer 44, which in this case is a single component developer comprising black toner deposited thereon via a combination metering and charging device 46, to an area adjacent an electrode structure. The toner metering and charging can also be provided by a two component developer system such as a magnetic brush development structure. The donor structure can be rotated in either the `with` or `against` direction vis-a-vis the direction of motion of the charge retentive surface. The donor roller 42 is preferably coated with TEFLON-S (trademark of E. I. DuPont De Nemours) or anodized aluminum.
The developer apparatus 34 further comprises an electrode structure 48 which is disposed in the space between the charge retentive surface 10 and the donor structure 42. The electrode structure is comprised of one or more thin (i.e. 50 to 100 μm diameter) tungsten wires which are positioned closely adjacent the donor structure 42. The distance between the wires and the donor is approximately 25 μm or the thickness of the toner layer on the donor roll. Thus, the wires are self-spaced from the donor structure by the thickness of the toner on the donor structure. For a more detailed description of the foregoing, reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 granted to Hays et al on Sept. 19, 1989. As illustrated in FIG. 3, an alternating electrical bias is applied to the electrode structure 48 via an AC voltage source 50. The applied AC establishes an alternating electrostatic field between the wires and the donor structure which is effective in detaching toner from the surface of the donor structure and forming a toner cloud intermediate the donor structure 42 and the charge retentive surface. The magnitude of the AC voltage is relatively low and is in the order of 200 to 300 volts peak at a frequency of about 4 kHz up to 10 kHz. A DC bias supply 52 applies approximately 0 to 50 volts on the wires 48 relative to the donor structure 42. At a spacing of approximately 25 μm between the electrode and donor structures an applied voltage of 200 to 300 volts produces a relatively large electrostatic field without risk of air breakdown. The use of a dielectric coating on either of the structures helps to prevent shorting of the applied AC voltage. The field strength produced is on the order of 8 to 16 volts/μm.
Once formed, the toner cloud's proximity to the image receiving surface is controlled by the application of an AC/DC bias voltage applied between the donor roll/wire electrode assembly and ground via AC source 54 and DC source 55. With an AC bias of approximately 270 volts applied to the wires as noted above, an AC bias at a frequency of 4 to 10 kHz is applied via the source 54. Simultaneously, a DC bias of approximately 600 volts is applied via the source 55 for establishing a development field between the donor and the image receiver such that charged area development (CAD) is effected.
An understanding of the advantages of the dual AC voltage development system of the present invention may be had from a review and comparison of the characteristics of jumping development and standard (i.e. toner cloud generation without a separate cloud control) scavengeless development. For jumping development, a peak AC voltage of typically 1000 volts at 1 to 4 kHz is applied across a 200 μm gap between the image receiver and donor roll toned with a single component development system. The maximum peak electric field is limited by air breakdown to ˜6 V/μm. A threshold field of ˜3 V/μm is required to detach the toner from the donor and form a toner cloud by projection (jumping) across the gap so that the toner can come into contact with the electrostatic image. The toner cloud formation requires a minimum of approximately 30 AC cycles since toner detachment from the donor depends on a cascade collisional process. The high peak electric field is necessary to detach the toner from the donor and project it across the gap to the image receiver. The kinetic energy of the toner impinging on the receiver is sufficient to scavenge and contaminate a previously toned colored image. The narrow latitude between the peak electric field for jumping and air breakdown requires a tight tolerance on the gap setting. Furthermore, if the solid area image potential is too high, the developability decreases since the forward biased electric field removes toner from the cloud which is required for the cascade collisional release of toner from the donor roll.
For a scavengeless system, AC fringe electric fields supplied by AC biased electrodes in close proximity with a toned donor enable non-interactive development since the toner in the cloud formed near the electrodes is not projected against the image with high kinetic energy. A peak AC voltage of typically 300 volts at a frequency of 4 to 6 kHz is applied between the self-spaced wires (typically 70 μm in diameter) and toned donor roll. A threshold voltage of ˜150 volts is required to detach the toner from the donor. The maximum peak voltage is limited to ˜400 volts by dielectric breakdown of the donor roll coating. Since the spacing between the wires and electrode structure is set by the toner layer thickness (˜25 μm), the peak electric field for toner detachment can be as high as 16 V/μm. Considering the width of the high field region and a typical donor speed of 25 to 75 cm/s, a toner particle is subjected to about 5 AC cycles.
The high AC electric field is able to detach the toner to form a cloud near the wires. Since the toner cloud is spaced from the image receiver, toner does not impinge on the receiver and scavenge previously deposited color toner. However, if the toner cloud is spaced too far away, the development of lines will be narrowed since the fringe fields at the edges of the lines do not reach into the toner cloud. To obtain line development fidelity, it is important to bring the toner cloud as close as possible to the image receiver without a strong scavenging interaction (for situations where there is a previously toned image). To accomplish this, one could either reduce the gap or increase the cloud height. The gap reduction approach has limitations since present manufacturing and machine setup tolerances require gaps >200 μm. In connection with increasing the cloud height, it is noted that if the height of the toner cloud is proportional to the amplitude of toner particle motion due to an applied AC electric field, one expects the height to be proportional to the toner charge-to-mass ratio and peak electric field and inversely proportional to the frequency squared. Since the ranges of the toner charge and peak electric field are limited, a reduction in the frequency is an effective way of increasing the cloud height. However, lower frequencies reduce the developability since toner is subjected to fewer AC cycles which decreases the amount of toner in the cloud.
To control the developability of lines and the degree of interaction between the toner and receiver, an independent method for positioning the toner cloud relative to the receiver is herein contemplated. In accordance with the present invention, the combination of an AC voltage on the donor roll with an AC voltage between the wires (or other fringe electric field structures) and donor roll enables efficient detachment of toner from the donor to form a toner cloud and positioning of one end of the cloud in close proximity to the image receiver for optimum development of lines and solid areas without scavenging a previously toned image. The optimum AC frequencies, amplitudes and phase relationship will depend on the toner material, donor coating and gap. (An out-of-phase relationship decreases the AC electric field between the wires and receiver whereas an in-phase relationship will increase the AC field). The optimum DC voltage between the wire and donor should be between 0 and the surface potential of the toned donor which is typically 25 to 50 volts for positively charged toner. The optimum DC voltage between the donor and ground is set by the requirement to minimize background and maximize image density. Although separate AC/DC voltage supplies are illustrated in FIG. 3, only one AC and one DC power supply might be sufficient for some optimizations.
By controlling the height of the toner cloud with the AC voltage between the receiver and donor/electrode assembly, one can vary the range of spatial frequencies in the electrostatic image that are developed. For multiple colored development of lines, the toner cloud height for each colored development unit can be adjusted so that each color falls on top of the other even though the toned electrostatic image changes with each development. On the other hand, a color surround to an image can be made by appropriate adjustment of the toner cloud height for each colored development unit.
A sheet of support material 58 (FIG. 2) is moved into contact with the toner image at transfer station D. The sheet of support material is advanced to transfer station D by conventional sheet feeding apparatus, not shown. Preferably, the sheet feeding apparatus includes a feed roll contacting the uppermost sheet of a stack copy sheets. Feed rolls rotate so as to advance the uppermost sheet from stack into a chute which directs the advancing sheet of support material into contact with photoconductive surface of belt 10 in a timed sequence so that the toner powder image developed thereon contacts the advancing sheet of support material at transfer station D.
Because the composite image developed on the photoreceptor consists of both positive and negative toner, a positive pre-transfer corona discharge member 56 is provided to condition the toner for effective transfer to a substrate using negative corona discharge.
Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 60 which sprays ions of a suitable polarity onto the backside of sheet 58. This attracts the charged toner powder images from the belt 10 to sheet 58. After transfer, the sheet continues to move, in the direction of arrow 62, onto a conveyor (not shown) which advances the sheet to fusing station E.
Fusing station E includes a fuser assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral 64, which permanently affixes the transferred powder image to sheet 58. Preferably, fuser assembly 64 comprises a heated fuser roller 66 and a backup roller 68. Sheet 58 passes between fuser roller 66 and backup roller 68 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller 66. In this manner, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to sheet 58. After fusing, a chute, not shown, guides the advancing sheet 58 to a catch tray, also not shown, for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator.
After the sheet of support material is separated from photoconductive surface of belt 10, the residual toner particles carried by the non-image areas on the photoconductive surface are removed therefrom. These particles are removed at cleaning station F. A magnetic brush cleaner housing 82 is disposed at the cleaner station F. The cleaner apparatus comprises a conventional magnetic brush roll structure for causing carrier particles in the cleaner housing to form a brush-like orientation relative to the roll structure and the charge retentive surface. It also includes a pair of detoning rolls for removing the residual toner from the brush.
Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp (not shown) floods the photoconductive surface with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining prior to the charging thereof for the successive imaging cycle.
The dual AC voltage invention disclosed was evaluated utilizing test equipment operating in a DAD mode at a process speed of 4.7 ips with a VDDP of -450 volts and maximum development potential of 350 volts. The second AC voltage was derived from a single square wave generator (500 volts peak) by using a resistor dividing network. The AC between the wires and donor was kept constant at 270 volts peak as the donor AC was varied. Since the development curves are strongly dependent on the AC voltages, sets of copies were obtained with different DC biases applied to the donor/wires assembly for each donor AC voltage setting.
Measurements of the line widths and peak optical densities of copies made with a test target were obtained on a Zeiss microdensitometer. Data for line widths versus donor AC voltage are depicted in FIG. 4. Data for a high input density line of width 473 μm are indicated by the solid lines. A low input density line of width 433 μm is denoted by the dashed lines. For each set of input lines, the upper data represents the line width obtained with 0 volts of background latitude. The middle and lower lines represent 25 and 50 volts of background latitude, respectively. The standard scavengeless development operating point corresponds to 0 donor AC volts. For an increasing donor AC voltage for which the AC is in phase with the wires AC (right hand side of FIG. 4), the line width is not strongly dependent on the donor AC. But for increasing donor AC when the AC is out of phase with the wires (left hand side of FIG. 1), the dependence of the line width on the donor AC is much greater. For a donor AC of 500 volts, the line width of the high and low density lines are significantly greater than the standard case. Extrapolation of the present curves to a higher donor AC implies further line width improvement, particularly for the low density line. The maximum donor AC will be limited by air breakdown. It is clear from FIG. 4 that the dual AC voltage condition of the donor AC being out of phase with the wires AC provides improved development of lines.
The cleaning potential at background threshold depends on the donor AC voltage as shown in FIG. 5. When the wires AC is in phase with the donor AC, a much higher cleaning potential is required to suppress the toner space charge electric field. When the donor AC is out of phase with the wires AC, the dependence of cleaning potential on donor AC is less since the electric field above the donor near the wires is lower.
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Niger Delta Panel News and Resources
Stakeholders meet on the IUCN Niger Delta Panel Report in Port Harcourt, 9 April 2014
A Stakeholders Meeting to discuss the IUCN Niger Delta Panel Report was held at the Hotel Presidential in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, on 9 April, 2014. Facilitated by Professor Chinedum Nwajuba, Executive Director of the Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST), the meeting was attended by 150 people, including representatives of NGOs, community groups, government agencies, media and local businesses, as well as community members from Ogoniland and other areas. The principal objectives were to communicate the work and recommendations of the Panel to the stakeholders, including the Ogoniland communities, and to respond to their queries and concerns.
Niger Delta Panel Meeting in Lagos, 24-27 February 2014
The IUCN Niger Delta Panel held its eighth meeting at the Eko Hotel and Suites, Lagos, Nigeria, from 24-27 February, 2014. The meeting was chaired by Dr Uzo Egbuche, who presented the Panel's work plan for 2014 and specific activities, such as developing a strategy for best practice in safeguarding biodiversity and producing recommendations for community engagement.
Niger Delta Panel Meeting in Lagos, 2-5 September 2013
The IUCN Niger Delta Panel held its sixth and seventh meetings, as one combined meeting, at the Radisson Blu Hotel, Lagos, Nigeria, from 2-5 September, 2013. The meeting was chaired by Dr Uzo Egbuche. Two new participants, Stephen Edwards and Ocholi Seidu, from IUCN and NEST respectively, were present at the meeting. There were four main objectives for this meeting, namely to: develop a plan to finalize the Panel's outputs for 2013; review and discuss the results from the Nembe work area; define monitoring protocol(s) and site plans; and, produce a draft work plan and budget for 2014.
Full Niger Delta Panel Report Published
This week sees the release of the IUCN Niger Delta Panel's full report generated during their first year of work. The report presents a detailed set of recommendations for appropriate techniques for addressing oil spills in specific ecozones of the region. It focuses on the first two of the objectives set out for the Panel, namely to 'develop and provide standards and best practice guidance on remediation and rehabilitation' and 'encourage uptake of the guidance by SPDC and others'.
The report sets out the Panel's overall strategy for sustainable remediation of oil spills in the Niger Delta and lays a framework for the other two objectives of the Panel's work: to 'develop a strategy to safeguard the Niger Delta's remaining areas of biodiversity' and 'build capacity with local Nigerian organizations'. Now that robust science-based standards, guidelines and best practices have been identified, SPDC can soon start on the planned set of field pilots. The panel will put together long-term indicators to assess SPDC's implementation of these recommendations.
The Panel is meeting in September to commence consideration of the remaining objectives and to ascertain when field pilots can start and when the Panel can then begin monitoring the implementation of its recommendations.
Niger Delta Panel Report Annexes now available
Following the publication of the Niger Delta Panel report in September 2013, the finalized annexes are now beginning to be rolled out.
The following annexes are now available:
Annex Ia - Kolo Creek Biophysical Report
Annex Ib - Imiringi: Social & public health Report
Annex Ic - Soku Biophysical Report
Annex Id - Soku: Social & public health report
Annex Ie - Oguta Biophysical Report
Annex If - Oguta: Social & public health Report
Annex Ig - Nembe Biophysical Report
Annex II - Institutional Policy and Legislative Context
Annex III - International Standards inc Biodiversity Biophysical Social Parameters
Annex IV - Recommended New Remediation and Rehabilitation Methodologies and Protocols
Annex V - Outline & key points for field -level trials
Niger Delta Panel Report
The IUCN Independent Advisory Panel on Remediation and Rehabilitation of Biodiversity and Habitats of Oil Spill Sites in the Niger Delta Panel has delivered its initial report and recommendations to the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd (SPDC). The handover of the report and recommendations took place at a simple ceremony with Shell Nigeria senior management and SPDC operational and environmental managers in the Shell offices in Lagos on 17th January. IUCN was represented by Wale Adeleke from the PACO regional office.
The report and recommendations follow 10 months of the Panel's exploratory work and field assessments some of the company's oil spill impacted sites across the four broad ecotypes of the Niger Delta. Click here for the executive summary of the report. The contents of the full report will be made available in due course.
SPDC will now review the recommendations and start to revise their implementation programme on selected pilot sites as soon as possible. The Panel will visit the pilot sites with SPDC in September 2013 to start the Panel's monitoring programme of SPDC's implementation. By the end of 2014 the Panel will provide its final assessment on the efficiency of SPDC's implementation and the efficacy of the recommendations. The Panel will provide any relevant modifications to the recommendations at that stage and propose a further monitoring programme to be undertaken by a third party for a further seven years for SPDC to be able to gauge the success of the rehabilitation of biodiversity and livelihoods on these oil spill impacted sites.
Niger Delta Panel – Third Meeting in Lagos
The IUCN Niger Delta Panel held its third meeting at the Eko Hotel, Lagos, Nigeria, from 19 – 21 November, 2012. Matters considered at this meeting included stakeholders' expectations of the Panel's tasks, points arising from Panel's second meeting, assessments of results from fieldwork conducted in September, a review of outcome success matrix, the generation of a draft recommendation framework, and the need for community engagement in remediation techniques.
Niger Delta Panel begins field visits at Imiringi community near Kolo Creek Flow Station
In early October the Niger Delta Panel conducted the first of its visits to oil spill affected areas in each of four ecotypes in the Niger Delta – lowland forests; freshwater creeks; mangroves; and barrier islands. The Imiringi community is located in one of the oldest oil producing areas in the Niger Delta in the vicinity of Oloibiri flow station where oil was found in 1956.
Discussion Group at IUCN World Conservation Forum
IUCN's Business and Biodiversity Programme (BBP) organised a discussion group session about IUCN's Independent Advisory Panel on remediation and rehabilitation of biodiversity and habitats of oil spill sites in the Niger Delta at the World Conservation Forum held at Jeju, Korea.
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Obituary to Prof Alex Chuks Chindah
The IUCN Independent Advisory Panel on the Remediation and Rehabilitation of Biodiversity and Habitats of Oil Spill Sites in the Niger Delta is deeply saddened at the passing of esteemed colleague and friend, Prof Alex Chuks Chindah. Prof Chindah died peacefully at his home in Port Harcourt Nigeria, on 21st August 2012, after a short illness.
Prof Chindah was the expert on Oil Spill Remediation and Hydrocarbon Pollution on the Panel. He was an amiable and deeply knowledgeable scientist whose insightful contributions to the Panel's work and the preparations for the field work were greatly admired and appreciated by all in the short time he served on the Panel. He had also held the chair of Pollution Studies at the Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
New Chair of the IUCN Independent Advisory Panel on Remediation and Rehabilitation of Biodiversity and Habitats of Oil Spill Sites in the Niger Delta
After the tragic loss of our esteemed colleague, friend, and Chair of the IUCN Niger Delta Panel, Prof Emmanuel Obot, in June in the terrible air crash near Lagos, Nigeria, there was an urgent need for one of the Panel members to take on the role of Interim Chair of the Panel. After in-depth, internal consultation with the members of the Panel, Dr Uzo Egbuche agreed to stand in.
Niger Delta Panel meeting
The second meeting of the Niger Delta Panel (NDP-2), was held in Eko Hotel & Suites, Lagos, Nigeria, from Monday 30th July to Wednesday 1st August 2012, chaired by Dr Uzo Egbuche (chair ad. interim.) due to demise of the chairman, Professor Emmanuel Obot in the air crash in Lagos in June. Deric Quaile of IUCN facilitated the meeting preparations and logistics; Chris Ichite of NEST served as meeting Rapporteur.
Niger Delta Inaugural Meeting
The inaugural meeting of the Independent Advisory Panel for the Niger Delta (referred to as the Niger Delta Panel) was held at IUCN Headquarters, Gland, Switzerland, from 11-13 April 2012. The meeting was chaired by Professor Emmanuel Obot from Nigeria who is also chair of the SEAPRISE Theme (Social and Environmental Accountability of the Private Sector) of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP).
A tribute to Professor Emmanuel Asuquo Obot
The IUCN community is deeply saddened by the sudden loss of our colleague and friend Professor Emmanuel Asuquo Obot who died tragically on Sunday 3 June 2012 in the plane crash in Lagos, Nigeria. Professor Obot was the Executive Director of the Nigerian Conservation Foundation, an IUCN Member organization, a Steering Committee member of the Commission on Environmental Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) and Chair of the CEESP Theme on Social and Environmental Accountability of the Private Sector (SEAPRISE).
IUCN Panel to provide recommendations to help restore the Niger Delta
IUCN has recently established an Independent Advisory Panel that will provide scientific recommendations to the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd (SPDC), to help restore the biodiversity of its oil spill sites in the Niger Delta.
Independent Panel to advise on rehabilitation and remediation of oil spill sites in the Niger Delta
The deadline for submissions to the Independent Panel on the Niger Delta has been extended until Thursday 22 December 2011.
Following extensive consultations with its Members and other stakeholders in Nigeria, IUCN has agreed in principle with the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) to establish an Independent Advisory Panel to advise on improved rehabilitation and remediation of oil spill sites in the Niger Delta. Oil spills are a critical concern for both people and nature in the Niger Delta, an important wetland comprising a number of sensitive ecosystems with high levels of biodiversity.
Learn more

subset: commoncrawl


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New York, February 27, 2013 -- NYSE MKT (formerly known as NYSE Amex) today reported short interest as of the close of business on the settlement date of February 15, 2013.
Based on information received from member and non-member organizations, short interest increased to 397,992,614 shares from 392,445,122 (revised) on January 31, 2013.
This reflects short interest reported by all broker-dealers (not only NYSE MKT member firms) in NYSE MKT-listed securities. A short position of 5,000 or more shares existed in 308 issues. Some short position was shown in 452 issues.
This short interest report was compiled by NYSE Amex on the basis on information obtained from its member and non-member organizations covering all securities traded on the Exchange in both round and odd-lots.
A short sale is any sale of a security that the seller does not own or any sale that is completed by the delivery of a borrowed security.
Today's short interest report and preceding reports are shown below:


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The confrontations between police and demonstrators at the Stonewall Inn in New York City the weekend of June 27-29, 1969 mark the beginning of the modern glbtq movement for equal rights.
Formed soon after the Stonewall Riots of 1969, the short-lived but influential Gay Liberation Front brought a new militancy to the movement that became known as gay liberation.
The sexual revolution of post-World War II America changed sexual and gender roles profoundly.
"Leather" is a blanket term for a large array of sexual preferences, identities, relationship structures, and social organizations loosely tied together by the thread of what is conventionally understood as sadomasochistic sex.
Although best known for her crusade for women's suffrage, Susan B. Anthony spoke out on a range of feminist issues.
With reports from hundreds of sub-Saharan African locales of male-male sexual relations and from about fifty of female-female sexual relations, it is clear that same-sex sexual relations existed in traditional African societies, though varying in forms and in the degree of public acceptance
Androgyny, a psychological blending of gender traits, has long been embraced by strong women, soft men, members of queer communities, and others who do not easily fit into traditionally defined gender categories.
A cultural crossroads between Asia and Europe, Russia has a long, rich, and often violent heritage of varied influences and stark confrontations in regard to its patterns of same-sex love.
Leon Panetta.
On February 11, 2013, outgoing Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta announced the extension of benefits previously unavailable to gay and lesbian servicemembers and their families. In a memorandum addressed to the secretaries of the military branches, Secretary Panetta said, "Today our military leaders are ensuring that America's sons and daughters who volunteer to serve our Nation in uniform are treated with equal dignity and respect, regardless of their sexual orientation. Our work must now expand to changing our policies and practices to ensure fairness and equal treatment and to taking care of all our servicemembers and their families, to the extent allowable under law."
In a separate statement, Panetta said that "At the time of repeal [of Don't Ask, Don't Tell], I committed to reviewing benefits that had not previously been available to same-sex partners based on existing law and policy. It is a matter of fundamental equity that we provide similar benefits to all of those men and women in uniform who serve their country. The department already provides a group of benefits that are member-designated. Today, I am pleased to announce that after a thorough and deliberate review, the department will extend additional benefits to same-sex partners of service members."
He added, "One of the legal limitations to providing all benefits at this time is the Defense of Marriage Act, which is still the law of the land. There are certain benefits that can only be provided to spouses as defined by that law, which is now being reviewed by the United States Supreme Court. While it will not change during my tenure as secretary of defense, I foresee a time when the law will allow the department to grant full benefits to service members and their dependents, irrespective of sexual orientation. Until then, the department will continue to comply with current law while doing all we can to take care of all soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines, and their families."
Among the benefits that Panetta's action confers to the families of gay and lesbian servicemembers are military ID cards for spouses, commissary privileges, Exchange privileges, joint duty assignments, travel support, emergency leave, some death and survivor benefits, child care, legal assistance, and access to support programs for military families.
The new benefits will be made available "as expeditiously as possible" but no later than October 1, 2013.
Allyson Robinson, executive director of OutServe-SLDN, issued a statement praising Panetta for his action, while also pointing out that it has been a long time coming and does not include "the larger issues of health care, housing, and survivors' benefits restricted by DOMA."
"Secretary Panetta's decision today answers the call President Obama issued in his inaugural address to complete our nation's journey toward equality, acknowledging the equal service and equal sacrifice of our gay and lesbian service members and their families. We thank him for getting us a few steps closer to full equality--steps that will substantively improve the quality of life of gay and lesbian military families," said Robinson.
Robinson also called attention to the death on February 10, 2013 of Chief Warrant Officer Charlie Morgan who fought for equal treatment of her family.
"In light of Charlie Morgan's untimely passing and the Pentagon's long-awaited move toward equal treatment, the harm DOMA inflicts on gay and lesbian service members and their families, and on the strength of our military, could not be clearer. I hope our Supreme Court Justices are watching as these events unfold, and that they see that striking down DOMA is the only way this unjust and untenable situation can be rectified. The forces that defend 'liberty and justice for all' must be freed to embody that principle as well, and our nation must be allowed to offer our LGBT troops and their families the respect and support that their sacrifice is due," said Robinson.
In reaction to Panetta's action, the Human Rights Campaign issued the following statement: "Today, the Pentagon took a historic step forward toward righting the wrong of inequality in our armed forces, but there is still more work to be done. Gay and lesbian service members and their families make sacrifices every day, and this country owes them every measure of support we can provide. Since the repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,' the Obama administration has shown true leadership on this issue. But even today, the discriminatory Defense of Marriage Act makes inequality for gay and lesbian military families a legal requirement. It's time to right this wrong. When the Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of DOMA in the coming weeks, they should take note of the real harm this law inflicts every day."
Panetta's memorandum, which may be accessed below, lists "member-designated" benefits as well as the additional benefits for same-sex partners. The memorandum also includes a domestic partnership document that may be executed by servicemembers and their partners.
In the video below, President Obama pays tribute to Secretary of Defense Panetta.
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Christopher Mittleman, Managing Partner and Chief Investment Officer, Mittleman Brothers, LLC
Christopher Mittleman: Mittleman Brothers is an SEC-registered investment advisor founded in December of 2005. We pursue superior performance by concentrating our approach; seeking out the 15 to 20 best values that we can find anywhere in the world. We're totally agnostic as to the market capitalization size or domicile of the company. So, generally speaking, it's a "go anywhere" strategy. And even though we've tended to be small cap biased, it's simply because that's where we have found the best opportunities. About 40% of our portfolio holdings on average have been foreign companies.
Ours is a sincerely value-oriented strategy. Meaning that we're most sensitive to the valuation when we are making investments. The critical thing is to make sure that we're not overpaying.
Wally Forbes: When you get into the specific recommendations, would you be sure that they trade either on the U.S. exchanges or have ADRs.
Mittleman: Oh sure. Even though we do have 40 plus percent overseas, some of them are ADRs so I can mention at least one or two of those.
Our approach is to focus on free cash flow, which is the key determinant of intrinsic value for us. We focus on the cash-on-cash return that we can get from these investments if we were to buy the whole company. Now, we're not doing that, of course, but we think like we are.
We're taking a private equity mentality and applying it to public equity investing in a way that benefits our clients because instead of paying a control premium to buy out these companies in their entirety, we're actually paying a very discounted valuation.
Obviously we don't get the benefits of control. But it's sometimes questionable as to what those benefits really are when you look at how private equity performs over the long term. Private equity is the best performing alternative asset class out there over the last ten years or so with a 12% per year internal rate of return for the average private equity buy-out fund.
We've done just over 23%, net of fees, a year during the past eleven years and three months ended March 31, 2014. I think that's partly because we are going after the same companies, but buying into them at vastly lower valuations. And we actually find that we end up selling many of our investments to private equity firms when they come around to see the value and they usually pay a lot more than what we paid.
So this has been the strategy that I have employed literally since the early '90s. Many of the clients that became the foundation of Mittleman Brothers, when we formed the firm in 2005, were with me in the early '90s when I was at Paine Webber/UBS. So we've got client relationships that go back over 23 years. And that's a great aspect of the firm.
Forbes: Sounds good.
Mittleman: I want to get to some ideas to give to your readers. I'll start out with an ADR in a firm that we've been long now for just over two-and-a-half years — and have made almost no money. So that should be satisfying to some of your readers to take advantage of our misery. This is a bank holding company in South Korea named KB Financial Group (NYSE: KB), which owns Kookmin Bank, the largest retail banking business in South Korea.
They've had some scandals recently: fraudulent loans made by a branch office in Tokyo, client credit card data security breaches, and in 2008 they invested $887 million in a bank in Kazakhstan that they then had to write off completely. The bank has not been particularly well run and they've gone through a couple of CEOs in the past five years.
But we think that's overly discounted in the stock price. The stock price today is about $35. In terms of market cap, that's about $13.4 billion. Dividend yield is very small at about 1.4%. But it could get much bigger because they're distributing a very low percentage of their earnings. It could easily be double that, and it wouldn't be a problem. This bank is highly capitalized. Their Tier 1 capital ratio is 12.8%. That's very high. Even under the most stringent Basel III banking rules the minimum requirements won't be higher than 10.5% even in 2019 when they get to their maximum level.
So this bank has got a lot of excess capital. They're trying to get that excess capital to work by investing in other business lines like brokerage firms. They're trying to buy an insurance company right now that a competitor is selling. So they've suffered from a low return on equity (ROE) because they have too much capital on the balance sheet that's not working. The ROE recently is only 6.2%. But the price is just too low relative to their potential, and relative to their near-term outlook.
Forbes: You said they've had a lot of problems with management and other weaknesses. But I assume you have some confidence in the current management?
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The Califone PA159-H Portable Wireless Presentation Pro is a portable amplifier / speaker with a wireless UHF receiver built-in, and a bodypack transmitter with headworn microphone. The combination enables wireless, hands-free microphone and PA operation for presentations, speeches, sermons, education and more. The PA159 amplifier features 15 watts of power, auxiliary line inputs, volume and tone controls.
The wireless UHF receiver operates over the 900MHz bandwidth, and 16 channels make it easy to find a clear channel. The combination of the M319 bodypack transmitter and HBM319 headworn microphone provides a comfortable hands-free way to address your audience. The bodypack transmitter is battery operated, lightweight and features a belt-clip.
- Ideal for mobile presenters, classroom and athletic uses
- Lightweight with built-in handle for easy mobility
- Green, red and amber LEDs on front give visual confirmation of power, signal and reception
- Rechargeable 12V sealed lead-acid battery
- Separate bass, treble controls for quality sound
- Aux in and line inputs connect with LCD projectors, multimedia players, computers and whiteboards
- CE/C-UL approved safe for school, church, government uses
- Includes the M319 bodypack transmitter and HBM319 headset microphone. The Q319 handheld transmitter is optional
- Includes volume / mute remote control (not shown)
M319 Beltpack Transmitter
- Flexibility and comfort are just two features with these wireless combinations. This wireless belt pack transmitter works with hands-free mics for flexible and effortless presentations.
- Transmits to PA159 and PL-19 amplifiers
- 16 selectable channels
- Hands-free with CM319, HBM319, LM319
HBM-319 Headset Microphone
- Adjustable boom for optimal placement
- Designed to work with the M319 Belt Pack Transmitter
C300 Soft Carry Case
- Full-access dual zipper on top for convenient access
- Rugged Cordura Nylon with built-in handles


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Plymouth Memorial Hall
83 Court St. (rt. 3a), Plymouth, MA 02360
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1400-seat performing arts center hosts concerts and lectures.
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- Amenities: Accessible Facilities
5 Ways to Enjoy the Boston Harbor in Summer
While winter tends to keep most Bostonians off the water, the onset of summer brings...
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GPU Technology Conference Agenda
Nvidia has added new sessions to the agenda of the GPU Technology Conference. If you attend this conference, and I am seriously thinking about doing so, then you will be able to interface with scientists, researchers and visualization experts who use GPGPU in their work and research.
One of the people I would like to meet is Mark Cheung. He is using GPUs to analyze the large amount of data coming off the Solar Dynamics Observatory, which we have covered here at VizWorld. The following is the abstract from his talk that he will be giving at the GPU Technology Conference.
Learn how GPU computing is enabling astrophysicists in the study of our closest star. NASA's recently launched Solar Dynamics Observatory is continuously streaming full-disk images of the Sun at visible, UV and EUV wavelengths. The data rate from the telescopes onboard the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instruments, each delivering a 16-megapixel image every few seconds, amounts to 1.5 TB per day. This presentation will discuss ways that GPU computing is helping scientists cope with the analysis of such immense data volumes as well as in numerical modeling of the Sun.Another talk that I am very interested in will be given by Dale Southard. He will be talking about the second fastest High Performance Computer on the planet. The Chinese supercomputer, called Nebulae, is built with Intel X5650 processors and NVidia Tesla C2050 GPUs. When you look at the peak performance of Nebulae, it is the fastest system in the world. Its theoretical peak performance is 2.98 PFlop/s. However, when you use Linpack, the performance comes in at 1.271 PFlop/s which gives it the number 2 position.
Learn what to expect when deploying PetaFLOP or larger systems. The June 2010 list of the Top 500 computer systems featured the first GPU based cluster to exceed 1 PetaFLOP of foating point power ' a system that was built in a fraction of the time and cost a CPU-only system of that performance would have required. An overview of how system builders and administrators should prepare for large-scale HPC deployments.via : GPU Technology Conference Agenda
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Hartlepool Things to Do
Museum of Hartlepool
This is a superb exhibit. We visited in November on a cold and sunny day with hardly anybody around. It was perfect to see all the aspects of the ship and shops without tripping over people. The very best part was being able to play pirates and pretend that you were in the Navy. The organisers carried it on a lot further and had costumes, dresses...more
One of the many things to do in Hartlepool is to walk along "The Headland Story Trail".This is a pleasant walk that takes you along by the seaside and shows with different information stops the local history surrounding this once so important Harbour and Sea port..Also it is just so nice to have the fresh sea air in your nostrils with the sounds of...more
Unfortunately our trip was short and for a family party but I did enjoy the walk along Seaton Carew. Well worth the effort. I live inland and never see the sea. People said it would do me good and it did. The view across the bay is great. Soory I didn't get round Hartlepool much but will update on our next (longer) visit.more
HMS Trincomallee
Definitely the main attraction at the Historic Quay. You have to pay entry for the Historic Quay then pay again for the Trincomalee (because she's owned by a separate Trust), but if you're going to the Quay, it's well worth the extra.The HMS Trincomalee was built for the Royal Navy in 1817, but just missed the Napoleonic Wars. It spent several...more
Historic Quay
The historic quay is a replica of a quay from the Napoleonic era. There is a tour which runs on the hour lasting about 20 minutes through an exhibition giving an idea to life on board a ship of the time and various little places you can go into including a gunsmith's and naval architects office.On the same site, there is also a free museum of...more
Hartlepool Marina
The Marina has been developed over the past few years and is now home to many restaurants, shops, cafes and bars.The selection of restaurants is immense and you can choose from:Thai (Thai Harbour)Middle Eastern (Krimos)Chinese (The Lotus Garden)Italian (Tabarrinis)Indian (Spices)Also there are retail outlets such as TK Maxx, Next, Boots, Currys and...more
HMS Trincomalee
The centrepiece of The Historic Quay is HMS Trincomalee. A frigate of the British Navy she was restired by apprentices at Hartlepool and is now permenently docked in the Historic Quay.Entry to the Trincomalee is seperate to the Historic Quay, and you can visit it alone or with the Historic Quay. Ask at reception.more
Historic Quay (I)
Hartlepool Historic Quay is a replica of a working naval quay from the times of the Napoleonic Wars. It contains exhibits pertaining to the era and to the workings of the port, and this is done largely through having recreations of the various buildings that you would find there, such as the chandlers.more
Hartlepool Hotels
Premier Inn Hartlepool
Staff are excellent and very helpful. This is a low budget hotel which is clean and tidy. I found...more
Hardwicke Hall Manor Hotel
Hesleden Road, Hartlepool, TS27 4PA, United Kingdom
Satisfaction: Very Good
Good for: Solo
Hillcarter Hotel
31-32 Church St., Hartlepool, TS24 7DH, United Kingdom
Satisfaction: Very Good
Good for: Couples
Hartlepool Restaurants
Quayside Coffee Shop
I liked the presentation and ambience of this Coffee Shop. It looks cosy and there are interesting things to see on the walls and to examine. I like the old cooking ranges and the way they have been lit up to look like a real fire. Once again, the staff are very helpful and cheerful.They continue the Pirate theme with the menu choices (see picture)...more
Brewers Fayre
OPENING TIMES: Mon - Fri: 07:00 - 24:00 Sat: 07:00 - 24:00 Sun: 07:00 - 23:00AVG. PRICE: Lunch: £10.00 Dinner: £18.00Fixed Lunch: £10 (2 main dishes), Mon - FriFixed Dinner: £10 (2 main dishes), Mon - Fri, pre 6.30 pm Before I start, please let me say that the staff are fantastic, the service is second to none and the ladies really care about...more
dont go to this restraunt
We arrived my wife and i on may bank holiday the night of the european cup final, to avoid the crowds we entered the restraunt only 2 other people were in there, the menus came we ordered wine on selecting our wine we were given a bottle already open , not in front of us it tasted watery so i asked why was the bottle already open no explanation. We...more
Wish it was down here!!!
Taken there last Friday by my fiance's relatives. Great intimate atmosphere and nice location (parked right outside). Open Kitchen and able to watch food prepared. They had a cheap menu on £10.95 3 courses with a glass of wine, but everyone was ordering the specials so I thought I would. Had the Game Terrine to start then followed with Homemade...more
Good If You're On A Diet
The restaurant is located on Hartlepool Marina, an excellent setting. The interior of the restaurant is spotlessly clean and is well rated by the cores on the doors food hygeine inspectorate. Part of the experience of the meal is that the food is cooked in front of you and the chef tries various ways of tossing the food! I wold recommend not...more
Avoid at all costs!
I went for a meal on 7/6/6 , the starters were OK - woodpigeon in port sauce, a little too sweet, my wife had mussels ,10 only, served on a large bed on vegetables, not very nice. For the main course, I had sea bass whichwas OK at best, but my wife had beef teriyaki which was so tough, it was inedible. The waitress said it was rib-eye, but the Chef...more
No Bush Here
The White House (no not George Bush's house) is our local and only a few minutes walk from Ward Jackson Park in Hartlepool. After you have fed the ducks and listened to a brass band in the Victorian bandstand come out of the Park main gates and stroll down to the next roundabout where you will find the White House. If you take the car there is...more
Eating out in Hartlepool
Living for many years in Hartlepool I am delighted with the progress that has been made by the council and other companies to develop the marina. It is a credit to the town. But today I have driven to the Marina, again plenty of parking, to visit one of my favourites restaraunts - Krimos. Now a great deal has been written about Krimos over the...more
Portofinos in Hartlepool
Great price, great food, cool decor with a meditteranian feell, just located on Hartlepool Marina and Historic Quay.Ran by Krimo, who ones the posher Kimo's also in Hartlepoolchek out the website, as it has loads of infor and menus (with prices on)more
Hartlepool Nightlife
It was the Grand hotel this time: Drag
Miss Trixie, what can I say I have seen him and he is so funny.
I was good friends with miss Trixie all through school it wasn't a shock when I found out he is a drag queen. At school he was Timothy Beckett.
I wasn't sure where to put this tip but if you see him working it will be a night out but it isn't a tip for a place.Related to:
- Gay and Lesbian
- Wine Tasting
- Beer Tasting
Hartlepool Transportation
Grand central
We normally fly to Gatwick it is quite cheap and fast but we found with the new Grand central train we could be in London in 3 hours and it was about the same cost as flying so we tried it out it was a lot faster because of all the hanging around in the airport and it was clean, spot on time and totally stress free, I won't fly again while this...more
Transporter bridge
This must be the most famous structures in Teesside it crosses the Tees from Middlesborough to Port Clarence just to the south of Hartlepool.My Dad used to take us across when we were kids.more
Hartlepool Hotels14 Hotels in Hartlepool
1 Reviews
Hartlepool Local Customs
Hartlepool is the only place I know that puts the but in the wrong part of a sentence I will write an example if you described a film you might say "the plot was a little predictable but it is still worth watching" in Hartlepool we would say "the plot was a little predictable it was still worth watching but" see what I mean when we speak we end...more
Monkey hangers
During the Napoleonic wars a ship sank off Hartlepool the only survivor was a monkey dressed as a Frenchman some people say because it was a traveling circus some because it was the ships mascot for whatever reason it was dressed like a Frenchman and naturally couldn't speak English so it was arrested for being a French spy. During the trial it hit...more
The Monkey Hangers
OK, this is a weird one.During the Napoleonic Wars a French ship was wrecked off the coast of Hartlepool. The townsfolk were wary that surviving French sailors might make their way ashore, but in fact the only survivor was the ships Monkey mascot. Unaware of quite what a Frenchman might look like, and obviously unable to get any answers out of the...more
Hartlepool What to Pack
Warm clothes
Clothing/Shoes/Weather Gear: Make sure you take something warm. My Fiance's cousin had us walking along the sea front at Seaton Carew at 8 am. Wind off the Sea, great view but freezing!
Photo Equipment: Don't forget your camera - I did!
Camping/Beach/Outdoor Gear: Nice Beach but see aboveRelated to:
- Family Travel
- Water Sports
Hartlepool Sports & Outdoors
Hartleppol United Football Club
If you're a football fan and want to go and watch a good game of football in a traditional ground (instead of a stadium!) then it is well worth a trip here. Hartlepool are a good League 1 side who have just missed out on promotion through the play-offs to the Championship. They used to be annual favourites for the league vote to avoid the drop oout...more
See "The Poolies"
Hartlepool United FC keep threatening to get promoted but never quite manage it. The last 3 years (up to 2002) they have made the play-offs but failed to win them This year (2002) they are riding high at the top of their league and barring some great disaster (such as their manager being poached and the new guy being an idiot) they should make it...more
Don't Forget Insurance
If your current health insurance doesn't cover you while your abroad, you should consider getting international travel insurance just in case something should go wrong.
Hartlepool Favorites
Festivals & Carnivals
Hartlepool has a biennial Maritime Festival (on the even numbered years). It's a really great weekend and we have a great time there - it's really a pity that it's not held every year. It was on in July this year, though I won't swear that it's on the same month every time.Later (in August) was the annual Carnival - this is more of the "travelling...more
HMS Trincomalee
The Trincomalee is itself the centrepiece of The Historic Quay museum, although it's run as a separate enterprise. It's a British frigate built originally in 1817 and restored in Hartlepool from 1987 onwards.To visit the quay AND the ship means two admission fees, though you can visit either of them seperately.(More in the "Must See" section)more
Instant Answers: Hartlepool
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text: The The Kroc Issue! wiki last edited by mshirley27 on 09/16/13 10:40PM View full history Because you demanded it, the wait is finally over – it's the all-Kroc issue! Ever wonder if you're doing things the right way or the wrong way? How about the Kroc way? This issue is filled with household, how-to, and cooking tips – the Kroc way! Don't worry, the Tiny Titans will be there, too!


text:
Article ID: 201310 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q201310
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
Advanced: Requires expert coding, interoperability, and multiuser skills.
On This Page
When you upsize a Microsoft Access database that has constraints, the constraints are not upsized.
After upsizing, re-create constraints in Microsoft SQL Server.
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed at the beginning of this article.
Steps to Reproduce ProblemThe following steps involve creating a new database containing a table with a CHECK constraint, upsizing it to SQL Server, creating a new Microsoft Access project in which to view the SQL Server database, and then, running a stored procedure that reveals that the constraint is not upsized:
For additional information about creating constraints in a Jet database, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
201888For additional information about using SQL DDL to create and drop tables and relationships, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/201888/EN-US/ )ACC2000: How to Create a Jet CHECK Constraint
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/209037/EN-US/ )ACC2000: Create and Drop Tables and Relationships Using SQL DDL
Article ID: 201310 - Last Review: October 11, 2013 - Revision: 2.1


text:
More Than Sacks Of Gold And Experience — A Complete History Of Minions In League Of Legends
They are the unsung heroes of the League. They ask no questions, they fight to the death, and they always push forward! They are minions and they are far more than just sacks of gold and experience!


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Classic Strategic RPGs6votes I like it
Heroes of Might and Magic®
Heroes of Might and Magic® 2: Gold
Heroes of Might and Magic® 3: Complete
Age of Wonders 2: The Wizard's Throne
Age of Wonders
Age of Wonders: Shadow Magic
Warlords Battlecry 3
Lords of Magic: Special Edition
Seven Kingdoms: Ancient Adversaries
Seven Kingdoms 2 HD
Treat your GOGmix as your child - name it! ;)
Coming up with a cool and descriptive title should be your first priority. Being original is in your best interest - bet you wanna get lots of nice votes, right? Go all crazy if you want, but be sure to keep it civil!
So, what are the ingredients?
Pick a game that belongs in your GOGmix from the list, or find it by typing something in the text field. Relevance is key here - Earthworm Jim doesn't quite fit the "Sexiest heroines of all time" bill now, does it?
Justify your choice... Or not!
OK, so it's not required, but now that you went through the trouble of adding a game, telling everyone why you did it would be a nice finishing touch. After you're done here, add another game, rinse, repeat.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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38 year old woman | Newport Beach, CA, USA | Seeking men 33-44 within 75 miles
Some Sugar, Some Spice......
I think I'm pretty funny, and sometimes I even crack myself up! I have good morals and values and I expect the same in my partner. Trust and loyalty are two very important attributes that I look for in someone. I also believe that it is imperative to have mutual respect for one another feeling's and to try and see things from their point of view. I'm pretty easy going...for the most part. I don't have an agenda or a timeline for a potential partner. I'm just kinda go with the flow and see what happens attitude. However, I have a few more weeks left of this membership and after that, I'm done with this site..... I also have 10 kids and am still trying to locate some of their dads. Just kidding- I wanted to see if you were even actually reading this part. However, I was previously married in my early twenties and have two kiddos. They are pretty cool and they make life so much more fun. I want a guy who has class, knows what chivalry means, can make me laugh, intelligent, confident, and has goals of his own. WHAT I'M NOT INTERESTED IN: Bro's, Biker guys, The gangtsa life, Old men with money and guys that look like they have a profile on Megan's Law. Also, if you find yourself at 1am in da club, fist pumping to DJ's....we won't be a good match either. Sorry if I don't respond to your emails. I'm not a snob, I promise! Lets just say you are a leprechaun on crack, and I respond to your email, Match will inundate me with emails that say "Since you interacted with a leprechaun on crack, we think you might like these other crackhead leprechauns too". Nooooooooooo
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Golf, Running, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
Simplicity and Spontaneity.
I believe you can have fun just about anywhere as long as you're with the right people. With that said..I enjoy wine tasting, exploring new places, catching a baseball game, dinning out, going to the beach, and spending time w/family-friends.
I'm in school right now, so mainly books pertaining to our conscious and subconscious mind. It is so interesting, I love it!
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'2" (157cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|I'll tell you later
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
I love my job, it allows to be social and meet new people everyday. Also, making my own schedule is really nice perk :-)
|I'll tell you later
|$75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Wants kids:
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|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
Latin with a hint of Irish.
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|I'll tell you later
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Finland Holds Annual Snow Swimming World Championship [VIDEO]
Finland, like Minnesota and Wisconsin, experiences cold winters with quite a bit of snow. During those cold winter months, we do our best to enjoy the weather and even laugh in the face of extreme cold with events like the Polar Bear Plunge. The folks in Finland have another plunging and swimming cold weather event sure to give you a shiver.


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The Democrats know that the removal of the filibuster will be used against them later on, but they had no choice if they wanted to get anything done in Obama's second term. Read More »
Home » Tag Archives: GOP
Tag Archives: GOP
The Party's Over
The Republican Party is dissolving before our eyes. Read More »
GOP Power Race Begins With Bobby Jindal
Bobby Jindal is already jockeying for the GOP crown, but is he really the right man for the job? Read More »
An Open Letter to Sarah Palin
Governor Palin's comments on voter fraud beg a few questions. Read More »
How the GOP Can Win
No, it's not all about courting Hispanics. Read More »
Election 2012: Referendum on Extremism
The American people have spoken. Read More »
A Letter to Delegates in Tampa
Changes in party rules in Tampa may end the GOP as we know it. Read More »
Paul Ryan, the Establishment's Idea of a Radical
Paul Ryan is like the pair of used socks your senile granny gave you at Christmas... Read More »
America's Number One Enemy, Indeed
Romney recently claimed Russia was America's "number one geopolitical foe." Was he right? Read More »
Should Doctors Be Able to Lie to Patients? Arizona Republicans Say "Yes!"
The great game of "I'm more conservative than you!" has reached a new low. Read More »


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Alamo Colleges Education Services is a secure portal connecting Faculty, Staff & Students to Academic Resources, Email, and other Online Resources.
Support Contacts Helpdesk (210) 486-5000
Lib Guides
Online Catalog
Off-Campus Access
Library Instruction
Distance Learning
Student Resources
Academic Calendar
Student Life
Campus Map
NLC has been awarded a "Bring Back the Monarchs" Grant Read More >
Through a grant from the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC), limited full scholarships are available for Summer Camps at NLC. Read More >
NLC and Judson ISD came together to share highlights and success stories of the year-long adopt-a-school initiative. Read More >
The League for Innovation recently recognized the Adopt-A-School Initiative for its ability to improve the ability of institutions to serve students and the community. Read More >
NLC joins Men of Color Consortium, the first of its kind dedicated to advancing Men of Color in Community Colleges Read More >
Northeast Lakeview College was recognized by the Live Oak Economic Development Corporation as the Best Educational Facility in the northeast San Antonio/Bexar County region. Read More >
The Bexar County Buffalo Soldiers Association hosted a display and presentation at NLC on February 19
Read More >
President Follins battled the overall winner during the Fall 2014 Table Top Tournament Read More >
To recognize and honor Veterans, NLC hosts Veterans Day Ceremony Read More >
Three Judson ISD schools are adopted by Northeast Lakeview College as the newest of the Alamo Colleges launches its Adopt-A-School initiative Read More >
NLC Hosted its 3rd and final Community Listening Session on October 2 for businesses and organizations in the Metrocom area Read More >
Karen Lynn Esteves is the recipient of the September 2014 La Prensa Foundation Student of the Month Scholarship. Read More >
NLC asks its Newest Nighthawks to take the "Commit to Complete" at its Fall 2014 New Student Convocation Read More >
A new Veteran IT cohort program designed to provide comprehensive software development training and an internship for recently discharged veterans and military spouses Read More >
Lakeview College Presents Cartooning Texas: One Hundred Years of Cartoon Art in
the Lone Star State
A panel discussion with cartoonist Andrew Cox
Thursday, March 20, 2014
9:30 am – Program and panel discussion
Reception immediately following
Northeast Lakeview College (1201 Kitty Hawk
Performing Arts Center
Guest panelist Andrew Cox, a student
from Appalachian State University, will discuss a day in the life of an
editorial cartoonist for a student newspaper, a place where many political
cartoonists get their starts. Dr. Jeff
Peppers, Professor of History, will discuss how political cartoons have been
used to persuade immigrants of limited English proficiency throughout history. Ms. Sabrina Hammel, Professor of Government,
will round out the panel with a discussion on how readers interpret cartoons,
both politically and socially. A
reception will follow the presentation.
Additionally, Cartooning Texas: One Hundred Years of
Cartoon Art in the Lone Star State,
an exhibition developed by Maury Forman and Robert A.
Calvert for the Center for Texas Studies at the University of North Texas
with support from Humanities Texas, the state affiliate of the National
Endowment for the Humanities will be on display in the college's performing
arts center from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Monday through Friday, through March 28.
The event and exhibit are free and open to the public.
Political cartoons in Texas
often focus on hotly contested, controversial and colorful political
campaigns. "Cartooning Texas" is both a cartoon history of
Texas politics and a history of political cartooning in Texas. It tells the story of one hundred years of
events in Texas from 1890 to 1990 in a form that is wonderfully visible and
precise. This exhibition serves as a compilation
of the visual commentaries of journalists about the issues and people most
important to Texans during the 100-year period.
The events are made possible with a
grant from Humanities Texas, the state affiliate of the National Endowment for
the Humanities. Humanities Texas
develops and supports diverse programs across the state, including lectures,
oral history projects, teacher institutes, traveling exhibitions and
documentary films. For more information, please visit Humanities Texas online
at http://www.humanitiestexas.org or call 512.440.1991.
1201 Kitty Hawk Rd. Universal City, Texas 78148 (210) 486-5000


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In this Grace Logo Tank, Zobha's logo elastic band runs along the back, creating a slight shirring effect for a fresh look. With a sexy scoop neck and t-back design, this flattering tank top takes you from studio to street.
Get an alert when we add new styles of Zobha! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Zobha is Sanskrit for 'grace, beauty, and brilliance' and it is those qualities that are showcased in all of Zobha's products. Zobha strives to create products that are functional, stylish, and high-quality. Their unwavering commitment to providing the best products has made them quickly popular among those that practice yoga and Pilates. Zobha's line of products includes a women's collection of loungewear, maternity, outerwear, and performance, and a men's collection of fitness apparel. They also offer accessories to enhance your workout. Zobha continues to create quality products that allow its customers to exercise in stylish comfort.


text:
Originally written on Gridiron Grit | Last updated 2/8/13
Dwight Freeney has spent each of his 11 NFL seasons with the Indianapolis Colts and the former 2002 first-round pick (No. 11 overall out of Syracuse) wants to cap off his career with the club. "It would be great to finish off my career as an Indianapolis Colt," Freeney told NFL.com's Austin Knoblauch on Thursday. "I've been there my whole career, and I don't know anything different. … Ideally, it would be great to stay there. But it is a business, so we'll see. "Right now, I'm just thinking about Indianapolis until they tell me otherwise." Photo Credit: Colts.com After 10 seasons lining up as a 4-3 defensive end, Freeney, 32, struggled to make the adjustment as an outside linebacker in the new 3-4 scheme. The lethal 6-1, 268-pound pass rusher became a liability in coverage and collected a career-low 12 tackles with just 5.0 sacks, which was also the fewest number of sacks from Freeney outside of 3.5 sacks in 2007 when he only played in nine games. The three-time All-Pro, seven-time...
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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. When Thor attempts to return to Asgard he finds his passage mystically blocked. But he does not have long to contemplate this as an agent of the Dark Gods descends upon the helpless mortals under his protection. But even with the Amazing Spider-Man by his side, can the Thunder God prevail against this new foe?