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Discover a selection of top forums hard were on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums hard were and meet other fans of hard were. Then, why don't you create your own forum of hard were ?
Rock Island is a forum for discussing rock, hard rock, heavy metal, Gothic, and many other types of music. We also discussed other topics such as sports, spirituality, entertainment, and many more.
heavy, metal, music, friends, sports, religion, spirituality, movies, entertainment, jokes, funny, pictures, videos, family, christianity, bible, baseball, basketball, football, discussion
Free forum : The year is 2020, over two decades of hard-won peace throughout the wizarding realm.
The official forums for Die-Hard Games and their products.
Free forum : Riders group and forum dedicated to the guys who ride hard and play hard with the Polaris RZR
free, southern, riders, group, forum, ride, #hard, play, polaris, side, nation, ranger, trail, riding, windrock, brimstone, coal, creek
Free forum : Go Hard LJS Network IS A EARN MONEY & ADVERTISEMENT NETWORK PROOF WE PAY / COMPANY UPDATES FORUM
Forum for all Croatian fans of the best band in the whole universe-Bon Jovi =) Forum za sve hrvatske fanove najboljeg benda u svemiru-Bon Jovija =)
free, forum, jovi, croatian, bongiovi, john, richie, sambora, david, bryan, tico, torres, rock, #hard, keep, faith, livin', prayer, medicine, hugh, mcdonald, jersey, croatia
master, puppets, group, here, have, battlestrue, family, #hard, core, check, out!!!!
MDPD CSI's work together to help solve even the most complicated crimes but with their skills and hard work, nothing will stop them from catching the toughest perps.
welcome, miami, mdpd, csi's, work, together, help, solve, even, most, complicated, crimes, with, their, skills, #hard, nothing, will, stop, them, from, catching, toughest, perps
Its hard to find parts for toyota coronas, so why not make a forum to support Toyota Coronas, and other oldschool toyotas
corona, toyota, corona's, forum, corolla, oldschool, find, parts, coronas, make, support, other, toyotas, 18-rc, 18rc, 18rg, 22re, 4age
Free forum : If You Like Metal / Hard Rock & Want Adult Conversation? Then Add Me To Your Favourites!Lets Talk!
free, full, metal, forum, like, #hard, rock, &, want, adult, conversation?, then, your, talk!
We are a multi-gaming clan that works and plays hard, but also knows that real life is priority. Come check us out.
silent, alliance, gaming, multi-gaming, clan, that, works, plays, #hard, also, knows, real, life, priority, come, check
This is the official forums for the Minecraft server, the Legend of Minecraft. Having a hard time beating that boss because he's never on? Think the server can improve? Are you curious if the chicken or Link came first? All can be answered here! !
legend, zelda, minecraft, recreation, arenas, official, forums, oracle, server, here, discuss, chat, with, other, users, about, many, differe
A simple Indy Dev company, devoted to hard work and effort of all team members so that we can produce amazing works.
free, forum, icebox, studios, simple, indy, company, devoted, #hard, work, effort, team, members, that, produce, amazing, works
Coming from someone who knows how hard it can be doing an AP class on your own, I give you a forum where you may discuss, help and comment on views/projects/homework.
jacobs, government, forum, coming, from, someone, knows, #hard, doing, class, your, give, where, discuss, help, comment
Urban Terror competitive clan
sniper, automatic, rifle, gaming, urban, terror, quake3, quake, game, first, person, shooter, fast, paced, competition, cool, friendly, #hard, core
Welcome to a new era of the Dragonball Universe, enter this world where you decide the fate of the planet the Z fighters worked so hard to defend!
dragonball, hiyoshi, welcome, universe, enter, this, world, where, decide, fate, planet, fighters, worked, #hard, defend!
Only Skill No Cheats


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New Mexico Couple Arrested For Locking A Girl With Disabilities In A Wooden Cage
A couple went to watch a movie with their three children while they left one at home locked inside of a wooden cage.
A couple went to watch a movie with their three children while they left one at home locked inside of a wooden cage.
Juan Garcia Perez,44, of Pampa was arrested by the Texas Department of Public Safety on January 19th for child pornography charges.
Lieutenant Terry Cox of the Gray Country Sheriff's office told ConnectAmarillo.com
Authorities in New Mexico say a teenage boy has fatally shot two adults and three children inside a suburban Albuquerque home.
As if losing in the NFC Championship game weren't bad enough, an unlucky Atlanta Falcons fan was stabbed by a San Francisco 49ers fan outside the Georgia Dome after the 49ers 28-24 victory on Sunday night.
A JCPenney in Vero Beach, Florida has been victimized by what the media is calling the Spanx Bandit.
What happened to that whole goodwill toward man thing?
Last Friday police in North Providence, Rhode Island were called by a woman who had spotted a group of teenagers damaging her mailbox. The cops quickly located the yellow sports car which had been at the crime scene and apprehended the suspects.
If you ever get a creepy feeling that the mannequins in the department store are watching you, you just might be right. Some fashion brands are now using mannequins equipped with technology used to identify criminals at airports to watch shoppers at their stores.
On Monday, news broke that an unnamed 24-year-old man had accused Kevin Clash, who is the creator and puppeteer of Elmo on 'Sesame Street,' of engaging in a sexual relationship with him when he was 16. Today, that man has recanted his allegations.
There are those days where we been in a rush to get somewhere either to work, a meeting, or you're on time deadline. How far would you go to be on time to your destination go though an alley to beat traffic, cut though a parking lot so you don't have to wait in traffic, now how about driving on a sidewalk so you don't have to wait on a school bus unloading children?
We don't want to ruin this ad, so we're not going to tell you what company it's for, or what it does. We'll only tell you that it's from Sweden and that it's a riff on Apple Store robberies that happen occasionally
Police were able to locate a suspect who threatened another man with a knife.

subset: commoncrawl


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A system and method are provided for processing network accounting information. A first network accounting record is received from a first source. Thereafter, the first network accounting record is correlated with accounting information available from a second source. The accounting information with which the first network accounting record is correlated is then used to enhance the first network accounting record.
1. A computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium for processing network accounting information comprising:
computer code for receiving from a first source a first network accounting record;
computer code for correlating the first network accounting record with accounting information available from a second source; and
computer code for using the accounting information with which the first network accounting record is correlated to enhance the first network accounting record.
2. The computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium of
3. The computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium of
4. The computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium of
5. The computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium of
computer code for receiving the second network accounting record from the second source.
6. The computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium of
computer code for providing the accounting information to the memory for storage.
7. A method of processing network accounting information comprising:
receiving from a first source a first network accounting record;
correlating the first network accounting record with accounting information available from a second source; and
using the accounting information with which the first network accounting record is correlated to enhance the first network accounting record.
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
receiving the second network accounting record from the second source.
12. The method of
providing the accounting information to the memory for storage.
13. A system for collecting data from network entities for a data consuming application, comprising:
a plurality of data collectors to receive information from the network entities and to produce records based on the information, each data collector in the plurality of data collectors being associated with and coupled to a different one of the network entities; and
an enhancement component that augments data in one of the records produced by one of the plurality of data collectors with data from a different one of the records produced by another of the plurality of data collectors.
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
a module coupled to the plurality of data collectors, the module receives the records produced by the plurality of data collectors for aggregation purposes, and wherein the enhancement component resides in the module.
18. A method for collecting data from network entities for a data consuming application having a policy, comprising:
receiving a first network record and a second network record, each associated with a different network entity and including data parameters of the associated different network entity;
determining that the first and the second network records are related;
determining from the policy that the first network activity is to be enhanced with one of the data parameters from the second network record; and
adding the one of the data parameters from the second network record to the first network record.
19. The method of
20. An apparatus for enhancing network accounting data records for an accounting data consuming application having a policy, the apparatus coupled to a plurality of data collectors, each data collector collecting data from a different network entity, comprising:
a memory device for storing accounting data records received from the plurality of data collectors;
wherein a new accounting data record is correlated with one of the stored accounting data records; and
an enhancement device, responsive to the policy, for augmenting the new accounting data record with data from one of the stored accounting data records with which the new accounting data record is correlated.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/442,876, filed Nov. 11, 1999, titled NETWORK ACCOUNTING AND BILLING SYSTEM AND METHOD, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,418,467.
The present application claims priority of a PCT application filed Nov. 20, 1998 under Ser. No. PCT/US98/24963, a first provisional patent application filed Nov. 20, 1997 under Ser. No. 60/066,898, and a second provisional patent application filed Nov. 19, 1998 under Ser. No. 60/109,095.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materials that are subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patents, files, or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of computer networks. In particular, the invention relates to accounting and billing for services in a computer network.
B. Description of the Related Art
The low cost of Internet connectivity and a wide range of services are driving and more people onto the Internet, which is driving the deployment of TCP/IP networks. This process has led to a new market of client-server applications that enables the user to interact with other users and computer systems around the world. The use of these applications is consuming more and more Intranet and Internet bandwidth.
New applications such as "voice over IP (Internet Protocol)" and streaming audio and video require even more bandwidth and a different quality of service than email, or other less real-time applications. Also, the type quality of service can vary according to the needs of the user. For example, typically, businesses do not tolerate unavailable network services as easily as consumers. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) therefore would like to price their available bandwidth according to a user's needs. For example, flat monthly pricing may be the best billing model for consumers, but businesses may want to be billed according to their used bandwidth at particular qualities of service.
As ISPs continue to differentiate themselves by providing additional services, enterprise information technology managers will face similar problems to account for the escalating Intranet operating costs.
Therefore, ISPs and enterprise information technology managers will want to account for session logging, bandwidth usage, directory data and application session information from a variety of sources.
Due to the diversity of IP data sources (e.g., routers, hubs etc.), the need for effect tracking far exceeds the problems addressed by telephone companies. Telephone companies track information such as circuit usage so it can be correlated with account information. For example, businesses may use leased lines, consumers may have "Friends and Family" plans, cellular phones have different roamer fees according to the location of the user, etc. Typically, the phone company captures all of the data and uses batch processing to aggregate the information into specific user accounts. For example, all the long distance calls made during a billing period are typically correlated with the Friends and Family list for each phone account at the end of a billing period for that account. This requires a significant amount of computing power. However, this type of problem is significantly simpler than attempting to track and bill for every transaction in an IP network. Therefore, what is desired is a system that allows for accounting and billing of transactions on EP based networks.
The problem is even more difficult in IP network traffic because the information sources can exist and many different levels of the OSI network model, throughout heterogeneous networks. Potential sources of information include packet use from routers, firewall authentication logging, email data, ISP session logging, and application layer use information. Therefore, what is desired is a system and method that track IP network usage information across multiple layers of the OSI network model.
A network accounting and billing system and method are described. In some embodiments, the system can access any network related information sources such as traffic statistics provided by routers and switching hubs as well as application server access logs. The information can be accumulated in a central database for creating auditing, accounting and billing reports. Alternatively, the information can be sent directly to other systems such as rating engines used in customer care and billing systems.
In one embodiment, network traffic information is captured at network information sources (examples of information sources include network devices). These sources provide detailed information about the network communications transactions at a network device. Importantly, different types of sources can provide different types of information. Gatherer devices gather the detailed information from the various information source devices and convert the information into standardized information. The gatherer devices can correlate the gathered information with account information for network transaction accounting. Manager devices manage the gatherer devices and store the gathered standardized information. The manager devices eliminate duplicate network information that may exist in the standardized information. The manager devices also consolidate the information. Importantly, the information stored by the manager devices represents the consolidated, account correlated, network transaction information used for billing. In addition to account information, transaction information can be correlated to other information such as geography information (e.g., the location of an accessed server) and/or transaction routing information (as may be used in peering agreements between Internet Service Providers). The system thereby provides a distributed network accounting and billing system.
In some embodiments, the gatherer devices can access sources through proxy gateways, firewalls, and/or address translation barriers.
In some embodiments, the gatherer devices can correlate the information about a specific transaction with a particular account by accessing the transaction's source and/or destination information. The source and/or destination information is then correlated with account information from an account information database.
The figures illustrate the invention by way of example. The invention is not meant to be limited to only those embodiments of shown in the Figures. The same reference in different figures indicates the same element is being used in those figures.
A. System Overview
One embodiment of the system includes a multi-source, multi-layer network usage metering and mediation solution that gives Network Service Providers (NSPs), including Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and enterprise network(Intranet) operators, the information needed to set the right-price for IP (Internet Protocol) services. With the system, the providers can generate accurate usage-based billing and implement usage-based charge-back models. The system derives IP session and transaction information, collected in real time, from a multitude of network elements. The system gathers, correlates, and transforms data from routers, switches, firewalls, authentication servers, LDAP, Web hosts, DNS, and other devices to create comprehensive usage and billing records.
The system transforms raw transaction data from network devices into useful billing records though policy-based filtering, aggregation, and merging. The result is a set of detail records (DRs). In some embodiments, the detail records are XaCCT Detail Records (XDRs™) available from XaCCT Technologies. DRs are somewhat similar in concept to the telephony industry's Call Detail Records (CDRs). Thus, DRs can be easily integrated with existing Customer Care and Billing (CCB) systems.
In addition to billing data, DRs enable NSPs to deploy new services based on documented usage trends, plan network resource provisioning, and audit service usage. The system provides a clear picture of user-level network service use by tracking a variety of metrics such as actual session Quality of Service (QoS),traffic routes, and end-user application transactions.
The system is based on a modular, distributed, highly scaleable architecture capable of running on multiple platforms. Data collection and management is designed for efficiency to minimize impact on the network and system resources.
The system minimizes network impact by collecting and processing data close to its source. Modular architecture provides maximum configuration flexibility, and compatibility with multiple network information sources.
The system, or other embodiments, may have one or more of the following features.
Data collection can be from a wide range of network devices and services, spanning all layers of the network—from the physical to the application layer.
Real-time, policy-based filtering, aggregation, enhancement and merging creates accurate, detailed and comprehensive session detail records (DRs).
Real time correlation of data from various sources allows billing record enhancement.
Leverages existing investment through integration with any customer care & billing solution, reducing costs, minimizing risks and shortened time-to-market.
Non-intrusive operation eliminates any disruption of network elements or services.
Web-based user interface allows off-the-shelf browsers to access the system, on-demand, locally or remotely.
Carrier-class scalability allows expansion to fit an NSPs needs without costly reconfiguration.
Distributed filtering and aggregation eliminates system capacity bottlenecks.
Efficient, centralized system administration allows on-the-fly system reconfigurations and field upgrades.
Customized reporting with built-in report generation or an NSPs choice of off-the-shelf graphical reporting packages.
Comprehensive network security features allow secure communication between system components and multiple levels of restricted access.
B. System Details
The following describes the system 100 of
The following lists the elements of
This paragraph describes how the elements of
The following paragraphs describe each of the various elements of
Network Devices
The network devices represent any devices that could be included in a network. (Throughout the description, a network device, unless specifically noted otherwise, also refers to an application server.) A network device represents a subset of information sources that can be used by the system 100. That is, the network devices are merely representative of the types of sources of information that could be accessed. Other devices such as on-line transaction processing databases can be accessed in other embodiments of the invention. Typically, the network devices keep logging and statistical information about their activity. A network information source can be the log file of a mail server, the logging facility of a firewall, a traffics statistics table available on a router and accessible through SNMP, a database entry accessible through the Internet, an authentication server's query interface, etc. The network devices represent the information sources accessed by the ISMs.
Each type of network device can be accessing using a different method or protocols. Some generate logs while others are accessible via SNMP, others have proprietary APIs or use other protocols.
The ISMs act as an interface between the gatherers and the network devices enabling the gatherers to collect data from the network devices. Thus, the ISMs represent modular, abstract interfaces that are designed to be platform-neutral. The information source modules act as interfaces or "translators", sending IP usage data, in real time, from the network devices to the gatherers. Each ISM is designed for a specific type of network data source. (In other embodiments, some ISM are generic in that they can extract information from multiple network devices). ISMs can be packaged separately, allowing NSPs to customize ISM configurations to meet the specific requirements of their network. For example, in the system of
The ISMs can communicate with its corresponding network device using protocols and formats such as UDP/IP, TCP/IP, SNMP, telnet, file access, ODBC, native API, and others.
In some embodiments, the reliability of system 100 is enhanced through on-the-fly dynamic reconfiguration, allowing the NSP to add or remove modules without disrupting ongoing operations. In these embodiments, the CEM 170 can automatically update the ISMs.
The following ISMs are available in some embodiments of the invention.
ISMs can be synchronous, asynchronous or pipe.
The data from an asynchronous ISM is dynamic so that the asynchronous ISM reacts to the information and relays it to the associated gatherer without prompting from other information sources in the system 100. If the firewall 103 were a CheckPoint-FireWall-1, then the ISM 130 would be an example of an asynchronous ISM. When a network session is initiated, the details are recorded by the FireWall-1 103. The corresponding ISM 130 receives the details and passes them on automatically to the gatherer 163.
Synchronous ISMs provide its information only when accessed by a gatherer. The ISM 120 is an example of a synchronous ISM. The DNS server 102 maintains information matching the IP addresses of host computers to their domain addresses. The ISM 120 accesses the DNS server 102 only when the ISM 120 receives a request from the gather 162. When the DNS server 102 returns a reply, the ISM 120 relays the reply information to the gatherer 162.
Pipe ISMs operate on record flows (batches of records received from information sources). Pipe ISMs process one or more enhancement flows the records as the flows arrive. The pipe ISM may initiate new record flows or may do other things such as generate alerts or provision network elements to provide or stop services. The pipe is implemented as an ISM to keep the internal coherency and logic of the architecture. (Record flows can terminate in a database or in a pipe ISM. The pipe ISM can perform filtering and aggregation, send alarms, or act as a mediation system to provision network elements when some event occurs or some accumulated value is surpassed. Specifically, pipe ISMs can act to enable pre-payment systems to disable certain services such as a voice IP call, when the time limit is surpassed or amount of data is reached.)
The gatherers can include caches and buffers for storing information from the ISMs. The buffers allow the gatherers to compensate for situations where there is a loss of connection with the rest of the system 100. The cache sizes can be remotely configured. The cache minimizes the number of accesses to the Information Source.
ISM queries can be cached and parallelized. Caching of synchronous ISM queries provides for fast responses. Parallelizing queries allows for multiple queries to be processed at the same time.
The gatherers gather the information from the ISMs. In some embodiments, the gatherers are multi-threaded, lightweight, smart agents that run on non-dedicated hosts, as a normal user application on Windows NT or Unix, as a background process, or daemon. What is important though is that the gatherers can be any hardware and/or software that perform the functions of a gatherer.
The gatherers can be installed on the same network segment as the network device such as router and switch or on the application server itself. This placement of a gatherer minimizes the data traffic impact on the network.
The gatherers collect network session data from one or more ISMs. Session data can be sent to another gatherer for enhancement or to the CEM 170 for merging and storing in the central database 170. The gatherers can be deployed on an as needed basis for optimal scalability and flexibility.
The gatherers perform flexible, policy-based data aggregation. Importantly, the various types of ISMs provide different data and in different formats. The gatherers normalize the data by extracting the fields needed by the CEM 170 and filling in any fields that may be missing. Thus, the gatherers act as a distributed filtering and aggregation system. The distributed data filtering and aggregation eliminates capacity bottlenecks improving the scalability and efficiency of the system 100 by reducing the volume of data sent on the network to the CEM 170.
Aggregation can be done by accumulating groups of data record flows, generating a single data record for each group. That single record then includes the aggregated information. This reduces the flow of the data records.
Filtering means discarding any record that belongs to a group of unneeded data records. Data records are unneeded if they are known to be collected elsewhere. A policy framework enables the NSP to configure what to collect where.
Filtering and/or aggregation can be done at any point along a data enhancement (described below) so that aggregation schemes can be based on enhanced data records as they are accumulated. The filtering and/or aggregation points are treated by the system 100 as pipe ISMs which are flow termination and flow starting points (ie: like an asynchronous ISM on the starting end and like a database on the terminating end). Data enhancement paths and filtering and/or aggregation schemes can be based on accumulated parameters such as user identification information and a user's contract type.
As noted above, the PISM can be used in the context of filtering and/or aggregation. One or more record flows can terminate at the PISM and can be converted into one or more new record flows. Record flows are grouped based on matching rules that apply to some of the fields in the record flows, while others are accumulated or undergo some other operation such as "maximum" or "average". Once the groups of accumulated records have reached some threshold, new accumulated records are output. This can be used for example in order to achieve a business-hybrid filtering and aggregation data reduction by imposing the business rules or the usage-based products that are offered to the customer, onto the record flows as they are collected in real-time. This is done instead of previous system where the information is stored in a database and then database operations are performed in order to create bills or reports. The filtering and aggregation reduces the amount of data that is stored in the central database 175 while not jeopardizing the granularity of data that is necessary in order to create creative usage-based products.
Typically, data collected from a single source does not contain all the information needed for billing and accounting, such as user name and organization. In such cases, the data is enhanced. By combining IP session data from multiple sources, such as authentication servers, DHCP and Domain Name servers, the gatherers create meaningful session records tailored to the NSP's specific requirements. In the example of
The enhancement procedure can be triggered by an asynchronous ISM. The information from the asynchronous ISM is associated with field enhancements in the central database 175. A field enhancement defines how a field in the central database is filled from the source data obtained from the asynchronous ISM. Through the field enhancements, the missing parameters are added to a record using the data collected from one or more synchronous ISMs. Enhancements are described in detail below.
The gatherers can include caches and buffers for storing information from the ISMs. The buffers allow the gatherers to compensate for situations where there is a loss of connection with the rest of the system 100. The caches can reduce the number of accesses to an information source. The buffer and/or cache sizes can be remotely configured.
Central Event Manager (CEM)
The Central Event Manager (CEM) 170 acts as the central nervous system of the system 100, providing centralized, efficient management and controls of the gatherers and the ISMs.
The CEM 170 can perform one or more of the following tasks:
The NSP can perform version upgrades of the system 100 at the CEM 170. The gatherers can be automatically upgraded once a new version is installed on the host computer of the CEM 170. ISMs are also installed via the CEM 170 and exported to the gatherers. The CEM 170 maintains a list of licenses installed in the system and verifies periodically if the system is properly licensed. This feature lets the NSP centrally install and uninstall licenses. It also prevents unlicensed use of the system 100 and any of its components.
Central Database
The central database 175 is the optional central repository of the information collected by the system 100. The central database 175 is but one example of a sink for the data generated in the system 100. Other embodiments include other configurations. The central database 175 stores and maintains the data collected by the gatherers, as well as the information on the configuration of the system 100. Thus, in configuring the system 100, the NSP defines what data will be stored in each field in the central database 175 and how that data is collected from the ISMs.
The information on network sessions is stored in the database in the form of a table. Each field in the table represents a network session parameter. Each record describes a network session. The system 100 has a set of pre-defined fields that are configured by the CEM 170 on installation. The NSP can modify the central database 175 structure by adding, deleting, or modifying fields. The NSP access the data in the central database 175 by running queries and reports. The old data is removed from the central database 175 to free space for new data periodically. You can specify the time interval for which records are stored in the central database 175. The structure of the central database 175 with some of the predefined fields is illustrated in the following figure.
As each IP session may generate multiple transaction records, during the merge process the CEM 170 identifies and discards duplications, enhancing the efficiency of the data repository. Generally, data records are passed through the merger program, in the CEM 170, into the central database 175. However, the data records are also cached so that if matching records appear at some point, the already stored records can be replaced or enhanced with the new records. The database tables that contain the record flows can be indexed, enhancing the efficiency of the data repository. A merge is achieved by matching some of the fields in a data record and then merging the matching records from at least two record flows, transforming them into one record before updating the central database 175. In some embodiments, adaptive tolerance is used to match records. Adaptive tolerance allows for a variation in the values of fields that are compared (e.g., the time field value may be allowed to differ by some amount, but still be considered a match). The adaptive aspect of the matching can include learning the appropriate period to allow for the tolerance. The reason that the records that do not match any previous records are sent through into the central database 175, in addition to being cached for later matching, is to avoid loss of data in case of system failure.
The following table illustrates an example of the types of records stored in the central database 175 by the CEM 170.
The system 100 supports a non-proprietary database format enabling the central database 175 to run on any of a number of commercially available databases (e.g., MS-SQL Server, Oracle Server, DB2, etc.).
User Interface Server and Clients
The User Interface Server (UIS) 185 allows multiple clients (e.g. terminals 180) to access the system 100 through, the Microsoft Internet Explorer with Java™ Plug-in or Netscape Navigator with Java™ Plug-in. Other embodiments can use other applications to access the system 100. The main function of the UIS 185 is to provide remote and local platform independent control for the system 100. The UIS 185 can provide these functions through windows that correspond to the various components of the system 100. Access to the system 100 can be password protected, allowing only authorized users to log in to the system and protecting sensitive information.
The NSP can perform one or more of the following main tasks through the UIS 185:
First, the ISMs 210 gather data from their corresponding network device. Note that for some ISMs (e.g. pipe ISMs), real-time, policy-based filtering and aggregation 215 can also be done. This data is then fed to the gatherers 220. The gatherers 220 perform data enhancement to complete the data from the ISMs 210. The results are provided to the CEM 170. The CEM 170 performs data merges 270 to remove redundant data. The merged data is then optionally stored in the central database 175 as a billing record 275 or is sent directly to an external system. The billing record information can be accessed from external applications, through the application interface 290, via a data record 280. Filtering and/aggregation and/or data enhancements can be done at any stage in the system 100.
D. Data Enhancement
As mentioned above, the gatherers 220 provide data enhancement features to complete information received from the ISMs 210. The following describes some example data enhancement techniques used in some embodiments of the invention.
A visual representation of an enhancement can be presented to the NSP. The enhancement may include an itinerary of ISMs starting off with an AISM, passing through PISMs, and terminating in the CEM 170. Using this view of the system 100, the NSP need not be shown the actual flow of data since the flow may be optimized later in order to achieve better performance. This is more of a graphical logical view of how the enhancement is achieved in steps. (PISMs can terminate more than one flow and initiate more than one flow.)
A visual representation of a field enhancement shows the per-field flow of data correlation. This process ends in the CEM 170 or in a PISM. The NSP supplies information telling the system 100 how to reach each of the terminating fields (in the CEM 170 or the PISM) starting off from the initiating fields (PISM or AISM). Each step of enhancement defines cross correlation with some SISM function.
One-step Field Enhancement 410. The initial source data from the asynchronous ISM is placed directly in a field in the central database 175. Example: the field enhancement for the Source IP field.
Two-step Field Enhancement 420. The initial source data from the asynchronous ISM is used to obtain new additional data from a synchronous network device and the new data is placed in a field in the central database 175. Example: the field enhancement for the Source Host field.
Three-step Enhancement 430. The initial source data from the asynchronous ISM is used to obtain additional data from a synchronous ISM. The result is used to obtain more data from another ISM and the result is placed in a field in the central database 175.
The following illustrates an example data enhancement. Suppose the data obtained from a proxy server 101 contains the source IP address of a given session, such as 188.8.131.52, but not the complete domain address of the host computer (its Fully Qualified Domain Name), such as www.xacct.com. The name of the host can be obtained by another network device—the Domain Name System (DNS 102) server. The DNS-server 102 contains information that matches IP addresses of host computers to their Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs). Through an enhancement procedure the information collected from the proxy server 101 can be supplemented by the information from the DNS 102. Therefore, the name of the host is added to the data (the data record) collected from the proxy server 101. The process of adding new data to the data record from different network devices can be repeated several times until all required data is collected and the data record is placed in the central database 175.
Defining Enhancement Procedures
The following describes the process for defining enhancement procedures in some embodiments of the system. Typically defining an enhancement procedures for the system 100 includes (1) defining enhancement procedures for each asynchronous ISM and (2) configuring field enhancements for all fields in the central database 175 for which the NSP wants to collect data originating from an asynchronous ISM that triggers the corresponding enhancement procedure.
An enhancement procedure can be defined as follows:
Defining a field enhancement involves specifying the set of rules used to fill a database field from the information obtained from the trigger of the enhancement procedure. The NSP defines field enhancements for each field in which NSP wants to collect data from the trigger. If no field enhancements are defined, no data from the trigger will be collected in the fields. For example, suppose the firewall asynchronous ISM 130 that triggers an enhancement procedure. Suppose the central database 175 has the following fields: source IP, source host, destination IP, destination host, user name, total bytes, service, date/time, and URL. If the NSP wants to collect session data for each field except the URL from the firewall ISM 130, which triggers the enhancement procedure, the NSP defines a field enhancement for each field with the exception of the URL.
In some embodiments, the field enhancements are part of the enhancement procedure and the NSP can only define and modify them when the enhancement procedure is not enabled.
The field enhancements can be defined in a field enhancement configuration dialog box. The field enhancement configuration dialog box can have two panes. The first displays the name of the enhancement procedure, the name of its trigger, and the name and data type of the field for which the NSP is defining the field enhancement. The second is dynamic and interactive. Its content changes depending on the NSP's input. When first displayed, it has two toggle buttons, End and Continue, and a list next to them. The content of the list depends on the button depressed.
When End is depressed, the list contains all output fields whose data type matches the data type of the field for which the NSP is defining the field enhancement. For example, if the field's data type is IP Address, the list contains all fields that are of the same type, such as source IP and destination IP that the AISM supplies. The fields in the list can come from two sources: (1) the source data which the gatherer receives from the trigger and (2) the result obtained by applying a synchronous ISM function as a preceding step in the field enhancement. The following notation is used for the fields:
The following examples are presented.
Source IP is the field provided by the trigger of the enhancement procedure that contains the IP address of the source host.
DNS . . . Host Name and DNS.Name(Source IP).Host name are the names of a field originating from the resolved function Name of a network device called DNS that resolves the IP address to a domain address. The input argument of the function is the field provided by the trigger of the enhancement procedure, called source IP. It contains the IP address of the source host. The function returns the output field called Host Name that contains the domain address of the source host. The notation DNS . . . Host Name is used when the field is the result of applying the function as the final step of a field enhancement. The notation is DNS.Name(Source IP).Host Name is used when the field is used as the input to another function.
In the user interface, if End is unavailable, none of the output fields matches the data type of the field.
When Continue is depressed, the list contains all applicable functions of the available synchronous network device configured in the system 100. If the preceding output does not match the input to a function, it cannot be applied and does not appear on the list.
The following notation is used for the functions:
When the function has multiple input and/or output arguments, the notation reflects this. The arguments are separated by commas.
The following example shows a field enhancement.
DNS. Address(Host Name:String)→(IP Address:IP Address)
Where DNS is the name of the synchronous ISM (or network device) as it appears in the system configuration.
Address is the name of the function.
(Host Name:String) is the input to the function—host FQDN of data type String
(IP Address:IP Address) is the output—IP address of data type IP Address
The NSP can define the field enhancement by choosing items from the list. The list contains the option <none> when the End button is depressed. Choosing this option has the same effect as not defining a field enhancement: no data from the trigger will be stored in the field in the central database 175.
E. Record Merges
The following example shows how merges work and illustrate, the need for merging duplicate records. Suppose the system 100 is using two asynchronous ISMs 110 and 130. All outbound network traffic going through the proxy server 101 is routed through the firewall 103. The firewall 103 records the proxy server 101 as the source of all sessions passing through the proxy server 101, although they originate from different workstations on the network. At the same time, the proxy server 101 records the destination of all sessions as the firewall 103, although their actual destinations are the different Internet sites.
Therefore, all sessions are logged twice by the system 100 and the records are skewed. The data from the firewall 103 indicates the destination of a given session, but not the source (see data record 520), while the data from the proxy server 101 records the source, but not the destination (see data record 510). Defining a merge eliminates the duplication of records.
A merge can be defined instructing the CEM 170 to store the destination data obtained from the firewall 103 and the source data from the proxy server 101 in the central database 175. The merge will also eliminate the problem of skewed data by storing the correct source and destination of the session in the central database 175. Both network devices provide information on the URL. The latter can be used to identify the fact that the two seemingly independent records (510 and 520) are actually two logs of the same session.
Two enhancement procedures are defined for the example of
Defining Merges
The following describes defining merges. A merge is a set of rules that specify how duplicate records from multiple enhancement procedures must be identified and combined before being stored in the central database 175. The NSP can merge the records from two or more enhancement procedures. To define a merge, the NSP identifies the following information.
If the NSP does not specify how records must be combined, the records are merged as follows:
The following describes additional embodiments of the invention.
In some embodiments, the user interface used by an NSP to configure the system 100 can be presented as a graphical representation of the data enhancement process. Every step in the enhancement can be shown as a block joined to another block (or icon or some graphical representation). The properties of a block define the operations within the block. In some embodiments, the entire data enhancement process from network devices to the central database 175 can be shown by linked graphics where the properties of a graphic are the properties of the enhancement at that stage.
In some embodiments, multiple CEMs 170 and/or central databases 175 can be used as data sources (back ends) for datamart or other databases or applications (e.g., customer care and billing systems).
In some embodiments, the types of databases used are not necessarily relational. Object databases or other databases can be used.
In some embodiments, other platforms are used. Although the above description of the system 100 has been IP network focused with Unix or Windows NT systems supporting the elements, other networks (non-IP networks) and computer platforms can be used. What is important is that some sort of processing and storing capability is available at the gatherers, the CEMs, the databases, and the user interface servers.
In some embodiments, the gatherers and other elements of the system 100, can be remotely configured, while in other embodiments, some of the elements need to be configured directly. For example, a gatherer may not be remotely configurable, in which case, the NSP must interface directly with the computer running the gatherer.
In other embodiments, the general ideas described herein can be applied to other distributed data enhancement problems. For example, some embodiments of the invention could be used to perform data source extraction and data preparation for data warehousing applications. The gatherers would interface with ISMs that are designed to extract data from databases (or other data sources). The gatherers would perform filtering and aggregation depending upon the needs of the datamart (in such an embodiment, the central database and CEM could be replaced with/used with a datamart). The data enhancement would then be done before storing the information in the datamart.
Additional embodiments of the invention are described in the attached appendices A-F.
G. Conclusions
A network accounting and billing system and method has been described. In some embodiments, the system can access any network related information sources such as traffic statistics provided by routers and switching hubs as well as application server access logs. These are accumulated in a central database for creating auditing, accounting and billing reports. Because of the distributed architecture, filtering and enhancements, the system efficiently and accurately collects the network usage information for storage in a form that is useful for billing and accounting.
Patent Citations
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Manti Te'o Prepares for Better Season
News Desk
Follow @ SportsTalkFLA
According to Pro Football Talk, he wants to make this season great. He had a relatively decent first season as a rookie with the San Diego Chargers and he says that the offseason was great for him.
Te'o told U-T- San Diego that the rookie years is the hardest.
"You go non-stop. It's all football from your last game in college to preparing for the combine to preparing for the draft to getting drafted and then coming straight to rookie minicamp and going through the real thing. The offseason allowed me to just get some away time and get a jumpstart in my workouts. It was good."
Te'o says he is in the best shape of his life and he's excited to build off last year.
The Chargers are hoping for the same thing. Defense struggled a bit in 2013 so Te'o will need to step it up to make an impact this season.
For more on this story visit: Michael David Smith, Pro Football Talk
Tags: Manti Te'o, NFL, notre dame, San Diego Chargers


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This was a logo i did last year that wasn't used in the end. A Chupacabra is supposedly the size of a small bear, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail.
There are highlights on the logo but you can't really seem them in this visual.
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Book your room at AC Hotel Genova by Marriott
Standard RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Superior RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Junior SuiteMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Get an overview of this hotel4-star Genoa hotel in Nervi with restaurant
Collect 200 extra points
Just enter your Nectar card number when you book and you'll receive 400 points credited to your account 30 days after you return from your trip.
Located in Nervi, this hotel is 1 mi (1.6 km) from Gaslini Hospital and within 3 mi (5 km) of Museum of Modern Art - Wolfson and Raccolte Frugone. Luxoro Museum is 3 mi (4.9 km) away.
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this hotel has a health club and a bar/lounge. Other amenities include a coffee shop/café, a steam room, and WiFi in public areas.
Room Amenities
All 139 rooms offer WiFi, minibars, and satellite TV. Guests will also find room service, free newspapers, and hair dryers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
AC Hotel Genova by Marriott features a health club and a steam room. Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Public areas are equipped with high-speed wireless Internet access (surcharge).
This 4-star property offers access to a business center and meeting rooms. 6 meeting rooms are available. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, coffee/tea in the lobby, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 139
- Babysitting or childcare
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Conference space
- Elevator/lift
- Turkish bath/Hammam
- Laundry facilities
- Number of floors - 1
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Year Built 2002
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Steam room
- Television in lobby
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Health club
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare
Available in all rooms: WiFi (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Wireless internet access ( 10 EUR )
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Shower/tub combination
- Satellite TV service
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- In-room safe
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Room service (limited hours)
- Desk
- Cribs/infant beds available
Where to Eat
AC Hotel Genova by Marriott has a restaurant on site.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a health club and a steam room.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 3 PM
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 2 per person, per night, up to 8 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 15 years of age.
- Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: EUR 10 (rates may vary)
- Airport shuttle fee: EUR 65 per person (roundtrip)
- Self parking fee: EUR 15 per day
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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Chicago Fire at FC Dallas
When: 7:30 p.m. Saturday at Toyota Stadium in Fisco, Texas
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TV: Channel 50
Scouting the Fire: Time is running out on the Fire's chances to earn a playoff berth, with just two matches left after this one. The Fire (12-12-7, 43 points) will be without midfielders Arevalo Rios and Joel Lindpere due to international duty. Alex looks likely to start in Rios' place. The Fire is 3-8-4 in road games this year.
Scouting FC Dallas: FC Dallas (10-10-11, 41 points) is all but eliminated from the postseason. The Hoops will be without leading scorer Blas Perez (international duty) but are 8-2-5 at home this season.
Next: Toronto FC, 7:30 p.m. Oct. 19 at Toyota Park
-- Orrin Schwarz


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In today's New York Times Peter Baker has an excellent overview of the changes in Obama's Russia policy that have been brought about by the annexation of Crimea and the ongoing crisis in Ukraine. Without simplifying too greatly, the new strategy can fairly be called "containment 2.0″ – it bears many of the hallmarks associated with the containment policy pursued during the Cold War. As Baker wrote:
Just as the United States resolved in the aftermath of World War II to counter the Soviet Union and its global ambitions, Mr. Obama is focused on isolating President Vladimir V. Putin's Russia by cutting off its economic and political ties to the outside world, limiting its expansionist ambitions in its own neighborhood and effectively making it a pariah state…
In effect, Mr. Obama is retrofitting for a new age the approach to Moscow that was first set out by the diplomat George F. Kennan in 1947 and that dominated American strategy through the fall of the Soviet Union. The administration's priority is to hold together an international consensus against Russia, including even China, its longtime supporter on the United Nations Security Council.
This is unquestionably the right strategy. Russia might not be the Soviet Union, but it is a large, powerful, and strategically located country that (as we are discovering) can cause quite a lot of mischief if it so desires. No Russia doesn't have thousands of tanks parked in the Fulda Gap Gap, but as its rapid and virtually bloodless seizure of Crimea demonstrates it does have exceedingly capable special forces and intelligence services that remain formidable in their capacity to obfuscate and confuse their adversaries. And Russia's leadership, for all its many faults, has a clear and logical approach in its dealings with the outside world. Also, there's the fact that Russia has thousands of nuclear warheads capable of being launched at a moment's notice.
Such an adversary simply cannot be effectively countered by random half measures and ad-hoc policy moves: it's too agile and too capable. Only through truly coordinated policy can Washington bring effective pressure to bear on Moscow. Although it has infuriated the hawkish parts of the DC establishment, the Obama administration has been wise not to get too far ahead of its European partners (whom Baker charitably called "skittish") because only these partners have economic linkages with Russia deep enough to cause the Kremlin heartburn. Russia-US trade is paltry and can easily be written off: it is only when Germany-Russia trade is threatened that Putin et al. will take notice.
The real question isn't whether a containment strategy is the right one but whether it is actually work. And here I think Baker didn't spend nearly enough time talking about the potential for failure. The only part of the article where Baker even mentions "partners" outside of Europe is the following:
The administration's priority is to hold together an international consensus against Russia, including even China, its longtime supporter on the United Nations Security Council.
Now Baker wasn't writing a long-form analysis of Obama's new policy, merely an introduction to it. But the challenge of getting China, India, Brazil, and other rising powers on board an anti-Russia policy will be the defining challenge of the new containment strategy. Baker, by contrast, spent far more time talking about the difficulties of placating the different lobbies within the state and defense departments. But convincing hawks in Washington to support Obama's new policy will be far easier than convincing the Brazilian, Indian, Chinese, and Vietnamese governments that they should abandon their cordial and productive relations with Moscow. Heck, the Obama folks couldn't even get Israel on board their most recent anti-Russia efforts.
Unlike the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation is more or less integrated into the global economy. While it is far from the trading powerhouse that China is, it nonetheless has profitable relationships with a number of swiftly-growing and increasingly self-confident countries in the developing world. To truly "isolate" Russia these countries would have to be part of Obama's new strategy. Is it possible that they will be convinced to "contain" Moscow along with the US and its European allies? Perhaps. But it's far more likely that they will continue to pursue an independent course.
Follow me on Twitter @MarkAdomanis or on Facebook


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In response to ThefourBs' comment:
In response to Kingface12's comment:
In response to softlaw2's comment:
NL v. AL, Fenway v. Bravotown. The better question is, which player will spend more time on the DL, and which player's team does better. The only trainwreck is your gaping mouth as the train runs into your electric car that reaches a top speed of 35MPH.
Ummmmmm.....again.....I'm garbled.... Can you say "imploding before our eyes"??
BTW....I don't drive an electric car....but I do drive an economical car that gets 35MPG..... I would rather put the money saved from gas and oil towards my golf addiction.....and not the fancy suits the conservative politicians wear. You seem to want to know a lot about me....first my mouth, then my car.....this is awkward but here goes: I also like watching movies and long walks on the beach...... anything else you want to know about me Soft one?
Ok, now, I'm uncomfortable...
HAHAHAHA!!!!!!!!! Just having fun.....although I do like the beach....until my girlfriend wants to drag me for a jog on it first thing in the morning.......


text:
Born on August 17, 1879 in Warsaw, Poland
Filmed in glorious 1940s Technicolor, 'The Kid From Brooklyn' was the second film in which Danny Kaye was paired with two of the loveliest dames ever to grace the silver screen, Virginia Mayo and Vera...
Defying all predictions, Bobcat Goldthwaite is walking away from Sundance 2006 with all rights sold on his beastiality romcom Stay. Yesterday, French firm Gaumont announced that it was moving to acqu...
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Narrow your search
From Robin Thicke and banned Bruce Willis to the BT flatmates, it's the worst technology adverts of 2013!
These days the source of information almost always defines its perspective. Still, sarcasm doesn't work for everyone. The satirical publication caused an uproar on Twitter yesterday when it suggested there was gunfire in the Capitol.
With its Dart language, Google hopes to overcome problems with the widely used JavaScript. But some dislike Google's secretive development style.
We asked for your comments and user reviews about the Nokia N8, and you fedback with a vengeance. Now it's our turn to answer your questions and respond to your queries.
Our Nexus One with a broken screen is back from HTC, and it says that the repair costs around £180 -- and next time we shouldn't put the phone in our pockets
With the announcement of BT's new fibre service, we took a look at what's on offer, how much it costs, and how the whole thing works -- we also question the truthiness of the brand name
Comedian announces on his show that he'll try to get on the primary ballots for both parties in his home state of South Carolina. Is he joking?
The iPhone 3G S has arrived, and it's all we wanted and more... or is it? We've rounded up our favourite rumours to see who saw what was coming
Researchers at the Ohio State University examine the reactions of people of differing political persuasions to the Colbert Report. They discover many conservatives don't think he's actually joking.


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Tattoos are commonly used among criminals to show gang membership and record the wearer's personal history—such as his or her skills, specialties, accomplishments, and convictions. They are also used as a means of personal expression. Certain designs have developed recognized coded meanings. The code systems can be quite complex and because of the nature of what they encode, the tattoos are not widely recognized.
Tattooing is forbidden in most prisons. It is therefore done in secret, with makeshift equipment. For example, tattoos done in a Russian prison often have a distinct bluish color (due to being made with ink from a ballpoint pen) and usually appear somewhat blurred because of the lack of instruments to draw fine lines. The ink is often created from burning the heel of a shoe and mixing the soot with urine (for sterilization), and injected into the skin utilizing a sharpened guitar string attached to an electric shaver.
Criminal Tattoo
Prison Tattooing
Prison tattoos often signal gang membership, form a code, or have hidden meanings. However, due to the lack of proper equipment and sterile environments in prison, the practice poses health risks. Tattooing in prison is illegal in the United States, but inmates find ways to create their own tattooing devices out of their belongings. Improvised equipment is assembled from mechanical pencils, magnets, radio transistors, staples, paper clips, guitar strings, and other common items. The ink used also needs to be improvised, either from pens or made using melted plastic (such as checkers or chess pieces), soot mixed with shampoo, or melted Styrofoam. Prison tattooing is not generally done freely, and the tattooists are normally paid with anything from stamps and cigarettes to actual cash.
There are many different symbols and numbers that represent multiple gangs or groups. Certain images like spider webs can represent the length of sentences. One of the most well-known tattoos is the teardrop tattoo (which can mean the wearer has killed someone). Tattoos are also used to communicate who the inmates are as people – for example, white supremacists will display prominent tattoos to show their beliefs such as the number '311' (representing the KKK), the percentile '100%' (a white supremacist indicator of racial purity), Valknuts (an old Norse symbol), and swastikas. Another common prison tattoo is the five dots tattoo, a quincunx usually placed on the hand, with different meanings in different cultures.
UV Tattoo
UV tattoos are tattoos made with a special ink that is visible under an ultraviolet light (blacklight). Depending upon the ink, they can be nearly invisible in non-UV environments, thus they are a popular consideration for people seeking a subtler tattoo. They are particularly popular in the raver subculture. Although the tattoos are sometimes considered invisible in normal light, scarring from the tattoo machine in the application process may remain, and therefore still show. A UV tattoo becomes visible under blacklight, when it glows in colors ranging from white to purple, depending on the ink chosen. Colored ink is also available, where the ink is visible in normal light (as with a regular tattoo) but the ink will glow vividly under UV light. However, some UV inks are not as bright under normal light as normal tattoo ink and are considered not as vibrant.
Blue Star Tattoo Legend
The blue star tattoo legend frequently surfaces in American elementary and middle schools in the form of a flyer that has been photocopied through many generations, which is distributed to parents by concerned school officials. It has also become popular on Internet mailing lists and websites. This legend states that a temporary lick-and-stick tattoo soaked in LSD and made in the form of a blue star (the logo of the Dallas Cowboys is often mentioned), or of popular children's cartoon characters, such as Mickey Mouse and Bart Simpson, is being distributed to children in the area in order to get them 'addicted to LSD.'
The legend is present also in Brazil as well as Portugal, at least since the 1970s. Flyers detailing the hoax circulated in the UK during the 1980s and 1990s.
Teardrop Tattoo
Teardrop tattoos originated as a prison tattoo that was forced on some inmates by their 'Sugar Daddy' to signify sexual ownership and to permanently mark that person as a 'sissy.' The tattoo was later appropriated in the Chicano gangs of California by members who had killed another person, particularly while in prison. The tattoo can also mean that a family member, close friend or fellow gang member has died, frequently in a gang related incident.
In the United Kingdom, the tear tattoo can indicate someone that has spent time in a young offenders prison. In the U.S., A fully inked in teardrop can mean that a murder was committed. If the teardrop is clear in the middle, it can indicate an attempted murder, or that a loved one was murdered. A tear drop that is empty at the the top and inked at the bottom can indicate that a loved one was murdered and the killer was himself murdered by the tattoo wearer.
Christopher Nolan
Christopher Nolan (b. 1970) is a British-American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He created several of the most successful films of the early 21st century, and his eight films have grossed over $3.5 billion worldwide. Having made his directorial debut with 'Following' (1998), he gained considerable attention for his second feature, 'Memento' (2000). The acclaim of these independent films afforded Nolan the opportunity to make the big-budget thriller 'Insomnia' (2002), and the more offbeat production 'The Prestige' (2006); which were well-received critically and commercially. He found popular success with 'The Dark Knight' trilogy (2005–2012), 'Inception' (2010), and 'Interstellar' (2014). He runs the London-based production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife Emma Thomas.
His films are rooted in philosophical and sociological concepts, exploring human morality, the construction of time, and the malleable nature of memory and personal identity. Experimentation with metafictive elements, temporal shifts, elliptical cutting, solipsistic perspectives, nonlinear storytelling and the analogous relationship between the visual language and narrative elements, permeate his entire body of work.read more »
The Adventures of Pete & Pete
'The Adventures of Pete & Pete' was an American children's television series produced by Wellsville Pictures and broadcast by Nickelodeon than ran from 1993 to 1996. The show featured humorous and surreal elements in its narrative, and many recurring themes centered on two brothers both named Pete Wrigley, and their various interactions with family, friends, and enemies.
The show was created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi and began as minute-long shorts in 1989 that aired in between regular programs. Owing to the popularity of the shorts, five half-hour specials were made, followed by a regular half-hour series.
YOLO is an acronym for 'you only live once.' Similar to 'carpe diem' ('seize the day') or 'memento mori' ('remember that you will die'), it implies that one should enjoy life, even if that entails taking risks. The expression' is commonly attributed to Golden Age film star Mae West, but variations of the phrase have been in use for over 100 years, including as far back as (the German equivalent of) 'one lives but once in the world' by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his 1774 play 'Clavigo' and as the title of a waltz, 'Man lebt nur einmal!' ('You Only Live Once!') by Johann Strauss II in 1855.
The acronym is in youth culture and music, and was popularized by the 2011 song 'The Motto' by Canadian rapper Drake (who later claimed to want royalties due to the proliferation of merchandise bearing the phrase). Actor Zac Efron has a tattoo with the acronym. The expression has been criticized for its use in conjunction with reckless behavior, most notably in a Twitter post by aspiring rapper Ervin McKinness just prior to his death: 'Drunk af going 120 drifting corners #FuckIt YOLO.'
Slim Jim
Slim Jim is a brand of jerky snacks or dried sausage manufactured by ConAgra Foods, Inc., the food conglomerate based in Omaha. They are popular in the United States. More than 500 million are produced annually in at least 20 varieties. The Slim Jim itself has been transformed in the years since Adolph Levis invented it in 1928. He sold the company in 1967 for about 20 million dollars to General Mills, who moved the operations to Raleigh, N.C., and merged them into other meatpacking operations that it renamed Goodmark Foods. It sold Goodmark in 1982 to a group led by Ron Doggett, who sold it to ConAgra in 1998.
The product Levis created is different from the one known today. Lon Adams developed the current Slim Jim recipe while working for Goodmark. Slim Jim is one example of a food product which is listed as containing mechanically separated chicken in its ingredients by requirement of the USDA. Production was interrupted after an explosion and fire in 2009 destroyed the packaging operations of the formerly-sole Garner, North Carolina manufacturing facility, but has since resumed there and in Troy, Ohio. On May 20, 2011 the facility in Garner, N.C. closed, the same day that former spokesperson 'Macho Man' Randy Savage died.
Dimebag Darrell
Darrell Lance Abbott, also known as Diamond Darrell and Dimebag Darrell (1966 – 2004), was an American guitarist and founding member of the groove metal band Pantera, as well as Damageplan. Abbott also contributed to the record Rebel Meets Rebel, a collaboration between Pantera and outlaw country music singer David Allan Coe.
Darrell is considered to be one of the driving forces behind groove metal (a subgenre of heavy metal characterized by a slightly slower tempo than most metal). Abbott was shot and killed while on stage during a Damageplan performance on December 8, 2004, at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus, Ohio.read more »
Marc Quinn
Marc Quinn (b. 1964) is a British artist and one of a loose group known as the Young British Artists. He is known for 'Alison Lapper Pregnant' (a sculpture of Alison Lapper, an English artist who was born without arms) and 'Self' (a sculpture of his head made with his own frozen blood). Quinn has used blood, ice, and faeces to make sculptures; his work sometimes refers to scientific developments. Quinn's oeuvre displays a preoccupation with the mutability of the body and the dualisms that define human life: spiritual and physical, surface and depth, cerebral and sexual. Quinn's sculpture, paintings and drawings often deal with the distanced relationship we have with our bodies, highlighting how the conflict between the 'natural' and 'cultural' has a grip on the contemporary psyche. In 1999, Quinn began a series of marble sculptures of amputees as a way of re-reading the aspirations of Greek and Roman statuary and their depictions of an idealized whole.
'Self' is described by Quinn as a 'frozen moment on lifesupport,' the work is carefully maintained in a refrigeration unit, reminding the viewer of the fragility of existence. The artist makes a new version of 'Self' every five years, each of which documents Quinn's own physical transformation and deterioration. Self, like many other pieces by the YBAs, was bought by Charles Saatchi (in 1991 for a reputed £13,000). Despite reports that the piece had melted, it was exhibited by Saatchi when he opened his new gallery in London in 2003. In 2005, 'Self' was sold to a US collector for £1.5m. The National Portrait Gallery in London acquired the 2006 iteration of 'Self.' His portrait of John E. Sulston, who won the Nobel prize in 2002 for sequencing the human genome on the Human Genome Project, is also in the National Portrait Gallery. It consists of bacteria containing Sulston's DNA in agar jelly. 'The portrait was made by our standard methods for DNA cloning,' writes Sulston. 'My DNA was broken randomly into segments, and treated so that they could be replicated in bacteria. The bacteria containing the DNA segments were spread out on agar jelly in the plate you see in the portrait.'
Día de los Muertos
Day of the Dead ('Día de los Muertos') is a Mexican holiday where people gather to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died. The celebration takes place on November 1, in connection with the Catholic holidays of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day (November 2). Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars honoring the deceased using edible sugar skulls, marigolds, and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed and visiting graves with these as gifts. They also leave possessions of the deceased.
Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl (Queen of the Underworld). The holiday has spread throughout the world: In Brazil, 'Dia de Finados' is a public holiday that many Brazilians celebrate by visiting cemeteries and churches. In Spain, there are festivals and parades, and, at the end of the day, people gather at cemeteries and pray for their dead loved ones. Similar observances occur elsewhere in Europe, and similarly themed celebrations appear in many Asian and African cultures.read more »
Alt Porn
Alt porn tends to involve members of such subcultures as goths, punks, or ravers and is often produced by small and independent websites or filmmakers. It often features models with body modifications such as tattoos, piercings, or scarifications, or temporary modifications such as dyed hair. The term indie porn is also sometimes used, though this term is more generally used as a synonym for independent pornography, regardless of affinity with any kind of alternative subculture. While pornography specifically oriented toward alternative culture did not arise until the 1990s, the work of Gregory Dark, David Aaron Clark, Michael Ninn, and Stephen Sayadian are seen by some as predecessors of alt porn. 'The Cinema of Transgression' of Richard Kern and Nick Zedd (as well as Kern's later photographic work) can also be viewed as early examples of alt porn.
The first venue explicitly devoted to 'subcultural erotica' was 'Blue Blood,' a glossy magazine that began in 1992 and featured models with a goth or cyberpunk look. The biggest market for alt porn, however, has been on the Internet. Other than a few ephemeral personal websites, the earliest explicitly alt porn site was Blue Blood's GothicSluts.com, established in early 1999. This was followed shortly after by Raverporn.net (later renamed EroticBPM.com), and later followed by NakkidNerds. Supercult began in 2000, followed by SuicideGirls in late 2001, which has grown to become the most popular and financially lucrative alt porn site. The terms 'alt porn' was coined in the early 2000s in reference to SuicideGirls, RaverPorn, and similar sites; longer-standing projects, such as 'Blue Blood,' generally used terms such as 'subcultural erotica.'
Tramp Stamp
Lower-back tattoos (often referred to as tramp stamps) are a form of body art that became popular among women in the 2000s and gained a reputation as a feminine type of tattoo. They are sometimes accentuated by low-rise jeans and crop tops, and are considered erotic by some. Concerns have been raised about the use of epidural catheters for women with lower-back tattoos. Although historically men comprised the majority of tattoo recipients, in the early 1990s, the practice gained popularity among women. In the early to mid-20th century, women with tattoos were heavily stigmatized, and were rarely found in middle-class society. Lower-back tattoos were popularized in the early 2000s, in part owing to the influence of female celebrities, including Britney Spears, Christina Ricci, and Pamela Anderson. The popularity of low-rise jeans and crop tops may have also spurred the increase in lower-back tattoos. Another appeal of tattooing the lower back is that there is little fat there, lessening the chance that images will become misshapen over time. Also, the lower back is often concealed, providing women the choice of when to reveal their tattoo.
Medical practitioners who administer anesthesia have questioned whether epidural analgesia should be provided to women with lower-back tattoos. Concerns have emerged that epidural catheters may cause tattoo pigment to enter interspinous ligaments and other areas, potentially leading to health problems. There is general consensus that epidural catheters should not be placed through irritated or infected tattoos. However, harm has not been clearly documented when placing epidural catheters through healthy tattooed skin.
Gang Signal
A gang signal is a visual or verbal way gang members identify their affiliation. This can take many forms including slogans, tattoos or hand signs. Many of these, especially slogans and hand signs, have become part of popular culture. 'Throwing up' a gang sign (e.g., 'Stacking,' 'walk') with the hands is one of the most known and obvious forms of 'claiming.' It is used in many situations where other identifiers may not be possible or appropriate, and it can also show that a gang member is in the area to 'do business' as opposed to just passing through. Usually these signs are made by formation of the fingers on one or both hands to make some sort of symbol or letter. It can also serve to relay more specific information, such as what set they represent within a larger gang or in which activities they are currently taking part.
Individual letters can be used to tell stories when flashed in rapid succession, each representing a word beginning with that letter. These signs, because they are displayed only when wanted (as opposed to tattoos), are usually the most consistent across various areas. Many of these hand signals are quite close to other common hand signs, and this can cause confusion among gang members, non-gang members, and anti-gang authorities. 'Stacking' is also known as a 'Page.' Another identifier that can be displayed only when desired is a gang handshake, which usually includes some component of the gang hand signs and/or other hand and finger symbols.


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Get your minds out of the gutter, I'm talking about in this addicting game
My current highscore is 226.
Get your minds out of the gutter, I'm talking about in this addicting game
My current highscore is 226.
For every action there is an equal and opposite criticism.
Next Reds manager, second shooter. --Confirmed on Redszone.
In those things which we commit to practice we can master, and with mastery we have the freedom to use these skills whenever we desire, without this practice we are slaves to our inability.
Going to have my 6 year old try it later. He will probably kick my butt!
6, but it was really hard.
'When I'm not longer rapping, I want to open up an ice cream parlor and call myself Scoop Dogg.'
-Snoop on his retirement
Your Mom is happy.
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


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Bill O'Brien admitted rookie Tom Savage's head is spinning right now, saying: "I believe when you're a rookie quarterback in training camp it's difficult because we give you a lot of information in the meeting and we expect you to go out there and execute it. So some things are ragged and some things are cleaner. But I think he's doing a good job of coming in for extra help. He comes in early in the morning and he stays late at night. He's a hard worker.
"Obviously, he can throw the football. He's a talented passer. We're going to keep working with him on our scheme and what he's looking for defensively. We've got to make sure we're coaching the details with him and he's picking up on them."
O'Brien said two days ago that Savage would be given a chance to win the backup job over Keenum, who started eight games for the Texans last fall.


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William Astor, 4th Viscount Astor
|William Waldorf Astor III
|Personal details
|27 December 1951
|Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones
(m. 1976—present)
|Flora Katherina Astor
William Waldorf Astor IV
James Jacob Astor
|William Waldorf Astor II
Sarah Kathleen Elinor Norton
|Alma mater
|Eton College
|politician, businessman
William Waldorf Astor III, 4th Viscount Astor (born 27 December 1951) is an English businessman and politician who sits as an elected hereditary peer in the House of Lords. He is a member of the Astor family.
William Waldorf III is the son of Viscount William Waldorf "Bill" Astor II (1907—1966) and Sarah Kathleen Elinor Norton (1920—2013). From his father's later marriages, he has three younger half-sisters: Emily (born 1956), Janet (born 1961), and Pauline (born 1964). From his mother's remarriage to Thomas Michael Baring, he has a younger half-brother named Edward Richard Philip Baring (born September 1962).[1] He was educated at Eton College, and on 14 January 1976 married Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones, daughter of Timothy Angus Jones and Patricia David Pandora Clifford. They have three children:
- Flora Katherine Astor (born 7 June 1976)
- William Waldorf "Will" Astor IV (born 18 January 1979)
- James Jacob Astor (born 1981)
His heir is his elder son, Will, who married model Lohralee Stutz, daughter of Serge Alain Stutz and Michelle Bourdeau, at East Hendred, Oxfordshire on 5 September 2009. They have a son named William Waldorf Astor V (born 4 May 2012) and a daughter named Allegra Annabel Astor (born 14 August 2013).[2]
His wife Annabel's stepfather was his uncle Michael Langhorne Astor. Her daughter from her first marriage, Samantha, is married to Prime Minister David Cameron.
Astor was a Lord-in-Waiting (a House of Lords whip) from 1990 to 1993. He was then made a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security. In 1994, he moved to the Department of National Heritage where he served until leaving the government in 1995.[3]
He was a member of the Founding Council of the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford.[4]
Viscount Astor is Deputy Chairman of Silvergate Media Ltd and director of Networkers Plc (since 2007) and trustee of Stanley Spencer Gallery in Cookham.
|Ancestors of William Astor, 4th Viscount Astor
- ^ http://thepeerage.com/p7900.htm#i78996
- ^ "Allegra Annabel Astor Birth Announcement". The Times. 21 August 2013.
- ^ thePeerage.com - Person Page 7535
- ^ "Founding Council | The Rothermere American Institute". Rothermere American Institute. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
External links[edit]
- Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Current session contributions in Parliament at Hansard
- Voting record at PublicWhip.org
- Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou.com
- Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Astor
- http://www.thepeerage.com/p7535.htm#i75348
|Peerage of the United Kingdom
|Preceded by
William Waldorf Astor II
|Viscount Astor
- 1951 births
- Living people
- English people of German descent
- English people of Irish descent
- English people of Scottish descent
- Astor family
- Livingston family
- Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
- Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act
- People educated at Eton College
- Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
45 year old woman | Edmond, OK, USA | Seeking men 44-49 within 200 miles
just a girl....waiting for the right guy
Fun-loving, outgoing, sexy, smart, attractive girl with a great sense of humor....waits patiently (ok maybe not patiently. ..but waits...not the sitting home and doing nothing kind of waiting... but living life and having a great time doing it in the meantime ...kind of waiting) where was I...lol? I love being around people who think positive and who smile .. A LOT! People who know how to enjoy life and who want to be out and about making the most of it!! Having said that...I also like the quiet moments....the "just you and me" moments...and yes, I am still very much that girl who wants to be pursued and romanced and I will do the same. I want to slow dance in the living room and cuddle up watching movies I enjoy doing all kinds of activities indoors and out and there are so many I haven't. ..but would be willing to try ...with the right partner. I probably could have honestly checked off everything under the interests category...at one time or another it actually interested me - I've done it - or its something that falls into the "I would so do that!" category Since this is only supposed to be an introduction.. I will leave something for you to message me about. If your interested...email me and let's just go from there!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Other types of exercise, VolleyBall
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Horses
Love to travel..and anywhere there's a beautiful beach...I'm in!!! Puerto Vallarta, Riviera Maya, Peter Island, the Bahamas...on and on! I also love to Cruise and so far the Alaskan Cruise was by far my favorite!!
University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK
Volleyball, H.S. Football, Thunder Basketball ...any sports my kids are playing!! I love spontaneous weekend getaways, white sand beaches and exploring hidden treasures - new and old. Favorite color is yellow and my favorite way to travel -Cruising!
I enjoy being outdoors, when its nice and I also love being indoors. I love watching my kids play sports and usually sit at the edge of my seat! I love travel with and without my kids!
If I'm being honest - I rarely have enough quiet time to sit and read a book.. but if I do... it will be something that will tug at my heart strings or leave me motivated and inspired!
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'6" (167cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'4" (193cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Light brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Administrative / Secretarial
|No preference
Administrative Assistant
|$35,001 to $50,000
|No preference
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (More than 3)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|No preference


text:
When Kenneth Haley, who, with his father Reuben had created Consolidated's Martele' line of art glass in 1926, left Consolidated for the Phoenix Glass Company in 1928, he took with him 45 of the Consolidated Martele' molds, which were to become Phoenix's "Reuben Line", and the basis for their "Sculptured Artware" line of art glass. This expanded line of glass was in production by 1934, and featured new pieces and finishes.
This gorgeous Phoenix Sculptured Artware Fern vase features beautiful and hard to find lavender-blue coloring over white cameo glass. Condition is excellent, with superior mold and color, free from chipping or cracking with very minor roughness at the rim.
Marked with the silver over black "Phoenix Sculptured Artware" label, dating this piece to 1933 - 1936.
H 7", D 6", rim 4.25", base 3".
If you were the pending buyer of this item, go to My Account to view, track and check payment for this item.
Funny name, serious pottery!
Handpicked pottery to please the discerning eye


text:
Dress by Marni; shoes by Jimmy Choo
Now Monroque, 34 – street-style icon, creative director of Dasha Zhukova's magazine, Garage, fashion consultant, personal friend of Miuccia Prada, and ex of mega- gallerist Larry Gagosian – exists at the center of that enchanting
world, at the nexus of fashion, art and society. She acknowledges such high-profile friends helped her reach her current position: "Dasha has been a real inspiration, [and] so has Mrs. Prada," Monroque says. "From Mrs. Prada, I learnt that it's all in the details."
Willowy and with a regal carriage, Monroque is both the ultra-modern, multi-hyphenate fashion creative and the traditionalist, with a love
of vintage silhouettes and a discretion that invokes a bygone era. As a child in St. Lucia, Monroque developed her fashion eye through the old Vogue and Tatler magazines her mother brought home from her job at the beachfront St. Lucian Rex Resort Hotel on Rodney Bay. Even before then, "my mother loved dressing me up", recalls Monroque,
"DASHA Zhukova has been a real inspiration, [and] from Mrs PRADA, I learnt that it's all in the DETAILS"
who was drafted in as the official flower girl for the hotel's many weddings. "I got to wear a pretty dress and flowers in my hair, and carry a basket of flowers. I like beautiful things – maybe that's where it came from." Her earliest memories, though, come from the beach. She recalls snorkeling in St. Lucia's crystalline waters for the first time when she was about seven years old: "I remember seeing all sorts of fish right off the shore."
But Monroque always knew she would move to the US. "There was never any big dream; [I was] just looking for a better life," she says. She found work as a receptionist at a photo rental studio, then as a restaurant hostess. "I was just standing at a desk and looking at people who came in," she says, "but
it gave me a glimpse of New York." And then the fashion world she so admired as a new New Yorker became her world. When Dasha Zhukova was named editor-in-chief of Pop magazine in 2009, she appointed Monroque as editor-at-large, coinciding with the boom in street-style photography. Vogue published an image of Monroque outside a fashion show, and in no
Monroque works with Kids4Coral (above) to bring awareness to marine conservation in her native St. Luciacredits
Photographs: Francois Dischinger.
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All Natural Down Alternative 100% Cotton Filled Mattress Pad
4 stars
I was looking to find a good mattress pad to replace my old one for my king size bed. So far I'm happy I selected this one. I like that it is all cotton. It seems well made. It has cute cloud- Mary Lynn in Erie, PA
Cotton Allergen Barrier Pillow
5 stars
These pillows are not only extremely huggable but they are also quite comfy to sleep with. My allergies are horrendous for most of the year, especially given that I'm allergic to dust but this pillow- columbiagirl in Columbia, MD
100% Cotton 250 TC Zippered Pillow Cover
5 stars
Nice & soft, zipper well hidden, good value for the money,would buy again- Darlene in Henderson, NV
8" Memoir Foam Mattress
5 stars
Purchased for trundle bed in very small bedroom. Daughter says it is very comfortable. Shipped much faster than expected Pros: Great price, great value and shipped quickfy. Arrived in duffle bag- Elaine in Americus, GA