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Dynamic interfaces such as PPP interfaces are configured by (1) saving routing configuration information using symbolic names; (2) determining when a symbolically named interface becomes active; (3) resolving the symbolic name to an operational IP address for routing and RIP traffic; and thereafter (4) communicating dynamic protocol packets over the dynamic interface.
1. A method for configuring dynamic interfaces, comprising the steps of:
saving routing configuration information using symbolic names;
determining when a symbolically named interface becomes active;
resolving the symbolic name to an operational IP address for routing and creating dynamic routing protocol packets; and thereafter
communicating said dynamic routine protocol packets over said dynamic interface.
2. A method for configuring dynamic interfaces for routing and creating dynamic routing protocol packets, comprising the steps of:
initializing a configuration table with entries for each of one or more active interfaces and associated interface configuration information;
initializing a route table with an entry for each active route;
responsive to a request to activate a dynamic interface, said request including a logical name:
establishing a physical connection to said interface; and
negotiating an IP address defining said interface;
generating a message packet including said logical name and said IP address;
responsive to said message packet, obtaining from said configuration table configuration information associated with a local interface name matching said logical name;
adding a route entry to said route table including information from said configuration table and said message packet associated with said IP address; and
communicating routing protocol packets over the dynamic interface configured with said IP address and said configuration information.
3. The method of claim 2, said IP address comprising a remote IP address and a local IP address and said routing protocol packets being RIP packets.
4. The method of claim 3, said route entry including a destination network IP address, a gateway IP address, a time value, a metric, and learned interface IP address.
5. A system for configuring dynamic interfaces, comprising:
an interface configuration table for saving routing configuration information using symbolic names;
a routing table for storing the configuration information for at least one route identified by an operational IP address;
a configuration control module responsive to activation of a symbolically named interface for resolving the symbolic name to an operational IP address for said dynamic interface for routing and creating dynamic routing protocol packets;
said configuration control module updating said routing table with a route entry including said operational IP address for said dynamic interface; and
a router module responsive to said route entry for communicating said dynamic routing protocol packets over said dynamic interface.
6. A memory device for storing signals for structuring the components of a digital computer to configure a dynamic interface, comprising:
first configuration signals for operating said digital computer to save routing configuration information using symbolic names;
second configuration signals for determining when a symbolically named interface becomes active;
third configuration signals for resolving the symbolic name to an operational IP address for routing and creating dynamic routing protocol packets; and thereafter
third configuration signals for communicating said dynamic routing protocol packets over said dynamic interface.
1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention relates to communications protocols, and more particularly to a system and method for configuring dynamic interfaces between active and inactive states.
2. Background Art
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a defacto standard for the exchange of routing information among gateways and hosts. Two such standards are the RIP-1 and RIP-2. RIP-1 is described in Network Working Group, Routing Information Protocol, Request for Comments (RFC) 1058, June 1988, pages 1-33. RIP-2 is described in Network Working Group, RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional Information, RFC 1723, November 94, pages 1-9.
The Internet is organized into a number of networks connected by gateways. The networks may be either point-to-point links or more complex networks such as Ethernet or the token ring. Hosts and gateways are presented with IP datagrams addressed to some host. Routing is the method by which the host or gateway decides where to send the datagram. It may be able to send the datagram directly to the destination, if that destination is on one of the networks that are directly connected to the host or gateway. When the destination is not directly connected, and thus not directly reachable, the host or gateway attempts to send the datagram to a gateway that is nearer the destination. The goal of a routing protocol is to supply the information that is needed to do routing. (See Network Working Group, Routing Information Protocol, Request for Comments (RFC) 1058, June 1988, pp. 2-3.)
Routing is the task of finding a path from a sender to a desired destination. This may be viewed as a matter of finding gateways between networks. Internet protocol (IP) routing deals with communicating messages from a sender on one such network to a destination on a different one. In that case, the message must pass through gateways connecting the networks. If the networks are not adjacent, the message may pass through several intervening networks and the gateways connecting them. A "network" may cover a single broadcast network (e.g., an Ethernet), a point to point line, or a packet switch network, such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). A network is treated as a single entity by IP. Either no routing is necessary (as with a point to point line), or routing is done in a manner transparent to IP, allowing IP to treat the entire network as a single full-connected system. IP is the network layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack.
One of several approaches for finding routes between networks is based on distance vector algorithms. In this approach, each entity (gateway or host) that participates in the routing protocol is assumed to keep in a routing database information about all of the destinations within the system. Each entry in this routing database includes the next gateway to which datagrams destined for the entity should be sent and a "metric" measuring the total distance to the entity. Distance is a generalized concept which may also cover the time delay in getting messages to the entity or the dollar cost of sending messages to it. Routing information is exchanged only among entities that are adjacent; that is, entities that share a common network.
A typical routing database implementation includes the following information about each destination:
address: in IP implementations, this will be the IP address of the host or network.
gateway: the first gateway along the route to the destination.
interface: the physical network which must be used to reach the first gateway.
metric: a number, indicating the distance to the destination.
timer: the amount of time since the entry was last updated.
This database is initialized with a description of the entities that are directly connected to the system. It is updated according to information received in messages from neighboring gateways. Each entity participating in the routing scheme sends update messages that describe the routing database as it currently exists in that entity. Optimal routes for the entire system may be maintained using only information obtained from neighboring entities.
Distance vector algorithms are based on a table giving the best route to every destination in the system. A metric is used to define "best". In simple networks it is common to use a metric that simply counts how many gateways a message must go through (sometimes referred to as the number of hops.) In more complex networks, a metric may be chosen to represent the total amount of delay the message suffers, the cost of sending it, or some other quantity which may be minimized. In each approach, the metric represents a sum of costs for individual hops.
A host or gateway G keeps, for each destination in the system a current estimate of the metric for that destination and the identity of the neighboring gateway on whose data that metric is based. If the destination is on a network that is directly connect to gateway G, then G uses an entry that shows the cost of using the network, and the fact that no gateway is needed to get to the destination. This combination of destination, metric, and gateway is typically referred to as a route to the destination with that metric, using that gateway.
Periodically, each gateway or host sends a routing update to every neighbor. The update is a set of messages that contain all of the information from the routing table. Two such update messages are the RIP-1 and the RIP-2 messages. (The format of a RIP-1 message is shown in Routing Information Protocol, Request for Comments (RFC) 1058, and that of a RIP-2 message in RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional Information, RFC 1723.) The routing table contains an entry for the route with the best metric for each active destination, with the distance shown to that destination. When a routing update arrives from a neighbor G′, this gateway G adds the cost associated with the network that is shared with G′ (the network over which the update arrived), and the result compared with the current entry in this gateway's routing table for the destination. If the metric is less, the table entry is updated to the new metric and gateway. Even if the metric is more, if it came from the same gateway, then the table entry is updated to the new, larger metric.
An improved method and system for exchanging routing information is described in co-pending patent application, Ser. No. 09/075,044 filed May 8, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,167,444, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
There are two basic schemes used to manage IP address assignments for point to point (PPP) links. These are (1) fixed assignment and (2) dynamic assignment. Fixed assignment is generally used for dedicated links while dynamic assignment is used for dial-up. Historically, dynamic address assignment was used for single remote workstations which don't require the need to run a dynamic routing protocol. An address depletion problem exists today which has resulted in the need to use dynamic address assignment for entire remote local area networks (LANs). As a result, it has been necessary to run dynamic routing protocols over interfaces that don't have single fixed IP addresses.
While running the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), dynamic interfaces can change their state from active to inactive and the reverse. When such an interface becomes active from an inactive state, it may or may not have the same IP address associated with it. If needed, it would be difficult to configure such a dynamic interface because there exists no constant value that can be used to identify the interface.
Consequently, it is an object of the invention to provide a constant value for identifying a dynamic interface.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for configuring a dynamic interface.
It is a further object of the invention to provide constant values identifying the configurations of dynamic interfaces.
It is a further object of the invention to provide the processing advantages of running a dynamic routing protocol over an interface with a changing IP address.
In accordance with the method of the invention, configuring dynamic interfaces includes the steps of (1) saving routing configuration information using symbolic names; (2) determining when a symbolically named interface becomes active; (3) resolving the symbolic name to an operational IP address for routing and dynamic routing protocol traffic; and communicating dynamic protocol packets over said dynamic interface.
FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating the system of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a representation of the interface configuration table of FIG. 1 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a representation of the route table of FIG. 1 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a representation of the message format for activation of a previously deleted point-to-point interface.
FIG. 5 is a representation of the interrelationship of key logical elements in the machine of the invention.
This invention provides a method and system for establishing routing paths among offices within a system including both wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). More particularly, it relates to the configuration, activation and deletion of point-to-point interfaces. Through the use of symbolic names, the RIP protocol is run over dynamic point-to-point interfaces. As interfaces are activated and deactivated, addresses are negotiated so they can't be hard coded. By configuring to symbolic names, when an IP address is negotiated, the configuration can be applied and RIP executed.
Referring to FIG. 1, machines 100 and 120 represent host systems functioning as routers, and therefore including a router application, such as RouteD 104. RouteD is an application which implements the RIP-1 and RIP-2 protocols. Machine 100 may be, for example, an IBM AS/400 system. RouteD 104 maintains tables of routing and configuration information, illustrated here as configuration table 140 and route table 138. Message 194 contains activation notification information from PPP configuration code 241 to RouteD code 104.
Dynamic connection 130 is an implementation of a wide area network (WAN). Examples of wide are networks include packet switch networks, such as ATM and X.25, and point to point networks, such as serial link IP (SLIP), high level data link control (HDLC) and point-to-point protocol (PPP). Local area networks 102, 122 may implement, for example, a token ring or Ethernet protocol.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, each machine 100, 120 includes a router, such as RouteD 104, running RIP. Machine 100 has an active connection through interface 110 over line 106 to LAN 102, and machine 120 has an active connection 108 to LAN 122. Machines 100 is connected through interface 132 to machine 120 over a wide area network PPP connection 130. Since both machines 100 and 120 are running RIP, machine 100 has routes associated with, for example, workstation 114 on LAN 102, and machine 120 has routes associated with, for example, workstation 112 on LAN 122.
RIP is a distance vector protocol implemented by hosts and gateways, such as gateway machines 110, 120 to exchange information for computing routes through an IP-based network. (The terms, "host", "router" and "gateway" may be used interchangeably.) RIP is used to convey information about routes to destinations, which may be individual hosts, networks, or a special destination used to convey a default route.
Any host 100 that uses RIP is assumed to have interfaces 110 to one or more networks, and these are referred to as its "directly-connected networks." Such hosts 100 have a routing table 138 with one entry for every destination 102, 112, 114, 122 that is reachable through the system described by RIP.
Referring to FIG. 2, in a preferred embodiment, an interface configuration table 140 is provided with an entry for each interface 110, 132 including the interface name 216 (which is one of (a) a logical interface name for a dynamic interface, or (b) an IP address for a non-dynamic interface), an interface type or source field 212 set to LAN or WAN, a redistribution bit mask 210 and a "distribute routes in" (DRI) field 214.
Metric 217 specifies the metric that is to be added to routes received through the specified interface 110, 132.
Community 219 specifies the community name used by this interface, say 110, for authentication purposes. If a community name is not specified, then authentication is not indicated for this interface 110.
Forwarding parameters 215 include zero to N parameters including block, forward, forward.cond and noforward.
RIP interface name 216 specifies the RIP interface 110, 132 on host 100 this statement, or entry in table 140, pertains to. It may include a network, specified as an IP address and a mask or an IP address and a bit_number, or as an interface name, which is a logical interface name used to identify a dynamic interface which will have an IP address assigned dynamically at the time connection 130 becomes active; or as a host name; or as *, which is used to refer to all interfaces 110, 132 on host 100 to set default values that can be overridden by providing a RIP interface statement.
As is further described in patent application Ser. No. 09/075,044, filed May 8, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,167,444, distribute routes in (DRI) 214 controls how routes received from this RIP interface 110 (network) are to be redistributed by router 100 to wide area networks such as WAN 130. This parameter 214 does not affect redistribution of routes to local area networks (LANs) 102.
A passive/supply 218 value set to passive indicates that no RIP traffic is received and no RIP traffic is generated on the specified interface 110, 132. A passive/supply 218 value set to supply indicates which type of routing information to supply to neighboring routers via RIP. If supply 218 is set to RIP1, both RIP version 1 and RIP version 2 messages will be received on the specified interface and RIP version 1 messages will be sent. If supply 218 is set to RIP2, both RIP version 1 and RIP version 2 messages will be received on the specified interface and RIP version 2 messages will be multicast on the specified interface. If supply 218 is set to off, both version 1 and version 2 RIP messages will be received, but no RIP packets will be sent.
A RIP_INTERFACE statement is used to specify all routing related options that are configured on a per-interface basis. Multiple interface options can be specified on a single entry in configuration file 140, provided that only one of those options that require a destination address appears on a given statement. For example, a statement could use the forward and metric options on a single line, but the forward and noforward options could not appear on the same line. Preferably, multiple lines are used to specify multiple options for a given interface.
The RouteD routing protocol task 104 implemented in router 100, for example, needs to be notified of configuration changes to interface configuration table 140 in a dynamic manner. Configuration table 140 changes which must be accommodated include (1) the activation of a dynamic interface 132, (2) the deletion of a dynamic interface 132, and (3) a change to configuration requiring a RouteD internal configuration update.
Referring to FIG. 3, route table 138 includes for each active interface 250, 252, 254 interface source fields 212, 274, 278, associated configuration fields 272, 276 and 280 and one or more route entries 271, 273, 275. Interface source 212 corresponds to the local IP address 170 from message 194. Configuration source fields 272, 276 and 280 include corresponding fields 272 from interface configuration table 140. Each route entry 271, 273, 275 includes destination network 281, gateway 283, time value 285, metric 287, and learned interface 289. Destination network 281 is derived by ANDing the subnet mask against either the local or remote IP address to generate a destination network IP address. Gateway 283 is the remote IP address of the next hop, and is obtained from remote IP address field 180 of message 194. Learned interface 289 is the IP address of the interface from which this route entry 271 was learned. Metric 287 is the current value of the metric associated with this route 271, whereas the metric 217 in configuration 272 is the initialization value which is subject to change by RIP traffic to derive the current value metric 271.
Referring to FIG. 4, the message format for dynamic activation and deletion from PPP configuration 241 to RouteD104, or from any other dynamic interface implementation, is set forth.
Command field 160 identifies whether a point-to-point connection has been activated (0�BF), deactivated (0�A0), or that a configuration change has been made (0�BE) and that the RouteD task needs to perform a refresh of tables 138, 140.
Version field 162 is set to 0�02, indicating that this message 194 pertains to RIP version 2. Address family identifier field 166 is set to 0�01C7. Subnet mask field 184 represents the subnet mask address to be associated to logical interface name (LIN) 182.
Configuration type field 178 identifies the address configuration of dynamic link 130. The possible values are (1) 0�01 existing local IP address, (2) 0�02 existing local network address, or (3) 0�03 unique host address.
IP address fields 170 and 180 represent the IP address to be associated to the logical name 182. Logical interface name 182 contains a character string representing a logical interface name. A local IP address 170 is the IP address of local end 132, and remote address 180 is the IP address of remote end 121, of dynamic connection 130.
Subnet masks are used to determine network addresses as follows. The IP address and subnet mask are ANDed to determine the network. For example, if the IP address is 10.5.6.7 (hex 0A 05 06 07) and the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 (hex FF FF FF 00), these are ANDed to give 10.5.6.0 as the subnet address. Valid address on this subnet are 10.5.6.0 through 10.5.6.253.
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, in operation, assume RouteD 104 at gateway 100 is running on LAN 102 with no dynamic interface 132 active. (By "active" is meant all configurations have been read and the interface is in operation.) Thereafter, a dial-up call comes in over interface 132 and is handled by configuration code 241. This dial up call comes in with a user selected logical interface name 182. Configuration code 241 negotiates with calling machine 120 for two addresses 170, 180, one each for remote office 112 and for interface 130 and these are provided to RouteD 104 along with LIN 182 by way of a message 194 that notifies RouteD 104 that interface 132 has become active and that the negotiated addresses are to be resolved. In accordance with this preferred embodiment, message 194 is directed to RouteD using loop back such that the message appears on the interface between TCP 242 and RouteD 104 at port 520—which in this embodiment is the only place RouteD is listening.
In response to the message 194, RouteD 104 searches configuration table 140 for the logical name 216 matching the logical interface name 182 provided in message 194. Upon finding a match on logical name 216 an entry into routing table 138 is made. That entry includes configuration information 272 from interface configuration table 140 and information from message 194.
The result is that RouteD 104 has an IP address which it can advertise to interfaces 110, 132 showing the network address (in decimal dotted notation) and a logical or symbolic interface name 182 from message 194.
A symbolically configured interface name may have any number of simultaneous activations, and all would show up in routing table 138 with separate source interfaces 212, 274, 278 and separate routes 271, 273, 275.
When dynamic interface 130 goes down, advertisement of this network 130 will no longer be transmitted out inasmuch as a router 100 connection with remote office 112 is gone.
Referring to FIG. 5, the key inter-relationships among the elements of the invention as set forth in FIGS. 1-4, will be described. In the preferred embodiment, RouteD 104 is the key active (software) element. As is represented by line 151, PPP configuration module 241 receives a connection request 144 from data link layer 246, which includes a user-selected logical name. Responsive to that connection request 144, PPP configuration code 241, during making of the connection to bring up a dynamic link, associates the logical name with an IP address. As is represented by line 152, PPP configuration 241 generates an activation message, or interface start message, 194 which includes the logical name 182 from the connection request, and the local IP address 170 and remote IP address 180 which PPP configuration code 241 associates with the logical name 182.
As is represented by line 153, RouteD application code 104 receives start message 194, including the logical interface name 182 for the starting dynamic interface. As is represented by line 154, logical interface name 182 is then used to search the interface configuration table 140 for a matching configured interface. That is, comparison for equality is made between LIN 182 of activation message 194 and LIN 216 of interface configuration table 140. If a match is found (the two fields are equal), information is combined from interface configuration table 140 and the interface start message 194 to create a route table 138 route entry 271.
By way of further explanation of a specific preferred embodiment of the invention, focus on PPP connection 130 between machines 100 and 120. If one machine attempts to connect to the other, the following sequence of events will occur.
1. A physical connection is made.
2. PPP configuration parameters 272 are negotiated. The protocols for negotiating these parameters are set forth in Network Working Group, Request for Comments (RFC) 1661, "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", July 1994, and RFC 1662, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", July 1994.
3. If authentication is required, it is performed. Authentication in this context is described in RFC 1994 "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)", August 1996 and RFC 1321 "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", April 1992.
4. TCP/IP information is negotiated. This information includes the local and remote IP addresses. The protocol for this negotiation is described in RFC 1332, "The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)", May 1992.
This sequence of events is necessary to negotiate an IP address and network information, for such is not a known value. A standard router will simply exchange routing information over this new connection with no preconceived configuration for that interface. This is the problem that the present invention resolves. In accordance with the invention, the PPP interface 130 characterized by the local and remote IP addresses may be associated with a name 182 (or logical name, or symbolic name—they all refer to the same thing) that, in turn, is used to associate a predefined configuration with the interface.
In accordance with the invention, when router 104 starts, it will read a list of active interfaces 212, 274, 278 and associated configurations 272, 276, 280, and route entries 271, 273, 275, respectively, and maintain a table 138 of these configurations in code. RouteD 104 also maintains a list 140 of just configurations based upon the symbolic name. As a PPP interface 132 becomes active and after TCP/IP information has been negotiated, as set forth above, a call from PPP interface 132 (via TCP/IP 116 at port 520) is made to router 104 passing in some required information. Referring to FIG. 4, the information provided at port 520 is a packet 194 from configuration module 241 of data containing the following useful information.
1. The local interface name 182.
2. The negotiated local IP address 170.
3. The negotiated remote IP address 180.
4. The subnet mask 184.
Once RouteD 104 receives this information from PPP configuration code 241, the logical interface name/symbolic name 182 is looked up in configuration table 140. A route entry 271 is made in route table 138, along with configuration information 272, and is added to the list 138 of active interfaces 250, 252, 254. RouteD 104 will then execute the RIP protocols set forth in RFC's 1058 and 1723.
It is an advantage of the invention that a constant value is provided for identifying a dynamic interface.
It is a further advantage of the invention than an improved system and method for configuring a dynamic interface is provided.
It is a further advantage the invention that constant values identifying the configurations of dynamic interfaces are provided.
It is a further advantage of the invention that the processing advantages of running a dynamic routing protocol over an interface with a changing IP are provided.
It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, while the preferred embodiment has been described primarily in the context of its use in a RIP router, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, it may be used in the context of other like routing protocols.
Clearly, any computing system capable of interfacing to a network may be configured to operate as a router operable in accordance with this invention, including but not limited to those which are configured according to the ISO networking model. Such systems include, for example, the IBM AS/400 system, and also the IBM System/390 computing system, and the IBM Personal Computer. Further, it is within the scope of the invention to provide a memory device, such as a transmission medium, magnetic or optical tape or disc, or the like, for storing signals for controlling the operation of a computer according to the method of the invention and/or to structure its components in accordance with the system of the invention.
Accordingly, the scope of protection of this invention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.
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Results 1 to 12 of 12
August 2nd, 2014 #1
Working on an illustration, but having some issues with the main figure
Her right arm is bugging me, and I've been back and forth with it for a while. It looks stiff and maybe even short to me. Looking for suggestions on what to do with the arm and hand to make it look correct and dynamic. Or if it would work to place it across her lap though that's away from the viewer.
I don't mind if people draw over it or give feedback on the rest of it.
In the mean time I was going to finish the portrait on the wall and get started with the scenery/effects.
Hide this ad by registering as a memberAugust 2nd, 2014 #2
It doesn't read like a human figure at all I'm afraid.
Try using reference (shoot it yourself if you have to).
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The perspective of the floor is really jarring. And if the camera angle is lopsided for an effect, the figure should be sitting perpendicular to the ground. If you tilted the image horizontally you would see what i mean.
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August 3rd, 2014 #4
August 4th, 2014 #5
You think that the issues are with the main figure?
I am sorry to break this down to you, but this picture consists from "issues" you just don't see yet. :/
Loomis, half a year of practice - in pencil, on paper, from life. That's the quickest way to fix the issues.
Book recommendation: "Successful Drawing" by Loomis, "Perspective Made Easy" by Norling.
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August 4th, 2014 #6
I've done a lot of correcting based on feedback. I noticed the difference and I hope it looks better!
This work is a huge departure from my comfort zone and I'm thinking I shouldn't rely on 3D modeling unless it's a last resort. Still wondering if the overall composition is a mess. I added some of the recommended books to my amazon wish list.
August 6th, 2014 #7
This is what you get from 3D modeling?! OMG! You could do better with a sketch. The hand looks like its growing out of the head. It should be a touch smaller because it's in the distance and the foot should be a bit larger because its closer to the viewer. The white area on the right, is that part of the robe? Too flat. Her lower half is flat, it doesn't look like she's sitting on her haunches. The line down the middle looks more like she's wearing jeans. The design on the back of the robe is really neat, you do well with details and colors. You are good at some things and other things need work, it's a place to start anyway. Good luck with it.
August 6th, 2014 #8
My mom's dragging me to something this afternoon, but I'm taking the original sketch with me. I hope to work on it then. I just got evernote so I'll see if I can put some references there and access them on my phone or laptop.
I enjoyed painting the kimono and I wouldn't mind being able to show more of it in this. I had a previous design that was a bit plain and I redid it in marker in one of my sketchbooks (dumbly not marker paper). The obi was inspired by one I found on Ichiroya.
August 6th, 2014 #9
August 6th, 2014 #10
I agree with whoever said lacking in the fundamentals. -- figure drawing, perspective, light and shadow. Maybe you or you mom can do the pose, get a photo and see what you think then. A lot of space around the figure doesn't really convey the idea of a small figure seen from above. Old film noir movies can be a good reference for how to situate the figure. You are not going to learn everything from one piece, you do more and more illustrations, write down your intentions for each piece and practice the fundamentals as you go along. Don't start getting into the habit of perfecting one picture -- it's time better spent on tackling one or two issues you realize you have trouble with from working on this picture and move on to another piece. Unfortunately, the best thing you can learn from every picture is what you DON'T know. But if you keep it at it, you will learn. And look for ways to include the things you like to do in each picture -- like the colorful design on the robe.
August 7th, 2014 #11
They are right the composition, perspective, and anatomy are all very off. The kimono design and idea of it is good though. But the concept of how it is put together is a little strange. We would imagine that an important person who we're guessing passed away, their picture would be hung up in the middle of the room. Tucking it in the corner of the room there just seems a little odd. If you look for images of japanese shrines in the home you will see how detailed they are when compared to yours.These are things you cant fix simply from changing a line or two here and there, its probably best to start fresh. But don't give up everyone believes you can do fantastic work one day, you can!
August 7th, 2014 #12
I can sum up the issues at bit more clearly and constructively, I think. The idea for the image isn't a bad one at all. I kind of liked the original jarring perspective, but the figure needed to be integrated into the space a little more.
Ok so here's the issue. It's a procedural one. Your process is this: Draw the Outline > Color everything in. The simplicity of it hurts the result. There are no checks and balances, so you have to way of knowing for sure if you're doing things right. This process is the one that EVERY beginner has with almost no exceptions. It's very direct.
The Structural Drawing (Loomis/Vilppu/Kevin Chen) Process is this: Gesture > Forms > Check balance, proportion, angles, negative shapes > Refine Forms and Gesture > Add Anatomy and Details > Posterize into a Light Side and Dark Side > Establish the Shadow Core > Refine the Light and Shadows > Bind the Outline. It's a more complex process, but it can still be done quickly and with more accuracy than the usual intuitive process. When you master this process you can draw anything, plus you can compress the steps when you're really good at this.
We'll work on each step of that process if you want, as well as explore the connections and relationships as well as the reason the order goes that way.
So anyway, don't get discouraged. Just get ready to make some big changes, and you'll be happy with a new process I promise.
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Picture: Tom Hanks Guests arrive for the funeral of Michael Clark Duncan at the Hall of Liberty in Forest Lawn Park Los Angeles, California - 10.09.12
The funeral of MICHAEL CLARKE DUNCAN, a four-hour memorial service on Monday (10th September 2012) at Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in Los Angeles, saw numerous celebrity friends remember the erstwhile actor, reports CBS News.
Tom Hanks, Jay Leno, Holly Robinson Peete, Loretta Devine and Stevie Wonder all gathered to pay their respects and celebrate the life of Michael Clarke Duncan, who died at the age of 54 following a heart attack which he never fully recovered from. The Green Mile star, best known for his role alongside Hanks, touched the hearts of many with his heartfelt performances, none more than his co-star in the Frank Darabont classic. Hanks, 56, spoke fondly, and anecdotally about his friend, telling stories about his ventures into Chicago gangs, only to be thwarted by a swift whack to the head from his mother. "If it wasn't for that mama and the frying pan with a pork chop, we would not be here today celebrating the life of Michael Clarke Duncan," joked Hanks, who like many, affectionately remembers the 6-foot-5-inch, 300-pound Duncan.
Some couldn't muster a jovial story, though, and were drawn to more heartfelt tributes. "Just to see such a pure heart and pure kindness, and to see it taken so early," Jay Leno said, his voice cracking. "There are no sadder words than what might have been". The most prominent tributes allude to Duncan's strength of character, and warm nature. "No one had a more positive spirit than Michael Clarke Duncan," Darabont said.


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No knives, please, you may use it for putting butter on a bread! Dangerous! A nail scissor? G-d forbid you may cut your nails....! Dangerous. and so on! The TSA is a divine institution because it has a an infinite amount of stupidity!
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
36 year old man | Atlanta, GA, USA | Seeking women 23-35 within 20 miles
Looking to expand my circle of friends and perhaps find one good one
I'm from outside of Philadelphia, however I've lived in multiple cities. I've been living in Atlanta since I graduated from Wake Forest (11 years). My friends would say I'm easy-going, fun-loving, and above all, honest. I enjoy being active outside, especially in the nice Spring/Fall days Atlanta has to offer. I'll take my dog on walks to Piedmont park, hike, play tennis, or just hang out on a patio. I also LOVE to cook...I just need to get better at it...any help is appreciated. I actually couldn't think of a better way to spend a Friday night, then preparing a big meal. I'm goal-driven. Whether its getting a degree or running a marathon, I need to set my sights on future accomplishments. In 2014, I'm focusing on my relatively new job (1 year in), traveling (Paris, Budapest, B.A.), get into biking again and learning spanish. I'm grateful for too many things to list, but mainly my ultra-supportive family (still in PA) & friends. I decided to join Match.com to try something different. I enjoy meeting new people and doing new things. I hope to create new relationships with people in my area. A few things I look for in any of my friends (also how I view myself): open-minded, supportive, compassionate, enthusiastic, and generally happy.
Camping , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Basketball, Running, Skiing, Tennis / Racquet sports
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
Variety Playhouse, Righteous Room, The Earl, Blind Willys, Dekalb Farmers Market (def not hot), Fox Bros., Antico Pizza, anything new and different
Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
I like most all kinds of rock music, from classic to soft (Black Keys to Elton John) I'm up for most any live music. I'm slightly more selective on what TV I watch, mostly movies, live sports, and sitcoms (Always Sunny, The Office, King of Queen
Concerts, sporting events, play tennis, anything new & different
I like to switch between fiction & non-fiction books
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'8" (172cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Financial / Accounting / Real Estate
|No preference
I do finance/strategic planning at public corp in Atlanta
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|No preference
Wake Forest undergrad Georgia State MBA


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More than half of the continental United States was in moderate to extreme drought in June — including corn- and soybean-producing states — damaging crops and impacting prices at the grocery store. Continue reading
In Copenhagen, a rift continues to divide developing countries and wealthier, developed nations. Ray Suarez reports from the climate summit where time is running out to strike a deal on combating global warming. Continue reading


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Getty Images
September 7, 2010
Linda Celeste Sims of Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater performs during "The White House Dance Series: A Tribute to Judith Jamison" in the East Room at the White House in Washington, DC. US First Lady Michelle Obama invited world renowned dance companies to perform at the Administration s first event celebrating dance. The event was organized to tribute to Judith Jamison for her outstanding career as an American dancer, choreographer, and Artistic Director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater for the past 20 years.
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CTnow.com, 285 Broad St., Hartford, CT 06115
A Hartford Courant website


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|Amount Per Serving
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Supports Exercise Recovery, Energy and Detoxification
L-Citrulline is a natural amino acid that supports sports performance and good health, while at the same time helping the liver detoxify. L-Citrulline helps the body rid itself of ammonia, a by-product of intense exercise. This clearing enables the body to recover after a workout, and it frees ATP energy for enhanced uses such as respiration and signal transduction.
Vitacost price: $13.69


text: Guided by chef Steve Johnson's dedication to local, sustainable ingredients, Rendezvous wine director Nicole Bernier puts an emphasis on organic and biodynamic options from the West Coast and Europe. But the kicker here is value: Most bottles fall below $50. We also appreciate that Bernier introduces us to small producers, labels, and even varietals that you won't see copied on lists all over town.


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Printable View
NOW.....this is wide open to misinterpretation. Obviously within rules, guidelines and general decency, we can't just discuss anything - here. In the privacy of our own homes, we surely can.
So, I have the right to say what I want. You - for instance - have the right to be offended by whatever I say. What you don't have a right to is to object to me EVER saying it in front of you, simply because it's sensitive to you. If it fits into the social guidelines of the environment, then it's open for discussion and not selective censorship. Understand? :)
Knowing they're fucking your daughters - Merry Christmas. lol
Simply breathtaking. Get chills every time I watch it.
There is NOTHING wrong with being offended by something; there's nothing wrong with saying you're offended by something - but there's everything wrong with insisting that just since you happen to be offended by it, people shouldn't say it.
I cannot stress enough that this form of self expression should always take into account the standard and normal rules for communication - that being mutual respect and regard. I'm not going to say things (always;)) to be deliberately contentious but sometimes it just happens. An example of this might be....talking about homosexuals. I can discuss that quite comfortably but some people object to being included on such a conversation - it's almost the perfect example. Whereas it would be OK to discuss gays, it would be not appropriate to discuss gay sex - or any sexualities sex - in a manner of poor taste.
Why are you so offensive?
Oh shit B Mac. I don't think I can help it. :eek: It's just the way I think.


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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 1/2/13
Terell Floyd returned an interception 38 yards for a score on the first play, Jeremy Wright added short touchdown run and No. 22 Louisville jumped to a 14-0 lead over No. 4 Florida in the first quarter of the Sugar Bowl on Wednesday night. Teddy Bridgewater completed four of his first five passes for 66 yards, leading the underdog Cardinals 83 yards on 12 plays for their second score. The Gators went into the game as two-touchdown favorites. But Floyd, one of nearly three dozen Louisville players from the state of Florida, provided a surprise start. Florida quarterback Jeff Driskel's interception was only his fourth all year. He was looking for seldom-targeted receiver Andre Debose, who had only two catches all season coming in. The throw was a bit behind Debose and the receiver tipped it, making for an easy catch and score for Floyd. Oddly, Louisville had only 10 defenders on the field until only moments before the snap, when safety Jermaine Reve darted out from the sideline an...
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Solokola Wardrobe Stylist
Hannah McGeePhotographer Female London, England, United Kingdom
My Website: HannahMcGee PhotographyMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/hmcgeephotography
Mayhem # 1961856
About MeI would love to shoot some new people in the London area. I haven't got much money at the moment, so I'm looking to work with other people who are in the same position on a testing and TFP basis.
At the moment everything is experience for me, so don't hesitate to ask me any questions etc.
Located In London.
Have a look at my website because I have a lot more photos up there: http://hannahmcgeephotography.com
Solokola Wardrobe Stylist
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The stars of Teen Mom 2 keep getting older, but the drama stays the same.
And by the look of the new trailer for the latest edition of the trainwreck "documentary" series, MTV's got another cautionary tale to tell viewers.
The 16 and Pregnant spinoff once again chronicles teen mothers Leah Messer, Kailyn Lowry, Chelsea Houska and Jenelle Evans as they struggle to raise their infants amidst the challenges of young adulthood. With storylines this season ranging from run-ins with the law (duh!) and car crashes to fights with family members and the very real possibility of divorce, it should be an interesting ride.
Teen Mom 2 premieres on MTV on Dec. 6.
MORE: 16 and Pregnant's Teen Moms—Where Are They Now?


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The Bursar's Office
The mission of the Bursar's Office is to provide quality support and information to students in the assessment and collection of all student fees, the disbursement of all student refunds, and the fiscal management of all student financial aid programs including federal, state, and private funding.
Note: The Bursar's Office is not responsible for determining eligibility or awarding federal/state Financial Aid funds. Please contact the Financial Aid Office for any information regarding eligibility and status of awarding financial aid. You may email the Financial Aid Office: firstname.lastname@example.com or click here to visit the website. You may also contact them by phone at (678) 839-6421.
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Originally written on Fox Sports Florida | Last updated 7/9/13
ORLANDO, Fla. -- Maybe the Miami Heat don't need Jarvis Varnado to try contesting every shot within his reach for him to give them a lift. The 6-foot-10 Varnado, who is the NCAA's all-time leader in blocked shots, recorded nine rejections in the Heat's first two Orlando Pro Summer League games. But on Tuesday, he turned in an usual linescore for him -- 16 points with only two rebounds and no blocks -- in a wire-to-wire 94-80 win over the Orlando Magic. "I still need to go out and block a shot at least once, he said. "But I've just been working on my offense and taking it one day at a time. I didn't get off to a good start on the offensive end the first two games. This game, I just slowed down, being patient, taking what the defense gave me. On the Heat's first possession, the Magic gave Varnado a wide-open look from the elbow and he capitalized on it. Aside from that, the bulk of his offense came near the rim. Varnado, who never got to the free-throw line once in eight games in ...
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New Hampshire To The Arctic Ocean, Alaska - June 2013
View Single Post
Joined: Jun 2007
Location: NH
Oddometer: 96
6/9/13- Sunday Im Hheading to Fairbanks today via the Top Of The World Highway. I stopped to fill the gas in Dawson City at 7:00AM. The lady at the gas station was chatting with few locals on the growing bears population in the area, everyone was sharing his latest bear encounter. Very close community.
I crossed the river with the ferry, once on the other side of the river, the gravel started after few miles. The gravel road had many potholes but its packed. It was dry for the most part. The road is twisty, curvy with many ups and downs. Outstanding view, rivers, snow, trees, mountains, valleys, blue sky, sunny... Just beautiful. The feeling on paved road and gravel is different. There are other factors while riding on gravel that makes it more fun and adventurous. After about two hours on the gravel, I arrived at the border crossing into Alaska, finally. On the American side the gravel continues. I arrived at Chicken, I stopped to refuel and ordered Fish and Chips, it was great and tasty. Time wise I'm doing good, I told Dan from Adventure Cycleworks that I should be at 6pm at his house to change tires and oil. I ordered the tires in advanced.
I stopped at Tok and the Delta junction. At the Delta junction I had triple Expresso , yeh....and met outside another local rider on a Harley, Randy, very nice man who shared some of his experience in this part of the world. We chatted for 30min and exchanged info and I continued to Fairbanks.
At Fairbanks, I checked for a camping spot for the night, than refuel and headed to Dans house. Dan work is meticulous, clean and neat. Great work habits. New shoes were installed in 45 min.
Ok, back to planning, the weather is great in Fairbanks but forecast is rain and snow north of Coldfoot which is half way between Prudhoe Bay and Fairbanks. I thought either I go north to the Arctic Ocean or south to Anchorage and Seward. I had the urge to go to the Arctic Ocean but I wasn't sure on the weather. I called the hotel in Prodhoe Bay and the lady said it is rainy, a bit snowy but looks good for the next few days. I decided to go north. I said goodbye to Dan and told him I'll be back in two days to change the oil.
Back to the campsite, plenty of mosquitos.....terrible, Im trying to setup the tent but I guess I may need head-net this time.
Ok, time to sleep. I'm exhausted.
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Cooking and Baking
What to do with Tarragon...
So, I bought some Tarragon this past Sunday at the Farmer's Market. It looked great and there was a good price so I figured why not try something new. I know you can put it in Chicken Salad, but what else?? I have plenty so feel free to give me some delicious pointers! Thank you Serious Eaters! :)
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Standing Alone: An American Woman's Struggle for the Soul of Islamby Asra Q. Nomani
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
As President Bush is preparing to invade Iraq, Wall Street Journal correspondent Asra Nomani embarks on a dangerous journey from Middle America to the Middle East to join more than two million fellow Muslims on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca required of all Muslims once in their lifetime. Mecca is Islam's most sacred city and strictly off limits to non-Muslims. On a journey perilous enough for any American reporter, Nomani is determined to take along her infant son, Shibli — living proof that she, an unmarried Muslim woman, is guilty of zina, or "illegal sex." If she is found out, the puritanical Islamic law of the Wahabbis in Saudi Arabia may mete out terrifying punishment. But Nomani discovers she is not alone. She is following in the four-thousand-year-old footsteps of another single mother, Hajar (known in the West as Hagar), the original pilgrim to Mecca and mother of the Islamic nation.
Each day of her hajj evokes for Nomani the history of a different Muslim matriarch: Eve, from whom she learns about sin and redemption; Hajar, the single mother abandoned in the desert who teaches her about courage; Khadijah, the first benefactor of Islam and trailblazer for a Muslim woman's right to self-determination; and Aisha, the favorite wife of the Prophet Muhammad and Islam's first female theologian. Inspired by these heroic Muslim women, Nomani returns to America to confront the sexism and intolerance in her local mosque and to fight for the rights of modern Muslim women who are tired of standing alone against the repressive rules and regulations imposed by reactionary fundamentalists.
Nomani shows how many of the freedoms enjoyed centuries ago have been erased by the conservative brand of Islam practiced today, giving the West a false image of Muslim women as veiled and isolated from the world. Standing Alone in Mecca is a personal narrative, relating the modern-day lives of the author and other Muslim women to the lives of those who came before, bringing the changing face of women in Islam into focus through the unique lens of the hajj. Interweaving reportage, political analysis, cultural history, and spiritual travelogue, this is a modern woman's jihad, offering for Westerners a never-before-seen look inside the heart of Islam and the emerging role of Muslim women.
"[A] vibrant and engrossing account of the hajj....As well as being a good story, the book is packed with facts, figures and interesting information about Islam and Muslims today." Washington Post
About the Author
Asra Q. Nomani is a former Wall Street Journal correspondent, has also written for the Washington Post, New York Times, and Time magazine on Islam, and has covered the war in Afghanistan for Salon.com. She has spoken about women's rights in Islam on CNN, PBS, NPR, and the BBC. A Muslim born in India, Nomani was raised in the foothills of West Virginia, and currently lives in Morgantown with her son, Shibli.
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Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Well we all remember when San Andreas first came out in October 2004 and we all wanted a piece of the game. I remember myself waiting very impaitently for this game to realese much like Grand Theft Auto IV. But enough rambling lets get to the review. The game is set in 1992 in the huge state (yes state not city) of San Andreas which is based off california and part of Nevada. We got a huge wo...
Read review | Comments(0) | 2708d ago
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
- Xbox
With Grand Theft Auto (GTA): Vice City improving the GTA universe in every aspect, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas had an even taller order to fill than Vice City did. Once again the team over at Rockstar did not disappoint. Although San Andreas was my least favorite of all the GTA games, it still stands the test of time and is a classic no matter what console generation you currently dabble in...
Read review | Comments(5) | 2625d ago
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
- Xbox
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is the eighth chronological instalment in the Grand Theft Auto series, and the second best selling game in the entire franchise, behind Grand Theft Auto IV. San Andreas revolves around Carl "CJ" Johnson returning home to San Andreas from Liberty City after learning that his mother was killed in a violent gang shootout. Throughout the game, Carl tries to uncover the...
Read review | Comments(6) | 1262d ago
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
|Android Release Dates
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|PC Release Dates
|10 June 2005
|20 September 2005
|PS2 Release Dates
|29 October 2004
|08 October 2005
|PS3 Release Dates
|Xbox Release Dates
|10 June 2005
|15 September 2005
|Xbox 360 Release Dates


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Downgrade Alert for Alcatel-Lucent (ALU)
Alcatel-Lucent (NYSE:ALU) was downgraded from Neutral to Underperform at BofA/Merrill today. The stock closed yesterday at $3.49 on volume of 7.5 million shares, above average daily volume of 7.1 million.
Alcatel-Lucent manufactures telecommunications equipment, and offers telecommunications services. The Company's telecommunications equipment and services enable its customers to send or receive virtually any type of voice or data transmission. Alcatel-Lucent designs and builds public and private networks, communications systems and software, and data networking systems.
In the past 52 weeks, shares of Alcatel-Lucent have traded between a low of $2.28 and a high of $4.62 and closed yesterday at $3.49, which is 53% above that low price. The 200-day and 50-day moving averages have moved 0.27% lower and 2.75% higher over the past week, respectively.
Potential upside of 11.9% exists for Alcatel-Lucent, based on a current level of $3.49 and analysts' average consensus price target of $3.91. Alcatel-Lucent shares have support at the 200-day moving average (MA) of $3.47 and additional support at the 50-day MA of $3.36.
SmarTrend recommended that subscribers consider buying shares of Alcatel-Lucent on October 30th, 2014 as our proprietary SmarTrend analytics indicated a new Uptrend was in progress when shares hit $2.93. Since that recommendation, shares of Alcatel-Lucent have risen 19.3%. We continue to monitor ALU for any potential shift so investors can protect gains and will alert SmarTrend subscribers immediately.
Keywords: analyst upgrades/downgrades Alcatel-Lucent
Ticker(s): ALU


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David Haas Flute Sheet Music: 2 items found
Song of the Body of Christ (Instrumental Parts)
Composed by David Haas. For flute or recorder, oboe, bassoon, cello. Sacred. Set of instrumental parts. 8 pages. Published by GIA Publications (GI.G-3360INST)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 2 to 3 weeks
Blest Are They
Composed by David Haas. Arranged by Michael Helman. For 3, 4, 5, 6 octaves handbells with optional 3, 4, 5 octaves handchimes and flute or C instrument. Resounding Faith Series. Sacred. Handbell Level 3-. 12 pages. Published by GIA Publications (GI.G-7043)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 2 to 3 weeks
David Haas


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Up To 50% Off Top Beauty & Fragrance In Our Summer Sale - Ends Monday. Save now
No fancy ingredients but does the job quite well. Absorbs nicely and very velvety to apply.
Rápido y rficaz
No doubt about it it's a good moisturiser but a bit too heavy for my oily skin!
Amazing price
Very good for skin
Love this product , great for sensitive and dry skin!
Highly recommend for anyone who's on
Accutane :)
My skin loves this! Sorted out my dry skin problem
very good
A good general moisturising lotion, but too thick for my face. I have combination skin and this caused a breakout in my T-zone. Will use it on my body but won't purchase it again as a facial moisturiser, dispute the good reviews.
Moisturises skin well without irritating
Free delivery and regular discount codes v. much appreciated!
Great range of products and prompt delivery!
cures dry skin conditions could not be without fab for sensative skin also
Swift delivery and great products
Arrived fast
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Good service
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Gear Review
Granola, is Granola
Not sure why some other reviewers were expecting oatmeal, when they clearly bought granola....but as a huge granola fan, I thought this was delicious! An alternative to all of the blueberry granola out there. Would buy again.
View More Details on AlpineAire Strawberry Honey Granola with Milk


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Recent ATLbike Trail Foundation News and Projects: Updated:20150323
Brushy Mtn Flood Control: GOOD NEWS: Work from last fall was very effective. READ STORY
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|Table of Contents
|Vol. 82, No. 5-6, 2004
Issue release date: February 2005
|Section title: Clinical Paper
Recovery of Pain Control by Intensive Reprogramming after Loss of Benefit from Motor Cortex Stimulation for Neuropathic PainHenderson J.M.a · Boongird A.a · Rosenow J.M.c · LaPresto E.b · Rezai A.R.a
aCenter for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, bBiomedical Engineering, Brain Tumor Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, cDepartment of Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill., USA
Published online: 2/17/2005
Issue release date: February 2005
Number of Print Pages: 7
Number of Figures: 4
Number of Tables: 2
ISSN: 1011-6125 (Print)
eISSN: 1423-0372 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/SFN
Introduction: Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) may serve as an adjunct in managing neuropathic pain after other conservative and interventional methods have failed. However, the magnitude and duration of the benefit are highly variable, with a significant percentage of patients losing pain relief over time. We investigated whether intensive reprogramming could recapture the beneficial effects of MCS. Methods: Six patients who had previously undergone MCS implantation for neuropathic pain but had lost benefit were brought back for 1–5 days of intensive reprogramming. Four patients were evaluated as inpatients while the others were seen as outpatients during multiple visits over several days. Several hours a day were spent with each patient. Patients completed visual analog scale (VAS) ratings at intervals throughout the reprogramming period to judge effectiveness of stimulation. Pre- and postadjustment VAS were compared using a paired t test. Results: The patients' average age was 50 years (range 26–71). The diagnoses were trigeminal neuropathic pain (2 patients), complex regional pain syndrome I (2), phantom limb pain (1) and poststroke pain (1). The mean duration of pain was 6 years. The MCS benefit had initially lasted for a mean of 7.16 months (range 2–18 months). After reprogramming, 5 of 6 patients experienced improvement in pain. Average VAS scores decreased from 7.44 to 2.28 (p < 0.001) in those patients who responded to reprogramming. The average stimulation parameters in these patients were 5 V amplitude (range 1.7–10), 313 µs pulse width (range 240–390) and frequency of 84 Hz (range 55–130). Three patients experienced seizures during reprogramming. The mean seizure threshold was 8.9 V. No patient experienced seizures at their therapeutic settings. Pain control has been maintained after discharge. Conclusion: Intensive reprogramming can recapture the benefit of MCS in patients who have lost pain control. The use of broad dipoles using two contacts rather than one contact of the 1 × 4 electrode array improved the ability to recapture beneficial stimulation. There is a significant risk of seizures during aggressive reprogramming.
© 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
Jaimie M. Henderson, MD
Stanford University, Department of Neurosurgery/R-227
300 Pasteur Dr.
Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
Tel. +1 650 724 9513, Fax +1 650 723 7813, E-Mail email@example.com
Published online: November 30, 2004
Number of Print Pages : 7
Number of Figures : 4, Number of Tables : 2, Number of References : 22
Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
Vol. 82, No. 5-6, Year 2004 (Cover Date: Released February 2005)
Journal Editor: D.W. Roberts, Lebanon, N.H.; Ph.L. Gildenberg, Houston, Tex.
ISSN: 1011–6125 (print), 1423–0372 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/sfn
Published online: 2/17/2005
Issue release date: February 2005
Number of Print Pages: 7
Number of Figures: 4
Number of Tables: 2
ISSN: 1011-6125 (Print)
eISSN: 1423-0372 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/SFN


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If you care about nonprofits and their legal needs, this is your playbook. Never before has the General Counsel of a major organization taken readers on a grand tour that summarizes the legal responsibilities and opportunities of nonprofits. With illustrative examples from human services, higher education, cultural, and other organizations, Good Counsel helps executives, board members, and lawyers avoid mistakes and serve with excellence. Highly relevant for lawyers and non-lawyers alike, Good Counsel distills to their essentials the legal needs of one million public charities in the United States: nonprofit corporate law and governance, the tax exemption, and business law topics relevant to program, fundraising, finance, human resources, communications, operations, and more.


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Find more dishes for winter on menus -- Buckley's, Andrew's, The National, Il Mito
Restaurants continue adjusting their menus as we roll toward winter. Here's a sampling of what you'll find around the area:
Buckley's: Some of the newer items on the menu include appetizers of caramelized Brussels sprouts with kimchi ($8) and grilled octopus ($12) with paprika-pancetta vinaigrette, fig vincotto and soft polenta. »Read Full Blog Post
Alchemist Theatre's 'King Lear' reigns as family drama
Early in Friday's opening-night performance of Alchemist Theatre's "King Lear," Bo Johnson's aged king called for the map demonstrating his intended division of Britain among his three daughters. Lear's attendants dutifully unfurled it — with the bottom at the top and the top at the bottom. When they tried to hang the map up, it kept falling down.
Director Leda Hoffmann confirmed during intermission that this sequence wasn't planned. But such a topsy-turvy world aptly illustrates the disorder that descends on Britain once the hot-tempered Lear banishes his beloved Cordelia, counting on his remaining two daughters to keep him and Britain safe. »Read Full Article
Check out interactive map of southeast Wisconsin farmers markets
Another beautiful Saturday morning — perfect farmers market weather.
Good thing there are so many of them operating on Saturdays. »Read Full Article


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Health insurance premiums paid by workers have risen $801 for a family plan over four years, or $172 for an individual plan.
Moreover, Obama's health care law came into effect in 2010. Over the period since then, the total cost of a family plan is $1,975 higher on average, and the share paid by workers is up $319 in that time — altogether a far cry from the notion that Obamacare is already costing families thousands of dollars a year. Indeed, Kaiser's experts, along with nonpartisan analysts in the government, say Obama's law thus far has played only a marginal role in rising costs. Its main effects don't start until 2014, when coverage expansion kicks off. Obama has clearly oversold the ability of his law to bring costs down, but Romney's assertion that it already is breaking the bank is fanciful.
OBAMA in Green Bay: :
—"Another $5 trillion tax cut that favors the wealthy isn't change."
—"But if the price of peace in Washington is cutting deals that will kick students off of financial aid, or get rid of funding for Planned Parenthood, or eliminate health care for millions on Medicaid who are poor or elderly or disabled, just to give a millionaire a tax cut, I'm not having it."
THE FACTS: This supercharged critique of Romney's agenda assigns a misleading price tag to the Republican's tax plan, which calls for tax cuts for all income groups, not just millionaires. Romney is not proposing to "eliminate health care" for Medicaid recipients or to throw students to the wolves, although it's within the bounds of political debate to assume the worst of your rival's policy ideas.
Obama gets the $5 trillion figure from a forecast by the Tax Policy Center that Romney's tax cuts would reduce federal revenue by $465 billion in 2015 — in the ballpark of $5 trillion if spread over 10 years. But Obama is ignoring a crucial feature of the plan: that Romney says he would greatly lower its cost by reducing or eliminating some tax credits, deductions and exemptions, especially for wealthier taxpayers. Romney won't be specific, but it's clear $5 trillion is just one side of the equation.
ROMNEY in Roanoke: "We're gonna create 12 million new jobs and more take-home pay."
THE FACTS: Romney never gets to the nitty-gritty of how these jobs would be created. He merely sketches a general five-point plan calling for lower taxes, more trade, better worker training, deficit cuts and accelerated energy production.
Still, he could well succeed in this goal, because it is not particularly ambitious.
Most economists think that about that many jobs will return over the next four years no matter who wins, absent another big economic setback. It doesn't take boom times to create jobs at a rate of 3 million a year.
To reach Romney's job pledge, the workforce would have to grow at an average of 250,000 a month. While that's above recently depressed averages, it's not abnormally high for non-recessionary times when the economy is growing at close to 3 percent or higher. Since July, the economy has created an average of 173,000 jobs a month.
In essence, then, Romney with this claim is promising a return to modest economic growth. Saying 12 million jobs sounds better.
Associated Press writers Tom Raum and Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar contributed to this report.
EDITOR'S NOTE _ An occasional look at political claims that take shortcuts with the facts or don't tell the full story


text: So I just recently bought a new horse, she is registered with the APHA (she is a breeding stock, though I don't think that makes a diffrenece since she is still registered with the APHA) anyways, her papers were never transfered into the old owners name when she bought her. The breeder of her, is still the only name on the papers (saying she is till the current owner). A person bought cricket from the breeder and never put cricket in her name, then the person I bought cricket from never put cricket in her name. So my question is, how much will it cost me now to get cricket tansfered into my name? I know with the AQHA it cost an extra $100 if the person you bought the horse from, didnt transfer them into there name. And is it going to cost even more since there were two owners who didnt transfer cricket into there name? When the breeder sold cricket, she wrote her name and put a date on the back of the papers, were it says the sale/transfer part. So does that mean I will have to send these papers to the APHA, get a new one, then send it to the person I bought cricket from, and have them right the date of sale and sign it, then have them send it back to me, the re-send it back to the APHA, then they will send me a new copy with my name on it? Im afraid this is going to cost me a butt load, since I am also not a member of the APHA, and do I also have to become a member first before I can even get cricket put into my name???