text:
SK Telecom named as preferred bidder for Hynix
South Korea's top mobile carrier SK Telecom has been selected as preferred bidder for a controlling stake in Hynix Semiconductor, the world's number two memory chip maker, creditors said Friday.
South Korea's top mobile carrier SK Telecom has been selected as preferred bidder for a controlling stake in Hynix Semiconductor, the world's number two memory chip maker, creditors said Friday.
(AP) -- BlackBerry maker Research In Motion Ltd.'s quarterly results on Thursday provided fresh evidence of the company's struggles to come up with a device to compete with the iPhone and smartphones running ...
When the economy sours, small firms seeking credit tend to face higher costs of financing, leading them to reinvest their profits before they pay off creditors, according to research published by a University of Illinois ...
The United States workforce, battered by an economic slowdown, now includes a record number of workers who are involuntarily working part-time due to reduced hours or the inability to find a full-time job.
India's third-largest software group Wipro on Tuesday reported a 19-percent rise in net profit and forecast improving demand, underscoring new optimism in the sector.
(AP) -- Lenovo Group, the world's fourth-largest personal computer maker, reported a $16 million quarterly loss Thursday and said it faces pressure from weak global demand and intense competition.
Japanese high-tech giant Hitachi announced Tuesday a net loss of 82.7 billion yen (870 million dollars) for the fiscal first quarter with sales down heavily amid the economic downturn.
Japan's ailing IT giant NEC Corp. said Thursday that it would withdraw from a government-backed supercomputer project as part of its efforts to cut costs during the economic slump.
(AP) -- Nintendo Co. reported an 8.5 percent rise in annual profit as the video game maker shrugged off the global slowdown that has battered other Japanese manufacturers.
India's largest software exporter Tata Consultancy Services Monday said net profit rose 4.61 percent in the fourth quarter, hit by lower fees and cuts in technology spending due to the global economic slowdown.
China Mobile, the world's largest mobile phone network operator, said Thursday its profits jumped by 30 percent last year, but warned China's telecoms market faced a tough 2009.
Japanese hi-tech giant Hitachi Ltd. said Monday that it was replacing its president and splitting off its automotive systems and consumer electronics operations as it braces for a massive loss.
Shares in Indian outsourcing giant Infosys climbed nearly four percent on Thursday after the company announced a new chief executive who will take over in August.
(AP)—Business software maker SAP AG said net profit grew 10 percent in the second quarter to 724 million euros ($948 million) despite the economic slowdown in Asia.
The European Union is unlikely to hammer out its new policy on global warming ahead of a global climate deal that could be clinched in 2015, Poland's environment minister said Wednesday.


text:
Burt's Bees Ultra Conditioning Lip Balm
36 reviews
33% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$
Not tested on animals
Burt's Bees is a Cruelty-Free Subsidiary.
on 3/13/2015 3:38:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Blue
this product is kind of too much for me. it leaves my lips feeling too oily even with one swipe on my lips. Sometimes it helps my dry and chapped lips, but sometimes it doesn't. It fluctuates. it also smells clean if you like that:)
on 1/25/2015 8:54:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I don't hate it, but yeah it is totes slipperry. It kind of just sits on top of the lips.
on 8/14/2014 12:35:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Very Oily, Medium Brown, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Sucks. Bottom line.... Ugh! :/
on 8/3/2014 8:17:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
This stuff suuuucks, and I'll tell you why;
1. Stinks, awful - smells too strongly of liquorice or something.
2.Little to no lasting moisturisation - fair enough my lips feel soft when it is just applied, but when it wears off they feel drier than ever.
3. Does not even soften flaky bits of lip.
4. Is more expensive than other burts bees balms - and is still worse.
How on earth does a balm make your lips actually drier?
on 6/8/2014 2:17:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Terrible and useless. After applied it my lip getting dry.
on 6/4/2014 10:43:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
Terrible. I love the brand but this lip balm is absolute disappointment. Very oily, feels heavy on the lips, not moisturising at all. It's like having oil on your lips. Smell is nothing special either. Small amount in the packaging. I will through it away.
on 5/23/2014 7:46:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Relaxed, Fine
Eyes: Hazel
No I wouldn't buy this again, and I ended up throwing if in the bin with the rest of my garbage where it belongs. Not moisturising at all and in fact makes my lips even drier and peely. The rejuvenating balm and honey balm are my only two I kept from the entire lip balm range with excellent results :)
on 4/22/2014 12:33:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Very Oily, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I'm not a huge fan of this lip balm, although I didn't have a negative experience like some other reviewers have. The consistency on this one is very thin and greasy. If you don't like a heavier feel to your lip products, you might actually like this. I personally didn't care for the slippery feel of it. I felt that it wore off very quickly and had limited effect on my lips either way: not very moisturized but no damage done. I'm not thrilled that this was marketed as "ultra moisturizing" since even their original lip balm is better than this. If you're looking for a really great lip balm, the original Burt's Bees, Blistex and Carmex all have incredibly affordable options that would work much better than this.
on 11/19/2013 7:14:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Oily, Dark, Warm
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I wish I had something positive to say but I don't. I bought this in hopes that it would help my dry winter lips but its seems to dry my lips out even more. Which is odd because it claims to be Ultra Conditioning and maintain 4- Hour Moisturization. There is nothing Ultra, Conditioning or Moisturizing about this product. It feels slick and forgot sipping on water because you'll get more moisture from the water than this product.
on 11/17/2013 10:30:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Tan, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
I'm very disappointed with this products, since I really like Burt's Bees products in general. I'm a big fan of their tinted lip balms. I have really dry lips, and I normally use chapstick, but I found out it has parabens and I wanted something more natural. When I first put this on, it was like the stick instantly turned into oil on my lips. I know oil is the main ingredient, but I've tried other products with oil as the main ingredient and they still retain a balmy texture. So my lips felt and looked greasy, but I wouldn't have minded as long as it moisturized. Instead, it seemed like within 5 minutes or less, my lips were drying out way more than they had been before I had applied the product. I had to keep applying every couple of minutes. I don't know where all of the moisture was going. This stuff basically sucked the moisture out of my lips and made them peel. One benefit I guess was that it dried my lips out so much it kind of exfoliated them. So if you want something that will make your lips peel but also sucks the moisture out and turns them wrinkly, this is the product to get. I didn't notice any flavor, i would have preferred a light flavor since this just tasted like oil. I definitely would never buy this again and am going to try to return this.
Popular Lip Treatments

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Photograph - Western End of Great Hall, Exhibition Building, Melbourne, 1977 Reg. No: MM 124047
- Summary:
- Black & white photograph of the western end of the Great Hall fully refurbished after the removal of the Organ Gallery, taken in 1977. The Grand Organ was removed between May and August 1965.
This is one of 959 photographs (or images) of the Exhibition Building collated by the Exhibition Trustees as a 10 volume pictorial history of the Exhibition Building spanning the years 1880 to 1985. The pictorial history was instigated by the centenary of the Exhibition Building in 1980 and forms part of a larger Royal Exhibition Building collection of documents, photographs, objects and research files.
- Description:
- A black & white silver gelatin print on a page of a photograph album. There is a printed caption below the photograph.
- Description Of Content:
- The western end of the Great Hall of the Exhibition Building with exit and no smoking signs above the doorway and suspended lighting overhead.
|191 mm (Height), 244 mm (Width)
More information
|Tagged with:
|buildings, royal exhibition building, construction works, royal exhibition building trustees
|Themes this item is part of:
|Images & Image Making Collection, Public Life & Institutions Collection, Royal Exhibition Building Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Building & Infrastructure
|Tertiary Classification:
|great hall
|Removal of Grand Organ May 26th-August 27th 1965./ Organ gallery area 1977.
|Photograph: Black & White
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Royal Exhibition Building (REB), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1977
This item is part of the following themes:
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text:
Grilled Chicken Burgers with Caramelized Onions
|For chicken burgers
|Ground chicken breast
|1 Pound
|Minced fresh italian parsley
|2 Tablespoon
|Minced fresh cilantro
|2 Tablespoon
|Plain non-fat yogurt
|2 Tablespoon
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|1 Clove (5 gm), minced
|Reduced sodium soy sauce
|2 Teaspoon
|Ground black pepper
|To Taste
|1 , caramelized
|Olive oil
|1 Tablespoon
|Vidalia onions
|2 Large, thinly sliced
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Purple plums
|2 Large
|Hamburger buns
|Dijon mustard
|2 Tablespoon
|1 Large, sliced
|Alfalfa sprouts
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
To make the chicken burgers: In a large bowl, combine the chicken, parsley, cilantro, yogurt, lemon juice, garlic, soy sauce, and pepper.
Stir well.
Cover and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes.
Coat a grill rack or broiler pan with no-stick spray.
Preheat the grill or broiler.
Shape the chicken mixture into four 1/2 thick patties.
Cook 4" from the heat for 5 minutes.
Turn; cook for 4 minutes, or until no longer pink in the center when tested with a sharp knife.
To make the caramelizedonions: Warm the oil in a large no-stick skillet over medium-high heat.
Add the onions, reduce the heat to medium, and sprinkle with the sugar.
Cook, stirring occasionally, for 20 minutes, or until the onions are very soft.
Bring a medium saucepan of water to a boil.
Add the plums, return to a boil, and boil for 30 seconds.
Remove the plums with a slotted spoon and rinse under cold water.
Peel and finely chop the plums.
Add to the onions and cook, stirring occasionally, for 7 minutes.
Place a burger on the bottom of each bun.
Top with the mustard, onions, tomatoes, alfalfa sprouts, and the bun tops.


text:
To debug in design-time mode you will start with two instances of Visual Studio. The first will have your custom pipeline component (your BizTalk project with the .BTP file) and the second will have your custom code. Then do the following:
To debug in run-time mode we will follow almost the same steps as we did during design-time mode except that we will attach to the BizTalk process instead and place our breakpoint on the execute method of the IBaseMessage interface implementation. In addition, when debugging in run-time mode we only need one instance of Visual Studio which contains your custom code. This assumes that you have already deployed your pipeline component and setup Send and Receive ports. To setup debugging follow these steps:


text:
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My child has just been diagnosed with ADHD, and the doctor put him on Ritalin. Are there any side effects I should be concerned about?
- Elena
Ritalin is just one of many medications doctors use to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ritalin, also known as methylphenidate, works by allowing kids with ADHD to concentrate and focus at school and at home.
As with other psychostimulants, each child can respond somewhat differently. Many kids using Ritalin have few, if any, side effects. Others experience side effects like stomachaches, insomnia, decreased appetite, growth problems, irritability, and blood pressure problems.
To learn more about ADHD, various treatments, and possible side effects, talk to your doctor.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: October 2013
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
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text:
Summary: As technology becomes more mainstream and accessible, companies must develop new ways to use their IT resources in order to compete. In this extensive revision, IT expert Bernard Boar provides a methodology that shows readers how to use IT as a competitive business asset. He tackles the latest challenges facing IT departments over the next several years, including how to devise a complete strategy to make the department more effective and how to choose the best strategy framework for a company. Boar also shows how technologies like e-commerce, data warehousing, architectures, and Java can be used to make a business more competitive. ...show moreSummary: As technology becomes more mainstream and accessible, companies must develop new ways to use their IT resources in order to compete. In this extensive revision, IT expert Bernard Boar provides a methodology that shows readers how to use IT as a competitive business asset. He tackles the latest challenges facing IT departments over the next several years, including how to devise a complete strategy to make the department more effective and how to choose the best strategy framework for a company. Boar also shows how technologies like e-commerce, data warehousing, architectures, and Java can be used to make a business more competitive. ...show less
Boar, Bernard : Bernard Boar is Vice President for Strategic Solutions at RCG Information Technology where he implements and teaches the strategy discussed in his books. A frequent speaker at conferences and lectures, he consults about his methodology all over the world. Boar is also the author of Constructing Blueprints for Enterprise IT Architectures, Strategic Thinking for Information Technology, and Practical Steps for Aligning Information Technology with Business Strategies (all from Wiley).
The struggle of business has always been and remains the struggle for advantage. Those who build, compound, and sustain competitive advantage win; those who do not, lose. Competition is all about advantage. It really is that simple, yet at the same time, so complicated.
There is much confusion and misunderstanding in the information technology (IT) community. Many do not understand the purpose of the technologies that they deploy daily; they proceed in a fog. They do not understand why the IT industry is a $1.5 trillionplus worldwide industry growing at over 10 percent per year. Some think the purpose is to ''save money,'' some think it is to ''help in making better and faster decisions,'' and others think it is to simply improve productivity. This understanding is very nearsighted and shallow; they have entirely missed the deeper point.
The purpose of IT is competitiveness. The purpose of IT is to provide a robust resource for the building, compounding, and sustaining of competitive advantage for the enterprise. Cost reduction, expedited decision making, and improved productivity, while of course important, are but specific instances of this greater purpose. In the new millennium, the purpose of IT is to be the foundation of competitive advantage for the business. The purpose of IT is to enable the business to engage in IT fighting: the uses of IT as the primary resource and weapon system to build, compound, and sustain competitive advantage.
At RCG Information Technology, we fully understand this mission and collaborate daily with our clients to fulfill this purpose. To compete and succeed, one cannot be confused about the purpose of such a valuable resource. We are in the business of developing, provisioning, operating, and selling competitiveness. Regardless of the industry and the technology set, we understand the critical importance that the superior deployment of IT means to their success, and we position our services to enable the realization of IT-based advantage.
The strategic planning methods presented in this book contribute significantly to our success. By applying concepts such as core competencies, critical success factors, Five Forces, driving force, strategic intent, scenario analysis, benchmarking value chain analysis, and product maps to our strategic planning efforts, we are better able to master the possibilities of technology and position chosen technologies for maximum leverage.
The business model of the new millennium is in significant transition. The ''command-and-control'' model of management, the ''order chain,'' is dying and being replaced by a team model in which professionals are engaged, enrolled, and challenged to innovate. The resulting business structure more resembles an orchestra of skilled musicians than a traditional hierarchical military command structure.
But even an orchestra needs a score. Strategic plans provide the required score to enable our staff to craft ever more powerful solutions for our customers while maintaining harmony across the multitude of efforts. Agile employees working in an empowered environment require an anchor. The strategic plan provides that point of common reference; ''super glue'' for direction and purpose.
We are witnessing the emergence of a winner-take-all economy. The distance between the gold and silver and bronze medallist is widening. The rise of the digital enterprise makes the strategic management of IT for competitive advantage an urgent necessity. We all need ways to both understand the ascent of IT in strategic importance and to think and act strategically. Though information technologies over the last two decades have unquestionably gotten cheaper (on a unit cost basis), faster, and more functional, the resulting systems, from a user perspective, have not correspondingly gotten better. This will not suffice. We need better strategy. We must make strategy actionable.
We strongly urge you to study and apply the methods presented in this book. We are confident of continued future success and believe it is neither an accident nor simply good fortune; rather, it is the result of the stimulating, challenging, and exciting insights derived from careful planning. Though not at your command, the future is also not a totally impenetrable mystery. Sun Tzu, the master of strategy, said, ''Much strategy prevails over little strategy, so those with no strategy cannot but be defeated.'' We concur completely; how else could it be? How else could it be in a world of intense IT fighting?
Thomas J. O'Brien Senior Vice President RCG Information Technology
Vincent J. Raineri Vice President-- Enterprise Solutions RCG Information Technology
Foreword. Acknowledgments. Strategic Planning for Information Technology. Managing IT for Competitive Advantage. Assessment. Strategy. Execution. Quality Control. Administration. Epilogue. Appendix A: Aphorisms of Strategy. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Customer Satisfaction Measurements. Index.
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text:
NEW YORK – January 15, 2014 – NYSE Euronext and Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC, a leading global provider of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), today announced the launch of the PowerShares NYSE Century Portfolio (NYCC) on NYSE Arca. NYCC is based on the NYSE Century Index, which includes U.S. companies that have been incorporated for at least 100 years, are listed on a U.S. exchange and have a market capitalization of at least $1 billion.
NYCC is the first fund based on the NYSE Century Index. To learn more about NYCC, visit invescopowershares.com/NYCC.
Please click here for the full-size image of today's Opening Bell.
"The PowerShares NYSE Century Portfolio invests in household names that have defined the American economy for more than a century," said Martin L. Flanagan, president and CEO of Invesco. We believe NYCC offers investors targeted exposure to companies that have demonstrated the ability to innovate, transform and grow through decades of varying economic cycles, political conditions and social change."
"We are very pleased to list the PowerShares NYSE Century Portfolio on NYSE Arca," said Duncan L. Niederauer, President, ICE and CEO, New York Stock Exchange. "NYCC unlocks the investment potential of the NYSE Century Index, providing investors with exposure to the leadership, stability and sound business execution of the NYSE Century Club, a community of U.S. companies that have demonstrated longevity and contributed to economic and social progress for more than 100 years."
About the NYSE Century IndexSM
About NYSE Euronext
NYSE Euronext disclaimer
About Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC and Invesco Ltd.
Invesco Ltd. is a leading independent global investment management firm, dedicated to helping investors worldwide achieve their financial objectives. By delivering the combined power of our distinctive investment management capabilities, Invesco provides a wide range of investment strategies and vehicles to our clients around the world. Operating in more than 20 countries, the firm is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol IVZ. Additional information is available at www.invesco.com
Please see the below important information from Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC and Invesco Ltd.
Not FDIC Insured | May Lose Value | No Bank Guarantee
There are risks involved with investing in ETFs, including possible loss of money. Shares are not actively managed and are subject to risks similar to those of stocks, including those regarding short selling and margin maintenance requirements. Ordinary brokerage commissions apply.
Common stock risk is the financial risk that the value of an individual company's stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company's products or services. Common stocks may decline significantly in price over short or extended periods of time.
Investing in securities of large-cap companies may involve greater risk than is customarily associated with investing in stocks of smaller companies.
Investments focused in a particular industry are subject to greater risk, and are more greatly impacted by market volatility, than more diversified investments.
Shares are not individually redeemable and owners of the shares may acquire those shares from the Fund and tender those shares for redemption to the Fund in Creation Unit aggregations only, typically consisting of 50,000 shares.
NYSE Century IndexSM and NYSE® are service marks of NYSE Euronext or its affiliates (NYSE Euronext) and have been licensed for use by Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC (the Adviser) in connection with PowerShares NYSE Century Portfolio (the Fund). Neither the Adviser nor the Fund is sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by NYSE Euronext. NYSE Euronext makes no representations or warranties regarding the Trust or the Fund or the ability of the NYSE Century IndexSM to track general stock market performance.
PowerShares® is a registered trademark of Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC (Invesco PowerShares). Invesco PowerShares and Invesco Distributors, Inc. are indirect, wholly owned subsidiaries of Invesco Ltd.
Invesco Distributors, Inc. is the distributor of the PowerShares Exchange-Traded Fund Trust II.
Note: Not all products available through all firms.
An investor should consider the Fund's investment objective, risks, charges and expenses carefully before investing. The prospectus contains this and other information about the Fund. For this and more complete information about the Fund call 800 983 0903 or visit invescopowershares.com for a prospectus. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing.
Media contacts
Invesco PowerShares Capital Management:
Bill Conboy


text:
From toys that stand the test of time, to board games that are anything but boring, we found the best products for each grade that will build your child's brain and are chock full of fun. Our list of loot is kid-tested, teacher-approved, and full of options for any family.
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- 1. Awaken
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- 3. Little Librarian
- 4. Fiber Optics Lab
- 5. D.I.Y. Cheese Kit


text:
The invention disclosed is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transport handler for a network intermediary. The handler examines all segments in a TCP/IP data stream between two nodes The handler maintains a list of changes made by an application module to a data segment within a data stream and utilizes that list to ensure that the sequence numbers for both receiver and transmitter refer to the same segments of data. The list of changes is also used to reapply changes to retransmitted packets. Data segments are not acknowledged until the receiver acknowledges a segment, eliminating the requirement of buffering data segments.
1. A method for modifying a bi-directional stream of TCP segments between two nodes, said method comprising:
providing a state machine configured to:
identify data within said TCP segments, and
create a properly reconstructed stream of TCP segments,
providing an application layer analysis module configured to:
receive said reconstructed stream of TCP segments from the state machine,
examine said reconstructed stream of TCP segments, and
create TCP segment modification tags;
wherein said modification tags represent associations between TCP sequence numbers and TCP segment modifications;
providing a modification module configured to:
accept said TCP segment modification tags, and
create modifications to at least a portion of said TCP segments on a segment by segment basis, based on said modification tags.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
a) a forward sequence number;
b) a forward operation;
c) a value;
d) a reverse sequence number;
e) a reverse operation; and
f) a linkto any modified data.
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A system for modifying a bi-directional stream of TCP segments between two nodes, said system comprising:
a state machine configured to:
identify data within TCP segments, and
create a properly reconstructed stream of TCP segments;
an application layer analysis module configured to:
receive said properly reconstructed stream of TCP segments from said state machine,
examine said TCP segments, and
create modification tags, said modification tags representing associations between TCP sequence numbers and TCP segment modifications;
a modification module configured to:
receive said modification tags from said application layer analysis module, and
create modifications to at least a portion of said TCP segments on a segment by segment basis, based on said modification tags.
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
21. The system of
22. The system of
23. The system of
24. The system of
a) a forward sequence number;
b) a forward operation;
c) a value;
d) a reverse sequence number;
e) a reverse operation; and
f) a link to any modified data.
25. The system of
26. The system of
27. The system of
28. A system according to
29. A physical computer readable medium including computer executable instructions which, when executed on a computing device, cause the computing device to:
provide a state machine, said state machine configured to:
identify data within TCP segments, and
create a properly reconstructed stream of TCP segments;
provide an application layer analysis module configured to:
receive said reconstructed stream of TCP segments from the state machine,
examine said reconstructed stream of TCP segments, and
create TCP segment modification tags, said modification tags representing associations between TCP sequence numbers and TCP segment modifications;
provide a modification module configured to:
accept said TCP segment modification tags, and
create modifications to at least a portion of said TCP segments on a segment by segment basis, based on said modification tags.
30. A computer readable medium according to
The present invention relates to a system and method for transparently inspecting and modifying a TCP stream.
One of the most common methods of transferring a data stream within the Internet is TCP/IP. TCP being Transmission Control Protocol and IP being Internet Protocol. Some examples of a data stream are: an email message, a file transfer or streaming video. Data streams are broken into packets. Each packet contains a portion of data to be transmitted from one computer or "node", to another. TCP/IP allows a data stream to be split into packets.
IP is unreliable in the sense that packets may be lost or shuffled and there is no positive or negative confirmation of receipt. However, when combined with TCP, TCP/IP reliably transfers data between two nodes in correct sequence. A single TCP/IP session allows bidirectional data streams to be sent between nodes. Once initiated, communication is symmetrical between the two nodes as each node acts in both sender and receiver roles simultaneously.
Thus, TCP/IP is a two layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a data stream into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination.
Bytes in a TCP/IP data stream are consecutively numbered with a 32 bit number known as a sequence number. This allows the receiver to identify duplicate or missing data. The sender knows that all data prior to a given sequence number has been received when the sender gets an acknowledgement (ACK) for the sequence number. For each connection the sequence number begins at a random value as chosen arbitrarily by a sender. A synchronization (SYN) packet identifies the initial value.
Often one node in a TCP/IP connection may be on the Internet and a second node may be within a protected network such as corporate network or a network managed by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). In order to ensure that unwanted data does not enter nor leave a protected network, a proxy is typically installed between the Internet and the protected network to examine packets transmitted by both sides. Thus, a proxy acts as a peer to both computers it communicates with. It accepts a connection to each of the two nodes and passes data between the two connections.
A proxy also acts as a gatekeeper. A proxy may utilize many methods to determine if a packet may pass, such as:
a) filtering unwanted packets, i.e. those from undesired sources;
b) translating addresses of the packets, to ensure they are sent to a desired recipient;
c) scanning for correct format;
d) determining if a packet contains unwanted material, such as a virus; and;
e) preventing incoming connections to protected nodes.
The processing of multiple connections that each require a proxy is computationally expensive. Further, all unacknowledged data travelling in each direction must be kept in memory; this may result in the buffering of substantial amounts of data, particularly when receiving data from a fast connection. Finally, timers must be used to trigger retransmission of data, which hasn't been acknowledged by the receiving node. Thus, there is a need for a proxy that can modify data, minimize the buffering of data and limit the requirement of timers for each session. The present invention addresses this need.
The present invention relates to a TCP proxy.
One aspect of the present invention is a TCP proxy, the proxy operatively connected to one or more pairs of nodes, the proxy accepting as input, data streams from the nodes, the proxy providing as output, modifications of the data streams, the modifications determined by analysis of the data streams.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable medium containing computer instructions for implementing a TCP proxy.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for examining segments in a data stream, the method comprising the step of determining if a segment has been retransmitted and applying modifications to the segment before forwarding the segment.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for modifying segments in a data stream having the steps of:
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for recording modifications in segments in a data stream, the method comprising the step of recording each modification in a segment as a change point, for the purpose of mapping sequence numbers to modified sequence numbers and vice versa.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for managing segments in a TCP window, the method comprising the step of determining if a portion of the received segment is within the window and applying any applicable modification tags to the received segment and forwarding the received segment.
For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show more clearly how it can be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which:
It is not the intent of this disclosure to provide a detailed description of the TCP/IP architecture. A complete description of the TCP architecture is available in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) document, IETF RFC 793. Similarly, IP is defined in RFC 791. Other RFCs to which the present invention applies are: RFC 813—Window and Acknowledgement Strategy in TCP, RFC 1122—Requirements for Internet Hosts—Communication Layers, RFC 1323—TCP Extensions for High Performance, RFC 2018—TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options, and RFC 2581—TCP Congestion Control.
Referring first to
It is not the intent of this disclosure to describe in detail the structure and content of a TCP/IP packet as such details are readily available in the IETF documents mentioned earlier. However, a brief overview may be helpful to the reader. Referring now to
In this disclosure and the claims, the inventors refer to feature 72 as a "segment". Segment 72 comprises an IP header 74, a TCP header 76 and a data portion 78. Due to network communication restrictions on the size of a segment, segment 72 may be fragmented as shown by way of example with reference to block 80. In the example shown, block 80 comprises a plurality of segment fragments, the first of which comprises an IP header 74 a, a TCP header 76 a and a portion of data 78, shown as 78 a. Subsequent fragments comprise IP header 74 n and data 78 n. Block 80 is simply a reformation of segment 72 and it is the intent of the inventors that any reformation of a segment 72 is to be logically viewed as a segment.
Within TCP header 76, eight control bits may be utilized to control communications. Three letter abbreviations of these control bits, used by the present invention, hereinafter referred to as "flags" and a brief description are illustrated in Table 1. We provide this table to aid the reader in understanding the basic communication of TCP and how the present invention handles the flags of Table 1.
Referring now to
If a segment fails any of the tests of module 94 it will be immediately dropped as shown at module 96.
State retrieval module 98 uniquely associates an incoming segment with a connection by utilizing:
TCP handler 90 may optionally include a normalization module (not shown) which would logically follow state retrieval module 98. A normalization module would modify segments to remove ambiguities. For example:
State machine 100 handles:
State machine 100 is data driven. State transitions and decisions are made only when new segments arrive. Segments may be dropped at step 102 if they are determined to be redundant or illegal as described above in features j) and k).
Application layer analysis 104 comprises one or more application handlers. It is the intent of the inventors that any application handler that utilizes the TCP/IP protocol may reside in application layer analysis 104. In order to ensure this, the present invention provides an interface that ensures a properly reconstructed stream of segments (i.e. no holes or duplications) is delivered to application layer analysis module 104. When state machine 100 identifies data that has not been processed by application layer analysis module 104, module 104 is invoked and passed the following information:
Application handler layer analysis module 104 accepts the new data and returns one of the following actions:
Application handler layer analysis 104 may modify data in a number of situations, a first example addresses content filtering or censoring, it may:
1) remove the names of undesirable newsgroups within a Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) data stream. Each newsgroup name is compared against a database of names or a regular expression filter and if a match occurs, the name of the newsgroup is deleted from the TCP stream.
2) modify an attempt to access an undesirable web page by causing the requested web page to be replaced with a redirect-message or a notice that filtering has occurred. A requested URL is compared against a database and if a match occurs then either
a) the TCP stream can be modified to replace the URL with the URL of a notice that filtering occurred; or
b) the TCP stream can be modified to replace the data, which is returned from the filtered site with a filtering notice.
In a second example, an anti-virus module can prevent the transfer of a virus. As a file is being downloaded, either the entire file or the last portions of the file can be held back until virus checking passes.
In a third example, a network address translation (NAT) module maps private IP addresses used by nodes behind a firewall onto global IP addresses. This requires mapping IP addresses and ports as well as modifying the contents of TCP streams for some protocols. For FTP (file transfer protocol), a user-readable address such as "10.2.2.2" might need to be replaced with a longer one such as "126.96.36.199".
Once application layer analysis 104 has allowed data to pass, the data cannot be modified retroactively.
In the event that application layer analysis 104 cannot immediately return a verdict, it can delete data and remember to insert it later. For example, an anti-virus module could always delete the most-recently-received segment and insert the segment, which was deleted last time. In this way, a data stream will not be completely received until a slower anti-virus processing thread has approved it.
Application layer analysis 104 will examine the new data and possibly provide a set of modification tags that describe the transformation requested. Three modification-tag operations are supported:
Modifications are also mapped to original sequence numbers and stored so that they may be applied to retransmitted segments, as application layer analysis 104 does not receive retransmitted segments.
If a segment contains partially retransmitted data and partially new data, application layer analysis 104 will only be given the new data. The previously seen data will have any stored modifications applied to it.
State machine 100 will on occasion need to generate segments, for example when:
a) sending ACK segments to the sender to force the sender's rapid re-transmit algorithm to activate;
b) sending ACK segments to the sender when entire segments are deleted by application layer analysis module 104; and
c) sending RST segments in both directions when the flow is forcibly terminated by application layer analysis module 104.
This generation of segments is handled by segment generation module 106.
Modification module 108 transforms an input segment into an output segment by applying all modification tags returned from application layer analysis module 104 that fall within or partially within the range of sequence numbers of the input segment. Modification tags are stored for as long as the sequence ranges they affect are still in the TCP window, this allows retransmitted segments to have the correct modifications performed upon them. A discussion of a TCP window is provided later with reference to
The insertion of bytes into a segment could cause the segment to get larger than the maximum allowed segment size. This will require the creation of a second segment in order to transmit the required data. Deletion and replacement of bytes do not cause new segments to be created.
If application layer analysis 104 should indicate the removal of an entire segment, an ACK for that segment will be sent back to the sender to avoid stalling the sender, as the receiving end will never be able to ACK the original dropped segment as it will never see it.
The insertion and deletion of bytes from the overall data stream causes the sequence numbers to be different on the sender and receiver sides of the connection. The sender generates the original data stream and provides original sequence numbers while the receiver only sees the modified stream and will thus use modified sequence numbers. TCP handler 90 must take the numbers provided in ACKS from the receiver and convert them back to numbers understood by the sender. In the case of insertion, a single original sequence number will map to a range of modified numbers. In the case of deletion, a range of original sequence numbers will map to a single modified number. The present invention needs only to consider remapping ACKs that are in the TCP window. Since modification tags for the window are saved, all the necessary information is available.
Integration module 110 has the task of ensuring that segments are prepared for transmission. In the cases where a segment is simply being forwarded (no modifications made) module 110 does nothing except to forward the segment to transmission module 112 (Tx). In cases where a segment is modified, module 110 computes correct checksums.
An IP checksum will need to be modified/corrected if any of the IPheader contents or the length of the segment changes. In other situations, for example, when a segment is fragmented, changes in segment sizes and offsets will require new IP checksums to be generated.
A TCP checksum may be generated in three parts, namely: the TCP header, the TCP pseudo-header and the payload. The TCP header checksum will need recalculation if any part of the TCP header changes. The pseudo-header checksum will need recalculation if the length of the segment changes. The data checksum will need recalculation if the data within the segment changes
A connection between two nodes may be thought of as comprising two halves. For each half of the connection there is a sense of forward and reverse. Data travels in the forward direction and acknowledgements travel in the reverse direction.
Referring now to
Referring now to
In order for state machines 132 and 134 to determine what data has been received by nodes 122 and 124, they receive acknowledgements 138. For example, state machine 132 passes data to Node B 124. Node B 124 responds with acknowledgements 138, which permit state machine 132 to determine the status of the segments transmitted to Node B 124.
Referring now to
Modifications are always made relative to the original data stream 152. The modifications illustrated in
For the purposes of this example, we shall assume that the node sending the data stream is sending four segments, each comprising ten bytes. The four original segments are shown as 154, 158, 162 and 166 respectively. The modified segments are shown as 160, 164 and 168 respectively. First segment 154 does not change as is shown by segment 156.
Table 2 shows the forward (sequence number) and reverse (ACK) mappings for data stream 152. The "Mapping to Modified" column indicates the operation performed. An offset is indicated with +/−N, an absolute value is indicated with =N.
The content of Table 2 may also be shown as a graph as illustrated in
To use graph 180 to map an original sequence number to a modified sequence number, first find the number along the vertical axis and follow right to where it intersects the plotted line. Then follow the intersection down to retrieve the modified number. If the intersection happens to be horizontal, then the left most (lowest) number should be used.
To use graph 180 to map a modified sequence number to the original, first find the number along the horizontal axis and follow up to where it intersects the plotted line. Then follow the intersection left to retrieve the original number. If the intersection happens to be vertical, then the highest number should be used.
Retaining a byte-for-byte mapping table, such as table 2, in memory, if for only the active TCP window (See
Mappings are performed in the forward direction and in the reverse direction. As discussed earlier, the forward direction indicates data, which contain sequence numbers The reverse direction applies to acknowledgements. The information for the two mappings is directly related, but not identical, and is stored together. A change point contains the information described in the following Table 3.
For the example of
When the first change point pair is added, the lowestForward and lowestReverse values are updated from the Forward and Reverse Sequence entries of the first change point in the pair.
Each time a pair of change points is added, the highestForward and highestReverse values are updated from the Forward and Reverse Sequence entries of the second change point in the pair.
As the TCP window moves to the right (due to Acknowledgements), it is possible to remove any change point pairs that fall completely to the left of the window. When a change point pair is removed, the initialOffset value is updated to the 'Value' of the second change point in the pair being removed. This ensures that segments being processed that fall before the first change point will have the correct sequence number offset applied. The lowestForward and lowestReverse values are also updated from the new first change point pair.
When a segment is ready for transmission, any modifications must be made before it is transmitted. The modification may have up to three independent parts namely:
With regard to sequence number modification, modifications that affect a segment do not affect the sequence number of the segment itself. Only modifications that change previous segments affect the sequence number. For example, inserting bytes into a segment does not affect the sequence number of the segment, only sequence numbers within it. Thus, to find how a sequence number of a segment gets modified, we must look for the change point that occurs most recently before the segment. The change point found may also affect the segment, but it must start before it. The following pseudo-code illustrates the logic for modifying a sequence number.
With regard to data modification, a segment will need to be modified if one or more change point pairs overlap with its range of sequence numbers. The sequence number modification already performed helps with finding the appropriate change points. If neither the lowestForward nor highestForward compares pass, then no modifications need to be performed on the segment. Otherwise, the value of changepoint can be used as a starting point for finding overlapping change points. A change point will affect a segment if the following is true:
With regard to acknowledgement modification, ACKS need to be updated if any modifications have been made to data transmissions in the other direction. Thus, updates to ACK numbers use the change point table that is created by the other 'side' of the connection. The process is very similar to sequence number modification:
The fragmentation of IP segments causes some care to be taken during the modification of TCP data in the manner described herein. RFC 879 discusses the details of fragmentation, the IP segment length and the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) in detail. In general, the present invention does not receive TCP segments as multiple IP fragments; Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) discovery and careful choice of the MSS can be used to avoid it. Despite this, it is possible that fragmented TCP segments will be observed and they need to be handled correctly.
The MSS may well be discovered from the SYN handshake of TCP. If it is present, then this value can provide an upper bound for the maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) messages being used to convey MTU information can also be used, if available, to pick the MTU. In the absence of this information, the size of segments and fragments can be analyzed to determine the 'highest seen' MTU. The resulting segments and fragments may not be as large as possible, but they are just as likely to be of an acceptable size as the originals. Alternatively the value of 536 bytes as specified in RFC 879 may be used.
After any modifications are performed, the following must hold, assuming they hold for the original segment:
Referring now to
Returning to step 194, if the modified segment is not smaller than the original segment, processing moves to step 202. A test is made at step 202 to determine if the modified segment is larger than the maximum segment size. If this is the case, processing moves to step 204 where the modified segment is split into multiple TCP segments, each no larger than the estimate of the MTU. Processing then ends at step 200.
Returning to step 202, if the test is negative, processing moves to step 206 where a test is made to determine if the modified segment is greater than the maximum transmission unit. If it is not, processing ends at step 200. If the modified segment is greater than the MTU, processing moves to step 208. At step 208 a test is made to determine if the original segment was fragmented. If not, processing moves to step 204, which is discussed above. If the original segment was not fragmented processing moves to step 210 where additional fragments are created, each less than the value of the MTU. Step 210 then ends processing by moving to step 200.
In the description of
Referring now to
In example 220, Node A 122, performs all of the sending of data. Node B 124, acknowledges data but has no data of its own to send. As can be appreciated this is a simplistic example as both nodes 122 and 124 are TCP/IP hosts and as such may exchange data with each other. We will now refer to the actions of Node A 122 as shown from top to bottom on the right hand side of
Node A 122 sends first segment 154 to Node B 124. As discussed above, first segment 154 is not modified by application layer analysis 104 and thus a simple acknowledgement 222 is provided by Node B 124 to Node A 122 for first segment 154.
Node A 122 attempts to send second segment 158, but it is lost by network error as shown by feature 224. When Node A 122 sends third segment 162, reordering component 226 recognizes that the third segment has been received out of order, and stores the third segment. Segment generation module 106 is then invoked to send an acknowledgement of the first segment shown as feature 228. This acknowledgement facilitates a fast retransmit of the second segment. This acknowledgement could also include a SACK option to indicate that the first and third segments have been received.
When TCP handler 90 receives second segment 158, both second segment 158 and third segment 162 are processed in the intended order. As shown at 230 five bytes are inserted into second segment 158 by application layer analysis module 104. Modification module 108 makes the appropriate changes to second segment 158 and a modified second segment 160 is passed to Node B 124. TCP handler 90 next processes third segment 162 which has been modified by the deletion of two bytes as shown by feature 232. The original third segment 162 would have started at byte position 20, however the addition of five bytes to second segment 158 requires modification module 108 to increase the sequence number from twenty to twenty-five as shown at 234. The modified second segment 160 is acknowledged with the sequence number known to Node B 124 and is mapped to that known to Node A 122 at feature 236. The same step is performed at 238 for the modified third segment 164. Node A 122 transmits fourth segment 166, which is modified to replace five bytes as shown at 240. The appropriate mapping to indicate an overall addition of three bytes to the data stream containing the fourth segment is shown at 242, and the modified fourth segment 168 is forwarded to Node B 124. The reverse mapping for the acknowledgement of modified fourth segment 168 is shown at 244.
Referring now to
Upon receipt of the first SYN packet, two state machines 250 are instantiated, one for each half of the connection. One machine 250 is placed in start state 252 and the other in SYN state 254. The term "Fwd" in
If a connection is accepted, by receipt of an ACK flag, state machine 250 moves to connected state 258. Once in state 258, machine 250 may receive data. Should either side of the connection request an RST then machine 250 moves to state 260 at which state machine 250 may be deleted or reallocated to another connection.
If state 258 determines there is no more data from the other side of the connection i.e. it has received a segment containing a FIN flag, then machine 250 moves to state 262. State 262 will continue to forward retransmitted data, as well as SEQN and FIN flags. Once a FIN has been received, no storing or reordering of segments takes place. This is due to the fact that after receipt of the FIN flag, all data will have been seen by the application layer 104 (
If at state 262 either side of the connection provides an RST than machine 250 moves to state 260 at which state machine 250 may be deleted or reallocated to another connection.
If at state 262, an ACK is received from the other side of the connection, state machine 250 moves to state 264. In state 264 if a RST is received than machine 250 moves to state 260. In state 264 machine 250 will continue to receive ACKs and forward them to the appropriate connection. Once both sides of the connection have reached state 264, state machine 250 moves to state 266. At state 266, machine 250 continues to forward any data or SEQN that may arrive and after a timeout period moves to state 268 where the state machines on both sides of the connection are deleted or reallocated.
Referring now to
The inputs to machine 280 in a forward direction are:
a) SYN+SEQN;
b) data+SEQN+length; and
c) FIN+SEQN;
The inputs to machine 280 in a reverse direction are:
a) ACK+ACKN+WSIZE; and
b) RST+SEQN
The variables for machine 280 are: SEQP, WINL and WINR.
A state machine 280 is instantiated by state retrieval module 98 (see
Upon creation, state machine 280 is placed in a start state 282. Should state machine 280 receive a SYN flag and an accompanying sequence number SEQN, processing moves to module 284. Should an RST flag be received by state 282 then processing moves to module 286 where the connection to state machine 280 is dropped. Module 284 may also receive a SACK—permitted option to enable the use of SACK. Module 284 may also receive a WSCALE value, indicating the scale factor applied to window size fields.
At module 284 the value SEQ0 is set to the value of SEQN. The value of SEQP is then set to SEQN+1, i.e. the next uninspected sequence number. State machine 280 then moves to state 288. At state 288 should a SYN+SEQN combination be received, a test for equality is made at step 290 between the newly received SEQN and the value of SEQ0 set at step 284. If the test is negative the segment containing the SYN+SEQN combination is dropped and control returns to state 288. If the test is positive, the segment is forwarded by module 292. By "forwarded" we mean that the segment is forwarded to the node on the opposite side of the connection to the node that sent the segment. State machine 280 then returns to state 288.
Should state 288 receive a segment containing the sequence ACK+ACKN+WSIZE, a test is made at step 294 to determine if the value of ACKN is equal to that of SEQP, if it is, then processing moves to step 296. The movement to step 296 indicates that a "handshake" has been established for the connection. At step 296 the segment is forwarded. The value of WINL is set to ACKN and the value of WINR is set to ACKN+WSIZE. Machine 280 then moves to connected state 298. If the test at step 294 fails, then the segment is dropped and machine 280 returns to state 288.
Once in state 298 if a segment is received containing the sequence ACK+ACKN+WSIZE then module 300 is invoked for reverse mapping of ACK numbers. A test is made at step 302 to determine if the value of ACKN is within the TCP window. If it is not, the segment is forwarded and machine 280 remains in connected state 298. If the value of ACKN is within the TCP window, control moves to step 304 where WINL is set to the value of ACKN and WINR is set to the value of ACKN+WSIZE, the ACK portion of the segment is forwarded, and machine 280 remains in connected state 298.
If state 298 receives the sequence RST+SEQN a test is made at step 306 to determine if the value of SEQN is within the TCP window, if it is, control moves to step 308 where the RST segment is forwarded and an opposite direction RST segment is generated. Control next moves to step 286 where the connection is dropped. If at step 306 the value of SEQN is not within the TCP window, the segment is dropped.
If state 298 receives a segment containing data, SEQN and a length, the data is processed at step 310 (see
Although not shown in
If it is an expected segment, processing moves to step 338 where the appropriate application handler processes the data, beginning at SEQP. At step 340 modification tags are stored indexed by sequence number. At step 342 the segment is combined with the modification tags to create new segments. Processing then moves to
Returning to step 336, if the segment is not the expected one, processing moves to step 346 where a test is made to determine if this is a retransmitted segment. If it is, processing moves to step 348 where the modification tags for the segment are fetched based upon the value of SEQN to SEQN+length for the segment. Processing then moves onto step 342 as described above. If at step 346 the segment is determined not to be a retransmission, processing moves to step 340 where the last ACK is resent, with an optionally added SACK, and the segment is stored in a out of order queue and processing ends. The last ACK is resent as receipts of several ACKs of the same sequence number indicate dropped data. An out of order segment cannot be forwarded until examined by an application handler, as the segment might be modified. A limit may also be placed on the number of out of order packets that can be stored to prevent Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Once the limit has been reached, packets with the largest SEQN will be dropped.
Referring now to
Step 364 also considers the TCP timestamp options as defined in RFC 1323. State machine 100 maintains a variable TS.Recent for each connection as described in RFC 1323. Upon receipt of segments containing timestamp options, the timestamp will be validated against TS.Recent and possibly discarded as described in RFC 1323. As the present invention store out of order segments, the timestamp mechanism will not function unless reordered segments are given a new timestamp. When retransmitted, such segments will be stamped with the time value of TS. Recent for the connection.
Step 364 then moves to step 338 of
Referring now to
As can be seen with the above descriptions of
a) a queue of out of order segments;
b) the next expected sequence number;
c) the highest acknowledged sequence number;
d) the FIN sequence number; and
e) the window right edge calculated from ACKN plus the window size including scaling if the WSCALE option is present.
Throughout the above description, we have referred to a TCP Window.
Each state machine 100 (see
1) TCP keep_alive probes; and
2) window probes.
In the case of TCP keep_alive probes; after a long idle time, for example two hours of no segments sent or received, either node may optionally probe the state of the other by sending a keep_alive probe. A keep_alive probe is a segment having a sequence number one less than the next sequence number to be sent and having no data or one random byte of data. Although the sequence number will be to the left of the window, the segment is passed through the proxy unmodified. To confirm that it is still alive, the receive of a keep_alive probe will resend its previous ACK.
In the case of window probes; after a receive has acknowledged data and explicitly indicated a window size of zero, the sender will periodically send a segment containing one byte past the right edge of the window to determine if the window size has been increased. The receiver will either acknowledge the new byte or resend the previous zero window size acknowledgement.
If a segment arrives that is not within window 400, the sequence numbers and ACK numbers are treated independently. If either one is within the TCP window, the segment is not dropped. Valid data segments that have invalid ACK numbers will have the data processed correctly, and valid ACK numbers with invalid data sequence numbers will update the window correctly. ACK numbers that fall to the left of window 400 are promoted to the left edge 402. ACK numbers within range 408 are used to update left edge 402. ACK numbers to the right of range 408 are invalid and are replaced with that of left edge 402. Segments that contain sequence numbers that are outside of window 400 are dropped as they have either already been acknowledged are they are too far in the future. Segments within window 400 are either: retransmitted segments, current segments or an out of order segment. Retransmitted segments may have previously calculated modifications that need to be handled. Current segments are processed by application layer analysis module 104. In the case of an out of order segment, i.e. the sequence number is in the window, but does not match what is expected, then it is saved in a reorder queue, and the most recent reverse direction ACK re-issued, optionally with a SACK indicating the segments received. If the segment was lost, then the ACK will help it to be retransmitted, if it was out-of-order then no harm is done.
Correct segments that contain data are sent to application layer analysis 104 (see
Depending upon where a segment is in relation to the current window determines how it will be handled. For example:
a) if a segment is completely before left edge 402 it will be discarded unless it is a keep_alive segment;
b) if a segment contains some data to the left of edge 402 and other data within the window, the data to the left will be discarded and the data to the right will be reprocessed as retransmitted data;
c) if a segment contains entirely retransmitted data, it will be reprocessed;
d) if a segment of example b) further includes new data, the new data will be processed;
e) if a segment contains retransmitted data and new data, the retransmitted data will be reprocessed and the new data will be processed;
f) if the segment is between left and right edges, but out of order, it will be saved for later processing; and
g) any segment partially or completely in the future will be dropped, unless it is a window probe segment.
Although the description of the present invention provides a TCP proxy, it is not the intent of the inventors to restrict the invention solely to a network utilizing TCP only. Any network that provides protocol layers that ultimately result in the use of TCP may make use of the present invention, for example TCP over UDP.
Although the present invention has been described as being implemented in software, one skilled in the art will recognize that it may be implemented in hardware as well. Further, it is the intent of the inventors to include computer readable forms of the invention. Computer readable forms meaning any stored format that may be read by a computing device.
Although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto.
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text:
Hey! Long time no speak...
Yeah that's it!
Yeah I did. Jheeze... it was such a long time ago haha.
Did you watch Eastenders last night?
Oh fair enough. I remember doing something about genocide in school... the Rwandan genocide. Watched a film, which was a true story on it too- nearly made me cry.
Nah, I'm cool thanks. I'll leave that kind of stuff to you.
Haha it's all good.
Yeah, I was easily asleep before then.
Aw, rough night then?
Don't worry, I won anyways! Yay!
I want to make you do it because I'm lazy
Ha! That's where I'm headed.. First one to fall asleep, wins!
*Runs to his bed*
The Trinity
Black Ninja!
Normal Member
© 2011 eWrestlingNews, All Rights Reserved.


text:
Picture: Scarlett Johansson 'Marvel Avengers Assemble' European Premiere held at the Vue Westfield White City - Arrivals. London, England - 19.04.12
Forget 'The Hunger Games', The Avengers could prove to be one of 2012's biggest movies after it received unanimous praise from critics. The film stars Scarlett Johansson, Samuel L Jackson, Robert Downey Jr, Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo and Jeremy Renner teaming together to save the world.
The Daily Mirror's critic Mark Adams was perhaps most effusive in his praise for the action-romp, posting the question, ".Is Avengers Assemble the best superhero movie ever?", adding, ".In my book the Avengers team-up is a wonderfully fast and frantic bit of entertainment that will be pretty hard to top". Still holding a remarkable 97 per cent rating on the review aggregating site Rotten Tomatoes, the movie appears to have been warmly received by just about everyone. Justin Chang of Variety magazine commented, "Like a superior, state-of-the-art model built from reconstituted parts, Joss Whedon's buoyant, witty and robustly entertaining superhero smash-up is escapism of a sophisticated order", while James White of Empire magazine adds, "A joyous blend of heroism and humour that raises the stakes even as it maintains a firm grip on what makes the individual heroes tick". Though the critics have certainly enjoyed the film, it seems not everyone is so enamoured by all of the characters. Mark Ruffalo - who plays The Hulk - told the Press Association, "It totally freaked out my daughter when I turned into the Hulk.She jumped on my lap and said, 'Why do you want to kill that girl, Papa?".
It's turning out to be a hugely successful year for Joss Whedon, who also penned the recent horror flick 'The Cabin in the Woods', which again drew praise from critics. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said, "If it's true that you always kill the thing you love, then horror honchos Joss Whedon and Drew Goddard have taken an ax to slasher cinema in The Cabin in the Woods and chopped it up for kindling".


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Great buy on paint brush
By TammyAnn56
from Nashville, TY
About Me Avid Do-It-Yourselfer
Comments about Krause & Becker 1-1/2 in. Sash Brush:
Super quality ay a great price to use in painting the outside of my house.! TammyAnn56
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Comment on this review
How could you do better?
By MoMini
from Middleboro MA
Great product at a more than great price. WOW!
It is what it is
By Painter
from USA
About Me Professional
At any other store, this might be called an economy brush or maybe ever a "good" brush. Definately not a "better" or best brush, but what do you expect at these price points? It is 1/2 the price or less of a similar quatily brush elsewhere. Good for low end jobs with low end paint.
ok good
By bob
from panacea fl
Cheap disposable brush...
By Rusty
from Sac, CA
Bristles are too soft, and angle is not cut nearly steep enough. After a couple of uses, bristles get all frizzy, which makes it even more difficult to control since the bristles bends so easily. The angle does not allow the brush to go into corners well.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
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text:
Originally posted by madmac5150
This will cook your brain for sure
If time is circular instead of linear, imagine your 3D sphere moving in a circular path... you get this.
Originally posted by Wifibrains
Hi lord sword,
I have been on a similar quest, and I found this too. It is infinate but only in a cyclical nature. The central source seemed still, trapped, oppressed. That was not very infinate in my eyes, but I knew it was significant...


text:
The new bar is slated to open at 191 Smith St. this fall.
The bookstore is reopening in its new Flatiron space at 1133 Broadway in June, building management said.
The owners of Franklin Avenue's Breukelen Coffee House hope to open their new restaurant in April.
The Italian restaurant will open a bar next to its Halsey Street location in February.
Berg'n, a new food and drink venue from the creators of Smorgasburg, opened this week.
Project 1919 is a short-term pop-up speakeasy behind Mulberry Project in Nolita.
Congress at 208 Court St., the former location of an old-fashioned veggie shop, will open Dec. 20.
The Tex-Mex chain is opening in "early 2014" on Sixth Avenue, just south of Bryant Park.
La Brochette, located at 340 Lexington Ave. betweeen 39th and 40th streets, also serves sushi.
The Mexican restaurant has filed a liquor-license application at 276 Smith St.
The restaurant will be celebrating with unlimited wine and martinis.
Austrian-born street artist NYCHOS will display a solo exhibit at the Mighty Tanaka gallery.
Atrium DUMBO opened at 15 Main St. on July 25.
The owner of eShave, soon to open on Third Avenue, said her products make men and women irresistible.
Harlem's newest restaurant, 2647, will offer southern food and 12 high-definition TVs.
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text:
Robert Harvey Crum
Position: DE
Height: 6-5 Weight: 240 lbs.
Born: June 28, 1951 in Mesa, AZ
High School: Sunnyslope
College: Arizona (school history)
Drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the 3rd round (67th overall) of the 1973 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 4 (9744th overall since 1950)
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Output includes all games from 1920 to 2014.


text:
Part three of our rankings on Ontario Hockey League players eligible for the National Hockey League draft in June continues today. We previously focused on the top goaltenders and the skaters we ranked from 21-40.
We countdown the players and provide their statistics, where we ranked them in the last ranking and where NHL Central Scouting ranked them in their mid-term rankings. Once again, this list covers players eligible for the NHL draft for the first time. Players passed over in previous drafts are not included.
Here are the skaters ranked in reverse from 20 – 11
20. Hunter Garlent – Guelph Storm
Previous Rank: 16
Central Scouting: 21
Date of Birth: February 4, 1995
Height: 5'9
Weight: 164
Hometown: Thorold, Ontario
Stats: 50GP 12G 19A 31PTS
Position: Center
Garlent failed to reach his career highs in goals, assists and points but in all fairness, he was limited to 50 games because of injuries. He was averaging a point per game until he missed the entire month of November and never really returned to his early season success. The long season may have caught up to him along with the injuries.
Despite his size, Garlent is consistently one of the hardest workers on the ice. He plays much bigger than his size showing a willingness to go to the net, battle along the boards and get his nose dirty. Very accomplished in all 3 zones.
19. Ben Harpur – Guelph Storm
Previous Rank: 21
Central Scouting: 19
Date of Birth: January 12, 1995
Height: 6'5
Weight: 208
Hometown: Niagara on the Lake, Ontario
Stats: 67GP 3G 12A 15PTS
Position: Defence
Harpur cracks the top 20 at just the right time. He has the tremendous size that NHL scouts love. He's an excellent skater for his size with good mobility. He has good puck skills and above average hockey IQ. He's had 3 career OHL fights in two seasons so he's not really a fighter.
He's strong defensively with some offensive ability. He's a converted forward with his OHL career being the first two full seasons he's played on defence.
18. Nick Moutrey – Saginaw Spirit
Previous Rank: 17
Central Scouting: 14
Date of Birth: January 24, 1995
Height: 6'3
Weight: 208
Hometown: Shelburne, ON
Stats: 65GP 16G 27A 43PTS
Position: Left Wing
Moutrey set career highs in goals, assists and points this season. More importantly, he's been consistent from beginning to end once he got into his groove. His longest pointless streak of the season was 4 gameswhile his longest point streak was 3 games.
Moutrey is already close to having NHL size and he uses it effectively. He doesn't possess blazing speed but is a very effective north and south skater. He has a very high hockey IQ and an excellent passer. He's not afraid of the dirty areas, boards, in front of the net or going in on the forecheck.
17. Cole Cassels – Oshawa Generals
Previous Rank: 16
Central Scouting: 16
Date of Birth: May 4, 1995
Height: 6'
Weight: 176
Hometown: Ottawa, Ontario
Stats: 65GP 15G 28A 43PTS
Position: Center
Playing down on the depth chart in Oshawa, Cassels actually had a very good offensive season for the Generals. Once October came around, his longest pointless streak of the season was 3 games while his longest point streak was points in 5 of 6 games.
Cassels has average skating speed but uses his slick passing abilities well to move things north. He has a good shot, forehand and backhand. He's not the biggest player but doesn't shy away from the physical game. He's strong on the back check but needs to make smarter decisions with passes in his own zone. Has the IQ to be successful and if he can improve his own zone thinking and add some speed to his skating, he could very well turn out to be a pretty effective NHL'er.
16. Stephen Harper – Erie Otters
Previous Rank: 15
Central Scouting: 13
Date of Birth: March 25, 1995
Height: 6'1
Weight: 195
Hometown: Burlington, Ontario
Stats: 67GP 18G 20A 38PTS
Position: Left Wing
Probably the biggest disappointment this season based on expectations from last season. He failed to reach his goal total from last season despite playing in more games although his 20 assists were an improvement over the 11 last season.
Harper has all the tools, including size, to be successful but on many nights he loses battles he shouldn't be losing. Maybe it's a lack of motivation, or a lack of work ethic, but I believe the right coach and system may be able to tap into that potential.
15. Nicholas Baptiste – Sudbury Wolves
Previous Rank: 18
Central Scouting: 25
Date of Birth: August 4, 1995
Height: 6'1"
Weight: 190
Hometown: Ottawa, Ontario
Stats: 66GP 21G 27A 48PTS
Position: Right Wing
If Baptiste's first half of the season was anywhere near his second half, he'd still be talked about as the number 7 ranked player he was during the pre-season rankings. Despite the slow start, he finished 9th among draft eligible players in points and 8th in goals. A strong playoff showing could move him up higher.
Baptiste has good size and uses it effectively. He's a very good skater and comes with an excellent scoring touch. He uses his size and speed on the forecheck tremendously well. He can find open lanes and has a drive for the net. He also plays in any and all situations.
14. Zach Nastasiuk – Owen Sound Attack
Previous Rank: 14
Central Scouting: 11
Date of Birth: March 30, 1995
Height: 6'1
Weight: 191
Hometown: Barrie, Ontario
Stats: 62GP 20G 20A 40PTS
Position: Right Wing
When "Nasty" puts up points, they seem to come in small bunches and will often go a few games without registering a point. But all the other things he does can't be ignored. He opens up space for his teammates just by being on the ice. He is very strong defensively and plays in all situations.
His nickname Nasty pretty much describes his play. Tough along the boards and down low and hard to beat physically. Has some offensive ability and could become more consistent if he could improve his skating speed.
13. Jimmy Lodge – Saginaw Spirit
Previous Rank: 13
Central Scouting: 9
Date of Birth: March 5, 1995
Height: 6'2
Weight: 166
Hometown: Downingtown, PA
Stats: 64GP 28G 39A 67PTS
Position: Left Wing
Like Baptiste, a very strong second half vaulted Lodge. He finished third in scoring with the Spirit while finishing 4th among draft eligible players in points, 5th in goals, 4th in assists and 5th in powerplay goals.
Lodge has good size but will need to fill out his frame. He is a very good skater and has a very high hockey IQ. He isn't afraid of the dirty areas, will drive the net hard will score the dirty goals and can beat you with a shot. His playmaking abilities have improved as the season has progressed adding another dimension to his offense. At this pace, up is the only place left to go for Lodge.
12. Jordan Subban – Belleville Bulls
Previous rank: 12
Central Scouting: 20
Date of Birth: March 3, 1995
Height: 5'9
Weight: 177
Hometown: Rexdale, Ontario
Stats: 68GP 12G 36A 48PTS
Position: Defence
I've set it before: size will be his downfall but make no mistake, he has the talent. Led all draft eligible defensemen in goals, assists and points, 8th among all draft eligible players in points, first in shootout percentage and 6th in plus/minus.
Subban is a borderline elite skater who possesses an ability to make a great first pass or skate the puck in transition almost without effort. He has an underrated shot and is a powerplay quarterback, although his powerplay ice time has decreased since trade deadline. But we have to mention his size here as that will be what many will look at first.
11. Ryan Kujawinski – Kingston Frontenacs
Previous Rank: 8
Central Scouting: 18
Date of Birth: March 30, 1995
Height: 6'2
Weight: 205
Hometown: Iroqouis Falls, Ontario
Stats: 66GP 17G 31A 48PTS
Position: Center
Another disappointment after last season just like Harper. After his trade to Kingston last season, Kujawinski showed a lot of promise offensively. And while he surpassed last season's totals, they were not near what was expected. He finished 10th among draft eligible players in points and 7th in assists
More a shooter than a playmaker, Kujawinski has good size, is a good skater with a very good release on his shot. Inconsistency is the issue with him this season. And like Harper is losing battle he should be winning. A stronger work ethic and a commitment to that work ethic would solve his consistency issues.


text:
Written by Jason Green Thursday, 27 December 2007 17:00
It's a light week for preview art due to the holidays, but when what little you get is from Pasqual Ferry, you won't be complaining. Check out 3 pages from Ultimate Iron Man 2 #2.
War Machine Arrives In Orson Scott Card's Ultimate Iron Man II!
Nebula Award-winning author Orson Scott Card and superstar artist Pasqual Ferry continue the explosive, untold origin of Tony Stark in Ultimate Iron Man II #2. With Stark and childhood friend James Rhodes donning new armor to help the US government strike against a terrorist target, the two heroes find themselves attacked from all sides...and those closest to them may be in the greatest danger of all! Meanwhile, the vengeful Obadiah Stane makes his next move in his quest for revenge on Tony and his father Howard...with a shocking twist you never saw coming!
"If you're an Ultimates reader that ever wondered what events forged Tony's over-the-top personality, this installment of the Ultimate Iron Man series continues to uncover never-before-seen moments in the armored warrior's life," stated editor Bill Rosemann. "And as any fan of Ender's Game will tell you, Orson Scott Card is a writer who can deliver keen insight into the formative years of a troubled hero. Add on the unique and inspiring art of Pasqual Ferry and you have another example of the winning Ultimate formula that combines top talent with key characters to create modern storytelling at its best."
Critics and fans can't stop raving about Ultimate Iron Man II, with IGN.com declaring it "A Must Read...Ferry is the perfect artist for the Ultimate universe" and selecting the series for an Editor's Choice Award.
As their enemies put plans into motion that may spell the downfall for Howard Stark, the armored tag-team of Iron Man and War Machine must survive a type of enemy they've never faced before! What secret are the terrorists hiding? And just how far will Obadiah go for his revenge? Find out in Ultimate Iron Man II #2, from the acclaimed team of Orson Scott Card and Pasqual Ferry!
For more on Orson Scott Card, visit http://www.hatrack.com/
ULTIMATE IRON MAN II #2 (of 4) (NOV072120)
Written by ORSON SCOTT CARD
Pencils & Cover by PASQUAL FERRY
Parental Advisory ...$2.99
FOC-1/3/08, On-Sale-1/23/08
To find a comic shop near you, call 1-888-comicbook
Marvel Comics is a division of Marvel Entertainment, Inc., a leading global character-based entertainment company that has developed and owns a library of more than 5,000 characters, which have entertained generations around the world for over 60 years. Marvel's operations are focused in entertainment and consumer product licensing and comic book publishing. Marvel Studios supports the development of feature films, DVD/video products and TV series. Marvel's creative team also supports the development of video games and toy lines based on its characters as well as for a broad and growing range of consumer products and services including apparel, collectibles, foods and promotions. Marvel's comic book division is a leading publisher in the global marketplace while also serving as an invaluable source of intellectual property. Marvel's Toy Biz division is a recognized creative force and leader in toy design, sales and marketing, developing and overseeing both licensee and in-house toy lines. For additional information visit http://www.marvel.com/.
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text:
Best Buddies
February 12, 2012
Filed under Fashion Show 2012
Below are pictures from the Best Buddies scene, featuring special education students and their buddies. To go back to the main page of the fashion show pictures, click here.
no images were found
Photos by Aimee Cho and Rosie Brock


text:
Optimizing Your Storage Environment With Veritas Storage Foundation
Date Added: Jan 2010
Format: Webcast
Organizations are constantly looking to drive automation and reduce storage hardware costs while improving access to data. The attendee of this webcast learns how Veritas Storage Foundation solves these key challenges by leveraging thin provisioning, thin reclamation, solid state drives and storage tiering. Attendees will also learn how these solutions compare to alternative market offerings.


text:
Mater Dei now No. 2 despite victory
Through no fault of its own, Mater Dei High School's football team fell one spot to No. 2 in Class 2A in The Associated Press poll. The Wildcats routed North 45-7 to improve to 5-0. But what caught the voters' eye was Indianapolis Ritter's 56-33 victory over Indianapolis Chatard, which had been ranked No. 1 in 3A. With the win, Ritter (5-0) moved up from No. 2 to No. 1 in 2A. Chatard (4-1) dropped to No. 4 in 3A. Castle (5-0) remained No. 5 in 5A while Jasper (5-0) fell two places to No. 6 in 4A after a narrow 7-0 win over Vincennes Lincoln. North Posey improved one spot to No. 6 in 2A.
Day School to open Dunigan courts
Day School's boys' tennis team will play its first match at the Dunigan Family Tennis Center at the school at 4 p.m. today against visiting Reitz. It is part of the $2.5 million Invest, Expand, Transform Capital Campaign project. Day School celebrated the completion of the Dunigan Family Tennis Center on Sunday during a dedication ceremony.
Aces set to face SIUE on the road
After picking up its first conference win over the weekend, the University of Evansville volleyball team plays a nonconference match at 7 tonight at Southern Illinois Edwardsville of the Ohio Valley Conference. The Aces (4-9) beat Indiana State last Saturday to snap a five-match losing streak; SIUE (4-6) has lost three of four. Evansville sophomore outsider hitter Ashley Ring leads the Missouri Valley Conference with 188 kills (3.92 per set), and junior Katie Klages is second in the league with 5 digs per set.
USI pits win streak againstWesleyan
The University of Southern Indiana volleyball team heads into tonight's 7 o'clock home contest against Kentucky Wesleyan with a four-match winning streak. The Screaming Eagles (4-7, 2-0 Great Lakes Valley Conference) have recorded attacking percentages of at least .297 in each of the past four matches. Freshman middle blocker Abbey Winter is hitting .483 with 2.46 kills and 1.23 blocks per set while junior middle blocker Emily Diedrich is hitting .426 with 2.38 kills and 0.92 blocks per frame.
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text:
Now Available - Binary Domain Dan Marshall Pack & Multiplayer Map Pack
The Dan Marshall Pack and Multiplayer Map Pack are Now Available forBinary Domain on Steam!
The Dan Marshall Packincludes a brand new weapon and skills for Sergeant Dan Marshall to enhance the single player experience making him more resilient, stronger and faster in combat action.
The Multiplayer Map Pack includes an exclusive map, a new ninja class for each team and two exclusive weapons, all to be used in a variety of the multiplayer modes of Binary Domain.
Set in futuristic Tokyo, you mission is to bring the robotic community under control as they begin to infiltrate society and slowly take over undetected, leaving humans redundant in their wake.
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text:
Sweet Tomato Chutney
|Whole garlic head
|1 , peeled
|Fresh ginger piece
|1 , peeled and coarsely chopped (2 Inches Long, 1 Inch Thick And 1 Inch Wide)
|Wine vinegar
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Canned whole tomatoes/2 pounds fresh tomatoes prepared
|28 Ounce (1 Can)
|Granulated sugar
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Cayenne pepper
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
Put the chopped garlic, ginger, and 1/2 cup of the vinegar into the container of an electric blender and blend at high speed until smooth.
In a 4-quart heavy-bottomed pot with non metallic finish, place the tomatoes and juice from the can, the rest of the vinegar, the sugar, salt, and cayenne pepper (or, if you prefer, add the cayenne at the end, a little at a time, stirring and tasting as you do so).
Bring to a boil.
Add puree from the blender.
Lower heat and simmer gently, uncovered, for, about 1 1/2 to 2 hours or until chutney becomes thick.
(A film should cling to a spoon dipped in it.) Stir occasionally at first, and more frequently later as it thickens.
You may need to lower the heat as the liquid diminishes.
You should end up with about 2 1/2 cups of chutney, and it should be at least as thick as honey after it cools.
If the canned tomatoes you use have a lot of liquid in them, a longer cooking time may be required, resulting in a little less chutney.
Simmer, stirring, another 5 minutes.
Turn heat off and allow to cool.
Keep refrigerated.
To serve: Since this is one of my favorite sweet chutneys, I always spoon out a small bowl of it for all my dinner parties.
It goes with almost all foods and is very popular.
Store, bottled, in the refrigerator.
It keeps for months.


text: The current $2.4 billion K-12 school funding shift is the largest in state history, but it's not the first. Lawmakers, in response to ailing state budgets, have delayed school funding payments before. In the early 1980s and in response to the budget crunch awaiting former Republican Gov. Tim Pawle...Read More


text:
PHILADELPHIA -- The University of Pennsylvania Law School and The Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong have established a Master of Laws degree student exchange program.
Faculty & Staff
Managing Millennial Workers
President Amy Gutmann discusses the changing career trends of the "millennial generation."
Penn School of Social Policy & Practice Professor Pens Children's Book on Environmental Impact
The College Admissions Crash
Dean Eric Furda of Admissions says the education system can be particularly difficult for students whose first language isn't English.
Ignorance Is Not Bliss
Penn's Career Services Center is lauded for its continuing alumni support.
University of Pennsylvania Opens Grand New Fitness Facility
Amy Wagner of Athletics discusses the University's new George A. Weiss Pavilion.
Penn School of Social Policy & Practice Professor Appointed Editor of Nonprofit Sector Academic Journal
PHILADELPHIA — Femida Handy, a professor in the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice, has been appointed editor-in-chief of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, the peer-reviewed academic journal of non-profit and philanthropic studies, by the Association for Research on NonProfit Organizations and Voluntary Action, ARNOVA.
Interviews Are Regaining a Foothold in College Admissions Process
Dean Eric Furda of Admissions discusses college admission interviews.
Who Is Marybeth Gasman?
Mary Beth Gasman of the Graduate School of Education is profiled for her study of historically black colleges and universities.
Making History Campaign Co-Chair Makes $5 Million Gift to Endow University PIK Professorship
PHILADELPHIA -- University of Pennsylvania Trustee Robert M. Levy and Diane v.S. Levy have made a $5 million gift designated for faculty support. The gift will be used to endow a Penn Integrates Knowledge Professorship, which will be named the Diane v.S. and Robert M. Levy University Professorship.
The announcement was made by Penn President Amy Gutmann.