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Semantic Email Addressing: The Semantic Web Killer App? Michael Kassoff, Charles Petrie, Lee-Ming Zen and Michael Genesereth Logic Group, Department of Computer Science Stanford University {mkassoff, petrie, leezen, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract No discovery required. Email addresses and mailing In this document, we explore how semantic technologies can lists can be difficult to discover, even for a human. Worse, be brought to email addressing. We introduce the notion of since email addresses and mailing list names have no semantic email addressing (SEA). SEA allows emails to be semantics, automatic discovery of email addresses and sent to a semantically specified recipient of group of recipi- mailing lists by a computer is an extremely difficult task, ents, which may be dynamically changing over time. We give if not impossible. With SEA, discovery is completely some applications of SEA and describe our prototype imple- obviated. mentation. No maintenance required. Traditional mailing lists Introduction require manual labor to maintain. A mailing list adminis- Email addresses, like telephone numbers, are opaque iden- trator must go through the process of creating the list. The tifiers. They are often hard for a person to remember, and list must then be maintained by the administrator himself worse still, people's email addresses and phone numbers and the individuals who would like to subscribe to the list, change from time to time. unsubscribe to the list, and change their information with Email addresses are a means to an end. One's goal is regards to the list. This can be particularly onerous when usually not to send an email to a particular address, but in- the user must deal with many lists, for example when his stead to a particular person. One wants to say hello to our email address changes. Ideally, the user could update his friend Steve, or send a message to the VP of marketing at personal information such as email address once, in a single Microsoft, or to the head caterer for one's wedding. Ideally, place, and have email addressers automatically adapt. SEA one could send a message to a person just by entering his makes this possible. name, his position, or some other descriptive attributes. If the email address of a person changes, then the email system The rest of this paper is organized as follows. We first should send to the new email address, automatically. If the describe some applications of SEA. Next, we explain how person matching a description differs over time, the email one can send and reply to messages using SEA, and discuss system should always send to the person currently matching our prototype implementation called ISEA. We then explore that description. a few issues raised by SEA, including security and privacy More generally, one should be able to send emails to issues, errors, user adoption, and standardization. Finally, groups of people matching a particular set of attributes: all we describe related and future work. chairs of departments at Stanford, or all female customers living in Detroit, or all people in our organization who speak Examples both English and French. To illustrate semantic email addressing, we consider two ex- Today, mailing lists are used to email predefined groups of amples. The first illustrates SEA in a controlled, corporate people. However, as there are infinitely many ways to define environment. The second illustrates the use of SEA using a set of people (e.g."all people in the marketing department public information gathered from the Internet. whose name starts with the letter 'M' "), one cannot in gen- eral rely on such predefined lists. Instead, one must have the Corporate Example ability to address our email arbitrary groups of people. Corporations and other organizations often have databases We use the term semantic email addressing (SEA) to refer of information about personnel, projects, customers, and so to emails that are addressed to a semantically defined set of on. This information can be leveraged to send emails based entities. The recipients to a semantically addressed email on properties of the people in the department. are computed on the fly based on the semantic definition of As an example, consider a moderate size company the address. with several departments. The company has a centralized SEA has other benefits as well: database containing the following information about com- pany personnel: <foaf:name>Charles Petrie</foaf:name> <foaf:workplaceHomepage rdf:resource="http://www.stanford.edu/"/> <foaf:interest rdf:resource="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_motorcycles#R_series"/> <foaf:interest rdf:resource="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"/> <foaf:interest rdf:resource="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Research"/> <foaf:mbox rdf:resource="mailto:email@example.com"/> <foaf:knows> <foaf:Person> <foaf:name>Axel Polleres</foaf:name> <rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource="http://www.polleres.net/foaf.rdf"/> </foaf:Person> </foaf:knows> Figure 1: Fragment of Charles Petrie's FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend) profile predicates for expressing properties of a person such as their Name name, email address, group memberships, employer, gender, Email Address birthday, interests, projects and acquaintances. As of 2004, Department over 1.25 million FOAF documents were publicly available Group on the Internet, and that number has certainly grown since Position (Ding et al. 2005). Project By spidering the Semantic Web and collecting the infor- Date of Hire mation contained in these FOAF files, one can build up a large collection of data about people and their interests. This Given this information, one may define groups of people information can then be used to email people with a given by querying the data, for example for "all senior managers interest, or who know people who know a particular person, in the accounting department." If the company also has the and so on. To illustrate, a fragment of one of the authors' following information about projects: FOAF file is shown in Figure 1. As you can see, Charles is a Stanford employee interested in BMW R series mo- Project Name torcycles, German, and semantic research, and knows Axel Priority Polleres. Note that using this information and similar in- Leader formation culled from various other FOAF files, one could Start Date address an email to all Stanford employees interested in se- End Date mantic research, or all people interested in R series motor- cycles, and so on. One may then define precise groups of people such as "all Note how his FOAF file is a single place in which Charles developers for current projects in the Database group." Us- can control his personal information - if Charles were to ing semantic email addressing, one may then send an email change his email address, then all semantically addressed to this group. Like a traditional mailing list, a recipient of a email based on his FOAF profile would be automatically semantic email address may respond to the sender or to the routed to his new address. If Charles were to leave Stan- group itself. Unlike a traditional mailing list, the recipient ford, then he would no longer receive emails addressed to may respond to a particular subset of the group, or forward Stanford people interested in semantic research. All of this the email to some other semantically defined group of peo- is under Charles' control, without the need to change his ple. settings with each mailing list individually. It all happens Using semantic email addressing, it would be easy for automatically. a computer to send an email to a specific person or group In a sense, SEA is the opposite of spam. While both SEA of persons. For example, the company room reservation and spam may involve unsolicited emails, spam is sent to ev- system could straightforwardly be programmed to automat- eryone, while SEA is targeted towards those who have pub- ically send an email to the building manager each time con- licly announced they are interested in it. SEA is a marketer's ference room 101 was reserved, without knowing who the dream come true. building manager is. As the employee serving as building Note also that, unlike mailing lists, there is no discovery manager changed over time, the email would always be sent required for either the sender or the receiver. It just works. to the correct person, without having to reprogram the room Of course, we don't have to depend just upon FOAF de- reservation system. scriptions. We can also integrate semantic information from various sources, such as RDF files or relational databases. Internet Example For example, we might also pull bibliographic information Recently, a RDF ontology known as FOAF, or Friend-of- from a site such as DBLP, and email everyone who has ever a-Friend, has gained in popularity. This ontology contains coauthored a paper with Charles and whose email address is Figure 2: Sending email to members of the group lead by Michael Genesereth interested in logical spreadsheets publicly available. tology, either the user either be able to specify a query in the ontology directly, say via a textual editor, or he must Using Semantic Email Addressing use some sort of tool to that facilitates query formulation in that ontology. As only power users can be expected to Now that we have motivated the myriad benefits of SEA, formulate queries directly, a graphical interface for query we delve into some practical details. How should it work? creation is useful here. To support the possibility of using We first talk about sending semantically addressed email, various ontologies, the tool should be generic and generate then we talk about how one might reply to a semantically query interfaces on the fly based on the ontology and some addressed email. display metadata. The interface used by our prototype is To allow the user to semantically specify a set the email shown in Figure 2. The interface is automatically generated addresses to which to send to, there are three somewhat sep- based on the schema for a person and some metadata about arable pieces of functionality required. First, the user must how to display each field, for example as a text box or a be able to define the group of email addresses of interest. drop down list. Here, an email is being sent to members This might involve choosing from some predefined list of of the group lead by Michael Genesereth interested in logi- definitions; though to attain the full power of semantic email cal spreadsheets. Note that it allows the emailer to define a addressing, the user should be able to formulate new defini- set of people as opposed to a set of email addresses. As each tions. The second piece of functionality is that the definition person is associated with at most one email address, this also must somehow be translated to a set of email addresses to unambiguously defines the set of email addresses to send the which the email must be sent. The final piece of function- message to. ality is to facilitate replying in a simple manner. This final Note how the interface of ISEA allows embedded queries piece is optional but sometimes useful. of arbitrary depth to be formed. For example, one might An email client that allows for SEA requires only some query for all people at a site that is in a country where French small extensions over a traditional email client. In our pro- is spoken. This cross-category search is particularly useful totype, the interface for composing a message looks just like when large amounts of supporting information are available. a traditional interface, with To, Cc, Bcc, Subject and Body In particular, consider that if the Semantic Web becomes a fields. The only difference is an extra button, which allows reality, then one will have the possibility of basing his query a semantic email address to be specified wherever a tradi- on arbitrary information on the Web. tional email address can be placed. This functionality is Semantic email addressing is a powerful tool, which could similar to the address book functionality found in modern easily be used to email large numbers of people. Safeguards email clients. Upon pressing the button, a window pops up must be put in place to make sure that user errors do not with an interface for defining a set of recipients. result in a mass spamming. It is useful to give the user feed- Since a definition must be formulated in a particular on- back on his query definition by displaying a list of people the case that the email client supports semantic email ad- dressing, or by clicking a Web page link automatically gen- erated by the system and placed in the footer of the message by the sending agent. The latter is a bit more tricky, for the reason that the set of email addresses defined by a particular query may change over time. In the case that the number of email addresses is small, the actual email addresses to which Figure 3: Confirmation page shown after pressing send the email was sent might appear in the To or Cc fields of the email, but if the number of addresses is large, this becomes impractical. In this case, the sending agent must somehow to which the email will be sent, in the case that the number keep track of either the set of addresses sent to by each mes- of people is sufficiently small that this can be done. Other- sage or enough of the state of the database at each point in wise, it is useful to display the number of people to which time to reconstruct this information. Doing so in a space- the email will be sent, along with a sample of those people. efficient manner is an open problem. This allows the user to catch errors in his query definition, Replying to a semantically addressed email raises similar and give him confidence that he is not accidentally sending a issues. In the case that the addresses of the recipients are large number of people a message not meant for them. Fig- sent in the To or CC fields of the message, one can reply in ure 3 shows a simple confirmation page displayed in ISEA the usual manner to the recipients of the original message, after the send button is pressed after choosing the set of peo- or they can use semantic email addressing to reply. In the ple defined in Figure 2. case that the recipient list is not included in the message, As mentioned earlier, ISEA creates actual semantic email semantic email addressing must be used to reply. However, addresses that are essentially of the form query@domain. note that the set of people satisfying a condition may change For example, in our prototype system, by sending an email over time, so replying can result in new people receiving the to a properly encoded "People in the Logic Group interested reply and old people not receiving the reply, which may or in logical spreadsheets"@logic.stanford.edu, an email will may not be the desired behavior. Of course, this is nothing be sent to the appropriate people (where the quoted part is new - the subscriber list to a traditional mailing list changes replaced by an appropriate computer-interpretable string). over time as well. This is useful for sending mail from email clients that do not support semantic email addressing, for adding seman- Prototype tic email addresses to one's address book, etc. However, in We have built a prototype SEA module on top of Infomaster an ideal world in which all email clients supported seman- (Genesereth et al. 1997) called ISEA ("Infomaster Semantic tic email addressing, these semantic email addresses would Email Addresser"). Infomaster is an information integration be completely hidden from the user, as they are long, un- engine, and can be used to query multiple sources of data intelligible, and ugly.1 Instead of viewing such ungainly on the Internet through a single mediated schema. This is identifiers, we expect users to always view semantic email useful for SEA because it allows information to be pulled addresses though some graphical representation like the one in from many sources - not just about people, but also use- shown in Figure 2, or a human-readable textual description ful supporting information about organizations and locations such as one written in a controlled subset of English. In and so forth. our prototype, we also allow a short, human readable nick- The prototype is currently being used in a system used by name to be associated with a semantic email address using members of the Digital Enterprise Research Institute in four the same mechanism that user names are associated with locations - Stanford, Galway, Innsbruck and Korea. Since normal email addresses. In Figure 2, the nickname "Pred- the institute is large and distributed, and members are fre- iCalc Team" is given to the aforementioned semantic email quently coming and going, it is hard for a member of the in- address. stitute to keep track of who is where and doing what. Thus, Upon receiving a semantically addressed email, it is it is a natural application for SEA. The prototype allows sometimes useful to give the receiver the ability to view both people to be emailed based on their site, group affiliations, the semantic definition of who the email was sent to and name, interests, and other attributes (see Figure 2). This in- the actual people to whom the email was sent. The former formation is obtained from private databases and publicly can be accomplished by viewing the semantic email address available FOAF files. through an appropriate GUI or natural language display, in The ontology used by SEA is set by an administrator and 1 is thus centrally controlled, though it is continually evolving. In our prototype, the semantic email address of Figure 2 is rep- The basic architecture of our prototype is as follows. resented as sea+.28.3F5.20AND.20.28PERSON.2EGROUP.20.3F There are four principal components: 5.20.3F188.8.131.52GROUP.2ELEADER.20.3F6.20MICHAEL.2E GENESERETH.29.20.28GROUP.2EINSTANCE.20.3F188.8.131.52 PERSON.2EINTEREST.20.3F5.20PERSONALINTEREST.2E33 (1) A Web-based user interface that is used to con- 640628188.8.131.52PERSON.2EINSTANCE.20.3F5.29.29@logic. struct semantic email addresses; stanford.edu. We make no claims as to the optimality of such an (2) A database (Infomaster) that is queried to determine the encoding, but present it as an illustration of why such addresses traditional email addresses of people matching a query; should be hidden from users. (3) A an email system (Postfix), that is used both to send emails to (traditional) email addresses and to receive if one desires. Within small to medium sized communities, semantically addressed emails; and this sort of behavior is often uncommon since social reper- (4) Application code (ISEA) to glue the previous three cussions occur when a community member violates commu- pieces together. nity rules. Within larger communities, security policies may A typical interaction with the system interacts with the need to be enacted to limit who is allowed to send to whom. components in the following order: On the public Internet, however, SEA abuse is much harder to control. Of course, this is true for any publicly available (1) The user constructs a semantic email address using email address, whether or not SEA is used, as is true now our SEA-address creating interface. Optionally, the user for firstname.lastname@example.com. can use the interface to query the database to determine the On the open Internet, the more interesting issue is that list of recipients who are addressed by the semantic email of data ownership and authentication. Preventing any user address he or she has constructed. from changing their profile so that they spoof being part of a restricted group on the open Internet will require new so- (2) The user sends an email to this address using the lutions. One can imagine many SEA systems, only some email client of his or her choice. of which implement profile authentication. Users requiring security will want to use a SEA system that authenticates (3) The email is received by the ISEA Postfix applica- profile properties against at least local permissions and sim- tion. This triggers an action that calls the ISEA application ilarly authenticates incoming messages. code, which translates the semantic email address into a And on the open Internet, SEA with subscription to public database query and queries the database. The result of this invisible properties becomes indistinguishable from seman- database query is a list of (traditional) email addresses. tic RSS, except for the authentication issue. (4) ISEA uses Postfix to forward the email to this list Dealing With Errors of email addresses, placing the addresses in the blind carbon copy header of the email, and the semantic email address in Keeping Information Up to Date the to header of the email. 2 One of the most powerful aspects of a semantic email ad- dress is that the set of recipients that it addresses changes (5) The emails are received by the recipients using the over time, as the properties of the people in the database email clients of their choice. change, and as new people and added to the database and old ones removed. Ideally, the database is always kept up to In the case of a user replying to an email with a semantic date, to reflect the changing realities of the world. In prac- email address, step (1) is skipped and the process starts at tice, information in the database is not always 100% accu- step (2). rate. Inaccurate information can lead to people receiving an Security and Privacy email who should not, and people not receiving an email when they should. It is important that there is a way for Intra-Enterprise users of the system to ensure that their information is cor- An interesting possibility is for people outside an enterprise rect, either by editing it themselves or by having an autho- to use SEA to send email to members of the enterprise based rized administrator change the information for them. on their semantic description, without knowing who they In ISEA, users have password-protected access to their are. For example, I might want to send a message to the profiles via a Web interface. All information about a person lead developer of a particular product at Yahoo!, but I do not is therefore controllable by the individual himself. Users are know his or her name or email address, and Yahoo! might expected to keep their own profiles up to date. As one might not want me to know his or her name or email address. How- expect in a large organization, not all information is always ever, they still might want to allow me to contact him or her. accurate. However, the authors note that in the case of fre- By exposing a semantic email addressing form to me, they quently used semantic emailing addresses (for example, "all can allow this in a simple way. This leads to considerations people interested in SEA"), the relevant information is more of the use of SEA on the open Internet. often kept up to date than in the case of information that is has not yet been used for semantic email addressing. SEA on the Open Internet SEA is ideal for targeted email addressing, essentially the Bounced Emails opposite of spam. However, SEA is also ripe for abuse - Bounced and delayed emails are handled by forwarding the it can easily be used to send exceedingly untargeted emails error messages back to the sender. This works fine, unless 2 the semantic email address is meant anonymize the recipi- Note that this means that ISEA will receive another copy of the email, which can lead to an infinite loop if we are not careful. ent or recipients. In this case, the error message should not This is avoided by adding an email header called X-ISEA which be forwarded back to the sender. Instead a message should we use to flag whether this message has been seen before or not be sent back that masks the identity of the recipients, e.g. (i.e. messages with this header have been seen before and should "Your email message has not been sent to the intended re- not be processed). cipient. We apologize for the inconvenience." We note that these problems and solutions are no different than those for filter those messages using production rules. An interesting traditional mailing lists. feature of this system was that it allowed users to send to a special mailbox called "Anyone" from which anyone could User Adoption subsequently choose to receive messages based on produc- In our prototype implementation with DERI Galway and tion rules. This flips on its head the nature of widely broad- DERI Innsbruck, as well as even DERI Stanford, we cur- cast emails - instead of starting with receiving all emails and rently have these three sites as one selection property. The whittling them down based on filtering rules, the user in- total number of people varies, but numbers less than 500 stead starts with an empty inbox and pulls in emails of in- currently. We will soon add DERI Korea. Within each site, terest based on rules. This is quite similar to the subscrip- there are research groups. We currently have a total of fif- tion model of RSS, the syndication format popular today. teen (14) different groups. Each group has a leader and a As RSS feeds contain more and more semantic information, set of members. Each person can currently change anything the semantic subscription model exemplified by Information in the set of profiles, much as with a wiki. New groups and Lens may become more commonplace. people can be added by anyone. Each person has a profile More recently, MailSMORE (Kalyanpur et al. ) allows of personal data including interests. Anyone can add a new the user to annotate the content of an email with RDF triples, interest. This openness is by design after consideration by and automatically also includes RDF triples generated based a working design council. The openness will eventually be on the standard headers of an email such as the To, From, modified in accordance with the security and privacy con- Subject and Body fields. This can be used for semantic fil- siderations above. tering and filing of emails. Even among technical people, adoption has to be carefully The M ANGROVE system (Mcdowell et al. 2004a; Mc- managed. A very common remark is that people trust their Dowell et al. 2004b; Etzioni et al. 2003) takes this idea fur- existing email lists and don't trust SEA virtual lists. When ther but allowing not just structured email content, but also asked about the specific form their trust takes, people say semantic email processes which allow email clients to be that they know who is on the existing email lists. In at least scripted with declarative workflow that can be used to auto- the case of DERI Innsbruck, this turns out to be incorrect: matically aggregate information obtained from many email only the administrator can see who is on the list. In contrast, responses, automatically resend emails to people who have anyone can check to see to whom a SEA message will be not responded, or to analyze the semantic content of incom- sent. ing email messages and respond accordingly. Similarly, people have remarked that they will not be able Most relevantly, Microsoft Exchange 2003 allows admin- to use SEA messages in the same way that they use email istrators to create query-based distribution groups, which are from existing email lists. Again, when asked for specifics, essentially mailing lists whose recipients are based on an they say they store messages from specific email lists in spe- LDAP query run at the time of the email sending. This alle- cific folders and then use these emails to send to the email viates much of the administrative work required to maintain lists later. Of course, this is exactly the same with SEA vir- a mailing list. However, because the mailing lists may be tual email lists, and this methodology is facilitated with the created by an administrator only, they do not allow the full ISEA nickname. power of SEA. In fact, users are completely shielded from In general, SEA provides all of the same information and the fact that a distribution group is query based: each query- functionality as existing email lists, and more. Whatever based distribution group is given a name, and thus looks just worked with static email lists works with SEA virtual email like a regular mailing list to an outsider. lists, with less effort. Thus it appears that there are initial psychological, rather than technical barriers to SEA adop- Future Work tion, and we see this conservatism being quickly disappear- In addition to the work suggested by the security and pri- ing. vacy discussion above, there is a wide range of improve- ments planned for our prototype, ranging from the near-term Standardization simple to long-range difficult. We have a parallel effort to develop SEA-specifc email clients to solve the problem of SEA does not require that all implementations use the same the ugly semantic email address. But our major develop- addressing scheme; it can vary from organization to orga- ment work is in the area of user interface to make SEA look nization or even from server to server within an organiza- more like existing popular email interfaces. tion. However, we would expect one or more standards to Allowing external groups to use SEA, is much more prob- emerge over time. This would provide the benefit that email lematic as it means that the issues of distributed permissions clients could provide better built-in support for SEA, includ- and authentication must be addressed. There is also the gen- ing SEA address editing, analysis, and search. eral semantic problem of linking to arbitrary external se- mantic sources on unifying the results. Much of this second Related Work problem has been in principle solved with Infomaster(Gene- Several other authors have seen the value in bringing seman- sereth et al. 1997). However, there remains the ontological tics to emails, though all in a somewhat different way. For engineering problem of constructing proper hierarchies of example, the Information Lens system (Malone et al. 1987) ontologies so that Charles can use such them to declare that allowed users to send semistructured email messages and to he filters out BMW K-series Motorcycles from all of those about BMW Motorcycles. (Proper SEA design assumes that A. Kalyanpur, B. Parsia, J. Hendler, and J. Golbeck. superclasses of expressed interest are not of interest to the Smore - semantic markup, ontology, and rdf editor. person profiled, but subclasses are.) http://www.mindswap.org/papers/SMORE.pdf. An interesting possibility to help control spam is seman- T. Malone, K. Grant, F. Turbak, S. Brobst, and M. Cohen. tic filtering and filing of emails. One could write semantic Intelligent information-sharing systems. Commun. ACM, email rules based on not just the standard email fields, but 30(5):390–402, 1987. also the semantic email address. For example, one might L. Mcdowell, O. Etzioni, and A. Halevy. Semantic email: classify all email as spam that comes from someone not Theory and applications. Web Semantics: Science, Services in a whitelist and without a FOAF that references some- and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2(2):153–183, Decem- one within two degrees of separation and no common in- ber 2004. terest. This semantic filtering and filing could be extremely effective, especially if combined with semantic email con- L. McDowell, O. Etzioni, A. Halevy, and H. Levy. Seman- tent. How to generate user interfaces that allow these sort tic email. In WWW '04: Proceedings of the 13th inter- of filters to be specified and how to efficiently filter large national conference on World Wide Web, pages 244–254, numbers of emails against a semantic email address are in- New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM Press. teresting questions. Conclusion In this paper, we have introduced the notion of semantic email addressing, which provides all of the functionality of static email mailing lists. In addition, we have demon- strated with our prototype implementation some additional functionality possible. The first benefit is simply that users maintain their own profiles, thereby controlling their email streams. It is no longer necessary to subscribe, unsubscribe, and change email addresses in static lists. Nor do list admin- istrators have to establish, maintain, and filter email mailing lists. The targeted nature of a semantically addressed email is powerful and could be used to combat unintentional spam. Furthermore, since it can facilitate the contacting of individ- uals based on their characteristics, it can be used to preserve the privacy of email addresses and even individual identities. SEA is a simple concept, and one which we hope will soon be incorporated into commercial email systems, but which we are already deploying in set of academic insti- tutes distributed over international sites and consisting of various research groups and people with varying interests. SEA allows each person to be precisely targeted according to their site, group, and interests in ways not feasible with static email mailing lists. Because it not only frees adminis- trators from maintaining static lists but also allows people to have more control over their email based upon local control of their semantic data, SEA could be the "killer app" of the Semantic Web. References L. Ding, L. Zhou, T. Finin, and A. Joshi. How the semantic web is being used: An analysis of foaf documents. HICSS, 2005. O. Etzioni, A. Halevy, H. Levy, and L. McDowell. Seman- tic email: Adding lightweight data manipulation capabili- ties to the email habitat, 2003. M. Genesereth, A. Keller, and O. Duschka. Infomaster: An information integration system. In J. Peckham, editor, SIGMOD 1997, Proceedings ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, May 13-15, 1997, Tucson, Arizona, USA, pages 539–542. ACM Press, 1997.
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LeBron James did not give a pep talk to the Ohio State football team prior to their game against Wisconsin, but he did give one to plenty of Ohio State fans. LeBron showed up at St. John Arena two hours prior to the game where a pep rally, which is dubbed the Skull Session, was taking place and sung the praises of Ohio State to the packed house. Following that he led the Ohio State football team into Ohio Stadium. Article found on: Next Impulse Sports
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 12/4/12
The Sacramento Kings and Toronto Raptors have scuffled in recent years as two of the NBA's worst teams. This season looks no different. Both will look for improved defense as they try to snap slumps Wednesday night, with the Kings hoping to avoid a fourth straight loss while handing the Raptors an eighth in a row on the road. The clubs are in last place in their respective divisions after going a combined 55-87 last season. Neither team has finished with a winning record in any of the past five seasons. Both currently rank toward the bottom of the league in points allowed, with Toronto giving up 101.9 per game and Sacramento 100.5. The Kings (4-12) are fresh off allowing their highest point total of the season in a 116-81 road loss to the Los Angeles Clippers on Saturday. In suffering the most lopsided defeat in series history between the Pacific Division foes, Sacramento forced just five turnovers and let Los Angeles shoot 54.7 percent. "It was very frustrating," said Jason Th...
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All posts under: Multimedia
Cowbell Kingdom Podcast Ep 168: Comcast SportsNet's Bobby Jackson
Former Sacramento Kings legend Bobby Jackson joins the program
Cowbell Kingdom Podcast Ep 166: Farewell to Jonathan Santiago
Long time editor Jonathan Santiago leaves Cowbell Kingdom
CK Podcast Extra: Sacramento Kings retire Peja Stojakovic's No. 16
An extended discussion with Sean Cunningham of News10 on Stojakovic's special honor.
WATCH: Inside look at demolition site for Sacramento Kings' new arena
A look at how the demolition for the Sacramento Kings' new arena site is going.
WATCH: Former NBA Commissioner David Stern's Hall of Fame speech
The former NBA commissioner offers his induction speech into the Hall of Fame.
WATCH: Former Sacramento Kings guard Sarunas Marciulonis' Hall of Fame speech
The international legend is inducted into the hall.
WATCH: Sacramento Kings great Mitch Richmond's Hall of Fame speech
The Sacramento Kings great gives his speech at the hall.
WATCH: DeMarcus Cousins on the BS Report
Cousins sits down for a conversation with Bill Simmons.
Cowbell Kingdom Podcast Extra: Pete D'Alessandro at Vegas Summer League
Kings GM talk summer of growth and change
WATCH: Darren Collison signs his contract with the Sacramento Kings
LAS VEGAS – The paperwork is in. Darren Collison officially became the newest addition to the Sacramento Kings by putting a four-year, $16-million deal into writing on Saturday. "It's a blessing," Collison said after …


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Bardfest is here! If you ever needed an excuse to indulge in some Shakespeare, the Caestecker Library is happy to provide in your time of need. J We have a fortnight's worth of movies and presentations for you, featuring experts from both far and near. This Thursday night we're screening Romeo and Juliet at 6:30. The complete schedule is available on the library web site - www.greenlakelibrary.org – click on the Library Events button on the left side of the page.
Join us tonight at 6:30 for our kickoff movie screening for Bardfest 2012. We're showing Macbeth, starring Patrick Stewart.
It's National Friends of Libraries Week, and we want to take the opportunity to thank all our Friends for everything they do throughout the year. I can't sing their praises enough. We are blessed to have such a wonderful group committed to making the library the best place it can be. Next time you're enjoying a program, or visiting the library on a Sunday, or checking out a magazine – thank the Friends.
Visit Caestecker Public Library's profile on Pinterest.


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Curried Chicken Party Platter
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Chicken breasts
|4 , skinned, boned and cut in thin strips
|1 Pound, peeled, deveined
|2 Tablespoon
|1 , chopped
|1 Clove (5 gm), chopped
|Celery stalks
|2 , chopped
|Curry powder
|1 Tablespoon (Approximate)
|Tomato paste
|1 Tablespoon
|1 , peeled, chopped
|1 , unpeeled, chopped
|Freshly ground pepper
|To Taste
|Hot chicken stock/Beef stock
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|To Taste
In skillet or saucepan, melt butter and cook chicken strips until no longer pink; with slotted spoon, remove chicken and set aside.
In same skillet, cook shrimp, if using, for 2 to 3 minutes, stirring often.
Set aside.
Curry Sauce: In separate skillet, melt butter and cook onion and garlic until softened, 2 to 3 minutes.
Add celery and stir-fry for 2 to 3 minutes.
Stir in curry and cook gently for 1 minute, then add tomato paste, banana, apple, and salt and pepper to taste.
Stir in stock; reduce neat and cook gently, covered, for 10 minutes.
With slotted spoon, remove vegetables and fruits and puree in food processor with small amount of sauce until smooth.
Pour back into skillet and keep warm.
Transfer shrimp and chicken to curry; mix well and heat through.


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Blues expect to target defense this off-season, begin talks with Alex Pietrangelo
Jun 22, 2012, 8:09 AM EDT
The 2012 NHL Awards represented a special evening for the St. Louis Blues' front office, with head coach Ken Hitchcock winning the Jack Adams and Doug Armstrong winning the GM of the Year award. Next season will present one of the best tests in sports, however: can they maintain that success and then build on it?
Making shrewd decisions during the off-season will be a big part of that process. Both Hitchcock and Armstrong indicated that the team won't make too many significant moves, yet both admitted that they need another defenseman.
Interestingly enough, Armstrong said that he's looking for more than a seventh guy who might just be a regular healthy scratch, though.
"We're not looking to add a seventh defenseman, we're looking to add a defenseman in our top four," Armstrong said. "Now, that's easier said than done also. You look at that market out there right now, if we have to wait until July 1 there's going to be a lot of people wanting those players so it might have to come via trade."
Armstrong pointed out that the Blues still need to make some decisions on the team's own unrestricted free agents, yet he believes that internal growth might be accelerated simply by improved health – especially at the forward position.
Pietrangelo negotiations?
One interesting negotiation process on the horizon comes regarding stud defenseman Alex Pietrangelo. He's about to enter the final year of his current deal, so the Blues will get their first chance to re-up him on July 1, if they chose to go in that direction. With the whopping deals handed out to Drew Doughty and Erik Karlsson, the price for high-end young defensemen is booming in the NHL, so we got Armstrong's take on how that process might go.
"With the Collective Bargaining Agreement negotiations going on, we have the opportunity to decide if we want to do that," Armstrong said. "It won't be in early July. We'll let the dust settle on free agency and the dust settle on building our roster. If they'd like to sign we'd certainly love to sign him, he's a big part of our future. But if it goes into the next season or goes into next summer I'm not too concerned … I think we'll be safe."
- kingfooj - Jun 22, 2012 at 11:05 AM
The playoffs struck me with the notion that they had O needs
- kingfooj - Jun 22, 2012 at 11:07 AM
O as in offense, for all you kids that'll take think thats a zero….
- danphipps01 - Jun 22, 2012 at 12:45 PM
No kidding. They really need a top-line scoring winger more than anything. Their D's great, their goaltending's even better, they've got all the defensive forwards they could possibly put to use, but they really, really need some firepower. Bobby Ryan's supposedly up for grabs. He fits the bill spectacularly.
- mickeyb21 - Jun 22, 2012 at 3:16 PM
As a Blues fan, I think the defense was a problem versus the Kings. Pietrangelo needed a good partner and as soon as he went down, the defense fell apart. The Blues already have a forward coming over from Russia that should help with the offense. Still think they might try for a little more offense but would not be surprised if it is just a 3C they get. They really just need a partner for Pietrangelo. Weber had Suter, Pietrangelo needs that steady-type partner to form a real shut down pairing.
- eggserino - Jun 22, 2012 at 4:10 PM
Blues play a defensive system. Schwartz and Tarasenko are considered offensive prospects. Additionally, Perron was out for half a year. While they didn't show a ton of scoring in the second round, the Blues had no problem scoring in the first round. Additionally, they jumped about 6 or 7 spots to just outside of the top ten in goal scoring in the final months of the regular season.
To say that they need offense might be a little misleading.
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IB World
IB World magazine is the official magazine of the International Baccalaureate® (IB), published twice per year in hardcopy and online. Through the magazine we hope to keep everyone informed about the stories happening across the ever-widening IB community.
Subscribe to the magazine
Take out a subscription to IB World magazine and have IB World delivered to your door twice per year.
Bulk subscriptions are available for IB World Schools.
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We're are currently working on a new presentation of IB World online, which should improve your reading experience. Find out more.
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Whether you're an IB teacher, student, principal or parent, we'd love to hear what's happening in your part of the IB world.
We welcome opinions on forthcoming topics, articles about community activities, suggestions of interesting alumni and fascinating news about your school.
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ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — A national energy plan should seek to lower harmful greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate warming but not at the expense of people already paying high costs to keep their homes warm, according to a leading Republican senator.
Murkowski announces national energy proposal
Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski, the ranking minority member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, on Monday unveiled a "blueprint for discussion" of a national energy policy. It calls for more domestic drilling at locations that include the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, with a portion of revenue devoted to research on clean energy that cuts emissions.
"I am not one who falls into the category of what we need to do is simply increase the price of energy and therefore it will decrease consumption, and that is how we will deal with emissions that lead to climate change," Murkowski said in a conference call with Alaska reporters. "That's not a proposal that I can sign on to."
In Fairbanks last week, she said, temperatures approached 48 below zero. Villages off the road system contend with ridiculously high fuel prices along with the cold, she said. In Aniak, 317 miles west of Anchorage, the price of diesel fuel for heating homes last month was $6.99 per gallon.
"I am not going to be the senator that's going to come home to Alaskans, that's going to talk to the people in Aniak and say, 'We need to increase the price of your diesel from $6.99 to, let's say, $10.99 a gallon. And if you don't like that, you just have to use less,'" she said. "Well, how do you keep warm when it's forty degrees below zero?"
A spokesman for the Natural Resource Defense Council said the proposal reads like a longtime wish list for the petroleum industry. It contains far fewer specifics for clean energy, said David Goldston, NRDC director of government affairs.
"It's full of what we think are bad ideas, things that would certainly have the effect of increasing fossil fuel development, while the steps that are in here for cleaner energy are unlikely to actually have the impact that the senator claims that she's after," Goldston said.
Continue reading this story on the...


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With Head, Heart and Hands, Make a Medical Professional
Salih draws from his years of medical experience to share the virtues he believes bolster the study of medicine. We will all be patients at some point in our lives, surrendering... Read More
Salih draws from his years of medical experience to share the virtues he believes bolster the study of medicine. We will all be patients at some point in our lives, surrendering... Read More
This fast-paced, well-organized book is a pocket-sized friend to those seeking employment. The Little Silver Book - Interviewing by D. Neil Berdiev is a start-to-finish guide... Read More
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Meet Dennis, a manager who has been asked to turn around a failing business division, and Chuck, a consultant with the deep knowledge and experience to help him. These are the... Read More
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These little gems form the basis of a sensible, realistic view of the world from a successful real estate CEO. The premise of real estate CEO Alan Fox's book, People Tools, is... Read More
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Getting to 50/50 suggests a new framework for considering family and work that will appeal to experienced professionals and those just starting their careers. Is gender equality... Read More
Motivational business book combines faith with leadership and life skills. Being discouraged, feeling adrift, and struggling with what life has dealt us are experiences to which... Read More


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Originally written on Celtics Green ...a boston celtics blog. | Last updated 11/12/12
According to CSNNE's Jessica Camerato and ESPN's Darren Rovell, the Celtics will be sporting a new look on Christmas Day when they visit the Nets. They aren't a huge departure to the classic Celtics green and white uniforms, but they are a bit different. Here's a sneak peek of Rondo's uniform below. Do you like them or hate them? [Discuss on CG Forums!]
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27 year old woman | Ridgefield Park, NJ, USA | Seeking men 26-38 within 25 miles
Active within 24 hours
Wanna add some spice to your life? I'm a great cook btw.
Hi, I've never been good at talking about myself, but here it goes. I come from a big family, who are loud and I tend to be more on the quieter side so I tend to stand out from the crowd. I have a sweet disposition; I am fun and easy going. I believe in being honest and saying what I mean. I enjoy spending time with my family and friends. I love to read, chocolate, dogs(I don't have one yet), the beach, movies, music, and the Yankees. I am looking for someone who is honest, fun, and doesn't play games.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
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I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish
Middle of the Road
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I love flowers, chocolate, books, cooking, shopping and baseball. My favorite foods are Italian and Spanish. I enjoy dining out and always welcome the opportunity to try out new restaurants and sample different dishes.
In my leisure time, I enjoy reading, cooking and watching movies going out with friends and baseball
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
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|5'6" (167cms)
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|Bachelors degree
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SIIA Membership...Membership has its benefits. Please contact us to find out how SIIA can help your business in 2015!
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Use this Angie's List database to find the website of your state's medical licensing agency, through which you can confirm that a medical provider is licensed and whether the provider has any disciplinary actions cited on his or her record.
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Local Articles in Nashua
Whether you're choosing a pediatrician, childproofing your home or finding a suitable child care provider, you want the person you hire to really deliver quality service.
Ask questions to learn more about your doctor, like how he or she treats preexisting conditions, handles emergencies during off hours, and about their education and residency background.
Does anyone else have access to the children in your home? If so, who are they and what are their child care qualifications?
Angie's Answers
This is Kyle K from Member Care. I'm happy to help!
I apologize, but eyeglasses fall under our Eye Care - Optometry which is included in the Health list. Currently, you're enrolled in our Basic membership which only includes access to our Home list.
If you'd like to upgrade your membership to the Plus or Premium plan, we'll be happy to assist you with this search. If interested, give us a call at 1.888.944.5478 and we'll take care of this adjustment. Again, I do apologize for any misunderstanding.
This is Kyle K from Member Care. I'm happy to help!
I apologize, but optometrists fall under our Eye Care category which is included in the Health list. Currently, you're enrolled in our Basic membership which only includes access to our Home list.
If you'd like to upgrade your membership to the Plus or Premium plan, we'll be happy to assist you with this search. If interested, give us a call at 1.888.944.5478 and we'll take care of this adjustment. Again, I do apologize for any misunderstanding.
This is Sarah B. in Member Care. I'm happy to help!
We would be happy to take your feedback for Dr. Les Grosinger! I've sent an email to you with the review form and additional directions.
Thank you again, Gary! Don't hesitate to reach out to us with any additional questions or concerns. We're happy to help!
Hi this is Garrett K., community moderator with Angie's List. We have recently written a guide covering this topic. You can view that guide by following this link. If you need help finding a provider, give us a call at 1-888-944-5478. Thanks!
Pediatric Ophthalmology reviews in Nashua
Pediatric Opthamologists in Nashua, NH
Bababekov, Dr. Arthur
Boston Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundatio
Children's Hospital
Eye Care For Kids LLC
Eye Ctr of The North Shore
Fischer Eye Care
Fischer, Dr. Heidi
Gushard, Dr. Robert H.
Hunter, Dr. David G
Laby, Dr. Daniel M.
Lexington Eye Associates Inc - Westford
Massachusetts Eye & Ear Boston
Medfield Eye Associates
Nashua Eye Assoc Nashua
New England Eye - Commonwealth
New England Eye - Roslindale
Nielsen Eye Center Dedham
Nielsen Eye Center Norwell
Nielsen Eye Center Quincy
Nielsen Eye Center Weymouth
O'Ine McCabe MD
Pediatric & Adult Ophthalmic
Rudloe, Dr. Isaac J.
Segool, Dr. Robert E.
Shah, Dr. Ankoor
Shah, Dr. Ankoor S.
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Distinquished Scholar Award Nominations
Three Distinguished Scholar Awards (DSA) are given annually for outstanding research and/or creative activities by tenured/tenure-track faculty members at Kent State University. To be eligible, a faculty member must be nominated.
Please complete the following form for every nomination.
Self-nominations are acceptable.
After all the nominations are received, the University Research Council will contact each nominee individually for detailed information and additional material to support their nomination. The winners of the 2010 award will be announced and the awards presented at the DSA ceremony during the Celebration of Scholarship event, March 24, 2010.
Date: 3/24/2010
Registration Ends: 1/22/2010 11:59 PM
Map to Event:
The registration period has closed for this event.


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Student Success Center
Patrick Forystek, Veteran
Position: Student Veterans Resource Center Coordinator - Interim
Credentials and Experience: As an Marine combat veteran, I have personal experience dealing with the transition issues that many other veterans face. I have received my education from the University of Michigan-Flint, and also served as a Peer Academic Advisor to the veteran community on campus. So I deeply understand the issues that veterans face on this campus. I have experience using the Post 9/11 GI Bill, both in a traditional setting as well as online education. Along with the Post 9/11, I also have experience utilizing the Vocational Rehabilitation program, including the educational portion as well as its tertiary benefits like health care and career exploration.
Favorite part of your work with the SVRC: Helping other veterans navigate the benefits they are entitled to. I know from my own experience that it can be very confusing sometimes and being able to help other veterans work through the process is very rewarding. Whether it's their first day of class or graduation, nothing is more rewarding than seeing our veterans succeed.
Advice for student veterans: Use your resources! The transitional period from military to civilian life can be very demanding and it's easy to overlook programs that exist to help you. Take advantage of these programs as much as you can, you earned them! Don't forget to apply for scholarships and grants too, they can help ease the cost of school and there are many that exist just for veterans.
Student Veterans Resources Center
Helen Budd
Position: Veterans Certifying Evaluator
Credentials and Experience: Dedicated and knowledgeable professional, providing assistance to student veterans and their families with VA/Department of Defense benefits, coordinating student services, and providing support to the UM-Flint Student Veterans of America Chapter. More than eight years as a VA Certifying Official, serving in the Registrar's Office at Cleary University before moving to UM-Flint in May, 2013.
Favorite part of your work with the SVRC: Counseling students on the various VA education benefits that are available and assisting in the resolution of benefit payment issues.
Advice for student veterans: Take the time to know your benefits. After all, you earned them! Meet regularly with an academic advisor to ensure that you are on track toward graduation, and attend and pass your classes.
Student Veterans Resources Center
Stevens Wandmacher, Dr.
Position: I have been the Faculty Coordinator for the SVRC since it was created and I both teach in and am currently the Chair of the Department of Philosophy.
Credentials and Experience: As a faculty member I hold degrees in philosophy from Wayne State University (MA 1994) and Michigan State University (Ph.D 2003). I did my undergraduate degree at the University of Michigan (BGS 1992) and was a Boatswain's Mate in the United States Navy (BM3).
Favorite part of your work with the SVRC: I get great satisfaction out of developing and maintaining systems to insure that our veteran population gets the support and guidance they need and have earned.
Advice for student veterans: Stay in school until you graduate; there is no obstacle to your education that you can't navigate.
Student Veteran Resources Center
Michael Keeley, Student Veteran
Position: I am the website administrator for the Student Veteran Resources Center. Please inform me of any and all issues you encounter while utilizing the website.
Credentials and Experience: I served 8 years in the United States Army as a Signal Support Systems Specialist. My areas of experience include working on multiple us.army.mil websites to include building and maintaining personalized unit websites for the various units I have been in.
Favorite part of your work with the SVRC: My favorite part of working in the SVRC is the chance to make an impact on the accessibility of information for Veterans. It is my firm belief that information should be easily obtained, and it is my goal to make that happen.
Advice for student veterans: Ask questions! If you are unsure about something any of the staff members in the SVRC are more than willing to help you. Get involved in programs and find out what other benefits are out there, trust me, there are a lot!


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Alex John Groza
Born: October 7, 1926 in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Died: January 21, 1995
High School: Martins Ferry in Martins Ferry, Ohio
College: University of Kentucky
As Player: 130 G, 22.5 PPG, 10.7 RPG, 2.4 APG (Full Record)
As Executive: SDS franchise, 1972-1975 (Full Record)
Other SR Links: Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
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Trial of Phoenix man accused of killing boy set for 2016
PHOENIX -- A March 2016 trial date has been set for a Phoenix man charged with fatally stabbing his 12-year-old half-brother.
Authorities said 27-year-old Andrew Ward killed Austin Tapia on March 12 and explained his motive by saying, "Honestly, I just felt like killing."
Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty.
Ward pleaded not guilty to a murder charge in Tapia's death.
While in a Maricopa County jail, Ward was charged with first-degree murder in the April 2 death of his cellmate.
Investigators said Ward used a golf pencil to stab 33-year-old Douglas Walker in the eyes, beat him and forced a plastic bag and peanut butter sandwich down Walker's throat.
Ward has pleaded not guilty in Walker's death.
No trial date has been set in that case.