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Described is a system and method for transporting interference-related control data and other information between nodes in a wireless network, using a control channel that is distinct from a content channel used to transport content. The control channel may be a different channel in the same unlicensed band as the content channel, a channel in a different unlicensed band, or a channel in a licensed band, and thereby not subject to the same interference-related problems that the unlicensed content channel may experience. As a result, management information for adjusting the content channel's communication parameters may still be communicated between the nodes, whereby mitigation actions may occur. For example, the content channel may be changed to another frequency, compression may be implemented or varied, and/or the data transfer rate may be varied. The control data can also be used to change the control channel's communication parameters.
1. In a peer-to-peer network, a method of mitigating communication interference in an unlicensed wireless band used to exchange content data between two peer devices by using a control channel to exchange control data between the two peer devices in order to dynamically vary the unlicensed wireless communication, the method comprising:
establishing a peer-to-peer communication between two devices;
transmitting between the two devices content data on a main data channel in the unlicensed band;
providing a control channel, different from the main channel, for transferring control data directly between the two devices such that control data sent from one of the two devices is specifically directed at another;
exchanging control data directly between the two devices on the control channel, the control data including interference-related information for managing the transmission of the content data on the main data channel, and wherein the exchange includes both a transmission and reception of the control data by each of the two devices and directed at each other, which allows each of the two devices to know the radio frequency environment of each other for the peer-to-peer communication between the two devices on the main data channel in the unlicensed band; and
varying at least one parameter that performs an action to mitigate interference-related communication problems on the main data channel based on the exchange of the control data.
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9. At least one computer storage medium having computer-executable instructions, which when executed perform the method of
10. In a peer-to-peer network, a method of mitigating communication interference in an unlicensed wireless band used to exchange content data between two peer devices by using a control channel to exchange control data between the two peer devices in order to dynamically vary the unlicensed wireless communication, the method comprising:
establishing a peer-to-peer communication between two nodes in a network;
communicating content data between the two nodes, on a first main data channel in the unlicensed band;
providing a control channel, the control channel being different from the first main data channel and operating for transferring of control data directly between the two nodes such that control data sent from one of the two nodes is specifically directed at the other node;
exchanging control data on the control channel and directly between the nodes, the control data including interference-related information related to the communication of the content data on the first main data channel, and wherein the exchanging of control data includes both a transmission and reception of the control data by each of the two nodes and directed at each other, which allows each of the nodes to know the radio frequency environment of each other for the peer-to-peer communication between the two devices on the first main data channel in the unlicensed band; and
based on the exchanging of control data between the nodes via the control channel, changing the first main data channel to a second main data channel in the unlicensed band in order to mitigate interference-related communication problems on the main channel.
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18. At least one computer storage medium having computer-executable instructions, which when executed perform the method of
19. In a wireless communication environment, a system configured to mitigate communication interference in an unlicensed wireless band used to exchange content data between peer-to-peer devices by using a control channel to exchange control data and dynamically vary the unlicensed communication, the system comprising:
a plurality of nodes in a peer-to-peer system that communicate directly with one each other, each node comprising:
a main content transmission mechanism including a first radio that transmits content on an unlicensed content channel to at least one other node; and
a control transmission mechanism including a second radio that transmits control data on a control channel that is in a licensed band and different from the content channel, the control channel allowing the second radio to transmit control data specifically directed to other peer nodes, and the control data including interference-related information that can be exchanged directly between the nodes such that an exchange of the control data, which exchange includes both a transmission and reception of the control data by each of the two peer nodes, allows each node to know the radio frequency environment of each other for communication on the main data channel that is in the unlicensed content channel; and
wherein the peer nodes exchange the control data directly therebetween to vary communication of the content in order to mitigate problems caused by interference on the content channel.
20. The system of
The present invention is related to the following copending United States patent applications filed concurrently herewith, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties:
"Extensible Framework for Mitigating Interference Problems in Wireless Networking," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/004,288; and
"Protocol for Exchanging Control Data to Mitigate Interference Problems in Wireless Networking," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/004,428.
The invention relates generally to radio frequency communications, and more particularly to controlling the communications in environments such as wireless computer networks.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are proliferating in both home and enterprises. Such wireless networks may be used for various types of content transfer, including web browsing, file transferring, audiovisual streaming, sending and receiving messages, and other purposes. As wireless connectivity spreads, the likelihood of radio frequency (RF) activity from other bands and overlaying bands used in wireless networking bands increases for any given location, resulting in interference for a greater percentage of wireless network users.
Further, because wireless networks operate in unlicensed bands in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz regions of the RF spectrum, many other RF devices transmit information (or noise) on these frequencies as well, causing interference to the WLAN communication. Examples of various sources and types of interference seen by a home wireless network may include microwave ovens, which cause slow periodic interference; cordless phones, which cause interference of a type referred to as "slow hopper;" a Bluetooth headset (causing fast hopper interference); digital spread spectrum (DSS) cordless phones, which cause constant custom waveform interference; and wireless surveillance cameras, which cause constant standard waveform interference. In addition, other nearby WLANs operating on the same channel, such as that of a neighbor, can cause interference.
As is understood, RF interference in wireless networking results in an effective reduction of available data rates and/or range, causing poor user experience. While a technically-knowledgeable user may be able to mitigate a regularly occurring interference problem by reconfiguring networking devices to operate on another channel, many of the sources of interference transmit intermittently, whereby even if one problem was solved by changing to another channel, another problem might arise that occurs intermittently, which is more difficult to detect and resolve.
What is needed is a solution that provides for a reasonably good wireless experience, including in the presence of RF interference. The solution should allow wireless communication mechanisms to dynamically adapt to adjust for interference even when the interference is preventing or severely impairing communications on the channel on which content is being exchanged.
Briefly, the present invention is directed towards a system and method for transporting interference-related control data and other information between two or more nodes in a wireless network, using a control channel that is separate from the content (main data) channel used to transport content. The control channel is typically one that is not subject to the same interference-related problems being experienced on the unlicensed content channel, at least with respect to the control data, which requires relatively little bandwidth. As a result, management information (e.g., interference-related data) and the like may still be communicated between nodes, such that the content communication can be dynamically varied in some way to mitigate or avoid the problems being caused by the interference. For example, to avoid or reduce the communication problems caused by interference on the content channel, via management information sent over the control channel, the content channel may be changed to another frequency, and/or compression of the data transfer rate may be varied to correspond to a narrowed amount of bandwidth due to the interference. Even when the content channel is experiencing substantial interference, via the separate control channel the interference information necessary for mitigation is normally able to be shared between wireless nodes.
Various alternatives for selecting a different control channel are feasible, including selecting the control channel as a different channel in the same unlicensed band as the content channel, selecting the control channel as a channel in a different band (e.g., a channel in the 5 GhZ band instead of in the 2.4 GHz band, or vice-versa), and/or using a channel in a licensed band. The use of a licensed band channel as the control channel for an unlicensed main data channel ensures that control information will not be interfered with by other RF sources (under ordinary circumstances). Note that while licensed band transports can be expensive, the communication of such control information requires relatively low bandwidth, helping lower the cost. For example, a relatively small amount of control data on a licensed band can be used to control large amounts of content data being transported on an unlicensed-band data network (such as an 802.11 WLAN).
Where the cost is not acceptable or a licensed band is not available, a different channel in an unlicensed band can be used instead. Note that because the bandwidth requirements are low and a different channel is being used for the control data, the control data is often able to be exchanged in the unlicensed band even when the unlicensed content channel is experiencing interference. The control data can also be used to change its own communication parameters, including changing to another frequency.
In one example implementation, the present invention leverages a framework through which mechanisms that monitor RF signals can work with other mechanisms to determine a solution for mitigating wireless network communication problems caused by RF interference. Such mechanisms include interference processing modules such as RF sensors, RF signature analysis systems and self-correcting software modules. In this example implementation, the framework for interconnecting such interference processing modules comprises a service operating on a computer system, referred to as a robust coexistence service, which is directed to allowing wireless networks to coexist with various other RF sources that would otherwise interfere with network communications.
The robust coexistence service (RCS) comprises a flexible and extensible framework including a local processing subsystem that allows spectrum sensor hardware to be plugged in so as to output data corresponding to sensed RF conditions, including any interference-related information. One or more software classifiers and application programs are also plugged into the framework to evaluate the sensed RF data, in order to provide the interference-related information, for informational purposes as well as for mitigating any interference-related communication problems.
In one implementation, a protocol provides for peer discovery, peer information exchange, and a transport mechanism used to deliver the protocol. According to the protocol, the locally-detected interference-related information is formatted, along with general environment information and the like, into the control data, which is then distributed over the control channel from the local node to a remote peer node in the wireless network that is RCS-enabled (running the robust coexistence service), whereby the remote node knows the local node's current RF environment. A similar exchange of control data occurs in the opposite direction. As a result, the peer nodes know each other's environments, and when any node transmits content (the main data) to a receiver node, the transmission can be adapted to avoid the interference, or mitigate the negative effects of the interference in some way. For example, if an access point knows that a device to which it is associated is experiencing interference on one channel, the access point and device can agree to switch to a different channel. Note that with an access point, each associated computing device has only the access point as its peer, while the access point has a peer relationship with each associated access point. In an ad hoc network, devices may have multiple peers.
To distribute the control data, each robust coexistence service also includes an information distribution subsystem. The information distribution subsystem includes a transport module that communicates the control data including any interference information locally-sensed at the computer system to another, remote node on the network, and receives similar information sensed remotely at that node. The transport module for communicating the control data may correspond to a predetermined channel, such as a channel in a licensed band, but may also be negotiated as part of a protocol used in control data communications, and may be varied as necessary.
The control data generally contains interference-related information, whether in the form of information about the interference such as the type of interferer, frequency, duty cycle, periodicity of the interference and so forth, and/or an interference mitigation solution. This allows a receiving node to pass information about the receiving RF environment (e.g., its remote interference-related information) to a transmitting node, whereby the node can adapt the transmission in some way to improve the chances of better reception based on the control data. The solution may be to change the content channel, in which event the receiver needs to be informed of the change via management data and agree to it, but may be solely implemented at the transmitting node, such as to lower the data transmission rate. Compression may be selectively employed and/or varied as well, such as when interference is effectively reducing the amount of available bandwidth.
Other advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
Exemplary Operating Environment
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to: personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, tablet devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth, which perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in local and/or remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
The computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by the computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media, described above and illustrated in
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160 or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Robust Coexistence Service
The present invention is generally directed towards the use of a separate control channel for communicating interference-related data to another node or nodes in a wireless network. As will be understood, numerous ways to implement the present invention are feasible, and only some of the alternatives are described herein. For example, the present invention is primarily described below with reference to an example framework for use with wireless network communications, into which RF-related sensors, classifiers and application programs plug in to dynamically sense the spectrum and process the sensed data to mitigate the effects of interference on network communications. However, as can be readily appreciated, such a framework is not required to use the present invention, and indeed, the present invention is applicable to other types of communications in addition to wireless network communications that are subject to interference. Moreover, the described example framework may be run on a computer system, but alternatively may be adopted by hardware manufacturers for integration into an access point device, wireless bridge, and so forth. Further, as will be understood, an example protocol is described, however no particular protocol is necessary for communicating interference-related information. As such, the present invention is not limited to any of the particular examples used herein, but rather may be used various ways that provide benefits and advantages in computing in general.
Turning to
The other wireless devices represented in
By way of example, consider that the media center 206 streams audiovisual content via the access point 204 to the media center extender 212. While the audiovisual data is being streamed, various non-networking RF sources 216 such as a cordless phone may interfere with the audiovisual stream. As can be readily appreciated, the stream may be interrupted or the bandwidth constrained to such an extent that the media center extender 212 exhausts any buffered data, whereby the user experience is that of a frozen, erratic or otherwise incorrect picture and/or sound. Occasional use of the interfering device, such as is typical with telephone usage patterns, is generally unpredictable and can be even more frustrating to the user.
In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, some of the wireless devices depicted in
As represented in
The RCS local processing system 321 provides interfaces to internal modules by which external modules, including classifiers 340 1-340 j and applications 342 1-342 k, may register with the robust coexistence service 321. Note that the miniport drivers 333 1-333 n may be similarly pluggable through user mode software modules, and need not necessarily go through the NDIS layer 338. As part of registration, the various registering modules identify one or more various types of data that each supports, including data in a predefined, generic format understood by any classifier module, and/or data in a proprietary format (treated as blobs when routed to the corresponding classifier). The ability to use a proprietary format allows customized RF sensors and classifiers to be used in the framework. Data types may be a combination of pre-defined generic data and proprietary data type. A mapping is obtained (e.g., in the RCS engine 350) to relate the provider, classifier, consumer and driver in order to identify how a current set of information is to be processed. Identifiers may be used in routing custom data to the correct classifier, as can an evaluation as to whether at least part of the raw data is in the predefined format, in which event any classifier can consume at least part of the raw data. Alternatively, classifiers may receive and discard data they do not understand.
Within the RCS local processing system 321, an RCS engine 350 provides connectivity among its internal modules 352-358, generally routing data as appropriate, as described below. In general, the RCS engine 350 coordinates the activities of the various modules in the service, and also stores classifier data for future use, e.g., in a storage 360. For example, the storage 360 may preserve time-stamped interference classifier information events that may be used for historical analysis.
Via the layered mechanism described above, a data provider module 352 of the system 321 obtains the raw data sensed by the spectrum sensing hardware 332 1-332 n and/or 334, along with any raw RF data and other lower MAC (media access controller) and PHY (physical) layer device data. From there, the data provider module 352 transfers the raw data to the RCS engine 350 to be forwarded to an appropriate classifier or classifiers (e.g., based on the respective data type or types for which they have registered) for processing into classified data. In one implementation, the data provider module 352 and the drivers may use identifiers (e.g., OIDs or APIs) to pass the raw RF data for consumption by a corresponding classifier or classifiers. As can be readily appreciated, the use of a driver model provides extensibility, as various spectrum sensors may be connected via a corresponding driver, including new ones as developed.
Note that the local processing system 321 may remain idle until needed, that is, until some RF interference is sensed. To awaken the local processing system 321 at the correct time, a triggering mechanism 362 may be used, comprising one or more components that monitor the NDIS layer 338 and provide indications of interference. Further, note that the triggering mechanism 362 may not awaken the local processing system 321 to initiate interference processing until some threshold level of interference is achieved.
To route the RF data to an appropriate classifier, the RCS engine 350 forwards the raw data to a data classifier module 354 of the local processing system 321. In general, the classifier module 354 communicates with the registered classifier or classifiers 340 1-340 j, to provide the raw spectrum data thereto and return processed data, referred to as classified data, for further processing. Note that this also provides for extensibility, as new and/or improved classifiers can simply plug-in as they become available.
In turn, the external classifiers 340 1-340 j, which comprise one or more pluggable modules, essentially look at the raw RF data to determine what is happening in the RF environment. To this end, the classifiers 340 1-340 j process the raw RF data to perform signature analysis and the like, possibly combining the RF data with other network traffic measurements, to identify the data's relevant characteristics and possibly the source of interference (e.g., cordless phone, microwave oven, Bluetooth device and so forth), and supply such classified data for further action.
A consumer module 356 of the local processing system 321 takes the classified data and (via the RCS engine 350) may store it in the storage 360 and/or route the classified data to registered application programs 342 1-342 k, such as for enunciation of the detected interference as well as for higher-level processing to determine how to adapt the program to avoid the interference. To this end, one or more application programs register with the local processing system 321 to use the classified data to take some action, such as to provide a viewable notification or other indication regarding interference (e.g., a diagnostic application may prompt the user about an RF issue, such as "Cordless phone in use"), and/or, to determine a way to mitigate interference-related communication problems to some extent. For example, the classified data can be used by application programs such as an audio/video streaming application program to reduce the image size of an ongoing transmission, thereby transmitting a lesser amount of A/V streaming data. To this end, the application program may use the classified data as a hint for the application program to conduct its own tests to decide a due course of action in adjusting its behavior.
Note that one application program such as a diagnostic program may handle notifications, and another program may devise its own mitigation solution based on the classified data and any test results. Again, because of the plug-in model for application programs, the framework's extensibility characteristics are readily apparent.
In turn, interference mitigation-related information determined by the robust coexistence service may be passed (e.g., via the RCS engine 350) to a feedback module 358, from where it is communicated to the WLAN miniport driver 335 (or the WLAN NIC 336) for performing dynamic upper-MAC and other adaptations that provide an interference mitigation solution. By way of example, the WLAN miniport driver 335 (or the WLAN NIC 336) can determine from the classified data and internal WLAN data that interference-related problems may be mitigated by changing the frequency to another channel, changing the rate at which data is sent, changing the timing of sending data (such as to avoid interference that starts and stops in a predictable pattern), and in other ways, including combinations of channel, rate and/or timing solutions, switching to another band, staying on the same channel while employing transmission dodging, employing fragmentation to reduce packet size (smaller packets have lower collision chances compared to larger packets and in case of a collision, the cost of retransmission is less due to smaller size of retransmission), and so forth.
Turning to
The peer process manages a peer table 480 and performs tasks including peer discovery 482, peer feedback 484 and also manages peer communication via a suitable communication protocol 486. In general, peer discovery 482 may use Plug-and-Play (uPnP) technology to discover the wireless nodes that participate in the robust coexistence service, such as handling current audiovisual streams.
Peer feedback 484 is used to communicate the RF environment and other characteristics of each node using the agreed-upon protocol, with updates at appropriate times such as upon interference detection and/or at selected intervals. The communication protocol 486 defines the method, format and the type of RF environment and other characteristics of each node that are to be distributed among the nodes. One suitable protocol is described in the related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/004,428, entitled, "Protocol for Exchanging Control Data to Mitigate Interference Problems in Wireless Networking."
The transport module 472 distributes corresponding protocol packets. One way to transport the packets is to use the IP 490 and the TCP/IP 492 layers, via wired or wireless LANs. Another way is to use a link layer via WLAN or another wireless technology using the same or another wireless band. As described herein, a benefit of using a separate channel for exchanging the control information is that the channel in use for regular data communication may be unable to exchange such control information at times of interference, and thus the control data is also not available for use in mitigation.
As represented in
Another aspect is local peers, enabling collective processing by RCS-enabled wireless nodes, which is based on another robust coexistence-like service running on the same wireless node. This is alternatively represented in
Moreover, combining robust coexistence-like services on the same node provides the option of obtaining one fully functional set of components, even if, for example, each robust coexistence service does not have a full set of components that would make it fully functional by itself. Thus,
Turning to an explanation of the basic operation of the robust coexistence service 320,
As also represented in
Use of Separate Control Channel for Control Data
The present invention is generally directed towards a system and method for transporting interference-related control data and other information between two or more nodes in a wireless network, by using a control channel that is separate from the content (main data) channel used to transport content. While the present invention provides numerous benefits with WLANs, such as WLANs commonly referred to as operating in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz bands, the present invention is also applicable to other types of communications environments where interference is a problem. For example, any unlicensed band, such as containing the citizens band channels used for short range radio communications, may likewise benefit from having a control channel for dynamically changing channels and the like to avoid interference. Thus, the present invention may be extended to any wireless transmission system that currently uses an unlicensed band.
In general, the control channel is selected so as not to be subject to the same interference-related problems that are detected on the unlicensed content channel. Otherwise, the control data could not be successfully communicated either, and no mitigation actions could be taken. A way to guarantee that the control channel does not experience interference (in ordinary environments) is to select a channel in the licensed band. Such selection may be done in advance, and the channel fixed if desired, although different channels within the licensed band will be available and thus a dynamic mechanism that selects the control channel from among others in the licensed band may be used.
As can be readily appreciated, communicating the relatively small amount of control data uses little bandwidth relative to the amount of bandwidth often needed by the content channel. As such, the control data may be communicated on a control channel that is among one or more channels used for other purposes as well. For example, contemporary and future computing devices are implementing Smart Personal Object Technology (SPOT) radios, which operate in the licensed band, and thus for little expense the present invention may be implemented in such devices by using the already-present SPOT radios and their already-licensed frequencies to communicate the control data. Notwithstanding, any multiple frequency (e.g., dual-radio) device may implement the present invention.
When a licensed band solution is unacceptable, various alternatives for selecting a different unlicensed control channel are feasible, including selecting the control channel as a different channel in the same unlicensed band as the content channel or selecting the control channel as a channel in a different band (e.g., a channel in the 5 GhZ band instead of in the 2.4 GHz band used for content communications, or vice-versa). Again, because the bandwidth requirements are low and a different channel is being used for the control data, the control data is often able to be exchanged in the unlicensed band even when the unlicensed content channel is experiencing interference. As with the licensed band alternative, in the unlicensed band, the control data can also be used to change its own communication parameters, including changing the control channel to another frequency.
With the control information,
In keeping with the present invention, on the second node, a driver 1216 works with a radio 2 (labeled 1218) to transmit content data to a corresponding radio 2 (labeled 1228) on the second node, which via its corresponding driver 1226 receives the data. Communication of the control in the other direction uses the same components.
As a result, regardless of interference on the content channel, control data comprising management information (e.g., interference-related data) and the like may still be communicated between nodes on the control channel. By using the control data, such as to dynamically vary the content transmission in some way to mitigate or avoid the problems being caused by the interference, a better user experience results. For example, via management information sent over the control channel can be processed to change the content channel to another frequency. Compression may be used or varied in its type to pass more data with less bandwidth, such as if the available bandwidth is narrowed by the interference; note that the receiver need not be informed if a decompression algorithm already in use need not change, such as if the compression algorithm provides degraded audio and/or visual information during times of interference. Similarly, the rate of transmitting the data may be slowed down or halted during times of interference, relying, for example, on a buffer at the receiving end to hold enough information to be slowly depleted until the data rate can be increased to refill the buffer. Note that such a mitigation solution would be valuable when dealing with regular spikes of interference; other useful work may be accomplished during such spikes rather than sending data that is likely to be lost.
The control data generally contains interference-related information, whether in the form of information about the interference such as the type of interferer, frequency, duty cycle, periodicity of the interference and so forth, and/or an interference mitigation solution. This allows a receiving node to pass information about the receiving RF environment (e.g., its remote interference-related information) to a transmitting node, whereby the node can adapt the transmission in some way to improve the chances of better reception based on the control data. The solution may be to change the content channel, in which event the receiver needs to be informed of the change via management data and agree to it, but may be solely implemented at the transmitting node, such as to lower the data transmission rate.
Although the control channel is described with wireless examples, it is also feasible to have other types of control channels in a given environment. For example, because the control channel is low bandwidth, in a home environment it is feasible to use the electrical power outlets or phone jacks in a home or the like to exchange control data among devices that are wired in this way. Infrared is another wireless option when there is line of sight, as is FM when only low power is needed for communication.
Lastly, other information beyond interference related/mitigation information may be communicated. For example, security-related data may be exchanged, (even though the control channel may not be secure). Consider that the access points and associated devices store multiple encryption keys; the control channel may be used to inform the devices as to which key is in use at any time. Also, frequency changes to the data channel and/or the control channel can be randomly initiated rather than in response to interference, as could changes to a compression algorithm. Any uninvited party listening on the data channel will also have to listen on the control channel in order to keep up with frequency changes, encryption key changes and so forth, which adds another level of difficulty to eavesdropping.
As can be seen from the foregoing detailed description, there is provided a system and method for transporting interference-related control data and other information between nodes in a wireless network, using a control channel that is separate from the main content channel. The control channel, which may be in a licensed band, is not ordinarily subject to the same interference as experienced by the unlicensed content channel. Based on the control data, wireless communication mechanisms may dynamically adapt to mitigate communication problems caused by interference on the main content channel, resulting in an improved wireless experience.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Sep 25, 2014 - Staff:  Corrections
Winter could affect landslide
Sep 25, 2014 - The Associated Press:  JACKSON -- An engineer is warning that the effects of winter could speed up a slow-moving landslide in Jackson.
WGFD closes part of flooded road
Police looking for man who reportedly used meth with girl
Sep 25, 2014 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff Writer:  Police are looking for a 54-year-old Riverton man who reportedly smoked methamphetamine with a 16-year-old Riverton girl while staying at her house Friday ... [more]
Investigators say falling block damaged car
Sep 25, 2014 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff Writer:  Police think a cinder block fell off of an apartment building overnight Friday to Saturday in the 500 block of East Main Street, damaging a vehicle that was ... [more]
Sep 25, 2014 - The Associated Press:  Three dead in two wrecks
Worker hurt in natural gas tank blast dies in Salt Lake
Sep 25, 2014 - The Associated Press:  SALT LAKE CITY -- One of four men injured in a blast at a western Wyoming natural gas storage tank has died, a Salt Lake City hospital official said ... [more]
Libertarian Cozzens makes no secret he's a Republican at heart
Sep 25, 2014 - By Trevor Brown, MCT News Service:  A Libertarian gubernatorial candidate says he is running, in part, to unite the Republican Party within the state.
Top of the stack
After JBC split, tribe names team to handle work
Sep 25, 2014 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  The Northern Arapaho Business Council has announced a new team that will oversee the tribe's involvement in its joint programs with the Eastern Shoshone Tribe. ... [more]
Brock facing new charges; case advances to higher court
Sep 25, 2014 - By Eric Blom, Staff Writer:  The Riverton man arrested for the alleged abduction of a Riverton girl now faces his charges in District Court. He waived his preliminary hearing, giving up an ... [more]
District 25 set to change policy on non-district students in activities
Sep 25, 2014 - By Alejandra Silva, Staff Writer:  The Riverton school board took the first step Tuesday in allowing home school and private school students to participate in district activities.
Monday wreck killed woman near Worland; Riverton driver may be charged
Sep 24, 2014 - From staff reports:  Controlled substance use and driver inattention are being investigated as contributing factors in a two-vehicle crash that resulted in the death of a Worland ... [more]
Life term will be sought at trial of man in kidnapping case at bank
Sep 24, 2014 - By Eric Blom, Staff Writer:  A life term in prison is on the line for a Riverton man going to trial on kidnapping and domestic violence charges.
Sep 24, 2014 - The Associated Press:  Drone crasher banned from park
Canyon trails may get major upgrade
Sep 24, 2014 - The Associated Press:  YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK -- Yellowstone National Park officials are considering a proposal to update and repair many of the overlooks and trails on the north ... [more]
Four hurt in natural gas tank blast
Sep 24, 2014 - By Mead Gruver, The Associated Press:  CHEYENNE -- An explosion at a natural gas storage tank injured four workers on Tuesday in western Wyoming, authorities said.
Wolves again relisted in state by judge
Grizzly bit man on side before being repelled by bear spray
Sep 24, 2014 - By Kelli Ameling, Staff Writer:  A man is recovering after being bitten in his side by a grizzly bear Sunday in the Double Cabin area of the Shoshone National Forest.
A new favorite roast chicken recipe
Sep 24, 2014 - Staff:  Clarifications
Woman reports found items to police
Sep 24, 2014 - From staff reports:  A woman called police at about 3:20 p.m. Sunday to report finding clothing, a gift card and four bottles of liquor along the shores of Pilot Butte Reservoir. ... [more]
Sep 23, 2014 - Staff:  Corrections
Man injured after fall from moving truck
Sep 23, 2014 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff Writer:  A 29-year-old Riverton man suffered injuries to his head and face reportedly after being pushed out of a moving vehicle Sept. 15 on South Federal ... [more]
Business leaders to discuss rising health care costs
Sep 23, 2014 - From staff reports:  Wyoming business and health leaders are meeting Thursday at a daylong summit on curbing health care costs for employers in the Cowboy State.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Libyan army soldiers stand guard in a petrol station in the capital Tripoli on December 14, 2013. The army was deployed to secure gas station during a fuel shortage in the country. AFP PHOTO/MAHMUD TURKIA
AL-BAIDA, Libya: Libya's constituent assembly, which has been charged with drawing up a new constitution, launched its work Monday in Al-Baida, in the country's east where violence has been rife since the 2011 revolt.
Dozens of officials, tribal chiefs and civil society representatives took part in the ceremony amid tightened security measures.
The new constitution has been billed as a milestone in the North African country's transition from the 42-year dictatorship of Moamer Kadhafi, who was overthrown and killed in 2011.
But 13 of the 60 assembly seats remain vacant, after unrest in certain areas stopped voting in a February 20 election to choose the body. A date for a new poll has yet to be set.
Assembly spokesman Naji al-Harbi said the remaining 47 members attended Monday's ceremony and held their first talks to elect a president and discuss rules of procedure.
The body, which has 18 months to prepare a draft constitution, is based in the eastern town as it was for the 1951 charter that Kadhafi abolished in 1977.
Eastern Libya was the cradle of the NATO-backed 2011 revolt.
The country is awash with weapons from the conflict, and authorities have struggled to establish security by integrating anti-Kadhafi militias into the regular army or police force.
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Tunisian coast guards recovered the decomposed bodies of five migrants who apparently drowned at sea as they sought to...
Greece has voted overwhelmingly against a compromise that would have allowed Europe to continue financing it.
Libya's constituent assembly, which has been charged with drawing up a new constitution, launched its work Monday in...


text:
American Airlines
5 of the strangest lawsuits making headlines
KFC's non-mutant chickens, seizing a biker gang trademark, and three more strange suits in the news.
Abercrombie and the question of commercial speech rights of employers
While the Supreme Court will not decide the issue now, the question will undoubtedly arise again and likely in the context corporate speech in favor of LGBT rights.
U.S. attorney general Eric Holder to step down after nearly six years
Eric Holder Jr., the nation's first black U.S. attorney general and currently the fourth-longest serving attorney general in history, will be stepping down as soon as a replacement is found.
Hackers up the ante, divert Sony exec's flight through threats
The group claimed that it was performing the attack in protest of the gaming companies' perceived lack of commitment to online security.
Lawyers, experts may earn close to $400M from American Airlines bankruptcy
Robert Keach claims attorneys and experts were able to achieve "perhaps the most efficient airline reorganization case on record."
Pfizer takeover of AstraZeneca can't get done by U.K. deadline
Pfizer's proposed $120 billion takeover of British pharmaceutical rival AstraZeneca is now dead for at least several months, as the two companies are now pursuing other interests.
Judge approves DOJ settlement terms, finalizes US Airways, American Airlines merger
U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly of Washington okayed a Department of Justice (DOJ) settlement that will allow the deal to go through with a series of stipulations set by the department.
Railroad lawsuits against repair contractors charging ahead
American railcar operators and railroads are beginning to become a regular court fixture, raising questions about rail safety.
Judge approves American Airlines-Cantor Fitzgerald 9/11 settlement
U.S. District Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein said that a case like Cantor Fitzgerald's has "never been encountered before in American court."
DOJ clears American Airlines-US Airways merger for takeoff
Under the agreement, the merged company will divest facilities at seven key airports across the country in order to keep those airports competitive.


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The Chick-fil-A Bowl will be the final game on a very busy New Year's Eve slate in the college football bowl game schedule. The Virginia Cavaliers will battle the Auburn Tigers in what should be a very entertaining game.
FREE PICKS: For updated free football picks in college and the NFL, check out Bookie Blitz for the latest in free-sports betting selections.
The Chick-fil-A Bowl odds opened with the Auburn Tigers as slim one point favorites. That number has now been bet up to a three point favorite as the Tigers are getting some heavy public action to the tune of 61 percent from the consensus report.
For Auburn, running back Michael Dyer is suspended for this game, but that should not slow down the Auburn offense as Onterio McCalebb is a very capable backup. The Tigers offense is doing great this year but the defense is having some serious problems. Outside of defensive end Corey Lemonier, the Tigers defense has struggled mightily at times.
It might even be harder for the Bowl game because the Tigers defensive coordinator left for Central Florida. Head Coach Gene Chizik will call the defensive plays as well and that double duty means that the Tigers will have a different preparation plan than normal for this game.
The Cavaliers have been highly underrated all season long. A team that just managed four wins a season ago was a major player in the ACC Championship run. Although they fell short the played tough the entire way and proved to be a worthy opponent. The Cavalier offense has a bevy of weapons that can move the chains led by senior Kris Burd. This wide receiver is a first-down magnet and converts with ease. Virginia running back Perry Jones is the main man out of the backfield and should do well against an Auburn run defense that is 98th in the nation against the run.
The Tigers are 4-10 ATS in their last 14 games following a loss and 2-7 ATS in their last 9 non-conference games, to include 1-7-1 ATS in their last 9 against the ACC. The Cavaliers are 4-1 ATS in their last 5 games following a double-digit loss at home and 4-1 ATS in the last five bowl games.
The Tigers defense cannot be fixed in this short of time and the Cavaliers will easily move the ball and win this game on the field.
Chick-fil-A Bowl Pick Against the Spread: Virginia Cavaliers +3


text:
Processed by: Archives Staff ; machine-readable finding aid created by:Eric Weig
Sidener family papers, 1793-1953
University of Kentucky Special CollectionsLexington, Kentucky 40506
Arrangement is chronological.
Collection is open for research.
[Identification of item], Sidener family papers, 1793-1953, 1853-1859, 1M62M79, Special Collections, University of Kentucky.
55 items
The Sidener family papers consist of correspondence, diaries, and a mimeographed history of the Sugar Ridge Presbyterian Church in Clark County, Kentucky. Most of the correspondence (1853-1858) is from Verlinda Risk Sidener and her husband Joseph Sidener, Jr. to her parents. They write of family and farm. The diary of Verlinda Sidener (1853-1855) records family events and her religious thoughts. A typescript of the will of William Risk and some genealogical materials are also included.
Copyright has not been assigned to the University of Kentucky.
Hosted by the University of Kentucky
Contact us: email@example.com


text:
Book Search
Planning Against the Political
Democratic Deficits in European Territorial Governance
This book brings together a number of highly innovative and thought provoking contributions from European researchers in territorial governance-related fields such as human geography, planning studies, sociology, and management studies. The contributions share the ambition of highlighting troubling...
Published October 2nd 2014 by Routledge
Strategic Spatial Projects
Catalysts for Change
Series: RTPI Library Series
Strategic Spatial Projects presents four years of case study research and theoretical discussions on strategic spatial projects in Europe and North America. It takes the position that planning is not well equipped to take on its current challenges if it is considered as only a regulatory and...
Published November 10th 2010 by Routledge


text:
Baahubali aims Guinness record July 02, 2015 10:16
It seems like Baahubali team are aiming for the Guinness record and that might be the reason behind it, to create a 50000 square feet of poster.Right from the beginning, be it Prabhas, Rana, Anushka, film budget and any other thing related to the film is big. And now in terms of the poster too, Rajamouli wants his film to create a record by having the big one. Regarding this, he ordered for a 50000 square feet of poster as shown in the image above.For the release of this huge poster, an event was held in Cochin, Kerala. The entire cast like Prabhas, Rana Daggubati, Tamannaah Bhatia, Anushka Shetty and also the crew had attended the event. The film critics opine that, the reason behind creating the big poster is to convince the Guinness authorities for the official entry in the Guiness book of world records. In fact, A set of officials from the Guinness book of world records had reportedly taken part in the function to view and confirm whether the size of the poster is the largest ever and announce its inclusion in the Guinness book of records.If it is so, it would be the pride moment for every Telugu film lover to have a Telugu film entry in world's prestigious books. By PhaniRead More
Man in wheelchair robs a bank July 02, 2015 09:45
A man in a wheelchair is suspected of robbing a New York bank and rolling out of the building with $1,200 cash. The police are currently in search of the person. According to the reports, a man, around 30 years old, wore a gray hoodie is accused of passing a note to a Santander Bank teller in the New York City borough of Queens and demanding the money. The video below is the CCTV footage of the bank. By PhaniRead More
Service providers seek 1 month time to provide Matthaiah call data July 02, 2015 09:05
The Telecom service providers said that, they need one month time for providing the call data information of Jerusalem Matthaiah, who was accused in cash for vote scam.TDP MLA Revanth Reddy is finally out of the jail, as the court granted him the bail. But the cash for vote scam news is still doing rounds in the media. Presently, regarding the case, the ACB officials are investigating on the issue by inquiring on the call data of the officials involved in the case. Regarding this, the ACB officials inquired about the call data of Matthaiah, accused number 4 in the cash for vote scam. The service providers accepted to provide the data, but asked one month time for it. Regarding this, the service providers even filed a petition in the Vijayawada court. For the investigation on the issue, the court postponed the case to August 3rd.From the beginning, the service providers are alleged to act on behalf of the Telangana government, in that sense, asking for one long month to provide the call data of Matthaiah is again raising the fresh doubts on them. The political critics are opining that they might be influenced by the Telangana government and might be asking the said time to manipulate the data. By PhaniRead More
Hi-tech overnight lenses that tests blood sugars and give eye drops also July 01, 2015 20:43
Scientists are now trying to come up with a new range of hi tech contact lenses that can do more than just help you see. This "more" includes stopping your eyesight getting worse checking your blood sugar levels, and even zooming the sight.Let's have some hands-on information on this:Overnight hard contact lenses is a one-stop solution for many of your eye concerns. For children who have short-sightedness, (this causes distant objects to appear blurred while the close objects can be seen clearly), there may be a rather ingenious solution: overnight hard contact lenses, which correct the eyes as the child sleeps so they don't need glasses or lenses during the day.Overnight lenses can be worn by adults with short-sightedness, but this is purely to correct vision to avoid glasses the next day and can't prevent the condition as their eyes are fully formed.The silicone lenses alter the shape of the eye, a process known as Orthokeratology. They press on the cornea, the clear part at the front, which becomes misshapen with short-sightedness, reducing its curvature.And while not a cure, if used while the eye is growing, overnight lenses may prevent or slow down short-sightedness.'You wake up with perfect vision, allowing the lenses to be removed during the day. 'The effect is rapid, providing good vision within a few days. With regular use, the effect can last for two to three days without re-applying the lenses.'Overnight lenses can be used from the age of five (when children are deemed to be 'responsible' and won't take them out). They can stop wearing them once their eyes stop growing.The overnight lenses, which are usually changed every six months, are available privately from some opticians and cost around £200 to fit and then £40 a month for check-ups and cleaning solutions.Children may be able to claim an NHS allowance of up to £56.40.Also the lenses helps protect the eyes from the harmful effects of the sun as UV protection is added to half of soft contact lenses.The advantage they have over sunglasses is that they protect the whole eye; with sunglasses, UV rays can get around the sides (ideally, you would wear UV blocking contacts with sunglasses).ACT AS BUILT-IN BINOCULARSScientists from Switzerland are developing contacts with a built-in magnification for patients with AMD.The hard lenses magnify what you see by up to 2.8 times and work in conjunction with 'smart' glasses, which are activated by the wearer's winks.Wink the right eye to turn on the zoom, wink the left eye and the zoom is deactivated, bringing it back to normal.'We think these lenses hold a lot of promise for low vision and age-related macular degeneration,' says Swiss researcher Eric Tremblay.Measuring pressure in the eye is a routine part of eye checks for everyone over 40.This is to check for glaucoma, an often symptomless and potentially blinding condition linked to raised pressure in the eye. It's caused by a build-up of fluid that damages the optic nerve.Usually pressure is checked using an air-puff test, where a machine puffs air into the eye and measures the resulting flattening of the eyeball.However, just like blood pressure, eye pressure can change if the patient is worried in the consultation - known as so-called white coat syndromess.People who wear contacts are more prone to eye infections than non-wearers. It's thought wearing contact lenses may interfere with the delicate balance of bacteria that live naturally on the eye's surfaceSwiss company Sensimed has devised contact lenses that continuously monitor the pressure at the back of the eye. The soft lenses, known as Triggerfish, contain a sensor that gathers 288 pressure readings over 24 hours.It's thought that continuous monitoring may identify glaucoma patients most at risk of the disease rapidly progressing — these are people with consistently raised pressure or who have dramatic changes in pressure.As Michael Bowen, director of research at the College of Optometrists, explains: 'Glaucoma is a leading cause of sight loss and has no symptoms.'These lenses could be useful for patients identified as being at high risk of glaucoma, such as those with a family history, because they build up an accurate picture of pressure in the eye.'ADMINISTER EYE DROPSAnyone who has ever used eye drops knows that it is virtually impossible to ensure all the drops stay in the eye. Researchers from the University of California estimate that only 5 per cent of eye drop medication for glaucoma reaches the affected area, so doses prescribed are far greater than needed.To overcome this, researchers have developed contact lenses embedded with microscopic diamonds loaded with the glaucoma medication timolol maleate.When the medication comes into contact with an enzyme in tears, this triggers the slow release of the drug into the eye.Mr Bowen says these lenses could be of great benefit to patients with glaucoma, allergies or eye infections.'Eye drops are commonly prescribed, but it can be difficult to know if you've taken the right dose because they can spill out of the eye,' he says.As anyone who has ever used eye drops knows, it is virtually impossible to ensure all the drops stay in the eye - but some contact lenses can helpFinger-prick tests to check blood sugar (glucose) levels are a daily ritual for many people with diabetes.Now scientists from Google and Alcon, part of the pharmaceutical company Novartis, are working on a hassle-free method of checking glucose levels with a contact lens that can measure glucose in tears.It uses a miniaturised glucose sensor - so small it looks like bits of glitter - embedded between two layers of soft lens material and a tiny wireless antenna, thinner than a human hair, which connects remotely to a smart phone or computer.Researchers are also working on integrating tiny LED lights into the lenses, which could light up to indicate that glucose levels have crossed certain thresholds, indicating the patient should have another dose of insulin. - ManoharRead More
Why Gautam Gambhir is in Australia? July 01, 2015 20:34
Gautam Gambhir, as we all know is a man of studiousness. His never give up attitude has won the accolades in the last world cup. For some reasons, he is far away from the national team. But not his efforts to get the opportunity. The leftie has travelled over 7000 kilometers in a bid to make a return into the Indian team. The former India opener, who last played for India in August 2014, is training in Perth under the watchful eyes of Justin Langer.Interestingly, Gambhir had earlier sought BCCI's permission to play county cricket in England and was set to join Essex, but chose Australia in the end.Speaking to NDTV from Perth, Gambhir explains, "To be honest I can go to any length to improve my game, coming to Australia is still easy. I've always liked the Australian approach towards sport and cricket in general. They say as they see, are uncomplicated and do result-oriented training and that's what I am after"Langer, who retired from international cricket in 2007, is now an accomplished coach. Since 2012, as coach of Western Australia, he's seen his team win two Sheffield Shield titles and this year's domestic one-day title.Even the English Cricket Board was keen to have Langer join them as their national team's coach, but he declined citing family commitments."Training programme here at Western Australia is brilliant and Langer is a very loving head coach. He makes his boys do gymnastics and martial arts to improve their agility andd hand-eye coordination and footwork", Gambhir tells NDTV. "I too had a bit of fun doing them. Apart from that I bat a plenty in the nets to bowling machine"As players, the career's of the two left-handers coincided, albeit briefly. And the similarities between them are hard to miss."Yes, I see a lot of myself in him (Justin Langer). He's intense like me, loves batting like I do. I like him for his work ethics and the fact that he is very uncomplicated"With close to 600 runs in the last Ranji season, Gambhir made all the right noises, but failed to get the nod of the national selectors. So, at 33, does he feel he has a second wind in him to help him make a comeback into the Indian team?"It's only over when you think it's over. I am hungry for this game and more success for India. I want to be a part of the team that dominates teams not only in India but abroad as well. Its a dream to be a part of the Indian team that beats Australia in Australia and likewise England, South Africa etc"Gambhir plans to train with Langer till the second week of July. - ManoharRead More
Women face reddens during ovulation, says study July 01, 2015 19:16
Did you notice that women's face become more attractive during the time of ovulation? The reason for this is revealed by the study performed by University of Cambridge researchers. They concluded that women's faces gain extra shades of red during ovulation, but it has also found that these variations in facial colour are unlikely to be detected by human eyes.For the study, 22 women were photographed without make-up every working day for at least one month in the same environment and using a scientific camera modified to more accurately capture colour. The participants also self-tested for hormone changes at key times dictated by the research team's "period maths". The team found that redness on women's face varied across the ovulation cycle, peaking at ovulation and remaining high during the latter stages of the cycle after oestrogen hormone levels have fallen.When the researchers analysed the results through human models of visual perception, the biggest difference in redness was 0.6 units, and the human naked eye needs 2.2 units in order to detect those changes. This means that humans can no longer outwardly see the changes in redness during peak fertility, and this is where the evolution comes into play. Other study has shown that when women are in the fertile phase, they are more flirtatious and their pupils dilate more readily, but only when they are thinking about or interacting with attractive men.The research was published in the open-access journal PLOS ONE.By LizithaRead More
5 simple steps to straighten your hair July 01, 2015 18:50
Having straight and stylish hair is every woman's dream. But prior to hair straightening, it is important to get the right technique and use the products and tools. Here are five simple steps to get silky and straight hair. Step 1: Take a high quality bristle and detangle your hair. This type of brushes evenly distribute the sebum from the scalp to the ends of the hair and will keep your locks looking shiny and frizz-less.Step 2: Apply a heat serum to wet or towel-dried hair. Apply the product on your hair but don't let the product get near the roots, as this can make your hair look lank and greasy. Step 3: Divide your hair in sections and clip them up. Blow dry each section going from root to tip, carefully pulling the round brush away from your head as you do so.Step 4: Once your hair is dry, clamp the straightening iron around your hair and gently smoothen each strand. Choose small strands for more effective results. But use the straightener about an inch away from the roots. Step 5: To finish off the look, apply a shine-boosting serum on your hair. By LizithaRead More
Digital India gives speed and transparency July 01, 2015 18:31
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has launched 'Digital India Week' at a function in Delhi, a pet scheme of the Indian govt., that aims to connect all gram Panchayats by broadband internet, promote e-governance and transform India into a connected knowledge economy."I dream of a digital India, where high speed digital highways unite the nation. We need to resolve that we'll reduce our reliance on imports and protect the world from cyber warfare. Clouds of a bloodless war (cyber warfare) are looming all over. Indian talent needs to come forward and assure that the world is protected.Design in India is as important as Make in India. I invite startups to come forward and contribute to the nation's growth. We will offer all possible support. What stops us from making electronic goods in India? We invite our industry leaders to come forward and start manufacturing. Technology will play a big role in realising the dream of minimum government, maximum governance," said Prime Minister NArendra Modi while launching Digital India.We are connecting Jammu & Kashmir through fiber network, said Anil Agarwal, Chairman, Vedanta.We commit to spend in excess of Rs 100,000 crore in the next 5 years. We will take 4G to the masses, said Sunil Mittal, Bharti Chairman.We are developing a digitally enabled township in a suburb of Mumbai. We plan to invest $7 billion in the next 5 years to consolidate connectivity infrastructure. Also launching a mobile wallet, said Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman, Aditya Birla Group.I would like to congratulate the government and commit Tata Group's whole hearted participation, Cyrus Mistry, Chairman of Tata Group.I believe Digital India will be a huge success because of the adoption of technology by the youth of India. Reliance will invest 250,000 crore across digital India pillars, said Mukesh Ambani, Reliance JIO.We are promoting electronic manufacturing in a very big way. Invite all entrepreneurs to come and make in India. Digital inclusion will see BPOs in small towns like Gorakhpur and Varanasi, IT Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad.By PremjiRead More
A large number of Web sites cite Brazil as the destination for sex-tourism July 01, 2015 18:11
Brazil is famous for its Love Motels (Motor+Hotel). Though the motels are now spurred up all over the world, what distinguishes Brazil Motels from the rest of the world is unlike the family oriented American counterparts, motels in Brazil are strictly for sex and to your surprise it is the girl who often takes a guy to a motel in Brazil.Now with hundreds of websites touting Brazil as the hot spot for Sex, Prostitution, and Voyeurism, the nation has emerged as the World's sex-tourism destination. While the flesh trade is very much existing since long, major events like 2014 World Cup and the upcoming Olympic games in Rio has worsened the situation. A survey conducted on tesão (sexual pleasures) by the private firm, Axur published the results in the Sunday edition of the O Globo newspaper. The studies revealed that a shocking number of websites linked Brazil to the obscene action. With the websites mushrooming every passing day, sex tourism has far surpassed the 2,165 that were already shut down by the tourism ministry in 2011 and 2012.Axur noticed 3,350 new sites in several different languages created since 2013.According to Axur, Rio de Janeiro, a city with 6.32 million population is the most commonly touted sex-tourism destination in the South American country of more than 200 million people.Many sites lure the sex tourists from all parts of the world through their websites: One such website reads as below:"Our young women will not be only sex goddesses, but also guides, interpreters, dance partners and really personal lovers."Another town that is widely targeted is Fortaleza in the northeast.Also the grand events which the nation hosts like football and the Olympics adds fuel to the fire.However, the tourism ministry condemns the allegations and in return claims that the sports festivals actually serve to strengthen the network of protection against sexual exploitation.Though there were no numbers available on sex-tourists visited the nation, the south American country attracts 5.8 million foreign tourists in 2013 and slightly more than six million in 2014, the year of the World Cup.Sometimes the motels in Brazil gets bad press. But many insist that the sex-tourism doing good for Brazilian society. - ManoharRead More
Ever destructing Lalit Gate July 01, 2015 16:58
Lalit gate is refusing to settle down and it is getting murkier than everybody thought. Now that, BJP parliamentarian Varun Gandhi is dragged into this raging controversy involving former IPL boss Lalit Modi, after the ex-cricket administrator alleged that the Sultanpur MP offered him a deal to "settle everything" in the Congress with Sonia Gandhi."He wanted me to meet her sister from Italy. I heard him next I heard from our common friend who introduced us that Auntie wants 60 million dollars," he tweeted. "The auntie he refers to is #soniagandhi (sic). The sister is #soniagandhi sister - just for clarity."The BJP also rejected the allegations"Varun Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi are in different parties and the world knows about the ties between the two families," BJP spokesperson Shahnawaz Hussain said."Please mr @varungandhi80 - let the world know what you told about what auntie wants - witness is our good friend world renowned astrologer," tweeted Lalit.Another front of controversy has opened when the fugitive former IPL chief Lalit Modi had offered a job to External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj's advocate husband Swaraj Kaushal. Kaushal, who has for years been one of Lalit Modi's lawyers, later refused the offer.Congress spokesperson Abhishek Manu Singhvi said, "There is now clear material to show that Lalit Modi offered a job to close relative of Foreign Minister." Singhvi said, "You are having on one hand deafening silence and on the other casual clean chits. This can't go. People of India want an answer.""Is there any minister in Narendra Modi's cabinet whose immediate relative was offered a job in a company owned by Lalit Modi? Can a cabinet minister's relative be involved in a commercial transaction or have pecuniary interests with persons or businesses that are subject matter of that particular ministry? Should such disclosures not be made in public interest?" asked AAP leader Raghav Chadha.Indofil Chairman and Managing Director Krishan Kumar Modi said, "Lalit Modi had proposed that Swaraj Kaushal be given the post of an alternate director, a proposal that he later withdrew. Thus the board of directors never considered his name. We have never had any discussions with Kaushal over the same."By PremjiRead More


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phones are officially prohibited. Standards for maximum peak acoustic power (120 dB) are based on advice edicted by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITTCC). This present regulation is strict and thereby the 'Caisse Nationale suisse d'Assurance en cas d'accident' (National Insurance Company for Accidents, CNA) has not been notified of any case of hearing loss resulting from the use of telephones during the last two decades. However, in the past few years, unofficial telephones have become available on the market, thus escaping control by the PTT.
We report two cases of hearing loss in individuals using these unofficial devices. In 1 patient the auditory insult resulted from the transmission of a loud, extraneous crack sound by a cord-type telephone: this is the first case report of trauma caused by a non-cordless telephone.
A healthy 56-year-old woman was referred to the ENT Department of the University Hospital of Geneva on October 28, 1986. She had been treated for 3
The National Academies | 500 Fifth St. N.W. | Washington, D.C. 20001
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Case Study 51: Acoustic Trauma Caused by the Telephone: A Report of Two Cases ."
Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,
1995 .
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text:
Firing-range session a blast
For years I shook my head at D'yan, one of my closest friends, when she would talk about purchasing yet another firearm. I just couldn't understand the draw.
Guns scared me. When my sons were smaller, I refused to buy them plastic toy versions. The only ones I had ever seen up close were D'yan's. She used to shake her head back at me when I'd shy away from them.
It seems fewer and fewer women these days are feeling the same way I did.
The National Rifle Association has a female president and the organization's Web site has a page dedicated to women. The Sharp Shooter, a local gun club, has a Ladies Special on Tuesday when women can receive lessons and shoot at Red Apple prices. They've been offering women a special discount for the past three years.
There are lots of reasons more women are learning to shoot, said Debby Benning, co-owner of the Sharp Shooter, the number one being self-defense. More women - more people - are taking personal responsibility for their own safety.
"But it's also a great stress-reliever," she said.
Debby and husband Andy estimate about 35 percent of their clientele is women, compared with five years ago when it was slim to none.
And women have a high return rate. Most who come in "just to try it out" come back.
I couldn't imagine how something that makes the hair on the back of my neck stand straight up and my shoulders tense could be considered a way to relax. In the interest of research (and to stop being so unreasonably chicken) I decided to find out for myself.
On Friday morning I headed for the range before it opened, to meet instructor Danny Garcia. He suggested I come early so he'd have more instruction time to spend with me. I thought it was the best idea, since it would limit the number of people I could accidentally injure (or that could watch me injure myself).
I was pleasantly surprised by the classroom lesson, in which Danny explained everything from what makes a bullet work to the mechanics of the gun. It wasn't as intimidating once I understood it better.
Until I had to hold it. The small Krueger semi-automatic felt foreign in my hand. Danny showed me how to load it, hold it out in front of me and aim.
A few of my shots didn't make it anywhere near the center target, my hands were still shaking from the noise. (The NRA recommends wearing hearing protection).
But one by one they got a little closer. A box of .22 caliber bullets later and my lesson was done.
"See, that wasn't as bad as you thought," Danny said.
I laughed and shook my head.
"Maybe I'll see you Tuesday."
Contact Venessa Santos-Garza at 886-3752 or santosv@ caller.com
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Being reminded of his role in the advancement of civil rights is the best way to realise that the fight for peace and human dignity is not over. Full artwork is attached.
Happy Martin Luther King day to everybody.
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I'm not sure if I heard this right, but I'm pretty sure I was just selected to be Aquaman! I guess I better hit the gym.
I'm not sure if I heard this right, but I'm pretty sure I was just selected to be Aquaman! I guess I better hit the gym.
We know you think the final 24 American Idol contestants are superhuman. Sure they're living in a fancy hotel with room service and bathrobes, hanging out with major celebrities like Ryan Seacrest and working the audience into a lather with "Heard it Through the Grapevine" or "Say You, Say Me", but they weren't always so wildly, incredibly, supremely famous. Unfortunately, some Idols can't seem to remember that. Find out which Idols are letting their
fame very brief window of moderate notoriety go to their head.
I've been spending a lot of time lately at my new favorite website, notstarring.com. The site tells you what other actors were considered for roles made famous by someone else. For instance, David Schwimmer was considered for the Will Smith role in Men in Black. (It's sort of like the parallel universe IMDB.) Nick Nolte seems to have had particularly bad luck: He missed out on Han Solo, Indiana Jones, Rambo, and Superman. I can't help but wonder what Nolte's career would have looked like if only he had made
some different choices…
Best Week Ever friends Rob Huebel, Paul Scheer and Aziz Ansari have combined forces and created an unholy comedy trinity called The Human Giant. Some are saying this might be the best giant since the Jolly Green one.
Check out their new site to see some of the funniest videos available on the World Wide Web (Information Superhighway).
This is the last Brokeback parody I'm ever going to post, I promise. This one was just too good to pass up on.
Link thanks to Gorillamask, naturally.
Olympic snowboarder Shaun White, AKA the Flying Tomato, did what every little boy dreams of when he took home the gold at Bungalow 8. On a night when anything could happen and all odds were against him –White surpassed established players like Johnathan Rys Myers and Jared Leto to score himself one very elusive Lindsay Lohan. Elated but exhausted he later told press: "Her and I ended up meeting up at the famous Bungalow 8. It was a good time. It was a trip." White's advice to skinny redheaded teens throughout the country is just to follow your dreams(even the sticky ones).
To deal with all those Tivo and DVR users who fast forward through commercials, KFC has made an ad with a secret message that is "encoded such that it is only visible while the commercial is being
fast-forwarded watched in slow motion." KFC is also "offering a free sandwich to those who can regurgitate the hidden phrase." Of course you also will likely regurgitate the free sandwich too, but it's still a good idea.
Thanks to Engadget!
Today's POST SHOW, "Persons", features a hard, cold look into an Orwellian celebrity future that might be closer than we think.
Be sure to look out for the special cameo from Best Week Ever's own Pete Holmes!
While you're there, join our YouTube group!


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Pronunciation: cleoc
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1792 1C Washington Roman Head Cent PR64 Brown PCGS. Baker-19, W-10840, R.6....
2011 March Sacramento Signature ANA US Coin Auction #1153
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Hall A
Sacramento, CA 95814
1792 Roman Head Cent, PR64 Brown1792 1C Washington Roman Head Cent PR64 Brown PCGS. Baker-19, W-10840, R.6. The exact number of surviving Washington Roman Head cents is unknown although the total is clearly small, given the number of pieces that appear in auctions. In our own sales since the beginning of our Permanent Auction Archives in 1993, just four auction appearances represent three different coins. Most recently was a PR61 Brown specimen that we sold in our 2011 FUN sale for $66,125. The same coin appeared in our May 2008 auction, where it realized $92,000. The present piece is far finer.
Famous Colonial Rarity
Baker-19, Breen-1249, Fuld WA.1792.3
Famous Colonial Rarity
Baker-19, Breen-1249, Fuld WA.1792.3
Walter Breen told of the history of the Roman Head cent in his Complete Encyclopedia, attributing its origin to John Gregory Hancock, a young engraver at the Westwood Mint in Birmingham, England. Breen went so far as to say that the engraver was portraying Washington "as a degenerate, effeminate Roman emperor."
More recently, in the Whitman Encyclopedia of Colonial and Early American Coins, Dave Bowers suggests an entirely different concept, writing that "the Roman Head cent depicts Washington dressed in the style of a Roman official, a popular way of honoring him, at least in memory."
The Roman Head cents are part of the Conder token series and were made strictly for cabinet or collecting purposes, each showing a mirrored proof finish as seen on this example. Both sides have glossy brown surfaces with the fields and devices showing a mirrored finish. While small and scattered surface marks are visible, accumulating over more than two centuries of its existence, none stand out singularly. Here is a highly attractive example of a popular and rare Washington issue. Listed on page 79 of the 2011 Guide Book. Population: 1 in 64 Brown, 2 finer (2/11). (PCGS# 731)
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John Leonard Aldridge Jr.
John Leonard Aldridge Jr., 67, of Wichita Falls, died Sunday, Oct. 19, 2008.
Private family services are under the direction of Owens & Brumley Funeral Home of Wichita Falls.
John was born Oct. 6, 1941, in Wichita Falls. He retired from Southern Pacific Railroad. John was a silver smith and enjoyed making jewelry. He worked with the Consortion Group in Wichita Falls.
Survivors include his mother, Doris Aldridge of Wichita Falls; cousins, Glenda Staley of Salt Lake City, Utah, and Richard Wortman of Albuquerque, N.M.; and his life-long friend, Rosemary Chancey of Geneva, Ala.
For those desiring, the family suggests that memorial contributions be made to the American Cancer Society or to Hospice of Wichita Falls.
Condolences may be sent to the family at www.owensandbrumley.com
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Commit to Lead is the online community of Teach to Lead. The community makes it easy for educators to share and collaborate on promising ideas to advance teacher leadership to address pressing problems in education. Through the power of crowdsourcing, Commit to Lead allows members to vote and comment on ideas submitted by others so that the most talked about ideas rise to the top.
Members are invited to submit short ideas – under 300 words — that advance teacher leadership in their area and promote them on social media, helping to spur the conversation beyond their own school buildings.
To ensure a productive dialogue, Commit to Lead does not allow political statements or advertisements, only genuine ideas and input to advance teacher leadership.
Ready to get started? Jump in at www.teachtolead.ideascale.com.
What makes a great teacher leadership idea?
Whether it's engaging teachers in education policy decisions or mentoring the next generation of teacher, an idea may reflect an existing teacher leadership effort or it may propose an entirely new concept. However, successful teacher leadership efforts often:
- Increase pathways and opportunities for teachers to exercise leadership, especially those that allow teachers to continue to teach students on a regular basis;
- Elevate teacher voice and influence in policy and practice; and
- Expand existing efforts and create models for the field of effective teacher-led work.
Click here to see an example of a teacher leadership idea about instructional coaching.


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Date: 1940 ca.
Description: Masonry, octagon house. Just outside of Green Bay, on Highway CC. It originally was part of a fort group.
Date: 1900 ca.
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Date: 1998 ca.
Description: Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre (#4) speaking to fullback Tamon Nakamura (#20) before a play at training camp.
Date: 1912 ca.
Description: A large gathering of men and women stand outside the Odd Fellow's Home with an American Flag and trees.
Date: 1925 ca.
Description: View of the front of the annex, prior to restoration.
Date: 1961-12-29
Description: The cover of "Titletown, U.S.A. '61", a Special edition of the "Green Bay Press-Gazette".
Description: Fort Howard hospital marker, "this building formerly stood with the surgeons quarters and the powder amagazine by the river outside the stockade..."
Date: 1951
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Date: 1912
Description: Maud McCreery speaking from the back seat of a car during a Women's Suffrage in Wisconsin Campaign. Mrs. McCreery was a women's suffrage activist who worke...
Date: 1996-08
Description: Green Bay Packer player, Gilbert Brown, surrounded by four boys, including Parker Hren (second boy from the right).
Date: 1957 ca.
Description: Composite image of "Packerland U.S.A." including prominent attractions: Lambeau Field, home of the Green Bay Packers, NFL Football team; the Brown County A...
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Date: 1954 ca.
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Date: 1905 ca.
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Date: 1951 ca.
Description: A placemat advertising the schedule for the Green Bay Packers.
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39 year old man | Fort Collins, CO, USA | Seeking women 33-45 within 50 miles
Back for more?
My travelmate on this journey for the richest phase of my life.Hoping your life is as enjoyable as mine and we can overload on happiness. I am described as a free spirt but grounded in reality. I like to dream beyond my reach and then go for it. I have competed in semi-pro and professional sports most of my life and that has given me my determination to try new things. I hope you are also encouraged by the reward that comes with chasing dreams and reaching goals that you have set for yourself. I want a woman who is passionate, affectionate and intelligent. We should be able to entertain each other with words and topics ranging from gossip to philosophy.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Watching sports
Aerobics, Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Golf, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
I like Cats, Dogs, Fish, Horses
Ultra Conservative
Anything outdoors. I just moved to Fort Collins so looking to explore this cool town.
Anything Clive Cussler, Stephen King
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Other profession
|No preference
Just starting my first "real" job ever. I'm looking forward to not traveling so much but still working with athletes.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Not sure, Probably not, No
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|Buddhist / Taoist
|Agnostic, Buddhist / Taoist, Hindu, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|Graduate degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral