text:
High storage densities using a holographic system are achievable using a stratified medium while maintaining a relatively high selectivity upon reconstruction of the stored images. Such combination of high density and high selectivity is achievable by employing a stratified medium and a recording process where selectivity does not vary with recording thickness.
1. A process for recording multiple holograms in a holographic recording medium in which an array of individual partially overlapping holograms is recorded in the recording medium, the process comprising recording each individual hologram at an individual location by interfering a reference beam and a signal beam, and by moving the medium and the beams relative to each other to locate each individual hologram, the reference beam as measured at the position of interference comprising a phase beam of unchanging content containing a multiplicity of rays of non-uniform angle of incidence and of non-uniform phase, the reference beam further having a position-to-position self-similarity such that its auto-correlation function has a value which is sufficiently small to enable selection of individual holograms of the array, the process characterized in that the recording medium comprises a multiplicity of layers at least two of said layers are active layers that comprise material sensitive to said interfering reference beam and signal beam, said active layers separated in the propagation direction of the reference beam by a region comprising a layer that is inactive such that the ratio of the average thickness of the active layer to the thickness of the inactive layer is smaller than 10:1.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said active area comprises a photorefractive material.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said active area comprises a material that is induced to polymerize upon radiation.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein said monomer undergoes a photo-induced polymerization.
5. This process of claim 3 wherein said material comprises a polymer material having a monomer distributed in said matrix.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein said active area comprises a photochromic material.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein said active area comprises a monomer sensitive to said signal light.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein said inactive area comprises glass.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein inactive area comprises polymer material.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein said medium includes a substrate.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein said technique for providing selectivity is correlation multiplex holography.
12. A stratified medium having regions with a multiplicity of patterns of variation constituting a multiplicity of stored holograms, said patterns produced by a first interaction of signal light and reference light followed by subsequent interactions of a signal light and said reference light wherein said stratified medium comprises at least two layers each containing said patterns separated by a layer essentially without patterns wherein the ratio of the average thickness of said layer with said patterns to the thickness of said layer without patterns is smaller than 10:1 and wherein said multiplicity of patterns are reconstructable individually by the process comprising illumination with a readout beam which is successively positioned by movement of the beam and the stratified medium relative to each other in order to locate each hologram, the readout beam, as measured at the medium, being a phase beam of unchanging content containing a multiplicity of rays of non-uniform angle of incidence and of non-uniform phase, the readout beam further having a position-to position self-similarity such that its auto correlation function has a value which is sufficiently small to enable selection of individual holograms.
13. The medium of claim 12 wherein said layer with patterns comprises a polymer.
14. The medium of claim 12 wherein said layer with patterns comprises a photo-induced polymerization polymer.
15. The medium of claim 12 wherein said layer with patterns comprises a photorefractive material.
16. The medium of claim 12 wherein said pattern is formed by correlation multiplex holography.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to optical storage and, in particular, to optical storage achieved employing holography.
2. Art Background
A variety of approaches have been suggested for the storage of information. Of these approaches, optical storage has long been investigated. One optical approach, holography, although potentially offering high density storage, i.e., greater than 100 bits/μm2, has never satisfied expectations. In the holographic storage approach, light carrying the information, such as a digital video image, digital data, text, or audio, is caused to intersect a reference light beam in the volume of a recording medium, such as lithium niobate. The resulting interference pattern produced by the interaction of the reference and information light is denominated a hologram. In common practices, holograms are recorded in the medium as a corresponding pattern of changes in a property of the medium, e.g. refractive index or absorption. The hologram is reconstructed by interrogating the medium with the reference light and observing the light, e.g. diffracted light, after its interaction with the medium.
The number of such holograms per unit volume that can be stored in, and ultimately reconstructed from, the medium is a measure of information storage density. The selectivity, i.e. the change in angle, wavelength, position, or other physical parameter required before a new hologram can be recorded and read independently, of the writing/reconstruction technique determines the useable storage density. A typical approach for reconstructing one recorded hologram without interference from another, i.e., for providing selectivity, is denominated Bragg selectivity. In one particular variant of such approach, each hologram is written using a different angle between the information and reference light and then reconstructed at the corresponding reference angle. Generally, the selectivity of such Bragg techniques requires a change of at least Δθ=λ/L degrees between adjacent holograms to allow independent reconstruction (where λ is the wavelength of the reference light and L is the thickness of the region of intersection between the reference and signal light.) Other methods for providing selectivity are peristrophic and fractal multiplexing. See Curtis et al., Optics Letters, 19 (13), 993 (1994), Psaltis et al., SPIE Proceedings, 963 70: 1988 ICO Topical Meeting on Optical Computing Toulon. respectively, for a description of these techniques. Each technique depends on a change of orientation between the reference beam, signal beam, and/or the recording medium.
Although selectivity is one primary factor affecting signal to noise ratio of the reconstructed hologram, and the storage density of the memory, it is not the only factor. A second primary factor is the total refractive index (or other medium property being relied upon) change producible in the medium. The total refractive index change is, in turn, dependent on the volume of the medium and the absolute value of the refractive index change induced in the composition. Since, for a given composition the maximum possible refractive index change is fixed, increased storage capacity requires an increased volume of the recording medium. Similarly, for a given recording technique selectivity, and thus, storage per unit volume (i.e., density) is again fixed, and thus, increased storage requires increased volume.
To increase density and selectivity for the Bragg approach, holograms have been written in relatively thick materials, i.e., materials having a thickness greater than approximately 1 mm. Nevertheless, a monolithic, thick medium with suitable properties has generally proven difficult to achieve in practice. Such medium should be flat, have a maximum refractive index perturbation, Δn, greater than 0.0001, have an absorption coefficient less than 2 at the writing wavelength with a thickness deviation typically no greater than approximately 100 μm, have less than 2% shrinkage on exposure, have relatively small thermal coefficient of expansion (less than 500 ppm), and have a sensitivity of greater than 10−3 per joule. Satisfaction of all these criteria with a single, thick, monolithic structure is extremely difficult to achieve. Attempts have been made to write holograms in stratified structures to effect a thick medium by using a multiplicity of thin layers. Such structures typically include a transparent region, e.g., a glass plate, where no recording occurs (an inactive region) alternating with regions responsive to the recording light (active regions). Such stratified structures have been shown useful for many applications involving the writing and reconstruction of a single holographic optical element. (See, for example, Nordin and Tanguay, Optical Letters, 17, 1709 (1992) and Nordin, et al., Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 9, 2206 (1992).)
The formation and reconstruction of a multitude of holographic structures in a stratified medium, however, has been met with significant obstacles. In such attempts, a Bragg selectivity approach has been employed. The attempted use of Bragg holography in a stratified medium, however, results in unacceptable signal to noise upon reconstruction of holograms that have been stored as close as the total active thickness would, in theory, allow in a correspondingly thick medium that is not stratified. That is, crosstalk noise (noise from other multiplexed holograms) has limited the usefulness of stratified samples with Bragg approaches. The resulting lack of selectivity improvement severely limits the density of stored information. This phenomenon is demonstrated in Stankus, et al., Optics Letters, 19, 1480 (1994). As shown in FIG. 3 of that article, for each hologram, numerous angles will yield some reconstructed output causing undesirable interference. As noted in the Stankus article, the only apparent approach for avoiding such problems is to employ a stratified medium where the active regions are at least 15 times thicker than the inactive regions. Clearly, such approach requires a structure which is either mechanically unstable or one that, because of the thickness of its active regions, yields the same difficulties in producing flatness, uniformity, and the other characteristics required of the active medium.
Thus, a medium and a method of recordation and reconstruction in such medium that yields resolvable high information storage, has been an elusive goal.
The applicants have found a stratified medium is employable providing the writing technique used to record has specific invariant characteristics. That is, a technique should be employed such that the selectivity essentially does not vary, i.e. varies less than 5% over a 10% change of medium thickness for a single active region. This determination should be made when the overlapping area of signal and reference beams is greater than the medium thickness.
For example, if the recordation procedure (correlation multiplex holography) described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/435,705, filed May 5, 1995 (Curtis-Wilson 2-6) now U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,691, which is hereby incorporated by reference, is employed—an approach having the required characteristics—a total storage of approximately 200 bits/μm in a total active medium thickness of 2 mm is obtainable for a stratified medium.
Briefly, that technique is defined as a holographic process in which an array of individual partially overlapping holograms is recorded in a recording medium by recording each individual hologram at an individual location by interfering a reference beam and a signal beam, and by moving the medium and the beams relative to each other to locate each individual hologram, and further wherein the reference beam used for recording the individual holograms of the array, as measured at the position of interference, is a phase beam of unchanging content containing a multiplicity of rays of non-uniform angle of incidence and of non-uniform phase. The reference beam has a position-to-position self-similarity such that its auto-correlation function has a value which is sufficiently small to enable selection of individual holograms of the array.
FIG. 1 is illustrative of stratified media; and
FIG. 2 is illustrative of an apparatus useful in practicing the invention.
As discussed, the ability to write and reconstruct a large number of holograms, i.e., greater than approximately (L/5λ) where L is the thickness of a single active layer, and λ is the wavelength of light used, depends on employing a technique with invariant selectivity characteristics. (A stratified medium is one having at least two active regions where the active regions are separated by an inactive region and where the median thickness of the active regions, as compared to the inactive regions, is no greater than 10 to 1 advantageously no greater than 5:1.)
As previously discussed, stratified media have alternating active and inactive regions. For active regions having mechanical stability such as crystalline layers, e.g lithium niobate layers, at least 200 μm thick, it is possible for the active region to be the outermost layer. However, for many active media and especially for polymeric active media, the outermost layers are generally inactive, and such outermost inactive layers are denominated substrates, 1 in FIG. 1. The inactive region(s) 2 and/or the substrate(s), 1, typically provide mechanical stability for this stratified medium. Inactive regions should have 1) observed strain as measured by a level of birefringence less than 1 part in 103, 2) a refractive index that deviates less than 20% from the unexposed active layers, and 3) an optical absorption less than 10% at the reference light average wavelength. Generally, display glasses such as Corning 7059, a display glass sold by Coming, satisfy all these criteria. However, other materials such as polymers are acceptable. Substrates, generally in addition to the requirements for inactive layers, should have an antireflection coating for the used wavelength, on the order of one wave for 1 cm2 of area flatness, a birefringence less than 1 part in 104, and a thickness of 500 μm to 4 mm (preferably 500 μm to 2 mm) In addition, it is useful to coat this substrate with an antireflective layer for the reference wavelength spectrum used. Typically, dimensions for the inactive region and the substrate region are respectively between 10 μm and 3 mm and between 500 μm and 3 mm in thickness. Thicknesses greater than 3 mm are undesirable between layers because they make the stack overall thickness too large, while thicknesses less than 10 μm lead typically to mechanical instability and a difficulty of fabrication. Although not a limitation on the invention, typically it is desirable to maintain a total thickness less than 5 mm so that compatibility with current optical disk technology is easily achievable. Size of the gross dimension of the substrate is also not a limitation on the invention, but practically should be typically in the range to allow compatibility with generally obtainable optical components such as 5� inch disks.
The active region, for example 3 in FIG. 1, should also have the strain uniformity properties described for the inactive region with a total media absorption coefficient less than 2. Additionally, the active regions should be sensitive, i.e., undergo a refractive index change (or other property change) upon application of the reference light. For example, the active region includes a photochromic material or a photorefractive material such as lithium niobate or a photorefractive polymer. Typically, sensitivities in the range of 10−3 per joule are desirable. (Sensitivity is defined as refractive index changes per joule per cm2 of applied energy.) Sensitivities less than 10−5 per joule yield systems which record either very slowly or require too much laser power. Sensitivities greater than 10−2 are typically not a limitation on the invention, but possibly lead to media which must be carefully stored and processed to avoid inadvertent exposure.
Generally, the dynamic range of the medium should have a M number greater than 10. M number is related to the quantity ΔnmaxLTotal (where Ltotal is the thickness of just the active material) and is defined in F. Mok et. al. Optics Letters 21(12), p. 896 (1996). A {M} number less than 10 yields a substantially decreased diffraction efficiency for a large number (greater than 1,000) of overlapped holograms and, therefore, results in a substantially reduced intensity of reconstruction and limits the information storage density. Generally, the number of active layers of a given material determines the amount of information that ultimately can be stored and reconstructed. However, the greater the number of layers, generally the greater the cost and/or difficulty of manufacturing. Therefore, typically, it is desirable to limit the number of layers provided the total storage amount desired for a particular application is achievable using the intended number of alternating layers. (The thickness of each active region need not be precisely the same provided the median thickness satisfies the criteria discussed above.)
The selectivity, as measured in the X direction (in the plane of intersection of the two beams) is not necessarily the same as measured in the Y direction. For purposes of determining whether the selectivity satisfies the desired criterion relative to thickness variation measurement in the X direction is employed. Exemplary of recordation methods when employed with a stratified medium that yields the desired inventive result are those described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/435,705, filed May 5. 1995 (Curtis-Wilson 2-6) now , U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,691, which has been incorporated by reference herein.
The following examples are illustrative of the invention.
The apparatus shown in FIG. 2 was employed. The angle between the object beam, 15, and the reference beam, 11, was maintained at 70 degrees. The power at the sample of the object and reference beam was 1 mW each. The beam spot size was approximately 5 mm in diameter. Each beam had but one polarization, and the polarizations of the two beams were both horizontal in direction. A doubled neodymium YAG diode pumped laser (532 nm) was used as the source for the reference beams, 11, and object beam, 15. The two beams were generated using a beam splitter. The coherence of the beams was approximately 1 meter. The reference beam was directed to a spatial filter which included a microscope objective (60�) and a pinhole approximately 10 μm in diameter. The beam was then collimated by passing it through an 85 mm focal length f1.4 Nikon camera lens. The resulting planewave, 11, was then passed through a phasemask, 10. This mask was a pixelated array having square abutting pixels. The gross dimension of the mask was 2 cm on a side, and the size of the pixels varied, but all pixels in a column were of the same size. The pixels forming a column along one edge of the mask were all 5 μm in dimension. The size of the pixels decreased linearly to a pixel of approximately 5 μm situated in the center column of the mask. From this pixel, moving outward, the dimensions of pixels in each column increased linearly until the column of pixels on the opposing side of the mask was reached, which also had a dimension of 15 μm. Approximately a million pixels were present on the mask. The phaseshift induced by each pixel was set by etching each pixel to a depth adequate to produce the desired phase shift. The phaseshift of each pixel was randomly chosen, but phaseshifts of zero and π were the only levels of phaseshift employed.
The beam exiting the phasemask was then directed through two lenses, 17 and 18, to reimage the mask on the material. The two lenses employed were a 180 mm f2.8 Nikon camera lens and a 90 mm f1.80 Nikon camera lens. The 180 mm lens intercepted the beam first. The distance between the two lenses were adjusted by directing a planewave through the first lens and adjusting the spacing until a planewave exited the second. A glass plate, 25, with a chromium layer measuring 1 cm on each edge positioned centrally, was inserted at the Fourier plane between the lenses and positioned using XY stages to block most of the zeroth order which contains the low frequency components of the resulting Fourier transform as well as correcting, at least in part, for phase errors in the mask. The image exiting the 90 mm lens was impinged on the sample that was placed approximately at the focal distance of the 90 mm lens. The sample beam was produced by illuminating a modulator, 29 with a planewave 15, and the image was a checkerboard pattern of 640�480 pixels. The pixel size was approximately 42 μm. A phase diffuser, 23, was employed in the object arm. This phase diffuser was approximately 1″�1�″ in dimension having 42 μm square pixels and employing an array measuring 640�480 pixels. (This diffuse was optional but was employed to diffuse the light energy at the sample and, thus, produce a higher quality image upon reconstruction.) Other lens employed were 21, 40, and 22 which were used to image the modulator 29 onto the phasemask 23 and Fourier transform the result onto the medium 13.
Imaging the reconstruction was done employing a 85 mm f1.4 Nikon lens, 19, to produce an inverse Fourier transform with detection employing a Princeton Instruments Scientific charge couple device detector. Additionally, a second lens, 20, was employed between the inverse Fourier transform lens and the detector, 33, to control the size of the image at the detector. The distance between the sample and the lens was approximately 90 mm. The position of the detector was adjusted so that the portion of the image of interest fit within the field of the detector. Intensity of the reconstructed image was measured utilizing a Newport Research 1835 Intensity detector which integrated the intensity present at the reconstruction plane.
The image was written in a sample with alternating glass regions and polymer regions. This stratified medium is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/698,143 filed Aug. 15, 1996 (V. L. Colvin 1-2-16-10, ), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, the sample included either 2, 3, or 4 glass regions measuring each approximately 150 μm in thickness and having an outside dimension of approximately 1�″�2 to 3″. The polymer employed had an isobornyl acrylate-polytetrahydrofuran diurethane diacrylate matrix with n-vinyl carbazole distributed in the matrix. The mole percentage of n-vinyl carbazole, relative to total acrylate, was approximately 25%. Sufficient amount of the polymer was poured between slides to produce a polymer covered region approximately 100-150 μm in thickness with an irregular outside dimension approximately 1�″ in diameter. (The thickness was measured using interferometry and/or infrared spectroscopy.) Each polymer region was cured to about 80% using a Mercury lamp and a filter passing only green light. The level of cure was determined by employing infrared spectrometry to measure the amount of acrylate remaining after curing.
Recording was done utilizing the above-described apparatus and sample with a recording time of approximately 1 second. After recordation, the samples were postcured for 5 minutes using a filtered Mercury lamp (curing wavelength approximately 560 nm). This further curing was performed to ensure that the samples were inactive and that additional recording did not occur.
The recorded images were reconstructed again using the apparatus described above, and shown in FIG. 2. The selectivity achieved in this Example was approximately 5 μm.
The procedure of Example 1 was employed, except the samples were iron doped (0.05% concentration) lithium niobate. Lithium niobate samples were either 500 μm or 1 mm in thickness, and were cleaved and polished with the c-axis laying in the plane of the material and along the plane of intersection of the beams. They measured approximately 25�35 mm. A microscope slide approximately 1 mm in thickness was inserted between two of the lithium niobate crystals. The recordation process of Example 1 was employed, except the exposure time was approximately 20 minutes. The resulting reconstructed image showed a selective of about 5 μm.
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text:
The Se (cathedral)
Favorite thing: The Se (cathedral) here in Castelo Branco was a surprise, we passed it by on our way to visit the Jardim Episcopal and almost did not notice it. One of the least ornate buildings we have seen that are devoted to the religious faith. It was closed on the day we were there, the entrance gate locked tight, so we could only admire from outside.
- Architecture
- Religious Travel
Jardim Episcopal, world, astrology, virtues
Favorite thing: The garden in the lower section also has a variety of statues that include representatives of each of the signs of the Zodiac, like the Leo shown here. Also statues for each of the continents, such as Asia, Europe, etc. Also are the virtues such as Temperance shown here, but Prudence and others you will have to search for.
A few of the pedestals are empty, statues stolen or broken.
- Photography
- Architecture
- Castles and Palaces
Jardim Episcopal, water elements
Favorite thing: The gardens have numerous water elements woven into this small space, three large pools and also various smaller fountains break up the greenery and statues that occupy every single corner of the gardens.
- Photography
- Architecture
- Castles and Palaces
Jardim Episcopal, the Kings
Favorite thing: Stairs and walls, all covered with statues depicting kings of Portugal and Spain...but there is a slight twist here, if you look at the second photo here you will see that there is a LARGE statue and a tiny statue....the Portugese did not like Spain ruling them and here they showed their displeasure by making the Spanish kings miniature while the Portugese kings are displayed in large size, NICELY DONE.
- Historical Travel
- Architecture
- Photography
Jardim Episcopal, the entrance
Favorite thing: The photos here show the lower garden and entrance area from the street for the general public.
The walls on three sides are covered with blue tiles depicting the founder of the garden and also scenes from daily life, the gardens and other things.
The stairs themselves, are covered with statues depicting saints.
- Architecture
- Religious Travel
- Castles and Palaces
Boom Festival - getting there
Favorite thing: theres no train station at idanha a nova, you have to get a train/bus to castelo branco and then a bus from there to idanha a nova. You then walk the rest of the way into the nature reserve to reach Boom (yay Boom!)
cant seem to find timetables for the bus service from castelo to idanha however, can anyone help?
kate x
Jardim Episcopal
Fondest memory: Beautifully manicured gardens compliment the statues and water elements, a wonderful place to take the family for a short rest on your trip, a less hectic tourist environment.
- Photography
- Architecture
- Family Travel
- 1
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27 year old man | Sherman Oaks, CA, USA | Seeking women 23-28 within 40 miles
Mr. Mojo Risin'
to start, i am terrible at writing about myself. always have been and always will be. if you're really interested you can message me and ask away. what i have noticed is 99% of the ladies on here all want the same thing. someone nice, kind, caring, fun, interesting, etc.. thats great, look no further, but its not true. I believe it takes much more than someone nice and funny to make a great relationship. we all know this, yet we make it sound like thats all we're looking for and its so simple. if it were that easy then the world would have no homeless or war torn nations. what i ask of you, if you're still reading, is look deeper into the situation and see it from all angles. know and love yourself before you go and steal a mans heart. love is selfish and if we're not careful a few hearts can be broken. for those who are still reading, this is what I'm kinda looking for. i need someone mentally strong, someone who doesn't get offended every step of the way. she has to love the outdoors and everything that goes with it. a girl not afraid to get dirty and work. like gardening, building something, fixing something, painting. a do it yourselfer. i like my women to be lady like but also be dirty minded and raunchy a little. like a boy. my number one biggest pet peeve is a girl with fake nails. the least attractive thing ever in the history of ever. with all that being said, i don't apologize for what i believe in. i only apologize for you being so sensitive. thank you for reading.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
samantha! she's the best dog ever!
Middle of the Road
my favorite place is my families ranch in montana. it was homesteaded in 1885 by a great great uncle. i spent every summer, twice a summer, up their through out my entire life. its a very dear place to me and i can't go without it.
I'm obsessed with music; especially red hot chili peppers, the black keys, bob marley, foo fighters. surfing has been a passion most my life. i don't get to go very much anymore but i love it regardless. lakers, dodgers, raiders and dale earnhart jr
anything, so long as its with some one fun and interesting. just not dancing. i love to go to concerts. i also love road trips and long drives to no where.
motor trend and my dog just chewed it to pieces. true story. hunger games.
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|5'0" (152cms) to 5'9" (175cms)
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|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark blonde
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i love what i do and take a lot of pride in my work. not everybody can do what i do, let alone six days a week.
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mother nature is god
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text:
Firing oven, when?
Should be finished in a week or so with the fire bricks, but is it better to start firing without the insulation and finish cement or after?
Just wondering what FB people have done.
Re: Firing oven, when?
I didn't do a cure but it would be better to drive out the moisture before you insulate and finish.
Re: Firing oven, when?
My opinion is that a constant heat source over a long time has the best effect on curing. Early on, I used a 500w quartz work lamp to heat the interior and this heat will warm the whole structure and the convection will dry the structure. I used a temporary door slightly gapped to allow heating and a bit of air movement, and kept this up for 4 or 5 days.. The exterior was then wrapped, loosely, with insulation and I kept the fire low and slow in an effort to saturate the structure with heat very slowly and over very long burns. My goal was to minimize the differences of heat in the structure, to get the water moving and keep it moving.. The curing thread is a really good source with lots of thoughtful input..
Re: Firing oven, when?
Most mortar and cement mixes take 28 days to cure. It's better to keep the humidity up during this time.
I kept mine covered and damp in plastic during the building and about 3 weeks after I placed the last brick on the dome.
Let it air dry for a week.
Placed a quartz lamp in it for a week with a temp door.
I did a bunch of tinny fires over 8 days slowly bring the temp up to 700* before I added the blanket isolation.
I've been using the oven twice a week and have not decided on how I want to finish mine.
I wanted to be able to pull the isolation off after a few weeks to check for cracks before I fished mine.
Re: Firing oven, when?
Wow, thanks guys for getting back so promptly. Much appreciated. That helps alot. I'll start with the lamp and move on to low fires before the insulation.
Will check out the info on fireing off.
Re: Firing oven, when?
1 Attachment(s)
I'm a neophyte, but, Les, brickie in oz , tscaborugh(sp?) and others will steer you right. I was slow and waited to build my outer archs and chimney before I started firings.
As a result, I think my dome was curing about a month before any fire. That worked out really well. I started with really small and limited fires, following James at FB's instuctions. By the fourth fire, maybe up to 4-450F. My dome began to clear on the seventh fire, and then I added the blanket and started the stucco for the dome. Let it set a week before firing again. Not intentionally, just the way my schedule and weather allowed.
Attachment 35959
Re: Firing oven, when?
If you are using refractory cement (calcium aluminate cement) then you do not need to wait 28 days or keep it moist for cure. It relies on a different chemical reaction than a portland cement based "refractory cement". Even with the PC mix, you do not need to wait or keep it moist, as the PC is only there to gauge (provide a rapid set) the material.
Mix it (homebrew) to the optimal degree of wetness to allow you to lay the bricks, and try not to add more water to the oven than you have to during construction.
Re: Firing oven, when?
There are two schools of thought re driving out the water before or after insulation. If you do the water elimination before insulating you can inspect the outer surface of your bricks and check the integrity of the mortar joins (cracks). It also allows moisture to escape to the atmosphere more easily rather than being held back in the insulation layer. The downside is that there will be a greater difference in the outer surface temperature of the dome walls to that of the inner surface and this leads to uneven expansion rates and stresses that can cause cracking. I prefer to eliminate the water (I prefer this term rather than "curing" otherwise it can be confused with curing of cement which is holding in the moisture rather than reducing it) after insulating as it helps even out the temperature more. But I think either is Ok so long as you take it slowly( and that usually means slower and longer than you think.
Driving out the water before doing the outside shell is also preferable, otherwise you risk building up pressure in the insulation layer which can crack the outside shell.
An example of the temperature difference problem creating cracking is that of an uninsulated clay flue liner which is prone to cracking. If it is insulated on the outside it does not crack.
Re: Firing oven, when?
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About Tony Little
Tony Little is an American fitness professional helping you get in the best shape of your life. In addition to workout routines, get access to Tony Little's fitness guides, style, and wellness and nutrition tips to get in shape today. Shop for equipment like the Gazelle, apparel like t-shirts and headgear and wellness and nutrition resources like books, CDs, and DVDs. Be sure to take advantage of Tony Little coupon codes and special promotions to get extra savings and discounts on your next order.
About Tony Little Deals
Need a new workout option because you're tired of the same old boring routine? Then it's time to visit Tony Little – America's Personal Trainer! Tony Little offers you his personal line of exciting, low impact, resistance training fitness systems. The Tony Little Easy Shaper Pro provides a full body workout without the need for dumbbells and other exercise equipment. The Easy Shaper Pro is lightweight and portable, easily assembled and breakdowns for traveling and storage. With resistance from 0-75lbs it is tough enough to challenge bodybuilders and yet gentle enough for beginners. Anybody can succeed with an EasyShaper Pro based exercise program! Also check out the Tony Little HealthRider Twist. From one position you can target your upper and lower body for a comprehensive workout. This is an excellent addition to your home gym and you will love the results you get by integrating the HealthRider Twist into your exercise routine. To round out your personal gym, try the Tony Little Gazelle Freestyle – one of the best Gazelles ever made. Gazelle Freestyle is not sold in any store – it is exclusively available at the Tony Little website. The Gazelle Freestyle gives you all the benefits of stretching, walking, running and resistance training without the damaging movements or jarring impact to your body. Tony Little strives to get your orders to you as quickly as possible. Most orders are shipped the next business day after they are placed. Tony Little stands by every product sold with a 30-day Satisfaction Guarantee. If any Tony Little purchase does not meet your expectations, you may return the item within 30 days of the date of receipt for a full refund or receive a replacement product. So order your Tony Little fitness program today and use your Tony Little coupon code for great promotional offers!


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Public Notice:
Pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S) §9-499.15 notice is hereby given that the City of Surprise intends to discuss the following tax and fee adjustments at the Regular City Council Meeting August 4, 2015 6pm:
- Increase the transient lodging tax from 2.52% to 4.52% (an increase of 2%).
- Establish ambulance service rates for advanced life support ($898.56), basic life support ($800.41), mileage ($18.63), and medical supplies (consistent with A.R.S. §36-2239 (D)).
Surplus Property Auction Notice:
Pursuant to Surprise City Code §2-361 notice is hereby given that the City of Surprise intends to sell surplus equipment owned by the City.
July 11, 2015 Auction
The property may consist of any or all of the following:
3 Ford Rangers, Vac-con, Dodge, Chevy, light bars, tailgate & bumper, 2 printers, Grill Cart, Merchandise Display system, 4 Grill tops, 10 sign holders.
Photos and descriptions may be obtained at the auction website www.sierraauction.com.


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2 Parks near Glen, New Hampshire
North Conway, New Hampshire 5.48 miles SE
Hart's Location, New Hampshire 7.37 miles SW
Albany, New Hampshire 12.56 miles SE
Conway, New Hampshire 12.56 miles SE
Tamworth, New Hampshire 16.11 miles SW
Glen, New Hampshire (map) | (603) 383-4567
Sites: 200 | Latest Rate: $40.00 | 13 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2011 - $40.00
CG is a mixture of short term and long term sites. Some sites are very spacious and quiet. Ours wasn't! We ended up about 6 feet from the neighbors on each side and behind us. Felt like we were in a parking lot. Staff was very friendly and well organized. CG is very clean. About 1/2 mile or so to Storyland, so lots of kids around, mostly well behaved. - Maine-iacs
Sep 2010 - $25.00
We spent 4 days here with 40 other Aliners camping on their lovely green-space group sites, and had a great time. The staff was friendly and helpful. This is a great place for families with a very large swimming pool, play ground, game/arcade building. There is a large covered picnic area with an old stone fireplace. The restrooms were modern and clean, and the showers are individual rooms. Even with our large group there were no lines waiting for the showers. My only complaint is there was no heat in the showers. There are plenty of places to walk and explore with a river running on each side of the campground. They have a laundry building on the property that has 20+ washers and 20+ dryers, us 6 huge-sized. The machines operate with a card that you put money on so you don't need a pocketful of quarters. The campground is located close to restaurants, shopping, and local attractions. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay and would return. - AKR1947
Aug 2010 - $40.00
The park was large, and many types of sites are available. Overall our stay was good, with the exception of Saturday night when a group of three dirt bikes were assigned to the site next to ours. They roared in at 10 pm when quiet hour started, and proceeded to start a smoldering fire, flash lanterns to set up their tents, and then at 1:30 am decided to cook a meal. It was a very disappointing stay at the very least. They should have put these people in a field site as they were loud all night. - willwiggle
Glen, New Hampshire (map) | (603) 383-6801
Sites: 93 | Latest Rate: $34.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2013 - $34.00
Right off of the main road, road to campground is dirt and you have a hump to go over at the entrance then through a tunnel of trees. We didn't have a problem, but looks intimidating. Roads are paved and dirt, sites are grass and dirt. Our site was level. Power and water were good, cell (AT&T) was weak. No road or R/R noise, but you could hear Storyland next door. Close to shopping and restaurants. We would stay here again. - kmgulf
May 2013 - $36.00
We camped here over Memorial Day weekend and nearly had the campground to ourselves due to the very cold, rainy weather. This is a clean campground very suitable for young children. You can walk to Storyland and you can also hear the noise from Storyland when it is running but it's not overly loud. Bathrooms were clean and everything worked as advertised. Some field sites had puddled water on them. We will camp here again. - sbradley
Jun 2011 - $32.00
It is not the newest campground around. It is clean and right next door to Storyland which was why we stayed. It would of been nice to of had a heated pool and swings for smaller children. - Canadianfamilyfun


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Gilead Home Health - IS FULLY OPERATIONAL in spite of the fire incident in our building on Tuesday, January 6, 2015!
Our amazing staff has managed a seamless move to a temporary office, just across the street from the old building. We are here and ready to help you with all of your home health needs! We are currently located at: 8100 Cameron Rd, Bldg. B Ste 200 Austin, TX 78754
Gilead Health Care, Inc. 8011-B Cameron Road, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78754 Toll Free: 877-445-3236877-445-3236 After Hours: 512-961-9820512-961-9820 Fax: 512-323-5860
© 2012 Gilead Health Care, Inc. All rights reserved.
Website Design by CustomWeb - Stremelyne


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over 1 year ago
16, searching for that something in life... not sure what it is yet but one day i'll find it.
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Gear Review
Nick Devore
Sweet Tent
I love the I tent, it is nice and light and water proof and very east to set up, especially in a storm. I lived on Denali for a month in this tent and it was perfect. You can either take the vestabule or if your going solo and dont want it you can leave it behind making the tent even lighter. after using bibler tents I will never go another brand.
View More Details on Black Diamond I-Tent Standard: 2-Person 4-Season


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Ford Buys Michigan Software Company Livio
Sept. 26 (Bloomberg) -- Ford Motor Co., seeking to devise systems that better link car passengers' mobile phones to their vehicles, acquired software company Livio for less than $10 million.
The automaker plans to retain all 11 full-time employees at Ferndale, Michigan-based Livio, Paul Mascarenas, Ford's chief technical officer, told reporters today on a conference call. Livio will operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Dearborn, Michigan-based Ford, he said.
"Livio has solutions which are largely software-based that allow our customers to bring their content into the vehicle through their mobile device," Mascarenas said. Ford and Livio will "work towards developing an industry standard for smartphone-to-vehicle communications."
Chief Executive Officer Alan Mulally has made in-car technology a pillar of the second-largest U.S. carmaker's vehicles with features including Sync voice commands and MyFord Touch controls. Systems that integrate cars with mobile phones will be used in 21 million vehicles by 2018, from just 1.9 million last year, according to researchers GSMA and SBD.
Livio hasn't disclosed its financial performance, said Jake Sigal, the company's founder and CEO. He declined to say whether Livio is profitable.
To contact the reporter on this story: Craig Trudell in Southfield, Michigan at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jamie Butters at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Name: Brandy Bates
Location: Dallas, Texas
Age: 29 years
Processing Date: 01-07-2011
An arrest does not mean that the individual has been convicted of the alleged violation. Individuals on this website are innocent until proven guilty by a court of law. All information related to charges and arrest or booking is obtained through public domain and in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act.
Ever wonder who gets arrested in Dallas County, TX for Prostitution Related Offenses?
Here's how 6,668 Prostitution Arrests are distributed by age in Dallas County, TX:


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University of Redlands > Academics >
College of Arts & Sciences >
Undergraduate Studies >
French >
Program Learning Outcomes
Bachelor of Arts
By graduation, French majors will be able to:
Curriculum Map
The 83-year-old instrument was fully restored in 2003 and features 4,266 pipes.
© 2015 University of Redlands. All Rights Reserved.


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Pair these mini burgers with a flight of beers and you are SET.
A+ Apricot Dishes
The bacon-topped puff pastry squares can be made a couple of hours ahead of time. Re-crisp them in a warm oven before serving.
Recipe: Fried-Egg-and-Bacon Puff Pastry Squares
Most egg salads have lots of yolks; this dish uses just one in the dressing, so you get the flavor without the fat.
Recipe: Breakfast Egg Salad
Drinks and Snacks to Get the Party Started!


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Jewelry for You! How to Make Handmade Beaded Bracelets and Necklaces
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Crystal Elegance Lariat
By: Vicki O'Dell from the Creative Goddess
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
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Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Add some sparkle to your outfit with this Crystal Elegance Lariat. This beaded necklace tutorial from Vicki O'Dell will teach you how to make this versatile piece of jewelry. Attached to the chain are gorgeous Swarovski crystals making this necklace really shine. It's a beautiful statement piece that you'll love.
- 3.4mm silver plated 2mm elongated chain (WCO59849)
- 5 packages 2 inch bright silver head pin (1983-33)
- 2 packages violet faceted round crystal bead (0700-6-14)
- 2 packages 6mm amethyst faceted round crystal bead(0700-6-04)
- 2 packages 8mm amethyst faceted round crystal bead (0700-8-04)
- 2 strands Swarovski Crystal bicone dark purple mix (1999-2441)
- 2 strands Presciosa Crystal amethyst strand (1999-1493)
- 2 strands Swarovski Crystal bicone cyclamen strand (1999-2439)
- 2 strands Swarovski Crystal bicone crystal strand (1999-2452)
Start out by cutting the chain to length.
To figure out how long to make it fold the chain in half and put it around your neck (the loose ends will slip through the loop). Decide how long you want it and then cut the chain.
Put a bead or a few beads on a head pin and make a simple loop. Repeat this many times over. I find it makes assembling the necklace easier if I keep the different beads and colors separated.
Starting at one end of the chain , begin adding the simple loops. For approximately 3 inches on each end I put a simple loop in each link of the chain.
For the rest of the necklace I put a simple loop every 3-7 links. You're finished!
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Garnier Moisture Rescue Refreshing Gel-Cream
448 reviews
69% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$
INGREDIENTSAqua/Water, Glycerin, Alcohol Denat., Dimethicone, Isononyl Isononanoate, Carbomer, Dimethiconol, Chlorphenesin, Caprylyl Glycol, Sodium Hydroxide, Vitis Vinifera Extract/Grapefruit Extract, Xanthan Gum, Tetrasodium EDTA, Tocopheryl Acetate, Ascorbyl Glucoside, Menthoxypropanediol, Magnesium Gluconate, Sodium Citrate, Benzyl Salicylate, Linalool, Calcium Gluconate, Biosaccharide Gum-1, Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, CI 19140/Yellow 5, CI 42090/Blue 1, Parfum/Fragrance, Phenoxyethanol. [September 2010]
on 2/1/2011 4:09:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Curly, Medium
Eyes: Green
This is the best basic moisturizer ever,is more of a gel moisturizer with no oilyness.Contains no anti aging or antioxidant properties though
on 1/29/2011 10:33:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
i am in love with this gel cream! i will use this forever! before this is used clinques gel lotion and i really like it but ive got to say i would choose garnier because of how cheap it is!
on 1/26/2011 3:33:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
Texture is amazing. I love the cold gel cream sensation when applied after toning. I've got oily skin but do suffer from the seasonal dry spots in the winter.
I favor this cream at night before bedtime, a little moisture to keep my skin hydrated. My face doesn't feel oily when I wake-up, just a tad bit refreshed.
on 1/26/2011 1:02:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Blond, Curly, Medium
Eyes: Blue
I like this - I've used it once so far - but I forgot to put it on today if that tells you anything. It felt a smidge sticky on my skin but was otherwise nice and refreshing. My makeup looked fine all day. I'll try and remember to put this on for a few more days and update this review!
on 1/25/2011 7:57:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Oily, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
This is the only moisturizer I've ever been able to use that doesn't break me out and doesn't add any extra shine to my skin. My skin is normally quite oily, but I get dry patches in the winter because of the drier air and indoor heating.
All skin can become dry for 2 different reasons: lack of oil or lack of water (or in some cases, both). This moisturizer works so well on oily skin because it adds WATER to your skin, not oil. It's light, refreshing, and it works.
on 1/25/2011 7:11:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
OH WOW. So I bought this gel-cream for maybe 5 or 6 bucks at Target not expecting much, but it is so amazing! No other moisturizer controls oil like this one. I've tried Olay, Aveeno (which breaks me out), Neutrogena (which never worked for me), RoC, and Cetaphil (too heavy), but by the end of the day, I would have used about 4-6 sheets of oil blotting paper. It might seem a bit excessive but if I sweat, the oil would travel down to my eyes and irritate them so I had to. But since I started using this product, I haven't even reached out for oil blotting sheets. My face is not perfectly matte, but it's definitely not greasy to the touch. I actually don't use the product by itself but with other cream, however, I always use this first and that seems to control the oil perfectly fine.
However, I must admit I hate the smell. It kind of smells like typical Garnier hair product gone awry. It's not intolerable but I'd rather it be scent-free because it does bother me somewhat. Also, it doesn't moisturize perfectly. I notice that I get chapped areas on my face, especially if it was windy outside. Plus, it's a bummer that this product doesn't contain any SPF. And lastly, just as a warning, the cream is very cold. It's not off-putting to me but perhaps because it is a light cream/gel, it is cold to the touch.
I'm not too fanatic about the jar packaging, but I figure it could be worse.
All in all, a really great product. I've never been so oil-free in my life and I have not broken out either! :) I'd recommend it for oily skin and also sensitive skin, but I feel as though it does not moisturize adequately enough for dry skin.
on 1/24/2011 11:15:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
i just bought this product couple months ago since it was on sale.. i think it was like five bucks at CVS. i wasn't really expecting much of this product.. since i just bought it b/c i thought it was cheap and i needed a new moisturizer since my clinique gel moisturizer was running out. when i used this i was like eh whatever.. didn't really take much notice of it.. last week i saw this product on my counter.. and i was like .. ehh should use it since i bought it.. and DUDE THIS moisturizer is pretty amazing for its price :). it doesn't cause any break out (at least for now :p) .. i use this in the day time and use my origins rejuvenating treatment moisturizer at night.. i love both of them HG until i find another product better.......which is probably not going to happen in a while :) .
on 1/22/2011 3:41:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Blue
I LOVE this moisturizer! It is light, cool and refreshing and it soaks in fast without leaving a oily residue. If you have oily skin, this stuff really helps control it and it leaves my skin super soft. Winter months usually leave my face dried out, itchy and flaky but this moisturizer takes all of that away. I use clinique moisturizer in the morning with my makeup and after my shower at night, I put this moisturizer on and I think I actually like it a lot better than cliniques! Plus the price is great... wish it was available in a tube tho! : ))
on 1/18/2011 9:48:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Dry, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brown, Curly, Fine
Eyes: Green
I love this moisturizer. It is super light, fresh, and clean. It smells great. It is a small tub, so in my cheapness it is a bit expensive but face care is worth much more than I paid. It sort of feels like wiping gel deodorant or hair gel on your face, but it is great because it doesn't get your hair greasy, but still leaves nice, smooth skin.
on 1/15/2011 9:40:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Hazel
I bought this for my 14 year old and tried it several times. Wow, is it lovely! Smells great, absorbs wonderfully and no breakouts for her (or me). Great find! I recently had to get myself a jar. I can't say that it has any sort of "magic" ingredients (no retinol, etc) but my Gawd, it's such a pleasurable experience to use! It's a cool, pale minty green, see-through gel that smells lightly of cucumber - just VERY fresh. I can't get enough of the smell!
UPDATE: I am ADDICTED to this, the smell, the feel....I just wish it had better ingredients, I mean it has no pore cloggers but I wish it had something exciting like niacinamide or squalene or hyaluronic acid...maybe vit C...anything good!! lol and no alcohol. But I am hooked regardless.
Popular Moisturizers


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Previous Episode | Next Episode
The Big HouseThe Big House (1997) Season 1 Episode 110- Daria Cartoon Episode Guide by Dave Koch
This page has been viewed 17 times this month, and 650 times total.
- Daria Cartoon Episode GuideEpisode GuideTelevisionSeriesCartoon
- MTV Animation
- Distributed by: Music Television, Sony Pictures Entertainment
- Cartoon Characters: Daria Morgendorffer, Quinn Morgendorffer, Helen Morgendorffer, Jake Morgendorffer, Jane Lane, Brittany Taylor, Kevin Thompson, Jodie Landon, Mack, Andrea, Janet Barch, Mr. DeMartino, "Rock & Roll" Randy, Marianne.
- Voice Actors: Tracy Grandstaff, Wendy Hoopes, Julián Rebolledo, Janie Mertz.
- Directed By Karen Disher.
- Produced By Susie Lewis Lynn, Amy Palmer, Abby Terkuhle, Glenn Eichler, John Lynn, Lemon Krasny.
- Written By Sam Johnson, Chris Marcil.
- Music: Janet Wygal.
- Editor: Karen Sztajnberg, George Brennan.
- First Aired on June 30, 1997.
- Originally Aired on MTV.
- Running Time: 22 minutes.
- Season: 1
- Color
Cartoon Summary:
After Daria and Quinn both come home past curfew, Helen and Jake begin Family Court, a mock trial that ends with the 2 girls being sentenced to a month's... (more)
Watch Cartoon Video:
You can watch this episode today on your computer. Just click below to start viewing "The Big House" online now.
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Cartoon Comments:
Do you love The Big House, or do you think it is the worst cartoon ever? Let us know what you think! Surely you have an opinion... so share what you think. Take a minute and post your own comments about this cartoon here.


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Catamaran Sailing Lesson or Boat Rental in Biscayne Bay
- Details
Sailing on a sleek catamaran is the best way to explore Miami's beautiful Biscayne Bay. Whether you want to learn how to sail or want to rent a boat to take out on your own, there is a catamaran option for you! Choose to rent a catamaran for your own adventure, or upgrade to a sailing lesson, where a professional instructor will guide your boat through the bay and teach you how to sail.
Discover the natural beauty of Biscayne Bay while you glide through the water on this Miami catamaran experience. While sailing through the bay, you will pass a variety of deserted islands, marinas and city sights like the Museum of Viscaya, the Cape Florida Lighthouse and Stiltsville, home to stilt houses that have been part of the bay for years. Beach your Hobie Cat on one of the many sandbars to enjoy a swim in Miami's clear waters, and watch out for dolphins, manta rays, sea turtles and manatees, all of whom may pop out of the water at any time.
Biscayne Bay is protected from most weather conditions, which makes sailing through the bay fun and easy for sailors of all levels. The sunny weather of south Florida allows you to sail year-round – no wetsuits needed, just a whole lot of sunscreen!
Catamaran Rental:
If you choose to rental option, you will receive a 15-minute briefing on how to operate the Hobie Cat catamaran before you head out to explore the bay.
Catamaran Sailing Lesson:
If you want to learn how to sail yourself, then the one-hour or four-hour lesson option is for you.
On the one-hour sailing lesson, you will learn sailing fundamentals and the art of navigation as you sail around Biscayne Bay with your instructor.
If you select the four-hour sailing lesson, you will spend the first hour learning the basics of sailing a one-sail vessel, and you'll spend the second hour sailing on your own. During the third hour, learn to sail a two-sail boat, and spend the last hour exploring the bay on your own.
Schedule details
Select a month to view a calendar of availability and departure details.
Departure Dates:
Departure Point:Key Biscayne in Miami, Florida
Departure Time:Choose a departure time between 10am and sunset
Pricing information
Click the link below to check pricing & availability on your preferred travel date. Our pricing is constantly updated to ensure you always receive the lowest price possible.
1-hour Rental
Code: HCR
1-hour catamaran rental. The boat hold up to four people.
USD $16.29Pricing details
Half Day Rental
Code: HALF
Half day catamaran rental. The boat hold up to four people.
USD $48.29Pricing details
1-hour Lesson
Code: 1HL
1-hour catamaran lesson
USD $109.99Pricing details
4-hour Lesson
Code: 4HL
4-hour catamaran lesson
USD $299.99Pricing details
Pricing information
Catamaran Sailing Lesson or Boat Rental in Biscayne Bay
- Life jackets, gloves, wetsuits, VHF radios and water
- Instructor (if lesson option selected at time of booking)
- Gratuities (optional)
Additional Information:
- Confirmation will be received at time of booking
- It's recommended to bring a towel, bathing suit and sunscreen
- If you wish to have a Captain aboard for your rental, it is an additional $30(USD) per hour, payable on site
Voucher Info:
You can present either a paper or an electronic voucher for this activity. What's this?
Local Operator Information:
Complete Operator information, including local telephone numbers at your destination, are included on your Confirmation Voucher. Our Product Managers select only the most experienced and reliable operators in each destination, removing the guesswork for you, and ensuring your peace of mind.


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GTbyCitroen hits Harrods
Exclusive: Top Gear magazine takes Citroen's one-off fantasy car onto the streets of London, embarrasses rich kids
Posted: 16 Sep 2010
Suddenly there is a small explosion. A cabbie has taken his eye off the ball and crashed into the kerb, popping his tyre. Another Veyron goes past the stricken cab, on English plates and in a nice dark two-tone grey, but no one notices an understated Veyron in a street where no one is noticing a chrome one. Yet another LP-640 appears. It might have been red. Or a different blue actually. Even we've stopped noticing.
The kerbside chaos gives rise to reflection. The purpose of this strange exercise rests upon one particular given: that part, if not all, of the reason why you fly your multi-million-dollar garage of delivery mileage hypercars half way round the world, only to sit in traffic jams, is to impress girls. Why else would you drive them round and round the poshest shop in the world rather than a track? It's a mating ritual if ever there was one.


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Butternut Bisque
23 Jan 2010
Butternut bisque is a spiced squash soup. Prepared in a chicken soup base with a dash of nutmeg for flavor, the butternut squash bisque is cooked along with onions. Seasoned with white pepper to taste, the butternut bisque is served warm with a yogurt or chives garnsih.
|Butternut squash
|1 Medium
|1 Teaspoon
|1 Large, coarsely chopped
|Chicken broth
|28 Ounce (Reduced Sodium / Regular, Divided, 2 Cans, 14 Ounce Each)
|Ground nutmeg/Freshly grated nutmeg
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Ground white pepper
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Plain non-fat yogurt
|2 Tablespoon (For Garnish)
|1 Tablespoon (For Garnish)
Peel squash; cut flesh into 1/2-inch pieces.
Set aside.
Melt margarine in large saucepan over medium heat.
Add onion.
Cook and stir 3 minutes.
Add squash and 1 can broth.
Bring to a boil over high heat.
Reduce heat to low.
Cover and simmer 20 minutes or until squash is very tender.
Process squash mixture, in 2 batches, in food processor until smooth.
Return soup to saucepan; add remaining can of broth, nutmeg and pepper.
Simmer, uncovered, 5 minutes, stirring occasionally Ladle soup into soup bowls.
Place yogurt in pastry bag fitted with round decorating tip.
Pipe yogurt onto soup in decorative design.
Garnish with chives, if desired.
Recipe Summary
Course:Side Dish
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Butternut Bisque Recipe


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$10 off $75 Home, Sports, School Supplies, Fashion, & Beauty - Back to School. Use promo code BACK2SCHOOL at checkout. Ends 7/8/2015.
Learn more about Athena Ashlee Convertible Crib Combo in Espresso:
Manufacturer: AFGInterna
Mfg Part#: 518E
Sku: 218412163
Package Weight: 122 lbs
See more in Bed Frames
|AFG1069: The Ashlee Crib Combo includes a beautiful crib plus a baby changing station. The changing table is equipped with three drawers and unit shelves that can later be used as a nightstand / dresser. Features: -Ashlee collection. -Color: Espresso. -Materials: Wood and Metal. -Smooth - finish solid wood structure. -Durable, non-toxic and easy - care finish. -Converts from a crib to toddler bed, full size bed and night stand. -Guard rail included. -Metal spring mattress support with 4 - level mattress height adjustment. -Assembly required. -This is a NON-Drop Side crib.


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16 Years Ago: A Look Back at the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Videos from 'Californication'
The Chili Peppers released their return to form and relevance on June 8, 1999, and the high-concept music videos played a part in setting the tone.
The Chili Peppers released their return to form and relevance on June 8, 1999, and the high-concept music videos played a part in setting the tone.
Surprisingly, there might be a lot you don't know about one of the most successful alt-rock acts of all time.
While the Red Hot Chili Peppers are taking some time off the road, they're still giving you a chance to get the Chili Peppers live experience.
The band has released a new digital live album from their Isle of Wight Festival appearance from June of 2014. The live 17
According to Will Ferrell, Lars Ulrich's identity gets mixed up with both himself and Chad Smith, thus, a new drum battle must take place.
A reunion with John Frusciante helped the Red Hot Chili Peppers rebound late in the '90s.
The drum-off between funnyman Will Ferrell and Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith has been months in the making, and while the copious trash talk between the two has been entertaining to say the least, it's time to get down to business.
Conspiracy theorists, you've just earned one point in the win column. It's been debated for years that comedy legend Will Ferrell is actually Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith. Such claims have been labeled as ludicrous, but surprisingly enough, the actor known as Will Ferrell has just come out admitting that he is, in fact, Chad Smith.
Red Hot Chili Peppers have been the center of discussion in the rock world since their Super Bowl performance of 'Give It Away.' It's been revealed that the band played to a pre-recorded instrumental track during the Super Bowl Halftime Show, drawing criticism from some. The latest to sound off on the subject is none other than Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose, who offers up a very interesting reaction to the RHCP controversy.
Red Hot Chili Peppers just performed on one of the biggest stages in the world, playing the Super Bowl halftime show alongside Bruno Mars. But the performance has drawn some criticism as it was visibly noticeable that bassist Flea and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer were performing without their instruments plugged in.
So, what was the deal with Red Hot Chili Peppers during the Super Bowl 48 halftime show? I was all excited when I heard they were going to be a part of it, but after watching it was kind of a downer for me.
Did anybody do a head scratch when Red Hot Chili Peppers were recently announced to play the Super Bowl halftime show alongside pop star Bruno Mars? After all, the organizers have been notoriously conservative in their choices for the halftime show performers after Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" a decade ago and the Chili Peppers have been known to bare a fair share of skin during their performances.
Red Hot Chili Peppers were already planning to be in New York for a Super Bowl weekend concert. Now word has it that the band will get in some extra work under a much larger spotlight. The Los Angeles Times reports that they'll join Super Bowl XLVIII halftime headliner Bruno Mars during his mid game festivities.


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Hostelworld "meet the world" by Lucky Generals
Rating: 5.0
By Maisie McCabe, marketingmagazine.co.uk, Monday, 18 July 2011 01:57PM
As part of the campaign, created by promotional agency Mediator, Blighty has teamed up with the website My Favourite Pub Walks and 19 independent pubs to create six regional ale trails across the country.
The walks have been created by My Favourite Pub Walks and have been designed to "showcase the dramatic British countryside" and the traditional pubs and ales that are available along the way.
Each map includes a route with two to five pubs along the way, as well as other destinations such as tea rooms and historic sites. The six routes are in Berkshire, South Glamorgan, Dorest, Warwickshire, Stirling and Cambridgeshire.
The campaign will not appear on air, but will be promoted by the Blighty website and the My Favourite Pub Walks website, as well as through email, direct and social media channels, and in the pubs.
As part of the campaign, which will begin next Monday (24 July) and run until 5 September, people can also enter a competition to win a short break to any of the countryside hotels owned by Old English Inns.
Annabel Porter, factual marketing manager at UKTV, said: "We've used the 'Great Blighty Ale Trail' as a unique way to promote content on the channel and encourage the target audience to tune into programming that will be of interest to them."
The Great British Summer season of programming includes the show 'Great British Summer', where Alan Titchmarsh will explore subjects such as gurning and Punch and Judy, and 'Caravans: A British Love Affair', a history of the caravan.
Caroline Brosnan, senior account director at Mediator, said: "The 'Great Blighty Ale Trail' enables Blighty to be associated with what's great about Britain – the beautiful countryside and the quality real ales our country has to offer.
"The ale trails allow us to position Blighty at the heart of these passions and engage audiences at the same time."
The national 'Great Blighty Ale Trail' follows a regional trial last year in which pub walks in Suffolk were used to promote the Great British Landscape season.
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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Rating: 5.0
Agency: Grey London
Rating: 5.0


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Want to know more about SMA Milks? We're here to help.
The best way to feed a baby is to breastfeed, as breast milk provides the ideal balanced diet and protection against illness for your baby and also many non-nutritional benefits for both baby and mother. We recommend that you speak to your healthcare professional when deciding on your choice of feeding your baby. Professional guidance should also be sought on the preparation for and maintenance of breastfeeding. If you do choose to breastfeed, it's important to eat a healthy, balanced diet.
Infant formula is intended to replace breast milk when mothers choose not to breastfeed or if for some reason they are unable to do so. A decision not to breastfeed, or to introduce partial bottle-feeding, will reduce the supply of breast milk.
If for any reason you choose not to breastfeed, do remember that such a decision can be difficult to reverse. Using infant formula also has social and financial implications which must be considered. Infant formula should always be prepared, used and stored as instructed on the label, in order to avoid risks to a baby's health.
When introducing weaning foods, remember that they need to be suitable and safe, and fed appropriately to minimise any risk to your baby's health.
The pages ahead and other subsequent communications we may have with you provide you with information on infant feeding and SMA Nutrition products, including infant formula.
If you continue you will be accepting that SMA Nutrition is supplying this information at your individual request and for educational purposes only.
Breast milk is best for babies and breastfeeding should continue for as long as possible. SMA Follow-on Milk is only suitable for babies over 6 months as part of a mixed diet. It should not be used as a substitute for breast milk during the first 6 months. The decision to start weaning or to use this product before 6 months, should be made only on the advice of a doctor, midwife, health visitor, public health nurse, dietitian or pharmacist, based on babies individual needs.
SMA Toddler Milk is suitable for young children 1-3 years and it is not a breast milk subtitute. Breastfeeding should continue for as long as possible. Do not allow prolonged or frequent contact of milk with your toddlers teeth, as this increases the risk of tooth decay. Ask your health care professional or dentist for advice.
Preterm baby
0 - 6 months
6 - 12 months
1 - 3 years
Specialist range
Infant formula
In the UK and ROI the Government recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (26 weeks) of life. Some mothers may choose to combination feed with breast milk and infant formula, whilst others may exclusively bottle-feed. Infant formula is the only recommended alternative for the first 6 months.
Ingredients of infant formula
Infant formula is specially formulated to support the adequate growth of infants under 6 months of age, when infants are not breastfed. Most formulae are based on modified skimmed cows' milk and have been designed to match, as closely as possible, the composition of breast milk.
Infant formula as opposed to cows' milk
The Department of Health recommends that cows' milk should not be introduced as a drink until 12 months of age, as it contains very little iron, vitamins C & D and is high in sodium, protein and saturated fat. Infant formula is the only recommended alternative to breast milk for babies under the age of 6 months whose mothers are unable to, or choose not to breastfeed. After 6 months of age Follow-on Milk is recommended to accompany the weaning diet.
Breastfeeding is best for babies. Good maternal nutrition is important for the preparation and maintenance of breastfeeding. Introducing partial bottle-feeding may have a negative effect on breastfeeding and reversing a decision not to breastfeed is difficult. You should always seek the advice of a doctor, midwife, health visitor, public health nurse, dietitian or pharmacist on the need for and proper method of use of infant milks and on all matters of infant feeding. Social and financial implications should be considered when selecting a method of infant feeding. Infant milk should always be prepared and used as directed. Inappropriate foods or feeding methods, or improper use of infant formula, may present a health hazard.
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We've learned a thing or two in 90 years. So we've shared some of the best bits in these helpsheets. Feel free to download anything you like.
The pages ahead, and other subsequent communications we may have with you provide you with information on infant feeding and SMA products, including infant formula.
If you continue, you will be accepting that SMA Nutrition is supplying this information at your individual request and for educational purposes only.


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Email: Dan Granoff
Phone: 510-450-7640
Costa I, Pajon R and Granoff DM. Human factor H (FH) impairs protective meningococcal anti-FHbp antibody responses and the antibodies enhance FH binding. mBio 2014;5:e01625-14.
Shaughnessy J, Vu DM, Punjabi R, Serra-Pladevall J, DeOliveira RB, Granoff DM, and Ram S. Fusion protein comprising factor H domains 6 and 7 and human IgG1 Fc as an antibacterial immunotherapeutic. Clinical Vaccine and Immunology 2014;21:1452-1459. PubMed ID: 25143339.
Rossi R, Granoff DM, and Beernink PT. Meningococcal factor H-binding protein vaccines with decreased binding to human complement factor H have enhanced immunogenicity in human factor H transgenic mice. Vaccine, 2013; 31:5451-7. PubMed ID: 24035433.
Konar M, Granoff DM, Beernink PT. Importance of inhibition of binding of complement factor H for serum bactericidal antibody responses to meningococcal factor H-binding protein vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2013; June 26, Epub. PubMed ID: 23715659.
Pajon R, Fergus AM, and Granoff DM. Mutant native outer membrane vesicles combined with a serogroup A polysaccharide conjugate vaccine for prevention of meningococcal epidemics in Africa. PLoS One, 2013; 8:e66536. PubMed ID: 23805230.
Giuntini S, Vu DM, and Granoff DM. fH-dependent complement evasion by disease-causing meningococcal strains with absent fHbp genes or frameshift mutations. Vaccine, 2013; June 17, Epub. PubMed ID: 23791680.
Granoff DM, Ram S, and Beernink PT. Does binding of complement factor H to the meningococcal vaccine antigen, factor H-binding protein, decrease protective serum antibody responses? Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2013; June 5, Epub. PubMed ID: 23740919.
Granoff DM. Portrait: Coincidences, convergences and opportunities. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 2013; 9:945-49. PubMed ID: 23807081.
Granoff DM. Commentary: European Medicines Agency recommends approval of a broadly protective vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2013; 32:372-73. PubMed ID: 23263177.
Beernink PT, Shaughnessy J, Pajon R, Braga EM, Ram S, and Granoff DM. The effect of human factor H on immunogenicity of meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccines with over-expressed factor H binding protein. PLoS Pathogens, 2012; 8:e1002688. PubMed ID: 22589720.
Vu DM, Pajon R, Reason DC, and Granoff DM. A broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibody against an epitope on the N-terminus of meningococcal fHbp. Scientific Reports, 2012; 2:341. PubMed ID: 22461972.
Giuntini S, Beernink PT, Reason DC, and Granoff DM. Monoclonal antibodies to meningococcal factor H binding protein with overlapping epitopes and discordant functional activity. PLoS One, 2012; 7:e34272. PubMed ID: 22461909.
Vu DM, Shaughnessy J, Lewis LA, Ram S, Rice PA, and Granoff DM. Enhanced bacteremia in human factor H transgenic rats infected by Neisseria meningitidis. Infection and Immunity, 2012; 80:643-50. PubMed ID: 22104107.
Giuntini S, Reason DC, and Granoff DM. Combined roles of human IgG subclass, alternative complement pathway activation, and epitope density on bactericidal activity of antibodies to meningococcal factor H binding protein. Infection and Immunity, 2012; 80:187-94. PubMed ID: 22064712.
Granoff DM and Gilsdorf JR. Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus). In: Kliegman RM, Stanton B, St. Geme J, Schor N, and Behrman RE, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. p 929-935.
Revised: Tuesday, November 25, 2014 3:40 PM
© 2005 Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute


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Product Information
All Right Now by Free - Digital Sheet Music (Easy Piano)
At a Glance
All Right Now digital sheet music. Contains printable sheet music plus an interactive, downloadable digital sheet music file.
* This arrangement contains complete lyrics
* This product is available worldwide
Arrangement Details
The Arrangement Details Tab gives you detailed information about this particular arrangement of All Right Now - not necessarily the song.
Song Details
The Song Details Tab gives you detailed information about this song, All Right Now.
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Your #lovecapetown weekend: What's on from Wednesday 01 July to Sunday 05 July, 2015
Rob PetersWith a wealth of natural beauty, unrivalled mountain trails and sublime backdrops, it's not hard to understand why Mother City locals spend the majority of their time outdoors and on the go. The good news is that it's even better in winter with the cooler temperatures making it an awesome option for sport and fitness fanatics!
Make a difference on Mandela Day in Cape Town
Rob PetersMandela Day 2015 on July 18 marks what would-have been our beloved Tata Madiba's 97th birthday and it's the ideal opportunity to follow this great man's example by channelling your inner charitable spirit. Here are 10 ways you can get involved in the Mother City.
@lovecapetown twitter talksWe love hearing about Cape Town from those who are here, who have been here and want to be here. It is for this reason that we occasionally host a twitter chat and we want YOU to get involved! Here's how.
Theatre review: Mpinga MorningsMpinga Mornings is a one-person play told from the perspective of three Rhodesian-born (now Zimbabwe) characters – a farmer's wife, her daughter and their domestic worker. It spans the time from around the start of the Rhodesian Bush War to the land grabs and beyond and shows the different ways in which each character was affected by these events.
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Zombie Walk Cape Town strikes again!
This year, Zombie Walk Cape Town and The Night Life have joined forces once again to bring you Cape Town's biggest Zombie Walk yet. Here are some of the highlights of the day.
Your #lovecapetown Weekend: Things to do from Friday 03 to Sunday 05 Jan, 2014
Your last minute weekend plans, at your service. Here are some of my top picks of events and activities this weekend, geared towards everyone in the family.
The Festival of Lights marks the four-week countdown to WDC2014
What better way to kick off the holiday season than with the Festival of Lights to kick off the four-week countdown to WDC2014


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Pub. period:2002-2006
Pub. count:6
Number of co-authors:11
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:Lijun Hou:
Vlado Keselj's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:Dawn N. Jutla:15
Marc Hassenzahl explains the fascinating concept of User Experience and Experience Design. Commentaries by Don Norman, Eric Reiss, Mark Blythe, and Whitney Hess
User Experience and Experience Design !
Jordan, Chris, Healy, John and Keselj, Vlado (2006): Swordfish: an unsupervised Ngram based approach to morphological analysis. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 2006. pp. 657-658. Available online
Miao, Yingbo, Keselj, Vlado and Milios, Evangelos E. (2005): Document clustering using character N-grams: a comparative evaluation with term-based and word-based clustering. In: Herzog, Otthein, Schek, Hans-Jorg and Fuhr, Norbert (eds.) Proceedings of the 2005 ACM CIKM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management October 31 - November 5, 2005, Bremen, Germany. pp. 357-358. Available online
Keselj, Vlado and Jutla, Dawn N. (2005): QTIP: Multi-Agent NLP and Privacy Architecture for Information Retrieval in Usable Web Privacy Software. In: Skowron, Andrzej, Agrawal, Rakesh, Luck, Michael, Yamaguchi, Takahira, Morizet-Mahoudeaux, Pierre, Liu, Jiming and Zhong, Ning (eds.) 2005 IEEE / WIC / ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence WI 2005 19-22 September, 2005, Compiegne, France. pp. 718-724. Available online
Keselj, Vlado and Cercone, Nick (2004): PPDN - a Framework for Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Research Network. In: Yao, Jingtao, Raghavan, Vijay V. and Wang, G. Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web-based Support Systems September 20, 2004, Beijing, China. pp. 88-93. Available online
Satti, Asad, Cercone, Nick and Keselj, Vlado (2004): Experiments in Web Page Classification for Semantic Web. In: Yao, Jingtao, Raghavan, Vijay V. and Wang, G. Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web-based Support Systems September 20, 2004, Beijing, China. pp. 137-141. Available online
Cercone, Nick, Hou, Lijun, Keselj, Vlado, An, Aijun, Naruedomkul, Kanlaya and Hu, Xiaohua (2002): From Computational Intelligence to Web Intelligence. In IEEE Computer, 35 (11) pp. 72-76. Available online
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Statewide races could tip House contests
WASHINGTON Call it a ripple-down effect that could determine House control. The outcomes of marquee races always influence down-ballot contests on Election Day, and, this year, whether Democrats keep power or Republicans seize it could well hinge on which party prevails in several hotly contested races for governor and Senate.
With just over three weeks before Nov. 2, Republicans hope strong-running statewide campaigns in places like Pennsylvania, Nevada, Wisconsin and Ohio will help them triumph in on-the-bubble congressional races - and help them win the House. Democrats, meanwhile, look to top-of-the-ticket wins in places like Colorado, Maryland and California to save them from total disaster.
Both parties acknowledge that victories at the gubernatorial and Senate level could pull their candidates over the line in some of the 75 or so competitive House races on a playing field that, while still favoring the GOP, is growing even more volatile as Election Day nears.
Coattails also could influence statehouse races nationwide. And the party that controls the legislature controls the redrawing of congressional districts for the next decade. Democrats are in charge of 60 of 98 state House and Senate chambers; the GOP is confident of gains. Legislatures are controlled by a narrow majority in several states, including Nevada, Ohio, Texas and Pennsylvania - all states that have high-profile statewide races.
From coast to coast, Republicans have the upper hand in races and are likely to gain seats up and down the ballot given a troubling climate for Democrats. The GOP is looking to its strength among gubernatorial nominees, in particular, to help it pick up the 40 seats it needs to win power in the House. It's more likely than the Senate to change hands; the GOP would need to gain 10 seats there.
"In a midterm election where turnout could be a key factor in deciding which party holds a majority in Congress, enthusiasm for GOP candidates at the top of the ticket will benefit Republicans in battleground districts," said Rep. Pete Sessions of Texas, the chairman of the House Republicans' campaign committee.
But David Plouffe, a Democratic National Committee senior adviser, predicted that Democrats will do better than expected in key races. Said Plouffe: "If we continue to show progress gradually ... we're going to win some of these close elections. We're going to surprise people."
Republican and Democratic strategists say House control is up for grabs, with races growing more competitive as voters pay closer attention and Democrats rally behind their candidates. Both parties are shifting strategies daily; Republicans are broadening their footprint to more Democratic-held districts, while Democrats are narrowing their focus in hopes of hanging onto a slim majority.
In a midterm election, gubernatorial and Senate races boost turnout, and many people still vote a straight ticket for a party, not a person. That's true of both die-hard Democrats and Republicans who turn out in heavier numbers than unaffiliated voters in midterms and others who may be well-versed in the big races but know little about other contests.


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An evangelical Christian scientist has been named one of TIME's 100 most influential people in the world for her work with the environment and advocacy for action on climate change.
"I am honored to be included in the TIME 100 list," Dr. Katharine Hayhoe, scientific adviser to the Evangelical Environmental Network and director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech University, said after the announcement.
"Even more so, I am encouraged to see climate change emerging as an urgent concern. With 97 percent of climate scientists agreeing that climate change is happening due to the choices people make every day, I am a spokesperson with one principal goal – to bring public awareness to the simple truth that the scientific debate is over, and now it's time for all of us to take action. I'm grateful to TIME for bringing further visibility to my work and to everyone who is standing up to climate change around the world," she added. more >>
Earth Day takes place on Tuesday, April 22, 2014. Here are six ways to help save planet Earth.
1. Attend a local Earth Day event. Nicki Minaj attended the Christie's Green Auction: A Bid to Save the Earth benefit in 2011.
2. Contribute to nature. President George. W. Bush planted a tree in honor of Earth Day. more >>
A display of the Ten Commandments on private property may be in violation of the Highway Beautification Transportation Code of the Lone Star State.
In Sabine County, Texas, a pastor who placed a Ten Commandments sign on her property near a highway might have to remove the display or pay for a permit to maintain its present location.
Jeanette Golden, pastor at Word of Truth Family Church in Hemphill, was told by the Texas Department of Transportation that she would have to pay for a permit for the sign. more >>
"The Endangered Species Act is our Noah's Ark and Congress and special interests are trying to sink it!"
Cal DeWitt's angry words vaulted into the New York Times, triggering a conservative Christian countermovement that led to derailing a congressional bill to kill the Endangered Species Act (ESA) that had been signed into law by President Nixon two decades earlier.
In early 1996, DeWitt was a professor of environmental studies at the University of Wisconsin. As a boy growing up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, DeWitt had been steeped in the teachings of the Christian Reformed Church (CRC). He had also spent his childhood roaming his surrounding woods, fields, and wetlands. more >>
A Roman Catholic priest from Kenya is mobilizing churches and believers to tackle the growing slaughter of rhinos and elephants, arguing that humans are supposed to help protect, not destroy, animals and the environment.
"I'm raising awareness that conserving the environment and protecting the animals is also serving God. This is rooted in our doctrines, our scriptures, [our] social teachings," Fr. Dr. Charles Odira, who heads the Commission for Pastoral and Lay Apostolate at the Kenya Conference of Catholic Bishops, said in an interview with National Geographic.
"Therefore, we're supposed to be stewards, not destroyers. It is from this perspective we're making people understand and take this as divine obligation." more >>
Warning: Spoilers
"Noah" Director Darren Aronofsky has responded to accusations that the titular character was portrayed as an "environmental wacko" in his movie, by arguing that in the Bible, Noah saved animals, not babies, on the ark.
"It's in Genesis," Aronofsky said in an interview with CNN's Christiane Amanpour posted on Tuesday. "Noah is saving the animals; he's not out there saving innocent babies, he's saving the animals, he's saving creation." more >>


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Skumole Shack
this wiki
Skumole Shack
The Skumole Shack as seen in Grand Theft Auto:Vice City.
|Grand Theft Auto:Vice City
Grand Theft Auto:Vice City Stories
|House Style:
|Tommy Vercetti
|Unlocked After:
|Phnom Penh '86
While technically reachable only after unlocking mainland Vice City following "Phnom Penh '86", the Skumole Shack, like the Hyman Condo, is in fact available from "In the beginning..." onwards, and can be purchased early if the player manages to reach the mainland via cheats. The shack is located on the rooftop of a store in southeastern Downtown, which is strategically located opposite to the biker gang's Greasy Chopper bar towards the south, where the player may receive missions from Big Mitch Baker.
The small shack is simply a burnt out remnant of its former self with the interior presumably gutted by fire; the shack is also completely devoid of furniture, so without the most basic amenities it would not make for a good living space in the least. Given its size and condition, the Skumole Shack is very cheap, selling at only $1,000, making it the cheapest purchasable property in the game. The "skumole" name is a play on the phrase "scum hole".
In Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, a rampage is available inside the Skumole Shack.


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Find out how to make the most luxurious chocolate sauce using just two ingredients — and discover many ways to serve it.
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