text:
than land-line telephones in certain emerging markets. "If we don't embrace this technology, we could lose it," he said.
Dr. Good agreed. "That means the issue of government procurement becomes very big." She asked Gary Krause of the Michigan Economic Development Corp. for his opinion.
Mr. Krause first commented on the presentation by Eric Shreffler of the MEDC, which made it seem that the whole process was "so orderly and methodical." From the inside, he said, "the exercise was a lot more exciting and a lot more breathtaking at times, with outcomes not necessarily predetermined."
He said he was pleased to hear there was general agreement that the task of policy is not finished. "The easy part is incentivizing companies to get involved in the industry," he said. "The more difficult aspect of this is that, now that the dog has chased and nearly caught the car, what do we do next? That is something that we as a state are really very concerned about." Michigan has "literally bet the farm on this particular aspect of a broader policy for industrial diversification," Mr. Krause said. There is $6 billion in state, federal, and private investment on the table, Mr. Krause pointed out. "That is a lot. So the issue of completing this task from a policy standpoint really is key." The MEDC "will be doing everything in our power to protect, enhance, and leverage those considerable investments that have already been made," he said.
In terms of market drivers, Mr. Krause said he "was a bit disappointed." The National Academies should address "why it is so difficult for federal agencies, which have their hands on certain levers, to incent this industry," he said. "Why is it so difficult to get better cooperation in terms of military applications, the postal service, and even general governmental use of vehicles?" He said response has been "tepid, and we really need to concentrate on that a little more."
Another major issue is acceptability of electric vehicles, Mr. Krause said. "I was encouraged that the discussion got beyond passenger cars," he said. "The real payoff comes when one gets into those larger trucks, the off-road vehicles, and the construction and agriculture applications.
Mr. Krause said Mr. Sperling's presentation on the cultural shift in attitudes toward electric vehicles was interesting. "What is needed here is a very educational process," he said. "This thing is seemingly being pushed from a government and industry standpoint. And all of the discussions seem to go around why we can't do this rather than why we can do this." There are "real advantages" to electrifying transportation, he noted. "That excitement just doesn't seem to be coming through. I would suggest that the educational effort be very different and not have a heavy fingerprint of government on it. It really needs to be about why there is an advantage to electrifying vehicles." Mr. Krause said if the push is from the federal government perspective, "the very shrillness of the atmosphere those kinds of discussions take place in will discredit the process."
Dr. Sastry of the University of Michigan said she "couldn't agree more" with Mr. Krause's point that "this cannot be a top-down, force-fed kind of


text:
Budō, the "Martial Way", is a philosophy of life in which one seeks a unity of mind and technique. Budō has been developed and refined into a discipline of training which promotes etiquette, skillful technique, physical strength, and the unity of mind and body.
We express our Budō through the study of;
Aikido, Iaijustu,
Judo, Naginata, Kyudo, and Kendo.
:: Carl Long Sensei will be returning to our Dojo to lead next
Muso Jikiden Eishin-Ryu Iai Heiho seminar,
March 6th, 7th, and 8th, 2015!
Register, Come and Join us on our mat!
:: Seminar Schedule ::
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- Published: Layton, Utah : Gibbs Smith, c2012.
- Year Published: 2012
- Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : col. ill. ; 18 cm.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
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- 9781423624776
- 1423624777
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Alice in Wonderland : a colors primer
by Adams, Jennifer, 1970-
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Call number: Board Book
Available Copies: Downtown Youth, Pittsfield Youth, Traverwood Youth, West Youth
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On board pages.
The many peculiar characters in Carroll's novel, such as the red Queen of Hearts and the time-conscious white rabbit, lend themselves to a child's introduction to colors.
Contents: Alice's adventures in Wonderland.
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|4 posts found
I love DDO and have playing it on and off for years. Meanwhile, I just became aware of Neverwinter. I already signed up for the 3rd beta weekend using a MMORPG key. Is Neverwinter a continuation/upgrade of DDO (kind of like EQ1/EQ2) or something completely different? Will my prior time in DDO be helpful? How faithful to the D&D rulesets is the game?
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Hard Core Member
Joined: 10/08/12
In a nutshell, the game is similar, but unlike DDO you also have outworld quests to progress through the levels, you don't solely level out of completing dungeon objectives. NWO is based in fourth edition and won't be as close to the Pen and Paper rules as DDO is. You will see big damage numbers, and stats like attack speed or critical rating.
NWO ships with the Foundry, a tool that allows anyone to create dungeons and publish them for everyone to play and rate. This is the true key feature of NWO, that the most optimistic of us hope that will provide endless amounts of fun.
My opinion is my own. I respect all other opinions and views equally, but keep in mind that my opinion will always be the best for me. That's why it's my opinion.
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Joined: 7/25/03
We are recruiting.
I'm looking forward to tooling around with the foundry this weekend (assuming it'll be available.) I'm still rather miffed this is an MMOG and that as such there will be no player-made mods/assets that made the earlier NWN games so great with communities that are still around today. But I hope at least the foundry is strong enough to allow the community to make some really interesting adventures. From what I have seen it seems exceptionally limited (one location per adventure, all dungeons). Time will tell.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/11/13
Lol NW is nothing like DDO. I played DDO so much. The dungeon design is THE best on the market. But NW is like a 3d Diablo . Not to be compared. If you want something close to D&D rules like DDO dont play NW. Only play it for the lore/setting.
DDO is much much deeper with character customization, they stay closer to the rules. NW Character customization is shallow and more like console hack and slash.
And the biggest difference: The dungeons. The tons of puzzles, narrator while questing, variety of traps and secrets in DDO, dont expect too much of it in NW.
The only thing I like about NW? The combat. You are always active and less clunky than DDO.
If you expect a DDO 2. I can tell you it isnt. But it might be worth your time if you really like the story/lore of Neverwinter. If you play for gameplay, not so much.
Also there is a foundry with user generated content. This COULD save the game, but because of the NDA there isnt much info about it. You can play the foundry quests this weekend. Im gonna try the foundry and hope it can succeed where the developers fail. Creating a non generic, fun and well designed dungeon.


text:
An interdigital (Wider—e) linear accelerator employing drift tubes, and associated support stems that couple to both the longitudinal and support stem electromagnetic fields of the linac, creating rf quadrupole fields along the axis of the linac to provide transverse focusing for the particle beam. Each drift tube comprises two separate electrodes operating at different electrical potentials as determined by cavity rf fields. Each electrode supports two fingers, pointing towards the opposite end of the drift tube, forming a four-finger geometry that produces an rf quadrupole field distribution along its axis. The fundamental periodicity of the structure is equal to one half of the particle wavelength βλ, where β is the particle velocity in units of the velocity of light and λ is the free space wavelength of the rf. Particles are accelerated in the gaps between drift tubes. The particle beam is focused in regions inside the drift tubes.
1. An electrode and support configuration, which when deployed as a drift tube in an interdigital linear accelerator, extracts energy from interdigital linear accelerator rf fields and creates an rf quadrupole field inside said electrode configuration that can focus and defocus a charged particle beam, wherein said support configuration couples to both a stem component of the interdigital linear accelerator rf fields and a longitudinal component of the interdigital linear accelerator rf fields.
2. The invention of
at least two electrodes from said electrode configuration creating the rf quadrupole field inside said drift tube.
3. The invention of
4. The invention of
5. The invention of
a major electrode; and
a minor electrode.
6. The invention of
a major support stem from said stem component supporting said major electrode; and
a minor support stem from said stem component supporting said minor electrode.
7. The invention of
8. The invention of
9. The invention of
10. The invention of
11. The invention of
12. The invention of
an rf resonance cavity; and
a plurality of drift tubes positioned in an interdigital array within said rf resonance cavity, each of said drift tubes comprising a specific rf quadrupole field, each of said drift tubes supported by the support configuration coupled to both the stem component and the longitudinal component of said interdigital linear accelerator rf fields.
13. The invention of of
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at least one radio frequency focused interdigital (RFI) linac, said RFI linac comprising an rf resonance cavity and a plurality of drift tubes positioned in an interdigital array within said rf resonance cavity, each of said drift tubes supported by a support configuration coupled to both a stem component and a longitudinal component of said interdigital linear accelerator rf fields, and each of said drift tubes comprising an rf quadrupole field; and, CCL, RFQ, RFD, and superconducting linacs, wherein each of said RFI and other linacs operates at a frequency=If, where I is an integer and f is a selected frequency, and further comprising a control for the relative phase of the accelerating fields of each of said RFI and other linacs.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/136,905, entitled "Radio Frequency Focused Interdigital Linear Accelerator," filed on May 2, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,893, and claims the benefit of the filing date thereof. The entire specification of the parent application is incorporated herein by reference.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/467,478, entitled "Radio Frequency Focused Stacked Cell Interdigital Linear Accelerator," filed on May 2, 2003, and claims the benefit of the filing date thereof. The entire specification of the provisional application is incorporated herein by reference.
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of SBIR Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER83835 awarded by the Department of Energy.
1. Field
The present invention relates to an apparatus for acceleration of a beam of charged particles along a linear trajectory in a linear accelerator (linac). More particularly, the present invention is related to an Interdigital (or Wider—e) linac consisting of a linear array of electrodes, or drift tubes, that can be excited with radio frequency (rf) power to produce electric fields in the gaps between the electrodes that alternate in direction from adjacent gaps in a manner suitable for acceleration of protons, deuterons, and heavier ions.
2. Background
Particle accelerators are machines built for the purpose of accelerating electrically charged particles to kinetic energies sufficiently high to produce certain desired nuclear reactions, ionization phenomenon, and/or materials modification processes. Typically, charged particles from an ion source are collimated into a "beam" and injected into accelerating structures, where they follow certain trajectories under the influence of bending, steering, focusing and accelerating fields until they have reached the required energy. At this point, the beam is typically extracted from the accelerator system and directed onto a "target", where the desired reactions occur. The by-products of these reactions can be used for scientific, medical, industrial and military applications.
Linear accelerators (linacs) represent one of the main technologies for the acceleration of charged particles (atomic ions) from their sources (ion sources) to the desired particle energy, or to particle energies where other types of accelerators, such as synchrotrons (circular accelerators), are preferred. For protons, this often encompasses the energy range from 30 kilo-electron-volts (keV) to hundreds of million-electron-volts (MeV), or a velocity range from about 0.008 to about 0.8 times the velocity of light.
Linacs generally involve evacuated, metallic cavities or transmission lines, filled with radio-frequency electromagnetic energy waves that result in strong alternating electric fields that can accelerate charged particles. Linac art is categorized by the properties of the rf waves, yielding two types of linacs, namely standing wave linacs and traveling wave linacs.
Alternatively, linacs may be classified according to the particle velocities that they accommodate. Generally speaking, standing wave linacs are used for particle velocities less than half the velocity of light (low beta linacs). Both standing wave and traveling wave linacs are used for higher velocities (high beta linacs). At velocities close to that of the velocity of light, traveling wave linacs predominate.
Common standing wave linac structures include the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac structure, which has become common in the lowest-velocity end of linacs, the interdigital, or Wider—e linac, which is sometimes used for acceleration of low-energy heavy ions, the drift tube linac (DTL) structure, commonly used for middle-velocity linacs, and the coupled cavity linac (CCL) structure, typical of high-velocity standing wave linacs.
Linacs accelerate charged particles along nominally straight trajectories by means of alternating electric fields in gaps between linear arrays of electrodes located inside evacuated cavities. The alternating electric fields in these evacuated metallic cavities or transmission lines result from the excitation of electromagnetic cavity modes with radio frequency electromagnetic energy. The electrode spacing is arranged such that particles arrive at each gap between electrodes in an appropriate phase of the electric field to result in acceleration at each gap.
The capabilities of conventional linacs for accelerating high beam currents at low energies are severely limited by the available strengths of the conventional magnetic focusing elements, used to keep the beam diameters small enough to enable efficient interactions with the rf electric accelerating fields. In the development of linac technology, there have been numerous attempts to utilize electric fields for the focusing forces, which, unlike magnetic fields, are independent of particle velocity and promise superior performance at lower particle velocities. Both static electric quadrupole fields and time-dependent (rf) electric quadrupole fields have been considered for this role.
In the early 1970's the revolutionary idea of "spatially uniform strong focusing" was introduced, which offers the capability of simultaneously focusing, bunching and accelerating intense beams of charged particles with rf electric fields in one compact structure. This subsequently became known as the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac structure. RFQ linacs represent the best transformation between the continuous beams that come from ion sources and the bunched beams required by most linear accelerators. Their forces, being electric, are independent of particle velocity, allowing them to focus and bunch beams at much lower energies than possible for their magnetically focused counterparts. Their capture efficiency can approach 100% with minimal emittance growth. RFQ linacs have made a major impact on the design and performance of proton, deuteron, light-ion, and heavy-ion accelerator facilities. They have set new performance standards for accelerators and in so doing have earned a role in most future proton and other ion accelerators.
However, RFQ linacs are not without limitations. In all RFQ linac structures, the acceleration rate is inversely proportional to the particle velocity. Therefore, at some point in the process of particle acceleration, the acceleration rate drops to the point where some change in the acceleration process is desired. Unfortunately, in the conventional RFQ structure, there are no changes that can be made to the basic structure to rectify the inherent deterioration of the acceleration rate that occurs with higher velocities. As a result, for all but the lowest energy applications, an RFQ linac must be followed by a different accelerating structure, such as a magnetically focused drift tube linac (DTL), which offers higher acceleration rates in the energy range just beyond the practical limits of the RFQ structure up to velocities as high as half the speed of light. However, the magnetic focusing at the low-energy end is generally weaker than the electric focusing utilized in the RFQ structure. Consequently, matching the beam from an electrically focused RFQ linac into a magnetically focused DTL linac—often requiring several additional focusing and bunching elements as well as beam diagnostics equipment to manage the transition—tends to be too complex and expensive for most commercial applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,141, entitled "Four-Fingers RFQ Linac Structure", to Swenson, also the inventor of the subject technology herein, introduced an improved RFQ linac structure to extend the useful energy range of the conventional RFQ linac structure. The invention introduced a new degree of freedom into the system by configuring the structure as individual, four-finger-loaded acceleration/focusing cells, the orientation of which would be chosen to optimize performance. This new degree of freedom made the acceleration periodicity independent of the focusing periodicity, thus allowing the operating frequency to be raised as needed to enhance the acceleration rate without jeopardizing the required focusing action.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,659, entitled "Radio Frequency Focused Drift Tube Linear Accelerator", also to Swenson, introduced a new linac structure that combined the superior focal properties of the RFQ with the superior acceleration properties of the DTL linac. This structure provided strong rf focusing and efficient rf acceleration for particles at velocities beyond that which is practical for the RFQ structure. It provided a way to incorporate rf focusing into the drift tubes of a drift tube linear accelerator excited in the TM010 rf cavity mode. This rf focused drift tube (RFD) linac structure offered the advantages of lowering the maximum energy of the RFQ to the range where it was more efficient, and extending the energy range of the combination far beyond the capabilities of the RFQ linac. The RFD linac structure, combined with a short RFQ section, offered efficient acceleration of light-ions, such as protons and deuterons, to output energies from a few MeV to 100 MeV, at radio frequencies of 200 MHz and above.
Most heavy-ion linacs, however, operate in the frequency range of 20–50 MHz. In this frequency range, DTL structures, including the RFD linac structure, become very large in diameter; for example 10 meters in diameter for a frequency of 20 MHz. For this reason, most heavy-ion linacs begin with some form of interdigital linac structure, which is modest in size—less than 1 meter in diameter—at those frequencies. As used herein, "heavy ion" refers to all ions that are heavier than the lightest ion, namely the proton. Examples of heavy ions include deuterons and ions of boron, lithium, carbon, etc. as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
It would be desirable for a linac structure to extend the remarkable rf electric quadrupole focusing properties of the RFQ linac to some form of interdigital linac, suitable for use at the lower frequencies typically used for heavy-ion acceleration.
The present invention for an rf focused interdigital linac, or "RFI linac", provides a way to incorporate rf focusing into the drift tubes of an interdigital linear accelerator excited in a TE110-like rf cavity mode. The resulting structures are more compact and energy efficient than structures based on the TM010 rf cavity mode. The RFI linac extends the performance of the RFQ, or other, linac structures by accelerating the small diameter, tightly bunched beams that come from RFQ, or other, linacs to higher energies.
The terms TM010, TM010-like, TE110, and TE110-like describe rf electric and magnetic field configurations in cylindrical cavities and are well known and understood by those skilled in the art. The terms TM010 and TE110 are well defined for empty cylindrical cavities, where the TM010 mode is the lowest frequency rf cavity mode having a transverse magnetic field, and the TE110 mode is the lowest frequency rf cavity mode having a transverse electric field. The introduction of additional structure within these cylindrical cavities—in this case, the drift tubes and their supports, which are essential to the acceleration process—perturbs the pure cylindrical cavity modes, resulting in what those skilled in the art refer to as TM010-like and TE110-like rf cavity modes.
The present invention linac is an electrode and support configuration deployed as a drift tube in an interdigital linac. The drift tube extracts energy from the interdigital linac rf fields and creates an rf quadrupole field inside the electrode configuration. The rf quadrupole field focuses and defocuses a charged particle beam traveling through the linac. The resulting linac is an rf focused interdigital (RFI) linac. More than one RFI linac can be combined to form a multiple-tank RFI linac, which in turn can be combined with other types of linacs such as DTL, CCL, RFQ, or RFD linacs, to accomplish a particular result.
The present invention is further a method of focusing a charged particle beam in an interdigital linac, where rf quadrupole fields are used to focus the beam. A charged particle beam is fired into an interdigital linac, and electrode and support configurations extract energy from the interdigital linac rf fields creating rf quadrupole fields. The rf quadrupole fields focus the beam in a first plane and defocus the beam in a second plane. In order to realize a net focusing in both transverse planes, it is necessary to alternate the orientation of the four-finger geometries in the RFI drift tubes so as to produce a periodic succession of focusing and defocusing actions in each plane, which under proper conditions will result in net focusing of the particle beam in each transverse plane. The focusing periodicity will be an integer multiple of the particle wavelength.
A primary object of the RFI linac is to combine the interdigital, or Wider—e, linear accelerator, used for many low-frequency, heavy-ion applications, with rf focusing, similar to that employed in the RFD linac structure, incorporated into each drift tube.
Another primary object of the RFI linac is to provide compact, efficient, commercially-viable linear particle accelerators to accelerate protons, light ions, and heavier ions in the velocity range from about 0.05 to 0.50 times the velocity of light.
Yet another primary object of the RFI linac is to combine the strong rf focusing of the RFQ linac with the efficient acceleration of the interdigital linac such that ion energies in the range from 1 MeV to 150 MeV can be achieved at a relatively low cost.
A primary advantage of the RFI linac is the efficient acceleration and rf quadrupole focusing achieved for charged particles traveling at velocities beyond that normally considered practical for conventional RFQ linacs.
Another advantage of the RFI linac is that in many applications, the RFI linac will result in smaller and more efficient linac structures than either the RFQ or RFD linac structure.
Still another advantage of the RFI linac is that it is particularly useful for smaller, commercially-viable ion linac systems.
Still yet another advantage of the RFI linac is that its size, cost, efficiency, and performance are ideal for a number of scientific, medical, industrial, and defense applications.
Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the RFI linac will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the RFI linac and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating an embodiment of the RFI linac and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings:
The RFI linac comprises a configuration of electrodes, resembling an interdigital, or Wider—e, linac offering efficient acceleration and rf quadrupole focusing for charged particles traveling at velocities beyond that normally considered practical for conventional RFQ linacs. The RFI linac is an rf focused linac structure, based on the interdigital linac structure, which operates in the TE110-like rf cavity mode. Due to differences in the rf field configurations, the scheme for incorporating rf focusing into the interdigital linac structure is quite different from that adopted for the RFD linac structure, based on the conventional drift tube, or Alvarez, linac structure, which operates in the TM010-like rf cavity mode.
The drift tubes of the interdigital linac structure alternate in potential along the axis of the linac. Consequently, the electric field between the drift tubes alternate in direction along the axis of the linac. The longitudinal dimensions of the structure are such that the particles travel from the center of one gap to the center of the next gap in one-half of an rf cycle. Hence, particles that are accelerated in one gap will be accelerated in the next gap because, by the time the particles arrive in the next gap, the fields have changed from decelerating fields to accelerating fields.
It will be understood that the embodiment of the RFI linac described herein has application to a variety of configurations of interdigital linacs having a wide range of physical parameters. The two-part drift tubes and corresponding support stems can be configured for a variety of interdigital linacs to add rf focusing to the structure.
Referring to
Linac structures 8 and 10 are evacuated by vacuum pumps of the linac vacuum system 16. Ion source 4, beam transport systems 6 and 12, and particle beam utilization area 14 also have vacuum pumping systems (not shown). Linac structures 8 and 10 are powered by linac rf power systems 18 and 20.
Water cooling channels are machined directly into the wall of linac tank 22. Opposing ends of linac tank 22 are terminated at a particular length with re-entrant end plates (not shown) to accommodate the reversal of the longitudinal magnetic field component. Vacuum seals between tank 22 and the end plates can be provided by elastomer o-rings, while the rf electrical connections can be provided by a custom flexed fin of copper-plated aluminum, machined directly into the end plates. Linac tank 22 is preferably heat treated for improved structural stability. Both tank 22 and the end plates are preferably copper-plated on the inner surfaces and painted on the outer surfaces. The copper-plated inner surface of tank 22 is a good electrical conductor and forms a resonant cavity that can be filled with electromagnetic energy. Radio frequency energy is coupled into tank 22 to excite the TE, lo rf cavity mode.
Seven drift tubes 28 and corresponding stem support configurations 32 and 34 are shown in
Referring to
Referring to
Drift tube electrodes 36 and 38 and their support stems 32 and 34 are either fabricated of copper or are copper plated to provide high electrical conductivity to reduce the electrical heating associated with the rf electromagnetic fields within the RFI linac 10. Drift tubes 28 and support stems 32 and 34 are cooled by a liquid coolant that is introduced through the outer extremities of the support stems and circulated through the stems to remove the heat dissipated on the drift tubes 28 and stems 32 and 34 by the rf electromagnetic fields.
Each electrode, 36 and 38, supports two fingers pointing inward towards the opposite electrode of the drift tube 28, forming a four fingered geometry that produces an rf quadrupole field distribution along the drift tube axis for focusing the charged particle beam.
Referring to
Although one design for the drift tubes of the RFI linac structure 10 is presented in
The RFI linac 10 operates on longitudinally bunched particle beams.
Two fingers 40 and 40′ of major electrode 36 of drift tube 28 can be seen in the cross-sectional view of
The longitudinal distribution of the acceleration, focusing, and drifting actions are quite different between the RFI and RFD linac structures. When the accelerated particles are half-way between the accelerating actions of the RFD linac structure, i.e. within the drift tube, the electric fields are near maximum strength in the opposite direction and are suitable for focusing the beam. In the RFI linac structure, when the accelerated particles are two-thirds of the way between the centers of the gaps, the electric fields are passing through zero strength as they change sign and are not suitable for focusing the beam. To accommodate this, the rf focusing action is pushed forward ("upstream") in the RFI linac to lie as close to the accelerating gap 44 as possible, leaving the latter portion of the drift tube as a drift space, with no focusing or accelerating action. This results in asymmetrical drift tubes, each having a minor electrode 38 upstream followed by a major electrode 36 downstream.
Referring to
The directions, shown for the fields inside drift tubes 28, pertain only to the field components in the plane of the figure. The field components normal to the figure are in the opposite direction relative to the axis of the RFI linac structure 10. The transverse fields vanish on the axis in both transverse planes. By convention, electric fields point from positive charges to negative charges, representing the direction of the force they would exhibit on "positive" beam particles. For the descriptions herein, the beam is assumed to be positive. The same RFI linac structure 10 accommodates acceleration and focusing of "negative" beam particles by simply shifting the phase of all fields by one half cycle.
At the acceleration phase, electrical currents flow towards the drift tubes 28, 28″, and 28″″ supported from one side of the structure, resulting in a net positive charge on these drift tubes, and away from the drift tubes 28′ and 28′″ supported from the opposing side of the structure, resulting in a net negative charge on these drift tubes. These net electrical charges result in electric fields in the gaps 44 between the drift tubes pointing from the positive drift tubes to the negative drift tubes.
Shown also in
At the acceleration phase, the electric fields in gaps 44 are in the proper direction for acceleration of the beam and are approaching maximum magnitude. Typically the acceleration phase is designed to be 30¯ in advance of the peak magnitude (see
The beam bunches arrive at the centers of the rf quadrupole focusing region within drift tubes 28 one-sixth of an rf cycle later (
Referring to
Particles, within the beam bunches, traveling along the axis experience no focusing force, as the transverse fields vanish on the axis. Off-axis particles in the plane of the figure in the second and fourth drift tubes (28′ and 28′″) of
Sixty degrees later, the beam bunches will be in the next acceleration gaps, corresponding to the second and fourth gaps of
Major electrode 36 and minor electrode 38 operate at different electrical potentials as determined by the rf fields in the cavity of RFI linac 10. These fields have the property of focusing the beam in one transverse plane while defocusing the beam in the orthogonal transverse plane.
In order to realize a net focusing action in both transverse planes, it is necessary to alternate the orientation of the quadrupole focusing elements (the four-finger geometries) (see e.g.,
Longitudinal dimensions of linacs are normally described in terms of the distance that the particles travel during one period of the radio frequency, or the "particle wavelength". Particle wavelength is often written symbolically as βλ, where β is the particle velocity in units of the velocity of light, and λ is the free space wavelength of the radio frequency. The fundamental periodicity of the RFI linac structure is equal to βλ/2 (one-half of the particle wavelength). The particles traverse two distinct regions, namely the gaps between drift tubes 28, where acceleration occurs, and the regions inside drift tubes 28, where rf focusing occurs.
In this alternating configuration of focusing and defocusing actions, the length of the focal period corresponds to two periods of the drift tube spacing. It is useful to define the quantity N to be the ratio of this length to the particle wavelength, βλ. As the preferred drift tube spacing is one half of the particle wavelength, the preferred value of N is 1. Thus for this configuration, the fundamental periodicity of the focusing dynamics (the distance between similar orientations of the four-finger geometries) is equal to the particle wavelength, while the fundamental periodicity of the acceleration dynamics (the distance between acceleration gaps) is equal to one-half of the particle wavelength.
For some applications, there are mechanical and/or beam dynamical reasons to consider drift tube spacings of more than one-half of the particle wavelength and/or focal periods of more than twice the drift tube spacing. Alternate configurations of the RFI linac structure include those with drift tube spacings equal to larger odd integer multiples of one-half of the particle wavelength and/or focal periods corresponding to larger even integer multiples of the drift tube spacing.
For example, the RFI linac 10 also includes embodiments where the focusing periodicity is an integer multiple, greater than unity (N>1), of the particle wavelength to enhance the effective focusing strength, which has been shown to be proportional to N2. This is a practical alternative for the lowest energy portions of RFI linacs, particularly where the particle wavelength is very short.
The RFI linac 10 also includes embodiments where the gap-to-gap distance is an odd integer multiple, greater than unity, of one-half of the particle wavelength, so as to imply longer drift tubes with more internal space for focusing elements. This is also a practical alternative for the lowest energy portions of RFI linacs, particularly where the particle wavelength is very short.
As shown in
The magnetic fields of the interdigital linac can be divided into two components, as shown in
The "offset" configuration, is shown in
To facilitate the fabrication of the RFI linac 10 under this radial stem approach, a "stacked cell" approach, shown in
The equivalent electrical circuit for the basic cell of this structure, extending from the center of one drift tube support stem 30 to the center of the next drift tube support stem 30′, is shown in
The effective capacitance, Ce, of the circuit of
The equivalent circuit for the conventional interdigital linac is very similar to that shown in
In any case, the general differential equation describing the particle motion is:
For A=0, the equation has a range of stability from B=0 to B=17.92, where:
In terms of the lens aperture and voltage, the focusing parameter, B, for the RFQ linac structure is given by the unitless quantity:
The focusing parameter, B, for the RFI linac structure is approximately half of that for an RFQ structure of the same frequency, vane-tip voltage and aperture. This is due to only a third of the space being dedicated to focusing at the rf phase where the focusing fields are near maximum. Hence, the focusing parameter for the RFI structure (with N=1) is:
For example, consider an 200 MHz RFI linac for proton acceleration with a radial aperture of 2 mm. This structure would require a total voltage on the focusing element of about 22 kV to produce a focusing parameter of about 6.6, which lies well within the stable region of the beam dynamics.
Excessive electric field strengths on metallic surfaces in vacuum lead to electrical breakdown. The limiting field strength, as determined by W. D. Kilpatrick in 1953, are frequency dependent and, in the units of MV/m, are approximately equal to the square root of the frequency in MHz. The Kilpatrick limit for 200 MHz is about 14 MV/m. Modem vacuum and surface cleaning techniques now make it acceptable to exceed Kilpatrick's limit by approximately a factor of 2. The maximum surface electric field on the fingers in this example is:
At an average axial electric field strength of 10 MV/m, the cell length for a 2-MeV proton would be about 24 mm long and the voltage across the acceleration gap would be about 240 kV. At a proton energy of 8 MeV, the cell length would be twice as long and the gap voltage would be twice as much, or 480 kV. For these two geometries, the focusing voltages are less than 10% of the gap voltages. Hence, only a small fraction of the linac excitation is used for focusing the beam, while a majority of the excitation is used for acceleration of the beam.
A brief overview of the operation of the RFI linac structure 10 will be given here. This overview is not intended as a rigorous theoretical description of the structure, but rather, as a simple intuitive description. As the acceleration dynamics are very similar to that of the conventional interdigital linac and the focusing dynamics are very similar to that of the conventional RFQ linac, the reader is referred to cited or equivalent references, for a more thorough and theoretical treatment of these dynamics.
The electric fields in the structure alternate in magnitude and direction, in a sinusoidal fashion, going through complete sinusoidal cycles at the resonant frequency of the structure, which in the preferred configuration is hundreds of millions of times per second. (See
As discussed above, the drift tubes become charged and discharged by rf electrical currents associated with the designated rf cavity mode, thereby establishing electric fields in the gaps between the drift tubes. The drift tubes have apertures allowing passage of a charged particle beam along the axis of the structure. The lengths of the drift tubes and gaps are such that the charged particle bunches travel from the center of one gap to the center of the next gap in exactly an odd integer multiple of half-periods of the rf power, where the preferred value is one-half of the rf period.
The phase of the rf field is adjusted, relative to the incoming bunches, so that the particle bunches arrive at the center of each gap at the proper phase for acceleration. This same adjustment insures that the fields will be near maximum strength and the same polarity when the bunches arrive at the focusing region inside the drift tubes. These fields are used for focusing and defocusing the particle beam bunches.
The electric field distribution of the rf quadrupoles created by the fingers of the drift tubes have the property that they focus the beam in one transverse plane while defocusing the beam in the orthogonal transverse plane.
In a preferred embodiment (N=1), the azimuthal orientation of the fingers in the drift tubes are offset by Ý90¯ from that of their neighboring drift tubes (see
The envelope of the beam is widest in the center of the focusing region and narrowest in the center of the defocusing region. As the focusing action in each drift tube represents a focusing region for one transverse plane and a defocusing action for the orthogonal transverse plane, the beam will be widest in one transverse direction and narrowest in the orthogonal direction. As the beam travels through the structure, its cross-section will alternate between an ellipse with its major axis in one transverse direction, through a circular cross section, to an ellipse with its minor axis in that same direction and then back again. On average, the beam cross section will be circular.
The preferred single-tank, single-frequency aspect of the present RFI linac allows the use of a self-excited rf power system that would eliminate much of the cost and complexity of conventional rf power systems. As it is easy to make an rf amplifier oscillate, some feedback mechanism between the rf power in the linac structure and the input to the power amplifier is sufficient.
If the RFI linac section is powered by a self-excited technique, the rf amplifiers for the RFQ linac (
The RFI linac structure has excellent properties with the changing geometry associated with the acceleration process. As the particle velocity increases, the cell length increases and the acceleration gap capacitance decreases. If the intra-electrode capacitance of the drift tube body (and the focusing fingers) is approximately constant, regardless of the drift tube length, the focusing voltage remains approximately constant while the acceleration voltage increases with particle velocity. This implies a constant beam diameter throughout the structure.
Because the transverse focusing in the RFI linac structure is electric and similar to that in conventional RFQ structures, the beams in the RFI will have the same small diameter as in conventional RFQ structures. Consequentially, matching the beam from an RFQ into the RFI linac is relatively simple. It is well established that the small diameter beams found in RFQ linacs preserve beam quality better than larger beams found in magnetically focused DTL linacs.
The RFI linac structure significantly impacts linac designs in at least two areas, improved beam quality and higher rf power efficiency. Electric focusing has long been recognized as the best method of focusing low-energy protons and heavy ions, and the melding of acceleration and electric focusing for these particles promises to be an important achievement in ion accelerators. This in turn can lead to advances in uses for such accelerators.
The RFI linac structure provides an important advance in ion accelerator technology, especially for heavy or radioactive ions. These ions are usually produced with fairly low charge-to-mass ratios and consequently are difficult to accelerate to velocities that allow them to be focused by magnetic fields. Electric focusing by means such as an Einzel lens is only marginally effective, allowing large emittance growth with concomitant beam loss in later stages of acceleration. The RFI structure, with its strong electric focusing, will be able to accept and control heavy ion beams at considerably lower energy than has heretofore been possible with low frequency, magnetically focused accelerators. This will allow the acceleration of smaller, low-emittance, more intense beams, making heavy ion accelerators more attractive for many uses.
Another advantage to ion accelerator technology is provided by the high ZT2 (discussed below) that has been found in preliminary three-dimensional rf field calculations. This effect seems to result from the concentration of electric fields in the accelerating gap to a greater extent than in other accelerator structures. Fields elsewhere in the RFI structure are very much lower, producing field energies and electric currents on conducting surfaces that are smaller than other structures. Consequently, ohmic losses are smaller for equivalent acceleration fields, and efficiency is higher. These calculations support the conclusion that it is possible to build ion accelerators operating at low frequencies that would be significantly more efficient than present-day designs, use significantly less rf power, and offer the possibility of continuous (cw) operation. In some cases, it might be more practical to use an RFI linac 10 at room temperature than to build a superconducting linac with its associated cryostats (thermal insulation) and refrigeration systems, and its requirement for electromagnetic focusing magnets external to the cryostats.
The capability to accelerate heavy ions in a more intense, lower emittance beam than is presently available will contribute to research capabilities. Many heavy ion or radioactive beam experiments are hampered by low count rates due to poor transmission of the beam accelerating structures. The RFI linac's superior ability to focus and accelerate these beams provides researchers greater flexibility and latitude in designing experiments, and results in enhanced precision and/or shorter counting times. Some experiments, not practical at the present juncture, might become attractive with improved beams. Similarly, some industries that use rf heavy ion accelerators might significantly increase productivity if the beams in use were better controlled and more intense. It is possible that, as in the case of researchers, some presently impractical industrial methods and technologies may become feasible with the improved beams of the RFI linac structure.
Specifically, the RFI linac may offer improved capabilities to capture and accelerate low energy radioactive isotopes in future Rare Isotope Acceleration (RIA) facilities, and may also find a role in a future Muon Accelerator. The RFI linac has capabilities to accommodate very low velocities (0.001 to 0.01 times the velocity of light) and very low charge-to-mass ratios ( 1/30 to 1/240). Preliminary calculations suggest that the structure has a very high efficiency (quality factor or Q). The RFI linac also has application in such areas as devices for isotope production and epithermal neutron beam production in the medical field, devices for ion implantation in the semiconductor industry, devices for neutron radiography of aircraft wings and jet engines and portable devices for land mine detection in military applications, and devices for luggage inspection and contraband detection in the security field.
The RFI linac structure (see
These calculations show that the optimum cell diameter increases with cell length. As the cell lengths increase to accommodate the acceleration process, the cell diameters must also increase. The varying cross-sectional dimensions of the linac result in a selected distribution of electromagnetic energy within the linac cavity.
The principal "figure of merit" for the acceleration efficiency of linac structures is the "effective shunt impedance", which is the product of the rf shunt impedance, Z, times the square of the transit time factor, T. Calculations indicate that the effective shunt impedance, ZT2, for the RFI linac structure is as much as ten times higher than the effective shunt impedance of the conventional drift tube linac structure. Referring to
An example of a small RFI linac of N=1 configuration is presented in Tables I and II. This compact proton linac, with a total of 32 cells and a diameter of 0.40 meters, accelerates a 3 millimeter diameter proton beam from 0.75 to 10 MeV in a length of only 2.22 meters. It operates at 200 MHz and has an average axial electric field of 5 million volts/meter. The estimated rf power required to excite the structure is 0.25 megawatt. The basic parameters for this "example" linac are presented in Table I. Table II lists some of the linac parameters as a function of cell number.
The beam dynamics performance of the RFI linac structure was investigated with the aid of TRACE3D, a linear beam dynamics computer program. The effect of the rf acceleration and focusing fields in the RFI linac structure on low intensity beams of charged particle beams passing through the structure were analyzed. Results of these studies are shown in
Referring to
At higher intensities, the repulsive electric forces between the charged particles of the beam have a defocusing effect on the beam, tending to reduce the net focusing action provided by the RFI acceleration and focusing fields. The beam current at which this effect jeopardizes the useful performance of the linac structure is referred to as the "space charge limit". The most restrictive space charge limit occurs at the very beginning of the linac where the beam energy is the lowest. The space charge limit of the RFI linac structure was investigated, using the TRACE-3D program, for all combinations of two operating frequencies (100 and 200 MHz) and three injection energies (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 MeV). In all of these cases, the space charge limits were in excess of 60 mA. At 200 MHz, the space charge limits were in excess of 100 mA. These calculations establish the capabilities of the RFI linac structure for acceleration of high intensity beams of protons, deuterons, and heavier ions.
Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the RFI linac will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.
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Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Abell Mattingly celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary on Aug. 17 at their home in Lebanon with their family.
Mrs. Mattingly is the former Lena Mae Craig.
The couple were married at Holy Name of Mary Church in Calvary on Aug. 15, 1948, by Father Smith. John Jr. Mattingly and Bert Mattingly Sr. were their attendants.
The couple have 10 children, Bernard, Thomas, Wayne, George, Donald, Steven, Fay, Leonard, Kay and Anita. They also have 20 grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren.
Michelle Gaines has joined Veanna's Hair and Tanning Salon located at 210 Nancy Cox Drive in Campbellsville.
Gaines specializes in modern color and cutting techniques.
Walk-ins are welcome.
Harla and Jerry Lines of Imperial, Neb. announce the engagement of their daughter, Jenna Lea Lines, to Scott Michael Walker, son of Gail and Robert Mastin of Springfield and John and Mary Walker of Flora, Ill.
Lines is a 2007 graduate of Campbellsville University, where she received a bachelor of arts in marketing and economics. She is employed at Edward Jones in Greensburg.
Walker is a 2005 graduate of Campbellsville University, where he received a bachelor of arts in music education. He is seeking a master's in educational technology.
Billy Price has been named the Taylor Regional Hospital Ambassador for summer 2008. Other nominees were Ann Edwards and June Hoskins.
Price was nominated by a team member. The following was written on his nomination form:
From conservation to technology, the Kentucky Historical Society is offering several grants to help preserve the state's history.
Community history grants are available to museums, historical organizations, educational institutions, city and county governments and other community groups for a variety of projects, ranging from educational programming and exhibitions to community festivals and local history publications.
Applications may be made in four different categories - project grants, conservation support, local history and technology.
David Eugene Arthur, no age given, of Harrodsburg, alcohol intoxication in a public place, $142.50.
Willie Cole Bland, 30, of Cainwood Road in Campbellsville, failure to produce insurance card, proof filed, dismissed.
Miles O. Spurling, 17, of Spurlington Road in Campbellsville, failure to wear seat belts, speeding, completed diversion, dismissed.
The Live in Lebanon free outdoor concert series continues in historic downtown Lebanon on Saturday with Patrick Henry Hughes of "Extreme Home Makeover Home Edition" fame.
Hear classical and popular instrumentals, blues, gospel and popular vocals from 8:30 p.m. to midnight in the outdoor plaza beside Big Jim's Steakhouse & Buffet at 212 W. Main St. There is no admission and the concert will be moved inside in case of inclement weather.
Elijah Jase Warren celebrated his first birthday on July 27 with family and friends. He is the son of Eric and Marsha Warren of Campbellsville. He also has a big brother, Ethan. Grandparents are John and Janet Deener and Greg and Sandra Warren. Great-grandparents are George and Pat Morris, Barbara Deener, Roy and Juanita Graham and Howard and Shirley Brewer.
Ronnie and Jonie Wilcoxson were honored with a baby shower on Aug. 2 at the home of Judy Dile. They are expecting a baby girl the first week of September. The shower was hosted by Dile, Vel Wyatt, Lois Wilcoxson and Jamie Rogers. About 35 attended.
A ribbon cutting on July 31 at Taylor County Elementary School dedicated the new access walkway leading to the school playground. This walkway was contributed in memory of the late Thomas Wayne Porter.
Superintendent Gary N. Seaborne welcomed everyone with an invocation. Guest speakers were Mitch Magness, physical therapist, and Carolyn Bennett, preschool teacher. Both Magness and Bennett worked with Thomas.
Copyright © 2015
The Central Kentucky News-Journal is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Campbellsville, KY and the surrounding area.


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Book Search
Development Theory
Four Critical Studies
The studies in this book, first published in 1979, offer an all-encompassing contemporary critique of the sociology, politics and economics of development as they are 'conventionally' taught and disseminated. They also seek to outline the beginnings of a new approach, while not sparing from...
Published April 7th 2015 by Routledge
Fundamentalism and Charismatic Movements
Series: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies
The term 'fundamentalism' carries a wide range of meanings, some of them pejorative. Here it is used to refer to what the French call 'integrism', meaning a religious code which encompasses and governs with its prescriptions the entire private and public life of individuals and the collectivity....
Published October 28th 2011 by Routledge


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We started our Penguin Unit today. Recently, we were blessed to have the opportunity to visit Ripley's Aquarium in Gatlinburg, TN while at the KYTN Conference minister's meetings. One of our favorite exhibits was the Penguins. So, I am working on a Penguin Unit for Hannah and Laura, who are crazy about anything God has created! Below you can watch one of our experiences with the penguins at Ripley's. They were sooo cute! In this video, my girls Hannah, Laura, and Emily had some fun with one … [Read more...]
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Steam weekend sale: Portal is free, many others discounted
1875d ago - In celebration of Steam for Mac's launch, Valve has slashed prices on various titles compatible w... | PC
DIYGamer: QuantZ Review
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2100d ago - While GameCritics didn't warm up to Quantz, the reason has more to do with a personality clash be... | 12
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2116d ago - Gamer Limit writes: "There are plenty of casual puzzle games jostling for your attention dur... | 12
Fall Damage: Level 2 - The Phat Loot Show
2121d ago - Mixmoff and Aevan are back with Level 2 of Fall Damage. Listen to hear how you can win a free cop... | 1,2,12,13,15
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2139d ago - GameFocus writes: "Regardless of your gaming level, we all fool around with casual games at... | 12
Quantz gives marble popping a much-needed booster shot (GAM review)
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2525d ago - The gameplay is simple yet addictive: you control a cube and drop marbles to create chain reactio... | 12
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Zombie blood is not red like that of living humans - it is black as the darkest night. Create or complete your costume with this handy bottle of water washable black Zombie blood spray and make Halloween a truly frightful affair.
…to create a zombie costume but why bother when you can get this Zombie School Girl kit. The classic school plaid on the gloves, tie and headband along with the white collar send all the right signals except they are tattered and splattered with blood because after all, you are a zombie on Halloween.
Feast on those little trick-or-treaters this Halloween as a morbidly obese cannibal in this Meateater Mask. This realistic latex mask covered in fake blood comes equipped with grotesquely misaligned, razor sharp teeth. Who wants salads, when you can dig your fangs into some fresh meat?
Gash up your face with no extra pain using this Fresh Scab Kit! Looking like a blood battered zombie has never been so easy when you use this thick, realistic, and easy to use blood red face paint set.
…end to the amount of costumes this flesh-colored latex paint will help with. Whether you are trying for a burn victim costume, a disfigured look, or just a different feel, this makeup works great as an effect or adhesive. For an easy costume, add an old, ripped-up flannel shirt and go as a zombie!
See-Thru Sindy is always trying to hide her feelings, but we can see right through her! This horrifying static prop features a blood-covered dress and a decomposing zombie head with red hair.
You'll be about six feet under the law on Halloween when you decide to wear this Zombie Sheriff Child Costume. The tan, blood spattered and tattered jumpsuit comes complete with a matching hat, holster, zombie gloves and mask.
Party for eternity in this killer cool Rocked Out Zombie tween costume. It's Goth meets rock with a short sleeved cropped jacket, black belt and matching leggings! Do the monster mash and the zombie walk and discover the dark side in this black and white blood-stained tunic.
Add some gruesome detail to your zombie or vampire costume when you wear the Blood Splatter Girl's Tights. These black, nylon and spandex tights feature red blood splatter spots.
Make sure all those who enter are prepared for what lies ahead when you warn them with this Zombie Hunter Sign. Blood spattered signage features "Warning: Zombie Hunters Only Beyond This Point"!
Make Up Tips Play with your food this Halloween, if you happen to be a vampire – with this realistic Blood Gel. The remnants of your last meal are dribbling down your chin with the help of this gory Halloween makeup, which is Non-toxic, safe, easy to use and peels off instantly! For a freaky…
Regular people decorate with pink flamingoes - when you are a zombie it just makes sense to decorate with a flock of Zombie flamingos! The scary-looking Zombie Flamingo decoration has blood-red eyes, an exposed skull and metal legs so you can perch it indoors or out.
Give your guests the chills this Halloween when you decorate using the Lurching Zombie. This grotesque decoration features a decomposed face, tattered and blood-spattered clothing and one shoe. With motion activation, this decoration will scare your visitors when they least expect it.
Write a message in blood or enhance a bloody costume with this spray can of Vampire black blood spray - spooky!
Equip yourself for Halloween with this authentic looking tube of fake blood. Call it the Vampire's Emergency Survival Kit or use it as part of your zombie nurse or mad scientist costume. One is good but more is better!
This spooky Zombie Skull Cinch Bag can hold all your zombie fighting weapons, all while doubling as a candy collecting bag. The bag features the faces of dead zombies and skulls with a blood splatter motif.
Search the forests sniffing out flesh and blood wearing this Ancient Zombie Mask. Leather looking skin peels back around the mouth, chest, and skull revealing grotesque blood and bone. You'll look completely crazed with blue ablaze eyes. They better run fast. They'll feel your gaze from miles away.
Create a killer backstory when you suit up in this Zombie Doctor child costume. Perhaps you were once a brain surgeon - you decide when you don these blood-spattered green scrubs, revealing gory body parts. This zombie costume come complete with gloves, surgical mask, scrub cap, and zombie mask.
Be prepared to knock them dead in this Zombie Hunter boys costume. The blood-spattered tan coat of this zombie hunter costume comes complete with a green T-Shirt and a matching hat so you are properly equipped for the rigors of serious zombie pursuit and capture.
Zombies are everywhere - maybe even in your neighborhood. Did the zombies get this hapless visitor or is it the zombies themselves scrawling a cry for help with the blood of their last victim? You decide, but post this sign with care...
No need for a hairdresser to score a bloody brilliant Halloween hairdo! This Blood Dip Blonde Womens Wig has all the right elements to give you a killer complimentary look for any monster or ghoul costume. This blonde bombshell is not afraid of a little blood!
Complete your murder victim or living dead costume with this drop dead gorgeous pair of black patent heels with an all-over blood spatter motif. Do the zombie walk in this fabulous pair of blood spattered pumps.
The dead will walk when you use this Zombie Girl's Makeup Kit to complete your dark and demented costume. No one will believe their eyes when you use this blood red, ghost white and dark black face makeup to craft a freaktastic face!
Perform your missions under the cover of darkness when you wear this Zombie Ninja boys costume. The gray, screaming skull print tabard, comes complete with a tattered light gray shirt with an attached hood, matching pants, a belt and a fabric face mask with attached vinyl blood covered Ninja star.


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I wanna make my USP a .357. Wheres the best place to get the barrel from?
I am not sure. Have ya checked over at HK pro?
No but thats a good idea.
Originally Posted by Mdnitedrftr
No but thats a good idea.
Yes it is! Those guys know everything. I bet ya you could find a Jarvis one. They seem to be the best aftermarket bbl out there for HK
After reading a bunch of posts I think you're right.
If you become a member at HKPro.com you will be able to purchase right from HK. They have been selling alot 40SW and 357sig barrels.
If you're still looking for one, I bought my factory .357 Sig barrel for my USP-c from Cal's Sporting Armory. Not sure how often they have them in stock, maybe I just got lucky...
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Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War
March 27, 2013 // 10:30am — 12:00pm
While there has been much research on the effect of valuable natural resource extraction on a state's domestic development (e.g., the "resource curse"), Wilson Center Fellow Jeff Colgan focuses on how natural resource extraction affects foreign policy. In 'Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War,' Colgan finds that "petrostates" – countries where revenue from oil exports exceeds 10 percent of GDP – are twice as likely to engage in inter-state conflict than non-petrostates.
Balancing Act on the Mekong: Building Linkages for Sustainable Dam Development
March 25, 2013 // 2:00pm — 3:30pm
The Mekong Region is a massive ecosystem that is the lifeline for more than 60 million people across six countries: China, Laos, Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. For the people in the Lower Mekong Basin, it provides more fish to more people than any other river in the world.
Environmental Film Festival: 'Vision: The PORTSfuture Projects'
March 22, 2013 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
The third film being hosted by the Wilson Center as part of this year's Environmental Film Festival is 'Vision: The PORTSfuture Projects,' on the decontamination and rehabilitation of one of the United States' first uranium enrichment facilities.
Environmental Film Festival: PHE in Tanzania & International Peace Parks
March 19, 2013 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
Environmental security and international development aren't typical movie-going fare, but at the 2013 DC Environmental Film Festival, ECSP premiered two short documentaries with unique environmental stories: ECSP's own 'Healthy People, Healthy Environment: Integrated Development in Tanzania' and 'Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives from the Central Albertine Rift Transfrontier Protected Area Network.'
The Social Dimensions of Resilience
March 18, 2013 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
"The scale and the impact of disasters today can be greater than anything we've previously experienced," said Laurie Mazur at the Wilson Center on March 18. "The proliferation of disasters has gotten a lot of people talking about resilience, about how we can lessen our risk and how we can recover more quickly from disasters of all kinds."
Building a Balanced, Sustainable Economy in North America and Around the World: A Conversation with Thomas Mulcair
March 13, 2013 // 10:00am — 11:00am
Please join the Wilson Center for a discussion with Thomas Mulcair, leader of Canada's New Democratic Party and Leader of the Official Opposition. Touching on issues including energy, trade, and foreign investment, Mr. Mulcair will present his vision for building a sustainable future for Canada's economy, while promoting the values Canada and the United States share on the world stage.
Postponed: Improving Health and the Environment Through Integrated System Approaches
March 06, 2013 // 12:00pm — 2:00pm
This event is postponed due to inclement weather. Today's health and environment issues are complex and interconnected. By embracing holistic viewpoints and finding commonalities in problem-solving, organizations like Health in Harmony (HIH) and Pathfinder's SCIP (Strengthening Communities through Integrated Programming) have successfully and sustainably tackled seemingly un-related health and environment issues in Indonesia and Mozambique. This panel will highlight examples of integrated system approaches in both programs and will share best practices for combining development projects in health and non-health technical areas.
Demographic & Environmental Dynamics Shape 'Global Trends 2030' Scenarios
February 26, 2013 // 10:00am — 12:00pm
The newest quadrennial report from the National Intelligence Council identifies the "game-changers, megatrends, and black swans" that may determine the trajectory of world affairs over the next 15 years, including population dynamics and natural resource scarcity.
Climate Change and Migration in Mexico: A Report Launch
February 15, 2013 // 9:00am — 10:30am
The conversation around immigration and Mexico has long been tied to the United States and the prevailing economic conditions in both countries. But a new report from the Royal United Services Institute argues that as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change over the course of the next century, climate too will increasingly become a driver of both internal and international migration in Mexico.
Demographic Timebomb? People Power and the Future of Israel as a Jewish State
February 14, 2013 // 9:00am — 10:00am
Demography will play an increasingly important role in determining the future of the state of Israel. Population size and structure, the changing demographic balance both between Israelis and Palestinians and among Israel's religious and secular communities, and the unique circumstances of Israel's Arab citizens will increasingly define this future. Join us for a discussion of these issues with one of Israel's leading demographers.


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|The Official Site - Q&A Forum
|Jack Russell Terrier Club of America
Forum Main Menu
Post Response (Restricted)
Re: missing toothPosted by: Heather Reid
Posted on: April 25, 2001 at 08:52:25
In Reply to: missing tooth
: My one year old is missing a tooth on the left side of her mouth. It has never been there. Both parents have all their teeth. Can this dog be registered.
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ive been working in biology for so many years
trying to combine a spider with a man
any other geniuses want to help me infuse an average human with the proportionate abilities of a spider?
id appreciate advice on how to create the costume, and how to obtain willing test subjects, all my previous test subjects had to be sedated before testing began.
so yeah, like a specific formula or somethign would be great, or failing that, becoming a test subject would help soo much you wouldnt believe
contact me as soon as you can and lets try and leave the police out of this
i WILL do it dont worry people!
friendly neighborhood
i WILL


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Originally written on Project Spurs | Last updated 9/24/12
This one is for the female San Antonio Spurs fans.
Spurs guard Patty Mills may be looking at getting more minutes on the court next season but before he hits the court and prove he can take on a larger role with the team, it would appear he might be gearing up for his job after basketball - male model.
Mills did a photo shoot with Australian photographer Rush, and decided go shirtless for the camera.
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Featured car - Mini Cooper vs Ford Fiesta EcoBoost
Mini Cooper vs Ford Fiesta EcoBoost
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July 5, 2015
Stay Connected Anywhere
Stay Connected Anywhere
TOPEKA, Kan. (WIBW) -- Firefighters returned to a home in East Topeka on Monday as smoke billowed over a nearby discount store on Monday.
They were called to the home, 2515 SE 6th Street, behind the Dollar General, shortly after 3:00 p.m. and managed to contain the flames to a shed.
Dollar General customers were blocked into the store's parking lot after firefighters hooked up the hose to a hydrant and dragged it across the entrance.
No one was home at the time of the fire. Investigators are still trying to determine how it started.
Firefighters said there were called to the home the day on an illegal burn.
Posted by: Nick Viviani
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text:
FDA Wants Consumers to Report Problems »
"A new consumer-friendly form ( is now available for making reports to MedWatch, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) on-line system for collecting information about serious problems with drugs, medical devices and other FDA-"...
There have been no reports of overdosage with Infasurf (calfactant) . While there are no known adverse effects of excess lung surfactant, overdosage would result in overloading the lungs with an isotonic solution. Ventilation should be supported until clearance of the liquid is accomplished.
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Cause an uproar on behalf of the world's endangered big cats with this sweet lion cub T-shirt in youth and toddler sizes.
National Geographic's net proceeds from the sale of Cause An Uproar merchandise go to the National Geographic Big Cats Initiative. This initiative is dedicated to halting the decline of big cats through on-the-ground conservation projects. Cause An Uproar to save big cats today. Find out more at causeanuproar.org.
Youth sizes: Imported. 50% cotton 50% polyester.
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Get a jump start on your holiday shopping when Company B, Baker High School's vocal jazz ensemble, holds its Annual Holiday Craft Fair from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Nov. 13 at the high school, 29 E. Oneida St. in Baldwinsville. The craft fair will feature exciting door prizes, a variety of homemade baked goods, handmade crafts and other items at more than 140 booths. Food will be available to purchase. Company B will perform three free concerts at 11 a.m., 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. Park and ride the shuttle bus right to the front door.
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"A list of those things I love. Or hate."
A way to group and rank your favorite topics on a particular theme or category in Communities on Lunch.< read all 2 reviews
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Dear Benjamin Banneker
- Occasion▼▲
- Grade Level▼▲
- Language▼▲
- Media Type▼▲
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Product Description
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Vendor: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Availability: Usually ships in 24-48 hours.
Publisher's Description
Throughout his life Banneker was troubled that all blacks were not free. And so, in 1791, he wrote to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who had signed the Declaration of Independence. Banneker attacked the institution of slavery and dared to call Jefferson a hypocrite for owning slaves. Jefferson responded. This is the story of Benjamin Banneker--his science, his politics, his morals, and his extraordinary correspondence with Thomas Jefferson. Illustrated in full-page scratchboard and oil paintings by Caldecott Honor artist Brian Pinkney.
Author Bio
Andrea Davis Pinkney is the New York Times best-selling author of several books for young readers, including the novel Bird in a Box, a Today Show Al Roker Book Club for Kids pick, and Hand in Hand: Ten Black Men Who Changed America, winner of the Coretta Scott King Author Award. Additional works include the Caldecott Honor and Coretta Scott King Honor book Duke Ellington, illustrated by her husband, Brian Pinkney; and Let It Shine: Stories of Black Women Freedom Fighters, a Coretta Scott King Honor book and winner of the Carter G. Woodson Award. Andrea Davis Pinkney lives in New York City.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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42 year old woman | Gonzales, CA, USA | Seeking men 37-49 within 50 miles
Active within 1 week
I work a lot of hours. Prefer someone to hang out with, friendship. If it turns into more, then great. Tired of going everywhere solo!
I work hard and I play hard. I run a daycare out of my home. I also bartend at night! I know, I know, I take care of kids during the day and adults at night! I'm often given compliments on my smile. I will be honest, my heart has been hurt a couple times, so it's hard to put myself out there. I need a change in my routine, that I'm so diligent to. I'm told I'm fun to hang out with. I like to ride bikes, I ride a motorcycle, I like to dance, I like to bowl and am up for new adventures. I love sushi, definately my favorite food. A Giant fan is a plus, lol, but it's ok if your not. Prefer a friend to hang with. If romance comes out of it, then great! I've never browsed a site like this, or joined one, so I'm a bit skeptical, but felt why not give it a try! I'm realizing life is short and all work and no play only makes you tired! Casually searching for someone to have fun with, no strings attached! Have a great day! :)
Dining out , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Wine tasting
Cycling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats
I have two cats, Vino and Feta, hence my user name! They are both 13 years old and I am very attached to them.
I enjoy Monterey, Aptos, Carmel, SF (locally). I LOOOOOOVE NYC, and would like to go back very soon!
Hartnell College, Salinas, CA
I like all types of music. However, I don't care for Reaggae or Mexican Music. A song here and there is okay, but not a night consumed of it!
I have very little free time, but hope that will change. I like to do just about anything, maybe not skydiving, I'm not THAT adventurous! Open to new ideas/adventures.
I wish I could sit down long enough to read a book. I may read a book a year.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'0" (152cms)
|5'5" (165cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|Other profession
Daycare Provider and Bartender at night :) It's okay to laugh!
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home
|Wants kids:
|Probably not
|Probably not, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
I don't know much about my heritage. My mother was Italian, Her parents were born in the USA and Italy, My father is Mexican/Spanish, His parents were born in Mexico and Spain.
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic, Spiritual but not religious
Baptised, First Holy Communion, Confirmation, but not a practicing Catholic
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college
I have an AA in Administration of Justice (Criminal Justice/Corrections)


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Location:NY, NY Department:Sales Posted:05-21-2015 Location Name:NA Wage:Depends on Experience About the Position The Account Development Representative (ADR) is a junior sales position that requires a smart, high energy sales person who has a burning desire to be successful.6/1/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Would you like to represent a rapidly growing and award winning product? Do you want to be part of a company where customers say things like ?I?m blown away how innovative this product is!? Headquartered in Clifton, NJ, ClassLink is a leading education technology company5/31/2015 Clifton, NJ Save This Job
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Senior Account Executives are responsible for selling ON24's webinar-based marketing solutions that drive demand generation and customer engagement. This is an excellent opportunity for an experienced, high-energy individual who enjoys a challenge and is committed to evolve5/28/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
More information about this job: About Everyday Health, Inc.: Everyday Health, Inc. (NYSE: EVDY) is a leading provider of digital health and wellness solutions. Everyday Health attracts a large and engaged audience of consumers and healthcare professionals to its premier health5/18/2015 Manhattan, NY Save This Job
Description DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW AdParlor, a division of Adknowledge, is the leader in handling large Social campaigns, offering a full-service managed solution as well as a self-serve solution. AdParlor is part of the inaugural class of partners to receive the Facebook Strategic5/9/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Senior Account Executives are responsible for selling the full spectrum of ON24?s solutions ? audio and video webcasting, virtual environments, and event portals. This is an excellent opportunity for an experienced, high-energy individual who enjoys a challenge and is committed4/28/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Team Description:Role Responsibilities:Requirements:6/21/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Engineering US - Northeast Apply Now Send Jobvite At Venafi, Senior Systems Engineers are the primary technical resource for the sales force. Senior Systems Engineers are responsible for actively driving and managing the technology evaluation stage of the sales process, working6/8/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
As a Zuora Enterprise Account Executive you will be focused on Enterprise business accounts within your assigned territory. You will have a proven track record of exceeding quota in technology sales and be a motivated and tenacious self-starter who is comfortable selling to C6/1/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Location: Princeton, NJ NIKSUN is the recognized worldwide leader in making the Unknown Known, by using next generation technology that revolutionizes the way networks and services are secured, protected and managed. The company develops and deploys a complete range of6/1/2015 Princeton, NJ Save This Job
Job Tracking ID: 512449-487639Job Location: New York, NY New York Metro AreaJob Level: AnyLevel of Education: AnyJob Type: Full-Time/RegularDate Updated: February 19, 2015Years of Experience: AnyStarting Date: ASAP Job Description: Position: Systems Engineer ?6/1/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Account Executive ? Vindico Vindico, a Viant Company, is looking for an Account Executive (AE) for our office in NYC. The Account Executive is responsible for increasing the Vindico usage footprint within key agencies. Establishing strong service-oriented relationships with6/1/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Please fill in the information below and use the navigational buttons to continue. Warning: Using your browser's Back and Forward buttons may produce undesirable results. Job Function Sell Sparta software, services, and training within assigned accounts or territory and to5/31/2015 Holmdel, NJ Save This Job
New York, NY Advertising Sales Job Description Complex media is the go to informational source for the millennial male consumer through videos, digital content, and events. Our hyper growth over the last several years has led us to create this new and important role in the5/24/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Sales Greater New York City, United States The role: Account Executive Healthcare Do you have a passion for Healthcare? Are you a highly successful software sales executive looking for your next big opportunity? As a Sales Executive for Healthcare at Ayasdi, you will be5/13/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Senior Client Executive?s primary responsibilities include generating new business and revenue for Synchronoss by selling into existing and/or named accounts with a focus on the leading North American Cable/MSO/Communication providers. In addition to new5/13/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Sales New York, NY Send Jobvite A10 Networks seeks a Systems Engineer to partner with our Regional Sales Manager in a pre-sales and post-sales technical role. This individual must be highly motivated and be able to work independently and as a team. Daily activities5/4/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Req No. 2015-1501 Job Locations US-DC US-NY-New York US-MA-Boston US-GA-Atlanta US-PA-Philadelphia Category Sales Type Regular Full-Time More information about this job: Collaborative, assertive, flexible, passionate, driven, inspired. These aren?t just nice words, they?re the5/2/2015 New York, NY Save This Job


text:
Jinhee Josephine Lee
Growing up in Korea with three sisters, Prof. Lee realized that memories and interpretations of the seemingly shared past could vary dramatically even within a family. As a natural extension of her interest in such dynamic process of producing historical memories and knowledge, Dr. Lee's research focuses on the competing narratives of collective violence in the early twentieth-century Japanese empire and East Asia. Committed to generating cross-disciplinary methodological innovation in the studies of empire, violence, imperialism, and colonialism, Prof. Lee incorporates a variety of historical texts such as paintings, children's writings, rumors, and commemorations in her research and teaching in and beyond the boundaries of conventional historical archives. She has written and translated books, booklets, articles, scholarly reviews, and exhibition brochures in Japanese, Korean, and English. She has been an invited speaker, research fellow, and lecturer at institutions such as Harvard University, Brown University, Dartmouth College, Towson University, New School for Social Research, Calvin College, University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, Washington University, University of Southern California, University of Illinois in the U.S., University of Tokyo, National Museum of Japanese History, Waseda University, Senshu University in Japan, Ajou University, Sangmyong University, University of Seoul in Korea, and University of Oxford in UK. Dr. Lee got her interdisciplinary training in history, anthropology, area studies, literature, and linguistics at University of Illinois (Champaign, USA), University of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan), Drexel University (Philadelphia, USA), and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Seoul, S. Korea).
Prof. Lee teaches undergraduate courses including Modern World History, Modern East Asia in the Pacific Century (creator), Modern Japan: From Samurai to Freeters (creator), Two Koreas (creator), Women in East Asia (creator), Japanese Empire (creator), and graduate courses such as Narratives of Collective Violence in East Asia, Archive and Memories of the Japanese Empire, and Historiography (as guest lecturer). Her teaching has been recognized with Most Influential Faculty for the Presidential Sscholars (Honors College, 2010) Outstanding Graduate Faculty Mentor Award (Graduate College, 2007), Excellent Undergraduate Teaching Award (University of Illinois, 2002), and Graduate Teacher Certificate (University of Illinois, 2000) among others. Dr. Lee has served as founding and elected Coordinator of Asian Studies since 2006.
Areas of Expertise
- Art
- Childhood
- Conflict Resolution
- Cultures
- Diversity
- Education
- Gender Issues
- Higher Education
- History
- Human Rights
- International Politics
- International Relations
- Literature
- Minorities
- Motivational
- Religion
- Urban
- Violence
- Women's Issues
East Asia, Japan, Korea, Koreans in Japan, legacies of imperialism and colonialism, decolonization and postcolonialism, empires in Asia, historical trauma and knowledge production, social impact of natural disaster, gendered experiences of modernity, collective violence and historical memory, children's history, women's history, critical globalism and transnationalism
Contact InformationPhone: 217-581-6065
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.eiu.edu/asian_studies/personnel.php?id=jlee
Thank you for your interest in our Experts Guide, which is a web-based Directory that provides information to allow you to directly contact a speaker independently after you review the information that is provided. This information is provided by the speakers themselves. The Eastern Illinois University Training and Development department makes no claims as to the accuracy of this information or the status of the professional licenses of any speaker listed in the directory. Use of the names and titles, or any of the information contained in this list, is prohibited without the expressed written consent of the individual speaker.
The identification of any individual in this Experts Guide in no way constitutes an endorsement or guarantee, either express or implied, of the competency, services, performance, or standards of practice of either the individual Speaker, or any business, company, corporation, or organization with which the individual may be affiliated.


text:
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text:
Free HIV testing Dec. 1 for World AIDS Day at city-county health clinic
CORPUS CHRISTI - Free HIV testing is planned 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday at Corpus Christi-Nueces County Public Health District, 1702 Horne Road.
It's a one day opportunity free in honor of World AIDS Day, which is Dec. 1, officials said.
No appointment is required.
Walk into the facility, and go to Room 134. Mention having seen this public announcement, and fees will be waved, according to a news release.
There will be promotional items given to those who test.
Information: 826-7237
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