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activated sludge Companies in Angola
Keyword: activated sludge ×
Industry: University / Academia / Research ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Angola ×
WASP Systems
based in Nairobi, KENYA
We specialize in sewage treatment plants, or waste water treatment systems, as well as grey water treatment, rain water harvesting, pumping stations, sludge management, septic tanks & septic tank retrofits.
AppliTek NV - Environmental Analysis Division
based in Nazareth, BELGIUM
Founded in 1985, AppliTek is a specialist manufacturer of monitoring solutions (on-line analyzers) for environmental and industrial applications. Its customers are found all around the Globe and vary from local EPC`s to national authorities and private companies that are eager to invest in environmental compliance and process efficiency.
LAR Process Analysers AG
based in Berlin, GERMANY
In more than 25 years LAR AG has established itself as world`s leading manufacturer of high quality online water analysers. Since its foundation in 1986 the Berlin-based company has been developing, manufacturing and supplying innovative customized online measurement systems for sum parameters such as TOC, TP, TNb, TOD, COD, BOD and toxicity. LAR offers a wide range of ...
Questron Technologies Corporation
based in Mississauga, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Questron Technologies Corporation is an entrepreneurial Canadian company engaged in the manufacture, distribution, and servicing of analytical instruments for laboratories in the materials testing, environment, metallurgical, mining/natural resources, power generation, chemicals, oil and gas, agriculture & food, education and government sectors. Our business activities ...
Aeration Industries International (AII)
based in Chaska, MINNESOTA (USA)
As a world leading manufacturer of aeration equipment and systems Aeration Industries International (AII) solves a variety of water and wastewater treatment problems using state-of-the-art technology and more than forty years of worldwide field experience.The Company`s product line includes customized oxidation ovals, package plants, surface aerators and mixers to meet ...
NILU - The Norwegian Institute for Air Research
based in Kjeller, NORWAY
NILU is an independent research institute founded in 1969. NILU`s environmental building on Kjeller, the outskirt of Lillestrøm and Oslo, became the permanent headquarter in 1994. The institute conducts environmental research with emphasis on the sources of airborne pollution, atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition and is also involved in the ...
Veolia North America, Industrial Business
based in Lombard, ILLINOIS (USA)
The three divisions of Veolia North America providing technical solutions, industrial services and industrial water solutions have been brought together under our shared Corporate name, Veolia North America, Industrial Business. Our parent company, Veolia, has worked hard to establish this worldwide brand. The decision to operate globally under a single brand name ...


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Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
Oversized embroidered tunic with dropped armholes. Adjustable tie in front with tassel accents. Hi-Lo hem and side vents. V-Neck.
*100% Rayon
*Dry Clean
*Dry Clean
Measurements for Small:Bust: 51"
Length: 24"
Rated 5 out of 5Â by 4 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5Â by volcanorain A sleeper and a keeper Was looking through sale items and noticed this huge price reduction and NO reviews. Gave it a try and really like it. Very light weight so perfect for hot Thailand and soft, thin and comfortable. Really like this top and cannot imagine why no one has bought it, super top and super price! 7.26.2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by jzim Love love love it I love this top! Other reviewers are correct that it runs big however, it can be easily adjusted by tightening the drawstring at the front. I received yesterday and couldn't wait to wear today. Light and airy and perfect for a warm day. 8.8.2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by buggsroo Beautiful embroidery I agree with the other reviewers, this is fabulous. I love its oversize appearance. It looks great over a black slip. Lovely embroidery and well made. Go for it ladies, you won't be sorry. 8.7.2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by damian-k BEAUTIFUL!!!!! This top is gorgeous and very well made! It looks good as a cover up, paired with shorts, with skinny jeans and paired with boyfriend jeans! Fit is really oversized but i really like it! Also the sale price is really great!!!! =) 7.29.2014
1-4 of 4
Product Reviews
There are no reviews for this product yet. Check back. or write a review yourself.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday, March 30, 2011
Small Space, Big Style
This 460sf apartment studio in NYC was the winner of 2008 Small Cool Contest by Apartment Therapy. I really love it! Simple, practical, clean, and stylish!
I would like to share a piece of the interview that shows very good points of living "small" (from the A.T site)
Living small forces you to live and think creatively. We moved to this apartment from an 800 square foot apartment and had to think very carefully about what we can and can't live without. For instance, if we buy a new pair of shoes, an old pair needs to be tossed. We also love that by living small in an urban center, we're placing less of a demand on natural resources - it's a significantly smaller space to heat and cool and we don't need a car to get around. We also like the idea of creating modular, mobile pieces that can move with us. This way we won't end up throwing out a custom design solution once we decide to move to another apartment. (TONY)
Where LESS is MORE!
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 4:52 PM
Labels: apartment therapy, inspiration, interior design, small spaces
Monday, March 28, 2011
wishing for a new dress
See by Chloe
NOW (65% off) $136
Alice by Temperley
NOW (70% off) $100.50
NOW (55% off) $202.50
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 9:46 PM
Tuesday, March 22, 2011
My natural hair color is light brown. I've been changing my hair color and style since I was 14. Blonde, platinum blonde, highlights, red, black, bangs, hair extensions, short... it's so funny to look back!
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 12:53 PM
Monday, March 21, 2011
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Desperately Seeking Susan
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 9:18 PM
Labels: Desperately Seeking Susan, madonna
Monday, March 14, 2011
Ombre Hair ll
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 6:41 PM
Labels: ombre, ombre hair
Designed By
Designed By: from Urban Outfitters on Vimeo.
Created exclusively for Urban Outfitters, the Designed By: collection is an ongoing series of collaborations with our favorite talent in the fields of fashion and design. Since its inception in 2008, Designed By: has given us the opportunity to work with independent designers at many different levels - from just starting out to those who have already established a name in their industry. From working together at every step of the design process from brainstorming to production, the relationships that we've built further our commitment to supporting new ideas in fashion.
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 6:15 PM
Thursday, March 10, 2011
stylish at the gym
Just like your everyday clothing, your success in being stylish at the gym lies in the small details of your outfits.
1- Add some color; a good option is to get colorful sneakers (pict.1), it definitely will give a special touch without been too obvious.
2- Get a cool backpack! (pict.1,2,3)
3- Use layers (pict 2), show off your top. Try cutout and cropped t-shirts.
4- Go shine! Don't be afraid... it's super in right now. Leggings, shorts, tops, t-shirts... just remember to wear just one (or small pieces) at time!
5- Leg warmers (pict 3), a sexy 80's touch for your look.
And last but not lest, be ALWAYS comfortable and be YOU.
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 11:28 PM
Friday, March 4, 2011
Grace Kelly's wedding dress
Grace's wedding gown was the most expensive design that Helen Rose (a Hollywood costume designer) had ever made. It used twenty-five yards of silk taffeta and one hundred yards of silk net. Its 125-year-old rose point lace was purchased from a museum and thousands of tiny pearls were sewn on the veil. Grace was 26 years old.
The 600 wedding guests included Hollywood stars David Niven and his wife, Gloria Swanson, Ava Gardner, the Aga Khan, and Conrad Hilton. Queen Elizabeth flatly refused to attend on the grounds of there being "too many movie stars." The ceremony was watched on television by an estimated 30 million people!
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 9:01 PM
Thursday, March 3, 2011
YSL manifesto to hit the streets
For the eighth season in a row, YSL have created a Manifesto publication which will be given out for free to 2000 street walkers in Paris, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Los Angeles on the 5th of March.
Inside the delectable tote bag pictured above will sit the current vision for YSL (by creative director Stefano Pilati), pictorials of model-of-the-moment Arizona Muse (fabulous name btw) and interviews with fashion and art heavyweights. The concept of a free Manifesto is explained by Pilati:
"I thought I would offer another perspective of a luxury brand to a broad demographic that doesn't necessarily relate to fashion in the way that a more privileged layer of people do. I wanted to create a wider influence for the message that was being sent from the catwalk, by taking imagery of a collection and giving it to people on environmentally friendly paper in the street without targeting a specific demographic." New York Times
If you're not one of the lucky passers by, the Manifesto will be available on the YSL website on the 4th of March.
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 10:05 AM
Labels: free ysl tote, manifesto 2011, ysl
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Let's Play Random Favorites
Favorite Animal:
Tv Show:
Favorite Recent Read:
Favorite Animal:
Tv Show:
Favorite Recent Read:
Favorite Lipstick color:
Chanel Rouge Noir
Favorite Place:
Kupel's - Brookline
Favorite game:
Blackberry brickbreaker
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 4:50 PM
Posted by Nicolle Saylor at 4:00 AM
Labels: audrey hepburn, quotes
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


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HAYWARD, Calif., Feb. 5, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ANTH) today announced that Senior Vice President of Product Development Georgina Kilfoil has notified the company she will leave the company effective February 15, 2013 to pursue other opportunities.
"The Board and management of Anthera would like to thank Georgina for her years of dedicated service. Georgina's exemplary leadership and experience was instrumental in the advancement of Anthera's development programs. Her tireless efforts brought us to the starting line of our BRIGHT-SC phase 2 study for IgA Nephropathy and CHABLIS-SC phase 3 study for systemic lupus erythematosus, which we are excited to get underway this year," said Paul F. Truex , Anthera's President and Chief Executive Officer. "We wish Georgina all the best as she seeks to repeat her success in future endeavors."
Dr. Colin Hislop , Anthera's Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, will continue to oversee all product development related activities for blisibimod.
About Anthera Pharmaceuticals
Anthera Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products to treat serious diseases associated with inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
Safe Harbor Statement
Any statements contained in this press release that refer to future events or other non-historical matters, including statements that are preceded by, followed by, or that include such words as "estimate," "intend," "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "goal," "expect," "project," or similar statements, are forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements about the Company's expectations with respect to it
|SOURCE Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Copyright©2012 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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"Officials at Jack's Pets say it is no coincidence that the chain's sales started to breakout soon after they changed their name from Jack's Aquariums & Pets about three years ago. In fact, these executives are quite sure that the minor name change—after all, it was just one word and an ampersand—was enough to help set this family-owned, Beavercreek, Ohio-based operation running in the right direction. By changing the name to Jack's Pets, the company hoped…"
Cover Story
"The cat's out of the bag. The continued success of the pet care market has undeniably caught the attention and imagination of outside investors. As result, the industry is seeing an extraordinary infusion of capital up and down the supply chain. This deluge of funding has, in turn, created a…"
" Want to make more money? Well, who wouldn't? How an independent pet store can go about making that extra cash, however, is a much tougher question—one that requires careful consideration, and sometimes a different perspective. With this in mind, Pet Business canvassed a broad cross-section of industry experts, including…"
"The cash register is central to the day-to-day operations of every retail establishment—and working that cash register has oft been considered the core competency of anyone hired to work in a store. Pet specialty is no different, but as the market grows in sophistication, retailers have wised up to the…"
" The future certainly looks bright for the pet care industry. After 20 years of consistent growth, pet-related consumer spending continues to trend upward and seems poised to surpass the $70-billion mark by the year 2020. But even as pet industry growth appears a foregone conclusion, a number of…"


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June 11, 2013
The Goo Goo Dolls – New Album Magnetic Available Now
The Goo Goo Dolls brand new album Magnetic is available now! Download the deluxe edition including two bonus tracks on iTunes. What is your favorite song? Share your comments below.
Follow the band on Instagram for exclusive photos from Magnetic release week! Share your photos & tweets by using the #Magnetic hashtag.
Be the first to post a comment


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follow Dictionary.com
furry asked, looking at Charley with serious, businesslike gray eyes.
We were at the Bitter Lemon now, furry, Versie, Charley and I, waiting for the crowd to arrive.
The few bursts of color were provided by furry pumps in geranium.
1670s, from fur + -y (2). As a noun, in reference to "anthropomorphic animal characters with human personalities," by 1996. Related: Furriness.


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Recent Posts
- Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer (26)
- Bar Dining/Drinking (4)
- Chocolate (40)
- Cocktails (49)
- Coffee (61)
- My Lunchtime Refection Quest (42)
- Recipes (72)
- restaurant reviews (59)
- Reviews (32)
- Sandwich Creations (8)
- Uncategorized (51)
Category Archives: Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer
Doughnut Takeover at Bruno Coffee & Bakes
TweetWho knew eh? That the quaint and touristy Kent town of Rochester would lap up the weird and wonderful doughnut brain farts of me and Bruno. But they did. They were even banging on the door for us to open … Continue reading
Doughnut Takeover at Bruno's Coffee & Bakes
TweetJoin me and Bruno as we transform his Rochester shop into a fabulous doughnut emporium for one day only! Following, as I'm sure you can imagine, a highly excitable telephone brainstorming session, we can confirm we'll have the following doughnut … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Coffee Tagged Bruno French Bake, Bruno's Bake & Coffee, coffee, doughnut, pop-up, Rochester Leave a comment
N'duja, Mozzarella and Basil Fritters
Tweet When toying with recipes, I often create a draft with notes in here that I might spend a week adding to and/or amending. I generally have a notion of what I want to make, it will then evolve as … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Recipes Tagged basil, broad beans, deep fat fried, fritter, mozzarella, nduja Leave a comment
Whisky Doughnut Eggy Bread with Candied Bacon
Tweet You know? Sometimes, I'm not sure wether to be proud or disgusted with myself for coming up with the things I do. Am I the only one whose brain farts this sort of thing out on a regular basis? … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer Tagged bacon, brunch, cherry, deep fried, doughnut, eggy bread, french toast, Manhattan, whisky 1 Comment
Manhattan doughnuts
TweetIt seems that everyone's a blogger these days doesn't it? Or maybe it just seems that way because of the people I choose to surround myself with – let's call them friends. As many bloggers as there are, there's as … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Cocktails Tagged Antica Formula, cocktail, deep fat fryer, doughnuts, Manhattan 3 Comments
An Ode to Kale and Pizza Fritta
Tweet Kale appears to be this seasons ubiquitous veg, replacing last years sprouts as green thing most likely to appear on a menu near you. I'd like to say I'm as impervious to current food hype as I am to … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Recipes Tagged Background Bars, deep fat fryer, deep fried, gin, kale, Lardo, negroni, Night Tales, Pasean, pizza, pizza fritta, Pizza Pilgrims, recipe, Sapore Vero Leave a comment
Aperitivo Club at Cucina Asellina & Veal Stuffed Olives
Tweet Short, bitter sharpener. Umami bomb nibbles. Tight. Sharp. Punchy. Stomach sufficiently awoken. Aperitivo done. To be honest, I'm a thrill seeker, a taste chaser and could quite merrily dine in this manner all evening, repeating ad infinitum until collapse. … Continue reading
Changing of the Seasons – Vegetables and Pumpkin Doughnuts
TweetThere's nothing I love more than a proper Summer, just like the one we've just been treated to; by that I mean more than one glorious week in May and then another in September to bookmark the season that's otherwise … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Recipes Tagged Autumn, bacon, bacon doughnut sandwich, brunch, doughnuts, egg, ginger, pumpkin, sandwich, vegetables 4 Comments
Sourdough Doughnuts
Tweet Although I'm calling these sourdough doughnuts, I don't know if that's technically correct. They certainly have some starter in them, but they also have yeast and I've really just whopped some leaven into my regular doughnut recipe on the … Continue reading
Posted in Adventures with my Deep Fat Fryer, Recipes Tagged Campari, campari citrus curd, cocktail, coffee, creme patissiere, curd, custard, Dan Lepard, deep fried, doughnut, lemon, mascara, orange, recipe, Sourdough, St John, yeast 3 Comments
Pizza Fritta – yup, that's deep fried pizza
Tweet You know you've developed a bit of a reputation/problem, when it gets to the point on a Saturday morning when the boy asks if he should pick something up for dinner "or are you going to make something crazy?". … Continue reading


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1931 Ford Model A 68-B Deluxe Cabriolet by Briggs. Convertible Coupe with RUMBLE SEAT and OVERDRIVE. Restored. Excellent. Finished in Ford Maroon with Straw... More
2005 Ford Thunderbird "Cashmere" Limited Edition This is number 1276 of 1500 Top-of-the-Line "Cashmere" Limited Editions made. Cashmere tri-coat metallic paint with matching removable top. Only... More
A true time warp, auto designed by Ford's own J Mays. Quickly appreciating collectable is undetectable from new. All original with less than 6,200... More
Very rare origional 1949 Ford F1 truck. Everyday driver and every show a winner. Origional flat head 6 that runs awesome. Very rare origional 4 speed on... More
1968 Ford Falcon Futura Sport Coupe. Original 200 cu in six, auto, ps, vinyl top, buckets and console. Nice unrestared low mileage car that... More
This is a spring special econoline truck. 6 cyl 3 speed on the tree. One of 2000-2500 made.Depicted by a one on the trim... More
1963 Ford Thunderbird1963 Ford Thunderbird 2-Door Coupe model in mint conditionWhite exterior with a Red interiorEquipped with a V8 gas and an Automatic transmissionCurrently... More
1972 Ford MustangSelling this Classic 1972 Ford Mustang that is in great condition!Needs a little bit of TLC but she is also ready to... More
1923 Ford T-BucketDetails-Excellent conditionautomatic 400 transmissionChevy 305 motorNeon road lights underneath.3000 miles on motor5200 miles overallCustom PaintNo rustLocated in Genoa NYFinancing Nationwide Shipping and... More
This tidy 1968 Ford F-250 Camper Special pickup gets things right where it matters: a nice-sounding V8 engine, great color combination, and usability that... More
Some cars are interesting all by themselves, and others are interesting for the stories they can tell, but the very best cars offer both.... More
This truck gets the job done. Big, bold, and brutal, this 1977 Ford F-150 is ready to work, play, or just take you just... More
1932 Ford Roadster, signed by Jimmy Shine and Pete Chapouris. All steel body, this remarkable hot rod has style, sizzle, and swag. For sale or... More
1933 FORD B46 MODEL PICKUP this an all metal original body hot rod 350 V8 motor 400 turbo automatic transmission built strong tons of... More
1969 FORD GALAXIE 500 FASTBACK Great car for the weekend cruise or a daily driver this pure muscle car sounds great and runs as good... More


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Date: 1786
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Date: 1865-04-29
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Colorado-based environmental organization Rock the Earth
Gov. Bill Ritter today joined Vestas executives, the crown prince and princess of Denmark and local leaders at a ground-breaking ceremony for two Vestas manufacturing facilities here that will create 1,350 new jobs.
In the coming days and weeks, Congress will consider a budget resolution based on President Obama's proposed federal budget for fiscal year 2010. The president's proposal is a blueprint for major visionary investments that would direct billions of dollars toward the development of clean energy technologies and green jobs.
In one of his first actions concerning the environment, President Obama directed the new administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Lisa Jackson, to immediately reconsider the Bush administration's denial of California's request to implement its groundbreaking "Clean Cars Program." If California's request is approved, drivers in California and at least 13 other states would have greater opportunities to buy cleaner, more fuel efficient cars.
The inauguration of President Obama could mean the end of an eight-year assault on America's last pristine forests. We need your help to make sure the Obama administration makes a new commitment to protecting these remaining wild lands for generations to come.
If the Bush administration gets its way, Wyoming's spectacular Fortification Creek Area will soon be sacrificed to a massive drilling scheme.
Gov. Bill Ritter issued the following statement today in response to the U.S. Department of Interior's publishing of a final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for commercial oil shale development:
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Kitsap Antique Show
History & Heritage 2015
Location: President's Hall – Kitsap Fairgrounds Complex
1200 NW Fairgrounds Rd., Bremerton, WA
Antique Show and Appraisals
Saturday,February 28, 10am - 5pm
Sunday, March 1, 10am - 4pm
Show Admission: $6.00
Appraisals: $5.00 per item
Free Parking * Antique Sales * Appraisals * Food
Special Rates for overnight accommodations
have been arranged with the following properties.
Mention Kitsap Antique show when making your reservations.
BW Silverdale Beach Hotel
Oxford Inn
Baymont Inn - Bremerton
For more information contact:
Kitsap County Historical Society at 360-479-6226
Puget Sound Genealogical Society at 360-475-9172
or email: email@example.com
Kitsap County Historical Society, 280 Fourth Street, Bremerton, WA 98337
Puget Sound Genealogical Society, 1301 Sylvan Way, Bremerton, WA 98310


text:
I work for an environmental and engineering consulting firm with offices all over the world. Right now, I am being trained to manage some of our hydrogeologic and groundwater statistical monitoring programs for several landfills. Golder provides services in a variety of areas, including mining, oil and natural gas, power, water resource management, land development, waste management, and more.
Carolyn E. (McCullough) Powrozek
Golder Associates Inc.
Wixom, Michigan
The IRB is the Human Subects Institutional Review Board. Administrative law and government regulations have policies that minimum requirements are to be followed in conducting research. The LSSU IRB reviews student and faculty research projects where human subjects are involved. The IRB helps ensure that when students conduct research they are conduting it in a ethical and legal manner. It is also to set policies and standards to make the research being conducted follows these rules.
This web site provides a central location to inform students of the IRB policies, to provide students with a simpler way to access to the approved IRB proposal forms, and to understand the policies the IRB has set in place. This site offers links to resources and tutorials on writing research and citing references.
Ron Hutchins, IRB Chair
Dean of Nursing
IRB - Research Integrity Officer (RIO) for Research Misconduct
Office: CRW 236E
Phone: (906) 635-2446
Dept Fax: (906) 635-2266
Kathleen Kalata, School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
Kirk Mauldin, School of Social Sciences
Mary Reynolds-Keegan, School of Nursing
Russ Searight, School of Psychology
Jody Susi, School of Recreation and Exercise Sciences
Jason Swedene, School of Communication Studies & Fine and Performing Arts
Frank Tridico, School of Criminal Justice, Fire Science and EMS
Martha Hutchens, School or Biological Sciences
Adam Mosley, School of Physical Sciences
Michelle Ribant, Director of General Education. Eastern Upper Peninsula Intermediate School District.
Morrie Walworth,
Provost & Vice President for Academic Affairs,
Deciding Official (DO) for Research Misconduct
If you have any suggestions for links to add to this web site, please email us at email@example.com.
Majoring in Sociology...
Carrie McBride
Caro, MI
I love the small tight-knit community on campus.You always see someone you know while walking to class.Your professors know you on a first name basis. [ more ]


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Oat Bran Bread
5 Sep 2010
|Active dry yeast
|1⁄2 Ounce (2 Packages, 1/4 Ounce Each)
|Warm water
|4 1⁄2 Cup (72 tbs), divided (110 To 115 Degree F)
|Vegetable oil
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2 Teaspoon
|Wheat germ
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Oat bran
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Quick cooking oats
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Whole wheat flour
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|All purpose flour
|7 1⁄2 Cup (120 tbs)
In a large mixing bowl, dissolve yeast in 1/2 cup warm water.
Add oil, sugar, molasses, salt, wheat germ, bran and remaining warm water; mix well.
Add oats, whole wheat flour and 2 cups all-purpose flour; beat until smooth.
Add enough remaining all-purpose flour to form a soft dough.
Turn onto a floured board; knead until smooth and elastic, about 6-8 minutes.
Place in a greased bowl, turning once to grease top.
Cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, about 1 hour.
Punch dough down and shape into four loaves.
Place in greased 8-in.x 4-in.x 2-in.loaf pans.
Cover and let rise until doubled, about 30 minutes.
Bake at 350° for 30-35 minutes.
Remove from pans and cool on wire racks.
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Oat Bran Bread Recipe


text:
Precise timing control can be obtained for a gas discharge laser, such as an excimer or molecular fluorine laser, using a timed trigger ionization. Instead of using a standard approach to control the timing of the emission or amplification of an optical pulse using the discharge of the main electrodes, the timing of which can only be controlled to within about 10 ns, a trigger ionization pulse applied subsequent to the charging of the main electrodes can be used to control the timing of the discharge, thereby decreasing the timing variations to about 1 ns. Since ionization of the laser gas can consume relatively small amounts of energy, such a circuit can be based on a fast, high-voltage, solid state switch that is virtually free of jitter. Trigger ionization also can be used to synchronize the timing of dual chambers in a MOPA configuration. In one such approach, ionization trigger can include at least a portion of the optical pulse from the oscillator in a MOPA configuration.
1. A method of generating an optical pulse in a gas discharge laser, comprising:
applying a main discharge voltage to a pair of main discharge electrodes in a discharge chamber of the laser in order to charge the pair of main discharge electrodes;
receiving a signal from a photodetector indicating the emission of an optical pulse in the oscillator chamber;
receiving the optical pulse from the oscillator chamber;
applying a trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element in the discharge chamber, subsequent to the charging of the pair of main electrodes, such that the discharge of the charged pair of main discharge electrodes substantially coincides with the receiving of the optical pulse, the signal received from the photodetector being used to determine the timing of the application of the trigger ionization voltage; and
discharging the main discharge voltage between the main discharge electrodes in response to the applying of the trigger ionization voltage.
2. A method according to
timing the application of the trigger ionization voltage to occur when a maximum voltage charge exists on the pair of main discharge electrodes.
3. A method according to
applying a trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element includes applying the trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element selected from the group consisting of ionization electrodes, corona rods, and ionization pins.
4. A method according to
using an ionization circuit to apply the trigger ionization voltage, the ionization circuit being electrically isolated from a discharge circuit used to apply the main discharge voltage.
5. A method according to
using an ionization circuit to apply the trigger ionization voltage, the ionization circuit including a high-voltage solid state switch whereby the trigger ionization is applied in response to a closing of the solid state switch.
6. A method according to
amplifying the optical pulse in the discharge chamber when the charged pair of main electrodes discharges.
7. A method according to
timing the application of the trigger ionization voltage further includes receiving a signal from an electronic control module, the signal indicating a delay for the timing of the application.
8. A method of generating an optical pulse in a gas discharge laser, comprising:
applying a main discharge voltage to a pair of main discharge electrodes in a discharge chamber of the laser in order to charge the pair of main discharge electrodes;
applying a trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element in the discharge chamber, subsequent to the charging of the pair of main electrodes;
receiving an optical pulse from an oscillator chamber;
discharging the main discharge voltage between the main discharge electrodes in response to the applying of the trigger ionization voltage; and
timing the application of the trigger ionization voltage such that the discharge of the charged pair of main discharge electrodes substantially coincides with the receiving of the optical pulse, a determination of the timing including receiving a signal from a pick off loop for the oscillator chamber, the signal indicating the application of a charging voltage to a pre-ionization unit of the oscillator chamber.
9. A method of generating an optical pulse in a gas discharge laser, comprising:
applying a main discharge voltage to a pair of main discharge electrodes in a first discharge chamber of the laser in order to charge the pair of main discharge electrodes;
receiving an optical pulse from a second discharge chamber; and
applying a trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element in the first discharge chamber, subsequent to the charging of the pair of main discharge electrodes, such that the main discharge voltage between the main discharge electrodes is discharged, in response to the applying of the trigger ionization voltage, at a time that substantially coincides with the receiving of the optical pulse.
10. A method according to
applying a trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element includes applying the trigger ionization voltage to an ionization element selected from the group consisting of ionization electrodes, corona rods, and ionization pins.
11. A method according to
using an ionization circuit to apply the trigger ionization voltage, the ionization circuit being electrically isolated from a discharge circuit used to apply the main discharge voltage.
12. A method according to
using an ionization circuit to apply the trigger ionization voltage, the ionization circuit including a high-voltage solid state switch whereby the trigger ionization is applied in response to a closing of the solid state switch.
13. A method according to
an optical pulse is generated in the discharge chamber when the charged pair of main electrodes discharges.
14. A method according to
amplifying the optical pulse in the discharge chamber when the charged pair of main electrodes discharges.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/447,420, entitled "EXCIMER OR MOLECULAR FLUORINE LASER WITH SEVERAL DISCHARGE CHAMBERS," to Sergei V. Govorkov, filed Feb. 14, 2003; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/463,790, entitled "EXCIMER OR MOLECULAR FLUORINE LASER WITH SEVERAL DISCHARGE CHAMBERS," to Sergei V. Govorkov et al., filed Apr. 18, 2003; as well as U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/452,719, entitled "EXCIMER OR MOLECULAR FLUORINE LASER SYSTEM WITH PRECISION TIMING," filed Mar. 6, 2003, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to timing and synchronization in high power excimer or molecular fluorine lasers, such as are useful for applications in microlithography and semiconductor processing.
Semiconductor manufacturers are currently using deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography tools based on KrF-excimer laser systems, operating at wavelengths around 248 nm, as well as ArF-excimer laser systems, which operate at around 193 nm. Vacuum UV (VUV) tools are based on F2-laser systems operating at around 157 nm. These relatively short wavelengths are advantageous for photolithography applications because the critical dimension, which represents the smallest resolvable feature size that can be produced photolithographically, is proportional to the wavelength used to produce that feature. The use of smaller wavelengths can provide for the manufacture of smaller and faster microprocessors, as well as larger capacity DRAMs, in a smaller package. In addition to having smaller wavelengths, such lasers have a relatively high photon energy (i.e., 7.9 eV) which is readily absorbed by high band gap materials such as quartz, synthetic quartz (SiO2), Teflon (PTFE), and silicone, among others. This absorption leads to excimer and molecular fluorine lasers having even greater potential in a wide variety of materials processing applications. Excimer and molecular fluorine lasers having higher energy, stability, and efficiency are being developed as lithographic exposure tools for producing very small structures as chip manufacturing proceeds into the 0.18 micron regime and beyond. The desire for such submicron features comes with a price, however, as there is a need for improved processing equipment capable of consistently and reliably generating such features. Further, as excimer laser systems are the next generation to be used for micro-lithography applications, the demand of semiconductor manufacturers for powers of 40 W or more to support throughput requirements leads to further complexity and expense.
As semiconductor manufacturers move toward the production of chips with smaller sizes, the requirements on the processing and manufacturing equipment, including the laser light sources, are ever increasing. In laser systems used for photolithography applications, for example, it would be desirable to move toward higher repetition rates, increased energy stability and dose control, increased system uptime, narrower output emission bandwidths, improved wavelength and bandwidth accuracy, and improved compatibility with stepper/scanner imaging systems. It also would be desirable to provide lithography light sources that deliver high spectral purity and extreme power, but that also deliver a low cost chip production. Requirements of semiconductor manufacturers for higher power and tighter bandwidth can place excessive and often competing demands on current single-chamber-based light sources. Many of these obstacles can be overcome by taking advantage of a dual-gas-discharge-chamber technology, referred to herein as MOPA (Master Oscillator—Power Amplifier) technology. MOPA technology is discussed further in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/696,979, entitled "MASTER OSCILLATOR—POWER AMPLIFIER EXCIMER LASER SYSTEM," filed Oct. 30, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference. MOPA technology can be used to separate the bandwidth and power generators of a laser system, as well as to separately control each gas discharge chamber, such that both the required bandwidth and pulse energy parameters can be optimized. Using a master oscillator (MO), for example, an extremely tight spectrum can be generated for high-numerical-aperture lenses at low pulse energy. A power amplifier (PA), for example, can be used to intensify the light, in order to deliver the power levels necessary for the high throughput desired by the chip manufacturers. The MOPA concept can be used with any appropriate laser, such as KrF, ArF, and F2-based lasers. Further, a MOPA system can utilize separate switch/pulser systems for each discharge chamber (for the MO and the PA), but the use of separate switch/pulser systems typically leads to problems with synchronization, as controlling the timing between the parallel systems can be difficult.
Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention can overcome deficiencies in existing laser systems by providing precise timing control for a gas discharge chamber, or for multiple discharge chambers. Precise timing control can be obtained using a trigger ionization approach. For multiple chambers, the trigger ionization can be used for precise synchronization between chambers. The multiple chambers can be utilized in any appropriate arrangement, such as a master oscillator (MO) and power-amplifier (PA) arrangement, referred to herein as a "MOPA" arrangement.
Certain existing chamber configurations utilize a pre-ionization unit to pre-ionize the gas, but utilize the main electrodes to control the timing of the discharge. A typical pre-ionization approach utilizes a voltage from a main pulser circuit to ionize the gas in the chamber before discharge of the main electrodes. Such an approach is limited by the timing of the main discharge, which can vary on the order of about 10–20 ns even when using advanced control circuitry. Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention can overcome this deficiency by controlling the timing of the ionization separate from the charging of the main discharge electrodes, as the timing of the ionization in this manner can be more tightly controlled, and using the tightly-controlled ionization to control the timing of the discharge. The trigger ionization can be applied after the charging of the main discharge electrodes, depending upon the configuration of the laser system. A separate ionization circuit can be used for the trigger ionization, which can obtain tighter control. Since ionization of the laser gas can consume relatively small amounts of energy, such as on the order of about 1.0–10.0 mJ at about 2.0–6.0 kV, an ionization circuit can be based on a fast, high-voltage, solid state switch that is virtually free of jitter. An example of such a switch is a stack of FET transistors, such as a stack of model HTS 121-80 transistors available from Behlke Electronics of Kronberg, Germany. A typical rise time of the output voltage in such a switch is less than 10 ns, and the timing of the switch can be controlled to within about 1 ns, providing a much tighter control over the timing of the discharge. The timing of the trigger ionization can be controlled by an electronic control module in some embodiments, with switches of the module for each channel being timed off the main trigger pulse. Alternatively, the switches for each channel can be timed off photodetector output produced by UV emission of one of the chambers. A portion of a UV emission from one chamber also can act as an ionizing trigger for other chambers. When the timing of subsequent discharges is based on the main trigger pulse or optical output, a significant advantage can be obtained relative to existing systems, as the timing requirements for the main discharge can be relatively relaxed. Another significant advantage is the ability to utilize a common pulser for all chambers, without the need for active control of timing. The precise timing can be taken care of through a timing of a trigger ionization, which can be controlled deterministically.
In a common pulser component 102, such as that of
While stabilization of the average temperature can be straightforward, localized heating effects in critical components can still be significant. These effects can be separated into effects occurring on a pulse-to-pulse basis, and effects requiring a much slower time scale, such as on the order of seconds or even minutes. Additionally, the main delay changes can happen in the pulser, such that only a small variation of the delay remains in the laser chamber. The use of a common pulser can eliminate a majority of the delay variation, and can minimize the difference between the delays of each channel.
Some existing systems utilize a common source of energy for separate channels. An existing laser system can utilize a common single switch arrangement, where the switch can be a thyratron, and in conjunction with the thyratron a magnetic switch control (MSC) can be used to further control the pulse width. Such an approach suffers from reliability problems due to the relatively short lifetime of the components, as well as speed limitations of the thyratron. The limited lifetime of a thyratron can significantly increase system cost and downtime, both of which are crucial for industrial applications. The embodiment of
The common power supply can be constructed from one or more power supplies connected in parallel, such as in a "master-slave" configuration, which can provide the voltage and charge for the laser pulse within the required time, such as between the consecutive pulses. Such a power supply can be obtained by Lambda EMI, where model LC203 has been tested in pulsed operation up to 6 kHz. The common storage capacitor can hold the charge until a trigger pulse is received and the IGBT switches the stored energy into a primary winding of the common transformer. A magnetic assist inductor can be used in a primary loop of the transformer to control current rise time. The signal can be transformed with suitable step-up ratio of about 20, for example, and can charge a common capacitor. A saturable inductor can hold off this voltage, preventing charging of the common capacitor until a hold-off time is reached. In this manner, these components form a pulse compression stage in the common pulser component. Depending on the specific design requirements, additional pulse compression stages can be added to further modify the electrical pulse output by the common pulser.
An electrical pulse from the common pulser component can be input at node 112 into two final compression stages 108 and 110. Each of the final compression stages can utilize additional pulse compression stages to further modify the electrical pulse input to the MO and/or PA. Final compression stage 108 outputs an electrical pulse to a first gas discharge unit 104. In a MOPA system the first gas discharge unit 104 would be the master oscillator component. Final compression stage 110 outputs an electrical pulse to a second gas discharge unit 106, which in a MOPA system would correspond to a power amplifier. During the transfer of the pulse through the final compression stages, each pulse can be further compressed to show a fast rise time of about 50 ns on the respective peaking capacitors.
In operation the master oscillator can generate a relatively lower power output beam as a result of electrical charge stored on the peaking capacitor being discharged through the main electrodes 114 of gas discharge unit 104. This beam can be transmitted to the gas discharge unit 106 of the power amplifier, wherein the energy of the beam output by the master oscillator can be amplified. The gas discharge unit 106 receives an electrical pulse from final compression stage 110.
The embodiment of
A TDC (time-to-digital converter) can be used to determine a time difference between the discharge in a discharge unit and the input of a trigger pulse from a trigger pulse unit. A gas discharge unit also can include a device for sensing when an electrical pulse is discharged in the gas discharge unit. Such a device can be a pick up loop inductor capable of sensing when an electrical pulse is discharged from a peaking capacitor. Other electrical devices also could be used to determine when this discharge occurs. Based on information from a TDC for each channel, the electronics control module can determine a difference in time between the discharges in discharge units 104 and 106. The electronic control module then can adjust the timing of the discharges. In typical operation it can be desirable to provide a delay between the discharges of a master oscillator and a power amplifier. Such a delay can be, for example, a delay on the order to about 10 to 30 ns. The delay can have very low jitter, such as better than 1 ns peak-to-peak, between the discharge of a master oscillator and power amplifier. This delay can be necessary in certain embodiments for propagation of the pulse between the oscillator and amplifier, as well as pulse evolution in the master oscillator.
The electronic control module 116 also can be used to control the timing of a trigger ionization of gases in each discharge chamber 104, 106. By controlling this trigger ionization, the precise timing of the actual discharges of each chamber can be more finely controlled. A system such as that shown in the embodiment of
Ensuring sufficient ionization can provide for a "fine" control over the timing of a discharge. This fine control can be used in a MOPA system to tightly synchronize the emission of an optical pulse in a master oscillator to the maximum optical gain situation in the power amplifier. Even if the timing differences between main discharge pulses arriving at each chamber 104, 106 are minimized, it is possible to further fine tune the timing by ensuring that the trigger ionization pulses for each chamber arrive at the appropriate times. Firing a trigger ionization pulse after the main electrodes are charged can ensure that the actual discharge from each chamber occurs with a controlled timing or delay. Even if the charging of the main discharge electrodes can vary on the order of about 10 ns, the trigger ionization can be fired after this period of potential variation in order to more accurately control the timing of the discharge. Since the timing of the trigger ionization can be controlled to within about 1 ns, the timing of the discharge then also can be controlled to within 1 ns even if the charging of the main electrodes varies by 10 ns. The electronic control module can generate appropriate delay signals, seen as "Delay 1" and "Delay 2" in the Figure, such that the pulse generators 118, 120 for the trigger ionization fire at the appropriate time for each channel, after the arrival of the electrical or main voltage pulse, in order to provide sufficient ionization for discharge. The trigger ionization also can be used to control a fixed delay necessary between chambers, such as in a MOPA configuration. In an exemplary approach, the ionization can be obtained using a corona discharge component that provides sufficient ionization after arrival of the main voltage pulse. The design and configuration of a corona rod used for trigger ionization in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention can utilize any of a number of corona rod configurations that are presently used in conventional pre-ionization approaches, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/696,979, filed Oct. 30, 2003. The result of this ionization is a precise timing of the gas breakdown close to the point where the peaking capacitors are charged to a maximum voltage.
The circuitry for the trigger ionization can be separated from the circuitry for the main discharge pulse, such that the timing of the ionization can be controlled independently. The discharges can be synchronized to a higher accuracy than in existing systems, provided that the trigger ionization pulse timing is more precisely controlled than the timing of the main voltage pulse. An advantage of such an approach lies in the fact that requirements on the timing of the main discharge voltage pulse can be greatly reduced. The switching of the ionization can require a fairly low amount of power, such as on the order of tens of Watts or less, such that a fast pulsed source of high voltage can be used without multiple stages of compression and the associated delay uncertainty. Such a circuit can have sufficiently low inductivity and stray capacity, however, in order not to produce displacement current through the corona rod as the voltage on the main discharge electrode rises. A separate circuit providing the trigger ionization can utilize a high frequency pulse transformer having sufficient isolation against the 40 kV cathode potential.
Overall Laser System
The laser system 1200 includes a laser chamber 1202 or laser tube, which can include a heat exchanger and fan for circulating a gas mixture within the chamber or tube. The chamber can include a plurality of electrodes 1204, such as a pair of main discharge electrodes and one or more ionization electrodes or elements which can be connected with a solid-state pulser module 1206, or with separate modules or circuitry as described elsewhere herein. A gas handling module 1208 can have a valve connection to the laser chamber 1202, such that halogen, rare and buffer gases, and gas additives, can be injected or filled into the laser chamber, such as in premixed forms for ArF, XeCl and KrF excimer lasers, as well as halogen, buffer gases, and any gas additive for an F2 laser. The gas handling module 1208 can be preferred when the laser system is used for microlithography applications, wherein very high energy stability is desired. A gas handling module can be optional for a laser system such as a high power XeCl laser. A solid-state pulser module 1206 can be used that is powered by a high voltage power supply 1210. Alternatively, a thyratron pulser module can be used. The laser chamber 1202 can be surrounded by optics modules 1212, 1214, forming a resonator. The optics modules 1212, 1214 can include a highly reflective resonator reflector in the rear optics module 1212, and a partially reflecting output coupling mirror in the front optics module 1214. This optics configuration can be preferred for a high power XeCl laser. The optics modules 1212, 1214 can be controlled by an optics control module 1216, or can be directly controlled by a computer or processor 1218, particularly when line-narrowing optics are included in one or both of the optics modules. Line-narrowing optics can be preferred for systems such as KrF, ArF or F2 laser systems used for optical lithography.
The processor 1218 for laser control can receive various inputs and control various operating parameters of the system. A diagnostic module 1220 can receive and measure one or more parameters of a split off portion of the main beam 1222 via optics for deflecting a small portion of the beam toward the module 1220. These parameters can include pulse energy, average energy and/or power, and wavelength. The optics for deflecting a small portion of the beam can include a beam splitter module 1224. The beam 1222 can be laser output to an imaging system (not shown) and ultimately to a workpiece (also not shown), such as for lithographic applications, and can be output directly to an application process. Laser control computer 1218 can communicate through an interface 1226 with a stepper/scanner computer, other control units 1228, 1230, and/or other, external systems.
The processor or control computer 1216 can receive and process parameter values, such as may include the pulse shape, energy, ASE, energy stability, energy overshoot (for burst mode operation), wavelength, spectral purity, and/or bandwidth, as well as other input or output parameters of the laser system and/or output beam. The processor can receive signals corresponding to the wavefront compensation, such as values of the bandwidth, and can control wavefront compensation, performed by a wavefront compensation optic in a feedback loop, by sending signals to adjust the pressure(s) and/or curvature(s) of surfaces associated with the wavefront compensation optic. The processor 1216 also can control the line narrowing module to tune the wavelength, bandwidth, and/or spectral purity, and can control the power supply 1208 and pulser module 1204 to control the moving average pulse power or energy, such that the energy dose at points on a workpiece is stabilized around a desired value. The laser control computer 1216 also can control the gas handling module 1206, which can include gas supply valves connected to various gas sources.
The laser chamber 1202 can contain a laser gas mixture, and can include one or more ionization electrodes in addition to the pair of main discharge electrodes. The main electrodes can be similar to those described at U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,599 B1 (incorporated herein by reference above) for photolithographic applications, which can be configured for a XeCl laser when a narrow discharge width is not preferred.
The solid-state or thyratron pulser module 1206 and high voltage power supply 1210 can supply electrical energy in compressed electrical pulses to the ionization and/or main electrodes within the laser chamber 1202, in order to energize the gas mixture. The rear optics module 1212 can include line-narrowing optics for a line narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser as described above, which can be replaced by a high reflectivity mirror or the like in a laser system wherein either line-narrowing is not desired (XeCl laser for TFT annealling, e.g.), or if line narrowing is performed at the front optics module 1214, or a spectral filter external to the resonator is used, or if the line-narrowing optics are disposed in front of the HR mirror, for narrowing the bandwidth of the output beam.
The laser chamber 1202 can be sealed by windows transparent to the wavelengths of the emitted laser radiation 1222. The windows can be Brewster windows, or can be aligned at an angle, such as on the order of about 5�, to the optical path of the resonating beam. One of the windows can also serve to output couple the beam.
After a portion of the output beam 1222 passes the outcoupler of the front optics module 1214, that output portion can impinge upon a beam splitter module 1224 including optics for deflecting a portion of the beam to the diagnostic module 1220, or otherwise allowing a small portion of the outcoupled beam to reach the diagnostic module 1220, while a main beam portion is allowed to continue as the output beam 1220 of the laser system. The optics can include a beamsplitter or otherwise partially reflecting surface optic, as well as a mirror or beam splitter as a second reflecting optic. More than one beam splitter and/or HR mirror(s), and/or dichroic mirror(s) can be used to direct portions of the beam to components of the diagnostic module 1220. A holographic beam sampler, transmission grating, partially transmissive reflection diffraction grating, grism, prism or other refractive, dispersive and/or transmissive optic or optics can also be used to separate a small beam portion from the main beam 1222 for detection at the diagnostic module 1220, while allowing most of the main beam 1222 to reach an application process directly, via an imaging system or otherwise.
The output beam 1222 can be transmitted at the beam splitter module, while a reflected beam portion is directed at the diagnostic module 1220. Alternatively, the main beam 1222 can be reflected while a small portion is transmitted to a diagnostic module 1220. The portion of the outcoupled beam which continues past the beam splitter module can be the output beam 1222 of the laser, which can propagate toward an industrial or experimental application such as an imaging system and workpiece for photolithographic applications.
For a system such as a molecular fluorine laser system or ArF laser system, an enclosure (not shown) can be used to seal the beam path of the beam 1222 in order to keep the beam path free of photoabsorbing species. Smaller enclosures can seal the beam path between the chamber 1202 and the optics modules 1212 and 1214, as well as between the beam splitter 1224 and the diagnostic module 1220.
The diagnostic module 1220 can include at least one energy detector to measure the total energy of the beam portion that corresponds directly to the energy of the output beam 1222. An optical configuration such as an optical attenuator, plate, coating, or other optic can be formed on or near the detector or beam splitter module 1224, in order to control the intensity, spectral distribution, and/or other parameters of the radiation impinging upon the detector.
A wavelength and/or bandwidth detection component can be used with the diagnostic module 1220, the component including for example such as a monitor etalon or grating spectrometer. Other components of the diagnostic module can include a pulse shape detector or ASE detector, such as for gas control and/or output beam energy stabilization, or to monitor the amount of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) within the beam, in order to ensure that the ASE remains below a predetermined level. There can also be a beam alignment monitor and/or beam profile monitor.
The processor or control computer 1218 can receive and process values for the pulse shape, energy, ASE, energy stability, energy overshoot for burst mode operation, wavelength, and spectral purity and/or bandwidth, as well as other input or output parameters of the laser system and output beam. The processor 1218 also can control the line narrowing module to tune the wavelength and/or bandwidth or spectral purity, and can control the power supply 1210 and pulser module 1206 to control the moving average pulse power or energy, such that the energy dose at points on the workpiece can be stabilized around a desired value. In addition, the computer 1218 can control the gas handling module 1208, which can include gas supply valves connected to various gas sources. Further functions of the processor 1218 can include providing overshoot control, stabilizing the energy, and/or monitoring energy input to the discharge.
The processor 1218 can communicate with the solid-state or thyratron pulser module 1206 and HV power supply 1210, separately or in combination, the gas handling module 1208, the optics modules 1212 and/or 1214, the diagnostic module 1220, and an interface 1226. The processor 1218 also can control an auxiliary volume, which can be connected to a vacuum pump (not shown) for releasing gases from the laser tube 1202 and for reducing a total pressure in the tube. The pressure in the tube can also be controlled by controlling the gas flow through the ports to and from the additional volume.
The laser gas mixture initially can be filled into the laser chamber 1202 in a process referred to herein as a "new fill". In such procedure, the laser tube can be evacuated of laser gases and contaminants, and re-filled with an ideal gas composition of fresh gas. The gas composition for a very stable excimer or molecular fluorine laser can use helium or neon, or a mixture of helium and neon, as buffer gas(es), depending on the laser being used. The concentration of the fluorine in the gas mixture can range from 0.003% to 1.00%, in some embodiments is preferably around 0.1%. An additional gas additive, such as a rare gas or otherwise, can be added for increased energy stability, overshoot control, and/or as an attenuator. Specifically for a F2-laser, an addition of xenon, krypton, and/or argon can be used. The concentration of xenon or argon in the mixture can range from about 0.0001% to about 0.1%. For an ArF-laser, an addition of xenon or krypton can be used, also having a concentration between about 0.0001% to about 0.1%. For the KrF laser, an addition of xenon or argon may be used also over the same concentration.
Halogen and rare gas injections, including micro-halogen injections of about 1–3 milliliters of halogen gas, mixed with about 20–60 milliliters of buffer gas, or a mixture of the halogen gas, the buffer gas, and a active rare gas, per injection for a total gas volume in the laser tube on the order of about 100 liters, for example. Total pressure adjustments and gas replacement procedures can be performed using the gas handling module, which can include a vacuum pump, a valve network, and one or more gas compartments. The gas handling module can receive gas via gas lines connected to gas containers, tanks, canisters, and/or bottles. A xenon gas supply can be included either internal or external to the laser system.
Total pressure adjustments in the form of releases of gases or reduction of the total pressure within the laser tube also can be performed. Total pressure adjustments can be followed by gas composition adjustments if necessary. Total pressure adjustments can also be performed after gas replenishment actions, and can be performed in combination with smaller adjustments of the driving voltage to the discharge than would be made if no pressure adjustments were performed in combination.
Gas replacement procedures can be performed, and can be referred to as partial, mini-, or macro-gas replacement operations, or partial new fill operations, depending on the amount of gas replaced. The amount of gas replaced can be anywhere from a few milliliters up to about 50 liters or more, but can be less than a new fill. As an example, the gas handling unit connected to the laser tube, either directly or through an additional valve assembly, such as may include a small compartment for regulating the amount of gas injected, can include a gas line for injecting a premix A including 1% F2:99% Ne, and another gas line for injecting a premix B including 1% Kr:99% Ne, for a KrF laser. For an ArF laser, premix B can have Ar instead of Kr, and for a F2 laser premix B may not be used. Thus, by injecting premix A and premix B into the tube via the valve assembly, the fluorine and krypton concentrations (for the KrF laser, e.g.) in the laser tube, respectively, can be replenished. A certain amount of gas can be released that corresponds to the amount that was injected. Additional gas lines and/or valves can be used to inject additional gas mixtures. New fills, partial and mini gas replacements, and gas injection procedures, such as enhanced and ordinary micro-halogen injections on the order of between 1 milliliter or less and 3–10 milliliters, and any and all other gas replenishment actions, can be initiated and controlled by the processor, which can control valve assemblies of the gas handling unit and the laser tube based on various input information in a feedback loop.
Line-narrowing features in accordance with various embodiments of a laser system can be used along with the wavefront compensating optic. For an F2 laser, the optics can be used for selecting the primary line λ1 from multiple lines around 157 nm. The optics can be used to provide additional line narrowing and/or to perform line-selection. The resonator can include optics for line-selection, as well as optics for line-narrowing of the selected line. Line-narrowing can be provided by controlling (i.e., reducing) the total pressure.
Exemplary line-narrowing optics contained in the rear optics module can include a beam expander, an optional interferometric device such as an etalon and a diffraction grating, which can produce a relatively high degree of dispersion, for a narrow band laser such as is used with a refractive or catadioptric optical lithography imaging system. As mentioned above, the front optics module can include line-narrowing optics as well.
Instead of having a retro-reflective grating in the rear optics module, the grating can be replaced with a highly reflective mirror. A lower degree of dispersion can be produced by a dispersive prism, or a beam expander and an interferometric device such as an etalon. A device having non-planar opposed plates can be used for line-selection and narrowing, or alternatively no line-narrowing or line-selection may be performed in the rear optics module. In the case of an all-reflective imaging system, the laser can be configured for semi-narrow band operation, such as may have an output beam linewidth in excess of 0.5 pm, depending on the characteristic broadband bandwidth of the laser. Additional line-narrowing of the selected line can then be avoided, instead being provided by optics or by a reduction in the total pressure in the laser tube.
For a semi-narrow band laser such as is used with an all-reflective imaging system, the grating can be replaced with a highly reflective mirror, and a lower degree of dispersion can be produced by a dispersive prism. A semi-narrow band laser would typically have an output beam linewidth in excess of 1 pm, and can be as high as 100 pm in some laser systems, depending on the characteristic broadband bandwidth of the laser.
The beam expander of the above exemplary line-narrowing optics of the rear optics module can include one or more prisms. The beam expander can include other beam expanding optics, such as a lens assembly or a converging/diverging lens pair. The grating or a highly reflective mirror can be rotatable so that the wavelengths reflected into the acceptance angle of the resonator can be selected or tuned. Alternatively, the grating, or other optic or optics, or the entire line-narrowing module, can be pressure tuned. The grating can be used both for dispersing the beam for achieving narrow bandwidths, as well as for retroreflecting the beam back toward the laser tube. Alternatively, a highly reflective mirror can be positioned after the grating, which can receive a reflection from the grating and reflect the beam back toward the grating in a Littman configuration. The grating can also be a transmission grating. One or more dispersive prisms can also be used, and more than one etalon can be used.
Depending on the type and extent of line-narrowing and/or selection and tuning that is desired, and the particular laser that the line-narrowing optics are to be installed into, there are many alternative optical configurations that can be used.
A front optics module can include an outcoupler for outcoupling the beam, such as a partially reflective resonator reflector. The beam can be otherwise outcoupled by an intra-resonator beam splitter or partially reflecting surface of another optical element, and the optics module could in this case include a highly reflective mirror. The optics control module can control the front and rear optics modules, such as by receiving and interpreting signals from the processor and initiating realignment or reconfiguration procedures.
The material used for any dispersive prisms, beam expander prisms, etalons or other interferometric devices, laser windows, and/or the outcoupler can be a material that is highly transparent at excimer or molecular fluorine laser wavelengths, such as 248 nm for the KrF laser, 193 nm for the ArF laser and 157 nm for the F2 laser. The material can be capable of withstanding long-term exposure to ultraviolet light with minimal degradation effects. Examples of such materials can include CaF2, MgF2, BaF2, LiF, and SrF2. In some cases fluorine-doped quartz can be used, while fused silica can be used for the KrF laser. Many optical surfaces, particularly those of the prisms, can have an anti-reflective coating, such as on one or more optical surfaces of an optic, in order to minimize reflection losses and prolong optic lifetime.
Various embodiments relate particularly to excimer and molecular fluorine laser systems configured for adjustment of an average pulse energy of an output beam, using gas handling procedures of the gas mixture in the laser tube. The halogen and the rare gas concentrations can be maintained constant during laser operation by gas replenishment actions for replenishing the amount of halogen, rare gas, and buffer gas in the laser tube for KrF and ArF excimer lasers, and halogen and buffer gas for molecular fluorine lasers, such that these gases can be maintained in a same predetermined ratio as are in the laser tube following a new fill procedure. In addition, gas injection actions such as μHIs can be advantageously modified into micro gas replacement procedures, such that the increase in energy of the output laser beam can be compensated by reducing the total pressure. In contrast, or alternatively, conventional laser systems can reduce the input driving voltage so that the energy of the output beam is at the predetermined desired energy. In this way, the driving voltage is maintained within a small range around HVopt, while the gas procedure operates to replenish the gases and maintain the average pulse energy or energy dose, such as by controlling an output rate of change of the gas mixture or a rate of gas flow through the laser tube.
Further stabilization by increasing the average pulse energy during laser operation can be advantageously performed by increasing the total pressure of gas mixture in the laser tube up to Pmax. Advantageously, the gas procedures set forth herein permit the laser system to operate within a very small range around HVopt, while still achieving average pulse energy control and gas replenishment, and increasing the gas mixture lifetime or time between new fills.
A laser system having a discharge chamber or laser tube with a same gas mixture, total gas pressure, constant distance between the electrodes and constant rise time of the charge on laser peaking capacitors of the pulser module, can also have a constant breakdown voltage. The operation of the laser can have an optimal driving voltage HVopt, at which the generation of a laser beam has a maximum efficiency and discharge stability.
Variations on embodiments described herein can be substantially as effective. For instance, the energy of the laser beam can be continuously maintained within a tolerance range around the desired energy by adjusting the input driving voltage. The input driving voltage can then be monitored. When the input driving voltage is above or below the optimal driving voltage HVopt by a predetermined or calculated amount, a total pressure addition or release, respectively, can be performed to adjust the input driving voltage a desired amount, such as closer to HVopt, or otherwise within a tolerance range of the input driving voltage. The total pressure addition or release can be of a predetermined amount of a calculated amount, such as described above. In this case, the desired change in input driving voltage can be determined to correspond to a change in energy, which would then be compensated by the calculated or predetermined amount of gas addition or release, such that similar calculation formulas may be used as described herein.
It should be recognized that a number of variations of the above-identified embodiments will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by those specific embodiments and methods of the present invention shown and described herein. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
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1857 10C PR64 Cameo PCGS....
2009 April-May Cincinnati, OH (CSNS) US Coin Auction #1124
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Rare 1857 Ten Cent, PR64 Cameo1857 10C PR64 Cameo PCGS. The 1857 proof dime is a scarce issue overall, and extremely rare in Cameo format. The fields on this near-Gem piece are deeply reflective with a significant overlay of frost on the devices which gives the coin its two-toned, cameo effect. Just the slightest hint of golden color is seen on each side, but the coin basically presents as brilliant. The design elements are exquisitely brought up. The diagnostic repunching is visible just below the flag of the 1 in the date. Population: 2 in 64 Cameo, 0 finer (3/09).
From The Joseph C. Thomas Collection. (PCGS# 84746)
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Cell phone linked to Netanyahu's office mailbox stolen at Jerusalem mall
The phone, which belongs to the head of the bureau chief of the Prime Minister's Office, contained email messages from the Prime Minister's Office and an agenda of the prime minister's appointments.
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A cellular phone belonging to a senior employee of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's official office was stolen on Tuesday, while its owner was shopping in the Ramot Mall in Jerusalem.
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It's not even Thanksgiving yet, but more and more department stores are unveiling their holiday windows! Bloomingdale's eschewed clothes and whimsical handmade displays in favor of video screens (welcome to the future, kids), while Bergdorf Goodman built "fantasy travel" scenes with flying horses and spaceships. Macy's couldn't pick just one theme this year: The store honored Miracle on 34th Street, "Yes, Virginia," and Elf on Broadway. See all of these displays and more in our holiday windows slideshow!
[Earlier: 'Tis the Season for Holiday Window Displays]


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Friday, April 26, 2013
I'm going to start off by saying that I am usually a very optimistic and positive person. I have taken a huge hit this week though. I've never been fired before....well, before Tuesday. I was miserable at my job, so maybe it was a Blessing in disguise, but I have been down ever since. I haven't done much of anything today while the kids are at a school, so that made me feel even worse. I'm guessing that I'm going to need to have some time with my kids after school at the park, come home, do some chores, make dinner, and when they go to bed, I can have some "me" time to try to revitalize my spirit. How do you revitalize your spirit? I was thinking of a bubble bath after doing my nails. Then, do my hair, get in some comfy pj's and then watch a good movie and sleep. :)
My husband is picking up where I left off work-wise. He is away traveling for work for a couple of weeks, so that is difficult for me too. I dont' really know what I'm doing so I think I need to fake it til I make it, as they say. Anyway, thank you for listening. Spark On! :)
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Everyone who offered a comment has good advice. Getting fired or let go or being forced to resign or being laid off is one of the hardest things to go through in life. You are being rejected, you're losing friends, and you're losing $$$ and your position. It's scary. I have gone through it, and survived, and probably most people have had that experience. First thing, go to the office of Employment Security ASAP because they have time limits. Then, network on social sites. You might want to try the temporary services. Often full time work comes from those jobs. Good luck to you.
DeAnne, Missourians Team
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First, I hope you can collect unemployment, that will help. Second, it is their loss and Third, you were miserable at your job. Yes, you lost the income, but - this is God's way for moving you on. He has a path for you - you don't even know it, but it is laid out for you. So, take some time to collect yourself, update your resume, reassure your kids and hubby they are loved and be good to YOU! This is a rough time for you - but take a step back and look at the whole picture and be positive you will find another job if this is what you need to do. Blessings to you and your beautiful family. LI, NY sends you a wave...
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That's right, Mama! Fake it 'til you make it. Look at it this way...you were not fired!! You were given an opportunity to devote yourself COMPLETELY to finding something more fulfilling and challenging, where your contribution and talent would be appreciated. If you hated that job, you willed it away. Nobody fired you :-)!
And I swear you'll look back and know it was the best thing that could have happened!
Been there, done that, and wear the t-shirt at MY shop!!! ;-)~
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I'm sure it is very difficult to be in limbo and your significant other being away when you need some one to lean on doesn't help. But you do have a lot to be thankful for. When I am in a blue place, I usually just spend some extra time with my kids. They are quite a bit older, but they always make me feel appreciated, loved and make me laugh.
I agree with Eloquentz - take some 'me' time, enjoy the family time and then polish up your resume.
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Sounds like a plan! A bubble bath, the nails & your hair, topped off by a favorite movie. Mmmm. Perfect! :-)
Then shake it off. The last time I was fired from a job, it caused me to leave a job where there was little room for promotion. I started a new job in an office which led me to the career I have today. Sometimes what feels like a bad thing can turn out to be a blessing in disguise!
Be patient!!! Good things will happen.
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It is so hard when you're fired/laid off/let go. It doesn't even seem to matter if you liked your job or not. Take some ME time and then polish up your resume.
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My first thought was to set a cookie, but if the client doesn't accept cookies, this would obviously fail.
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Oh,Goodness! My pet fish asked me out! But he's too wet behind the ears. Older Guy, Rescue me!
Oh! You're here. Thank goodness. I have nothing against fish, you understand, but I think I'm going to prefer you. But enough about me. Let's talk about you. What do YOU think about Me?! Oh, yes, I should tell you something first, shouldn't I? Well, I'm here because I'm single, enjoying life, but on the lookout for a man to share all the fun that life decides to throw my way. Even the best things-like french toast and eggs taste better with a nice guy enjoying them with you, too. Talking of french toast and eggs-yum, that's my breakfast of choice. I also make a mean omelet. Well, it's not mean-mean, you understand. It doesn't leap off the plate and scream, "Hey don't eat me!" But, well, you get me. When not creating talking omelets, I love to go to the markets on a weekend hunting for something antique. Last weekend, I bought this unique picture frame. In the day, I work as a benefits coordinator,downing coffees,and listening to hits of the day in my place. I spend my evenings inside, watching 80's flicks or" the other guys", and dreaming of a man by my side-possibly you. And who is this man, this man to steal my heart? Well he's mature,humorous, kind,and considerate,with some kind of interesting job. If you'd like to know more, just ask. I don't bite- the same cannot be said of my mean omelets!
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Aerobics, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
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New York University, New York, NY
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Your style will never be out of date wearing this Steampunk Tween Costume! Victorian dress has belt buckles across the chest that hold up the skirt. White ruffle lines the sleeves and hem of the skirt while a scarf-wrapped top hat adds that extra little something. Symbolic goggles that represent…
Top off your Steampunk costume with this clever and stylish black felt Steampunk hat and celebrate the collision of the Victorian era with science fiction.
Get on board for Halloween when you dress fancy in this Steampunk Adult Women's Costume. Burgundy dress features a highly detailed bodice, complete with glovelettes, goggles and a hat with a scarf.
Top off your costume with this stylish adult's classic black top hat. Perfect for your Steampunk or Goth costume.
You can't fully get this signature time warped look without the Steampunk Latex Goggles. Pair these crazy mechanistic glasses with a top hat, jabot and vest and you'll be ready to take on the time periods.
You'll guarantee everyone has a good time on Halloween in this Beer Garden Girl Adult Womens Costume! Pass the brews wearing sexy steampunk style dress with ruffled bust and sleeves, corset waist and adjustable skirt, so you can show as much skin as you'd like. Top hat also included!


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The Pakistani film Shah is based on the incredible true story of Pakistani Olympian Boxer Syed Hussain Shah. Shah started his life as a homeless child on the streets of Lyari, Karachi and went on to dominate Asian boxing for nearly a decade. He became the first South Asian, and to date, the only Pakistani to win an Olympic ...
Omer Nadeem - (Naat) Kabhi Raaste Ka Pata Diya [Listen/Download]
Ishq Ramzan Hai OST by Asim Azhar (Listen/Download Audio)
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Pakistani Film Shah (Official First Look Trailer)
B4U Films and Hum Network Join hands to Release Movie 'Bin Roye' in international
[Karachi July 1, 2015]: Two of Asia's biggest media power houses B4U and HUM Network have inked a deal to work together for the worldwide release of the Pakistani feature film 'Bin Roye' starring Mahira Khan, Humayum Saeed and Armeena Rana Khan in lead roles. A one-of-its-kind movie for Pakistani cinema, Bin Roye, is a Momina Duraid ...
Ali Zafar from a real life hero
[Press Release]: Pakistan's reigning superstar, singer/actor/artist Ali Zafar has once agai proved that ali zafar has a heart of gold by bearing expenses of a young squash player to participate in an international tournament. National Under-17 squash player Noorena Shams from Peshawar wished to participate in the Asian Squash Tournament, but her requests for funds were turned ...
Omer Nadeem – (Naat) Kabhi Raaste Ka Pata Diya [Listen/Download]
Omer Nadeem A gift of Ramadan in the shape of Naat Ramadan 2015. Recorded at Omer Nadeem Studios Naat:- Kabhi Raaste Ka Pata Diya (Naat) By Omer Nadeem Written by:- Qari Akhlaq Ahmed Ansari Composed by:- Shireen Hasan Recorded & Produced at Omer Nadeem Studios Download Audio: Click here Listen to the audio below:
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Sawaab OST – Ramzan Special (Listen/Download)
OST:- Sawaab Conceived by:- Noor ul Huda Shah Producer Hum sitaray by:- Nida Nadeem Produced by :- Momina Duraid and Syed Mukhtar Ahmed Art Director:- Anjum Shabbir Syed Written by:- Ghazala Naqvi Directed by:- Furqan T Siddiqui Starrring:- Sana Fukher,Samina Ahmed,Sohail Sameer,Raima khan,Sajwa Binte Shahid,Zaryan Hasan,Abid ali,Yasra Rizvi,Salman Faisal Network:- Hum Sitaray Download Audio: Click Here Listen Audio Below:


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"The last game we played Tuesday, we couldn't throw it into the ocean. We were four out of 28 in the second half. Tonight, he came out and set the tone - he's done that for us all year long. He comes out in the first quarter and makes big shots for us."
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"It sure wasn't a beautiful game. (Pitt) had 19 turnovers and we couldn't throw the ball in the ocean."
"We couldn't hit the ocean from the beach. We played our regular game and were getting open looks. Everything was right where we wanted it, but the ball wasn't falling."
"Just as the wave cannot exist for itself, but is ever a part of the heaving surface of the ocean, so must I never live my life for itself, but always in the experience which is going on around me."


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GARAGE SALES: Collectibles: Disney, P. Moments, Fenton. china, glassware, antiques, décor. Fender Strat with case & ampMore info Email a friend
GARAGE SALES: The LTMS cheer team is having a yard sale to raise money for uniforms. Household items, wall art, clothing, shoes, toys and much more!More info Email a friend


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Red Sox Press Releases
Red Sox sign first-round pick Andrew Benintendi
The Boston Red Sox have signed first-round selection Andrew Benintendi, a 20-year-old centerfielder out of the University of Arkansas, the club's first pick in the 2015 June Draft (seventh overall). He is one of five signings announced today by Director of Amateur Scouting Mike Rikard, including the club's second pick, third-rounder Austin Rei (pronounced "RYE"), a 21-year-old catcher out of the University of Washington.
Red Sox Recall Right-Handed Pitcher Matt Barnes from Triple-A Pawtucket
The Boston Red Sox today recalled right-handed pitcher Matt Barnes from Triple-A Pawtucket. To make room for him on the 25-man roster, infielder Travis Shaw was optioned to Pawtucket.
Red Sox Sign Three Additional Players Selected in 2015 June Draft
The Boston Red Sox have signed three additional players selected in the 2015 June Draft.
Red Sox Announce Roster Moves
Red Sox Announce Roster Moves
Military members to enjoy special tickets and pricing
The Red Sox previously announced that active-duty, retired, and veteran service members will receive special pricing on tickets to games at Fenway Park. The club will also continue the popular "Tickets for Troops" program today, June 25, which gives fans the opportunity to donate their tickets to members of the United States Armed Forces for a select game. Tickets for Troops is presented by Bank of America.
Red Sox to offer free cholesterol screenings today
As part of the "Make Your Move Across America" campaign and "Cholesterol Awareness Night," presented by AstraZeneca, the Red Sox will offer free lipid screenings and cholesterol education to fans 18 and older attending the Red Sox-Orioles game today, Wednesday, June 24.
Red Sox Sign Two Additional Players Selected In 2015 June Draft
The Boston Red Sox have signed two additional players selected in the 2015 June Draft.
Red Sox and Boston 2024 to mark Olympic Day by celebrating Olympians
The Boston Red Sox and the Boston 2024 Partnership will mark Olympic Day - today, June 23 - by celebrating Olympians, Paralympians, and 2024 hopefuls during tonight's game against the Baltimore Orioles.
Mookie Betts of the Boston Red Sox named American League Player of the Week
Boston Red Sox outfielder Mookie Betts has been named the American League Player of the Week for the period ending June 21st. The announcement was made earlier today on MLB Network.