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Is it too late for the euro?
Liaquat Ahamed
Dec 5, 2011 The leaders of Germany and France met today to figure out a strategy to bail out the Euro. Is it too late?
Angela Merkel calls for strict government spending rules
Stephen Beard
Dec 2, 2011 German Chancellor Angela Merkel today called for a new legally binding set of rules to control spending in all eurozone countries, with harsh fines for any rule-breakers.
Rebranding the euro
Sally Herships
Dec 19, 2011 A crisis of confidence besets the euro as it approaches its 10th anniversary. Can the currency be rebranded to restore its luster?
European debt crisis reaches pivotal moment
Stephen Beard
Nov 28, 2011 Last week marked more bad news for economies across Europe, including Germany. If more countries follow suit this week, the crisis could reach its threshold
Could the euro be on its last legs?
Jeremy Hobson
Interview by
Nov 25, 2011 The economic problems in Europe continue to gain steam, with Italy and Hungary making the latest headlines.
Is the euro's death approaching?
Stephen Beard
Nov 25, 2011 In yet another bad development in the eurozone debt crisis, Italy saw its borrowing costs skyrocket. And now a British regulator has called on U.K. banks to prepare for the possible disintegration of the euro.
Brits head for cover amid Euro crisis
Christopher Werth
Nov 14, 2011 The British government is officially creating contingency plans in case the Euro breaks apart as fears continue over the regions banking crisis. Other countries so far remain quite on following suit.
The root of Italy's problems
Paddy Hirsch
May 6, 2015 Berlusconi may be gone, but Italia's problems persists. Senior Editor Paddy Hirsch explains how Italy got into the mess it's in today.
From the Road: Euro Angst
David Brancaccio
Nov 3, 2011 Is Europe on the verge of throwing out it its single currency? You hear whispers of that, in the face of strains on the continent's monetary uni...
MID-DAY UPDATE: Black Friday, how would the Better Business Bureau rate itself?
Christina Huh
Nov 25, 2010 Happy Thanksgiving! After that big dinner, many people will gear up for Black Friday shopping. There are deals galore to be had, and a new retailer...


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Manuel Espinoza Jr.
Manuel Espinoza Jr., of Knox City, Texas, died Wednesday, Jan. 16. 2013, at Brazos Care Home in Knox City.
Memorial services were 3 p.m., Saturday, Jan. 19, 2013, at the Knox City Community Center in Knox City with grandson, Zacheri Espinoza, officiating. Honoring Mr. Espinoza's wishes, he was cremated. Arrangements were made through Smith Family Funeral Homes.
Survivors include wife, Hortencia Espinoza of Knox City; one son, Ernest Espinoza of Early, Texas; two daughters, Irma Esquivel of Ulysess, Kan., Rose Aquayo of Knox City; 11 grandchildren; 18 great-grandchildren; four brothers; and three sisters.
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text: Old Harbor 2nd Class City in the Kodiak Island Borough Community Details Incorporation Type 2nd Class City Area Type Community Current Population 213 Population Comment 2014 DCCED Commissioner Certified Figure Borough/Census Area FIPS Code 150 Place FIPS 57340 Economy Subsistence Yes Residents Age 16 and Over 167 Residents Employed in 2013 107 Residents Employed (%) 64 Employed in all 4 Quarters (%) 41 Employed in Private Sector (%) 34 Employed in Local Gov. (%) 66 Employed in State Gov. (%) 0 Resident Wages in 2013 ($) 2,107,886 New Hires 63 Unemployment Insurance Claimants 17 Local Labor Market Info URL http://live.laborstats.alaska.gov/alari/index.cfm?r=2&b=14&p=239&goplace=go Economy - Fisheries Participation and Earnings CDQ Participant No CQE Eligible Yes CQE Participant Yes Count of Seafood Processors 2 All Fisheries, Permit Holders 20 All Fisheries, Permits Issued 49 All Fisheries, Permit Holders that Fished 12 All Fisheries, Est. Earnings ($) 3,101,691 All Fisheries, Total (Lbs.) 6,226,684 Crab, Permit Holders 7 Crab, Permits Issued 7 Crab, Permit holders that fished 4 Crab, Note Community has permit holders in this fishery but data is suppressed; three or fewer permit holders participated in one or more of the fisheries. Halibut, Permit Holders 5 Halibut, Permits Issued 5 Halibut, Permit holders that fished 2 Halibut, Note Community has permit holders in this fishery but data is suppressed; three or fewer permit holders participated in one or more of the fisheries. Herring, Permit Holders 7 Herring, Permits Issued 8 Herring, Permit holders that fished 3 Herring, Note Community has permit holders in this fishery but data is suppressed; three or fewer permit holders participated in one or more of the fisheries. Other Groundfish, Permit Holders 8 Other Groundfish, Permits Issued 9 Other Groundfish, Permit holders that fished 3 Other Groundfish, Note Community has permit holders in this fishery but data is suppressed; three or fewer permit holders participated in one or more of the fisheries. Other Shellfish, Permit Holders 2 Other Shellfish, Permits Issued 2 Other Shellfish, Permit holders that fished 0 Salmon, Permit Holders 17 Salmon, Permits Issued 17 Salmon, Permit holders that fished 11 Salmon, Est. Earnings ($) 2,789,602 Salmon, Total (Lbs.) 5,443,089 Salmon, Note Data is partially suppressed; due to three or fewer permit holders participating in one or more of the fisheries. Economy - Fuel Prices Fuel Price Data Month January 2015 Gallon of Heating Fuel ($) 5.15 Gallon of Gasoline ($) 7.34 Election, Recording, and Judicial Districts Senate District P Senator Gary Stevens (R) House District 32 Representative Louise Stutes (R) Judicial District 3 Recording District Kodiak Facilities and Amenities Municipal Facilities & Utilities Piped Water, Piped Sewar, Electric (AVEC), Refuse Collection, Landfill, Health Clinic, Police, Volunteer Fire, Fire Hall, Harbor/Dock, Airport, Library, Fuel Sales, Teen/Senior Center, Roads, Gym, Building Rental, Equipment Rental Broadband Internet Available Yes Broadband Cell Phone Services Yes Cell Phone Service Available Yes Max Upload Speed Available 200 kbps to 768 kbps (UPLOAD only) Max Download Speed Available 1.5 Mbps to 3 Mbps Geography and Climate Location Old Harbor is located on the southeast coast of Kodiak Island, 70 miles southwest of the City of Kodiak and 322 miles southwest of Anchorage. Community Map Available Yes Map URL http://commerce.alaska.gov/dnn/dcra/PlanningLandManagement/CommunityProfileMaps.aspx Latitude 57.2028 Longitude -153.3039 Sq Mi Land 21.00 Sq Mi Water 6.20 Climate Old Harbor falls within the gulf coast maritime climate zone, characterized by a rainy atmosphere, long, cold winters, and mild summers. This zone lacks prolonged periods of freezing weather at low altitudes and is characterized by cloudiness and frequent fog. The Kodiak Archipelago is warmed by the Japanese current. The climate is similar to Southeast Alaska, with slightly less precipitation. The combination of heavy precipitation and low temperatures at high altitudes in the coastal mountains of southern Alaska accounts for the numerous mountain glaciers. History and Culture History The area around Old Harbor is thought to have been inhabited for nearly 2,000 years. The area was visited by the Russian Grigori Shelikov and his "Three Saints" flagship in 1784. Three Saints Bay became the first Russian colony in Alaska. In 1788, a tsunami destroyed the settlement. Two more earthquakes struck before 1792. In 1793, the town relocated from the northeast coast to "Saint Paul's," now known as Kodiak. A settlement was reestablished at Three Saints Harbor in 1884. The town was recorded as "Staruigavan," meaning "old harbor" in Russian. The present-day Natives are Alutiiq (Russian-Aleuts). The Old Harbor post office was opened in 1931. In 1964, the Good Friday Earthquake and resulting tsunami destroyed the community; only two homes and the church remained standing. The community was rebuilt in the same location. The city government was incorporated in 1966. Culture Old Harbor practices its traditional Alutiiq culture and subsistence lifestyle. Fishing provides income to the community. Residents of Kaguyak, a summer fish camp, also live in Old Harbor. Indigenous Language Alutiiq Federally Recognized Tribe Yes Name of Federally Recognized Tribe Village of Old Harbor ANCSA Village/Urban Corporation Old Harbor Native Corporation Municipal Powers Public Education Not permitted to provide this service. Planning, Platting and Land Use Regulation Not required to exercise the powers in any circumstance, but may be permitted in all cases in the manner described for first class cities. Property Tax Powers May tax up to 20 mills, except where a higher levy is required to avoid default. Voter approval required. Sales Tax Powers No limit on the rate of levy of sales taxes; however, voter approval is required. Other Powers Not Prohibited May exercise other powers not prohibited by law. City Council or Assembly Composition and Apportionment 7 members elected at-large, except the council may provide for election other than at-large. Election and Term of Mayor Elected from the city council for a 1-year term, unless a longer term is provided by ordinance. Mayor selected by council (or by voters upon adoption of ordinance). Vote by Mayor Votes on all matters. Veto Power of the Mayor Does not have veto power. Power of Eminent Domain Permitted, but requires voter approval. Ability to Attain Home-Rule Status May not adopt home-rule charter without first reclassifying to a first-class city. Regions Borough/Census Area Kodiak Island Borough ANCSA Regional Corporation Koniag, Incorporated Native Regional Health Care Provider Kodiak Area Native Association ANCSA Regional Non-Profit Kodiak Area Native Association School District Kodiak Island Borough School District DCRA Alaska Region Gulf Coast Region Climate Region Gulf Coast Maritime Taxes Sales Tax (%) 3.00 Property Tax (Mills) 10.75 Property Tax Note Borough Tax Other Taxes 5% Bed Tax (Borough); 1.075% Raw Fish Tax (Borough); 1.075% Severance Tax (Borough) Transportation Transportation Old Harbor is accessible only by air and water. A state-owned gravel runway and a seaplane base serve air traffic. Regular and charter flights are available from Kodiak. There is a harbor with docking facilities for 55 boats. Seattle-based and local barge services are available. The Alaska state ferry has weekly service during the summer months. In 2014 there was a project underway to expand the runway from 2,000 to 4,700 feet. Harbor/Dock Yes State Ferry Yes Cargo Barge Yes Road Connection No Coastal Yes FAA Weather Cam http://avcams.faa.gov/index.php?lat=57.190599766100696&lng=-153.30681000000004&z=13 Housing - 2010 Census Total Housing Units 105 Total Households 84 Family Households 53 Average Household Size 2.60 Total Occupied Housing Units 84 Total Vacant Housing Units 21 Occupied Housing Units (%) 80.0 Owner Occupied Units (%) 83.3 Renter Occupied Units (%) 16.7 Vacant Housing Units (%) 20.0 Vacant Due to Seasonal Use (%) 23.8 Census Population History Population in 1880 160 Population in 1890 86 Population in 1900 0 Population in 1910 0 Population in 1920 54 Population in 1930 84 Population in 1940 109 Population in 1950 121 Population in 1960 193 Population in 1970 290 Population in 1980 340 Population in 1990 284 Population in 2000 237 Population in 2010 218 Population by Age - 2010 Census 19 or Younger 74 20 to 64 126 65 and Older 18 Median Age 35 Other Population Characteristics - 2010 Census Population by Gender: Female 95 Population by Gender: Male 123 Percent Native, Alone or in Combination with Another Race 87.78 Income - 2009-2013 ACS 5-Year Estimates Per Capita Income 25,593 Per Capita Income - Margin of Error +/-13,525 Median Household Income 41,000 Median Household Income - Margin of Error +/-26,516 Median Family Income 61,000 Median Family Income - Margin of Error +/-12,980 Poverty - 2009-2013 ACS 5-Year Estimates Population for whom poverty status is determined 229 Total Population - Margin of Error +/-90 Persons below poverty level (%) 27.10 Persons below poverty level (%) - Margin of Error +/-16.0 All Individuals below 125 percent of poverty level 78 Persons below 125% of poverty level - Margin of Error +/-54


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CBNNews.com - JERUSALEM, Israel - Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert offered Palestinian Authority (PA ) President Mahmoud Abbas a detailed proposal for a future Palestinian state.
According to an aide in Olmert's office, the proposal included a map delineating proposed borders for two states.
Olmert wants to reach an agreement during his remaining time in office, however long that may be. He said he will resign when a new Kadima chairman is elected in September or if he is indicted on any of the criminal cases under investigation.
Olmert proposes an Israeli withdrawal from 93 percent of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), which includes alternative land in the Negev for the percentage that would remain Israeli.
The plan proposes that Israel retain the city of Ma'ale Adumim, the Gush Etzion communities and outlying Jerusalem neighborhoods.
According to the Israeli daily Haaretz, new construction in Ariel and Efrat, approved by Olmert and his Defense Minister Ehud Barak, indicates they would like to hold on to these two cities.
Haaretz writes that Olmert intends to present his plan in stages to the Israeli public, noting that to keep the ultra-Orthodox Shas party from leaving the government, the status of Jerusalem will be postponed for now.
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice will visit the region next week to assess the plan's progress.
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Islamic Hate for the Christian CrossRaymond Ibrahim


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Present talking Thomas toy train to your kid. It produces funny sounds and phrases that delight the children. Fisher Price is a leading brand engaged in offering a wide range of best quality child care and educational products. The company has its headquarter in East Aurora, New York. Give your child the joy of learning with best quality Fisher Price products. Disclaimer: Please note the product colour may differ from the colour shown in the photo.
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Kenmore Elite 796.29272000 UE error.in The Laundry Appliance Repair Forum
Started by Alcamo, 01 Dec 2012 UE or Unbalance error.
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Live from the Garnet and Gold game: Halftime stats of Florida Stateâs spring game
Story | Apr 10, 2010
Weâre at the half now. Team Gold, led by Christian Ponder, leads Team Garnet, 14-10. Lots of big plays â both in the passing game and the running game â for both offenses. Some halftime stats: GARNET 8 first downs Rushing: 9-40 Passing (C-


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Bear Spotted On Golf Course At Treesdale Country Club
Some local golfers got a bit of a surprise out on the links.
Shaler Police Issue Public Warning After Bear Cub Sightings
Police in Shaler have issued a warning after some reported bear sightings Tuesday morning.
350-Pound Bear Finds Its Way Into Uniontown
A large bear that found its way into Uniontown is being relocated to a safer place after it took two tranquilizer darts to subdue it on Monday.
Aggressive Bear Attacks, Kills Fayette Co. Woman's Goat, Donkey
Bear sightings are not uncommon this time of year, but one in Fayette County was especially alarming.
2 Black Bears Spotted Near Game Lands In Wexford
Two bears were reportedly spotted in Wexford.
Viral Video: Baby Bear Caught On Camera Pole Dancing At Golf Course
A baby bear playing with the flagstick on a British Columbia golf course has gone viral.
"Bucket Bear" Rescued By Group In Clarion County
The bear nicknamed "The Bucket Bear" has been rescued in Clarion County.
Black Bear Attacks Morgantown Area Woman
A Morgantown area woman is recovering after being attacked by a black bear.
Game Commission Rescues Wayward Bear Trapped On Barge
Pennsylvania Game Commission officials were called to trap a bear that found its way onto a barge in Clairton Wednesday morning.
Officials Investigating Mt. Lebanon Bear Sighting
Officials are investigating a reported bear sighting in Mount Lebanon.
Woman Demands Action After Her Maltese Is Mauled To Death By Pit Bull
A woman was walking her dog last week when she says a pit bull came out of nowhere and attacked.
Man Charged In Morningside Accidental Shooting
It was around 8 p.m. Thursday when family and friends were sitting around the dining room table in a house on Jancey Street in Morningside.
Police: Person Dressed As Bear Jumps In Front Of Car
Police are investigating after a person dressed as a bear reportedly jumped in front of a Shaler Township car.
Bear Sighting Shocks Belle Vernon Residents
People living in a Belle Vernon neighborhood can't "bear" the thought of having a bear in their community.
Group Rescues Bear With Head Stuck In Jar
Four central Pennsylvania residents say they rescued a young bear whose head had been stuck in a plastic jar for at least 11 days.


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The Lasso: Roping in the best of the web
Kid challenges Steel Panther to guitar solo contest
I guess the old saying, "If you've got it, flaunt it" holds true on this one.
According to the Huffington Post, 11-year-old Aiden Fisher heard that Steel Panther had a habit of bringing fans on stage. He decided to make a sign to attract the band's attention.
But the sign didn't say anything along the lines of "Steel Panther Forever." No, his sign read "I Challenge Satchel to a Guitar Solo."
Satchel, the guitar player, called the boy on stage. Guess what? Aiden can rip!
He was so good, he played a song with the band.


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MoondriveMoondrive (2008) Theatrical Cartoon
This page has been viewed 9 times this month, and 226 times total.
- Theatrical ShortShort
- Studio 4°C
- Cartoon Characters: Treasure Hunters.
- Voice Actors: Arata Furuta, Shoko Takada.
- Directed By Kazuto Nakazawa.
- Produced By Kunitoshi Yamada.
- Animated By Kazuto Nakazawa.
- Written By Kazuto Nakazawa.
- Music: Warsaw Village Band.
- Originally Released on February 15, 2008.
- Originally Released Theatrically.
- Running Time: 15 minutes.
- Color
- Japan
Cartoon Summary:
An anarchic blend of 2D and 3D animation follows a gang of down-and-out treasure hunters on a remote moon.
Cartoon Production Information:
Part of a larger animation anthology feature, Genius Party Beyond.
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Reveals creative, time-saving features in Apple's word processing and page layout tool.
Teaches users how to create elegant and effective documents in Pages '08.
"Through your company I am experiencing the real joy of education. It is incredibly motivating to see the passion of the teachers in each course." —Saif R.
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List price $17.99
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- Publisher: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN
- Format: Hardback | 393 pages
- Dimensions: 137mm x 211mm x 41mm | 567g
- Publication date: 2 October 2012
- Publication City/Country: Boston
- Edition: 1
- Sales rank: 49,635
Product description
They called her Water Claire. When she washed up on their shore, no one knew that she came from a society where emotions and colors didn t exist. That she had become a Vessel at age thirteen. That she had carried a Product at age fourteen. That it had been stolen from her body. Claire had a son. But what became of him she never knew. What was his name? Was he even alive? She was supposed to forget him, but that was impossible. Now Claire will stop at nothing to find her child, even if it means making an unimaginable sacrifice. Son thrusts readers once again into the chilling world of the Newbery Medal winning book, "The Giver," as well as "Gathering Blue "and "Messenger "where a new hero emerges. In this thrilling series finale, the startling and long-awaited conclusion to Lois Lowry s epic tale culminates in a final clash between good and evil."
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"Written with powerful, moving simplicity, Claire's story stands on its own, but as the final volume in this iconic quartet, it holistically reunites characters, reprises provocative socio-political themes, and offers a transcending message of tolerance and hope. Bravo!" "Kirkus," starred review "Lowry is one of those rare writers who can craft stories as meaningful as they are enticing." "Booklist, " starred review "Son is a tender conclusion to this memorable story, and definitely the best of the books in this sequence since The Giver itself." "School Library Journal, " starred review "The strength of this novel is its compassionate portrait of a mother's commitment to her lost child." "Horn Book""In the completely absorbing opening, Lowry transports readers back to the horrifying world from which Jonas came." "Publishers Weekly" A consummate stylist, Lowry handles it all magnificently: the leaps in time, the shifts in perspective, the moments of extreme emotion fear, joy, sadness all conveyed in unadorned prose that seizes the heart. Give this book to your child, your grandmother, your senator, your neighbor: It s a bipartisan tale for our times. "The Washington Post" Lois Lowry's "Son" [is] a gripping end to the Giver series "The Los Angeles Times" It's the kind of book that will stay with you for days as you wonder about what it says about human nature, society, and the future of society. YPulse.com "A quiet, sorrowful, deeply moving exploration of the powers of empathy and the obligations of love." "The" "New York Times Book Review""


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Mideast Christians and Authoritarian Regimesby Mark Movsesian
Message to the West: Don't Judge Continue Reading »
Message to the West: Don't Judge Continue Reading »
You haven't kissed her yet?" A classmate furrows his brow, as if trying to understand some antiquarian cultural rite. "And you've been dating how long?" As a conservative Christian within a . . . . Continue Reading »
In the aftermath of Friday's Supreme Court decision, attention is turning toward the future of religious liberty. And if you read Justice Kennedy's opinion on the ruling, you'll quickly . . . . Continue Reading »
The danger of domestic terrorism looms large today because of young Americans finding purpose in life through radical Islam. Continue Reading »
If American evangelicals are to succeed at Christian formation under the new cultural regime that the Supreme Court has just instituted in law, they must re-learn the Gospel of Christ as the word of . . . . Continue Reading »
Thanks for Everything, Justice Kennedy
Matthew J. Franck, Public Discourse
Archbishop Kurtz on Same Sex Marriage Ruling, and Where the Church Goes from Here
Joseph Kurtz, Our Sunday Visitor
A North Dakota Oil Boom Goes Bust
Mara Van Ells, The Atlantic
The ACLU Abandons Support of Religious Freedom
Daniel Allott, Washington Examiner
As the Culture Shifts on Marriage, Evangelicals Stand Firm
Russell Moore, National Review
Antonin Scalia as the Measure of How Far We Have to Go
Edward Peters, In the Light of the Law
This has been a wild weekend. The Supreme Court handing down its decisive ruling that marriage is malleable was not surprising, but it created an air of certainty and solemnity to the fact that . . . . Continue Reading »
Many social conservatives are rightly disappointed and dismayed by the Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges, which effectively legalized same sex marriage in all 50 states. Many . . . . Continue Reading »
Why the Church Should Neither Cave Nor Panic About the Gay Marriage Decision.
Russell Moore, Washington Post
How to Protect Your Ministry from Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Lawsuits.
The Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission
The Moral Case for Gentrification
Stephen Bayley, The Spectator
Judicial Activism on Marriage isn't the End—Here's What to Do Now.
Ryan T. Anderson, The Boston Globe
Supreme Court Decision On Marriage "A Tragic Error"
Joseph Kurtz, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
As the dust settles and the role that conscientious dissenters will have in our New Society is made clearer, we who pray "Thy kingdom come" need not be afraid. What is new is the unfortunate . . . . Continue Reading »


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Upgrade your mobile screen with innovative technology designed to protect and enhance today's smartest cell phones and digital devices. 3M Natural View Screen Protector provides a crystal clear image, scratch and smudge resistance and adds long-lasting protection to your mobile device. Stay-clean edge technology keeps your smartphone looking great. Easy to apply and with clean removal, leaves no residue on your screen.
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text: The Old Town Gospel Choir from Luleå, Sweden, will perform in concert Sunday, June 24, at 7 p.m. in the beautiful Cambridge Lutheran Church Sanctuary at 621 Old North Main St. in Cambridge. Tickets, sold at the door, are $8. The 23-member Old Town Gospel Choir performs a mixture of gospel music (bo...Read More


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GIMP 2.6 for Photographers
Image Editing with Open Source Software
Image editing has become a crucial element in the photographic workflow. Image editing tools, most notably Photoshop, are usually sophisticated and deep applications, and are fairly expensive. The only open source tool in this market is the GIMP, which has developed into a powerful, multiplatform system running on Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.
GIMP 2.6 for Photographers is a beginner's guide to the only open source image editing tool that provides a low-cost alternative to expensive programs such as Photoshop. Topics include the basics of image editing and simple adjustments, as well as advanced techniques using layers and masks, stitching panoramic images, and preparing high-quality black and white images. The most important editing functions are presented in individual, easy-to-follow workshops.
GIMP 2.6 for Photographers has evolved from classroom materials that the author developed and taught in courses and workshops on image editing with the GIMP.
The upgrade to GIMP 2.8 that is discussed in the book can be found at rockynook.com for a preview and more details.
Read online, or download in EPUB or PDF format
Title: GIMP 2.6 for Photographers
Author: Klaus Goelker
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Program Logics for Certified Compilers 2014 US$ 14.99 469 pages
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A stripped back yet gorgeous site for royalty-free vector icons for designers. I love that the background is kept simple in order to give the icon design centre stage! I particularly like the typefaces used and choice of colours for the icon sets.Posted in Web Design → Design
The perfect site for an interactive designer and graphic artist! I love that it rigidly fits your browser and the beautiful slideshow background. This site just \'works\', it whisks you instantly into the world of Paul Mitchell Kelly!Posted in Web Design → Design
A great site for a freelance designer that is a good example if a single column design. The header works really well to hold your attention, as does the focal text and graphic. The gallery is a nice touch and allows any prospective clients to immediately get a taste for his design style and philosophy.Posted in Web Design → Design
A wonderful portfolio site for a creative freelancer! I love that the sidebar remains stationary while you scroll through the gallery to the \'about me\' section. The minimalism of this design is great and perfectly adorned with little handwritten comments and doodles.Posted in Web Design → Portfolio
Dotvita aims to \'make ideas aerodynamic\' and their site perfectly reflects this by following an airline theme. I love the gorgeous layout and beautiful use of icons and little details. The slightly abstract header instantly intrigues any visitor to the site and makes you want to investigate further!Posted in Web Design → Design
A stylish home site for a professional web design company. I really like that the whole site fits in one screen on your browser! The unique curvature and layout of the portfolio gallery immediately grabs your attention and draws you in!Posted in Web Design → Design
The first thing that hits you here is the striking header! It\'s brave to use so much space on a single image but it really works here. The contrast between the light header and dark grey background of the rest of the site is really effective, as is the consistent use of the same design ideas!Posted in Web Design → Design
An excellent portfolio site for HTML 5 web designer. The gallery is great, I particularly enjoy the way each previous project springs to life as you scroll over it! However, for me it\'s the details throughout that make this site, the icons, buttons, typefaces, and backgrounds.Posted in Web Design → Portfolio
A fascinating site for a branding and design company that utilises a huge featured project as the focal point. The attention to detail is excellent throughout, a lot of care has been put into giving the right impression. I particularly like the gallery section and icon design.Posted in Web Design → Design
Stella is a developer\'s tool for monitoring and debugging websites and applications. I love the colour palette and great use of different typefaces throughout! The illustrations are interesting and help to draw you in while the intuitive layout of the site makes it obvious what the company is about almost instantaneously.Posted in Web Design → Misc
An extremely classy site for a stylish club. I love the stripped back design and use of a single colour photograph as the focal point! That the vital links are shown on the left hand side rather than in a header is a nice touch!Posted in Web Design → Misc
A fascinating portfolio site for one Elliot Lepers. The site is really something the must be experienced to be understood, the tiles moving and shifting as you browse the page! The barrage of colour and design is awesome and immediately makes an impact!Posted in Web Design → Portfolio
Goldenboy Media\'s site is a great example of consistently gorgeous design! The layout is clear and full of nice details, such as the little handwritten notes around the site. I love the icons and use of typeface throughout, you can immediately tell they\'ve got a talent for logo design!Posted in Web Design → Design
A brilliant site design that features some really nice detail. The coloured \'buy it\' buttons are great, as is the execution of the three column approach! I love the fresh approach to layout shown here, the site guides you left to right across the columns rather than straight down the page.Posted in Web Design → Design
An awesome and immediately striking site for a solo web developer and designer! I love the slogan and the effective use of text in the header. The use of a single highlight colour works really well here, the yellow details help to hold a visitor\'s attention without bombarding them.Posted in Web Design → Design
A clean and professional site for a design and development company. The use of a gallery to showcase previous projects always works well and this is no exception! The little details really make this design, the boxed text in the gallery and the subtle integration of the twitter logo!Posted in Web Design → Design
This gorgeous site is dedicated to the artwork, graphics and logos of record center labels. I love the minimal layout and the way the record collection is thrust immediately into the limelight! The header typeface is excellent and superbly striking while the overall design lends itself perfectly to enjoyable browsing!Posted in Web Design → Music
An interesting site for a Beekeeping auction. I like the use of photography and fascinating typeface used! The layout of the site is intuitive and allows you to immediately get the information that you want!Posted in Web Design → Misc
You have to love the awesome use of typeface here, it immediately grabs your attention and simply fascinates! The colour palette works extremely effectively while the whole site shows of the design philosophy of the company. I particularly like the unobtrusive way the header follows you down the site!Posted in Web Design → Design
A brutally simple site for a DJ that uses a single photograph as its only focal point. The photograph is striking and works hard to draw you in! I like the minimal amount of text and the simple icon design.Posted in Web Design → Music


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Results 1 to 5 of 10
Thread: Middle name for Greta?
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May 7th, 2013 04:16 PM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2009
- Posts
- 10
Middle name for Greta?
Hi Nameberries! I am back as I am 20 weeks pregnant with baby #3. If it is a girl, my husband and I like Greta the best so far. I would love to have a modern middle name to accompany this, but have been stumped this far!
Siblings are Camden Quinn and Lynley Wren.
Some name combos I have considered are:
Greta Analise
Greta Jane
Greta Soleil
I would love to hear your suggestions! Thank you in advance!
May 7th, 2013 10:13 PM #3Senior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2011
- Posts
- 2,592
May 7th, 2013 10:49 PM #5*Magnolia Alice / Evangeline Luna Blue / Coralie Violet/ Adelaide Clover / Adelaide Sofie Grey/Genevieve/Guinevere Luna Neve / Georgiana Ismay Pearl / Eugenie Marigold/ Ondine Atalune Fleur/ Liliana Amoret / Cordelia Olive*
*Osias Jude/Augustin /Thatcher/ Ignatius /Hawthorne/ Benedict
Atlas Peregrine/ Asher Thiago Wolf /Hugo Caspian Sage/Beau/ August/ Maximus Odin*
May 7th, 2013 10:56 PM #7Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2013
- Location
- Los Angeles
- Posts
- 360
May 7th, 2013 11:02 PM #9


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
30 year old man | New York, NY, USA | Seeking women 21-28 within 10 miles
In search of adventure
I'm looking for someone who is intelligent, creative, adventurous, outgoing, funny, spontaneous, driven, and not high-maintenance. I'm not sure if someone like that exists (seems sort of like trying to find a unicorn), but I'm cautiously optimistic. As for me, I am a TV writer, but if I were born in the 1400s, I probably would have been an explorer (Ponce de Leon, eat your heart out). I think the greatest moments in life are those unexpected moments, when you stumble into an adventure and, hopefully, learn something new about yourself or someone else. I love to meet interesting, diverse people and listen to their stories (It's sort of my job...). I especially like trying new things and getting outside of my comfort zone. Self-improvement is not always an easy process, but I believe it's the most rewarding thing you can do. All that poetic stuff aside, my greatest enjoyment in life is laughter. I'm really into comedy (I used to work on a handful of quickly-canceled sitcoms, nbd), and it's basically a requirement that anyone I date have a great sense of humor, otherwise... I mean... what's the point? How could you not be into laughing? Not sure you're gonna have fun on a date with me if you can't appreciate a corny joke and/or sarcasm. Just being honest.
Cooking , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Travel/Sightseeing
Running, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I'm not a fan of going anywhere referred to as a "hot spot" (unless it's a volcano, those are cool).
Travel, live music, comedy (standup/improv), fiction writing, watching movies, cooking, scuba diving, and a lot of other awesome stuff.
Do something I've never done before.
"Down and Out in Paris and London" by George Orwell
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'2" (187cms)
|5'3" (160cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
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|No preference
TV Writer
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|No preference
|English, French
|Bachelors degree
|Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Business type: Technology ×
Keyword: working environment ×
Location: Australasia ×
Location: Palau ×
Environment Protection Authority (SA)
based in Adelaide, AUSTRALIA
Environment Protection Authority is South Australia`s primary environmental regulator, responsible for the protection of air and water quality, and the control of pollution, waste, noise and radiation. The EPA encourages environmental responsibility by working with the community, industry and governments to achieve a healthier and prosperous environment and a sustainable ...
Alpha MOS Environment
based in TOULOUSE, FRANCE
Pioneer of electronic noses, Alpha MOS brings its expertise and know-how to the environmental sector. Our mission is to help industries achieve their Environmental Performance objectives : Reducing the impact of environmental releases. Optimizing consumption of resources: water, energy, additives, etc. Improving performance of odor treatment systems and reducing ...
based in Stockholm, SWEDEN
Environet.se is a free International Directory for companies working for a better environment. At Environet.se you can register your company and sell or buy Environmental Technologies and Products.
based in Palmas Altas, SPAIN
Abengoa (MCE: ABG) is an international company that applies innovative technology solutions for sustainability in the energy and environment sectors, generating energy from the sun, producing biofuels, desalinating sea water and recycling industrial waste.
M+W Group GmbH
based in Stuttgart, GERMANY
M+W Group is a leading global engineering and construction partner for technology-based clients in the segments Electronics, Photovoltaics, Battery Cells, Life Sciences, Chemicals, Science & Research, Energy & Environment Technologies, Automotive, IT & Telecoms, Space & Security.
Starfield LION
based in Toronto, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Our approach to business is based on a philosophy of values - dedication, quality, and innovation. Our pledge to you is to deliver high quality, innovative products that are built with your safety as our top priority. Your needs drive our innovations. We have also made as commitment to our own people to provide a friendly and productive work environment where goals are ...
Goldswallow Ozone Sterilizer
based in Shenzhen City, CHINA
Welcome to the home, school & office air and water filter specialists! Problems with excessive smoke, dust,germ, air and water pollution in your home, school, office or business? What you need is an environment free of air borne allergies at the right cost. A good air purifier is the key to preventing allergy related illness amongst those you treasure and trust most or ...
Citec Engineering Worldwide
based in Vaasa, FINLAND
Citec Group is an international professional services company offering expertise within technical information, engineering for industry and environmental consulting. Citec Environment specializes in consulting and plant delivery within the following industrial areas: solid waste treatment, wastewater treatment, feed, food industry, wood and biomass industry.
Gasparin Impianti srl
based in SS Feltrina, ITALY
After thirty years in the international mechanical construction sector Gasparin Impianti is now dedicating its state-of-art construction technologies to inert waste treatment.Thanks to its advanced construction techniques - used in the industrial automation sector and for machines in the energy sector – and its know-how in the inert waste treatment sector, the company is ...
based in Thane, Maharashtra, INDIA
Solutions across all the sectors under one roof. Greenron is here to promote and bring green awareness for protecting the environment for our future generations.It is starting its venture with products ranging from recyclable, bio degradables and renewable energies across various sectors. Greenron believes that rather creating more competition in the market it is better ...


text:
Replacement for cracked F8 fuel tank
View Single Post
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Jan 2010
Location: Grand Valley, Colorado
Oddometer: 4,874
Originally Posted by
The shop I go to is very honest and they seem to know their sh*t. He was telling me it is an ethanol issue where it is absorbed by the tank plastic causing expansion, swelling and eventually the cracking. It is affecting primarily US and Canadian bikes. Ducati is also badly affected he tells me - worse than BMW. He is on his third tank.
The good news is that it is purely a cosmetic issue and apparently no one has had a failure leading to leaking gasoline. Most likely if that were to start happening BMW would be recalling the tanks. How the swelling and cracking only affects the outer cosmetic wall of the tank I have no idea.
The bad news is that BMW won't likely be changing the tank and any replacement tank is the same part number, same problem. The switch will "buy you a couple years" I'm told.
Oh well! I'll take a new tank soon hopefully and live with some cracks when they recur.
Well... In that case they don't know $h!^..... as there are no contact between the liquids, and the outer shell. Granted.... the gasses will permeate through, which is why you don't put stickers on any composite tank, but..... Ethanol does nothing to the poly ...... Tanks.
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walkswagon polo india
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New Cars
Volkswagen Polo
The new Polo is a very fine example of how to move forward and yet not lose yourself in the crowd. Four years after it's launch in India, VW has given their only small car in the country a face-lift. The New Polo is a mild face-lift from it's predecessor. & VW has upgraded the headlamps, ... read more
Used Cars
Volkswagen Polo 1.2L Trendline (Diesel) (2012)
I am selling my Volkswagen Polo 1.2L Trendline (Diesel) 2012 bought in New Delhi in 2012 , it's been driven for kilometers. ... read more
|Registration no: 8032
|City: New Delhi
|Asking Price: 3,50,000
Volkswagen Polo 1.2L Highline (Diesel) (2012)
YK Autoworld, Mahindra First Choice ? Professionalism and transparency is our core. This car comes with 6 months certifirst warranty, 1 year PAN India Road Side Assistance and Certification from Mahindra First Choice Please call us at 8130999063 ... read more
|Registration no: DL10CC2447
|Colour: Red
|City: New Delhi
|Asking Price: 5,50,000
Upcoming Cars
Volkswagen Compact Sedan
Volkswagen in India is looking to take on the hot selling compact sedan with its very own offering. While the car will be based on the Polo and Vento ... read more
Maruti YRA
The Maruti Suzuki YRA hatchback is the premium hatchback that is set to compete against more loaded variants of the Hyundai i20 and Volkswagen Polo ... read more
User Reviews
Volkswagen Polo 2010-2014 Reviews
i am from punjab.today i went vw showroom i drive the polo tdi car it is so smooth to drive the handling is very very good.i decide to buy it.i was also takeing look on i20 but the car is more noisy than polo.......read more
Volkswagen Polo 2010-2014 Reviews
polo is pol o, not a gud car .due to looks interiors ,less space,not a styling car,just make a "dabba"punto is far better than that.small tyre,less mileage,small engine ...so many less point it has...not a worth car,and no so many dealers in india or punjab...read more
The German carmaker Volkswagen is very much optimistic about its small car Polo, to be launched in India. The compact car segment in India is crowded Read more detail
European auto maker Volkswagen has launched its premium hatchback New Polo in India. The 1.2L petrol variant of the car is available at Rs 4.34 lakhs Read more detail
Expert Reviews
Volkswagen Polo TSI road test review
Volkswagen India has been in the limelight in the last few months and for good reasons. With new updated models of Vento and Polo rolling out, the read more
Volkswagen Polo GT 1.2 TSI vs Hyundai i20 Sportz AT
Volkswagen has taken a whole new approach by introducing the Polo GT in India. The concept of a fast hatchback isn't new for us but historically, su read more
2014 VW Polo Launch in India
VW India has given it's small car, the Polo a facelift. With a starting price of Rs 4.99 lakh for the petrol and 6.27 lakh for the diesel, the Polo no ...view video
2014 VW Polo TDI Review in India
We test drive the all new 1.5 litre diesel engine of the 2014 VW Polo ...view video
Forum Discussions
what is the on road prize of volkswagon polo in ahmedabad
i want to know that what is the on road prize of valkswagon polo in india in gujrat in ahmedabad
Chevrolet Beat vs VW Polo
Between Chevrolet Beat vs VW Polo which is more powerful
New Car Dealers
Porsche Centre Bengaluru ( Porsche)
Friendly Automotives (India) Private Limited
Mobile: +91 8884 000 911
Metro Ford ( Ford)
No 1 , Palace Cross Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Phone: 080 - 40100800
Phone: 080 - 40100800
Used Car Dealers
Jemi Autos
Chennai , Tamil Nadu, IndiaChennai
Phone: 044-45530059
Mobile: 0-9443122758
Sri Angunilla Cars
Chennai , Tamil Nadu, IndiaChennai
Phone: 044-28150999


text:
ADDISON — Patricia Drouin Danyow, 81, died on April 2, 2013, surrounded by her loving family at Helen Porter Healthcare in Middlebury, Vt.
She was born on June 3, 1931, in Laconia, N.H., to Blynn and Edna Drouin. Patricia graduated from Laconia High School. On Jan. 13, 1951, she married Arthur E. Danyow Jr. and moved to Vermont where they ran a farm and raised a family in Ferrisburgh, then Addison.
The Addison Independent publishes paid and free obituaries. Paid obituaries run just as submitted with a charge of $9.00 per column inch, and the editor shapes free obituaries to conform to our editorial style. We run photos of the person if they are submitted in a relatively high-quality format.
Generally, obituaries follow this form:
TOWN - Name, age, of town, died on date, of cause of death. He/She was born on date in town, the son/daughter of father's name and mother's name, including maiden name in parentheses.
Then include a paragraph or two about where the person went to school and what they did for work; where they lived, who they married and when.
Add a sentence or two about what made the person special to family and friends, including hobbies, avocations or other telling details about their life.
He/She is survived by spouse's name; children named individually (and their spouses and towns of residence, if appropriate); siblings named individually; number of grandchildren, parents or other immediate family members.
He/She was predeceased by names of immediate family members.
A memorial service will be held (fill in details of date, time, and place, plus officiate if applicable) with interment at (place). Memorial contributions may be made to (name and complete address, if applicable).
Obituaries can be e-mailed to: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
The present invention comprises a blend of polyester and a partially aromatic polyamide with an ionic compatibilizer and a cobalt salt. This blend can be processed into a container that has both active and passive oxygen barrier and carbon dioxide barrier properties at an improved color and clarity than containers known in the art. The partially aromatic polyamide is preferably meta-xylylene adipamide. The ionic compatibilizer is preferably 5-sodiumsulfoisophthalic acid or 5-zincsulfoisophthalic acid, or their dialkyl esters such as the dimethyl ester (SIM) and glycol ester (SIPEG). The cobalt salt is selected form the class of cobalt acetate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt chloride, cobalt hydroxide, cobalt naphthenate, cobalt oleate, cobalt linoleate, cobalt octoate, cobalt stearate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt phosphate, cobalt sulfate, cobalt (ethylene glycolate), or mixtures of two or more of these. The partially aromatic polyamide is present in a range from about 1 to about 10 wt. % of said composition. The ionic compatibilizer is present in a range from about 0.1 to about 2.0 mol-% of said composition. The cobalt salt is present in a range from about 20 to about 500 ppm of said composition.
1. A composition for containers comprising:
a copolyester comprising a metal sulfonate salt;
a partially aromatic polyamide;
and a cobalt salt.
2. The composition of
3. The composition of
4. The composition of
5. The composition of
6. The composition of
7. The composition of
8. The composition of
9. The composition of
10. The composition of
11. The composition of
12. An article comprising the composition of any one of
13. The article of
14. The container of
15. The article of
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/569,614 filed Feb. 24, 2006; which is a 371 of PCT/US04/25257 filed Aug. 5, 2004; which claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/498,311 filed Aug. 26, 2003.
1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to compatibilized blends of polyamides in polyesters, a method for forming such compositions, and to containers made from such compositions. Specifically the compositions have less yellowness than previous blends. The blends can be used as passive gas barriers, or active oxygen scavengers with the addition of a transition metal catalyst.
2) Prior Art
Plastic materials have been replacing glass and metal packaging materials due to their lighter weight, decreased breakage compared to glass, and potentially lower cost. One major deficiency with polyesters is its relatively high gas permeability. This restricts the shelf life of carbonated soft drinks and oxygen sensitive materials such as beer and fruit juices.
Multilayer bottles containing a low gas permeable polymer as an inner layer, with polyesters as the other layers, have been commercialized. Blends of these low gas permeable polymers into polyester have not been successful due to haze formed by the domains in the two-phase system. The preferred polyamide is a partially aromatic polyamide containing meta-xylylene groups, especially poly (m-xylylene adipamide), MXD6.
The MXD6 bulletin (TR No. 0009-E) from Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc., Tokyo Japan, clearly shows that the haze of a multilayer bottle containing a layer of 5 wt-% MXD6 is ˜1% compared to 15% for a blend of the same 5 wt-%.
However, the use of partially aromatic polyamides as the low gas permeable polymer gives an increase in the yellowness of the resultant container.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,781 to Kushida et al. discloses a hollow blow-molded biaxially oriented bottle shaped container comprising a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin and a xylylene group-containing polyamide resin. Both monolayer and multilayer containers are disclosed, but there is no information on the color of the bottles.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,469 to Long et al. discloses the use of a terephthalic acid based polyester blended with low levels (0.05 to 2.0 wt-%) of a polyamide to reduce the acetaldehyde level of the container. These blends produced lower yellowness containers than a corresponding blend made from a dimethyl terephthalate based polyester, but are still unsatisfactory for the higher levels required to significantly lower (decrease) the gas permeability.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,233, 5,266,413 and 5,340,884 to Mills et al. discloses a polyester composition comprising 0.05 to 2.0 wt-% of low molecular weight polyamide. At a 0.5 wt-% blend of MXD6 the haze of the bottle increased from 0.7 to 1.2%. No gas permeation or color data is given.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,115 to Igarashi et al. discloses a blend of amino terminated polyamides with PET to reduce acetaldehyde levels. There was no increase in haze with the addition of 0.5 wt-% MXD6, but at 2 wt-% the haze increased from 1.7 to 2.4%. No gas permeation or color data is given.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,233 to Bell et al. discloses a blend of acid terminated polyamides with PET that has reduced yellowness compared to amino terminated polyamides. No gas permeation data is given.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,307 to Al Ghatta et al. discloses the use of a dianhydride of a tetracarboxylic acid to reduce the dispersed domain size of a blend of MXD6 in PET. The examples did not give color data, but at a 10 wt-% MXD6 blend level the oxygen permeability was reduced from 0.53 to 0.12 ml/bottle/day/atm and the carbon dioxide permeability was reduced from 18.2 to 7.02 ml/bottle/day/atm.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,283 to Turner et al. discloses that low molecular weight MXD6 polyamides have lower haze than higher molecular weight MXD6 when blended with PET. The examples did not give color data, but at a 2 wt-% MXD6 (Mitsubishi Chemical Company grade 6007) the oxygen permeability of an oriented film was reduced from 8.1 to 5.7 cc-mil/100 in2-atm-day compared to 6.1 for the low molecular weight MXD6.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,980 to Koyayashi et al. discloses the use of maleic anhydride grafted copolyesters to compatibilize polyester-MXD6 blends.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,262 to Fagerburg et al. discloses sulfo-modified polyesters that give an improved rate of acetaldehyde generation and a lower critical planar stretch ratio. Blends with polyamides were not discussed.
Japanese Pat. No. 2663578 B2 to Katsumasa et al. discloses the use of 0.5 to 10 mole % 5-sulfoisophthalte copolymers as compatibilizer of polyester-MXD6 blends. No color data was given.
The use of a transition metal catalyst to promote oxygen scavenging in polyamide multilayer containers, and blends with PET, has been disclosed in the following patents, for example.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,515, 5,639,815 and 5,955,527 to Cochran et al. disclose the use of a cobalt salt as the preferred transition metal catalyst and MXD6 as the preferred polyamide. There is no data on the color or haze of the polyamide blends.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,281,360 and 5,866,649 to Hong, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,161 to Kim discloses blends of MXD6 with PET and a cobalt salt catalyst. There is no data on the color or haze of the polyamide blends.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,047 to You et al. discloses the use of a catalyst composition containing an alkali metal acetate, preferably 30 ppm cobalt acetate to mask the yellowness in polyesters polymerized from terephthalic acid.
US Pat. Application 2003/0134966 A1 to Kim et al. discloses the use of cobalt octoate and xylene group-containing polyamides for use in multi-layer extrusion blow-molding for improved clarity. Extrusion blow-molding minimizes the orientation of the polyamide domain size compared to injection stretch blow molding containers. No color data is given.
There is a need for an improved gas barrier polyester composition that can be injection stretch blow molded as a monolayer container that has reduced yellowness and adequate haze. This is particularly required for containers that require a long shelf life, such as beer and other oxygen sensitive materials. None of these patents disclose how this balance of properties can be achieved.
The present invention is an improvement over polyester/polyamide blends known in the art in that these compositions have reduced yellowness.
In the broadest sense the present invention comprises a compatibilized blend of polyester and a partially aromatic polyamide with an ionic compatibilizer and a cobalt salt.
The broadest scope of the present invention also comprises a container that has both active and passive oxygen barrier and carbon dioxide barrier properties at an improved color and clarity than containers known in the art.
In the broadest sense the present invention also comprises a container in which the balance of gas barrier properties and color can be independently balanced.
In the broadest sense the present invention is a method to blend polyester and polyamides with an ionic compatibilizer and a cobalt salt.
The drawing is to aid those skilled in the art in understanding the invention and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any manner beyond the scope of the claims.
Compositions of the present invention comprise: polyester, partially aromatic polyamide, ionic compatibilizer, and a cobalt salt.
Generally polyesters can be prepared by one of two processes, namely: (1) the ester process and (2) the acid process. The ester process is where a dicarboxylic ester (such as dimethyl terephthalate) is reacted with ethylene glycol or other diol in an ester interchange reaction. Because the reaction is reversible, it is generally necessary to remove the alcohol (methanol when dimethyl terephthalate is employed) to completely convert the raw materials into monomers. Certain catalysts are well known for use in the ester interchange reaction. In the past, catalytic activity was then sequestered by introducing a phosphorus compound, for example polyphosphoric acid, at the end of the ester interchange reaction. Primarily the ester interchange catalyst was sequestered to prevent yellowness from occurring in the polymer.
Then the monomer undergoes polycondensation and the catalyst employed in this reaction is generally an antimony, germanium or titanium compound, or a mixture of these.
In the second method for making polyester, an acid (such as terephthalic acid) is reacted with a diol (such as ethylene glycol) by a direct esterification reaction producing monomer and water. This reaction is also reversible like the ester process and thus to drive the reaction to completion one must remove the water. The direct esterification step does not require a catalyst. The monomer then undergoes polycondensation to form polyester just as in the ester process, and the catalyst and conditions employed are generally the same as those for the ester process.
For most container applications this melt phase polyester is further polymerized to a higher molecular weight by a solid state polymerization.
In summary, in the ester process there are two steps, namely: (1) an ester interchange, and (2) polycondensation. In the acid process there are also two steps, namely: (1) direct esterification, and (2) polycondensation.
Suitable polyesters are produced from the reaction of a diacid or diester component comprising at least 65 mol-% terephthalic acid or C1-C4 dialkylterephthalate, preferably at least 70 mol-%, more preferably at least 75 mol-%, even more preferably, at least 95 mol-%, and a diol component comprising at least 65% mol-% ethylene glycol, preferably at least 70 mol-%, more preferably at least 75 mol-%, even more preferably at least 95 mol-%. It is also preferable that the diacid component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol, thereby forming polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The mole percent for all the diacid component totals 100 mol-%, and the mole percentage for all the diol component totals 100 mol-%.
Where the polyester components are modified by one or more diol components other than ethylene glycol, suitable diol components of the described polyester may be selected from 1,4-cyclohexandedimethanol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (2MPDO) 1,6-hexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, and diols containing one or more oxygen atoms in the chain, e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol or mixtures of these, and the like. In general, these diols contain 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Cycloaliphatic diols can be employed in their cis or trans configuration or as mixture of both forms. Preferred modifying diol components are 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol or diethylene glycol, or a mixture of these.
Where the polyester components are modified by one or more acid components other than terephthalic acid, the suitable acid components (aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic dicarboxylic acids) of the linear polyester may be selected, for example, from isophthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, bibenzoic acid, or mixtures of these and the like. In the polymer preparation, it is often preferable to use a functional acid derivative thereof such as the dimethyl, diethyl, or dipropyl ester of the dicarboxylic acid. The anhydrides or acid halides of these acids also may be employed where practical. These acid modifiers generally retard the crystallization rate compared to terephthalic acid.
Also particularly contemplated by the present invention is a modified polyester made by reacting at least 85 mol-% terephthalate from either terephthalic acid or dimethyl-terephthalate with any of the above comonomers.
In addition to polyester made from terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate) and ethylene glycol, or a modified polyester as stated above, the present invention also includes the use of 100% of an aromatic diacid such as 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid or bibenzoic acid, or their diesters, and a modified polyester made by reacting at least 85 mol-% of the dicarboxylate from these aromatic diacids/diesters with any of the above comonomers.
Preferably the polyamide used as the gas barrier component of the blend is selected from the group of partially aromatic polyamides is which the amide linkage contains at least one aromatic ring and a non-aromatic species. Preferred partially aromatic polyamides include: poly(m-xylylene adipamide); poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide); poly(hexamethylene adipamide-co-isophthalamide); poly(hexamethylene adipamide-co-terephthalamide); poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide-co-terephthalamide); or mixtures of two or more of these. The most preferred is poly(m-xylylene adipamide).
The preferred range of polyamide is 1 to 10% by weight of the composition depending on the required gas barrier required for the container.
The ionic compatibilizer is preferably a copolyester containing a metal sulfonate salt group. The metal ion of the sulfonate salt may be Na+, Li+, K+, Zn++, Mn++, Ca++ and the like. The sulfonate salt group is attached to an aromatic acid nucleus such as a benzene, naphthalene, diphenyl, oxydiphenyl, sulfonyldiphenyl, or methylenediphenyl nucleus.
Preferably, the aromatic acid nucleus is sulfophthalic acid, sulfoterephthalic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, 4-sulfonaphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, and their esters. Most preferably, the sulfomonomer is 5-sodiumsulfoisophthalic acid or 5-zincsulfoisophthalic acid and most preferably their dialkyl esters such as the dimethyl ester (SIM) and glycol ester (SIPEG). The preferred range of 5-sodiumsulfoisophthalic or 5-zincsulfoisophthalic acid to reduce the haze of the container is 0.1 to 2.0 mol-%.
Suitable cobalt compounds for use with the present invention include cobalt acetate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt chloride, cobalt hydroxide, cobalt naphthenate, cobalt oleate, cobalt linoleate, cobalt octoate, cobalt stearate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt phosphate, cobalt sulfate, cobalt (ethylene glycolate), and mixtures of two or more of these, among others. As a transition metal catalyst for active oxygen scavenging, a salt of a long chain fatty acid is preferred, cobalt octoate or stearate being the most preferred. For color control of passive gas barrier blends any cobalt compound can be used, with cobalt acetate being preferred.
It has surprisingly been found that the ionic compatibilizer, in addition to improving gas barrier properties and improving haze, in combination with a cobalt salt significantly reduces the yellowness of the resin, preform and container. The preferred range of Co for blends containing 1 to 10 wt-% partially aromatic polyamide and 0.1 to 2.0 mol-% of an ionic compatibilizer is 20 to 500 ppm.
Although not required, additives may be used in the polyester/polyamide blend. Conventional known additives include, but are not limited to an additive of a dye, pigment, filler, branching agent, reheat agent, anti-blocking agent, antioxidant, anti-static agent, biocide, blowing agent, coupling agent, flame retardant, heat stabilizer, impact modifier, UV and visible light stabilizer, crystallization aid, lubricant, plasticizer, processing aid, acetaldehyde and other scavengers, and slip agent, or a mixture thereof.
The blend of polyester, ionic compatibilizer, cobalt salt and partially aromatic polyamide is conveniently prepared by adding the components are the throat of the injection molding machine that produces a preform that can be stretch blow molded into the shape of the container. If a conventional polyester base resin designed for polyester containers is used, then one method is to prepare a master batch of a polyester containing the ionic compatibilizer, and optionally a transition metal catalyst for active scavenging, together with the partially aromatic polyamide using a gravimetric feeder for the three components. Alternatively the polyester resin can be polymerized with the ionic compatibilizer, and optionally a transition metal catalyst for active scavenging, to form a copolymer. This copolymer can be mixed at the injection molding machine with the partially aromatic nylon. Alternative all the blend components can be blended together, or as a blend of master batches, and fed as a single material to the extruder. The mixing section of the extruder should be of a design to produce a homogeneous blend. This can be determined by measuring the thermal properties of the preform and observing a single glass transition temperature in contrast to two separate glass transition temperatures of the partially aromatic polyamide and polyester.
These process steps work well for forming carbonated soft drink, water or beer bottles, and containers for hot fill applications, for example. The present invention can be employed in any of the conventional known processes for producing a polyester container.
Testing Procedures
1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Permeability of Films, Passive
Oxygen flux of film samples, at zero percent relative humidity, at one atmosphere pressure, and at 25� C. was measured with a Mocon Ox-Tran model 2/20 (MOCON Minneapolis, Minn.). A mixture of 98% nitrogen with 2% hydrogen was used as the carrier gas, and 100% oxygen was used as the test gas. Prior to testing, specimens were conditioned in nitrogen inside the unit for a minimum of twenty-four hours to remove traces of atmospheric oxygen dissolved in the PET matrix. The conditioning was continued until a steady base line was obtained where the oxygen flux changed by less than one percent for a thirty-minute cycle. Subsequently, oxygen was introduced to the test cell. The test ended when the flux reached a steady state where the oxygen flux changed by less than 1% during a 30 minute test cycle. Calculation of the oxygen permeability was done according to a literature method for permeation coefficients for PET copolymers, from Fick's second law of diffusion with appropriate boundary conditions. The literature documents are: Sekelik et al., Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 1999, Volume 37, Pages 847-857. The second literature document is Qureshi et al., Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2000, Volume 38, Pages 1679-1686. The third literature document is Polyakova, et al., Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2001, Volume 39, Pages 1889-1899.
The carbon dioxide permeability of films was measured in the same manner, replacing the oxygen gas with carbon dioxide and using the Mocon Permatran-C 4/40 instrument.
All film permeability values are reported in units of (cc(STP)�cm)/(m2�atm�day)).
2. Oxygen Permeability of Films, Active Scavenger.
The same method was used as for passive oxygen permeability above with the exception that the oxygen flux did not necessarily equilibrate to a steady state. After the introduction of the oxygen into the cell, the reduction in the amount of oxygen was measured from 0 to at least 350 hours. Treatment of the data generated an Apparent Permeation Coefficient (APC), as a function of time with oxygen exposure (cc(STP)�cm)/(m2�atm�day). The generated APC data is not a steady state value in normal permeation coefficients. APC is data generated that describes oxygen permeation at a fixed point in time, even though this coefficient is changing slowly with time. These changes are too small to be detected during the time necessary for measuring their value at any fixed point in time. Calculation of the APC was done according to a literature method for permeation coefficients for PET copolymers, from Fick's second law of diffusion with appropriate boundary conditions, in the same manner as described for passive barrier permeability.
3. Carbon Dioxide Permeability of Bottles.
Carbon dioxide permeability of bottles was measured using a MOCON Permatran C-200 CO2 Permeation System. Tests were conducted at 22� C. The bottles were purged with nitrogen and then pressurized with CO2 at a pressure of 60 psi (4.01 MPa). The bottles were left in ambient conditions for 3 days and the pressure measured. Bottles in which the pressure had dropped below 56 psi (3.75 Mpa) were rejected, otherwise the bottles were repressurized to 60 psi (4.01 MPa) and placed in the testing chamber, which has been purged with nitrogen for at least 5 hours. After a day, measurements of the CO2 in the test chamber were taken over a 30 minute time frame, over an eight hour time period. The nitrogen flow rate to the sensor was 100 cm3/min, and to the carrier stream was 460 cm3/min. Results are reported as cm3/bottle/day.
4. Intrinsic Viscosity (IV)
Intrinsic viscosity (IV) is determined by dissolving 0.2 grams of an amorphous polymer composition in 20 milliliters of dichloroacetic acid at a temperature of 25� C. and using an Ubbelhode viscometer to determine the relative viscosity (RV). RV is converted to IV using the equation: IV=[(RV−1)�0.691]+0.063.
5. Color
The haze of the preform and bottle walls was measured with a Hunter Lab ColorQuest II instrument. D65 illuminant was used with a CIE 1964 10� standard observer. The haze is defined as the percent of the CIE Y diffuse transmittance to the CIE Y total transmission. The color of the preform and bottle walls was measured with the same instrument and is reported using the CIELAB color scale, L* is a measure of brightness, a* is a measure of redness (+) or greenness (−) and b* is a measure of yellowness (+) or blueness (−).
6. Diethylene Glycol (DEG)
The DEG (diethylene glycol) content of the polymer is determined by hydrolyzing the polymer with an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a sealed reaction vessel at 220�5� C. for approximately two hours. The liquid portion of the
The DEG (diethylene glycol) content of the polymer is determined by hydrolyzing the polymer with an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a sealed reaction vessel at 220�5� C. for approximately two hours. The liquid portion of the hydrolyzed product is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The gas chromatography apparatus is a FID Detector (HP5890, HP7673A) from Hewlett Packard. The ammonium hydroxide is 2.8 to 30% by weight ammonium hydroxide from Fisher Scientific and is reagent grade.
7. Isophthalic and Naphthalene Dicarboxylic Acid
The percent isophthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid present in the amorphous polymer was determined at 285 nanometers using a Hewlett Packard Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector. An amorphous polymer sample was hydrolyzed in diluted sulfuric acid (10 ml acid in 1 liter deionized water) in a stainless steel bomb at 230� C. for 3 hours. After cooling, an aqueous solution from the bomb was mixed with three volumes of methanol (HPLC grade) and an internal standard solution. The mixed solution was introduced into the HPLC for analysis.
8. Metal Content
The metal content of the ground polymer samples was measured with an Atom Scan 16 ICP Emission Spectrograph. The sample was dissolved by heating in ethanolamine, and on cooling, distilled water was added to crystallize out the terephthalic acid. The solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant liquid analyzed. Comparison of atomic emissions from the samples under analysis with those of solutions of known metal ion concentrations was used to determine the experimental values of metals retained in the polymer samples.
9. Preform and Bottle Process
After solid state polymerization, the resin of the present invention is typically, dried for 4-6 hours at 170-180� C., melted and extruded into preforms. Each preform for a 0.59 liter soft drink bottle, for example, employs about 24 grams of the resin. The preform is then heated to about 100-120� C. and blown-molded into a 0.59 liter contour diameter giving a stretch ratio of twelve (2�6). Since the bottle size is fixed, different preform sizes can be used for obtaining different stretch ratios.
10. Scanning Electron Micrograph
Films were prepared by compression molding by heating at 275� C. in a press for 3 minutes without pressure, then the pressure was cycled several times between 0 and 300 psi and then held at 300 psi for 4 minutes. The film was quenched in ice water. These films were notched with a razor blade on the film surface to facilitate a brittle failure, immersed in liquid nitrogen for 15 minutes, removed and fractured by hand perpendicular to the thickness direction. Fracture surfaces were coated with 100 angstrom of gold and were observed using a JEOL 840A scanning electron microscope.
The following examples are given to illustrate the present invention, and it shall be understood that these examples are for the purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Various polyester (PET) resins reflecting typical commercial recipes were produced. Comonomers included isophthalic acid (or its dimethyl ester) (IPA) and diethylene glycol (DEG) as crystallization retardants and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (or its dimethyl ester) (NDC) to improve the temperature at which a container can be filled.
Amorphous polyester was first produced with an IV of about 0.6, this was then solid phase polymerized to the final resin IV. The additives used were, manganese acetate, zinc acetate, cobalt acetate, antimony trioxide and poly-phosphoric acid. The analyses of these resins are set forth in Table 1.
A series of copolyesters were made containing various amounts of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SIPA), either the ester or the gylcolate of SIPA was used. The melt phase polymerization was conducted in the normal way, but the amorphous resin was not solid state polymerized for resin S3. In the case of Resin S1, zinc acetate was used in place of manganese acetate as the ester-interchange catalyst. The analyses of these resins are set forth in Table 2.
A master batch of the cobalt salt to be used as the transition metal catalyst for active oxygen scavenging was made by late addition of 2 wt-% cobalt octoate to a polyester prepared using 75 ppm Zn (as zinc acetate), 250 ppm Sb (as antimony trioxide, 60 ppm P (as poly-phosphoric acid) and 2.5 wt-% IPA. This material had an IV of 0.35-0.40.
60 ppm P (as poly-phosphoric acid) and 2.5 wt-% IPA. This material had an IV of 0.35-0.40.
Unless otherwise stated the partially aromatic nylon used in the blend was Type 6007 from Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Tokyo Japan. Type 6007 has a number average molecular weight of 25, 900 and its melt viscosity at 271� C. and 1000 sec−1 is 280 Pa�s.
Unless otherwise stated the preforms were prepared on an Arburg injection molding machine using 24 g of material, and blown into a 0.59 liter contour bottle on a Sidel SBO2 stretch blow molding machine. The bottle sidewall thickness is about 0.25 mm.
The effect of the interaction of SIPA with Co on the yellowness of preforms and bottles was studied by blending either polyester resin D or S1 with the cobalt master batch and MXD6. The yellowness value (b*) of the preforms and bottle sidewalls are set forth in Table 3 (lower or negative b* values correspond to less yellowness).
A similar trial was conducted using resin C as the control and the results set forth in Table 4.
The results again show the synergistic effect of the ionic compatibilizer on the cobalt salt as a means to reduce yellowness, in addition the ionic compatibilizer reduced the haze of the bottle sidewall containing 5 wt-% MXD6.
Another trial was conducted in which the amount of MXD6 was varied at a constant SIPA level of 0.11 mol-%, and the results set forth in Table 6
At all levels of MXD6 the incorporation of an ionic compatibilizer reduced the yellowness.
The oxygen permeability of the bottle sidewalls was measured and the results plotted in
In order to better define the oxygen permeability as a function of MXD6 concentration a series of blends were prepared using polyester A as the base resin. The concentration of MXD6 used was 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5 and 5 wt-%, each containing 100 ppm cobalt octoate. The oxygen permeability of the bottle sidewalls was measured and the results shown in
This illustrates that there is a surprising reduction in oxygen permeability between 4.5 and 5 wt-% MXD6.
Another trial was run in which the level of MXD6 was held constant at 5 wt-% and the concentration of SIPA changed, the results are set forth in Table 7. In these runs the base polyester resin was A and the master batch of SIPA polymer S2 was used.
These results show that the ionic compatibilizer can be used as a master batch to obtain the synergistic reduction of yellowness with cobalt, as well as a copolymer that was used in the previous Examples 1-3.
Instead of using sodium as the SIPA salt, a copolyester using the divalent zinc ester was made using the process that was used for copolymer S1. Since this Zn copolyester was more yellow than S1 no comparison of the relative difference between Na-SIPA and Zn-SIPA can be given. However the haze of bottle sidewalls made with PET resin A as the control, using 0.11 mol-% SIPA (the runs containing MXD6 contained 100 ppm Co) are compared in Table 8 below.
It would appear that the divalent ionic compatibilizer is more effective than the monovalent in reducing the bottle sidewall haze.
A low molecular weight MXD6 was prepared. A mixture of 438 g of adipic acid, 428.4 g of m-xylylenediamine and 500 g of deionized water were charged in a 2-liter autoclave under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes then heated to reflux for 30 minutes. Water was distilled off and the temperature was increased to 275� C. over a period of 60-90 minutes. The mixture was stirred at 275� C. for 30 minutes before extrusion. This polymer had a viscosity of 9.5 Pa�s at 1000 sec−1 and 271� C. (compared to 280 Pa�s for the commercial 6007).
The procedure of Example 3 was followed, using this low molecular weight MXD6 (LMW) compared to the commercial 6007. The results are set forth in Table 9.
The haze of these runs was also measured and the results set forth in Table 10 below.
In order to determine the effect of the ionic compatibilizer on MXD6 domain size, a series of films were prepared and fractured. PET resin B was used together with blends with the S3 SIPA copolyester and 6007 MXD6. The domain size was measured and the results set forth in Table 11.
This shows that at a low level of SIPA, less than 0.2 mol-%, the domain size of a blend containing 10 wt-% MXD6 is reduced to less than 0.5 μm.
A series of bottles were produced using C as the base PET resin, the S3 SIPA copolyester and 6007 MXD6. The passive oxygen permeability, at 0% Relative Humidity, of the bottle sidewalls was measured and the results set forth in Table 12.
Following the procedure of Example 7 a polyamide was produced in which 12% of the adipic acid was replaced with isophthalic acid. The melt viscosity of this polyamide at 171� C. and 1000 sec−1 was 237 Pa�s. This polyamide was blended at a 5 wt-% level with PET resin C and ionic compatibilizer S3 to give a level of SIPA of 0.6 mol-% in the blend. Bottles were prepared from this blend and the oxygen permeation rate measures at 0.155 (cc(STP)�cm)/(m2�atm�day). This can be compared with a lower oxygen permeation rate of 0.145 measured on run 43 achieved with 5 wt-% MXD6.
The carbon dioxide transmission rate of 0.5 liter bottles made from PET resin A were measured to be 8.6 cc/bottle/day. The addition of 5 wt-% MXD6 decreased this rate to 4.5 cc/bottle/day.
Master batches using cobalt stearate and cobalt naphthenate in place of cobalt octoate were prepared using the same method as described above for cobalt octoate. Using PET base resin D, bottles were prepared using different amounts of MXD6 and different concentrations of cobalt octoate, cobalt stearate and cobalt naphthenate. The bottle wall oxygen permeability was measured and the value after 100 hours (at this time the rate is at equilibrium, see
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be understood that the invention is not limited correspondingly in scope, but include all changes and modifications coming within the spirit and terms of the claims appended hereto.
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Waking up freezing and shivering
Married to Michael since 05.12.12
Parker 11.19.12 Baby #2 EDD 12.8.13
Comments (10)
I have always wondered what causes it but for some reason never remembered to bring it up at appt.
I am 2 1/2 weeks since DS was born. I sweat while I sleep to the point of soaking my cloths then waking up freezing/shaking. From my little pamplet it says it is from the hormone levels changing. /shrug I am not really for sure.
Married Feb 29 2008 to Blake.
Step daughter 11, stepson 9, 3 year old girl, and a baby boy due Nov 11!
Momma of 2
Good luck!
Happened to me the first night I was home with LO. I was shaking so bad and nothing could get me warm. Looked it up and read that it was hormones from all the changes my body was going through.. and from my milk coming in. Haven't had once since but I do have terrible night sweats. I wake up dripping in sweat. So gross.
Take your temperature if this happens again. This was happening to me about 5 days postpartum and it finnally occured to me to take my temperature. It was 101.5, I had a UTI and uterine infection.


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The Hunger Games
'Mockingjay, Part 1′ Opens With $123 Million
"Mockingjay, Part 1″ didn't catch fire like the previous installments of "The Hunger Games," but it still had the biggest opening of the year with $123 million at the weekend box office, according to studio estimates Sunday.
Taylor Swift Wins First GRAMMY Of The Night For 'Hunger Games' Song
It was tough competition, but Taylor Swift, the Civil Wars and T-Bone Burnett came out GRAMMY winners for their collaboration on "Safe & Sound." Named Best Song Written For Visual Media, "Safe & Sound" was […]
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Does 'Hunger Games' Money & Hype Match The Movie?
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locate php.ini or updatedb && locate php.ini if that fails (the updatedb will take a while). Apologies if these commands are not available on Mac OSX.
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Dear Scandinavian Festival Vendors:
We welcome both returning and new vendors with your Scandinavian items! This two-day event is expected to draw over 6,000 people.
All vendors will be located to Kingsmen Park. The Festival Committee is planning a full program of Scandinavian activities. In addition to the Scandinavian Marketplace, there will be the traditional Festival Stage with folk dancing and music, children's craft booths, the Maypole, a program of cultural presentations, and more.
Our vendor information letters and vendor applications can be accessed on the linsbelow. A link to the Ventura County Environmental Health Dept where you can obtain your TFF-1 or TFF-2 is also available.
We look forward to receiving your applications and all of us associated with this great community celebration of the Nordic cultures look forward to seeing you at "Scandinavian Festival 2015."
Deadline for submitting your food vendor application is March 1, 2015. Deadline for non-food vendor application is March 25, 2015.
Mindy Miller, Vendor Chair email@example.com 805.418.7903
1) Food vendors documents:
- Food vendor information letter - Food vendor application
– Ventura County Health Info and Forms
2) Non-food vendors document:
- Non-food vendor information letter - Non-food vendor application