text:
A method for improving the performance of a multi-user operating system includes the steps of providing a kernal mode memory region in which instantiations of kernal objects associated with each user may be stored. Each instantiations of a particular kernal object is accessed via the same virtual address. Storing instantiations of kernal objects reduces code contention for commonly used kernal objects while allowing the instantiation to retain kernal mode protections.
1. In a computer system servicing at least a first user and a second user and including an operating system having a kernal memory space for storing protected code, an apparatus for improving the performance of the system comprising:
a kernal mode memory region of the kernal memory space reserved for storing instantiations of kernal objects;
a first instantiation of a kernal object stored in a first range of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region and associated with the first user of the system;
a second instantiation of the kernal object stored in a second range of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region and associated with the second user of the system; and
a page table for each user of the system, wherein each page table stores a mapping between a virtual memory address that is common for each instantiation of the kernal object and each range of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region occupied by each instantiation of the kernal object.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a page directory that stores a mapping of the page table for the first user and at least one process associated with the first user.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second ranges of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region are identical when a plurality of users access but do not attempt to write to that memory location.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second ranges of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region differ when a plurality of users attempt to write to the first range of physical memory addresses.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 comprises a data structure storing data that indicates whether the first range of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region can be shared by a plurality of instantiations of the kernal object.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second ranges of physical memory addresses in the kernal mode memory region are dynamically reserved upon the occurrence of a predetermined event.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the predetermined event is when the second user logs onto the computer system.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the predetermined event corresponds to a start-up sequence of the computer system.
9. A method for providing a first user and a second user of a computer system concurrent access to shared, writeable operating system kernal code, the method comprising:
(a) allocating a first region of kernal mode memory space for the first user and a second region of kernal mode memory space for the second user;
(b) forming a first instantiation of a computer kernal object associated with the first user of the computer system;
(c) forming a second instantiation of the computer kernal object associated with the second user of the computer system;
(d) storing the first kernal object instantiation in the first kernal mode memory region and the second kernal object instantiation in the second kernal mode memory region; and
(e) accessing a data structure associated with each user of the computer system for obtaining a mapping between a virtual memory address that is common for each instantiation of the computer kernal object and a physical memory address of the first and second kernal object instantiations in the kernal mode memory space.
10. The method of claim 9 comprising the step of accessing a page directory to obtain a location of the data structure associated with the first user when executing at least one process associated with the first user.
11. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of determining from the data structure whether the physical memory address associated with the first kernal object instantiation can be accessed by a plurality of other kernal object instantiations.
12. The method of claim 9 comprising the step of dynamically allocating the first and second regions of kernal mode memory space in response to the occurrence of a predetermined event.
This application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 08/813,819 filed Mar. 6, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,230.
The present invention relates to multi-user operating systems, in particular, to providing multi-user functionality in single-user operating systems as well as to improving the performance of multi-user operating systems having operating system code objects shared by multiple users.
An operating system is software code that provides basic functions allowing a user or users to interact with a computer. For example, an operating system provides the user with commands for opening files, closing files, printing files, displaying data objects on a display screen, as well as many other functions.
In a computer system that is designed to service a single user only, a single copy of software code is required to provide these functions. As the user performs actions requiring operating system intervention, the appropriate section of the operating system code services the user request. In a system that services multiple users, however, it becomes unwieldy to provide a separate copy of the operating system code for each user.
This problem has been addressed in some multi-user operating systems by providing only a single copy of certain segments of the operating system code which are shared among many or all of the users. For example, WINDOWS NT™, an operating system produced and sold by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., provides only a single copy of the code necessary to implement graphics functions, i.e. display data objects on a display screen. This approach has the drawback of not truly providing multi-user access to graphics functions because multiple user accesses would result in data collisions between individual users' data. Further, even if multiple users could simultaneously perform actions requiring invocation of the graphics code without data collisions, users would experience delays due to code contention.
The object and method described herein provide a technique that allows a portion of system address space appear to be unique for each login instance (i.e. per user or per terminal) and allows a group of processes serving a given logon instance to access the same global kernal data while keeping data associated with the logon instance separate and isolated from the data of other logon instances. The object and method described herein also allows a multi-user operating system to be implemented in a relatively small amount of memory space while avoiding the performance delays associated with code contention for single segments of code.
In brief overview, a special kernal mode memory region that instances data for each user or terminal is created. When a kernal mode module or device driver is loaded by the system, an address for that module is globally assigned in the same manner as a single instance system, i.e. a single user system. The memory management data structures are subsequently modified to provide a separate memory allocation for any portions of the module to which data can be written. A specific instance is shared among a group of processes associated with a unique logon occurrence. The module is automatically removed when the last process associated with the logon occurrence terminates.
The invention is pointed with particularity in the appended claims. The above and further advantages of this invention may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the virtual memory space of a WINDOWS NT™ process;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the mapping between the virtual memory space and a physical memory space;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the virtual memory space of a WINDOWS NT™ process having a special kernal memory mode region set aside;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing two processes which map the same operating system address to the same instanced copy of the operating system code; and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing two processes which map the same operating system address to seperate, instanced copies of the operating system code.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the virtual memory space 10 for a WINDOWS NT™ process is shown. In general, user-mode memory spaces 14 are assigned on a per-process basis, and virtual system memory space 12 is shared by all processes. Each virtual memory space 10 is segregated into system memory 12 (also referred to throughout the specification as kemal space) and user memory 14 (also referred to throughout the specification as user space).
User memory 14 is a set of paged memory addresses to which user and kernal threads may write. System memory 12, on the other hand, is a set of protected memory addresses. Only kernal threads may write to system memory 12. If a user thread desires to write to system memory 12, it cannot do so directly. Instead, it requests a specific system service which is system code. The operating system temporarily takes control of the user thread, giving the user thread kernal permissions. This allows the thread to write to system memory. When the thread completes its system operation, it returns to user mode. FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a virtual memory space in which system memory 12 is further subdivided into nonpaged memory addresses 16, paged memory addresses 18, and directly mapped addresses 20.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, nonpaged system memory addresses 16 are reserved for system code which is not allowed to be paged out of memory to disk, for example, the system code which handles virtual memory paging may not be paged to disk. Directly mapped addresses 20 represent a range of system addresses that are directly mapped or translated by hardware, e.g. masking off one or more bits of the address or by subtracting a predetermined constant from the virtual address to generate the physical address. Directly mapped addresses 20 are typically reserved for system code that must execute with minimum delay, for example, the system code which schedules and dispatches execution of threads.
The remainder of system memory in FIG. 1 is paged system memory 18. Paged system memory 18 address ranges are used for all other aspects of system code, e.g. graphics code. Referring to FIG. 2, when a user space process requests operating system code that resides in paged system memory 18 but is not memoryresident, a page table look-up occurs. A page table look-up begins by accessing the appropriate entry, based on the address 36 requested, of the page directory 30 associated with the process. Individual page directories 30 are kept for each process and store mappings to page tables 34. Page tables 34 are kept for each user/terminal and store translations between the user's virtual memory space 10 and physical memory space 40. Accordingly, a user/terminal may have multiple page directories 30 but only one page table 34. The page table 34 may store a translation for every user page or it may store only the most recently used translations.
For example, an operating system may examine only the first n bits of an address to determine which page directory entry 32 the process should access. The page directory entry 32 is accessed and returns the address of a particular page table 34 to use. The page table 34 maps the virtual address 36, i.e. the virtual page requested by the user process, to a page 38 in physical memory 40. That is, the page table 34 stores the address of the physical page 38 in memory associated with that virtual address 36.
Although each process (i.e., each user virtual memory space 10) is provided with its own page directory 30, current operating systems typically provide only one copy of paged operating system code to service user requests. Accordingly, code contention or data collisions occur when multiple users attempt to access the same portion of operating system code at the same time.
For example, the graphics code is operating system code which implements the "desktop" with which individual users interact and allows applications to display windows and data within those windows. WINDOWS NT™ provides only one instance of kernal graphics code, which means that only a single user/desktop can be serviced at a time.
Referring now to FIG. 3, code contention is alleviated in systems such as those described above by providing a special kernal mode memory region 22 which allows operating system code to be instanced for each user/terminal, that is, operating system code may be instanced on a per process, or per group of processes, basis. The special region 22 may be set aside at system start-up time, or the region 22 may be dynamically set aside based on the occurrence of a predetermined event, e.g. the system could set aside the special kernal mode memory region 22 once a second user logs onto the system. The special kernal mode memory region 22 is used for paged operating system code that may be invoked by multiple processes.
As noted above, when a user process requests shared operating system code and if the code is not memory-resident, a page table look-up must occur. The page directory provides an address into the appropriate page table which maps the special kernal mode memory region 22 to physical memory. Physical memory contains an instantiation of the requested operating system code. By appropriately manipulating the entries in the page directory table 20, groups of processes are able to share operating system code instantiations. Individual processes may have page directory entries associated with particular operating system code segments each set to the same page table 30. The page table 30 will map the special kemal mode memory region 22 associated with process to physical memory containing an instantiation of operating system code.
For example, a client node requests the operating system to draw a rectangle on the display screen associated with its terminal. The client node makes its request by, for example, making a call to a dynamically loaded library (DLL) of operating system functions. The operating system accesses the paged operating system memory address corresponding to the requested DLL module. If that module is memory-resident, no page fault occurs and the rectangle is drawn. However, if the module is not memory-resident then a page table lookup as described above will occur, the virtual page will paged into physical memory from disk, and then the rectangle will be drawn.
For example, FIG. 4 depicts two processes, which may or may not be associated with the same user/terminal, accessing the same operating system code instantiation. The virtual memory space 10, 10' of the two processes have page directories 20, 20' and page tables 30, 30'. The intermediate page directories 20, 20' and page tables 30, 30' point to the same instantiation of operating system code 46 stored in physical memory 40. Each process uses the same virtual memory address 44 to access the operating system code instantiation 46 stored in physical memory 40, and each process is able to operate on the same operating system code instantiation.
FIG. 4 depicts normal operation for the system and method so long as one of the processes does not request that a system write occur. Sharing the same operating system object instantiation between processes minimizes the physical memory which is consumed by the operating system and, since the processes are not writing to the instantiations, data collisions do not occur and code contentions are minimized. However, if a process requests that a write occur to the system object instantiation, a private instantiation must be created for that process. Any method of detecting writes to the system object instantiation can be used so long as the write is detected before it occurs.
FIG. 5 shows the virtual memory to physical memory mapping that exists after a process requests that a write occur to the system code. The virtual memory space 10, 10' of each process has page directories 20, 20' and page tables 30, 30' pointing to private instantiations of operating system graphics code 42, 42' stored in physical memory 40. Each process continues to access its own graphics code instantiation using the same virtual address 44, but the intermediate page directories 20, 20' and page tables 30, 30' direct those requests to different instantiations of the operating system code 42, 42' stored in physical memory 40. Once a separate instantiation of operating system code is created for a process associated with a user/terminal, all the processes associated with that user/terminal may then access the private instantiation. This allows all processes associated with a user/terminal to access the most recent system data associated with its user/terminal.
The redirection of operating system accesses described above may be achieved by providing the operating system with an additional data structure. The data structure stores information about the various operating system code instantiations present in the system. In one embodiment, the data structure includes an identification of the terminal associated with the process, a list of the processes sharing the terminal, a list of the kernal mode modules loaded in the special memory region (name and address), and which page table entries have been instanced. Whenever operating system code is accessed, the described data structure can be accessed to determine whether a new instantiation needs to be created or whether an instantiation shared by the process already exist. For example, if a process accesses graphics code and no page fault occurs, the memory access occurs normally as described above. If a page fault occurs, however, the data structure described above is first accessed to determine if the graphics code has been loaded by any other process, regardless of the user/terminal with which it is associated. If it has been loaded, the page directory entries and page table entries for that virtual address are set to direct accesses to the shared instantiation in physical memory. If the process then attempts to write to operating code memory, the write is trapped, a new instantiation of the kernal object 42' is created in physical memory 40, and the page directory entries and page table entries associated with that virtual address are changed to reflect the new physical location of the private instantiation 42'. Once this change is made, all processes associated with that user/terminal will automatically access the private instantiation because only one page table per user/terminal is provided. Alternatively, instead of providing an additional, new data structure, an already existing memory management data structure present in the system may be altered to provide similar information.
The method and apparatus of the present invention may be provided as an article of manufacture having computer-readable program means embodied thereon. The article can be any form of computer-readable media, including hardware, e.g. RAM chip, ROM chip, or PROM chip, as well as traditional form of software distribution, e.g. floppy disk, hard disk, optical disk, magneto-optical disk, or CD-ROM. The computer-readable program means embodied thereon are any form of program means that provide the functions described above, whether as a single monolithic program or as functional modules. The program means may be provided as object code or they may be provided as source code written in C, C++, PASCAL, LISP, FORTRAN or some other suitable programming language.
Having described certain embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts of the invention may be used. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to certain embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims.
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text: This 100402 quartz infrared heater lamp by Ushio operates at 5,000 watts and 600 volts. With its wire lead base, this clear lamp is ideal for replacing bulbs in quartz infrared heaters. Measuring 28.81 inches in length, this halogen bulb has a 2500K color temperature and an average lifespan of 5,000 hours.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
|Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
|Thiruvananthapuram, India
|Nearest city
|8°38′50″N 77°10′0″E / 8.64722°N 77.16667°ECoordinates: 8°38′50″N 77°10′0″E / 8.64722°N 77.16667°E
|53 km²
The Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary constitutes the catchments of the Peppara Dam on the Karamana River near Thiruvananthapuram, India.
The Peppara Dam was commissioned in 1983 to augment the drinking water supply to Thiruvananthapuram city and suburban areas. Considering the ecological significance of the area, it was declared a sanctuary in 1983. The area was formerly a part of the Paruthippally range of the Thiruvananthapuram Territorial Division. Forests consist of part of the Palode reserve (24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi)) and part of Kottoor reserve (29 square kilometres (11 sq mi)). The total water spread of the reservoir is 5.82 square kilometres (2.25 sq mi). Recently, a joint effort has been made by Kerala Tourism with the State Forest Department and the Kerala Water Authority to beautify the dam site and provide more entertainment and leisure facilities here.[citation needed]
The Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary is situated on Thiruvanthapuram-Ponmudi Road, about 50 km northeast of Thiruvananthapuram.
The area is hilly, with elevation varying from 100 metres (330 ft) to 1,717 metres (5,633 ft). The major peaks in the sanctuary are Chemmunjimottai (1717m), Athirumalai (1594m), Arumukhamkunnu (1457m), Koviltherimalai (1313m) and Nachiyadikunnu (957m). Annual average rainfall is 2,500 millimetres (98 in). The major rivers are Karamana River and its tributaries.
Forest types include West coast tropical evergreen, Southern hilltop tropical evergreen, West coast semi-evergreen,Southern moist mixed deciduous forest, Myristica swamp forest, sub-montane hill valley swamp forest etc.
Common tree species are Terminalia paniculata, T. bellerica, Pterocarpus marsupium, Palaquium ellipticum, Mesua ferrea, Hopea parviflora, Bombax ceiba, Syzygium cummini, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Albizia procera, Alstonia scholaris, etc.
The sanctuary has a rich population of mammalian fauna and is emerging as a big attraction to wildlife enthusiasts and ornithologists. 43 species of mammals, 233 species of birds, 46 species of reptiles, 13 species of amphibians and 27 species of fishes are reported from the sanctuary. The common mammals found are Tiger, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Elephant, Sambar (deer), Bonnet Macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Nilgiri Tahr,black man,and gorillas
Tourism Details[edit]
The Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary is 44 kilometres (27 mi) by car from the nearest railway station, at Thiruvananthapuram, and 49 kilometres (30 mi) from the Thiruvananthapuram airport.
- Accommodation: - No facilities by the Department. IB of Kerala Water Authority is very near to the headquarters.
- Best season to visit: January to March
- Closure Period: Open throughout the year
- Special Attractions: Trekking to forest area – Bonafalls, Vazahuvanthole water falls, Kalarkad waterfalls, visit to settlement areas etc.
Hotel Rohini International in Vithura (Phone: 7034357336, 0471 2857336 - 38) is operating a daily package to Peppara, Vazhvanthol and Ponmudy including the guides and food . Lunch will be served within the forest itself, and that is a very good experience. especially once after you finished with the trekking. Their chefs are really good, and you can enjoy Naadan Kappa, Meen curry with other dishes. They used to arrange you the facility for the team building activities in their resort (if you opted for that)and charges are very reasonable, and their hospitality is really good and worth every penny you give them.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary.


text:
Fun to play every day. Very good conditions, several fun holes, long and short. Greens are always in great shape.
Otter Creek is one of the permanent stops on our trip around Ontario for my wife and I to play golf The staff is friendly, the course usually in good shape but last weekend we were shocked to find the sand traps in horrific shape
They were either hard pan, unkempt or void of sand and it made getting up...
To get the full experience out of Otter Creek you really need to become apart of the family there. Frequent visits and knowing everyone's name and your on the path to great times ahead. The course is beautiful and well kept, and the Tin Cup Bar/Grille has excellent food to accommodate your day and bar is stocked with great choices....
ASk for Kevin if you need lessons he is Amazing. The hot dogs are great too. Good value for the price
The improvements to Otter Creek have been great. Course is more challenging than previously had been.
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25 year old woman | Morris Plains, NJ, USA | Seeking men 25-32 within 25 miles
Not your average nurse...
I think of myself as a fun, out-going person, who is looking for some adventure in her life. I am a registered nurse and work in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a New Jersey hospital. I am also in graduate school for Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, and just started my clinical rotations, which I love because I get to spend time with kids. I am passionate about life in general and I especially love to travel, cook, and make people laugh as much as possible. I like to consider myself somewhat of a foodie, and love trying new food (with, of course, a glass of wine). I am a girl who's into sports, mostly ice hockey and football, and I'm actually ice hockey goalie. I'm a huge dog lover, and I love snuggling with my doxie as much as possible. You only get one shot at life, so I think it should be lived to the fullest.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Dancing, Football, Hockey, Running, Skiing, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Dogs
Morristown, NJ Hoboken, NJ New York City Atlantic City, NJ
Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ
Favorite Movie: Saturday Night Fever Favorite food: Toss up between Eggplant Parm & Popcorn Favorite TV Shows: Grey's Anatomy, Family Guy, Law & Order SVU, Big Bang Theory, Anything on Food Network Favorite Music: John Legend, Frank Ocean
I love to cook up new recipes and seeing new places. I try to go into New York City as much as possible, and just walk around. I like to go out, but I enjoy a night in on the couch too, always with a bowl of popcorn.
50 Shades of Grey, Gone Girl, Fault In Our Stars
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|Administrative / Secretarial, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Retail / Food services, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Architecture / Interior design
Nurse (RN)
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Protestant
|Agnostic, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
US finance sector warned of cyber attacks
A US financial industry group warned banks and other institutions to beware cyber attacks Wednesday, after some firms reported sporadic problems with their websites.
A US financial industry group warned banks and other institutions to beware cyber attacks Wednesday, after some firms reported sporadic problems with their websites.
Chinese hackers have stolen top-secret blueprints to Australia's new intelligence agency headquarters, a report said Tuesday, but Foreign Minister Bob Carr insisted ties with Beijing would not be hurt.
China and the US, which are embroiled in a bitter dispute over hacking, have agreed to set up a cybersecurity working group, US Secretary of State John Kerry said Saturday.
A new suite of cybersecurity software tools is being demonstrated at Idaho National Lab this week. The tools will help the electric utility industry protect their control system networks from cyber attack.
Cheon Joon-Sahng may not look like an elite warrior, but the shy, South Korean high school student has been fully trained for a frontline role in any future cyber battle with North Korea.
About 80 masked people, calling themselves allies of the global hacker group Anonymous, picked up litter in Tokyo Saturday in a novel protest against Japan's tougher laws against illegal downloads.
US authorities charged with overseeing the financial sector are worried about its vulnerability to cyberattacks, they said in a report published Thursday.
US Attorney General Eric Holder has appointed prosecutors to lead two criminal investigations of high-profile leaks of classified national security information to the media.
The head of the National Security Agency Wednesday defended US surveillance programs as part of a "noble" mission to protect the nation and said reports on them were "sensationalized."
US financial institutions are being pounded with high-powered cyber attacks that some suspect are being orchestrated by Iran as payback for political sanctions.
An Islamist group on Tuesday said it will carry out new cyber attacks on US banking targets, according to SITE Intelligence Group, following similar attacks last week in response to an anti-Islam film.
Cybersecurity threats are rising for industrial control systems around the world, a growing target for attackers seeking to wreak havoc, a study showed Thursday.
At the time of his latest arrest, Jeremy Hammond was living on Chicago's South Side, about three dozen miles and an entire political spectrum away from the conservative Illinois community in which he grew up.
Signcryption is a technology that protects confidentiality and authenticity, seamlessly and simultaneously.
The Swedish government said on Thursday it planned to crack down on hackers, at a time when the sex assault allegations against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange has made the country a target of repeated cyber ...


text:
Nose Hoop in 18k White Gold
- Solid nickel-free 18k white gold
Enjoy free shipping in 3-7 business days on all in stock items. Express shipping available. Learn More.
Unused and undamaged merchandise can be returned within 60 days for a full refund or exchange. Learn More.
Alluringbody is located in Pennsylvania and does not collect sales tax in other states. International customers may need to pay duty and/or taxes. Learn More.
This polished 18k nose hoop is a study in simple elegance. Exceptional craftsmanship creates a smooth silhouette for unrivaled comfort, while the understated design delivers true versatility. Finished in cool white gold, this is the hoop you'll reach for again and again.
$45 USD. In stock. Sold by: Alluringbody. Category: Body Jewelry. Brand: Alluringbody. Style number: NS108. Write A Review.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
Releasing a golden trout
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Set against the backdrop of the American Revolution in the late 18th century, Assassin's Creed III introduces a new hero, Ratohnhaketon, of Native American and English heritage. Adopting the name Connor, he becomes the new voice for justice in the ancient war between the Assassins and Templars. Players become an Assassin in the war for liberty against ruthless tyranny in the most stylized and fluid combat experiences in the franchise to date.
Assassin's Creed III spans the Revolutionary War, taking gamers from the vibrant, untamed frontier to bustling colonial towns and the intense, chaotic battlefields where George Washington's Continental Army clashed with the imposing British Army.
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Rehearsal Assistant/VoiceRecrd
*organize recordings in projects
*use Memo projects to record reminders, lists
*use Session projects to annotate events
*uncompressed WAV recording (see Settings)
*pause & seek in playback
*e-mail recordings
*add text labels
*open with Ringdroid
0.9: more robust; upload to SoundCloud
Upload from the app, or upload directly from other apps (see manual).
Open Source - see website for a free download, or buy here to support development.
Thank you!
v1.2 - search for artists, play their tracks
v1.2.2 - improved login
v1.2.3 - name change from SoundCloud Droid to MusiCloud
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Ryan James P Model
manelortegaPhotographer Male Brighton, England, United Kingdom
My Website: maneortega photographyMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/manelortega
Mayhem # 742736
About Me
I am a Spanish Photographer specialising in portraiture and the male form.
I am an expert in the use of light and posture. I have a permanent studio in the vibrant and fun seaside town of Brighton (only 50 minutes from London Victoria) and have occasional access to studio space in London. I've been told I'm friendly and very easy to work. My work has been exhibited around the world and feature in books and magazines. My work has been featured in books, magazines and exhibitions. I'm looking for creative models who would like some fantastic images for their portfolio.
Please don't hesitate to get in touch.
* you can see part of my works here:
or be a fan of my work here:
Ryan James P Model
Antonio Millon Model
PAUL NICHOLAS DYKE Photographer
PJ Matthews Model
Camrin Abernethy Model
Nyzz Model
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30 year old man | Channelview, TX, USA | Seeking women 23-32 within 50 miles
You spend all your time thinking about all the good times in the past. You will miss the good times to come.
Well I work at a hospital and I am currently going to school at UTMD Anderson for clinical laboratory science. I hope to continue my school and get a masters in PA. I love to watch football. My favorite team is Texas AM. I love to travel If I can ever find the time to do so. I consider myself pretty easy going and I am open to a lot of ideas. Some I may disagree with but if I never tried it then I usually don't say much unless I do try it. I'm pretty laid back. I do enjoy being with my family and we get together often to watch football or just to hang out. I'm not much of a club person. I rather go to a bar or get a party going at a place. My perfect match would be a person who is laid back. Enjoys the outdoors at least some. Someone that likes to watch some sports or at least try and be interested in it. There will be times that I may not be interested in what the other person is doing but it is my job to do it for my loved one and give it my best shot to like it. They must be ok with hanging out with family once in a while. Family to me is big.Pretty much just a laid back kind of girl that doesn't mind having some chill days when work or school gets tough. I'm not much on going to fancy restaurants. My ideal first date would be someone casual and make it a friendly setting. Lets try and be friends first and do things together first. To me it makes the process much easier and more relaxed. If it doesn't work out well I might of found a friend instead which I am ok with.
Camping , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Fish
Middle of the Road
Football games. pretty much any sporting event. Don't really have a favorite.
I love to watch football.but when I can't do that I'll try and go fishing or something outdoors.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|Associates degree
|No preference


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A rocket fired from Gaza hit a synagogue in the Israeli city of Ashdod on Friday, wounding three people, police said.
"There is damage at the scene and a number of people were injured by shrapnel," police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said. The attack came shortly before evening prayers ahead of the Jewish Sabbath. Ashdod is around 30 km (20 miles) from Gaza.
Hamas and other militant groups fired more than two dozen rockets into Israel on Friday, injuring two other people, with no signs of a let up in the six-week war.
Israel carried out 25 air strikes on Gaza, killing four people, Gaza health officials said.
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text:
The UK's fastest-growing regional news network
See the full forecast for your area.
Sponsored by Britelite.
Home Maidstone News Article
Michelle Lane opened children's shoe shop Soles With Heart in Swan Street in April, after leaving her 25-year-long career as a hairdresser.
But little more than a month later she made the devastating discovery that she had stage two breast cancer.
The 44-year-old, of Bradbourne Park Road, East Malling, has since undergone a gruelling programme of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and has had a double mastectomy.
She said having her own business spurred her on in her fight against the disease.
She said: "I was very ill with the chemotherapy but I did still go into work as much as I could, or busy myself with the paperwork.
"The treatment was evil, I wouldn't wish it on my worst enemy.
"Then when I found out the chemo hadn't worked I thought I was a goner.
"It was the shop that kept me going. I knew I was going to lose my hair but I wasn't going to lose my business.
"Cancer had taken enough from me and that drove me on. I thought: 'I'll fight this."
Michelle's determination meant she would return to the shop hours after undergoing radiotherapy.
She has now finished radiotherapy treatment and is waiting for an update on her condition.
Now all her hard work has been rewarded, after her buisness was shortlisted for Best New Independent Shoe Shop at the Footwear Industry Awards.
She said: "It was just so exciting to be nominated. I was halfway through my radiotherapy when I found out and I was in a lot of pain and that just gave me a little boost.
"We have had such amazing feedback from customers and the traders nearby have been really supportive, helping to look after the shop when I can't get there.
"The best thing was I knew nothing about it – I didn't apply, I was nominated so the first I heard was when I got a call from a supplier who said they had just voted for me."
The winner will be announced at a ceremony in Birmingham on Sunday, February 16, just days before the shop's first anniversary.
Click here for more news from Maidstone.
Click here for more news from around the county.


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As a community of faith Our Mission is to be:
Bringing a relevant message to the world,
Growing the body of Christ: and
Proclaiming God's love through mission and outreach."
Holy Week Services
March 29 Palm Sunday
11:00 am Worship
Children's Choir & Palm Processional
April 2 Maundy Thursday
7:00 pm
Tenebrae & Communion
April 5 Easter
9:00 am - 10:30 am
Easter Breakfast
11:00 am Worship with Special Choral and Instrumental music
Join us on a Lenten Journey through the Life of Christ
Daily Lenten Devotionals
are sent by email
from Ash Wednesday through Easter to those who sign up below.
A walk through the Four Gospels
with commentary.
Send your name and email to email@example.com
* * * * * * *
Covenant Church
School Holidays
Day Camp
For Children Kindergarten through 5th Grade
We are open 21 days throughout the year when Cobb County Schools are closed.
Camp Schedule for 2015
April 6-10 Spring Break
Camp Hours 9:00 am - 4:00 pm
Early Care Beginning at 7:00 am
After Care until 7:00 pm
available at no additional charge.
Camp Fee - $25 per day
Food - Each child must bring a sack lunch. Beverages will be provided. Morning and afternoon snacks will also be provided.
Contact the Church Office
at 770-422-5130
for more information.
Local Missions:
Family Promise
A Ministry to Homeless Families in Cobb County
Family Promise of Cobb County (FPCC) is part of a national Family Promise organization founded in 1986 to serve families in transition. FPCC is a nonprofit 501(c)(3), non-denominational organization. The Family Promise Network Program brings shelter, meals, and support services to families without homes through a network of local congregations. Covenant has been on the ground floor to bring this ministry to Cobb County. Four times a year we host families in transition for a week in our facilities providing three meals a day, hospitality and a warm place to sleep.
MUST Ministries
Ongoing monthly support of the food pantry at MUST and participating in the summer lunch program as well as the fall back to school supplies and backpack drive.
International Mission:
AHADI Foundation
A Ministry Providing Education and small animals to a partner community in Kenya
AHADI is Swahili for Covenant. Through members in our church we have partnered with two secondary schools in Kenya to provide financial support and encouragement to boys and girls in Kiambu County, Kenya who without our support would have to drop out of school due to poverty. In addition we are providing funds for chickens and rabbits to provide income sources for families. The ministry is growing and providing hope to the people of Kenya.
Special Event
Saturday March 21
11:30 am
Presbyterian Women
sponsor a Luncheon
with Rev. Gladys Muchoki
Learn about the issues for Women in Kenya
& the work Covenant is doing in a local
village providing rabbits and chickens.
Contact the church office 770-422-1530
to make a reservation.
Easter Egg Hunt
Saturday April 4
10:00 am - 11:00 am
Bring a basket and
join us for fun and games
Infants through 3rd grade
Children 3-5th grade
Theme: Everest
Registration begins in May
Sunday Schedule
9:30 Coffee & Fellowship in Fellowship Hall
9:45 Sunday School for All Ages
10:45 Coffee & Fellowship in Fellowship Hall
11:00 Worship in Sanctuary
Nursery Provided
Come Worship God with Us!


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Foster:
Phone & Address
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
- Yes
Dr. Foster's Offices
- North Hills Vascular
- North Hills Vascular
- 4375 Booth Calloway Rd Ste 501
- North Richland Hills, TX 76180
- (817) 284-4500
- Directions
- North Hills Vascular
- North Hills Vascular Surgery
- 1110 Cottonwood Ln Ste 215
- Irving, TX 75038
- (817) 284-4500
- Directions
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
Dr. Foster's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Foster's Specialties
- Vascular Surgery
- View 1 specialty and 3 board certifications
Procedures Dr. Foster Performs
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
- Angioplasty
- See all 33 procedures
Conditions Dr. Foster Treats
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
- Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- See all 27 conditions
More About Dr. Foster's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- North Hills Hospital
- 4401 Booth Calloway Road
- North Richland Hills, TX 76180
- Baylor Scott & White Medical Center Irving
- 1901 North Macarthur Boulevard
- Irving, TX 75061
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Foster
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Foster to family and friends is 2.9 out of 5 5 1 22
See More Survey Results
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Oops, you entered a bad link for Dr. Foster!
The link you entered contains bad characters or identifiers. Please enter the link exactly as it appears in your email or text message.
Thank You
This confirms that we have received your survey about Dr. Foster. Please note: it will take 24 hours for your survey results to show up on the doctor's profile.
Thank You
Our records show that you have already confirmed your survey for Dr. Foster. Please note: it takes 24 hours for your survey results to show up on the doctor's profile.


text:
Mathematics Resources
|Mathematics specific databases
JSTOR is a multidisciplinary database that aims to make the archives of scholarly work from all disciplines accessible. It is a good place to start your research; your search results will most likely contain materials from sources you wouldn't have thought to search on your own. Using the advanced search option to limit your results is especially important in JSTOR as it is a multilingual database. You can also limit your search by subject or journal title.
|General/related databases
This multidisciplinary database is a good place to start your research. For extra search capabilities, click "Choose Databases" and select more subject specific databases to simultaneously search.
Use WorldCat to find books about a research topic that are not available at Holy Spirit Library. Search by title or author if you are looking for something specific, or search by keyword or subject to find something new. Click "Borrow this item from another library" to request a book from another library.
|Mathematics websites
The Electronic Library of Mathematics
The Electronic Library of Mathematics provides mostly free and full-text access to journals, article collections, monographs, and electronic resources in the field of mathematics.
MathVids.com, from SchoolVids LLC, provides video tutorials for mathematical concepts ranging from middle school level basic math to college level discrete math and differential equations. Videos are organized by subject and level. Free registration is required to view some videos.


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39 year old woman | Souderton, PA, USA | Seeking men 25-40 within 50 miles
Read all about me....
Here's a description of me in a nutshell: Thoughtful, determined, hard-working, busy, open-minded, tattoo wearin', animal lovin', tree huggin' quirky veggie. Also, issues concerning human and animal rights, Africa, and improving education are important to me. I embrace complex simplicity. I prefer dark chocolate over milk, mix bouquet of flowers over a dozen red roses, colored indoor Christmas lights over white. I generally don't buy things if they're not on sale, but I'm not always practical....the white, high pile, ultra plush shag rug in my living room looks fab! Big Phillies fan. Fav TV shows right now are Hawaii Five-0, American Pickers, Criminal Minds, and The Vampire Diaries (I'm not a vamp whore, just Ian Somerhalder whore). Watching way too much HGTV lately. Working on renovating my house. Love belly dancing. Into Green Day, Gaga, Maroon 5, Michael Buble, and, thanks to Sirius radio, Elvis. I don't need someone to take care of me, and I don't want to be someone's mother. I'm looking for a partner to share life experiences with...from once in a lifetime moments to simple little pleasures and everything in between.
Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Horses
Middle of the Road
Kohl's :) Wild Ginger, Philly Art Museum, Citizen's Bank Park, Maui, East Africa
Arcadia University, Glenside, PA
Argon oil, gorillas and elephants, vintage flea market finds, NPR, Phillies, Cliff Lee, dark chocolate and peanut butter, veg General Tso's at Wild Ginger, salad...I am veggie after all!
baking/cooking, Phillies' games, dancing, Core Rhythms, time outside, learning about different cultures
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 8'0" (243cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist
|No preference
Currently working for an animal advocacy organization.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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29 year old man | Chestnut Hill, MA, USA | Seeking women 26-31 within 20 miles
Active within 24 hours
lets just lie and say we met at the library...
I recently moved to Boston a few years back from Worcester for work. I love being in the City. There is just such a great energy here in Boston and you see how alive the City can be. I'm a big Celtics and Patriots fan and there is nothing better than Boston when our sports teams or winning. I spend a lot of time at the gym either playing basketball and winning rec league championships or just trying to keep in shape. There's nothing better than getting out of the gym with high endorphins. Lastly, I'm also studying my tail off to get my CFP at BU, Knowledge is Power... right? I'm sure there is plenty more about myself that can be considered fascinating. If you'd like to know feel free to message me. My career involves a lot of networking and talking with random people so who knows we might have more in common than expected!
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Playing sports , Video games , Watching sports
Basketball, Football, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs
I am a big Celtics fan so I spend a lot of time going in for games. I also like heading into the Fenway area or Allston-Brighton for some drinks.
Movies: Training Day, Departed, Anchorman, Step Brothers, Dark Knight and Dark Knight Rises TV Shows: Lost, BREAKING BAD!, the office, parks and recreation, community, justified Food: pizza, ice cream, steak
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Financial / Accounting / Real Estate
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|Middle Eastern, Native American, White / Caucasian, Other
|No preference
My father is Middle Eastern while my mother is half Navajo and half Irish... who in Boston doesn't have a little bit of Irish in them?
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Bisping & Le to undergo enhanced drug testing
Apparently that was enough for Bisping to request enhanced drug testing, which the UFC complied to:
Bisping requested additional enhanced testing for his upcoming fight with Cung Le, taking place this Saturday from Macau, China. Since China has no recognized athletic commission to oversee the bout, the UFC acts as a governing body to sanction the bouts, assign referees and judges as well as conduct and enforce drug testing and penalties.
During Wednesday's edition of UFC Tonight, Ariel Helwani reported that the UFC will comply with Bisping's wishes and introduce enhanced testing for his fight with Le this weekend.
The enhanced testing includes both urine and blood tests being administered with the full cost falling on the UFC's shoulders.


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Preserving Authentic Digital Journals: The Anthrosource Project
Preliminary Version
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) aims to build a digital portal which will consist mainly of journal content. Their goals are to improve access, improve the ability to retrieve anthropological resources, reduce the cost of these resources, and to preserve and archive them as digital materials. They plan to achieve these goals through the retrospective conversion of ten of their sponsored journals as well as to begin current electronic production of these same journals. The preservation and archiving element of the project is the focus of this essay, with emphasis on preservation of the authenticity of the published journals. Many preservation projects only discuss the maintenance of authenticity of the digital objects in their care; the creator is assumed to be responsible for the original establishment of authenticity. In this case, however, the American Anthropological Association is both creator and preserving entity. They must be concerned about both aspects.
There is a consensus that "a record is authentic when it is the document that it claims to be". The practice of establishing authenticity, therefore, deals with specific claims made within or about the document rather than global ones. In other words, the question would be "did K write this?" rather than "who wrote this?" Authenticity is also not an absolute term; the authenticity of the object depends on the research being conducted. For a historian interested in the text of an analog document, an official and authorized high quality copy may be sufficient authentication; however, a book and paper researcher will only be satisfied with the analog original. Ken Thibodeau says that, "the criteria for authenticity depend on the intended use of the object. You can only say something is authentic with respect to some standard or criterion or model for what X is." David Bearman articulates this idea in regard to digital surrogates when he states that "The issues of authenticity in digital transformations are, properly, about how well certain representations serve a desired purpose."
Any definition of authenticity for digital objects must depend, therefore, on a decision about the desired purpose which these digital objects will fill. As AAA wishes to fill the needs of their members by serving them digital journal content, the final establishment of the authenticity of their production will depend on the needs and purposes of the members of the AAA. This may necessitate changes to the strategies employed once the results of the user study being conducted by Bonnie Nardi are available. It is possible that the AAA members may wish for different methods of representation of the journal content, as well as more, less or simply different types of authenticity documentation.
In the print world, the archival institution, or preserving repository, plays a major role in authenticity judgments; often a researcher will not question a document which is housed within a trusted repository. This is the "power of archives to authenticate". For Peter Hirtle, this power to authenticate is derived from two basic strategies: the maintenance of unbroken provenance and diplomatic methods. The maintenance of unbroken provenance, or custody, in the analog world is based on a presumption that a certain body of records was received by the archives from a legitimate source and has been maintained in a stable form within the repository. Diplomatics, on the other hand, has an emphasis on the individual record. It aims to establish the authenticity and reliability of the records through a measurement of the completeness of the record and control over the creation of the record. There are rules and methods for determining this in the print world. These include several attributes which help to identify the record, the minimum of which are the date and the responsible party. A higher degree of completeness with more identifying attributes present increases the assumed authenticity of the document. Physical signs of authenticity embedded within the physical object also exist, including paper and ink of the appropriate era and sometimes handwriting that could indicate the authorship of a paper document.
Establishing the authenticity of digital objects is a more difficult task due to the mutability and ease of manipulation of digital objects. Since it is so easy to change a digital document without an obvious sign of the change, unbroken custody of the document no longer serves as a reliable indication of the document's authenticity. Holding a digital object in a stable physical state is no longer an effective means of preservation either; the object must often be migrated in order to remain reproducible. Diplomatics has often run into difficulties in dealing with digital records because much of the same information that is included in analog documents, either within the document itself or through context, is not being consciously created for their digital equivalents. In their case studies, the US InterPARES Preservation Task Force discovered very little consistency in the way in which attributes which identify the record are associated and expressed, with some being embedded in the record, some encoded in metadata, and some implicit through context. This lack of consistency increases the difficulty in establishing procedures for determining authenticity. Physical signs of authenticity are also missing: the ink and paper no longer exist, and it is often impossible to glimpse the technical details of the construction of the digital document. This all necessitates a translation of the existing concept of authenticity to digital objects, including a "new infrastructure" of technical and organizational methods.
These qualities of the digital indicate the need for transparency for digital documents and the conscious creation of the level of documentation necessary to establish the document's authenticity. This is important especially for the retrospectively converted journals, as they will be digital surrogates for print rather than born digital publications. "If sources are studied in the surrogate…all questions concerning the authenticity of the original are overlaid with additional questions about the methods of representation". Different methods of digital capture can increase or decrease emphasis on parts of the document or represent color with differing degrees of accuracy. Knowledge of the format of the digital object may also aid in an establishment of authenticity: a TIFF may be more trusted than a JPEG, a lossy compression. Likewise, an open standard may be more trusted than a proprietary or encrypted standard.
For both the born digital and the retrospectively converted content, the creation of appropriate metadata will go a long way towards establishing authenticity. This includes many of the "signs" of authenticity used in diplomatics. The US InterPARES group has developed a template for "benchmark requirements supporting the presumption of authenticity of electronic records." While these are directed at records used as legal evidence, they can be applied to the authenticity and preservation model for archiving electronic journals. The first set of requirements is defined as those that are an "expression of record attributes and linkage to record" and aim to define the identity of the record and establish the integrity of the record. The identity of the record is established through the documentation of the "persons concurring in the formation of the record", dates of creation, action, and indications of related materials. Establishing the integrity of the record includes such items as the name of the handling office, office of responsibility, indication of annotations, and indications of technical modifications. These elements in this set of requirements could easily be adapted to the electronic journal context and should be. They should be recorded in the appropriate metadata fields in order to provide the users with information regarding these resources. Verifying that all of these elements are present would be a preliminary method for determining the authenticity of the electronic journals.
Among the rest of the requirements, the delineation of the policies protecting against loss and corruption of records and media and technology obsolescence is of note. In addition, the requirement to establish an "authoritative record" is especially applicable to the AAA project. InterPARES defines this property as identifying the office responsible for maintaining the "record copy." For AAA, however, this will entail defining which of the files (out of the HTML, PDF, TIFF, or XML-DTD) maintained will be the "archival copy." This, however, will be more fully covered below. Knowledge of all of these aspects of the methods of representation and maintenance in conjunction with knowledge of their own needs will aid a researcher in deciding whether a document is authentic for their specific purposes.
Once a digital object has been established as authentic, another problem arises. This is the problem of digital preservation. The quick pace of technological change means that software and hardware used to create and display a digital document may become obsolete within three years. Since digital objects are hardware and software dependent, this creates a problem for their representation and display. In most cases, including the Anthrosource project, migration is the preservation strategy of choice. This preserves the digital document as a logically coherent entity, rather than one of physical integrity. In The State of Digital Preservation, Ken Thibodeau argues that "it is impossible to preserve a digital document as a physical object. One can only preserve the ability to reproduce the document…. The preservation of an information object in digital form is complete only when the object is successfully output." Since this changes the document in a fundamental and physical way, this changes authenticity requirements and definitions. No longer can an archival repository simply maintain the authenticity of a document by keeping it stable and unchanged; methods of maintaining authenticity of the object while actively changing it must be established.
This brings back the concept of the "desired purpose" of the digital object. What was it produced for? What needs does it meet? What elements of the original are essential to its preservation? If the locus of authenticity inquiries center on the rendering of the object on a computer monitor, then some standard of the "look and feel" before the migration must be maintained as a benchmark. If the locus is the intellectual content, then it must be verifiable that this has not been changed in the process of migration. Within the confines of this essay, it is assumed that the intellectual content is the most important aspect for preservation. The look and feel of the journal is important and should be preserved as long as possible, but the intellectual content is the "essential attribute" of the digital document.
The question of where the boundaries of the intellectual content of the journals lie is one which must be answered in regard to preservation choices and authenticity establishment. The report on the Harvard Mellon planning grant breaks down electronic journals into various components and defines which of these are within the preservation scope and which are not. Their model of journal components will be used here. Without a complete knowledge of the manner in which these will be published through Anthrosource, definitive statements of the components which will be preserved and authenticated cannot be made; however, general recommendations and comments can be stated. The components which are assumed to make up the "intellectual content" are as follows: the "article proper", author supplied references, links to external sources, abstracts, tables of contents, other editorial content, bibliographic descriptions, editorial boards, editors, copyright statements, editorial policies, reviewer lists, journal descriptions, and cover images from the corresponding print issues. As AAA is serving two roles as creator and preserving entity, they can ensure that this content is produced in normative file formats which are suitable for long term preservation, a luxury not always given to digital repositories.
Some of the components described by Harvard as being within their scope are not yet part of the AAA's publication scheme, although they may someday be and therefore should be considered for policy creation. The two components under consideration for future policy creation are "supplementary material/enhanced content" and threaded discussions. The first of these is defined as material such as sound or video files, data sets, computer files or other related materials deposited with the publisher instead of being linked to on other sites. These are not part of the "article proper" and author created. This leads to the possibility that they will not be in normative file formats which Anthrosource is equipped to preserve indefinitely. While AAA is still in the process of transitioning from print as their primary publication, this kind of material is not likely to be an integral part of the journals. As their Internet presence becomes more established and the electronic publishing component becomes more prominent, this may become a regular part of their publication. It is for this eventuality that a policy on their place within the journal should be established. Are they part of the integral intellectual content, or are they merely "related material"? Will the AAA limit the formats which they are willing to take responsibility for preserving? Will they develop a system of "levels of service" for these items similar to that of Harvard's DRS? These same issues are applicable to the threaded discussions component. The questions surrounding these two components should be answered and policy developed prior to their advent as integral parts of the journal publications.
Since AAA is both the publisher and the archiving body of these journals, some of the information which Harvard defines as out of their scope may be within the scope of Anthrosource. These components mainly consist of business information, including information for authors about copyright transfer, subscription information, reprint ordering information, job listings, and customer service information. While these may or may not constitute the "intellectual content" of the journals, they are likely to be important business records for AAA. They also have potential to serve as important tools for research on the anthropological profession, particularly American anthropology. As such, they would deserve consideration for preservation.
How is the authenticity of these various components to be maintained? What are the standards for the production of authentic copies through migration? David M. Levy argues that every time an object is rendered on the screen that it is a "copy" of the original bitstream. Ken Thibodeau states preservation is a process of "preserving the ability to reproduce the objects. The process of digital preservation, then, is inseparable from accessing the object." This being said, the proof that an object has not been changed will come from its access point: if the representation is the same, then the migration was successful. For AAA's purposes, the migration would be successful if "the message that it is meant to communicate in order to achieve its purpose is unaltered. This implies that its physical integrity… may be compromised, provided that the articulation of the content and any required annotations and elements of documentary forms remain the same". In order to verify that the message, i.e. the intellectual content, is not changed, a benchmark is required against which the intellectual content can be checked.
The US InterPARES team has developed "baseline requirements supporting the production of authentic copies of electronic records." These are split into three groups: control over records transfer, maintenance and reproduction; documentation of reproduction process and its effects; and archival description. The first group, that of control over the records, consists of documentation of unbroken custody, security measures, and any required annotations to the records. This is a synopsis of the functions which are filled by analog repositories in their functions as authenticators of the documentation that they house. This is basically a requirement that the archiving body fulfill its role as a "trusted repository" with its concomitant ability to authenticate the records in its possession. This role, and the documentation proving that this role has been filled, is central to establishment of the authenticity of the content held by any digital (or otherwise) repository. "Authentication of preserved objects is ultimately a matter of trust. There are ways to reduce the risk entailed by trusting someone, but ultimately, you need to trust some person, some organization, or some system or method that exercises control over the transmission of information over space, time, or technological boundaries".
The second set of requirements, full documentation of any reproduction, echoes David Bearman and Jennifer Trant when they say that transparent methods of representation help authenticate a digital surrogate. The concepts of the surrogate and the "authentic copy" are not far removed from one another and in many cases need to be treated similarly. This second set requires the date of the reproduction and the responsible person; information regarding the identity of the record; the impact of the reproduction process on their form, content, accessibility and use; and the relationship between the original records and their reproduction. The description of the last two attributes is dependent on the "desired purpose" of the document or the "essential attributes" for preservation. The impact of the reproduction process on the records cannot be defined without some definition of the content and use. This is also true of the relationship between the original and the reproduction: how can this be stated without a definitive statement of what was important in the original? This will, once again, be dependent upon the results of the user study being conducted by Bonnie Nardi. Increased precision in this area will increase the assumption of authenticity of the copy.
The third set of baseline requirements is more problematic than the first two. The US InterPARES team says that "once the records no longer exist except as authentic copies, the archival description is the primary source of information about the history of the record, that is, its various reproductions and the changes to the record that have resulted from them." They recommend that this history of reproductions and migrations be kept in the aggregate as "archival description" rather than as a record of every reproduction of a single record. If they are performing mass migrations, they may create and maintain aggregate documentation. This does not preclude production of granular documentation, however. It also may or may not "obviate the need to preserve all the documentation for each and every reproduction." The decision about the level of detail produced and maintained regarding these procedures is one which the AAA needs to make in regard to its own electronic record keeping system. As above, the level of documentation needed for authenticity purposes will depend on the "desired purpose" of the reproduction and the digital object as well as the record keeping system employed by AAA.
The "benchmark" standard for verifying the intellectual content after migration implies that there will be some redundancy in the storage and preservation of that intellectual content. This should be achieved by the maintenance of both presentation files and source files. The source files are the documents which are produced by the publisher before they have been presented to the consumer. Presumably, the source files contain complete intellectual content as described above. Maintaining these depends on complete knowledge of the construction or definition of the XML or SGML DTD used in production, as well as the style sheet or rendering program used. Beyond that, the semantics of the schema need to be preserved so that the "meaning of the mark up elements and how their composition turns a set of angle bracketed words and sentences into a journal that speaks from mind to mind" can be understood and hopefully reproduced. Since Atypon will be using the archiving and interchanging XML DTD created by the National Library of Medicine for electronic journals, AAA will be able to obtain and preserve the complete documentation of the DTD. The style sheets are also important for knowledge of the manipulations performed on the source file for digital presentation. This documentation is important for preservation as well as to make the source files transparent and usable to a researcher.
The presentation files of electronic journals are often available in two different formats: HTML and PDF. While both of these formats present some challenges to their preservation, the problems surrounding PDF are greater. While Adobe does now publish the specifications for the format, it is a proprietary format which is rendered through proprietary software. If Adobe were to change management, it is possible that these specifications would no longer be published. This would leave the repository in the awkward position of having many files which they are no longer capable migrating accurately and which it is illegal to reverse engineer. Since this is a popular format for web presentation, however, the archives may accept this into the repository with some caveats. Harvard Steering Committee has developed guidelines for publishers who wish to archive their journals in PDF: encode them in full text rather than as page images, use standard compression, and do not encrypt them. PDF-a may become a viable alternative for this as it becomes closer to being published and implemented. PDF, however, should not serve as the master archival copy. HTML is an open standard which must be rendered through standard Web browsers. As such, migration of the content can always be based on the full specification with which the document was created. In addition, maintaining the style sheet used to transform the XML source file into HTML will enhance the knowledge of the document's construction.
The University of California Press's suggestion of archiving the PDF presentation files as TIFFs is not sufficient to ensure the preservation of the electronic journal content being created and converted. While TIFF is an open standard, a robust technology, and has commercial grade tools available in order to deal with it, the archive should handle objects that can be used in more diverse ways. "The issue of preserving tagging is a non-issue really: information tagging can be done in automated ways and indeed Atypon has done so for over 5 years; the technology for doing that is constantly improving; linking is already possible on scanned articles; preservation of tagging is not what long-term archival storage is about, i.e. it is not an essential problem." This, obviously, is not the viewpoint adopted here. The tagging is important and should be preserved, regardless of the fact that preserving the images may be a simpler problem.
Only in the case of retrospectively converted journals should TIFFs be the "archival master." They should be scanned as TIFF's, with the un-manipulated image file used as the archival master. A PDF, or JPEG etc., can be generated from the TIFF for presentation on the web to serve as the use format if necessary. Documentation of the presentation file should be maintained in addition to the presentation file itself, so that a future user who may only have access to the archival master (or source file) will know if it had undergone OCR or been transformed into PDF before presentation on the web. For the born digital journals, however, the XML version contains the richest information about the content. XML, while not a perfect solution, is an open standard with many preservation qualities. If the style sheets are maintained, the look and feel of the documents will be available in addition to the rich content. This version should be the archival master, rather than the page images. The TIFF images of the PDF's may be "good to have", and better than the proprietary PDF. They should, however, serve as the use or service copy, rather than the archival master. They will be easier to use for general research purposes than raw markup.
Another possibility for preservation of presentation files would work in conjunction with the LOCKSS program as it becomes more widely implemented. A LOCKSS server caches content to which it subscribes, creating a mirror site for the presentation files. While this would obviously not be a primary strategy, and care would have to be taken in the license writing, this may become a viable supplementary strategy for maintaining the intellectual content of the journals. This does not mean that presentation files should not be archived locally; it would be disaster planning purely and would not diminish the AAA's responsibility to archive the content that they create. The archival masters stored on the Anthrosource server would serve as the authoritative and authentic copies, while the LOCKSS copies would simply ensure distributed intellectual content which may aid in long term preservation.
The problem of establishing and preserving the authenticity of digital objects is not one that has been solved definitively. There are, however, several guidelines which may be followed in order to diminish the uncertainty surrounding these issues. An overall guideline is related to the role of the trusted repository which maintains authentic records through established procedures. The work of the repository to authenticate its own records will eventually lead to a presumption of authenticity based on a journal's presence in Anthrousource; this is an exercise in translating the "power of archives to authenticate" to the digital realm. One of the most important methods for doing this is to create very complete documentation about the ways in which these documents are created, maintained, and migrated, thus validating the trust vested in the repository.
Another guideline for establishing the authenticity of the intellectual content is to build redundancy into the system. Keeping the source files as well as the presentation files ensures the ability to verify that the text and images that were part of the intellectual content have not been altered through a migration process. This is related to the recommendation of cooperation with the LOCKSS program which would create caches of the presentation files at those institutions which both subscribe to Anthrosource and have LOCKSS servers. While there will be one authoritative "archival master" which is stored on the Anthrosource server, having multiple copies in multiple institutions will prevent the loss of the intellectual content. The final policy will need to take all of these considerations into account and be specific yet forward looking enough to be adaptable to future technological changes which can either aid or impair the preservation and authenticity of the content held in the repository.
Authenticity And Preservation of Digital Materials for Scholarly Use: Pathfinder and Sources
Digital Authenticity: The Issues & Some Ideas About Solutions
Bearman, David and Jennifer Trant. "Authenticity in a Digital Age." D-Lib Magazine (June 1998) Retrieved February 13, 2004 from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june98/06bearman.html.
This is a good resource about authenticity and its applicability to digital documents used for scholarly purposes, with a concentration on reformatted objects.
Bellinger, Meg, Laura Campbell, Margaret Hedstrom, Deanna Marcum, Kenneth Thibodeau, Donald Waters, Titia van der Werf, Collin Webb. The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Council of Library and Information Resources, 2002. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/pub107.pdf
While this focuses on specific problems and solutions to digital preservation, there is an overriding concern with the maintenance of authenticity of the digital objects which are being preserved.
Cullen, Charles T., Peter B. Hirtle, David Levy, Clifford A. Lynch, and Jeff Rothenberg. Authenticity in a Digital Environment. Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000. Retrieved on February 12, 2004 from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub92/contents.html.
This white paper by CLIR brings together 5 different perspectives of authenticity, coming from different backgrounds. An archivist, a librarian/legal historian, the executive director of CNI, a computer scientist, and a documentarian contribute their thoughts on authenticity and the ways in which the concepts surrounding it have been changed by the advent of digital technology.
Duranti, Luciana. "Authenticity and Reliability: the Concepts and the Implications." Archivaria 39: 1-10.
This is the canonical definition of these concepts.
Findings on the Preservation of Authentic Electronic Records: Final Report to the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. US-InterPARES Project, September 2002. Retrieved February 2, 2004 from http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/us-interpares/pdf/InterPARES1FinalReport.pdf
This includes both benchmarks for the assumption of authenticity and baseline requirements for creation of authentic copies. It is a good start for determining the kinds of metadata which need to be created strictly to establish and maintain authenticity.
Hofman, Hans "Can Bits and Bytes be Authentic? Preserving the Authenticity of Digital Objects." In Proceedings annual IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) conference, Glasgow, Scotland. Retrieved on March 20, 2004 from http://daedalus.lib.gla.ac.uk/archive/00000039/01/hofman_glasgow02.pdf
A good synthesis of the issues of authenticity and preservation of digital objects.
Olsen, Florence. "Archivists Praise PDF/A." Federal Computer Week, March 10, 2004. Retrieved on March 19, 2004 from http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2004/0308/web-pdf-03-10-04.asp.
A possible new format for digital preservation which may enable simpler authenticity maintenance.
PADI: Preserving Access to Digital Information. "Authenticity." National Library of Australia. Retrieved on March 23, 2004 from http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/topics/4.html
A great starting place for finding sources concerning authenticity and preservation of digital materials. Some of the links no longer seem to work, but in general it is a great place to locate information about this topic.
Preservation and Authenticity of Digital Scholarly Journals: the Mellon Planning Grants
"Minimum criteria for an archival repository of digital scholarly journals." Digital Library Federation, 2000. Retrieved on March 2, 2004 from http://www.diglib.org/preserve/criteria.htm.
This is a truly minimum requirement for an archival repository of digital scholarly journals. It is a good starting point for policy building, however.
Harvard University Library Mellon Project Steering Committee, Harvard University Library Mellon Project Technical Team "Report on the Planning Year Grant For the Design of an E-journal Archive." Digital Library Federation, 2002. Retrieved on February 20, 2004 from http://www.diglib.org/preserve/harvardfinal.html.
The most comprehensive document, with some good guidelines as to how to deal with the complexity of digital scholarly journals.
Ockerbloom, John Marck. "Report on Mellon Funded Planning Grant For Archiving Scholarly Journals". Digital Library Federation, 2002. Retrieved on Febrary 24, 2004 from http://www.diglib.org/preserve/upennfinal.html.
The University of Pennsylvania's Mellon Planning Grant: they had to change many of their assumptions throughout the process of planning this. It is a good template for understanding the difficulties of thinking through the many issues involved in maintaining an archive of digital journals. They also strongly advocate keeping several versions (presentation and source files) in order to maintain the intellectual content.
Stanford University Libraries. "LOCKSS: A Distributed Digital Archiving System." Digital Library Federation, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2004 from http://www.diglib.org/preserve/stanfordfinal.html.
A different perspective on digital preservation. This is an interesting avenue of research which bears further study. For more comprehensive information on the project, go to http://lockss.stanford.edu/.
The remainder of the Mellon planning grants are linked to from the Digital Library Federation's website at http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejp.htm. Some of them are very helpful, but not terribly applicable to the AAA project at hand. For example, the Cornell and the New York Public Library both were concerned with collecting journals and other materials on particular subjects, rather than by particular publishers. While this may in the end be within AAA's scope, it is not at the moment. MIT was more concerned with dynamic e-journals, which AAA will most likely not be producing in the near future, while Yale was much more concerned with intellectual property concerns than AAA needs to be.


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Website Broke After Security Plugin Update
#1 Guest_sergio_*
Posted 22 May 2014 - 07:18 AM
The pages are not being blocked or considered as 404's, but not loaded (white screen) when a hashtag is passed in the url.
At first I thought it was my contact forms manager (cforms) but it turned out to be the hashtag passes to scroll the browser to the "#successmessage" element.
It's hard to debug, because it doesn't always happen. On refresh the information is submitted fine and the page is loaded.
If you don't know about the resfresh thing and just load the page normaly, you lose the token retrieval from Stripe and need to start over.
Not to mention the logs file grew up to 950+ Mb RIGHT after the paid version came out and the first update completely broke the .htaccess to the point of manually having to clear it and the logs file removed.
I hope you find a fix soon.
Posted 22 May 2014 - 09:30 AM
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#3 Guest_TH_*
Posted 29 May 2014 - 01:12 AM


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Isaac Jones
Company Dancer
Originally from Michigan, Isaac studied under the direction of Sergey Rayevskiy. He danced with Sarasota Ballet where he performed in Matthew Hart's John Ringling Circus Nutcracker, Sir Frederick Ashton's La Fille Mal Gardee, and in works by Ricardo Graziano, Jamie Carter, Kate Honea, and Sherri Carp Kitchens. Isaac has trained at the summer intensives of the Ellison Ballet, Russian Ballet Festival and BalletMet Columbus. With Eugene Ballet Company, he was featured in Toni Pimble's Les élméns and Creation du monde.
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