text:
A modem for coupling a data terminal or other apparatus to a telephone line and deriving its operating power for both transmitting and receiving operation from the telephone line, and providing electrical isolation between the telephone line and the data terminal.
1. A telephone line powered modem comprising:
a first circuit for coupling to a telephone line and operative wholly in response to telephone line power to provide operating power for all modem circuits;
said first circuit including a solid state shunt regulator circuit providing a voltage which is substantially constant irrespective of variations in current from the telephone line, and a current source operating as a constant current source for AC and self adjusting for DC current and operative to provide a low DC resistance and high AC impedance such that audio frequency variations in line voltage cause no appreciable current change through the load;
a modem receiver subsystem powered by the first circuit and operative to provide data signals derived from signals received on the telephone line; and
a modem transmitter subsystem powered by the first circuit and operative in response to data from a source to provide modulated data signals to the telephone line.
2. The modem of claim 1 wherein said receiver subsystem includes:
filter means operative to limit the received signal spectrum to a desired frequency band;
a frequency discriminator operative to provide a digital signal having a duty cycle representing the frequency of the signal from the filter means;
a data filter operative to provide an output voltage which is directly proportional to the frequency of the received signal; and
output means operative to provide one or more output signals of predetermined form.
3. The modem of claim 2 wherein said output means includes:
a data buffer operative to provide an output TTY data signal.
4. The modem of claim 3 wherein said output means includes:
an RS232 output interface operative to provide RS232 data signals and a carrier detect signal.
5. The modem of claim 2 wherein said output means includes:
a data buffer operative to provide an output TTY data signal and operative to provide a control signal representative of the mark or space state of the received data;
an RS232 output interface operative in response to the control signal from the data buffer to provide RS232 data signals and a carrier detect signal;
the data buffer including electro-optical isolators for electrically isolating the modem and utilization apparatus;
a carrier detector operative in response to a signal from the frequency discriminator to provide an output signal representative of valid carrier presence or absence; and
DC to DC converter means enabled in response to a signal from the carrier detector representing valid carrier presence and operative to provide the minimum power to the RS232 output interface necessary to ensure that the interface output signals are of sufficient signal level.
6. The modem of claim 5 wherein the DC to DC converter means includes:
means for providing an unbalanced square wave signal;
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;
electronic switching means coupling the unbalanced square wave signal to the primary winding; and
a rectifier circuit connected to the secondary winding and providing an unbalanced voltage output.
7. The modem of claim 6 wherein the electronic switching means includes:
first and second transistors, each having a collector connected to one terminal of the primary winding;
a pair of capacitors, each coupling the other terminal of the primary winding to the emitter of a respective one of the transistors;
first and second RC networks, each coupling the base of a respective one of the transistors to the unbalanced square wave signal;
first and second diodes connected between one terminal of the secondary winding and respective converter output terminals; and
first and second capacitors coupling the other terminal of the secondary winding to respective converter output terminals.
8. The modem of claim 4 including:
means operative to provide a negative voltage to the RS232 output interface to permit the interface to provide the carrier detect and received data outputs in a mark state when no data is being sent or received;
said means including:
electronic switch means connected to the RS232 transmit data terminal and to the carrier detect terminal and operative in the absence of a carrier detect signal or the absence of power from the telephone line to provide a negative output voltage to the interface circuit, this voltage being derived from the mark state signal being providing to the RS232 transmit data terminal.
9. The modem of claim 5 wherein said transmitter subsystem includes:
a transmitter operative to provide data to the telephone line for transmission to a receiving site;
a modulator operative to modulate the transmitter carrier; and
timing means including a crystal oscillator and providing clock signals to the transmitter and modulator.
10. The modem of claim 1 wherein said first circuit includes:
a switch selectively coupling the modem to the telephone line;
circuit protector means operative to protect the modem from high currents which may be present on the telephone line and from overvoltages which may be present on the telephone line; and
a bridge circuit serving as a polarity guard to permit correctly polarized DC current from the telephone line to be applied to the modem.
11. The modem of claim 9 wherein said transmitter subsystem includes:
a data buffer having electro-optical isolators by which TTY and RS232 data signals are coupled to the modulator.
12. The modem of claim 1 wherein said first circuit includes means operative to limit the voltage drop on the telephone line to ensure a predetermined minimum DC line current sufficient to maintain an off hook condition.
13. The modem of claim 1 wherein the total power consumption of said modem circuits is less than 160 milliwatts.
14. The modem of claim 8 wherein said first circuit includes means providing electrical isolation between the telephone line and the data terminal.
15. For use in a telephone line powered modem which includes a receiver operative to provide data signals derived from signals received on a telephone line, and a transmitter operative in response to data from a source to provide modulated data signals for transmission on the telephone line, a circuit operative wholly in response to telephone line power to provide operating power for itself and said transmitter and receiver, said circuit comprising:
first means for providing substantially constant operating voltages for the modem and minimum current sufficient to hold the telephone line in an off hook condition; and
second means providing a low DC resistance and a high AC impedance substantially matched to the telephone line impedance,
wherein said second means includes:
a solid state shunt regulator circuit operative to maintain substantially constant voltage across the modem circuits constituting the load, and to limit the voltage drop on the telephone line to ensure a predetermined minimum DC line current; and
a current source operative as a constant current source for AC current and self-adjusting for DC current, and operative to pass DC current to maintain a predetermined AC impedance to match the telephone line.
16. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said second means includes:
a solid state current regulator circuit having a low DC resistance and a sufficiently high AC impedance to maintain an AC impedance substantially matched to that of the telephone line.
17. The circuit of claim 16 wherein the current regulator circuit includes:
a modified Darlington circuit operative to pass DC current and to block AC current.
18. The circuit of claim 15 wherein the shunt regulator circuit includes:
a modified Darlington circuit having complementary transistor types such that the voltage at the base of the first transistor of the Darlington pair tends to equal the voltage at the emitter of the second transistor of the Darlington pair;
a pair of voltage reference diodes connected in series across the output of the Darlington circuit and providing a predetermined reference voltage; and
an input circuit providing an input voltage to the Darlington circuit and operative to establish a selected ratio of regulated output voltages.
19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein one of the voltage reference diodes is a light emitting diode serving as an indicator for denoting an off hook condition.
20. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the shunt regulator circuit further includes:
circuit means operative in response to current above a predetermined level to shunt such current to permit the shunt regulator output voltage to remain substantially constant.
This invention relates to data modems for coupling data to and from a telephone line, and more particularly to a modem which derives its operating power from the telephone line.
For data transmission on a standard voice grade telephone line a modem is employed which is operative to modulate data in a form suitable for transmission along the telephone line, and to demodulate data received from the telephone line to reproduce the data transmitted from a remote site. The modem requires a power supply for energizing its electronic circuits and this power supply is usually operative from an AC power outlet or a battery source.
In many instances an AC power source is not conveniently available, and, in the case of a battery source, the modem may be at a location where battery monitoring or replacement is inconvenient. In addition, the power supply adds to the expense and size of a modem. It would be advantageous to provide power for operation of the modem circuits from the telephone line itself to thereby dispense with the need for any separate modem power supply or access to a separate power source.
The connection of modems to the telephone network is governed by FCC and Bell System regulations and specifications which set forth stringent engineering specifications which must be met for certification of such apparatus for connection to the telephone network. Meeting such specifications by circuits powered only from the telephone line becomes a difficult task, since the operating parameters and circuit configuration of the modem circuits at the extremely low power levels available from the telephone line are rather critical.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,539,727 a data receiver is described which has a power supply energized by the telephone line and isolated from the line. This patent does not disclose a fully operational modem powered by the telephone line. The power supply includes a regulator circuit which provides DC power derived from the telephone line to the receiver circuits. Frequency shift data signals from the line are applied to a locked oscillator which provides limited AC signals of a frequency which is locked to the received data signal frequency. A discriminator provides recovered data from the limited signal and operates an output switch which produces data signal voltages as an output. The limited AC signal is also applied as an input to a converter circuit which produces DC power for the output switch.
In accordance with this invention, a modem is provided which derives its entire operating power from the available telephone line power and which is electrically isolated from the telephone line and from a data terminal or other utilization apparatus to which it is connected. The modem includes an interface and power source for coupling signals from the telephone line for demodulation by the modem and signals from the modem to the telephone line for transmission. This interface and power source provides regulated operating voltages for the entire modem and at a minimum current sufficient to hold the telephone line in an off hook condition. This power source provides a low DC resistance and a high AC impedance sufficient to substantially match the telephone line impedance. The modem exhibits very low power consumption well within the 160 milliwatts of available power from the telephone line, and meets all present specifications and regulations of the telephone system and FCC.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a line-powered modem in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the power off inhibit circuit 21 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the DC to DC converter 24 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the interface and power source 10 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an electro-optical isolator employed in the modem of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
A line powered modem embodying the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. In the illustrated embodiment the modem is a type 103 modem which provides full duplex operation at transmitting and receiving rates up to 300 bits per second (baud) and employing two level frequency shift keyed (FSK) modulation. Two carrier frequencies are employed, one for transmission at a center frequency of 1170 Hz and the other for reception at a center frequency of 2125 Hz. To minimize power consumption, the modem is constructed of CMOS digital integrated circuits which have inherently low current requirements. The CMOS circuits are also relatively inexpensive, thereby permitting economical construction. The modem employs digital signal processing including digital synthesis of the transmitted frequencies and digital discrimination of the received frequencies to achieve highly accurate frequency stability at low power levels and in a compact and relatively inexpensive manner.
The modem is connected to and fully powered by the telephone line, and is also connected to a data terminal, business machine or other apparatus to and from which data is transferred. The modem provides electrical isolation between the telephone line and the utilization apparatus. The telephone line is connected to a telephone line interface and power source 10 which provides operating power derived from the telephone line to all modem circuits. This interface circuit 10 also couples signals from the telephone line for demodulation by the modem, and signals from the modem to the telephone line for transmission. In order to hold the telephone line in an off hook condition, a current in the range of 20-150 milliamperes must be drawn. The minimum load requirements for the telephone line are specified to be 8 volts drop at 20 milliamperes. As a result, the telephone line can provide a minimum of 160 milliwatts of power to circuitry connected thereto. An input impedance of 600 ohms must also be maintained to accord with telephone specifications. The modem described herein has a minimum power requirement of 8 volts at 17 milliamperes, or 136 milliwatts. This very low power consumption is well within the 160 milliwatts limit of available power from the telephone line.
The telephone line has a specified nominal DC level of 48 volts and a DC equivalent series resistance (minimum source resistance) of 400 ohms. The actual DC current on a particular line will depend on the resistance of that particular line, which is a function of the length of the line from the central office power source. Typically, the equivalent line resistance can be from near zero to about 1200 ohms. For the illustrated type 103 modem, the interface and power source 10 provides a regulated 5 volt output with respect to a common terminal and a regulated 2.2 volt output with respect to the common terminal which is employed as a reference voltage in the modem. The 2.2 volt reference is employed in the shunt regulator of the power source and as a voltage bias for the receiver operation. The circuit 10 is also operative to couple audio data signals received on the telephone line to the modem receiver, and to couple data signals from the modem transmitter to the telephone line for transmission to a remote receiver.
The interface and power source 10 can be considered as a shunt regulator across the load and a current regulator in series with the load. The shunt regulator functions much like a Zener diode and provides a voltage level which is substantially constant irrespective of variations in applied current. The current regulator provides a low DC resistance of about 10-20 ohms, and provides an AC impedance which is relatively high such that audio variations in line voltage cause no appreciable current change through the load. This current regulator serves as an active electronic circuit equivalent to the large inductor which would normally be required to separate the audio signals from the DC telephone line current.
Referring to FIG. 1, received signals from the telephone line are coupled by interface and power source 10 to a receive filter 12 which is a bandpass filter operative to limit the received signal spectrum to the desired band which is usually specified to be approximately 350 Hz centered at a frequency of 2125 Hz. The filter 12 includes an amplifier to provide an amplified output signal which is applied to a receiver frequency discriminator 14. This frequency discriminator includes a digital phase lock loop and is operative to provide a digital signal having a duty cycle representing the frequency of the signal from filter 12. The variable duty cycle signal is applied to a receive data filter 16 which removes unwanted harmonics and averages the variable duty cycle input signal to produce an output which is a linearly varying voltage which is directly proportional to the frequency of the received signal.
This signal from the data filter 16 is applied to a receive data buffer 18 which provides as an output TTY (teletypewriter) received data. The data buffer 18 also provides an output signal to an RS232 output interface 20 which provides as an output RS232 received data and a carrier detect signal. The receive data buffer 18 includes a slicer circuit operative to determine whether the voltage corresponds to a frequency above or below the 2125 Hz center frequency of the receiver band. If the analog voltage denotes a frequency above 2125 Hz, the data buffer 18 provides a voltage output level at the mark state. If the voltage denotes a frequency below 2125 Hz, the data buffer 18 provides an output voltage level at the space state.
The received data is provided by way of electro-optical isolators which achieve complete electrical isolation between the modem and the associated utilization apparatus. The data buffer 18 includes two electro-optical isolators which are part of an output buffer. One isolator is employed to provide a current switched between two levels, depending upon the mark or space state of the received data, for TTY equipment. The other isolator is employed to provide an RS232 data output by way of interface 20. The output interface 20 also provides a carrier detect signal in the presence of a valid carrier being received. In the 103 modem two criteria are employed for determining the validity of a received carrier. If there is sufficient energy in the receiver band, the presence of that energy is assumed to be a carrier from the transmitting site. Normally the level of discrimination is of the order of -46 DBM. Thus, if the received signal energy exceeds -46 DBM, and the frequency of the received energy is within a band of about 400 Hz centered at 2150 Hz, it is recognized to be a valid carrier.
The frequency discriminator 14 includes a level detector operative to detect signals above a predetermined level, and also includes circuitry for sensing within a predetermined frequency band. Typically, the threshold level of the discriminator is about -45 DBM and the frequency range is about 1950-2350 Hz. For recognition of a valid carrier signal, the signal level must exceed the discriminator threshold level and be within the discriminator band. The discriminator 14 provides to the carrier detector 22 a signal of one binary level upon detection of a valid carrier, and of a second binary level if no carrier is present or does not meet the detection criteria. Thus, the carrier detector 22 receives a bilevel signal from the frequency discriminator 14 indicative of the presence or absence of a valid carrier, and provides an enable signal to DC to DC converter 24 in the presence of a valid carrier signal. The converter 24 is driven by an unbalanced 50 kHz square wave signal from transmit modulator 30. The 50 kHz unbalanced signal has a duty cycle of 60 percent positive and 40 percent negative cycles.
The DC to DC converter 24 is operative to convert the 5 volt power signal derived from the telephone line to the voltages used to drive the RS232 interface circuit 20 which provides the interface signals to be applied to the associated utilization apparatus. The converter furnishes the minimum power necessary to ensure that the interface signals are of sufficient signal level to be properly received by the business machine or other utilization apparatus. The voltages provided by the converter are offset in the positive direction, since most RS232 receivers have a positive threshold in the range of +0.5 to 1.0 volt. The interface circuit 20 provides the carrier detect output signal and the RS232 received data signal to be applied to the associated apparatus. The RS232 interface is specified to have a minimum voltage of +3 volts or -3 volts, depending on the state of the output, and a minimum load of 3K ohms. This requires a minimum of about 1 milliampere of current.
The DC to DC converter 24 is shown in FIG. 3. The carrier detect signal from received carrier detector 22, and the 50 kHz square wave from transmit modulator 30 are applied via a NOR gate 25 to the base electrodes of respective transistors Q5 and Q6 via RC networks composed, respectively, of resistor R20 and capacitor C4, and resistor R21 and capacitor C7. The collectors of transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected to one end of a first transformer winding 27, the other end of which is connected via a capacitor C5 to the emitter of transistor Q5 and via a capacitor C8 to the emitter of transistor Q6. The secondary winding 29 of transformer T1 is connected to anode of a diode D6 and to the cathode of a diode D7. The cathode of diode D6 is connected via a capacitor C6 to the other end of winding 29 and which is also connected via a capacitor C9 to the anode of diode D7. The two winding transformer T1 provides electrical isolation between the telephone line and the utilization apparatus to which the modem is connected. The primary winding of the transformer is driven by a 5 volt peak-to-peak square wave at a frequency of 50 kHz having an unbalanced duty cycle of 60 percent positive and 40 percent negative cycles. The voltage at the junction of capacitors C5 and C8 will assume the average of the voltage excursions, which is about +3 volts. The transfomer secondary has a voltage step-up ratio of about 2:1 and will provide an unbalanced voltage output of about +6 volts and about -4 volts which are rectified by diodes D6 and D7 to furnish about +5.5 volts and -3.5 volts to operate the RS232 interface 20.
To meet standard RS232 operating requirements, it is often required that the carrier detect and data signals be at a negative voltage to indicate a mark or off state even when no data is being sent or received. If the telephone line were not connected to the modem, the modem could not furnish any power to the interface circuit 20. In this instance, the RS232 transmit data is held in a mark state and a power off inhibit circuit 21 automatically applies this negative (mark) voltage to the negative supply input of interface circuit 20, thereby to permit the interface circuit to provide the carrier detect and received data outputs in a mark or off state. The power off inhibit circuit 21 is shown in FIG. 2. When the modem is powered and the carrier detect signal is present, the transistors Q4 and Q3 are non-conductive and the circuit is disabled. When the modem is not powered or the carrier detect signal is not present, and therefore no power is applied to interface circuit 20, the mark or negative state of the RS232 transmit data signal causes transistors Q3 and Q4 to conduct and permits a negative output voltage to be provided to interface circuit 20. The mark level is specified to be in the range of -5 to -15 volts, and is usually in the range of -6 to -12 volts, and a corresponding negative voltage within these operating ranges is provided at the collector of transistor Q3. Thus, when the modem is not powered by the telephone line, the data terminal from the associated data apparatus provides the negative voltage to power the interface circuit 20 to permit it to provide the carrier detect and received data outputs in a mark state.
Master timing is provided by a crystal oscillator and frequency divider circuit 26. The crystal oscillator is operative at 1 mHz and, after division, provides a 500 kHz clock signal to receiver frequency discriminator 14 and to transmitter 28 and modulator 30. A 1 mHz crystal is employed to implement the oscillator with available CMOS circuits operable at a voltage level of 5 volts for the intended signal rates. Since the maximum resolution required by the digital circuits is not more than 500 kHz, the 1 mHz crystal oscillator frequency is divided by a factor of two to provide a 500 kHz clock signal.
The transmitter frequency of 1170 Hz is digitally synthesized and provided by the transmitter 28. The FSK modulation is provided by transmit modulator 30. The TTY data or RS232 data to be transmitted is applied to a data multiplexer 32 which provides the data to modulator 30. The modulator is operative to frequency shift the transmitter carrier in a phase coherent manner to provide the FSK modulated signal which is applied via interface 10 to the telephone line for transmission to a compatible modem at the other end of the line. The modulator also provides a 50 kHz unbalanced square wave signal to drive the DC to DC converter. The modulator also provides a 250 kHz clock signal to the receiver frequency discriminator 14. The transmitter 28 includes a sinewave synthesizer, digital counters and digital-to-analog converter to generate an analog signal which after appropriate filtering is applied to the telephone line for transmission. The transmitted frequency is 1170 Hz�the frequency deviation caused by the mark or space states of the transmitted data.
The interface and power source 10 is shown in FIG. 4 and includes an input circuit having a switch S1 which selects routing of the telephone line between the modem and the telephone handset which is employed to complete a call. A fuse F1 protects the modem from high currents that can be caused by ligtning strikes or transients on the telephone line, and a varistor VR1 serves to limit the voltage across the modem input to prevent application of any breakdown voltages to the modem. Typically, the voltage is limited to be less than 22-30 volts. The telephone line is connected via switch S1 and the protective elements to a bridge 50 composed of diodes D1 through D4 and which functions as a polarity guard to permit the modem to receive correctly polarized DC current from the telephone line even though the line may be reversed from its usual polarity.
The transistors Q10, Q11, and Q12 and the associated components function as a shunt regulator to maintain a constant voltage across the modem circuits, which are the load, and to shunt any excess current above that required by the load. The transistors Q15 and Q16 and associated components function as a constant current source to block AC current and pass DC current. The audio data signals are AC coupled to or from the telephone line by means of a capacitor C21. The received signals are applied to the receive filter 12 (FIG. 1), and the transmit signals are provided by the transmitter 28 (FIG. 1). The circuit of FIG. 4 also limits the voltage drop on the telephone line to ensure a mimimum of 20 milliamperes of DC line current. An electro-optical isolator drive circuit 65 is driven by the collector current of transistor Q12 and is operative to drive the LEDs of the two isolators which are within receive data buffer 18.
The frequency response of the circuit is such that it is an active equivalent of a large inductor. It has a low resistance to DC current (20 to 30 ohms) but its impedance to audio frequency currents is sufficiently high (greater than 10K ohms) to prevent degradation of the AC impedance of 600 ohms necessary to match the telephone line impedance. Thus, the circuit will pass whatever DC current is available from the phone line (20 milliamperes to 100 milliamperes), but will block any AC currents associated with this audio signal on the line. An inductor to provide such AC blocking while passing such DC currents would be so physically large and/or expensive as to be impractical in this application. This is done by providing the relatively large (1 microfarad) capacitor C17 to stabilize the base-emitter voltages of Q15 and Q16 at the DC line current available. Since C17 can only charge or discharge through R37 (typically 100K ohms), R38 (typically 470K ohms), and the high base resistance of Q15, the response to voltage changes is too slow to significantly follow audio signals above 100 Hz.
Initially, when the telephone line is connected, current begins to flow through resistor R37, and capacitor C17 is charged with available voltage within a few milliseconds. The charged capacitor provides a forward bias of the base-emitter junctions of the transistor pair Q15 and Q16, which causes current to flow in the collector-emitter junction of transistor Q16. The base-emitter voltage on the transistor pair reaches its saturation point of about 1.4-1.6 volts and most of the available current from the telephone line is passed through the collector-emitter junction of transistor Q16. This current flows to the shunt regulator and to the load, and any excess current not required by the load is shunted through the shunt regulator. The voltage drop across the line is composed of the 5 volts of the shunt register, the voltage across resistor R37, and the base-emitter drops of the transistor pair, and about 1.6 volts drop in the polarity guard, which totals about 7.9 volts at a line current of 20 milliamperes. Rapidly changing voltages on the telephone line will not permit capacitor C17 to change voltage, therefore the collector-emitter current of transistor Q16 remains relatively constant and the AC impedance remains constant at a high level, typically higher than 10K ohms. The transistors Q15 and Q16 are connected in a modified Darlington configuration providing substantial current gain. This configuration permits the use of a capacitor C17 of small value, typically 1 microfarad, which can also be physically small. Since only a small amount of current need be supplied to the base of transistor Q15, the resistor R37 can be of large value, typically 100K ohms. The resulting AC impedance across the Darlington pair is therefore high.
The modified Darlington configuration provided by transistors Q15 and Q16 provides the desired current regulation with the minimum voltage drop which will provide the intended constant current characteristics. The transistor Q16 serves as the primary current sink, while transistor Q15 serves as a current buffer between the base of transistor Q16 and the AC coupling circuit composed of resistor R37 and capacitor C17. The collector of transistor Q15 is connected to the reference voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12 which permits the transistor Q15 to maintain an operating voltage of 2-3 volts for efficient current amplifier operation. The resistor R38 between the base and collector of transistor Q15 in conjunction with the resistor R37 biases the voltage at the base of transistor Q15, allowing a decrease in the voltage across transistor Q16. The voltage across transistor Q16 is reduced by about 0.5-1 volt which reduces the total voltage drop across the telephone line to assure that the total voltage drop is below the maximum specified telephone line drop of 8 volts at the minimum line current of 20 milliamperes. The resistors R39 and R40 provide biasing of the respective transistors to limit the buffering characteristics of transistor Q15 and stabilize the AC resistance characteristics of transistor Q16 to minimize harmonic distortion which can interfere with modem performance.
The transistors Q11 and Q12 are also connected in modified Darlington configuration, with these transistors being of complementary PNP and NPN types. The base-emitter voltages of these transistors tend to cancel one another, and as a result the voltage at the base of transistor Q11 tends to remain equal to the voltage at the emitter of transistors Q12. The voltage across the combination of diodes D14 and D15, which is about 2.2 volts, serves as a voltage reference for the emitter of transistor Q12. The light emitting diode (LED) D15 serves as a reference diode having a Zener voltage of about 1.6 volts. This LED (D15) also serves as a front panel lamp to indicate an off hook condition. Additionally, this LED (D15) is part of the current path for the isolator drive 65, which current path also energizes the LED for its indicator function. The values of resistors R32 and R85 are selected to establish the ratio of the regulated 5 volts to the 2.2 volt reference voltage. If the voltage at the base of transistor Q11 is 2.2 volts, equal to the voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12, the total voltage drop across the divider composed of resistors R32 and R85 is 5 volts. This portion of the circuit therefore functions as a shunt regulator operative to provide the regulated operating voltages of 5 volts and 2.2 volts. This constant voltage is maintained for any value of current flow over the operating range.
If the current changed appreciably, say from 20 to 120 milliamperes, the reference voltage could change appreciably, if all the current were allowed to flow through the reference diodes. This is prevented by an additional current shunt composed of transistor Q10, resistors R31 and R33, and capacitor C14. When the current flow through transistor Q12 reaches a level such that the voltage drop across resistor R33 is sufficient to forward bias transistor Q10, this transistor becomes conductive and shunts any additional current through the shunt path composed of transistor Q10 and resistor R31, rather than allowing the additional current flow through transistor Q12 and the diode pair. Thus for increased currents above a predetermined level, such increased currents are shunted by transistor Q10, and voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12 remains substantially constant.
Electro-optical isolators are employed to isolate the telephone line from the utilization equipment. Two isolators are provided in the transmit data multiplexer 32, one for TTY transmit data and the other for RS232 transmit data. Two isolators are also provided in the receive data buffer 18 for the TTY received data, and RS232 received data, respectively. The isolator circuits are substantially identical and each are as shown in FIG. 5. The electro-optical isolator 60 includes an LED 61 which provides light signals in response to applied electrical signals, and a phototransistor pair 63 providing a corresponding electrical output signal in response to received light signals from the LED. This isolator can be a commercial solid state microcircuit isolator such as an Optron OPI 3250. The isolator 60 has a relatively slow speed of response to the low available current levels. The circuit of FIG. 5 provides the necessary improvement in response time to meet the rise and fall time requirements of the modem logic circuitry which are of the order of 10 microseconds. The increased speed is achieved without increase in the low current drive to the isolator LED.
The isolators used have sufficient gain but suffer from a relatively slow response time when used in the normal configuration. This is caused by the fact that, while the optical transistor base charge is created by the light from the LED when turned on, that stored charge must be allowed to bleed off in order to turn the transistor off. If the only path for dissipation is through the high impedance base-emitter junctions the process is likely to take hundreds of microseconds. This is further compounded in normal configuration by so-called Miller effect capacitance or the collector-base capacitance of the transistor. Any large changes in voltage at the collector cause a current to flow through that spurious capacitance to the base and the current always opposes the turn-off operation. This is normally offset by adding a resistor from base to emitter to provide an alternate path for dissipating base charge. However, it is then required that the LED must be brighter (more LED drive current) to furnish the added current in the resistor while the transistor is on. The capacitance from collector to base cannot be eliminated, but it is possible to reduce by several orders of magnitude the change in collector voltage which causes the opposing current flow.
The circuit of FIG. 5 accomplishes this by providing transistor Q1 to guard the collector of the isolator from the large voltage changes necesary to transmit the logic signals. The circuit Q1, R2, R3, R4, and C1 comprise a grounded base amplifier for AC signals. When the isolator is turned on, current is furnished to the emitter of Q1. The current is passed through Q1 to the collector of resistor R2 which is of the order of 20 K ohms. A large change in Q1 collector voltage is generated by a few hundred microamps of current. Since the emitter of Q1 is a very low impedance, only a few millivolts of change in emitter voltage is necessary to generate several volts of collector voltage change. The emitter of Q1 is driven by the collector of the opto-transistor which now has only a few millivolts of change during turn-on and turn-off rather than the several volts present in the normal configuration. The "guarding" technique almost eliminates the Miller effect and improves low current operating speed by as much as a hundred fold.
The resistors R3 and R4 furnish base drive to Q1 just sufficient to maintain conduction of Q1 in the "on" state. The capacitor C1 prevents rapid changes in Q1 base voltage which would cause greater changes in the emitter voltage. A resistor R1 (typically 15 megohms) is provided in the base of this isolator but is necessary only to prevent spurious turn-on due to the capacitive coupling of common mode current when large differences in voltage exist between LED and transistor (e.g., 150 volts at 60 Hz commonly present on the telephone line).
By using the guard circuit techniques above, the inexpensive opto-isolator can be utilized at low (1 to 2 milliamperes) LED drive levels to achieved response times less than 10 microseconds.
While the invention has been described in exemplary embodiment in a 103 modem, it is contemplated that other modems can be implemented in line powered form in accordance with the invention. As an example, a type 202 modem is depicted in FIG. 6 embodying the invention. The 202 modem is a frequency shift keyed modem with a data rate up to 1,200 bits per second. This 202 modem operates in a half duplex mode wherein transmission and reception occur at separate times and not simultaneously, as in a full duplex modem. Thus, the transmitter must be turned off when the modem is in a receiving state, and the receiver must be inhibited when the modem is in a transmitting state. Since the data rates are higher than usually employed by TTY equipment, the 202 modem is not employed with TTY data. Referring to FIG. 6, is is seen that the modem is generally similar to the modem of FIG. 1, and only the differences between these two types will be discussed. A request to send (RTS) signal and RS232 transmit data are applied to a transmit data buffer 33. A data terminal ready (DTR) signal is applied to the power off inhibit circuit 21 which also receives the RTS signal. The RS232 output interface 20 provides, in addition to the carrier detect signal and received data signal, a data set ready (DSR) and a clear to send (CTS) signal. Thus, this 202 modem provides and receives the appropriate half duplex commands as are conventionally employed in such half duplex operation. The receive carrier detector 22 provides its output signal to a buffer 35, the output of which is applied to the interface circuit 20. An answer-back tone delay circuit 37 provides an output signal to transmitter 28 and to DC to DC converter 24. Upon connection of the modem to the telephone line, a 3-second delay interval is provided by delay circuit 37, and during this interval, the transmitter 28 is caused to send a requisite tone of selected frequency. At the end of the delay interval, the DC to DC converter 24 is enabled, causes the interface circuit 20 to provide the DSR signal to the utilization apparatus. If the modem is not connected to the telephone line, and if either the RTS signal, the transmit data signal, or the DTR signal are inhibited or false, the circuit 21 will cause the supply of a negative voltage to interface circuit 20 to force all outputs to the negative state. The modem operation is otherwise substantially as described above.
The invention is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated in the appended claims.
Patent Citations
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|87 posts found
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/21/07
Lets try it.
Originally posted by JeroKane
I paid $60 and i am currently in the queue of 7k+ ... I wish, I would not have wasted the $.
What a waste.
" Don't listen to anyone who tells you that you can't play this or that. That's nonsense. Make up your mind,and you'll never whine or repent about gaming hours anymore, then have a go at every Game. Open up the Internet, join in all the Mmorpgs you can. Go make the Guild. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible. "
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Elite Member
Joined: 10/03/05
The game has launched, at least for those who purchased early access to the game. The early access sold as part of Cryptic's founder's packages was not access to test version, it was access to live version of the game, so everything coming after that must also be live version of the game. Cryptic calling it otherwise it a good PR tactic, but it doesn't change their contract with those who purchased early access.
Originally posted by Vannor
you must of missed a lot of big game launches then.. swtor even with over 100 servers many had queues well over an hour on the most popular servers.. Rift launch i constantly waited in 30 min queues.. in recent years the most popular launches have had queues unless they had something like gw2 overflows to prevent the queues but then you had 2 hour + WvW queues.. Swtor was a p2p game with a box price and a TON of servers and a HUGE budget what was their excuse for queues then?
I angered the clerk in a clothing shop today. She asked me what size I was and I said actual, because I am not to scale. I like vending machines 'cause snacks are better when they fall. If I buy a candy bar at a store, oftentimes, I will drop it... so that it achieves its maximum flavor potential. --Mitch Hedberg
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/11/03
Originally posted by Aerowyn
I didn't miss any big launches.
But what's your point? Seriously? That crap launches are acceptable? We should bend over and take it just because it's normal?
I will complain about any bad launch, not just NW's. The more people that bend over and take it, the more it'll keep happening indefinately.
Originally posted by Vannor
you seriously don't get it.. the server tech and price just aren't there for any game company to afford the amount of hardware it would cost to support all these players.. the more players and interest in a project the more issues you will have.. if the biggest budget MMO and 100+ servers(swtor) can't solve this you really expect a small budget MMO with the interest of many AAA big releases to not have them? No MMO with major interest goes to launch without issues even GW2 had many issues as well.. its going to happen and again its not they don't prepare or expect it, it's computers you cannot predict what will happen EVER.. anyone who worked with large server banks and handled many computer systems would know this... there really is nothing they can do to prevent the flood of people these games get at launch without some sort of insane budget on hardware and space which i'm sure these companies do not have especially smaller ones.
If you can't handle a few launch/soft launch hiccups its easy DON'T PLAY AT LAUNCH:)
I angered the clerk in a clothing shop today. She asked me what size I was and I said actual, because I am not to scale. I like vending machines 'cause snacks are better when they fall. If I buy a candy bar at a store, oftentimes, I will drop it... so that it achieves its maximum flavor potential. --Mitch Hedberg
"A 4 hour queue? Unacceptable!" ... keeps staring at the box... "Maybe if I wait just a little longer it will pop?" ... nothing happens... "This game sucks! No game is worth waiting this long for!" ... keeps staring at the box... the wait time changes... "Yes, this is going to be the best game ever!" ... keeps staring at the box... "Come on! It's been 4 hours already (actually only 15 minutes have transpired), what the *uck is wrong with this thing?" ... keeps staring at the box...
Several hours later...
"Yes, I'm in! (Does the happy dance). WoW, this is the best game ever, I'm glad I downloaded it. This beats WoW and every other MMO ever. Finally a game worth playing!"
Two weeks later...
"This game sucks. Just like every other MMO I've played. Nothing to do at max level. Who wrote this piece of *hit? I'm going back to WoW."
It's funny how people will tolerate anything just to get into a game, but once they get there... all bets are off. Let's see what it's like after the first wave hits max level...
Advanced Member
Joined: 12/23/07
Originally posted by Vannor
I have said time and again when these threads for games come up i would much rather have a queue for a couple weeks than empty servers forever after that.
The average MMO player these days is a game hopper. I do it to and so am just as guilty but it would be stupid for a game developer to spend tons of money for a queue less launch only to have loads of worthless expensive hardware sitting around in a couple weeks. The only way this would work would be if someone could use cloud computing services to augment the server load that they could spin down as the load drops but that would entail a good deal of development and setup time for very little return.
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/11/03
Originally posted by Aerowyn
I do get it. I really do. But until they start learning how to do it better... there's ground to complain. You might be full of compassion and just sit their and be laid back about it but not everyone can do that.
I've said on other topics, it doesn't bother me that much because I am used to it.. it's rare that I've missed an MMO launch. I was fine sitting in that queue last night because I was watching GoT while I waited. That's the problem I have though, should I really be used to it? I just want the whole industry to full their finger out and concentrate on fixing one of the major downfalls of mass online gaming.
It's easy to read what I'm writing here like I'm ranting or being really negative or even hating on NW. I'm not though, I'm just being objective for the sake of discussion tbh.
Novice Member
Joined: 6/14/06
Originally posted by cybertrucker
I think more people would be ok with this if they would have had a character wipe at the end of open beta and reset whatever cash shop money you purchased during open beta. This way they could still collect the income from the cash shop during the period to test it out, they could stress the hell out of their servers, and it would seem like a true beta. Only in the f2p world does beta = no character wipe and to me when they chareged for early access in the founders pack that meant for a released product. I know my solution wouldn't keep some from complaining, there's a certain segment of the mmorpg.com community who will complain about just about anything. That is their hobby rather than mmorpgs. But, I also don't like the way the f2p games deal with open beta's either. They just kind of roll them into a "official" release. Meaning, one day they are in beta then another they have launched and there really isn't any difference in the game itself.
Advanced Member
Joined: 12/23/07
Originally posted by Vannor
I promise you if PWI/Cryptic thought these queues where going to presist more than a few weeks they would add more hardware post haste. The last thing they want is people not able to get in game and spend money. However it's not going to presist is it? It's a short term problem that will resolve itself with little to no downside to the company.
As a player you either are one of those people that wil consume NW than move on in a few weeks for which the queues are annoying because they slow you down or your planning on spending lots of time in the game at which point in the grand scheme of things queues for a few weeks don't really matter that much. There will be plenty of time to play this game in the future when the queues are gone.
Originally posted by Vannor
you can also look at it like said above.. what sense does it make in a themepark for them to open 100 servers to support all these people when 60%+ will be gone within a month.. its a themepark they don't retain the numbers they used to their is just to many of them out their and to many are way to similar. Curious how much swtor spent on all that server tech and they are now down to just a handfull of servers.
And again you should be used to it by now like I said above its little to do with lack of preperation or anything like that its computers plain and simple they are unpredictable. More servers you have more issues you are going to run into as well so just throwing a bunch of new servers isn't going to matter that much and in the big scheme of things its a big waist of money once the rush passes and the content locusts leave.
Think people misunderstand i enjoy this game but could really care less overall about it.. only reason I'm playing is for the foundry.. resto f the game is okay but nothing special, i just find it funny how many people blame companies on things like this when there really isn't much they can do to prevent it.
I angered the clerk in a clothing shop today. She asked me what size I was and I said actual, because I am not to scale. I like vending machines 'cause snacks are better when they fall. If I buy a candy bar at a store, oftentimes, I will drop it... so that it achieves its maximum flavor potential. --Mitch Hedberg
Originally posted by cybertrucker
For all intents and purposes, its launch, but this is why they called it Open Beta rather than launch. Because they can use the 'but its beta!' card when they screw up.
Although honestly, its not the worst launch I have seen. Vanguard, Age of Conan, World of Warcraft, Everquest 2.... all these games had much worse launches for me personally.
I was able to get in within about 30 minutes all throughout the day and had no lag.
Novice Member
Joined: 4/22/10
Loved reading your piece. I can already tell you this game is not viable long term. I remember Tera and all the people touting that game as well. As you can see that did not go over to well. I bought that game just like I bought NWN. Something about NWN just seems...idk shallow. I like the foundary idea, but it seems like to many things are gated behind the idea of the cash shop. Rightly so as the company must make money some how.
In answer to this thread however, I would say its more of a soft launch. To many things are at play to call this just a beta. From this point on they are charging people money from the cash shop that alone I would think makes it a launch rather than a beta. In this instance just like in the instance of Path of Exile it just give the devs more time to tweak things as well as give people time to test the game...but they still have to make money. So it would probabaly be something like get the game up to this point, start charging for things and from that revenue go forward. Its funny however that the game can be a certain way and yet...have a fully functional cash shop.
Game wise I don't see it lasting long term. yes there will be people playing but for all intents and purposes it will be like Terra and Aion. I know I'll get disagrees from this and rightly so. Some people are passionate about games, sports, etc in which they can not stand back and see what is reality. However, that is neither here nor there and as such I can see why officially people want to say its stil beta..but unofficially we all know that its a soft launch. POE did the same thing. They would wipe characters after a certain time, however you could pay in their cash shop and still have character wipes until they reached open beta...which of course was a soft launch.
So in summary I'm in the middle on this. You can't in good conscience call it just a beta and can't really call it a launch because of the official beta tag...so I'm going with "Soft Launch"
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/21/07
Lets try it.
Originally posted by Vrika
I wonder what kind of contract are you talking about ?
I bought the founders pack and waited behind 7k for 3+ hours to log in the game today.
The queue will be there is what i gathered.
Is this possible or logical to be dced from the game and join the queue again ?
That way all team instances will be losing players and the chance of them joining back will depend on the player load to the server.
That will be the worst system of logging in to a game.
" Don't listen to anyone who tells you that you can't play this or that. That's nonsense. Make up your mind,and you'll never whine or repent about gaming hours anymore, then have a go at every Game. Open up the Internet, join in all the Mmorpgs you can. Go make the Guild. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible. "
Once An Addict Always An Addict .
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/07/04
MMOs with 2 hour queues dont retain numbers liked they used to either.
You do remember GW2, right Aerowyn?
Novice Member
Joined: 11/14/12
Originally posted by Aerowyn
I don't believe in this statement. I was a technical consultant and systems administrator for James Cameron's Avatar. There is no way you would be able to release anything as a passing prototype unless it went through serious testing. Using an excuse that "it's computers you cannot predict what will happen" may work for you but not for us in the bigtime buddy..especially when your reputation and job is on the line...well, if it's other people's money..then maybe...right? That seems to be the case here. I do understand having a decent budget is helpful, but then again, the past 10 years history of mmo launches should tell something to developers about how much they SHOULD have already predicted the outcome. In my field ppl get paid by experience and getting the job done. These people KNEW what they should have done, and not acted...and got paid. The whole reason was as a previous replier said, it was in anticipation to find the load on the servers to decide wether or not to invest in more infrastructure. They would rather undershoot than overshoot...and that is what we saw....they all do this this day and age..not like the days when you were really "excited" to get into a closed beta because it was seriously maybe 6-10 months before release...and we took notes on bugs and helped the devs...not just to play the game. To be honest, if you were to ask Cryptic why they called it an open beta and still accepted money, and they would have to give you an honest answer, they would say because they felt it was in a state of being playable and profitable at the same time.
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/16/09
These issues have nothing to do with it being "open beta." There's a huge demand for this game, and the servers can't carry the load. By "lauch day," the initial rush will by and large be over, so there won't be nearly as many issues.
Novice Member
Joined: 5/01/09
Originally posted by cybertrucker
developers know this is a launch and that's why they stamped "OPEN BETA - no character wipes" all over the place.
Open beta is just to make sure they can say "oh it was a beta so we can test our servers on a larger scale", but nobody will mention they already started charging for ZEN even tho it's beta because they know they can start charging silly people money even tho the game will run like an old grampa with a walking stick when he's crossing over the road.
It sounds like I have a problem with it, but actually I don't because I know it's just bussines and they're trying to make money whenever they can - and hell... Why not make money now when everybody's rushing in to try this new mmorpg in open beta? Afterall, the cash shop is optional and you don't have to spend a dime on it - yet.
So as far as I'm concerned, it is a launch with a "open beta" stamp on it so they can get out of the mud if something goes wrong. There's a saying "a good excuse is worth more than gold", and this is a perfect chance to see it in practical use. :D
"Happiness is not a destination. It is a method of life."
Hard Core Member
Joined: 9/26/04
What are the characteristics of "Open Beta" in AAA MMO's as we know them ?
What are the characteristics of a "Launched game" in AAA MMO's as we know them ?
Which of these 2 scenario's most closely fits Neverwinter at present ?
If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's most likely a duck...
Originally posted by matthewearl
swtor had over 100 servers a HUGE team and still had issues.. unless you are sitting on an almost unlimited or very high( in the case of avatar) budget and can buy all the most expensive tech(even then issues can and will arise) you are going to end up with issues in some form or another.. if it was such a simple thing as to know what was coming the whole launch issue would not still be an issue in this day of MMOs... even gw2 had a great idea with overflow servers to help ease the launch day woes but still had numerous issues with overflows and not being able to play with others, lag issues, and of course moster long WvW cues...
I angered the clerk in a clothing shop today. She asked me what size I was and I said actual, because I am not to scale. I like vending machines 'cause snacks are better when they fall. If I buy a candy bar at a store, oftentimes, I will drop it... so that it achieves its maximum flavor potential. --Mitch Hedberg

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Originally written on Blue Seat Blogs | Last updated 9/25/12
ST. LOUIS, MO. - JANUARY 12: Rick Nash #61 of the Columbus Bluejackets waits for a face-off against the St. Louis Blues at the Scottrade Center on January 12, 2010 in St. Louis, Missouri. (Photo by Dilip Vishwanat/Getty Images)
It was going to be tough for Rick Nash to repeat his performance in his 2012 Davos debut, where he scored a hat trick and added an assist in a 9-2 win. Nash didn't score in regulation, being held to a -1 rating and seven shots on goal, but he did net the shootout winner. His shootout goal gave Davos a 3-2 win, and makes the club 2-0 since inking Nash and Joe Thornton. Remember, make sure you keep checking back for updates on the Rangers playing overseas, the Rangers prospects, and news on where players may be headed. Tweet
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an attachable waist-level workstation showing my new design, with the base in an opened position and break lines near the strap members to indicate adjustable length;
FIG. 2 is a side view thereof;
FIG. 3 is an opposite side view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a front view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a back view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a top view thereof;
FIG. 7 is a bottom view thereof;
FIG. 8 is another perspective view thereof, the broken lines showing an extended platform;
FIG. 9 is another top view thereof; and,
FIG. 10 is another side view thereof.
The broken lines shown in FIGS. 3, 8, 9 and 10 illustrate environmental structure forming no part of the claimed design.


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You are here
Angel Hair Pasta With Fresh Tomato And Basil Sauce
|Plum tomatoes
|1 1⁄2 Pound
|Angel hair pasta
|12 Ounce
|Olive oil
|1 Tablespoon
|2 Clove (10 gm), minced
|Loosely packed fresh basil
|1⁄3 Cup (4.8 tbs), snipped
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
To prepare the tomatoes, bring water to a boil in a large saucepan.
Carefully immerse the tomatoes into the boiling water for 30 to 45 seconds.
Drain the tomatoes in a colander.
Then immediately immerse the tomatoes into a bowl of cold water.
Using a sharp knife, pull the skin off of the tomatoes.
Cut each tomato in half and use your fingers or a spoon to remove the seeds.
Discard the seeds and coarsely chop the pulp.
Set the tomato pulp (with juices) aside.
Cook the pasta according to the directions on the package.
Drain and set aside.
If necessary, cover to keep warm.
Meanwhile, lightly spray an unheated large skillet with olive oil no-stick spray.
Add the oil and heat over medium heat.
Add the garlic.
Cook and stir for 1 minute.
Then add the tomato pulp (with juices).
Cook, uncovered, over medium-high heat about 5 minutes or until slightly thickened.
Stir in the basil and salt.
If necessary, adjust flavor with the sugar.
Bring the sauce to a gentle boil.
Reduce heat.
Simmer, uncovered, for 1 minute.
Serve on top of the hot pasta.


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when a random person asks you if they can touch your belly..
What annoys me is people who do it all the time, like my sister. I'm thinkin of puting a shock collar near there.!
I would be extremely annoyed. I feel very protective of my baby girl already. Family and friends are okay, but even some female work mates that want to touch....I dont like. It feels weird and I dont really give out any gestures for people to touch my tummy like "shes moving"! I just keep her movements to myself.
One of my sister's friends who I do know but don't see often touched my belly the other day, I did feel kinda weird, mostly cause its kinda annoying when they dont ask if it's okay.
Our babies:
Wow, I haven't had anyone ask or act like it. But, I have been told I am not the most socialable or outgoing person. Maybe I look mean? I am 29 weeks now and haven't had one.
Creepy grinning lady would be weird. Especially if she never said anything...
Creppy mentally retarded man would be SUPER awkward I think I would smack him.
I thought it was pretty strange that no one has asked or wanted too.
I could see me getting a little uncomfortable with a stranger that made me feel uneasy. But, someone I knew I wouldn't mind. After I eat dinner every night my little brother comes in there to catch some of the acrobatics. Haha
Rachel Josephine & Kirk Wade 4-16-12
Cora Elizabeth born 2-15-13.
TTC >1 yr / PGTD / 13 wks of chemo / got pg 4 days after dr's release!!! Expecting #2 2/2016
#1 Rainbow 2/2013 #2 2/2016
DH is the only one who is allowed to touch it. I did have a student ask. I laughed and said no. MIL asked DH about it early on and he made my wishes clear, which I appreciate.
I will not respond well if a stranger tries to touch me!
I've never had anyone I don't know ask to touch my tummy. I've only had a handful of people whom I do know even touch my tummy - some asking for permission beforehand and some not.
I love when people I know want to touch my tummy! It makes me feel like they are excited for our LO, too :)
I probably would be just fine with most female strangers touching my tummy, too, as long as they asked permission first. Not men - that would be weird to me.
Me, my DS #1 and DH Married 8/13/2011


text:
Welcome to Run of the Mill.We are a family-owned, sawmill and wood products business located in Southern Minnesota. We specialize in on-site, small to medium-sized sawmilling jobs and hardwood products sales.
We can bring the sawmill to you! There is no need to risk the danger and expense of moving heavy logs; we can convert your logs to valuable lumber where the trees once stood. Our milling is environmentally friendly and lawn safe.
Both urban and rural jobs are welcome. With our reasonable rates, you can have a neatly-stacked load of drying lumber for less than half of the cost tree services charge to just remove the trees. We can also kiln dry your wood and make beautiful, custom flooring, paneling, mantels, etc out of your logs. Wood workers delight in the custom cut, matched lumber we produce. Contact us for more information.
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text:
Lives in New Zealand (Aotearoa)
Joined on Jun 17, 2010
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motobloat: Now just make flat view the default and you'll be up to date with the rest of the internet.
Seriously, is there anyone who uses threaded view and is under 50 years old? If so, are you on dial up? Be honest.
It's high time the small, but extremely vocal, minority of threaded-viewers got with the times. If they have to be dragged kicking and screaming, so be it.
Edit: Oh yeah, and PLEASE write some CSS for the WYSIWYG box so that when I quote people, I know what I'm quoting and how many levels deep each quote is. Something like
blockquote { color: red; }
blockquote blockquote { color: green; }
blockquote blockquote blockquote { color: blue; }
would return the old forum colored quoting system. I'm sure you guys know how to do that of course. Right...?
I have no problems with threaded being the default, but it's a backwards step to make it you have to click "flat view" every thread you read if that's your preference. Can't it be persisted for the session, or a user setting, or something?
|Total: 1, showing: 1 – 1


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Hello all-
Sorry if this is to much info. About 2 years after the birth of my daughter I was still having a nipple discharge (I never breastfed). I just kept figuring it would stop sooner of later. Eventually I was sent to an endocrinologist, my prolactin levels were not high yet I still had a discharge. Looking back there were other sypmtoms as well, headaches, sinus / allergy type issues, fatigue, joint pain). Anyway I recently finished all my testing. It was about a month between my endoscopy and my follow up appt for my results. I went gluten free for that time (for the most part, maybe a slice of pizza on the week end or so). At my follow up I was told results were negative. I spen the last week eating gluten products and I am realizing that I am paying the price with how I feel! I know a lot of people have neurological issues. Is this something that could be connected to a gluten problem? Anyone else have a pituitary gland problem?
ruca55Member Since 03 May 2011
Offline Last Active Jul 31 2011 06:43 PM


text: http://www.talkandroid.com – Today Sony announced the Xperia E, a budget device that'll sport a 3.5-inch HVGA 320 x 480 display and Android 4.1 Jelly Bean. The device will be available with either a single or dual (Xperia E dual) SIMs. Sony is marketing the device as, "affordable access to the quality and functionality more traditionally associated with high-end Android smartphones." They also mention using the device while being able to "stay on top of your data and battery usage." Apparently there is software which manages battery usage in order to get the most out of it. The E dual, dua (IT news)


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NetsAreScorching – New Jersey Nets Blog – Nets News, Rumors, Analysis, Podcasts, Salaries, & Statistics » Blog Archive » How Do The Nets Stop Brandon Jennings?.
If you're not reading Nets are Scorching, begin doing so now. Their play-by-play breakdown is better than anything you're going to see this side of JVG. Here they lay out what you have to do to stop Jennings (pretty simple, force him into contested jumpers, which you may call "playing good defense"). An interesting note is that going over screens is the preferred option, but you've GOT to bring man-help and NOT from the screener's man. If you don't bring help, he's got the one-handed floater thing a la a young parker. If you do bring help, but with the screener's man, he's going to lob to the big. He's gotten at least six assists this season off lobs to Bogut on pick and rolls. The kid's not Ben Gordon. Best option is to dare him into the drive and dish, because he's not as accurate with that pass. You risk the wide open three, but his passing accuracy is worst on that pass, which gives you time to recover. You know, if he doesn't just shoot over you.
Brandon Jenning is a Pterodactyl with wings of fire.


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By comparison, the Smart ForTwo gets just 70 horsepower and 36 mpg out of its 1-liter three-cylinder. And unlike the Fiesta, it uses premium gas.
Dave Sullivan, an analyst with auto consulting firm AutoPacific, said he was pleasantly surprised by the three-cylinder he tested in the European Focus. He doesn't think customers will care if the engine has fewer cylinders as long as it performs well and saves fuel.
"Other European automakers like VW and Fiat have these, but none of them are as quiet as this one," Sullivan said.
The 1-liter is the fourth member of Ford's EcoBoost engine family. The first engine was a 3.5-liter V6 that gave the Taurus SHO performance sedan the power of a V8. Ford also has 1.6-liter and 2-liter versions.
EcoBoost engines cost around $1,000 more than conventional ones, but they've been a popular option anyway. Ford says 80 percent of Ford Escape SUV buyers and 42 percent of F-150 pickup buyers are springing for EcoBoost engines. In Europe, about 30 percent of Focus buyers are getting the 1-liter EcoBoost


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Friday, September 10, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
By Derrick Mahone
With a schedule of two higher classification teams and a Florida powerhouse to open the season, it wouldn't have been a surprise if the Eagle's Landing Christian Academy was heading into their bye week with an 0-3 record.
But it has been quite the opposite for the seventh-ranked Chargers are unbeaten after three games after a 28-14 home victory over Manchester in a non-region game Friday night.
ELCA will take next week off as they heal some injuries and prepare to open its Region 5-A South schedule against First Presbyterian Day, a first-year Georgia High School Association school.
"It says a lot about your team win you can beat a Double-A program like Manchester," ELCA coach Jonathan Gess said. "We played three very good programs and some people thought we would be 0-3 at this point. Our guys have worked hard each week to get better."
Despite missing starting running back Keyante Green, who is still nursing an injury, and Avery Walls playing limited offensive duty, the Chargers offense seemto be clicking. ELCA only punted once and scored on four of its eight possessions. Besides the punt, ELCA had a drive to end with a fumble, clock expiring before half and end of the game.
The Chargers amassed 328 yards of offense, 220 on the ground against Manchester, a Class AA school. John Tatum was the workhorse in the running game with 127 yards on 21 carries and three touchdowns. He had scoring runs of 1, 7 and 1 yards to led the offense.
"We went through a lot of reps this week," Tatum said. "If we made a mistake, we had to do it over again. You have to give the offensive line a lot of credit. The entire team played well for us to get to this point."
Aside from two big first-half offensive plays, ELCA defense was able to hold the Blue Devils to only 138 yards of offense. Manchester got both its scores on pass plays.
The Blue Devils started the game running some offensive sets they hadn't shown on field, but ELCA was able to make some halftime adjustments. ELCA limited the Blue Devils to only 13 yards of offense in the second half.
"We played well defensively," Gess said. "At halftime, Coach Gess put their offense up on the board, and we talked about what we needed to do," ELCA defensive back Will Dellinger said. "He gave us what we needed to do to shut them down."
ELCA jumped to a 14-0 first quarter lead with Tatum scoring on a 1-yard run and Christian Reeves catching a 20-yard touchdown pass from Aaron Spratlin.
The Blue Devils (1-1) would tie the game on a 13-yard touchdown reception from D.J. Lowe with 5:27 remaining in the second quarter. Manchester's first touchdown came on a 20-yard touchdown reception by Dre Dixon in the first quarter.
"Defensively, we had to make an adjustment," Gess said. "It is a great win, and we go into the bye week on a good note."
Despite the win over Class AAA Henry County, Class AA Manchester, and Florida Class A powerhouse North Florida Christian, the players say they can't get over confidence heading into their region schedule.
"We have proved that we are a team on the move," Dellinger said. "You have still stay humble. If you get too cocky, God has a way of humbling you if you need that to happen. Winning this game is good for a confidence boost. We have to keep on getting strong."
More like this story
- ELCA needs healthy Green ( September 9, 2010 )
- Penalties can't derail Warhawks' victory plans ( September 13, 2010 )
- ELCA 35-21 win over GWA advances the Chargers to quarterfinals ( November 19, 2010 )
- Getting Charged ( November 18, 2010 )
- Curl helps ELCA field championship defense ( November 19, 2010 )


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Ubuntu 12.04 on Intel HD 3000. No complaints. When I bought my last notebook, I just grabbed an i3 SB machine and added an SSD. Boots to login in 5 seconds, no blobs required.
No announcement yet.
NVIDIA PR Responds To Torvalds' Harsh Words
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Originally posted by gbudny View PostI think you can buy laptop with Nvidia graphic card (without Optimus):
Did somebody really think "Our graphics cards drain the battery too much on idle so we should also put in another graphics chip from another company that can display stuff while we idle so we can power off our card..."?
Why not try to build a modular graphics card where you could actually electrically turn off many parts so that the remaining parts still can provide basic 3d acceleration and render 2d stuff?
Originally posted by asdxThey are full of shit and lying, perhaps the best we could do is stop buying their crap, if we wanted to go far perhaps we could make the kernel not compatible with the blob anymore (i.e. breaking it), so we get rid of that cancer (nvidia blob) completely.
It's funny because people still didn't understand that NVIDIA cares about Linux for only one reason: professional usage. They don't give (and it's obvious) a shit about all the rest. They need to make Maya software be perfect under Linux and all those super professional software because Linux is really used in such areas.
They don't give a shit of all the rest. To make it short, they don't give a shit about you. You should all accept this. They will care about you only when Linux becomes a true succesfull gaming platform. They are a company, they look at money. Linux "desktop" is not a business for them, do you guys get this or are you too blind to accept the reality?
Professional usage, that's all about it. All the rest is bullshit.
The summary:
0) NVIDIA cares only about money and market share (definition of a surviving company)
1) you are no one for NVIDIA (actually, you are a disturbing piece of shit for them that talks too much on the internet)
2) they care about professional usage and don't give a shit about the desktop. There is no such Linux desktop market (they can't go against point 0)
3) they don't give a shit about wayland and new technologies unless really needed to advance (point 0 and 2 is the rule)
4) they don't give a shit about Optimus and any other "special" chipset (point 2 is the rule)
5) they care about Android and all those new hippy things (point 0 is the rule)Last edited by bulletxt; 06-19-2012, 04:38 PM.
Originally posted by ChrisXY View PostI don't get why we have switchable graphics in the first place.
Did somebody really think "Our graphics cards drain the battery too much on idle so we should also put in another graphics chip from another company that can display stuff while we idle so we can power off our card..."?
Why not try to build a modular graphics card where you could actually electrically turn off many parts so that the remaining parts still can provide basic 3d acceleration and render 2d stuff?
Originally posted by kotakotakota View PostTo be completely honest, I feel like we push for a little too much sometimes: the whole attitude toward everything having to be open source is a little ridiculous. Sure it would be nice if Nvidia released open source drivers, but to be honest, I'm more interested in the performance of my drivers than the license. That said, I really do wish Nvidia would have a bit of a nicer attitude toward us. I'm sure they will soon though with Linux gaming on the rise.
The thing people are asking for is NVidia releasing the documention on their cards' hardware so other people can make clean-room driver implementations. It really doesn't make any difference to NVidia, the nouveau project will figure out the hardware on their own so the documentation will be released eventually no matter what NVidia does. However, if NVidia releases the documentation it would save the noveau developers a ton of work and hopefully greatly speed up the driver implementation on Linux. So NVidia loses nothing and Linux users gain a huge amount.
"Recently, there have been some questions raised about our lack of support for our Optimus notebook technology"
Interesting way to describe the situation caused by not supporting or even caring at all about most laptops sold the last 2 years with their graphics hardware. I can feel the deep care flowing my way.
Originally posted by Detructor View Postthe gaming example is pure bullshit. You can play games as good with an AMD card as you can with a Nvidia card.
Fuck You Nvidia!
My NVIDIA card I use for http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iq8bCGiRUL4 only.
Originally posted by RealNC View PostI think the "free & open" fanatics sometimes confuse the difference between a project and a product. NVidia offers products, not projects. They manage to make their products work within the confinements of a kernel that basically only supports in-kernel drivers. It's quite a challenge, but they come through with a product that works.
..l.. NVidia.
Ok, main points are as follows;
1) We don't give a rat's ass about "consistent experience". In fact, we DON'T WANT a consistent experience, we want a proper LINUX experience, not some bloated bluescreen experience of crap not working.
2) There is no USE in a "consistent experience". Different OS, ***DIFFERENT NEEDS***.
3) If you want to use the same code, forgetting all about (1) and (2), releasing the code does NOT contradict this!!!! All releasing the code does is provides some FREE DEBUGGING AND PROGRAMMING. FREE LABOR!!! RELEASE THE FUCKING CODE NVIDIA DOUCHEBAGS!!!
Uhm, I don't really get that PR.
1) Linux end users benefit from same-day support for new GPUs , OpenGL version and extension parity between NVIDIA Windows and NVIDIA Linux support, and OpenGL performance parity between NVIDIA Windows and NVIDIA Linux.
2) We support a wide variety of GPUs on Linux, including our latest GeForce, Quadro, and Tesla-class GPUs, for both desktop and notebook platforms. Our drivers for these platforms are updated regularly, with seven updates released so far this year for Linux alone. The latest Linux drivers can be downloaded from www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html.
3) We are a very active participant in the ARM Linux kernel. For the latest 3.4 ARM kernel � the next-gen kernel to be used on future Linux, Android, and Chrome distributions � NVIDIA ranks second in terms of total lines changed and fourth in terms of number of changesets for all employers or organizations.


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Maryland Says Mega Millions Winner Has Come Forward
Originally published on Mon April 9, 2012 6:31 pm
The second of three winning tickets in last month's $656 million record-breaking Mega Millions lottery has been turned in, officials at the Maryland Lottery just announced. They didn't say who came forward, but it seems unlikely that it's Mirlande Wilson — the woman has offered a, to be charitable, confusing tale about whether she may or may not have purchased one of the winners.
If it were her, we suspect she would have made that known. Instead, as the Baltimore Sun reports, Maryland officials say the person who bought the ticket in their state has asked to remain anonymous. They plan to hold a news conference Tuesday morning to at least provide a "storyline" about the Maryland winner.
Winning tickets were also sold in Kansas and Illinois. The Kansas prize has been claimed. The winner there is also trying to remain anonymous. The Illinois ticket has not yet been turned in. That state requires that winners go public.
If taken as a lump sump, each winning ticket is worth almost $158 million — or roughly $110 million after taxes, according to The Associated Press.


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WALLA WALLA - Seventeen batches of beef burgundy, most of them still in the colorfully enameled cast iron Le Creuset-style pots they were cooked in, were crowded along one counter, in an even more crowded room of people at Someone's in the Kitchen on Friday evening, in hopes of raising money for a good cause and celebrating one of the best cooks of our time.
"Julia Child was a huge influence in my upbringing," Trevor Dorland said, shortly after being named the winner of the first Julia Child Boeff Bourguignon Cookoff co-sponsored by the Downtown Walla Walla Foundation and Walla Walla Lifestyles magazine.
Dorland, who admitted he was too young to have witnessed the rise of Child's fame through the late '50s and '60s, went on to explain that he was born on the same day as the California-born cook who is best known for bringing French cooking to the average American home.
Add to Dorland's pot a couple pounds of chuck from the best grass-fed and grain-finished Montana range beef, substitute the burgundy for a $60 bottle of Cayuse Vineyards 2007 granashe, use only homemade beef stock, follow a Child's recipe and Voil. You have a winner.
"I was hoping (to win). But something like this you have no idea," he said, and added he didn't do it alone, noting that his work colleague, Cindy Hurlbutt, was the other half of the winning team.
But the biggest winner wasn't the team of Hurlbutt and Dorland, nor was it the group of more than 100 people who attended - many of whom were dressed like the pearl-clad Child or her dapper dressed husband - the real winner was Providence St. Mary Medical Center and its patients.
"It doesn't matter if it is $10 or $100 (raised), the bottom line is people want to serve the community," Cancer Center spokesperson Mardi Hagerman said, explaining that the money from the event will be used for the special needs fund, which assists with purchasing wigs, transportation, groceries and other items not covered by insurance.
Event coordinator Jennifer Northam said more than 100 tickets at $15 per ticket were sold. But she noted that at one point they didn't know if enough people would attend. The tickets eventually sold, the number of contestants maxed out and it became obvious the event would draw good numbers.
The popularity of a recent Meryl Streep movie about Child helped push up the numbers, as well as the proximity of Valentine's Day, Northam said.
"Everybody was pretty excited about it. It's an event that is kind of romantic, because of cooking for your sweetie," Northam said.
Highlights of the event included a Julia Child impersonator, played by Topher Murphy. And guests were treated to wine donated from Sapolil Cellars' reserve library.
Food and wine aside, what seemed to be on the table for the mostly over-40 crowd was the chance to celebrate an icon from their generation.
"She was a unique character," Julie Drischell said, while sitting with three of her friends. "She was a trailblazer for women," Suzie Aldrich said. "She had flair," all the women agreed.
As for the 17 batches of beef burgundy, as tradition would have it, most were made from wine-marinated chuck. Some were made three or more days in advance.
One team was headed by 10-year-old Sophia Gregoire and her grandfather, Bob. "She was the cook. I was the sous chef," the grandfather said.
Another contestant, Rose Ann Walker, who wore the traditional pearls and white blouse, admitted she favored a recipe from a contemporary of Child and the other French cooking expert, James Beard. "But I didn't want to use that recipe," Walker said, noting she went with Child's recipe and her own embellishments.
"I tweak it. But some of your tweaking you don't want to tell anyone because that is what makes it yours," Walker said. Then she added, "I watched Julia Child and I really loved her. She was such a relaxed girl. If something went wrong she, she just chucked it and started again."
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Missoni's Plane May Have Been Found
Reuters is reporting that the plane carrying Vittorio Missoni, his wife and friends, that went missing on January 4th, may have been found. A plane wreck was found on a beach of the island of Curacao, and authorities are currently investigating if it is the missing Missoni plane. This news comes after Missoni's bag was recovered last week, also on the island of Curacao.
The Missoni family has stayed relatively Private since Vittorio's disappearance and releasing periodic statements to the press as the search continues. They chose to hold a small presentation last month during Men's Fashion Week instead of a large runway show. But they are continuing with their scheduled women's ready-to-wear runway show for Milan Fashion Week as planned for Sunday, February 24th.
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NeuroNow - Support from FOX Sports
Support from FOX Sports
Date: November 11, 2013
Fox sports channels aren't just a place to catch the score of last night's hockey game or spend an afternoon watching the Daytona 500. They're also a way to spread awareness to tens of thousands of sports fans. This year, Johns Hopkins Medicine is benefiting from this enormous reach through the FOX Sports Supports initiative, a program that airs public service announcements featuring FOX Sports personalities to encourage viewers to give to specific causes.
Each year, the nearly 1,000 FOX Sports employees scattered across the country vote on three charities to feature through this effort in broad categories of human services, health and education, explains Lou D'Ermilio, senior vice president of media relations at FOX Sports.
One reason Johns Hopkins made the cut was because of a personal connection to FOX Sports, D'Ermilio says. A FOX Sports executive's child was recently treated for a challenging autoimmune condition at the hospital, and that individual relayed his story, crediting the amazing treatment at Johns Hopkins for his child's recovery. Consequently, all funds raised through FOX Sports Supports for Johns Hopkins Medicine will be earmarked for autoimmune disease research.
It's a cause well worth supporting, says neurologist Andrew Mammen, who co-directs the Johns Hopkins Myositis Center, which treats patients with a muscle-weakening autoimmune condition.
"Autoimmune diseases are incredibly common and sometimes devastating," Mammen says. "We need to better understand these diseases so we can find new and better ways to treat them."
Eventually, Mammen adds, new research could help thousands of people affected by autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's disease.
Learn more at hopkinsmedicine.org/fox.


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Delano's Adam Kraft goes up to catch a 10-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Toby Hanson in the section title game victory over Becker Friday. (Photo by Dave Pedersen)
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Main Site - :: Why Won't God Heal Amputees? ::
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where does all the grass come from?I have to mow the yard every few days... it just keeps growing and growing... yet there is no apparent displacement in elevation of the yard or otherwise.same thing with roadways...I have to replace the tires on the car... and so do all these other cars...where does the worn off tire material go?where does all the grass come from?anti-matter?
fun, I started this thread for fun.what happened to fun?anti-matter?
where does the worn off tire material go?where does all the grass come from?
I only have a filter for people who do not consistently beg to be belittled, ridiculed, insulted, and demeaned.
I may believe people, as a whole, should be treated fairly but I also believe those same people are idiots.
I thought we had a dark matter thread. Perhaps I was mistaken.


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Citing a "broken promise" to rehire union workers, Jackson Heights residents, union members and elected officials staged a protest on Wednesday outside a new supermarket on 37th Avenue set to open this week.
Standing next to a giant inflatable rat, protesters pledged to boycott Global Supermarket at 75-07 37 Ave. over the choice of the new owner, Mohammad Haque, not to rehire union workers of Local 338 and Local 342 who were unexpectedly fired two weeks before Christmas by Frank Jaber, the owner of the former Trade Fair.
On Dec. 10 Jaber fired 50 employees and sold the store to Haque on Dec. 11.
State Sen. Jose Peralta (D-East Elmhurst), who attended the protest said, "The new owner said he planned to hire at least some of the old workers back. Not a single one of them has been hired. We're here to let the new ownership know that, with our voices and our wallets, we will be seeking justice for the exploited workers."
Protest organizers cited the petition started by Jackson Heights activist Danny Katch, who secured 500 signatures to show Haque that they would boycott the store until the workers were rehired.
"I'm hoping [Haque] could see how much support there is," Katch said. He said he did not understand why Haque did not want to hire the workers considering that many were community members whose families would often use the supermarket themselves.
Haque could not be reached for comment.
At the time of the mass dismissal, Joe Fontano, communications director for Local 338, said that Haque reached out to them to discuss the potential hiring back of employees. When workers were out on the picket lines days after the firing, representatives of the new store came out to hand the workers job applications, said Fontano.
After initial talks however, Fontano said that the conversation "just kind of deteriorated from there," and Haque soon became unresponsive. It wasn't until Monday that the union found out that the store would be opening a month earlier than scheduled without having hired back union workers.
According to Fontano, workers were unjustly fired since Jaber violated union contracts by not properly informing the workers of the layoffs. He said a legal team is investigating whether parts of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act had been violated.
Assemblyman Francisco Moya (D-Corona), one of the representatives who delivered the petition to Global Supermarket, spoke to the store manager who told him that the business would not make money if it took on union workers.
Moya also said the manager tried to "backtrack" on Haque's early jobs promise by saying that he only ever said he was "looking into hiring" former employees.
Kate Meckler, spokesperson for Local 342 called the move to bring in new workers without a union contract "deplorable" and said "there is no logical reason" not to hire back the original workers under a union contract, especially considering they are the ones familiar with the community's needs.
Also in attendance was Councilman Danny Dromm (D-Jackson Heights), who protested with the workers back in December after the dismal, calling Jaber a "community menace" for his treatment of his former employees.
Of the new owner's lack of rehiring, Dromm said, "I urge the community to think twice before entering Global Supermarket and crossing a picket line."


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Programming Language Pragmatics
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Preview (read now) Add to my own site Give this ebook to a friend Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
moreProgramming Language Pragmatics is the most comprehensive programming language textbook available today. Taking the perspective that language design and language implementation are tightly interconnected, and that neither can be fully understood in isolation, this critically acclaimed and bestselling book has been thoroughly updated to cover the most recent developments in programming language design. With a new chapter on run-time program management and expanded coverage of concurrency, this new edition provides both students and professionals alike with a solid understanding of the most important issues driving software development today.
- Classic programming foundations text now updated to familiarize students with the languages they are most likely to encounter in the workforce, including including Java 7, C++, C# 3.0, F#, Fortran 2008, Ada 2005, Scheme R6RS, and Perl 6.
- New and expanded coverage of concurrency and run-time systems ensures students and professionals understand the most important advances driving software today.
- Includes over 800 numbered examples to help the reader quickly cross-reference and access content.
Elsevier Science; March 2009
944 pages; ISBN 9780080922997
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Title: Programming Language Pragmatics
Author: Michael L. Scott
944 pages; ISBN 9780080922997
Read online, or download in secure EPUB or secure PDF format
Title: Programming Language Pragmatics
Author: Michael L. Scott
Buy, download and read Programming Language Pragmatics (eBook) by Michael L. Scott today!
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