text:
Carbon capture and storage (timeline)
The milestones for carbon capture and storage show the lack of commercial scale development and implementation of CCS over the years since the first carbon tax was imposed.
The time line of carbon capture and storage announcements and developments follows:
- 1 2009
- 2 2008
- 2.1 Reality campaign launched
- 2.2 CCS inclusion in CDM postponed
- 2.3 Carbon assessment software developed
- 2.4 BP and CAS established the Clean Energy Commercialization Center
- 2.5 UK Energy Bill received Royal Assent
- 2.6 The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute planned
- 2.7 Clean-coal debut in Germany
- 2.8 Irish Energy Group launches carbon capture scheme
- 2.9 New organic liquids to Capture CO2
- 2.10 The CSIRO and its Chinese partners launched a PCC pilot plant in Beijing
- 2.11 The US government called for proposals to elicit commercial involvement in FutureGen project
- 2.12 The U.S. Department of Energy announced to restructure FutureGen
- 2.13 Carbon Capture Journal published the first issue of its print magazine
- 2.14 Researches and debates on Carbon Capture Ready (CCR) become active
- 3 2007
- 4 2006
- 5 2005
- 5.1 Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA) established
- 5.2 NZEC agreement (Near Zero Emissions Coal Project)
- 5.3 The Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage established
- 5.4 The new Norwegian government aims to make Norway the forerunner in CCS
- 5.5 The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Consortium (UKCCSC) started
- 5.6 EU Emission Trading Scheme commenced operation
- 5.7 CCS technology was integrated into Chinese national development plan
- 6 2004
- 7 2003
- 7.1 The U.S. Department of Energy named the seven regional partnerships on CCS
- 7.2 Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre was launched
- 7.3 The inaugural meeting of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) was held.
- 7.4 The US federal government announced FutureGen Project
- 7.5 U.S. Department of Energy budget for carbon capture and storage research
- 8 2002
- 9 2001
- 10 2000
- 11 1998
- 12 1997
- 13 1996
- 14 1991
- 15 1989
- 16 Early 1970s
- 17 References
Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute[edit]
10 July 2009 major economies forum meeting on climate change: Australian Prime minister Mr Rudd, who shared the stage with US President Barack Obama, said the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (CCS) would now be an international initiative led by Australia - which will act as a clearing house for research of new technologies, legislation to pave their path and as a vehicle to streamline funding.[1] "The practical challenge we face...is what do we do about the problem, the challenge, of coal. There are practically no large carbon capture and storage projects under construction now," Mr Rudd said. "Australia in the last 12 months has decided to work with other major economies, and all the major energy companies, on the establishment of a Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. That is what we are here launching today." He said carbon capture and storage, which captures CO2 and seeks to inject it in safe stores deep underground, is an important potential future weapon in the battle against global warming.[2]
Electricity sourced from fossil fuels accounts for more than 40 per cent of the world's energy-related CO2 emissions. A further 25 per cent comes from large-scale industrial processes such as iron and steel production, cement making, natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
With world energy demand projected to grow by more than 40 per cent over the next two decades, reducing CO2 emissions is a significant challenge the nation of Australia has a particular interest in helping to solve. Australia's is the world's biggest coal exporter, and the Australian economy is heavily dependent upon coal—its biggest export. Renewable energy technology continues to develop, but fossil fuels, in particular coal and gas, will continue to provide the bulk of the world's energy for the foreseeable future.
However, there is a way to harness fossil fuels while significantly reducing CO2 emissions. The answer lies in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide and other climate influencing greenhouse gases.
GreenGen Project led by China Huaneng Group (CHNG) will begin construction in early 2009[edit]
GreenGen Project aims to research, develop and demonstrate a coal-based power generation system with hydrogen production through coal gasification, power generation from a combined cycle gas turbine and fuel cells, and efficient treatment of pollutants and CO2. Thus, the efficiency of the coal-based power generation will be greatly improved, and the pollutants and CO2 emissions will be near zero.[3]
Reality campaign launched[edit]
3 December 2008: This Is Reality.org, a coalition of US environmental organisations, launches a campaign to highlight that no fossil fuel power station in the USA captures other than token amounts of the greenhouse gas that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and all other significant scientific organisations acknowledge are causing climate change, global warming, Arctic shrinkage and sea level rise.[4]
CCS inclusion in CDM postponed[edit]
Plans to allow organizations to earn credits for CCS under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been dropped at the climate change talks in Poznan - the 14th session of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The proposal, led by Australia, was supported by a majority of representatives and the IEA but Brazil and a few other countries blocked the move. The decision will then be postponed until next year.[5]
Carbon assessment software developed[edit]
Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) designed a new software that will help developers of clean coal technology to accurately measure how much CO2 they can store underground.[6]
BP and CAS established the Clean Energy Commercialization Center[edit]
BP and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have agreed to establish the Clean Energy Commercialization Center (CECC), a joint venture in Shanghai investing some $73 million to commercialize Chinese clean energy technologies. Subject to final government approvals, the CECC venture is expected to be established by early 2009. The CECC will serve as an international platform for further collaboration among research institutes, enterprises and other institutions to improve indigenous Chinese innovation capabilities and market applications in areas such as clean coal conversion, zero emission technologies, and carbon capture and storage.[7]
UK Energy Bill received Royal Assent[edit]
On 26 November 2008, The UK Energy Bill received Royal Assent and was passed into law. The bill mentions to create a regulatory framework to enable private sector investment in Carbon capture and storage projects. As it has the potential to reduce the carbon emissions from fossil fuel power stations by up to 90%.[8]
The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute planned[edit]
The Australian government in September committed A$100 million annually to help establish an international institute to accelerate development of clean-coal technologies, including the long-term aim of storing carbon dioxide permanently underground.[9] Following a two-day preparatory meeting in London, the institute now has eight foundation industry members: Shell International Petroleum; Rio Tinto Ltd.; Mitsubishi Corp.; Anglo American; Xstrata Coal; Services Petroliers Schlumberger; Alstom; and The Climate Group.
Clean-coal debut in Germany[edit]
The world's first coal-fired power plant designed to capture and store carbon dioxide that it produces began operations in Spremberg, Germany. Built alongside the 1,600MW Schwarze Pumpe power plant in north Germany, the demonstration experiment will capture up to 100,000 tonnes of CO2 a year, compress it and bury it 3,000m below the surface of the depleted Altmark gas field, about 200 km from the site. "It's a very important and tangible step forward," said Stuart Haszeldine, a geologist and CCS expert at the University of Edinburgh. "It is the first full-chain demonstration of oxyfuel as a carbon capture technology. It connects all that for the first time in a working system."[10]
Irish Energy Group launches carbon capture scheme[edit]
Providence Resources, an Irish oil and gas group, is launching a project that could lead to the first carbon capture & storage (CCS) scheme in the British Isles. Providence Resources is working with Star Energy Group, a UK gas storage company owned by Petronas of Malaysia, on the Ulysses Project. The scheme will evaluate the Kish Bank Basin in the Irish Sea to decide whether its underground saline reservoirs can be used for carbon sequestration and natural gas storage.[11]
New organic liquids to Capture CO2[edit]
Carbon dioxide-binding organic liquids (CO2BOLs) can hold more than twice as much CO2 as current capture agents. The liquids could be used in coal power plants to capture the greenhouse gas from combustion exhaust.[12][13]
The CSIRO and its Chinese partners launched a PCC pilot plant in Beijing[edit]
The CSIRO (Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) and its Chinese partners Huaneng Group and the Thermal Power Research Institute (TPRI) have officially launched a post-combustion capture (PCC) pilot plant in Beijing that strips carbon dioxide from power station flue gases in an effort to stem climate change. The project represents another first for the CSIRO PCC program - the first capture of carbon dioxide in China using a PCC pilot plant. It begins the process of applying the technology to Chinese conditions and evaluating its effectiveness.[14]
The US government called for proposals to elicit commercial involvement in FutureGen project[edit]
In June 2008, the US government announced a call for proposals to elicit commercial involvement in the restructuring of FutureGen.[15]
The U.S. Department of Energy announced to restructure FutureGen[edit]
The United States Department of Energy announced a restructuring of the FutureGen project, which was claimed necessary due to rising costs.[16]
Carbon Capture Journal published the first issue of its print magazine[edit]
Carbon Capture Journal is the world's first and only news service, leading to a print magazine, specifically about developments with carbon capture and geological storage technology. The print magazine is published six times a year (bimonthly). It informs people of developments around the world in both power station carbon capture and geological storage, with news about the major projects and developments with government policy. It is produced by the team behind Digital Energy Journal, one of the world's leading magazines and news services for information technology in the oil and gas industry. Digital Energy Journal Ltd, based in central London, was founded in December 2005 by the successful team behind Digital Ship magazine.[17]
Researches and debates on Carbon Capture Ready (CCR) become active[edit]
Researches and debates on capture ready become active in 2008, evidences of which consist of IChemEng (Institute of Chemical Engineering) Capture Ready Report, IEA Carbon Capture Ready Report, and CAPPCCO project. The Chinese Advanced Power Plant Carbon Capture Options (CAPPCCO) project is based on a five-year program at Imperial College London, its objective is to research how to make new power plants in China 'capture ready'.
Australia and China signed a partnership agreement[edit]
On September 6, 2007, Australia and China signed a partnership agreement that will pave the way for the installation of low-emission coal energy technology in Beijing in 2008. Signed by CSIRO Chief Executive, Dr Geoff Garrett, and Mr Li Xiaopeng, the President of China's state-owned energy enterprise, the China Huaneng Group, the agreement will see a post combustion capture pilot plant installed at the Huaneng Beijing Co-generation Power Plant.[18]
The North American Carbon Capture & Storage Association (NACCSA)[edit]
Founded in September 2007, the non-profit association supports the development of a commercial CCS industry in the United States and Canada. It is the first of its kind organization in North America to advocate for policies that support the development of a commercial CCS industry. Founding member companies include: BlueSource, Halliburton, International Paper, Keener Oil & Gas Company, Kinder Morgan, MissionPoint Capital Partners, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Peabody Energy, PetroSource Energy Company, Ramgen Power Systems, Schlumberger, and Shell.[19]
BP and Chinese Academy of Sciences signed the MoU to establish the Clean Energy Commercialization Centre[edit]
BP and Chinese Academy of Sciences held a ceremony in Shanghai to celebrate the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding, announcing their intent to establish the Clean Energy Commercialization Centre. CECC aims to accelerate the development in China of clean coal conversion technologies and the creation of associated value chain investment opportunities through the commercialization of key technologies and coordinated management of large scale demonstration projects which primarily use coal as feedstock for fuel production, chemicals manufacturing and power generation.[20]
Website of Carbon Capture Journal launched[edit]
Carbon Capture Journal focuses on industrial carbon capture from power stations and industrial plants and carbon dioxide underground storage, including new technology, policy and projects. Since launching the website in May 2007, it has been actively sought out by the carbon capture world's most influential figures, from power companies, oil and gas companies, government, financiers /banks, researchers, consultants, academics, NGOs, lawyers, engineering companies and technology suppliers.[21]
Coach Project - cooperation action within CCS China-EU[edit]
The launch meeting for the new European Coach project was held in Beijing on November 21 and 22, 2006. An integral part of the European Commission's FP6, this project falls within the scope of the partnership agreement signed at the start of 2006 between the European Union and China focusing on ways of tackling climate change. The aim of Coach is to provide the technical recommendations required to design a coal-fired power station incorporating CO2 capture and storage technologies, to be constructed in China by 2010. The power station is expected to be industrially operational by 2015. Mature hydrocarbon fields located in Beijing have been identified as potential storage sites.
UK Government faces tough choices on future power[edit]
Public consultation on Britain's future energy needs ends with divided camps leaving the government with tough choices on power supplies. Bound by pledges to slash greenhouse gas emissions, the UK government must decide the shape of the country's electricity supply network for coming decades as demand booms and North Sea oil and gas run out. On one side of the debate is the so-called "big power" lobby promoting coal and nuclear generation. On the other, the green alternative advocating a wider mix of power sources including those coming from individuals' own efforts.
Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA) established[edit]
Established in October 2005, CCSA encourages the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in UK, and plays an important role in delivering CCS technologies and projects worldwide. 11 founding companies consist of BP, Mitsui Babcock, Schlumberger, Scottish & Southern Energy, Shell, etc.
NZEC agreement (Near Zero Emissions Coal Project)[edit]
The EU-China NZEC agreement was signed at the EU-China Summit under the UK's presidency of the EU in September 2005 as part of the EU-China Partnership on Climate Change. The agreement has the objective of demonstrating advanced, near zero emissions coal technology through CCS in China and the EU by 2020. The Sino-UK bilateral NZEC initiative was developed in support of this wider agreement. The joint Sino-UK Near Zero Emissions Coal initiative is sponsored by UK's Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), together with the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the People's Republic of China.
The Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage established[edit]
The Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage was set up in September 2005. This collaboration between the University of Edinburgh and Heriot-Watt University as well as the British Geological Survey, builds on and extends established expertise. The Centre comprises experimental and analytical facilities, expertise in field studies and modelling, and key academic and research personnel to stimulate the development of innovative solutions to carbon capture and geological storage.
The new Norwegian government aims to make Norway the forerunner in CCS[edit]
The new Norwegian government that came into power in the autumn of 2005 aims to make Norway the forerunner in CO2 capture and storage. It has also made a commitment to ensure that gas-fired power plants will be equipped with CO2 capture technology, and has allocated a total of €19 million to related R&D to be distributed through a new organization called Gassnova. The country has also intensified its international collaboration in the field, e.g., with the UK.
The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Consortium (UKCCSC) started[edit]
UKCCSC is a consortium of engineering, technological, natural, environmental, social and economic scientists, as a way to expand UK research capacity in carbon capture and storage. Its CCS objectives consist of: • Assess impact of future energy supply/demand scenarios on overall costs/emissions of non-CCS and CCS fossil generation • Explore role of CCS in the update of the UK's energy infrastructure • Investigate potential impacts of CO2 leakage during capture and storage, and compare these to environmental impacts of non-intervention
EU Emission Trading Scheme commenced operation[edit]
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) commenced operation in January 2005 as the largest multi-country, multi-sector Greenhouse Gas emission trading scheme worldwide.[22]
CCS technology was integrated into Chinese national development plan[edit]
In 2005, the CCS technology was integrated into Chinese National Medium- and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan towards 2020(2006–2020)
CO2 Capture Project Phase II(CCP2):2004-2008[edit]
The targets of Phase II consist of:
- Achieve significant progress for each technology:
- Scaling-up successfully operation by at least one order of magnitude.
- Addressing and solving critical issues identified in Phase I
- Confirm or improve economical evaluations of Phase I.
- At least one technology ready for field demonstration[23]
The U.S. Department of Energy named the seven regional partnerships on CCS[edit]
The U.S. Department of Energy on August 18, 2003 named the seven partnerships of state agencies, universities, and private companies that will form the core of a nationwide network to help determine the best approaches for capturing and permanently storing gases that can contribute to global climate change. The Regional Sequestration Partnership Program supports region-specific studies to determine the most suitable CCS technologies, regulations, and infrastructure. The seven partnerships consist of Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership, Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (Illinois Basin), Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership, Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership, Southwest Regional Partnership for Carbon Sequestration, Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership, and West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership.[24]
Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre was launched[edit]
Under the "Clean Energy: Facing the Future" Programme, the Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre was launched in July 2003. It aims to combine the strengths to create a "world-leading institute for energy strategy study for China". It has attracted a broad range of important players in various aspects of energy, industry and environment to serve on the Advisory Board of the Centre.[20]
The inaugural meeting of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) was held.[edit]
The inaugural meeting of CSLF was held in Tysons Corner, Virginia, USA in June 2003. Thirteen countries and the European Commission signed the CSLF charter as part of this ministerial summit. The Charter committed each country to participate in the CSLF process, and specifically to provide both policy and technical expertise through a formal working group structure. CSLF is an international climate change initiative focusing on the development of carbon capture and storage technologies as a means to accomplishing long-term stabilization of GHG levels in the atmosphere. It is designed to improve CCS technologies through coordinated research and development with international partners and private industry.[25]
The US federal government announced FutureGen Project[edit]
On February 27, 2003, the US federal government announced FutureGen, a $1 billion initiative to create a coal-based power plant focused on demonstrating a revolutionary clean coal technology that would produce hydrogen and electricity and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The FutureGen project was initiated in response to the National Energy Policy of May 2001, which emphasized the need for diverse and secure energy sources that could largely be provided by America's most abundant domestic energy resource, coal.[26]
U.S. Department of Energy budget for carbon capture and storage research[edit]
One sign of the increased seriousness with which policymakers view the potential for CCS is the budget devoted by the U.S. Department of Energy to research on CCS, which has increased from about $1 million in 1998 to a 2003 budget request of $54 million, just five years later. (1998- $1mln, 1999- $6mln, 2000- $9mln, 2001- $18mln, 2002- $32mln, 2003- $54mln)[27]
IPCC decided to hold a workshop to do a literature on CCS[edit]
In April 2002, at its 19th Session in Geneva, the IPCC decided to hold a workshop, which took place in November 2002 in Regina, Canada. The results of this workshop were a first assessment of literature on CO2 capture and storage, and a proposal for a Special Report. At its 20th Session in 2003 in Paris, France, the IPCC endorsed this proposal and agreed on the outline and timetable for the special report.
'Clean Energy: Facing the Future' Programme[edit]
In November 2001, BP established the "Clean Energy: Facing the Future" Programme in China with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University to create a partnership within China to address the issues and opportunities of clean energy. BP is providing $10 million over a ten-year period to fund research in new clean energy technologies. This programme aims to develop and prove new clean options for China and the rest of the world. The programme includes several projects at CAS's Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics and Shenyang Institute of Metals Research.[28]
The RECOPOL project started on November 1, 2001.[edit]
RECOPOL stands for: 'Reduction of CO2 emission by means of CO2 storage in coal seams in the Silesian Coal Basin of Poland'. It is an EU co-funded combined research and demonstration project to investigate the possibility of permanent subsurface storage of CO2 in coal. At a selected location in Poland a pilot installation is developed for methane gas production from coal beds while simultaneously storing CO2 underground. The produced methane could become an alternative fuel that can be locally produced in Silesia. This installation is the very first of its kind in Europe, and at the moment the only one operational worldwide.[29]
The UNFCCC invited IPCC to prepare a special report on CCS technologies[edit]
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at its seventh Conference of Parties (COP7) in 2001 invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to prepare a special report on carbon capture and storage technologies.
The Carbon Sequestration Initiative launched[edit]
As a major component of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program at MIT, the Carbon Sequestration Initiative (CSI) was launched in July 2000. CSI is an industrial consortium formed to investigate CCS technologies, it aims to:
- Provide an objective source of assessment and information about carbon sequestration.
- Establish a members' information network to provide timely updates on relevant activities and new findings.
- Explore the societal and technical aspects of carbon sequestration.
- Educate a wider audience on the possibilities of carbon sequestration.
- Link industry to expanding government activities on these topics.
- Stimulate and seed new research ideas.
- Create an annual forum for strategic thinking and identification of new business opportunities.[30]
CCP Phase I: April 2000-December 2003[edit]
The CO2 Capture Project (CCP) is a partnership of eight of the world's leading energy companies and three government organizations undertaking research and developing technologies to help make CCS a practical reality for reducing global CO2 emissions and tackling climate change.
April 2000-August 2000: Review & Evaluation/ over 200 ideas reviewed
August 2000-September 2001: 30 Capture and 50 Storage Techs Screened, 50 Techs Pass Stage Gate/ tech teams screen tech options and recommend detailed evaluation of promising candidates
September 2001-December 2002: Broad Tech Development
December 2002-December 2003: Focused Tech Development[31]
CO2 injection began in Weyburn[edit]
Delivery of the first CO2 from Dakota Gasification Company to Weyburn commenced in September 2000. In late 2000, CO2 injection was initiated at an initial injection rate of 2.69 million m3/d (or 5000 t/d) into 19 patterns.
EnCana announced plans to implement Weyburn EOR project[edit]
In 1998, a Canadian oil and gas corporation (the PanCanadian Petroleum Limited, now EnCana Corporation) announced plans to implement a large scale EOR project in an oilfield near Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada, using CO2 captured from Dakota Gasification Company. The Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project provided a chance to demonstrate and study a large-scale geological storage project and to provide the data to evaluate the safety, technical and economic feasibility of such storage.[32]
DGC agreed to send all of the waste gas (96% CO2) to the Weyburn oil field[edit]
The Weyburn oil field is situated in Canada, near the USA border. The carbon dioxide for the Weyburn EOR project is produced in the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, USA, which is operated by the Dakota Gasification Company. In 1997, DGC agreed to send all of the waste gas (96% CO2) from its Great Plains Synfuels Plant through a pipeline to the Weyburn oil field.[33]
Sleipner — a carbon dioxide capture-and-storage project[edit]
The Sleipner gas field is in the North Sea, about 250 km west of Stavanger, Norway. It is operated by Norway's largest oil company Statoil. The Sleipner field produces natural gas and light oil from the Heimdal sandstones, which are about 2,500 m below sea level. The natural gas produced at Sleipner contains unusually high levels (about 9%) of carbon dioxide, but the customers require less than 2.5%.
To encourage companies to cut their carbon emissions, the Norwegian government imposes a carbon tax equivalent to about $50 per ton of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To avoid paying the tax, and as a test of alternative technology, all of the CO2 extracted since 1996, when gas production started at Sleipner, has been pumped back deep underground. The Sleipner project is the first commercial example of CO2 storage in a deep saline aquifer, so there is a lot of interest from around the world in its success. In particular, scientists want to know how the CO2 moves inside the aquifer and if there is a risk that it could escape back to the surface.[34]
The Norwegian government instituted a tax on CO2 emissions[edit]
In 1991, the Norwegian government instituted a tax on CO2 emissions, which motivated Statoil to capture the CO2 emitted from its Sleipner oil and gas field in the North Sea and inject it into an underground aquifer.[35]
The Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program at MIT initiated[edit]
Initiated in 1989, the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program at MIT conducts research into technologies to capture, utilize, and store CO2 from large stationary sources.[30] It is globally recognized as a leader in the field of carbon capture and storage research.
Early 1970s[edit]
The use of CO2 for commercial EOR began in US in the early 1970s.[edit]
The use of CO2 for commercial enhanced oil recovery started in USA in the early 1970s. There are currently about 120 registered CO2 floods worldwide, almost 85% of which are in the United States and Canada.[36]
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- ^ "PM Rudd shares centre stage with US President Obama". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ Development Plan of The GreenGen Co. http://www.greengen.com.cn/en/developmentplan_01.htm
- ^ Retrieved 11 January 2009
- ^ "Setback for CCS inclusion in CDM". Carbon Capture Journal. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Mon, Dec 01, 2008 - Carbon assessment software developed". The Irish Times. 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ December 2, 2008 (2008-12-02). "BP to Help Commercialize Clean Energy in China". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Energy Act 2008 — UK Parliament". Services.parliament.uk. 2008-11-26. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "News Archive: Top Stories". News.morningstar.com. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ Alok Jha, green technology correspondent (2008-09-05). "World's first carbon capture pilot fires up clean-coal advocates | Environment | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Irish energy group launches carbon capture scheme - Power Engineering". Pepei.pennnet.com. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ "Carbon Capture Journal". Carbon Capture Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Organic liquid CO2 capture agents with high gravimetric CO2 capacity - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing)". Rsc.org. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Carbon Capture Milestone In China". Sciencedaily.com. 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "FutureGen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "DOE Announces Restructured FutureGen Approach to Demonstrate CCS Technology at Multiple Clean Coal Plants | Department of Energy". Energy.gov. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Carbon Capture Journal". Carbon Capture Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Australia and China partner for a low-emission energy future". Csiro.au. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "North American Carbon Capture & Storage Association | About Us". Naccsa.org. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ a b "BP Global - Press - BP and CAS Forge Partnership for Clean Energy Commercialization". Bp.com. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Carbon Capture Journal". Carbon Capture Journal. 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) - Policies - Climate Action - European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Media Backgrounders: The CO2 Capture Project (CCP)" (PDF). August 2009. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "NETL: News Release - DOE Names Regional Partners to Explore Best Approaches for Sequestering Greenhouse Gases". Netl.doe.gov. 2003-08-18. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "About the CSLF". Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "DOE - Fossil Energy: DOE's FutureGen 2.0 Initiative". Fossil.energy.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ "Prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies" (PDF). Resources for the Future. January 2003. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "BP China English Home - Clean Energy: Facing the Future A ten year R&D program". Bp.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ "Recopol". Recopol.nitg.tno.nl. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ a b "Ccst @ Mit". Sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ Helen Kerr, BP (18 March 2003). "Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Challenges" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". Sequestration.mit.edu. 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Enhanced Oil Recovery | Science Articles". PlanetSEED. 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Sleipner Carbon Capture and Storage | Science Articles". PlanetSEED. 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ E. Heiskanen (September 2006). "Case 24: Snohvit CO2 capture & storage project" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ 全球碳捕集与封存信息中心 http://www.captureready.com


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This audio slideshow examines the changes in the ecosystem that will occur to the Arctic due to increasing temperatures and disappearing sea ice.
This short video describes how the compression of Antarctic snow into ice captures air from past atmospheres. It shows how ice cores are drilled from the Antarctic ice and prepared for shipment and subsequent analysis.
In this video, students see how data from the ice core record is used to help scientists predict the future of our climate. Video features ice cores extracted from the WAIS Divide, a research station on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
In this video, students learn how scientific surveys of wildlife are performed at a site in Yosemite, California, and how these surveys are being used -- in conjunction with studies from the early 1900s -- to provide evidence that animal populations in Yosemite have shifted over time in response to rising temperatures.
The annual Report Card provides clear, concise scientific information on the state of the Arctic region, organized into 5 sections: Atmosphere, Sea Ice & Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, Terrestrial Ecosystems, and Hydrology & Terrestrial Cryosphere. This edition was prepared by an international team of 121 scientists from 14 different countries. Independent peer-review of the 2011 Report Card was organized by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic Council.
Over 360 authors from 45 countries contributed to this comprehensive appraisal of the Earth's climate. Observations from pole-to-pole show climate patterns such as La Niña and El Niño contributed to some climate events this year. Trends consistent with manmade climate change over the last 50 years are also continuing. These include warming temperatures, melting glaciers and saltier seas, which are related to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
A tutorial for the climate analysis and decision-making communities on current best practices in describing and analyzing uncertainty in climate-related problems. Uncertainty is ubiquitous. Of course, the presence of uncertainty does not mean that people cannot act.
A comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of past, present, and future global climate change. The assessment confirms that the scientific understanding of the climate system and its sensitivity to greenhouse gas emissions is now richer and deeper than ever before. The chapters forming the bulk of this report describe scientists assessment of the state-of-knowledge in their respective fields.


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text:
Veal Goulash
|Pie veal
|1 Pound, trimmed and cut into 1 inch cubes (450 Gram)
|Plain flour
|1 Tablespoon
|1 Tablespoon
|25 Gram
|1 , sliced
|1⁄4 Pint (150 Milliliter)
|Celery stalks
|2 , sliced
|3 Large, skinned, seeded and chopped
|Tomato puree
|1 Tablespoon
|Finely chopped fresh parsley
|1 Tablespoon (To Garnish)
1) Before other preparations, heat the oven to 180°C, 350°F, Gas Mark 4.
2) In a bowl, add the veal, flour paprika and salt and pepper to taste and mix well.
3) In a pan, add margarine and melt.
4) Add in the veal and onion and fry for 5 minutes, frequently stirring.
5) Mix in the stock boil. Continue stirring.
6) Add the celery, tomatoes, tomato puree. Mix well and pour into an ovenproof casserole.
7) Place a lid and cook in oven for 1 1/2-1 3/4 hours, or until tender.
8) To freeze, cool and pour into sealable containers and freeze for up to 2 months.
9 To serve after freezing, thaw overnight in the refrigerator.
10) Mix and reheat in a casserole in a 180°C, 350°F, Gas Mark 4 oven for 30-45 minutes.
11) Adjust seasoning to taste.
12) Sprinkle with the chopped parsley.
13) Serve with buttered noodles or new potatoes and lightly minted peas.


text:
Final Thoughts
Before The BCS Champ.
BCS Championship Preview
BCS Champ. Preview Part 2 - Top
Players & Picks
Final Thoughts on the BCS
Championship - Fiu & Rich
Final Thoughts on the BCS
Championships 2
Quarterbacks |
Running Backs
| Receivers |
Offensive Lines
Def Lines |
Secondaries |
Spec Teams |
Cirminiello: Speed Kills
- Harrison: AJ McCarron's
- Zemek: These Two Teams Will
Do It Right
- Johnson: This Should Be
Pete Fiutak
#CFBnews &
- There was roughly 19 times more excitement and national interest in the first game between these two. It's a shame because this should be terrific.
- This might be the most dead-even national title game of the BCS era. There's not enough of a difference for either side to think this will be anything else but another classic.
- And yes, the first game was a classic.
- In terms of NFL talent, a reasonable case could be made that these are the two greatest defenses to ever play each other in a national championship.
- If LSU plays like it did in the first half against Georgia, Alabama will win in a walk.
- If Alabama doesn't get anything going in the passing game and can't loosen up the LSU secondary, the Tigers will win in a walk.
- It seems like this game should be easily predictable. Tuesday morning, it'll seem so obvious, but right now there's nothing there like Ohio State's overconfidence in 2007 or Auburn's defense vs. Oregon's offense last year.
- You could make a viable case for either side, any score, and it might not seem crazy.
- 38-7 LSU? The Tigers were jacked up, motivated, and focused on stomping Alabama's offense to make a statement.
- 38-7 Alabama? LSU couldn't get the offense going and the Tide got up early and didn't have a problem closing things down.
- 9-6 LSU in overtime? 9-6 Alabama in overtime? It all sounds believable.
- Three possible Tuesday storylines we should've seen coming if Alabama wins … 1) Jordan Jefferson's disastrous passing night. 2) The Tide kickers redeem themselves. 3) Alabama was the far better prepared team.
- Three possible Tuesday storylines we should've seen coming if Alabama wins … 1) Alabama couldn't handle the LSU option. 2) The Tide offense got nothing out of the receiving corps. 3) LSU rose to yet another challenge when pushed.
- The biggest factor: LSU's secondary. It's going to erase the Alabama passing game.
- The best guesses for the unsung heroes: Alabama tight end Brad Smelley and LSU punter Brad Wing.
- Chris Faulk, Will Blackwell, P.J. Lonergan, Josh Williford, and Alex Hurst. The LSU offensive line averages over 6-5 and 320 pounds per man. The Alabama offensive line has more talent, but the bulk of the Tiger front five is to be a major part of the deal as the second half rolls on.
- And yes, this will get the lowest ratings of any national title in the BCS era, and it's all because of the arrogance and shortsightedness of the pay TV station that's showing it.
- No, don't use the argument that the people who want to see this game will make sure they find it. That's not the point, and that's not how you grow the sport or make the championship relevant. Of course the fans will watch this game, but it's the people who won't go out of their way to find it makes the difference in the game's importance.
- It's the national championship. The Bachelor should be on Lifetime and the BCS Championship should be on ABC..
- But here's the bigger problem, and it'll be changed as soon as humanly possible; the game can't be on the Monday after Wild Card Weekend. Storyline No. 1 tomorrow: Tim Tebow. Storyline No. 2: Tim Tebow vs. Tom Brady. Storyline No. 3: Giants vs. Packers. Play the BCS Championship on January 4th - after playing the Rose and Fiesta on the 1st, the Sugar on the 2nd, and the Orange on the 3rd – and the game would be the biggest story in sports for several days.
- Combine the two factors of pay TV and January 9th, and even though it'll be spun to look good, this game won't have enough of a national impact no matter what happens.
- These two teams and this game deserve your undivided attention. They're really that good, but too many can't see it because they need lots and lots of offense to be happy.
- I don't care if Alabama wins in double-overtime. The winner of this game is technically the national champion, even if the stats and the power rankings won't necessarily show it.
- No, AP, it's no longer a split national title if you put a team that didn't win the BCS championship No. 1.
- If you hate rematches, you might have to get used to it. These should be the top two teams next year, too.
Richard Cirminiello
Running right at the 'Bama defense won't work. LSU has got to find a way to get outside the tackle box to test the Tide's lateral quickness, which could mean a few more option calls for QB Jordan Jefferson.
RB Trent Richardson holds the key for Alabama … and not just as a traditional ballcarrier. No, he'll have to be a factor in the passing game on screens and dump-offs as well.
I like Tide QB AJ McCarron, and believe he has a terrific future, but I'm also having a hard time seeing him complete more than a couple of downfield passes on this LSU D. The Tigers possess way too much depth and speed on the first and final lines of defense, especially against an average corps of 'Bama receivers.
Oh, and if McCarron plans to have success through the air, he better do it between the twenties. Throwing on the LSU defensive backfield is next to impossible in the red zone.
TV ratings ought to be unusually high for this one in Oz. Alabama starting DE Jesse Williams and LSU P Brad Wing hail from Brisbane and Melbourne, respectively, in Australia.
Wing, by the way, is one of those unsung heroes in Baton Rouge who could wind up playing an underrated role in the outcome. He's liable to do two or three things that tilt the momentum, and shift field position in favor of the Tigers.
Alabama-LSU will be like a great pitchers' duel in October. One mistake, such as an ill-timed turnover or special teams gaffe, could permanently shift the balance of power in one direction. It's that razor-thin margin of error that helps make this national championship matchup so darn riveting.
Just a hunch, but Jefferson is going to find Reuben Randle behind the secondary very early in the first quarter. As talented as Tide CB Dre Kirkpatrick is, he's not above biting on a fake or a play-action pass.
Nick Saban is the better X's and O's coach. Les Miles is masterful at getting his kids to buy into what he's selling. Give me the latter over the former in a title bout.
Despite harboring impressive depth at running back with Spencer Ware, Michael Ford, Alfred Blue and Kenny Hilliard, the Tigers would love to uncork a little more wiggle on the stout 'Bama D. Enter Terrence Magee, a true freshman who could entice the staff to give him a couple of meaningful touches.
While the numbers are similar, the defenses got to this point using two very different philosophies. Alabama operates like an NFL D, using more traditional sets and schemes. LSU, on the other hand, lets its athletes be athletes, encouraging them to swarm tackle in a demonstration of controlled chaos.
You just know Tyrann Mathieu is going to do something ridiculously athletic on defense or special teams that incites the LSU sideline. However, he can also be taken out of the game mentally, which the 'Bama players are going to test as much as they possibly can without getting flagged for unsportsmanlike conduct.
The dirty little secret about the vaunted Alabama defense is that it ranks 90th nationally with just 18 takeaways. Winning a national championship might require the Tide to be a little more opportunistic on Monday night.
14 Final Thoughts Part 2 - "The SEC Championship
Still Matters"


text:
The Winstons
|The Winstons
The Winstons in 1969
|Background information
|Washington, D.C.
|Funk, soul
The Winstons were a 1960s funk and soul music group, based in Washington, D.C.. They are known for their 1969 recording of an EP featuring a song entitled "Color Him Father" on the A-side, and a song entitled "Amen, Brother" on the B-side. Half-way into "Amen, Brother", there is a drum solo (performed by G.C. Coleman) which would cause The Winston's EP to become one of the most widely-sampled records in the history of electronic music. Sampled audio clips of the drum solo became known as the Amen Break, which has been used in thousands of tracks in a large number of musical genres, including drum and bass, hip hop,[1] jungle, big beat, industrial and electronica.[2]
The "Color Him Father" record sold over one million copies, and received a gold record awarded by the Recording Industry Association of America on 24 July 1969.[3]
The Winstons line-up included:[3]
- Gregory C. Coleman (vocals, drums)
- Ray Maritano (vocals, alto saxophone)
- Quincy Mattison (vocals, lead guitar)
- Sonny Pekerol (vocals, bass guitar)
- Richard Lewis Spencer (lead vocals, tenor saxophone)
- Phil Tolotta (second lead, organ)
The Winstons toured as backup for The Impressions.[3]
Notable songs[edit]
- "Color Him Father" — (1969, Billboard Hot 100 # 7)
- "Amen, Brother" — (1969)
- "Love of The Common People" — (1969, Billboard Hot 100 # 54)
See also[edit]
- ^ Nottingham, Kevin (16 March 2009). "Top 10 Most Sampled Songs in Hip Hop". Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ The Amen break's impact on history
- ^ a b c Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 270. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
External links[edit]
|This article on a United States R&B/soul music band, group, or collective is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Ruth R. Wisse
Great works of fiction become universal and remain able to surprise, delight, inform, or otherwise overwhelm current readers. What gives them this power? How do writers become adjectives like Babelian, Bellovian, or Kafkaesque? This course moves through the twentieth century through the literature of a multilingual people, with works in Hebrew, Yiddish, German, Russian, Italian, and English. We see how variously Jewish writers interpret modern history and their own situation within it. Note: Course has additional hour to be arranged.
Enrollment Limited: No
Open to BTI Students: No
Jointly offered as AES 29
0.50 credits
Spring 2014
Tue Thu 11am-12pm
FAS Sever Hall Room 103
Relationship to Program Requirements
|Program Requirement
|Area / Category / Art / Designation
|MTS Area(s) of Focus
|MDiv Distribution Category/ies
|MDiv Art(s) of Ministry
|Language Course Designation(s)
|Content language course


text:
Knox school security guard on leave after shooting at club
Police say charges pending
A Knox County Schools security guard could face charges after a weekend shooting outside a private club, authorities said Wednesday.
Rondal Capshaw, 62, was placed on leave Monday, Knox County Schools spokeswoman Melissa Ogden said. He has worked for the school system since 2008.
Capshaw was working a side job as a security guard Saturday around 1:10 a.m. at the Elks Club, 3919 Holston Drive, in East Knoxville when an argument inside the club spilled out into the parking lot, Knoxville Police Department spokesman Darrell DeBusk said. Capshaw ultimately drew his gun and shot Jefferson Grady, 38, in the groin, DeBusk said.
Grady, who's on parole for an aggravated burglary conviction, insists he was unarmed and just trying to separate two friends.
"I didn't do anything," Grady said Wednesday. "I just tried to defuse the situation, and he unholstered his gun and shot me. I didn't show no hostility. He was looking right at me. He could see I didn't have a weapon."
Grady was treated at the University of Tennessee Medical Center. Capshaw wasn't hurt, police said.
Charges are pending against Capshaw, DeBusk said. He didn't say what charges.
Rodney Beverly, acting chief of school security, said Capshaw was working the security job on his own time. He had informed the school system about the job, Beverly said.
"He had been told to work outside the club and not inside," Beverly said.
School officials wouldn't say at what schools Capshaw has worked, claiming that would jeopardize school security.
Subscribe to the News Sentinel
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Call us at 1-877-304-7769.
Monday – Friday: 7 a.m. – 3 p.m. / Saturday & Sunday: 7 a.m. – 11 a.m.


text:
Teaching activities to try out in the classroom. For each one you will find a simple guide for preparation and procedure, and sometimes printable worksheets too.
Fun facts
This activity is all about fun facts and helps adults or older teenage students to practise question forms. This activity works well with mixed ability classes because students who might be less confident with their English have an opportunity of doing well because of their general knowledge.
Teaching Unplugged - Activities
If you'd like to have a first go at 'Teaching Unplugged' your aim is simply to get students to produce language and then to use the language they produce as the basis for your lesson.
Thinking time - a puzzle
This is a motivating speaking activity for lower levels to develop fluency. Students are given plenty of support and use 'thinking time' before the speaking task. The lesson is usually successful with adults and teenagers because of the 'puzzle' element. The only materials you need are a box of cocktail sticks.
Motivating speaking activities for lower levels
These activities are all designed to motivate lower level learners to speak in pairs or small groups.
This jigsaw-viewing activity is based on two video clips from National Geographic's Mega-structures series
Writing poems with 'Spark'
"Writing poems? No, this wouldn't work with my students!" If you feel skeptical about getting your students to try their hand at composing poems or songs in class, try this activity.
Word Family Framework
The Word Family Framework (WFF) places 22,000 words on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).
Playing with lexical cards
Very often students know the meaning of a word but don't know how to use it correctly. This is often because they don't know what words go with what other words, i.e. collocations.
Pairwork: tai chi classes
This is a simple pairwork activity that can be used with low level groups to provide practice in the present simple question form – What does he/she do on…?, days of the week, times and leisure activities. The lesson is designed for adults but could also be used with older teenagers.
Three of a kind?
Use this activity to practice the use of comparatives and superlatives and to introduce more complex ways of comparison.
Retelling the story
This activity can be used in a number of different ways and for a number of different tenses. I have used it to practise using there is / are and the present continuous. However it's up to the teacher or students to decide on this.
Sitcom activity: creating a sitcom
This activity is suitable for intermediate level students and above. Students create a new sitcom in groups.
Poetic introductions / A picture game
One way to introduce vocabulary could be having your students write poems.
An Interview with Sir Peter
This activity is based on the real story of Merhan Karimi Nasseri, who found himself unable to leave Charles de Gaulle airport in France, but became a popular subject for TV and newspaper interviews. It is a pair-work speaking, listening, reading and writing exercise for students who are at a good intermediate level or above.
Vocabulary phonemic revision activity
I am a great believer in teaching phonetic script with new words, alongside their spelling, stress patterns and L1 equivalents.
Have you ever...?
This activity practises 'have you ever...? to talk about life experiences. It is student led in terms of the content and is satisfying as a result.
Elementary podcasts
This is a simple listening activity that can be used with adults and secondary groups, and is based on LearnEnglish Elementary Podcasts. There is a lead-in activity that students can do in class and then a follow on task that can be done in class or set as homework.
Understanding dialogues
These are two simple listening activities which test students' understanding of two dialogues.
'The Washing Line' - teaching clothes vocabulary
This is a good vocabulary activity to use with younger learners.
'Wall dictionary'
This is a good way to help kids learn and review their vocabulary. It really helps them with the alphabet and spelling.
A business letter
In this activity, learners attempt to re-write an inappropriately informal business letter in a more appropriate, formal style.
A class magazine
Class projects can be an excellent way to focus the whole class and get them working together towards a common goal.
A class survey
Doing surveys can be a useful way of getting your students to interact, produce question forms and collect and analyse real information.
A creative writing activity: A dark and stormy night
This is an idea I learned when I first started teaching and still use to this day. The main focus of the activity is on developing writing skills, but it's also good for developing listening and reading skills and also for practising past tenses and descriptive vocabulary.
A Perfect story
The present perfect is a tense that many students have problems with. Most course books provide only controlled grammar sentences where students choose the correct tense.
A Reading Task and Role Play
Here is an activity to challenge the students' reading skills at intermediate level and give them controlled speaking practice in a role play. The learners have to put a jumbled conversation into the correct order and can then act it out in pairs. The conversation takes place in a Travel Agent's.


text:
The Friday night college football game features a matchup that will be interesting to watch as the TCU Horned Frogs and the BYU Cougars face off at Dallas Cowboys Stadium.
FREE PICKS: Visit Bookie Blitz often as picks are always updated and check out the links below for more free previews
The opening line in this game has TCU listed as 11 point favorites. That number has been bet up two points as the early betting public has backed the double digit chalk to the tune of 74% and currently sits at 13.5 at some offshore sportsbooks.
The following could be due to the last game as the Horned Frogs trounced New Mexico by the final score of 69-0. That game should be almost completely overlooked as New Mexico is simply one of the worst teams in all of college football. TCU scored touchdowns on three of its four possessions in the second quarter to lead 41-0 at halftime, on their way to a record setting performance. They will get a much tougher challenge this week against the Cougars.
The Cougars had an equally impressive win over Idaho State, but they come into this game with an impressive body of work. They are on a five game winning streak and they have played against some tough opponents this year. The Cougars have this game circled as a chance to show that they can compete with winning teams. TCU has won the last three meetings by a combined score of 101-17 and if the Cougars can reverse that trend, it will go a long way to building confidence on this team.
Quarterback Riley Nelson will be called on to lead the Cougars in this game and he has been steady at the helm and does not turn the ball over, which will be vital in this contest.
The college football trends back BYU in this contest.
The Cougars are 11-2 against the spread (ATS) in their last 13 games after allowing less than 100 yards rushing in their previous game, 8-2 ATS in their last 10 games following a win, and 4-0 ATS in their last four road games against a team with a winning home record.
The Horned Frogs are 0-5 ATS in their last five non-conference games and will have trouble covering this big number.
College Football Picks Week 9: BYU Cougars +13.5
College Football Picks Week Nine
Tuesday Night College Football: Troy vs. FIU
Thursday Night College Football: Rice vs. Houston
Thursday Night College Football: Virginia vs. Miami
Wednesday College Football: UConn vs. Pittsburgh


text:
Key things you need to know aboutAnise Pyronneau:
Anise Pyronneau's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Anise Pyronneau's Specialties
- Social Work
- View 1 specialty
More About Anise Pyronneau's Background
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Anise Pyronneau
Be the first to evaluate Anise Pyronneau by taking our Patient Satisfaction Survey.
Your feedback will help other patients make informed decisions, and let the doctor know how she's doing.
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
- 8956 162nd St Fl 2
- Jamaica, NY 11432
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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text:
'Modern mapping tools enhance solid minerals discovery'
The Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) has said its modern mapping tools have helped in understanding the occurrences and quality of more solid mineral resources.
These tools include the regional geological mapping, airborne geophysical surveys and the regional geo- chemical mapping.
Its Director-General, Dr Siyan Malomo, said in the face of the enormous challenges of accelerated mapping, generation and dissemination of geosciences data and information, the agency emphasises the use of broad mapping tools for prospecting in the country.
And as more solid minerals are being discovered, Malomo said the mining sector will be able to contribute to the economy through generation of wealth, industrial development and the provision of infrastructure.
He said it was quite unfortunate that the mining industry has been providing limited contribution to the country's GDP no thanks to the misplaced priority, especially in the area of accessing reliable geological data on mineral resources for investment.
Applauding the efforts of the agency, he said the reliability of its geological data is reflective in the increase in the number of foreigners, who have been thronging the NGSA headquarters in Abuja since May 2006, for inquiries on some mineral resources.
He added that credible local and foreign investors are also seizing the opportunity of a visit to get them furnished with adequate information on where to deploy their funds in the mining sector.
By Bidemi Bakare
Malomo said out of the 48 maps produced at a scale of 1:100,000, the agency had been able to produce 26 regional geological maps since its establishment as against 22 maps produced before the establishment of the agency.
On the status of airborne geophysical surveys, Malomo said the acquisition of airborne magnetic data for the country is completed while the purchase of radiometric data for the country without the Niger Delta on the account of wetness is completed. He said the acquisition of gravimetric data for Niger Delta has also been completed.
He said these surveys are needed for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, groundwater prospecting, engineering and land use planning, mitigation of geological hazards and risks, among others.
As for regional geo chemical mapping, he said: "This is the analysis of soil, sediments and water on a regional basis to produce a body of geochemical data for the country." He added that the regional chemical mapping projects, which consists of four components, is done solely by an NGSA staff member with or without supervision.
"The initial component funded by the Federal Government is carried out by the NGSA staff while the second component by the collaboration between the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the NGSA is facilitated by the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Unit of the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development. The third component is done by NGSA staff with some supervision by the BGS. The fourth component is to be carried out by NGSA staff without any supervision,' he said.
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Job News : Teaching vacancies in Lagos Schools
Lagos State Ministry of Education is to recruit qualified teachers and graduates without teaching qualifications to teach twenty subjects in its junior and senior secondary ... Full story


text:
Jacob Latimore
Artist: Jacob Latimore
Featuring: T-Pain
Last we heard from Jacob Latimore, the RCA Records crooner was having trouble choosing between the myriad beautiful women competing for his affections. He Like[d] 'Em All too much to pick just... More
Posted one year ago
Artist: Jacquees
Featuring: Jacob Latimore | Issa
Song: Clean
If you were to reach out and touch Booth newcomer Jacquees, you'd hear an audible squeak; the ATL crooner is just that damn Clean. On his latest promo single, a refreshing synth beat by... More
Posted 3 years ago
Artist: Jacob Latimore
Featuring: Issa
Song: Like 'Em All
Being a chick magnet is nice (believe me, I know), but what do you do when numerous women are clamoring for your attention and you Like 'Em All? On Jacob Latimore's first Booth feature... More
Posted 3 years ago
Sample Text - Sample Link


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
23 year old man | Homerville, OH, USA | Seeking women 21-26 within 50 miles
Life is tough, but it's tougher when your stupid....
Well where to begin.... I'm Zach, I'm 22 I'm Funny, outgoing, easy to talk to, cunning,smart, and clever. Im very grateful for the family and friends that I have and how much they mean to me. We are as close as close can be! I like to laugh and anyone who can do that... kudos to you! I'm a talker so there would be no problem for you getting to know me. I'm the polar opposite of shy. Im very passionate about the outdoors an avid bowhunter and love just shooting whenever I can. I also fish just about everyday its nice out! Hunting and fishing are two of the things that I enjoy doing and are very relaxing to me. I'm also a HUGE gun nut an avid shooter! I absolutely love my job even though it can be very stressfully. I love going to country concerts and got a couple tickets for some this summer! I guess you could say I'm looking for a country girl or some sort of southern belle but I'm open for really anything the world throws at me. I'm looking for a woman who's laid back and easy going like me but is determined and goal driven when it comes to her occupation, schooling or whatever it may be. She's gotta know how to have fun, and not afraid to get a lil muddy or smelly doing the stuff I love to do. It would be awesome if there were women out there who knew how to shoot but those are just hard to come by! If you wanna know anything else just lemme know!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Watching sports
Auto racing / Motorcross, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Football, Golf, Running, Swimming
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I don't believe in astrology
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses, Other
On the boat on the Lake, In the Woods, Disney, Thirsty Cowboy, Dusty A, Movies, Restaurants, Blossom Music Center, Hilton Head, Iron Pony Saloon
Kent State University, Kent, OH
Country, Classic Rock, Classical, Action and Adventure Movies, Comedy shows and movies, Food, Guns, Trucks, God, My country, Family
Love going to the movies, trying new restaurants, target shooting, trap shooting, shooting my bow, hunting, fishing, movies, relaxing outside, Riding Quads, golfing, driving with no place to go, trying new things, and well surprisingly shopping!
Guns and Ammo
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|5'3" (160cms) to 6'8" (203cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|No preference
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
Sales for northern Ohio's largest electrical distributor
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Other, Christian / Other
|Some college
|No preference


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Chinese Pork Tenderloin With Garlic Sauce
|Pork tenderloin
|2 Pound, trimmed of any fat
|Asian sesame oil
|2 Tablespoon
|Peanut oil
|1 Tablespoon
|20 Clove (100 gm), finely chopped
|Dry sherry wine
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Chinese black vinegar/Rice wine vinegar
|3 Tablespoon
|Soy sauce
|2 Tablespoon
|Salted black bean chili sauce
|2 Teaspoon (Hunan-Style)
|Cilantro sprig
|2 (For Garnish)
Preheat oven to 450° F.
Place the pork on a flat roasting rack set inside a lightly greased roasting pan.
Roast for 15 to 17 minutes or until the center is still just barely pink.
(The meat will continue cooking once it is removed from the oven.) Remove from oven and let stand for 10 minutes before slicing.
Meanwhile, make the garlic sauce: In a small saute pan, heat the sesame and peanut oils over moderate heat.
Add the garlic and saute, stirring frequently, for 3 to 4 minutes or until the garlic just starts to turn light golden brown.
Add the sherry and cook until it evaporates, about 2 minutes.
Add the remaining ingredients except cilantro and cook for 1 to 2 minutes, stirring frequently.
Cut the pork into thin slices and arrange on a platter.
Drizzle with the garlic sauce.
Garnish with the cilantro, and serve immediately.


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Now is the time to record your daily life experiences. With so much change happening in our world, keeping a sketchbook journal is a great way to stay mentally healthy and artistically satisfied. In an upcoming workshop, participants will be learning many ways to record daily experiences using drawing, painting and written reflections. Instructor Kathy Kernan will introduce participants to the wide variety of methods and materials for maintaining a sketchbook journal. She will share her own sketchbooks and assist the participants with their first entries. Weather permitting, time will be spent outdoors so students can also make "en plein air" entries in their journals. A materials list will be provided to all registered participants.
"A sketchbook journal is personal and private, much like a diary. The sketches make you smile when you look back through your journal and reminisce," said Carol Iannitti of MAD Art, Inc. "We are fortunate to have such a talented artist guiding this workshop."
Kernan is an award-winning artist who has exhibited (including several one-woman shows) and taught at a number of venues in the Mohawk Valley, the Thousand Islands and the Adirondacks. Her specialties include watercolors and drawing and she is especially interested in landscapes, still-lifes, and the figure. She is a signature member of the Central New York Watercolor Society. In 2008 her painting won the prestigious Realism in Nature Award in the National Exhibition of American Watercolors, one of the top 3 watercolor exhibitions in the United States. She has taught art all her life both in the schools as a teacher, and most recently for adults in the region. She is an impassioned and prolific sketchbook journalist and received her formal art training from the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn.
To register for the Sketchbook Journal Workshop on May 3, noon to 4 p.m. at the Colgate Bookstore Community Room, or to register for Regi Carpenter's Tales for Tiny People--Storytelling Workshop on April 25 at the same venue, call 824-1843 or 243-1248, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Castrol Team Hahn Racing lead European Truck Racing points
Castrol Team Hahn Racing driver Jochen Hahn has kicked off his 2014 European Truck Racing Championship campaign off in style winning topping the points table after round one Read More
Castrol Team Hahn Racing driver Jochen Hahn has kicked off his 2014 European Truck Racing Championship campaign off in style winning topping the points table after round one Read More
Despite tough track conditions in a drama-packed race, Gabriele Tarquini (P2) and Tiago Monteiro (P3) showed great teamwork for Castrol Honda to score the team's first double podium of the season Read More
Castrol-backed John Force Racing driver Courtney Force has raced into the history books at the 26th annual NHRA Kansas Nationals at Heartland Park Topeka winning the Funny Car title and securing the 100th victory for female professionals in the premiere NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series Read More
Castrol EDGE V8 Predictor 'perrebros' has taken round honours after the fifth V8 Supercars Championship event at the Perth 400 scoring themselves a $100 BP fuel card Read More
The Castrol-backed John Force Racing driver Robert Hight and crew chief Mike Neff have won for the fourth time in the 2014 NHRA series and for the third consecutive event Read More
Double Paralympic champion and former Formula 1 driver Zanardi returned to Brands Hatch for the first time since he claimed two gold medals at London 2012 to finish fifth overall in the circuit's main race of the second round of the 2014 Blancpain Sprint Series Read More
Mike Rockenfeller and has taken the lead of the DTM drivers' championship thanks to a second place finish at the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben behind the wheel of his Castrol EDGE oiled Audi RS 5 DTM Read More
Castrol-backed Team GO&FUN Honda Gresini rider Alvaro Bautista made it two Hondas on the podium with a storming ride to third at the French Grand Prix that helped erase memories of a difficult start to his season Read More
Castrol-backed Ford Pepsi Max Crew's Chaz Mostert has claimed his maiden victory for the factory Ford team after a mature and decisive drive in Race 16 of the V8 Supercars Championship at the Perth 400 Read More
With less than 24 hours to place their tips for Round 5 of the V8 Supercars Championship players of the Castrol EDGE V8 Predictor have their sights set on current championship leader Mark Winterbottom Read More
In this week's edition of the Castrol EDGE Australia eNewsletter we celebrate with VW on yet another WRC win. Castrol-backed BMW create DTM history for the M4 as Pata Honda's Jonathan Rea rides to the top of the World Superbike standings. Race, rally, karts and bikes, it's all here and a bunch more! Read More
Castrol-oiled crews head out west this week for round five of the V8 Supercars Championship - the Perth 400 Read More
The Castrol Honda Civics of Tiago Monteiro and Gabriele Tarquini finished seventh and eighth respectively for Race 1 of the WTCC event at Slovakia Ring. Race 2 was cancelled due to dangerous conditions Read More
Castrol-supported Tony Norton drove to his maiden Lightning Sprint feature-race win during Saturday night's Speedway event at Brisbane's Archerfield Speedway Read More
Castrol EDGE-oiled Volvo Polestar Racing driver Fredrik Ekblom won the second race of the 2014 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship at Knutstorp in the south of Sweden Read More
Jari-Matti Latvala has headed home a one-two finish for the Castrol EDGE-oiled Volkswagen Motorsport team at the World Rally Championship event in Argentina Read More
Castrol-backed Pata Honda rider Jonathan Rea moved to the top of the World Superbike Championship after completing an impressive double victory in Round 4 at Imola Read More
Round two of the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC) at Spa marked the first podium finish for the Castrol-oiled Audi R18 e-tron quattro in this year's FIA World Endurance Championship Read More
Castrol-backed Honda Yuasa Racing bagged a mix of race wins and podium finishes during the third round of the British Touring Car Championship Read More
The Number 55 Castrol EDGE-oiled BMW Z4 GTLM, secured the fourth consecutive BMW Team RLL podium finish of the 2014 United SportsCar Championship race at California's Laguna Seca circuit Read More
The new Castrol EDGE-oiled BMW M4 DTM opened its career with a dream result in Hockenheim at the opening round of the 2014 DTM Championship Read More
Tiago Monteiro stood proudly on the podium not once but twice having raced his Castrol Honda Civic WTCC into third for Race 1 and second in Race 2 at the FIA World Touring Car Championship event at the Hungaroring Read More
Castrol-backed GO&FUN Honda have kicked their 2014 MotoGP season into gear with Alvaro Bautista finishing sixth in Jerez for the Spanish Grand Prix Read More
Three new winners were crowned during the second round of the Castrol EDGE CIK Stars of Karting Championships in Adelaide, with an epic rivalry being built in the premier KZ2 Gearbox category Read More
In this week's edition of the Castrol EDGE Australia eNewsletter we celebrate with Ford Performance Racing after Frosty wins in New Zealand and takes the championship lead. Robert Hight continues his NHRA winning ways, Greg Murphy is crowned V8 SuperTourer Champion and big news from Castrol and our involvement with V8 Supercars! All that and a whole bunch more, right here! Read More
Long-time Australian motorsport supporter, Castrol, has sealed a deal to become the platform naming rights sponsor for the Townsville street race from July 4-6 Read More
Castrol EDGE V8 Predictor 'snapper head racing' has taken round honours after the fourth V8 Supercars Championship event at the ITM500 Auckland scoring themselves a $100 BP fuel card Read More
Castrol EDGE-backed Greg Murphy has secured the 2014 BNT V8 SuperTourer Championship after scoring victory in three races at Pukekohe Read More
Castrol-backed John Force Racing driver Robert Hight has won again this weekend at the NHRA's 27th annual O'Reilly Auto Parts Spring Nationals at Royal Purple Raceway Read More
Jonathan Rea took a commanding win on his Castrol-oiled Pata Honda CBR1000RR Fireblade SP in the second of Sunday's two third-round World Superbike races at Assen in the Netherlands Read More


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Broadway and Opera Singer Martín Solá to Perform Concert at Lafayette College, 2/9
Broadway singing sensation and cabaret star Martín Solá, the Pesky Artist-in-Residence for 2012-2013, will perform Amor y Desengaño (Love and Betrayal) at 8 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 9 in Lafayette College's Williams Center for the Arts, 317 Hamilton St. The special event is free but tickets are required.
Tickets are available by calling The Box Office at (610) 330-5009 weekdays from noon to 2 p.m., 4 to 5 p.m. and one hour before the show.
Solá is a versatile artist who has performed extensively on theater, opera, and concert stages throughout the United States and abroad. He has appeared on Broadway in The King and I, Coram Boy, and La Bohème, and has been a featured artist with the New York Pops at Carnegie Hall. Solá has also performed in more than a dozen productions with The New York City Opera, and has made numerous television appearances singing for Andrea Bocelli. For more info, visit www.martinsola.com
Amor y Desengaño (Love and Betrayal) is part of Solá's continuing commitment to perform songs from the Spanish and Latin American repertoire. This concert is a tribute to Gilberto Monroig, one of the most cherished popular singers of Puerto Rico, featuring songs popularized by Monroig in the 1950s and 1960s, brought together in a modern adaptation to tell an impassioned story of love and betrayal. Solá will perform with a conjunto (band) of accomplished musicians from the New York Latin music scene.
Musicians include Martín Solá, lead vocals; Juancho Herrera, guitar; Jorge Torres, guitar; Vitor Gonçalvez, accordion; Yayo Serka, percussion; and Benjamin Willis, bass.
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I'm not mad or sad, I know what the game consists of, and I hopefully will participate in many more games after this one, it's fun.
I'm not mad or sad, I know what the game consists of, and I hopefully will participate in many more games after this one, it's fun.
I meant the team player bit.
Uh, last game? Protecting myself was a ruse and a strategy to kill a demon. This game I've given you how many demons there are and pinpointed their coordinates. Not an exact pinpoint, but you know where to start.
What have you done lately Mr. NotaDolphin? <3
All random guesses are dumb. I even said so while we were doing it. It is the nature of the beast when it's the last strategy you have. We've all died due to random guessing/having to kill off villagers to get a demon/monster/wolf.
What the hell happened to River? Has he died of dysentery?
Not necessarily, Mucky didn't exactly see who the demons were, the way he made it sound it was more like good guesswork.
Where the fuck is River?
It's been three days since his last post here, let's just move on.
Just a heads up I will be gone all day and night. Back tomorrow around 12:00 GMT. No internets where I am going.
Weekend are fairly quiet mate, it's all good.
It will be a loong night then, let's just hope the Ghost Robots go away for the weekend and never come back


text:
I saw many videos on different cloth diapers. I check on ebay and for like $160 I will have 50 cloth diapers with inserts a good review brand online called Alva.
Had anyone have use cloth diapers after using disposable diapers . What kind of soap is good . What diaper pail I can use to prevent the smell of poop in the room, any suggestions, has anyone has use disposable liners in the baby cloth diapers, how to use then on the go to be practical.


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APC POOL OF WRITERS: Two job announcements, one pool
By APCNews
BERLIN, GERMANY, 04 May 2007
1. APCNEWS: Freelance writers wanted for APCNews!
APCNews in English, APCNoticias in Spanish, and APCNouvelles in French
are distributed monthly by APC -- a worldwide network supporting the use
of Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org">internet
social justice and sustainable development since 1990.
APCNews writers are:
* Advocates, journalists, bloggers, researchers, and people with an
interest in the field of internet and ICTs for social change
* Proficient in English, Spanish and/or French with excellent
writing skills
* Able to report on one or more of APC's thematic areas: APC">ICT policy
and policy analysis, the APC Annual Report 2005">strategic use of ICTs for social justice work,
"E stands for environment: ICT tools to empower activists struggling to protect environment around the world", APCNews (22 June 2006) ">environment and ICTs and/or GenderIT.org">gender and ICTs.
* Applicants who have an appreciation of social activism, social
movements and/or the civil society sector
* Based in any continent. Preference will be given to writers from
the global south.
Writers should be interested in producing in-depth analysis features,
interviews and/or short news articles on a freelance basis.
We are interested in working with writers from all continents. APC is a
virtual network and in general most of our research and interviews are
done online. The writer rarely meets the subjects of his/her work.
If you're interested in writing for APCNews in English, French or
Spanish, please submit the following in the language you intend to write
-- Your résumé
-- A letter of intent which tells us about your experience and the
challenges faced by a journalist working online, your interest in
writing for APC, APC thematic areas that you are familiar with, other
languages you speak
-- Three samples of writings
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*If you are interested in writing in more than one language, please
submit your letter of intent in the languages applicable.
Send your application to email@example.com with the subject line "Pool
of writers: APCNews -- Your Name" by May 15 2007.
Applications which do not contain the information as requested or
which contain viruses will be disqualified. Only short-listed candidates
will be contacted by APC.
2. GENDERIT.ORG: Calling for writers on ICT policy and gender in Africa
and the Arab world
Source: APC Annual Report 2006 ">GenderIT.orghas been cited by readers as an important, singular website
that engages with issues around gender & ICT policies.
We are building a pool of writers (in collaboration with APCNews) to
contribute on a freelance basis. The first call for writers in 2006
received many outstanding applicants, some of whom have become part of
our dynamic writing pool.
However, to keep the site relevant to diverse realities, we are now
issuing a second round of calls, specifically for writers from the
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The GenderIT.org writers are:
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in the field of gender, development and/or ICT polices;
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* Applicants should be able to offer gender/feminist analysis on ICT
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depend on the kind of articles, issues covered and level of analysis.
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line "Pool of writers: GenderIT.org -- Your Name". Deadline is May 15, 2007.


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This here is my basic firearms maintenance kit. Yeah, basic for me…but with this one kit, I can clean and service pretty much any basic firearm, as well as detail strip and do armorer's maintenance on SIG-Sauer P-series pistols, Glock handguns, and AR-15s. However, it's all saddled up in a large tacklebox that really takes up a lot of space, and is more than most people will need for a basic maintenance kit. I'm sure you'll notice several things that no prepper with a gun should be without:
-CLEANING ROD: - A MUST. Your firearm's bore is the most important part of the firearm when it comes to maintaining accuracy. A segmented, QUALITY rod (not the cheapo Wal-Mart aluminum kit ones) made out of brass, (preferably) coated steel will last indefinitely if taken care of (and not used to pound stuck bullets out of the bore!). I keep a sturdy brass one in my kit, and a smaller segmented steel one with my Grab-n-Go AR. Warning: steel ones can damage the rifling, so care is needed.
-BORE BRUSHES/JAGS: To go on the cleaning rod, you need caliber-specific bore brushes. They can be bronze or stainless steel – I prefer to have a mix of both. Solvents can slowly melt copper brushes, so they are good for just scrubbing, where the stainless ones are a bit rougher on the bore, so I use them when I am using solvents to eradicate powder residue and copper jacket buildup. Jags are barbed or slotted tools that hold patches onto the cleaning rod, so you can run solvents and oil in the bore, or swab the crap out. I heartily recommend stocking up on these…they are less than a couple bucks apiece, store forever, but don't last forever under use.
-CLEANING PATCHES: These can be either pre-made caliber-specific perfect squares, bought from a store, or knife-cut pieces of your old tighety whiteys. These have myriad uses; they can be used to wipe oil on a gun, clean out carbon, swab solvents down a bore, or….? It's always good to have lots of these around, as well as an old t-shirt or three that can be used for everything as well.
-TOOTHBRUSH: Always handy to have around, to scrub out bolt faces, the front of revolver cylinders, and anywhere else you have residue buildup. I keep a standard dental one, a nylon one, a brass one, and a stainless steel one. You can buy kits with all of them in it for dirt money, and they're versatile as hell. Get some!
-CLP: Cleaner/Lubricant/Preservative. Developed for the military, Break-Free is the most popular brand, and it works pretty well to cover most of the firearms lubricant bases. I have some in my grab-n-go bag for field maintenance, but for long-term storage, or in-depth cleaning, it really has a lot to be desired. More on that later.
-SCREWDRIVER MULTI-TOOL/LEATHERMAN: Sometimes, screws get loosened up with use, and need to be tightened. Pretty simple.
-Q-TIPS: Stock up on these puppies. Know how they get in your hard-to-reach ear spaces for cleaning? They do the same thing for guns too.
The above items should be in everyone's BOB for firearms (and other stuff!) maintenance, and will get you by for basic cleaning. However, after a couple thousand rounds, any gun (no matter what the internet armchair gunshow commandos say!) can jam or have parts break, especially under hard use and adverse conditions. I'm guessing that when SHTF, it ain't gonna be as easy on firearms (or anything else!) as a day going to the range with the buddies, and you probably won't have the luxury of sitting and choosing what you'll have with you.
In your bug-in location, you should have the provisions to completely detail-strip your firearm, and the tools and spare parts to support it. It goes without saying that the more commonly available firearms will be easier now (and after a disaster of sorts) to find parts for (even scavenging off found guns), so plan your firearms choice accordingly…and remember that you get what you pay for. That SIG Sauer may be $900, but it's gonna stay in service one hell of a lot better than a $250 Bersa. But I digress.
A few extra items you should have in a secure location, for when your gun goes down, or if you have the luxury of doing preventative maintenance:
-PUNCH SET/BALL PEEN HAMMER: Most guns utilize pins to hold them together, and you will probably, at some point, need to drive them out to replace those parts. A couple sets of steel punches (They do break!) will be a lifesaver. I have 1/16″, 3/32″, 1/8″, and 5/32″ sizes, and they take care of 90% of what I need. A couple brass punches wouldn't hurt either, for they don't mar finishes. A good hammer to drive them is a must.
-RUBBER/PLASTIC MALLET: Sometimes parts just gotta be smacked. True story. Use something that won't break things.
-SOLVENTS/OILS/GREASE: For more thorough cleaning, just any ol' lube you find in a shed won't do. Yeah, WD-40 can be used in a pinch, but for serious work, use the right stuff for the right job. CLP is a good all-around lube to keep your guns going in the field, where you won't have the luxury of carrying a lot of stuff, but having a dedicated solvent to really break up lead, copper, and caked up powder residue is a must. I use Shooter's Choice and the good ol' Hoppe's No. 9 for these duties, and they are awesome at it. A big bottle of No.9 will last you a while, and is a godsend for cleaning bores and built-up gun crap anywhere in a gun. Nobody should be without a couple big bottles squirreled away.
A dedicated gun oil to lubricate and protect finishes is also a must. I use Hoppe's Elite, Militec-1 Synthetic metal conditioner, Extreme Weapons Lube, and/or Frog Lube. Most of these penetrate into the pores of the gun and stay there a good long time, maintaining lubricity and keeping moving parts moving and from rusting, such as frame rails for a pistol slide. A couple drops will do wonders, and it should go a long way.
For places where there is metal-to-metal contact, like a sear-to-hammer contact, or disconnectors, I use a dab of good synthetic grease like Magnalube. Grease is good because if you shake the gun or it gets soaked, it doesn't go anywhere, and it keeps parts from seizing. However, it does accumulate dirt and debris, so use it sparingly.
-GUNSMITH'S SCREWDRIVER KIT: While most modern guns use pins, older and more traditional guns use screws to hold them together. A Gunsmith's set will have the proper hollow-ground screwdriver bits to fit firearms screws properly.
-SIGHT PUSHER TOOL: Many of these are universal. Will save you when your gun gets banged on a rock right on the sights. It's happened to me under regular hunting conditions, so I can just imagine how it will happen under more dire circumstances. A sight pusher will get your sights realigned.
-GUN-SPECIFIC TOOLS: In the above picture, the top screwdriver multi-tool is all I need to pull a SIG-Sauer apart. The bottom punch and orange plate are all I need for a Glock. I have a few dedicated tools for AR-15s (barrel wrenches, etc.) for my AR-15. But they are tools that it will be hard to rig or make in the field, so it's good to find if there are specific tools needed for your weapons platform disassembly.
-VISE: A good bench-mounted vise, with a couple hockey pucks, will clamp your gun solidly if you need to really wrench on some parts.
-DENTAL PICK: Helps scrape junk out in crevices, etc.
-SPARE PARTS: Spare parts, generally, are pretty cheap, or at least the ones that go frequently are. Coil spring replacement sets for guns are readily available (peruse www.brownells.com, www.midwayusa.com, and www.gunpartscorp.com for your gun) and inexpensive. For instance, a complete spring kit for my SIG P220 is about $15, and includes recoil spring, mainspring, firing pin spring, disconnector spring, and mag release spring. I have three of those kits (most coil springs have a service life of about 5,000 rounds). Metal parts, like extractors and ejectors, wear too, and a few of those should be on hand for each gun you have. Service kits are available for many guns, and will have all the commonly worn parts in a package.
-ARMORER'S MANUALS AND KNOWLEDGE: I can't recommend this enough: KNOW YOUR SHTF GUN INSIDE AND OUT. Yeah, it's good to be able to scrub the bore, but if you have to replace the hammer spring on your AR-15, do you know how? If not, you are well and truly screwed when that part, for instance, breaks. If possible, take an armorer's course for your specific weapons platform, or know someone if your group who has, and get him/her supplied. Courses are $300-$400 or so, and will be worth every penny and more when the chips are down. As an added bonus, being able to fix someone's gun could very well be a great point for bartering…
Sorry for the long post, but it's an important one to consider. Like cars, guns don't last forever under constant use and abuse, and being able to take care of them could very well save your life. Why not know how to do it?
Next week, we'll delve into proper cleaning methods with the above stuff! Fun fun!
Stay safe!