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text:
A multiplexed data channel telephone system comprising a master station (221) and one or more remote stations (222) is disclosed. Each station (221, 222) is bridged, in a parallel electrical connection, onto a wire-pair (201) that extends from the stations to a telephone switching system. Each station (221, 222) includes a voiceband line interface (110, 310) for connecting to the wire-pair (201) at voiceband frequencies, and a radio frequency line interface (700, 800) for connecting to the wire-pair (201) at radio frequencies. Each station further includes multiplexer and demultiplexer equipment (500, 600) for frequency shifting a data channel between baseband and rf. Amplitude modulation and half-duplex transmission are used in the data channel. Telephone status and control information, including ringing and answer control, are exchanged between controllers (160, 360) via the data channel. Remote stations (222) minimize the amount of equipment required by using the data channel to control common equipment at the master station (221) that interacts with incoming telephone lines (201, 202).
1. Telephone apparatus for installation at a subscriber's location and interconnection with a wire-pair that extends from the subscriber's location to a telephone switching system, the telephone apparatus including a master station and one or more remote stations bridged onto the wire-pair in a parallel electrical connection, each station including a hybrid circuit for interconnecting electrical signals, at baseband, between the wire-pair and a microphone and loudspeaker,
characterized in that
the master station comprises:
a processer for controlling the operation of the master station in accordance with a stored program, said processor exchanging signaling information with the telephone switching system over the wire-pair at baseband, and exchanging status and command information with the remote stations over the wire-pair at frequencies above baseband;
a data multiplexer for frequency shifting status information, generated by the processor into the frequency band above baseband;
means interconnecting the data multiplexer with the wire-pair;
a data demultiplexer for frequency shifting multiplexed command information, generated by the remote station, to baseband;
means interconnecting the data demultiplexer with the processor; and
the remote station comprises:
a station housing including visual display devices and one or more manually operated switches for generating command information;
a data multiplexer for frequency shifting command information generated by the manually operated switches into the frequency band above baseband;
means interconnecting the data multiplexer with the wire-pair;
a data demultiplexer for frequency shifting multiplexed status information, generated by the processor at the master station, to baseband; and
means interconnecting the baseband status information to the visual display device.
2. The telephone apparatus of claim 1 wherein the master station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude approximately matches the impedance of the wire-pair, and wherein the remote station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude is substantially higher than that of the master station, whereby the remote station does not significantly load AC signals on the wire-pair.
3. Telephone station apparatus for installation at a subscriber's location and interconnection with a wire-pair that extends from the subscriber's location to a telephone switching location, the station apparatus including a master station and one or more remote stations bridged onto the wire-pair in a parallel electrical connection, each station including a hybrid circuit for interconnecting electrical signals, in the audio frequency band, between the wire-pair and a microphone and loudspeaker,
characterized in that
the master station comprises:
means interconnected with the wire-pair for detecting the presence of ringing signals thereon and for generating a digital signal indicating the presence or absence of ringing signals;
a data multiplexer having input and output ports, responsive to said digital signal at its input port for frequency multiplexing same into a frequency band above the audio frequency band at its output port;
means interconnecting the output port of the data multiplexer with the wire-pair;
a data demultiplexer, interconnected to the wire-pair, responsive to a frequency multiplexed offhook command signal for converting same into an answer control signal at an output port thereof;
switching means, responsive to said answer control signal for enabling a dc electrical path between wires of said wire-pair; and
the remote station comprises:
a manually operated switch for generating an offhook command signal;
a data multiplexer, responsive to the offhook command signal for frequency multiplexing same into the frequency band above the audio frequency band;
means connecting the frequency multiplexed offhook command signal to the wire-pair;
a data demultiplexer, responsive to the multiplexed digital signal, indicating the presence or absence of ringing, for converting same into an alerting control signal at its output port;
means responsive to said alerting control signal for generating an audible alerting signal.
4. The telephone station apparatus of claim 3 wherein the master station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude approximately matches the impedance of the wire-pair, and wherein the remote station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude is substantially higher than that of the master station, whereby the remote station does not significantly load AC signals on the wire-pair.
5. Telephone station equipment for installation at a subscriber's location and interconnection with a wire-pair that extends from the subscriber's location to a telephone switching location, that station equipment including a master station and one or more remote stations bridged onto the wire-pair in a parallel electrical connection, each station including a hybrid circuit for interconnecting electrical signals, in the audio frequency band, between the wire-pair and a microphone and loudspeaker,
characterized in that
the master station comprises:
a data demultiplexer, having input and output ports, responsive to a multiplexed digit selection command at its input port for converting same into a dialing signal at its output port;
means interconnecting the input port of the data demultiplexer with the wire-pair;
dialing means, responsive to the dialing signal, for generating electrical signals on the wire-pair indicating a telephone number to be dialed; and
the remote station comprises:
a keypad for manually selecting one or more digits to be dialed in establishing a telephone connection;
means responsive to said keypad for generating a digit selection command; and
a data multiplexer having input and output ports, responsive to the digit selection command at its input port for frequency multiplexing same into the frequency band above the audio frequency band at its output port.
6. The telephone station equipment of claim 5 wherein the dialing means comprises a dual tone multifrequency generator for generating touch-tone signals.
7. The telephone station equipment of claim 5 wherein the master station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude approximately matches the impedance of the wire-pair, and wherein the remote station has an AC input impedance whose magnitude is significantly higher than that of the master station, whereby the remote station does not substantially load AC signals on the wire-pair.
8. The telephone station equipment of claim 5 wherein the remote station has an off-hook DC input impedance whose magnitude is significantly higher than that of the master station, and wherein the dialing means comprises a switch for generating dial-pulse signals.
9. Improved apparatus for installation at a subscriber's location and interconnection with a wire-pair that extends from the subscriber's location to a telephone switching location, the apparatus including a master station and at least one remote station bridged onto the wire-pair in a parallel electrical connection, each station including a interface circuit for interconnecting electrical signals, in the audio frequency band, between the wire-pair and a microphone and loudspeaker,
characterized in that
the master station comprises:
means interconnected with the wire-pair for detecting the presence of ringing signals thereon and for generating a digital signal indicating the presence or absence of ringing signals;
a data multiplexer having input and output ports, responsive to said digital signal at its input port for frequency multiplexing same into a frequency band above the audio frequency band at its output port;
means interconnecting the output port of the data multiplexer with the wire-pair; and
the remote station comprises:
a data demultiplexer, responsive to the multiplexed digital signal, indicating the presence or absence of ringing, for converting same into an alerting control signal at its output port; and
means responsive to said alerting control signal for generating an audible alerting signal.
The present invention relates to telephone systems having a master and one or more remote stations and more particularly to a system in which the master station performs telephone control functions under the control of a remote station.
It has become increasingly desirable in our communications-oriented society to upgrade and improve business and residential telephone equipment by adding telephones having improved functionality and increasing the number of incoming telephone lines at minimal cost. However, since one cannot expect to find more than a single wire-pair at any given location, it is frequently necessary to supply additional wiring beyond the single wire-pair used for basic telephone service in order to increase the number of communication channels. Costs associated with adding or relocating wires can be significant. Furthermore, many commercially available systems that are used to increase information distribution capacity are incompatible with existing telephone equipment, so a user's investment is immediately eroded.
From a convenience standpoint, it is desirable for a customer to merely purchase a telephone product, take it home, and plug it into an existing telephone jack. Many systems that utilize the local telephone wire-pair at a user's premises require that a master station be placed in a series connection with the incoming wire-pair from the telephone central office. Series connections require that internal wiring be modified which usually means that a telephone installer or an electrician needs to be hired.
A problem, however, with having multiple telephone stations share the same wire-pair is that each one presents a parallel 600 ohm AC impedance in its off-hook state. As a result, both the transmit and receive signal levels are reduced so that users frequently strain to hear each other when more than two are involved in the conversation.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide telephone apparatus having improved functionality and is compatible with existing telephone extensions that share a common wire-pair.
It is another object of the invention to provide substantially constant transmit and receive signal levels, regardless of the number of stations at one premises, in a multiple party conferencing call.
A Multiplexed Data Channel Controlled Telephone System comprises a master telephone station and one or more remote telephone stations that are bridged onto a single wire-pair at a user's business or residential location in a parallel electrical connection. These customer installable stations are merely plugged into any telephone jack and share a telephone wire-pair with existing telephone extensions without interference. Both master and remote stations operate similar to conventional telephone extensions. The term "extension", as used herein, denotes a standard telephone set that can only access an audio frequency telephone channel (typically below 4 kHz). The term "station," as used herein, denotes a telephone set according to the invention that includes frequency multiplexing and demultiplexing equipment used to create a data channel at frequencies that do not interfere with telephone extensions already present on the wire-pair. The data channel is used, for example, to communicate station control information such as line status, ringing and hold.
The master station contains electronic circuitry that interacts with a telephone line switching system (e.g., central office, PBX, or key equipment) for dialing, ring detection, answering, and impedance matching. It exchanges control signals with each remote station via the frequency multiplexed data channel.
Each remote station includes a line interface circuit having a relatively high impedance. Thus when a plurality of remote stations wish to participate in a conferencing arrangement, transmitted and received signal levels are not significantly attenuated.
It is a feature of the present invention that the circuits used for dialing, ring detection, and DC seizure of the telephone line reside only in the master station and may be controlled by any remote station via the multiplexed data channel.
It is another feature of the invention that the remote stations do not appreciably load the received signal since the AC termination impedance is primarily supplied by the master station.
These and other objects and features of the Multiplexed Data Channel Telephone System are discussed in greater detail in the detailed description of the invention, and will be understood more fully when reference is made to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 discloses a block diagram of the multiplexed data channel telephone system in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a depiction of a customer's premises showing how the present telephone line carrier system may be installed;
FIG. 3 is a drawing of the base for a master or remote station illustrating various features and functions that are available;
FIGS. 4-5 is an enhanced block diagram of the master station according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a data transceiver used in the frequency modulation and demodulation of digital data exchanged between master and remote stations;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an RF interface used to interconnect frequency multiplexed signals with the telephone wire-pair;
FIG. 8 is an enhanced block diagram of the remote station according to the invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates the frequency allocation of the radio frequency channels used in the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates various waveforms associated with data transmission using a pulse width encoded-non return to zero format and on/off carrier keying;
FIG. 11 discloses the telephone line carrier system message packet for the data communications channel; and
FIG. 12 shows the manner in which FIGS. 4 and 5 interconnect.
The subject Multiplexed Data Channel Telephone System as a "user friendly" enhancement to a residence or business communication system. The System comprises a master station and one or more remote stations that plug into any available wall telephone jack and share the intrapremises telephone wire-pair with existing telephone extensions without interference. Each station requires power from a standard 115 volt source. The master and remote stations provide a number of frequency multiplexed channels above the audio frequency channel (below 4 kHz) used for standard telephone service. A rudimentary system having one master and one remote station enhances existing telephone service by providing two more telephone sets that can access the existing telephone line plus add an intercom channel for internal communications between the newly added stations. Of greater significance, however, are the possibilities offered by such a system. Heretofore, individual telephone sets have not been given control over the combination of one or more voice channels and a data channel; and, it is the combination of voice and data channels that yields immense benefits.
Frequency multiplexed voice channels are used to distribute signals from incoming telephone lines as well as music and intercom signals. The data channel controls access to the various voice channels and delivers line status information to all stations. Functions such as energy management, alarm reporting and appliance control are accommodated by the data channel and made available over the existing wire-pair.
FIG. 2 provides a broad view of the System after installation at business or residential premises 200. The System is shown accommodating two independent telephone lines 211, 212 from the telephone line switching system. These lines terminate in protector block 210 which prevents high voltages caused, for example, by lightning from harming people or telephone equipment at premises 200. Prior to the installation of a second telephone line, telephones 231, 232 were the only sets sharing wire pair 201. In accordance with the present invention, master station 221 and remote station 222 are customer installable telephone sets that bridge onto existing telephone wire pair 201. AC power is required at all stations. Stations 221, 222 provide access to Line 1, intercom service between the stations, and a data channel for distributing telephone control information such as line status, keypad activation status, and alerting.
A second line 212 from the central office is connected directly to master station 221 over internal wire-pair 202. Master station 221 terminates Line 2 and provides direct access to it at the master station, or frequency multiplexes it onto Line 1 for access by remote station 222. The block diagram description of the Telephone Line Carrier System, shown in FIG. 1, is hereinafter discussed.
Master station 221 bridges onto existing telephone wire-pair 201 in a parallel electrical connection with conventional telephone plugs and jacks. Power to operate the master station is provided by power supply 190 which delivers its energy from a 115 V AC source. Line 1 interface 110 includes a ringing detector 111 (see FIG. 4) in parallel with wire-pair 201 and a coupling transformer. Components are selected for operation in the audio frequency range where standard telephone service is offered. Line 1 interface 110 communicates with handset/speakerphone unit 140 through telephone hybrid 120 to deliver incoming speech to a loudspeaker and outgoing speech from a microphone to wire-pair 201. A user may optionally select the handset or speakerphone mode of operation. Master station 221 also converts audio frequency signals associated with handset/speakerphone unit 140 to Radio Frequency (RF) signals for distribution over wire-pair 201. In this regard, frequency multiplexer/demultiplexer 500 uses frequency modulation for the voice channels and amplitude modulation for the data channel. RF interface 700 is a hybrid circuit whose components are selected for operation at radio frequencies. It operates to interface a four-wire circuit with two-wire telephone line 201. Handset/speakerphone 140 connects to wire-pair 201 through line interface 110 at audio frequencies, or through RF interface 700 at radio frequencies.
In situations where a second telephone line is needed, line interface 170 terminates wire-pair 202 (Line 2), and is functionally equivalent to line interface 110.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, wire-pair 201 (Line 1) connects to the master station via line interface 110. Ring detect circuit 111 is responsive to incoming ringing signals and supplies an indication of same to controller 160. Telephone ringing detector circuits are well known and typically comprise a pair of series connected avalanche diodes whose anodes (or cathodes) are tied together. These diodes are in series with a capacitor to eliminate DC. Current flow in the series path is detected by an opto-isolator circuit whose output is electrically remote from high voltage line signals. An example of a commercially available ringing detector circuit is the TCM 1501. Activation of relay contact LR1 completes a DC path on Line 1 such as required for answering. Resistor 113 provides a 600 ohm termination for proper impedance matching.
Switch L1 is shown in its normal "make" state, thus connecting signals from Line 1 to telephone hybrid 120. Resistor 126 is large compared to 600 ohms so as not to appreciably change the termination impedance regardless of the state of L1. Incoming signals to hybrid 120 pass through resistor 126 and DC isolation capacitor 127. Outgoing signals are buffered by transistor 124 and resistor 125 which provide impedance matching to the line and is functionally similar to an emitter-follower circuit.
Line interface 170, telephone hybrid 180, and components 184-187 are associated with wire-pair 202 (Line 2). These circuits operate in the same manner as the corresponding, above-described circuits that service Line 1. Relay contact L2, when operated, interconnects signals from Line 2 to telephone hybrid 120 and hence to handset/speakerphone 140 thereby allowing the master station user to converse over Line 2. Line 1 and Line 2 are interconnected when relay L2 is energized hut relay L1 is not. Conferencing is thereby achieved.
Touch-tone generator 167 includes circuitry for simultaneously generating a pair of tones such as used in conventional touch-tone signaling. Leads 168 from controller 160 select the particular tone pair to be generated in accordance with the particular key depressed in keypad/switch 166. Dual tone multifrequencies signal generators, such as the TP 5088 used in touch-tone signaling, are available in integrated circuit form from a number of manufacturers. An associated crystal operating, for example, at 3.58 MHz provides frequency stability. Signals from touch-tone generator 167 are selectably applied to Line 1 or Line 2 via transfer switch TTO. To prevent these strong signals from annoying the user, controller 160 operates relay switch HTR during touch-tone dialing.
Transmission between the various stations in the TLC system proceeds at radio frequencies according to the frequency spectrum allocation set forth in FIG. 9. Data communication takes place in channel D which is centered at 455 kHz. All stations transmit and receive at this frequency using amplitude modulation. Voice communication takes place in channel IA, IB, 2A, 2B and 3A, 3B when, for example, a third telephone line is used. Stations transmit and receive at the frequencies indicated in FIG. 6 using frequency modulation.
In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 4 the master station includes two pairs of FM transmitters and receivers for communicating with remote stations and bridging them in a conference connection. Each of the FM transmitters and receivers of FIG. 4 operate on fixed pre-assigned channels. Remote stations, on the other hand, have only one FM transmitter and receiver whose operating frequencies are switched between the various ones available depending upon whether the intercom or Line 2 switch is activated, and whether the call is being originated or answered at the remote station. The selection of frequencies is discussed in connection with FIG. 8 and is controlled by the state of control leads IRC, IOC and L2C from controller 360 at the remote station.
FM transmitters 561 and 571 operate with a center frequency of 347 kHz and 517 kHz respectively. These transmitters are enabled when signals TXEN2 and TXEN2 are in their low state. Audio signals presented to the FM transmitters are limited at 0.5 V peak to peak and include a pre-emphasis stage, a modulator such as the LM 567, and a buffer stage for interconnection to RF interface 700. Each of the FM receivers 562, 572 includes a buffer amplifier, channel select filter, demodulator such as MC 3357, and a frequency de-emphasis circuit. Because of the proximity in frequency between channel IA and channel D, a 455 kHz trap is used in the FM receiver of channel IA. A more important specification however is the modulation index--equal to the ratio of the frequency deviation to the highest modulating frequency. FM transmitters 561, 571 operate with a modulation index of 3.3. Since the FM transmitters are directly coupled to the telephone line, the maximum allowable power is set by Part 68 of the FCC Rules. Energy in the frequency band 270 kHz--6 MHz must be less than -15 dBv when averaged over a 2 microsecond interval. The design of such FM transmitters and receivers is well known and, given the specifications provided herein, may be readily constructed using conventional circuit design techniques.
The Data Communication channel is designed to be an inexpensive technique for reliable communications in a potentially noisy environment. The communications protocol is implemented in firmware using the controller of the master station and the remote station. The particular controller has integrated hardware for a dual-edge detection vectored interrupt and an event timer with vectored interrupt on overflow. The data channel uses a half-duplex broadcasting scheme with each station having access to the same channel. To facilitate orderly access to the data channel, all stations look for incoming data before transmitting. The channel must be idle for 12 ms before attempting to transmit a new message.
The data transmitter is responsive to a binary digital signal for turning a 455 kHz carrier off and on. First, however, the binary digital signal is encoded into a series of pulses having alternating polarity in which a "1" has a duration of 1 ms and a "0" has a duration of 2 ms. Accordingly, if "0" and "1" are equally likely, the nominal signaling rate for the data channel is 667 bits per second. This signaling scheme is known as the Pulse Width Encoded-Non Return to Zero (PWE-NRZ) format. The data receiver converts the presence and absence of 455 kHz carrier into discrete levels and thereafter performs appropriate decoding to recover the binary digital signal. FIG. 10 discloses an exemplary binary digital signal (10110001), that is pulse width encoded and thereafter used to amplitude modulate the 455 kHz carrier. Although on/off carrier keying and half-duplex transmission are used in the preferred embodiment of the Data Communication channel, it is clear that other forms of modulation and transmission may be used within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 11 discloses the TLC message packet which is defined to be 27 bits long and broken down into the following fields.
Header: 3 bits, `110` to access the channel and announce the forthcoming message.
Destination: 4 bits, used to identify which receiving stations should consider processing the message. A message can only be processed if the destination address matches that of the station address or if the destination address is `0000`, the global addressing value.
Source: 4 bits, identifying the transmitting station. Stations without a programmed address should use `0000`.
Content: 12 bits, containing the informational part of the message. The content may be considered as 3 separate 4 bit fields, Function Code, Data 1, and Data 2.
LRC: 4 bits, resulting from a Longitudinal Redundancy Check calculated over the destination, source, and contents.
All fields are transmitted msb first (see FIG. 11). A message packet can range from 32 ms to 48 ms in duration. Incoming messages are examined if there has been no transition on the data channel for 4 ms. If the correct number of bits has been received and the actual LRC matches the calculated LRC, the next 4 ms interval will be dedicated to looking for a negative acknowledgment (NAK) from any other station. In the absence of a NAK, the message is accepted for destination screening and further processing. If a NAK is detected, the message is discarded. A NAK consists of turning carrier ON for a 2 ms interval starting 4 ms after the completion of the message. The absence of carrier for 12 ms is deemed to be the idle state. After 12 ms of idle, any station may start transmtting--so long as another has not. When collision occurs, each of the stations will complete its message to enforce the collision. The result, then, is that the message will surely be garbled and retransmission will be required. A transmitting station that has its message NAK'd is allowed to retransmit the message after the channel has been idle for 6 ms to 9 ms. The actual time interval is determined by calculating a "pseudo-random" number from 0 to 3 and adding it to the base delay 6 ms. The need for a random re-transmission time arises from message collision considerations when two stations transmit at the same time, both calculating idle time from the same event.
The goal of the data channel message is to provide a way to reach the correct global system state with no more than one data message for each action taken by a user. Data channel messages related to facility use (e.g., status of line 1, line 2 or intercom channel) will utilize function code 0000 to indicate a remote station as the source and 0001 if the master station is the source. Following the function code are two data nibbles (4 bits each), the first specifying those facilities being released, and the second specifying those facilities currently in use. The content portion of FIG. 11 is therefore organized in the following manner:
______________________________________Function Code Data 1 Data 2(4 bits) (4 bits) (4 bits)______________________________________0000/0001 h + facility ID c + facility ID______________________________________
h indicates facility on hold (1), or hung up (0); and
and, c indicates a change from the previous condition (1), or a reminder of current use (0).
The identification of facilities requires the 3 least significant bits of a nibble.
______________________________________Facility ID______________________________________None 000Line 1 001Line 2 010Line 1/line 2 conference 011Intercom 100Line 1/intercom conference 101Line 2/intercom conference 110Line 1, line 2, intercom (hold only) 111______________________________________
The most significant bit of the Data 1 nibble will indicate how the facility was released, either by being not on hold (1) or by hanging up (0). Any facility put on hold must have the hold message retransmitted every 15 seconds. Any set not receiving a hold message for a "they hold" facility in any 30 second interval will idle that facility.
The most significant bit of the Data 2 nibble will indicate whether this message is a change from the previous global system state or merely a reminder message. Reminder messages must be sent every 15 seconds, with any "they use" facility being idle out if a reminder has not been received within the last 30 seconds. The change bit's only important function is to allow each station to maintain a count of how many stations are off hook on intercom.
Example data channel message are shown below. These messages may be generated by the master or the remote station and convey a class of information different from the above described class. A function code 0010 precedes the following messages:
______________________________________Data 1 Data 2 Notes______________________________________0000 dddd Dial line 1 req0001 dddd Dial line 2 req0010 0000 Dial line 1 ack0011 0000 Dial line 2 ack0100 0010 Ring line 1 0011 Ring line 2 0100 Off hook line 1 ack 0101 Off hook line 2 ack 0110 Cold restart station 0111 Warm restart station 1010 Request global status 1100 line 1 non-system off hook 1101 line 2 non-system off hook 1110 line 1 non-system on hook 1111 line 2 non-system on hook1000 addr Intercom page from master1001 addr Intercom page from remote11aa bbcc Global system status______________________________________
aa indicates global intercom status of idle, ringing, holding or in use;
bb indicates global line 1 status of idle, ringing, holding, or off hook;
cc indicates global line 2 status of idle, ringing, holding, or off hook;
addr indicates intercom station address (1010 for a broadcast page); and
dddd indicates dial value
FIG. 6 discloses a detailed schematic of data transceiver 510 used in a preferred embodiment of the invention. This transceiver transmits and receives an amplitude modulated 455 kHz carrier wave. A digital data signal, encoded in the PWE-NRZ format of FIG. 10 and organized according to the transmission order of FIG. 11, is present on input lead TXD and used to control transistor 541 to turn on and turn off a 455 kHz carrier wave present on output lead 760. The carrier wave is generated by phase-locked loop 526, an output of which is presented to transistor 544, connected in the emitter follower configuration, for driving a filter circuit comprising components 545A-550. The output of phase-locked loop 526 is a square wave at the 455 kHz rate which is filtered to produce a sine wave at output 760. The center frequency of the phase-locked loop is determined by capacitor 527 and resistor 528. Dual use of component 526 is achieved by "disconnecting" input signals when carrier is being transmitted (i.e., when TXD="0"). Transistors 540 and 543 cooperate to ground the junction between capacitors 517 and 533 and thereby disconnect the input signal from phase-locked loop 526 when TXD="0".
Data transceiver 510 also operates as a receiver of amplitude modulated 455 kHz carriers waves. Input signals are received on lead 730 and amplified by a two-stage transistor circuit comprising components 511-522 and 533. Component 523 is a commercially available four-element ceramic filter having a 25 kHz bandwidth centered at 455 kHz. This filter is broad enough to pass the spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal. Components 524 and 525 are used in coupling the filtered signal to an input of phase-locked loop 526 for demodulation. The demodulated output signal appears at the junction of resistor 531 and capacitor 532 and is available on output lead RXD. The components directly associated with component 526 are representative of the manufacturer's specifications for this commercially available device which finds use both as a carrier oscillator and as a tone decoder. An acceptable device is the LM 567 tone decoder.
Referring once again to FIGS. 4 and 5, handset/speakerphone 140 includes circuitry for switching between handset 146 and loudspeaking telephone components including microphone 144 and loudspeaker 156. Transfer switches 141 and 147 are shown in their deactivated state interconnecting handset 146 with either (i) telephone hybrid 120, (ii) telephone hybrid 180 or (iii) FM transmitter 571 and receiver 572. Amplifier 148 offers two volume levels through controller 160 in response to a volume control switch.
When the speakerphone mode of operation is selected, controller 160 simultaneously activates transfer switches 141 and 147 to disconnect handset 146 from an outgoing line, and connect microphone 144 and loudspeaker 156 in its place. In its quiescent state, the loudspeaking telephone set resides neither in the transmit nor the receive mode. The presence of sufficient transmit signal energy causes the transmit channel gain to increase and the receive channel gain to decrease. The presence of sufficient receive signal energy causes the reverse action. The net loop gain of the transmit and receive channels is designed to be less than unity (assuming moderate loss between microphone 144 and loudspeaker 156) in order to avoid oscillation. Loop gain is the same before and after switching to assure maximum gain consistent with stable operation. The transmit channel includes microphone 144, attenuator 143 and amplifier 142. The receive channel principally includes attenuator 151, amplifier 152 and loudspeaker 156. Control circuit 145 is responsive to signal energy in the transmit channel exceeding a predetermined threshold. When the threshold is exceeded, control circuit 145 simultaneously increases both the gain of amplifier 142 and the loss of attenuator 151. Similarly, control circuit 149 is responsive to energy in the receive channel exceeding a predetermined threshold. When the threshold is exceeded, control circuit 149 simultaneously increases both the gain of amplifier 152 and the loss of attenuator 143. In the preferred embodiment, each of the amplifiers and attenuators are arranged to switch 20 dB of gain when activated. By switching only 20 dB in each channel (transmittter and receiver) the time required to "turn around" a speakerphone is minimized and the quality of four-wire transmission is substantially achieved over a two-wire circuit.
Amplifier 153 offers eight different gain settings controllable over lines 155 (3 leads) from the controller. Loudspeaker 156 is also used to provide a modulated 750 Hz for both intercom alerting and normal Line 1 or Line 2 ringing. Amplifier 157 receives an alerting signal from controller 160 which also supplies a signal for selecting between two ringer volume levels over line 159. Resistors 154 and 158 are used to buffer the signals between amplifiers 153, 157 and loudspeaker 156.
Controller 160 is a 4-bit microprocessor having 8K of ROM, such as the NEC 75108, that controls all aspects of the master station in accordance with an internally stored program. A source of stability for clock signals is supplied by resonator 164 and capacitors 162, 163. Resonator 164 is a color burst crystal, such as used in conventional television receivers, having a nominal resonant frequency of 3.58 MHz.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED), collectively designated 165, are illuminated under the control of controller 160. Indications are variously provided to indicate the status of line 1, line 2, intercom, speaker, hands-free answer during intercom (Auto Answer) mode, privacy mode and backup battery status. The state of the keypad contacts and other switches, collectively designated 166 are periodically sampled by controller 160. The various LEDs and switch contacts whose state is controlled or determined by controller 160 are shown in FIG. 3 and include the handset switch in the earpiece cavity of the station.
Power supply 190 includes a wall-mounted transformer and circuitry for providing a regulated and filtered +5 volt supply to controller 160 and other using components. Several sources of +5 volts are provided by this supply, each having various degrees of filtering depending on the using equipment. Two of these sources are backed up with a +9 volt battery and are used in providing a non-interruptible source of power to certain critical areas such as the repertory telephone number memory.
When the station goes off-hook, a "battery test enable" signal is delivered to power supply 190 over lead 191. In response, power supply 190 provides an indication to controller 160 that the battery voltage exceeds (or is less than) a predetermined threshold. When the battery is absent or low, controller 160 causes a particular LED to flash--thereby warning the user that stored telephone numbers and basic telephone service may be lost in the event of a power failure. Another one of leads 192 provides an indication of power failure. During power failure, the PFC lead from the controller causes power to be applied to telephone hybrid 120 only when necessary and thus minimizes battery drain. Components used in controlling the application of power include resistors 121,122 and transistor 123. During normal operation the PFC lead is in its low state and power is constantly supplied to telephone hybrid 120.
FIG. 7 discloses a detailed schematic of RF interface 700 of the master station. It performs the function of a hybrid circuit at radio frequencies whereby transmit and receive signals are shuttled to and from Line 1. RF interface 700 receives signals from FM transmitter 571 over lead 740, from FM transmitter 561 over lead 750, and from data transmitter/receiver 510 over lead 760. Each of these RF inputs are additively combined in transistor 707 via components 701-706 with DC removed by capacitors 701, 703 and 705. Feedback resistor 709 in combination with resistors 702, 704 and 706 set the gain of the input stage of interface 700. The signal at the collector of transistor 711 is coupled to the primary of transformer 721 through capacitor 715. Transformer 721 is a 1:1 transformer suitable for operation at the RF frequencies of interest. Inductor 722 and capacitor 723 are selected to resonate at approximately 455 kHz so that looking into the primary of transformer 721 the impedance of Line 1 (approximately 50 ohms) is seen. It is noted that RF interface 700 operates as a hybrid at radio frequencies. Inductor 722 and capacitor 723 are tuned for 455 kHz because the data channel transmits and receives at that frequency; so it's more important that the hybrid be balanced at that frequency in order to distinguish transmit and receive signal energy.
Looking into the secondary of transformer 721 from Line 1, capacitor 723 is selected to provide approximately 30 kilohms at 3000 Hz. RF signals present on Line 1 pass through transformer 721, capacitor 715, resistor 714, Darlington pair 717, 718 and finally out lead 730. The magnitude of resistors 712 and 714 are selected to cancel sidetone by combining portions of the inverted and non-inverted outgoing signals present at the emitter and collector terminals of transistor 711.
Referring now to FIg. 8, wire-pair 201 (Line 1) connects to the remote station through line interface 310 in a parallel electrical connection. Such connections make the Telephone Line Carrier system easily installable by a customer using existing telephone jacks at her premises. Capacitor 314 precludes DC loading when relay LR1 is operated. In order for the remote station to answer an incoming call on wire pair 201 the following events occur. Ringing is detected at the master station which then broadcasts this information to all remote stations via the data channel on wire pair 201. Data transmitter/receiver 610 responds to information in the 455 kHz frequency range, performs amplitude demodulation and delivers the demodulated data over the RXD lead to controller 360. Audible alerting at the remote station is provided when controller 360 delivers a modulated 750 Hz tone to amplifier 357 and hence to loudspeaker 356. One of the group of switches 366 is the switchhook contact, which when activated is sensed by controller 360. In response, relay LR1 (part of interface 310) is operated. Operation of LR1, however, does not cause the telephone call to be answered since capacitor 314 precludes DC flow through the primary of tranformer 312. Answering is accomplished at the remote station when controller 360, responsive to the operation of the switchhook (part of keypad/switches 366), transmits this information over lead TXD to data transmitter/receiver 610 and RF interface 800 to the master station. Upon receiving an indication that the remote station is attempting to answer the telephone call, the master station causes its LR1 relay (part of line interface 110) to operate and draw the necessary DC current from the telephone line switching system and thereby answer the incoming call. Resistor 113, shown in FIG. 4, provides the desired 600 ohm AC terminating impedance for the incoming telephone line. This is accomplished in the master station even though it remains in the on-hook state.
Returning to FIG. 8, once line relay LR1 operates, AC terminating impedance 313 is presented to wire-pair 201. In a preferred embodiment, resistor 313 is selected to be 6000 ohms. This value is selected to be large in comparison with the 600 ohm parallel impedance of the master station. As a result, remote stations advantageously do not attenuate the transmit or receive signals to any significant extent while in the off-hook state. Multiple conferees, therefore, each receive a signal level equivalent to the non-conference call situation. Furthermore, since only the master station performs the dialing function, it is important that the remote stations be of high dc impedance so that dial-pulse dialing can be used. It is noted that both the remote station and the master station are off-hook when the remote station commands the master station to perform dialing.
Telephone hybrid 320 performs two-wire to four-wire conversion in the voice frequency band identical to telephone hybrid 120 of the master station discussed hereinabove. Contacts HTT and HTR are operated by controller 360 to enable voice communication between handset/speakerphone 340 and wire-pair 201 when the remote station wishes to access Line 1 at voiceband frequencies. Contacts HIT and HIR are operated to enable voice communication between handset/speakerphone 340 and wire-pair 201 when the remote station wishes to access Line 1 at radio frequencies. Controller 360, responsive to the state of keypad/switches 366 and data received from the data channel on input RXD, implements the selection of radio frequency channels at the remote station in accordance with the state of outputs IRC, IOC, and L2C. These outputs are delivered to voice transmitter/receiver 660 which comprises a frequency modulator and a frequency demodulator whose operating frequencies are selectable. The following table sets forth the mutually exclusive states of outputs IRC, IOC, L2C and the corresponding selection of transmit and receive channels:
IRC="1" represents the Control signal whereby the remote station Receives a call on the Intercom channel; IOC="1" represents the Control signal whereby the remote station Originates a call on the Intercom channel; and L2C="1" represents the Control signal whereby the remote station originates or receives a call on Line 2.
Descriptions of other aspects of the remote station shown in FIG. 8 are identical to the corresponding description of the same components in connection with the master station--with the exception that telephone hybrid 320 does not include battery backup. Thus, in the event of power loss, remote stations are inoperative.
Both master and remote stations include a microprocessor having a stored program for controlling its functions. The program is interactive with signals supplied by various hardware items such as ring detector 111, touch-tone generator 167, keypad/switches 166, 366 and the Data Xmtr/Rcvr 510, 610. Shown below, in pseudo-code, are software control algorithms for the master station to manage ringing, dialing, and switchhook control utilizing a data channel to provide full phone capabilities to itself as well as remote stations that do not have ring detect, dialer, or switchhook hardware. These algorithms are coded in the C Programming language for which a more detailed explanation is available in the textbook entitled The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, 1978, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ##SPC1##
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Weird News
Police Blotters
Del Stone, Jr.
Wendy Victora
Guest Column
Steve Chapman
Kathleen Parker
John Stossel
George Will
Catherine Rampell
Walter Williams
Grayton Bar & Grill is easy to access. It is on Scenic Highway 30A, just east of County Road 283 South. The walking/bike path runs right in front. READ MORE
Perhaps the only difficult thing about visiting Rosemary Beach is having to choose where to eat. Choosing one of the many casually elegant dining options became even more difficult in early August with the opening of Havana Beach in The Pearl, the new boutique hotel on Main Street. READ MORE
Mimmo's Ristorante Italiano has been open for about two months, and it was clear on a recent Sunday evening that word is getting out about this new gem on the Emerald Coast. READ MORE
Downtown Fort Walton Beach is fast becoming a haven for niche restaurants. One of the newer entries on the strip is Burrito del Sol, which specializes in a coastal interpretation of casual Mexican cuisine. READ MORE
BLUE MOUNTAIN BEACH — For those looking for dinner and a show, Redd delivers both at her cozy eatery, Redd's Fueling Station. Whether she's belting out requests, uncorking a bottle of wine or ... READ MORE
This is not your parents' barbecue restaurant. READ MORE
Bay Cafe is one of the hidden gems of Fort Walton Beach. Its loyal following of locals know that an opportunity to enjoy a meal with a French flair is just a couple of turns off the beaten path (unless you are arriving by boat). READ MORE
Take a trip back in time to the year 1979. You'd hear Blondie on the radio and see the bones of a rollercoaster on Okaloosa Island. U.S. Highway 98 is a two-lane blacktop snaking along the beach in South Walton, and Destin is indeed the luckiest fishing village – emphasis on the "village" – in the world. READ MORE
Pranzo on Okaloosa Island is a longtime local favorite for Italian dining. Earlier this year they closed for remodeling and also updated their menu, adding more seafood and keeping some of the classics. READ MORE
A visit to South Walton is like a mini-vacation. This was especially true of a recent visit to Café Thirty-A. READ MORE


text:
QUEENS NY Fires continue to spread out of control, wind driven, water supply issues continue. Dozens of buildings burning now.—
Alertpage (@alertFDNY) October 30, 2012
We'll keeping adding updates through the night.
A live feed link:
Livestream of scanner activity for FDNY Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island:
Complicating factors:
More help on the way:
Update: Breezy Point fire is now reportedly a 5-alarm fire. Still raging. Local NBC affiliate in NYC has video.
Update 3:30 a.m. Eastern. The Breezy Point fire has destroyed 50 homes and is now officially a six-alarm fire:
Update: Six-alarm Breezy Point fire in Queens worsens; 60 homes reportedly destroyed, 1 firefighter injured
Fires break out across Brooklyn


text: Gary "Baba Booey" Dell'abate Becomes Latest Celebrity To Emasculate Himself With First-Pitch Disaster A.J. DaulerioProfileFollowUnfollow A.J. DaulerioFiled to: Whimsy Gary Dell'Abate pitch Howard Stern 5/11/09 1:50pmEditDelete Invite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for deadspinHideShare to KinjaShare to PinterestGo to permalink This is truly awful. It's actually worse than his wince-worthy ex-girlfriend apology videos. But at least we now know who taught him how to throw a baseball. [YouTube] 56Reply 56Discuss


text:
A kitchen and master bathroom remodeling project can be one of the most difficult endeavors a homeowner can undertake. Whether it's kitchen cabinet refacing, new cabinets, a combination thereof, or a complete transformation remodeling, there are many small decisions to make.
At Kitchen Solvers, we specialize in all this while working within your budget. We are a locally-owned business with the benefit of a national company's expertise and can provide a complete kitchen design and remodeling when needed. Our Company is a Georgia Residential Licensed Contractor serving the North Metro Atlanta area. We're also a proud recipient of the Best of Houzz Award
With Kitchen Solvers, you'll receive a 'no surprises' estimate, exceptional craftsmanship, quality materials, and courteous installation professionals who don't stop until the job is done right. When you choose Kitchen Solvers, you'll be proud to call your newly remodeled kitchen or bath a part of your home for years to come.
How can we help?
"Kitchen Solvers remodeled our 30 yr old kitchen & 1/2 bath as well as converted our bar into a pantry. Great experience. They had ideas for us we had not thought about. Art and Tommy are very professional craftsman and very detail oriented. They did an excellent job and we highly recommend them. "
Guest at Kudzu.comRead more


text:
TV Info
Episode PremiereDecember 17, 2006
GenreAnimation, Comedy
Show Period1989 - now
Production CompanyFOX, Gracie Films, Film Roman Productions
Cast and Crew
DirectorBob Anderson
ScreenwriterJeff Westbrook
Main Cast
- Dan Castellaneta as Homer Simpson (voice)
- Julie Kavner
- Nancy Cartwright as Bart Simpson (voice)
- Yeardley Smith
- Harry Shearer
- Hank Azaria as Chief Wiggum / Moe Szyslak (voice)
- Pamela Hayden
- Tress MacNeille
- Karl Wiedergott
Additional Cast
- Elvis Stojko
The Simpsons are stuck with an unwanted houseguest after they open their home to Gil for the Christmas holidays. After a year, a failed attempt at getting him a job and many failed "accidents", Marge grows a backbone and throws him out on Christmas Eve and the family is happy once again. Meanwhile, Bart is able to keep off sweets for a year and Lisa keeps her promise of putting on a musical in her brother's honor.


text:
Resolution: standard / high
Figure 6.
Molecular docking experiments of 3D QSAR pharmacophore modeling. Compound 1, the most active compound in the training set is shown in blue color whereas HTS05096 and AW00695 are shown in green and red colors, respectively. Molecular overlay of all the three compounds is shown at lower right figure. Hydrogen bond interactions are shown in black dotted lines.
John et al. BMC Bioinformatics 2011 12(Suppl 14):S4 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S14-S4


text:
Translator/reviewer English-Spanish
Spain - Last active: 19 hours ago - Tests: 3 - Portfolio: 1
I've been working in the localization industry since 2004 as a translator and project manager, although my translation career started in 2002. In addition, since 2009 I work as a freelance translator for various clients in the technology industry, and since 2010 I teach translation at the University of Pablo de Olavide (Seville). My core competences are: industry knowledge, attention to detail, linguistic quality, resolutive skills and high production.
Spanish Voice Over Talent
United States - Last active: 1 day ago - Tests: 3 - Portfolio: 7
MY EXPERIENCE: I'm Spanish Voice Over, I have been working for 14 years in different radio stations in Colombia. I also have been working for some studios in Bogota who have brands like At&t, Squash, Motorola, Terra Tv, Pepsi, Movistar and other local products. If you need more information about My Spanish Voice projects, Voice in Spanish please go to http://www.spanishvoice.co/
Freelance Translator (Dutch/English/Spanish)
Spain - Last active: 1 month ago - Tests: 6
My name is Merlijn and I'm a Dutch native freelance translator based in Spain. I hold a Bachelor's degree in Spanish Language and Literature from the Universiteit Utrecht and a Master's degree in Literary Translation from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. I translate from both English and Spanish into Dutch and from Dutch into English. I'm also available for correction and revision of translations or articles. As a certified translator I will always deliver quality in a timely manner. Please have a look at the feedback I've received from other clients to get some insight in what they've liked best when working with me. As for translation experience, I've done many different subtitling projects, both films, documentaries and series. I have experience in literary translations, technical texts, such as manuals, tourism and travel brochures and websites, and webpages with a variety of topics. As you can see on my profile here, I've also been working for quite a while on a huge dictionary project. Besides translating, I'm currently also active as a certified English teacher on freelance basis both at an academy and private classes.
PPC & Adwords Specialist (English & Spanish)
Spain - Last active: 3 days ago - Tests: 7
In the past 4 years I have worked in Google Ireland helping companies of all sizes to achieve their advertising goals and I would love to help your company too. I have created and optimized campaigns for the biggest companies and top Tiers in almost every vertical. I am very proficient with Adwords Editor as I am use it in a daily basis and I am also a certified professional in Google Adwords and Bing Ads. Feel free to reach me if you have any questions. I will be glad to answer them for you! Santiago
Voice Talent / Audio Editor / Spanish Translator
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I am a Voice Talent with experience in Audio and Video editing. I can bring quality sound to your project, using cutting edge software and the best recording equipment. I also provide Translation and Proofreading services since I speak 3 languages, English, Spanish and Français. The projects I have been involved includes Software, Marketing, Music, Animation, Oil & Gas Industry, Finance, Advertising, Voice Overs, Audio Books and Apps. My experience as project manager allowed me to successfully complete many projects and my job success demonstrates my commitment to each one of them. I like new challenges, so if you have an idea, project, question or you want a sample, just let me know, send me a message (English / Español / Français). In my portfolio you will see/hear the result of some my work.
Experienced Spanish Translator and Project Manager
Guatemala - Last active: 13 days ago - Tests: 13
Spanish Translator, Project Manager and Localization Consultant Pablo Estrada – The Translations Guy! An experienced Spanish Translator and resourceful Project Manager with multiple skills, impeccable reputation and great experience. Over 4 years being a successful oDesk contractor with 9,900 hours billed, 200+ fixed-price contracts completed and a 4.99 feedback average guarantees a successful and smart investment for your business. Services offered: - Professional English to Spanish translations. Specialized in Web UI and highly-technical content for different industries (health, business and marketing). - Online/Remote Project and Business Management. Over 4,500 hours of Project/Program Management. - Multilingual translations (over 20 languages available) provided by my agency, TranslationsGuy.com. - Cutting-edge marketing and business positioning advisory for Latin America. 5+ Businesses/Products successfully positioned. - Online business setup, business internationalization and online business presence. - Online outsourcing management and advisory (new to oDesk? Let me help you to get the right team for your business!) - Bilingual website management, Search Engine Optimization and copywriting. - Many other services and willing to take new challenges. Sometimes a couple of dollars per hour, or even $10 or $20 on a fixed price project can make the difference between the success or failure of your project. No matter what you are looking for, you can count on my experience to reach your goals. By using qualified and experienced contractors you can ensure a proper project realization. I am not the most "expensive" option, in fact, I am very flexible with my rates and always willing to help. By offering high-quality services at affordable rates, my goal is to achieve success, exceed my clients' expectations and be part of YOUR SUCCESS. I've had the opportunity to provide my services to world-renowned companies such as Microsoft, Hyundai, PokerStars, Smirnoff and many others – But I also enjoy working with entrepreneurs, SMBs and family businesses. During the last 4 years I've had the joy to share many success stories with my clients. What makes the difference? Experience, Excellence and Results Oriented – like you, I am also a business owner and know that all investments are made thinking in results – I will make things happen and deliver the best results possible. Academic Background: - BA in Economics - BA in Marketing - MBA / MPM (in process) - 3 SEO Expert Certifications - 2 SMM Consultant Certifications - 2 Online Marketing Consultant Certifications TOS: Hourly rates varies depending on the services provided and project requirements. All non-hourly/non-escrowed projects require a 25% upfront. The Contractor does not hold any legal responsibility over the content, product or service offered by the Client. By approving the Final Products and/or releasing the payment for the services, the Client discharges the Contractor from all legal liabilities related and arising from the Service provided. The Contractor, following good business practices, will provide the services required by the Client following the guidelines provided and assumes the responsibility of providing the best service possible, depending on the project's circumstances. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the Contractor does not guarantee the attainment of any consequential results from the services provided, such as, but not limited to: increase in the Client's revenue, reaching specific results where third-parties have, etc. By hiring my/our services through oDesk you accept the Terms of Services mentioned above. All services and payments for projects posted and/or negotiated on oDesk must be managed through oDesk - No other payment or working method is accepted in compliance with the oDesk TOU. Links to other sites (if provided) are just as reference to my/our portfolios and background information.
- Translation
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Groups: Certified Translation Professionals, oTranslators
Associated with: TranslationsGuy.com Agency
French German Spanish English writer, proofreader...
Greece - Last active: 19 hours ago - Tests: 15
Use my language skills (French, German: native, English Spanish : fluent) for project management/administration, research, localization, writing, customer service, simple translations, in short: anything that might help your business.
Spanish Certified Translator for Start-ups and SMEs
Finland - Last active: 2 days ago - Tests: 11 - Portfolio: 7
I provide translation and localization services to technology and design start-ups and SMEs to help them enter the Spanish market while increasing their sales and growing their business. My ten-year experience as a language services provider is an invaluable asset to any start-up or SME looking to expand into the Spanish-speaking market, accelerate product adoption, successfully establish meaningful contact with their clients in Spain or Latin America, and accurately communicate with their Spanish in-country team. As an expert translation and localization professional specialized in marketing translation (websites, landing pages, brochures), technical translation (manuals, IFUs, user guides, technical documentation), and software localization (apps, UIs, help files), I help companies succeed in the Spanish-speaking market by offering them a client-tailored, needs-focused service. My clients value my unmatched experience, as well as my commitment to quality, and remain loyal because I deliver what I promise and simplify the complicated process of entering the Spanish market.
- Spanish
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- SDL Trados
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Groups: Article Samurai, Certified Translation Professionals...
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Area Manager / Senior Account Manager / English Spanish Italian
Spain - Last active: 09/25/2013 - Tests: 4
11 years-experience Tech Sales Manager. Electronic Enginering background. Polyglot. I am able to speak and write very fluent in English, Spanish and Italian languages, plus I can understand some French. I want to continue my professional career in Sales. Moreover, I desire a creative, dynamic job, with challenges that would demand the best of me.
Spanish journalist
Spain - Last active: 2 days ago - Tests: 4
Hello! I am a 29 years old spanish female. I am journalist (I was studying in Universidad Complutense of Madrid) and I love writing. I have very good grammar in spanish and intermediate level of english. I am interested about writing about any topic but I like specially about travelling. Topics I have some experiencie in writing about: entrepreneurship, trips, women´s life, marketing and TV ads, etc. I can give you good quality articles about those topics or any. At the moment I am living in Madrid (Spain). I was living in the UK for 2 years to improve my english, so I can communicate pretty well with clients. If you need more information about me, just ask. Thanks! You can follow me on my blog: andreabarragan.blogspot.com (sorry, it is in spanish).


text:
According to those who witnessed the transfusion, the effects of the antibodies were seemingly evident within hours.
1570s, "action of pouring liquid from one vessel to another," from Latin transfusionem (nominative transfusio), noun of action from transfusus (see transfuse). Sense of "transfering of blood from one individual to another" first recorded 1640s.
transfusion trans·fu·sion (trāns-fyōō'zhən)
The transfer of whole blood or blood products from one individual to another.
The intravascular injection of physiological saline solution.
The transfer of blood or a component of blood, such as red blood cells, plasma, or platelets, from one person to another to replace losses caused by injury, surgery, or disease. Donated blood products are tested for blood type and certain infectious diseases and stored in blood banks until they are used. The blood of the donor is shown to be histologically compatible, or crossmatched, with that of the recipient before transfusion. See more at Rh factor. See Note at blood type.


text:
Boy Scout™ "I Did My Best" Ribbons—10-pack$6.99Versatile design may be used as an award or recognition piece for participation in a variety of events or activities. Award ribbon is sublimation printed with the Universal Emblem and "I Did My Best" lettering on a red star-scattered background. Each piece is pointed, strung with a tassel, and includes an event card on the back. Each ribbon measures 2" × 8". Sold in packages of 10. Learn More
Boy Scout™ Medals
Starting at:
$3.99A great way to recognize participation or achievement in any scouting activity, these Boy Scout medals feature the universal emblem surrounded by a wreath. Available in Bronze, Silver and Gold. Order by color below. Learn More
BSA® Proud Parent Multi-Program Neck Ribbon$5.99It's now easier than ever for a Scout to present a parent with his or her own miniature rank pins. This BSA-exclusive ribbon allows the parent to display pins from every point on the Scouting path... from Cub Scout all the way to Eagle! Flat polyester lanyard features a repeating Cub Scouts® logo-print on blue ribbon on wearer's right side and a Universal Emblem print on olive ribbon on wearer's left. The tip of each neck ribbon is finished with a polyurethane diamond that is debossed with "BSA" lettering. Ribbon measures 1¼" wide; neck ribbon is 36" long. Learn More
Cub Scout Recognition Kit$7.99Purpose is to provide immediate recognition to encourage rank achievement. Completion of the first three achievements earns badge and one bead. A new bead is awarded for each three achievements. Yellow beads are for Wolf; red beads for Bear. Kit contains materials for 10 boys: 10 white plastic badges with button-hole tab; 20 pcs. 6" vinyl lace, 40 yellow beads, 40 red beads. WARNING: Choking hazard. Small parts. Not for children under 3 years. Learn More


text:
Look of the Day: Vogue!
by Fashion
Like us on Facebook
I just had to feature this Look: penthesileia looks like she's straight out of a fashion magazine with her Vogue look. Love the lighting, the dress flatters her, and I especially like that she made her own obi belt for a special personal touch.
Here's what she has on:
- Dress: Charlie Brown
- Belt: DIY
- Shoes: Carvela
- Earrings: Accessorize
Congrats to penthesileia!
Everyone else, submit your looks today and I just might feature you on FabSugar! If you live overseas and have a fab outfit to share, join the Overseas Fashionistas Group and to submit a Look in this group learn how to post a blog.
Read More Obi BeltLook Of The Day
POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests.
Oka1 7 years
Oh so beautiful! Love the dress!
buch1979 7 years
Wow your ensemble is faboo. Snaps to your photographer as well the lighting and background are icing on the cupcake.
penthesileia 7 years
Hey everyone, thanks for all the lovely comments! I'll post some closeups of the belt later on for those of you who want to see it in more detail/how to make it. But basically its just an approx. 15cm by 2m long double-sided length (Japanese kimono fabric on one site, black brocade on the other) wrapped around under my boobs a couple times, tied in a big anime-like bow at the back, and then I just got some matt black ribbon and tied it in some more criss-cross patterns on top. Mega-easy and you can wear it heaps of different ways.
zc 7 years
wow! thats an amazing photo...amazinglook and the belt..would love to know how to make it?
missy-211 7 years
AMAZING!!! love the cut of the dress, lovely earings, belt, and shoes. This is one of my favorite look of the day outfits!
tati33 7 years
fantastic..she looks like a model...hot! major!
uacosj 7 years
amazing outfit and amazing photo!
Marci 7 years
You look amazing!
Marci 7 years
You look amazing!
Kiliki614 7 years
I love that you made that belt yourself! I like when you can add a personal touch to your style to make it your own. Congrats, you look very stylish!
loveforstacy 7 years
Love this look...it's so picturesque!
lavieenrose 7 years
very elegant! you look amazing!
sugar_substitute 7 years
Absolutely stunning! Great photo, great outfit and absolutely fantastic heels.
heyilovey0u 7 years
So gorgeous!
heyilovey0u 7 years
So gorgeous!
Pepa 7 years
Congrats!!! Amazing photo and brilliant outfit. I love the shoes.
sandra-werner 7 years
As you know, I am loving this entire look! Congratulations!!! :)
fireyelectra 7 years
Soooo editorial! Even the hair is amazing!
rgrl 7 years
I love this look! And props to you for wearing the highest heels ever. :notworthy:
QueenMargot 7 years
You look wonderful!!! Like a model from a magazine!
JBlondie 7 years
Love it all!!!
JBlondie 7 years
Love it all!!!
Lala77 7 years
love the whole outfit, and yes the shoes are gorgeous :)
SugarIsSweeter01 7 years
SugarIsSweeter01 7 years


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Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
Need Professional Help? Talk to a Lawyer
Enter Your Zip Code to Connect with a Lawyer Serving Your Area
- Physical Incapacity
- The inability of a spouse to engage in sexual intercourse with the other spouse. In some states, physical incapacity is a ground for an annulment or fault divorce, assuming the incapacity was not disclosed to the other spouse before the marriage.


text:
Collin Buness scored five goals and the team defense shined to lead Princeton boys hockey to a huge 9-5 home win over Spring Lake Park Jan. 30.
Buness notched the hat trick in the first period to match the Panthers' output. He then scored 29 seconds into the second period, and Cam Paulson followed with a goal five minutes later to push the Tigers ahead for good. Later in the period, Derek Abrahamson and Buness found the net again for a 7-4 Princeton lead.
• Princeton stayed hot at home by defeating Monticello-Annandale-Maple Lake 3-2 in overtime Feb. 3, paying back an earlier OT loss to the Moose. Oakes scored the game-winner off an Abrahamson pass 7:53 into the extra period.


text: Marshall Not Dressed Tonight vs. Arizona From @DougHaller Jan 16, 2014 Share Tweet Next ARTICLE » Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Dave Dulberg/Arizona Sports 15 Reads 0 Comments ASU guard Jermaine Marshall (groin) is not dressed. Sitting on bench, while teammates warmup. Continue Reading on @DougHaller »


text:
Quotations About / On: MURDER
Murder is born of love, and love attains the greatest intensity in murder.(Octave Mirbeau (1850-1917), French journalist, author. "The Manuscript," The Torture Garden (1899).)More quotations from: Octave Mirbeau, murder, love
We don't murder, we kill.... You don't murder animals, you kill them.(Samuel Fuller, U.S. screenwriter. Sergeant (Lee Marvin), The Big Red One, to young soldier who questions whether war isn't murder (1980).)More quotations from: Samuel Fuller, murder
When a man wants to murder a tiger he calls it sport; when a tiger wants to murder him he calls it ferocity.(George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Anglo-Irish playwright, critic. "Maxims for Revolutionists: Crime and Punishment," Man and Superman (1903).)More quotations from: George Bernard Shaw, tiger, murder
Anybody who's been through a divorce will tell you that at one point ... they've thought murder. The line between thinking murder and doing murder isn't that major.(Oliver Stone (b. 1946), U.S. film director. Rolling Stone, p. 61 (December 29, 1994). On going through a divorce and commenting on O.J. Simpson's alleged murder of his wife, Nicole.)More quotations from: Oliver Stone, murder
Help a man against his will and you do the same as murder him.(Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus] (65-8 B.C.), Roman poet. Ars Poetica, l. 467 (c. 13 B.C.).)More quotations from: Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus], murder
What the detective story is about is not murder but the restoration of order.(P.D. (Phyllis Dorothy) James (b. 1920), British mystery writer. interview in Face (London, Dec. 1986). Pseudonym of Phyllis Dorothy James White.)More quotations from: P.D. (Phyllis Dorothy) James, murder
Are you suggesting that we reopen the Opera with a murder as an added attraction?(Eric Taylor, Leroux, and Arthur Lubin. Lecours (Fritz Feld), Phantom of the Opera, reacting to Daubert's suggestion that they reopen the Opera despite the Phantom's threats (1943). Adaptation by John Jacoby. Based on the composition "Phantom of the Opera" by Gaston Leroux.)More quotations from: Eric Taylor, murder
There are glances of hatred that stab, and raise no cry of murder.(George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans] (1819-1880), British novelist. Felix Holt, the Radical, introduction (1866).)More quotations from: George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans], murder
You can't murder a man who's been dead for five centuries.(Garrett Fort (1900-1945), U.S. screenwriter, and Lambert Hillyer. Prof. Von Helsing (Edward Van Sloan), Dracula's Daughter, defending himself against the charge of having murdered Count Dracula (1936). Story suggested by Oliver Jeffries; the character's name is Von Helsing here, although it was Van Helsing in Dracula. Based on a story by Bram Stoker.)More quotations from: Garrett Fort, murder
Bigotry murders religion, to frighten fools with her ghost.(C.C. (Charles Caleb) Colton (1780-1832), British author, clergyman. Lacon, vol. 1, no. 101 (1820).)More quotations from: C.C. (Charles Caleb) Colton
Read Quotations On / About:
- alone
- america
- angel
- anger
- baby
- beach
- beautiful
- beauty
- believe
- brother
- butterfly
- car
- change
- childhood
- cinderella
- courage
- crazy
- dance
- daughter
- death
- depression
- dream
- family
- fire
- freedom
- friend
- future
- girl
- god
- greed
- happiness
- happy
- heaven
- hero
- home
- hope
- joy
- june
- kiss
- laughter
- life
- lonely
- loss
- lost
- love
- marriage
- memory
- mirror
- money
- mother
- murder
- music
- nature
- night
- paris
- passion
- peace
- poverty
- power
- racism
- rain
- remember
- river
- rose
- school
- sister
- sleep
- soldier
- song
- spring
- star
- success
- summer
- sun
- time
- together
- travel
- trust
- truth
- war
- work


text:
The old Don was a loving father and husband, and a hedonist.
1822, in reference to the Cyrenaic school of philosophy that deals with the ethics of pleasure, from Greek hedonikos "pleasurable," from hedone "pleasure," related to hedys "sweet," cognate with Latin suavis (see sweet). A hedonist is properly the follower of any ethical system in which some sort of pleasure ranks as the highest good. The Epicurian identifies this pleasure with the practice of virtue.


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« previous Page 382 of 498 next »
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. -- The University of Tennessee was predicted to win the 2011 Southeastern Conference women's basketball championship in voting Tuesday by a select panel of SEC and national media members.
Former Aberdeen High School football standout Tevin Blanchard has been studying football game films more often this season at Itawamba Community College to get a better idea of his squad's weekly opponent. There's no secret Thursday night.
STARKVILLE -- Judging by Mississippi State linebacker Chris White's glowing stat line Saturday against then-No. 22 University of Florida, you'd think he'd been playing middle linebacker all his life. Assumptions are risky, but in White's case it's considered a compliment.
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. -- The Mississippi State men's basketball team and the University of Mississippi's Chris Warren earned top billing Monday. For the second-consecutive year, media members covering the Southeastern Conference have picked MSU to win the Western Division, while Warren, a senior guard, was picked to the preseason All-SEC first team.
STARKVILLE -- It's time to see how the Mississippi State football team handles success. The No. 24 Bulldogs (5-2, 2-2 Southeastern Conference) are ranked for the first time in nine years and are one win away from bowl eligibility after beating then-No. 22 Florida 10-7 Saturday in Gainesville, Fla.
ABERDEEN -- Victor Hodges isn't going to let anything hold him back. Part of his motivation stems from the fact that he's a senior leader on the Aberdeen High School football team.
JACKSON -- Families can come together to do anything. At times, the New Hope High School slow-pitch softball team seemed to be as dysfunctional a family you would see on any soap opera.
When Mississippi State arrived back on campus a little after 1 a.m. Sunday morning, a throng of fans awaited to celebrate the Bulldogs' 10-7 victory over No. 22 Florida in The Swamp.
During the Bass Fishing League regional competition last weekend, there was a boating accident that claimed the life of one of the anglers. There were several different tournaments being held on the same weekend one of the boats from one of the other tournaments collided with a BFL contestant's boat.
All it took was a willingness to work hard. Allison Conn didn't make any promises to the Heritage Academy swimming team. The first-year coach told her swimmers schools like Jackson Academy, Jackson Prep, and Presbyterian Christian had far many competitors that they did, so the numbers would be difficult to overcome.
The Pickens County High School football team took a 34-0 halftime lead Friday and coasted to a victory by the same score at Sunshine's homecoming contest in a Class 1A, Region 4A game.
After opening the season with six straight losses, the East Oktibbeha High School football team beat Weir 38-28 Friday for its third straight victory.
n Susan Willard's first year as Starkville Academy's cross country coach, she's guided the team through youth and inexperience.
With less than a minute to play Friday, Starkville High's Jaquez Johnson and Shaquille Hill re-enacted Joe Montana's famous NFC Championship game pass to Dwight Clark.
If Quanterris Newby keeps this up, he's going to give up being known as the sophomore formerly known as "Q" for a nickname like "TD" that is more fitting. The sophomore, who earned his one letter nickname from a gym teacher in sixth grade, proved again Friday night he has a knack for being in the right place at the right time. It also helps to have good hands and to be able to pick up the ball on the move. Newby's fumble recovery near midfield and run for a touchdown helped turn the momentum in a close game and pushed the New Hope High School football team to a 44-14 victory against Saltillo in a Mississippi High School Activities Association Class 5A, Region 1 game at Trojan Field.
The tide was already turning Friday in favor of the Immanuel Christian football team, but one play sealed the deal in its Mississippi Association of Independent Schools Class A, District 3 matchup against Hebron Christian.
The Victory Christian football team did what it needed to do Friday night, including putting an exclamation point on homecoming.
Lady Trojans take fourth straight state championship trophy with rally in game two
Dedication, determination, and perseverance have been trademarks of athletes for generations. More than 50 years ago, those intangibles were even more important because football wasn't as gentlemanly a game as it is today.
The playoff push continues in earnest tonight for five Lowndes County football teams. Some need a victory to keep their postseason hopes alive, while others will look to improve their playoff standing in hopes of earning a chance to play host to one of those matchups.
« previous Page 382 of 498 next »
1. Brooks has learned patience as MSU assistant mens basketball coach COLLEGE SPORTS
2. Chisolm driven to help disc golf grow in Columbus LOCAL SPORTS
3. Former Bulldog Griffin will go from coach back to player LOCAL SPORTS
4. Gordon hopes U.S. women can help MSU grow COLLEGE SPORTS


text:
The Giant Beastcast: Episode 06
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Her Story is a bold and largely successful experiment in interactive crime fiction.
Rocksteady's gorgeous-looking third Arkham game refines its open-world format a bit and lets you drive a whole hell of a lot of Batmobile.
It's squid kids and ink blasting abound in Nintendo's exceptionally fun new online shooter.
Concept »
The "pride of Inaba", run by Yukiko Amagi's family.
Inaba's commercial area that contains many of the town's traditional stores.
A floating city in the world of Pulse in Final Fantasy XIII. The Crystals decided to build the city to protect the humans from the monsters that live all over Pulse.
The house that the protagonist and the Dojima family reside in.
The building where the members of the Specialized Extracurricular Execution Squad reside. In other words, this is their base of operations.
Gaia is the planet on which Final Fantasy VII takes place. The planet is portrayed as a living being, and the Lifestream its blood and spirit.
The high school where the main characters of Persona 3 attend. This is where the player spends his daily life by studying and interacting with other classmates.
Inaba is the town in which Persona 4's story takes place. Normally a quiet rural area, it is a host to various kidnappings and murders during the game's plot.
Inaba Municipal Hospital appears in several Social Links, as well as the main story.
The place closest to the SEES dorm. The player can buy food or do other things to increase stats (charm, courage, etc.). The player can also talk to social links here.
A major department store in Persona 4, Junes serves as a vital location for the investigation undertaken by the main character and his fellow party members. It is also host to the TV they use to enter the Midnight Channel. Every day's great at your Junes!
The main dungeon of Persona 4. Rumors speculate that you will see your 'soulmate' while watching it at midnight. It is sometimes called Mayonaka TV in the Japanese version.
Located at Iwatodai, this is where the player can increase academics by offering a monetary amount. The player can also pray, and probably get lucky.
Probably somewhere near Inaba. It is a popular destination for Social Links.
A central shopping point in Persona 3. The player can buy weapons, armor, or other items available in the stores around the mall.
One of two worlds explored in Final Fantasy XIII. It is inhabited by ferocious monsters, and has a natural environment.
A region of Inaba that lines the Samegawa River in Persona 4.
Fictional metropolis in modern-day Japan and serves as the main setting in Persona 2: Innocent Sin and Persona 2: Eternal Punishment.
The artificial island/city where Persona 3 is set and a brief portion of Persona 4 takes place.
After The Great War of 2077, most of the world was reduced to a barren desert, now known as The Wasteland.
The high school the protagonist and the other main characters of Persona 4 attend. One of the main settings in the game; located within Inaba.
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text:
Bulgarian in San Antonio
Have friends and family overseas? Want to travel? Thinking of expanding your business abroad?
Take the first step: enroll in a Bulgarian course in your city.
Opportunities for bi- and multilinguals await.
How will you keep up?
Keep up with San Antonio. Learn a foreign language to improve relationships with loved ones abroad, expand your business overseas, or prepare for upcoming travels. Our native, qualified tutors build personalized course packages based on each individual's learning goals and busy schedule, ensuring you build the confidence to speak a second (or third! or fourth!) language. Send us an inquiry for more information about our customized course packages. Can't wait to get started? Take one of our free online language level tests to see how good your current skills are!
Interesting Language Facts
Bilingual men earn 3.6% more and bilingual women earn 6.6% more than their monolingual counterparts.
The language people speak shapes the way they see the world.
Bilingual students are more likely to succeed in school than their monolingual counterparts.
1-on-1 Business Bulgarian Course in San Antonio
Our Bulgarian courses in San Antonio are taught on a one-on-one basis and will help you improve your business communication skills immensely. No matter what level you begin at we will soon have you dealing with business introductions comfortably before moving onto other matters. Beginner level students can expect to finish the course with basic telephone Bulgarian and email skills, as well as a level of survival Bulgarian, granting them the ability to work in a country where Bulgarian is the native tongue.
1-on-1 General Bulgarian Course in San Antonio
Our general one-on-one courses in San Antonio will help students improve their Bulgarian level quickly and efficiently, whatever their needs. One of the most exciting aspects of our courses is that they are developed entirely around the needs of the students. The fact that we offer our Bulgarian classes on a One-on-One basis means that you can learn the words and phrases you need in a comfortable and relaxed environment.
2-to-1 and Small Group
Bulgarian Courses in San Antonio (closed group)
Our Bulgarian courses are also available for small groups studying together (Two-to-One Bulgarian Course or In-Company Small Group Bulgarian Course). All participants must have the same language needs, be able to study at the same time at the same place and be at the same level. All participants should be booked at the same time. Language Trainers suggest that you do not look for classes with more than 8 students at one time. However, an In-Company Taster Bulgarian Course can contain a maximum of 12 people.
language teachers in SAN ANTONIO
are already registered with Language Trainers.
To teach languages for Language Trainers,APPLY NOW
Some of our Language Teachers in San Antonio
Lydia is a native French teacher who was born and raised in France. She has over six years of teaching experience in both France and the United States, and thus is an expert in teaching students of different cultures and levels. In addition to French, Lydia also speaks English and Spanish.
Claudia is an experienced German teacher who has taught German to language learners in both the United States and Spain. She is a master of foreign languages herself, and has near-native fluency in French, Spanish, and English. Her classes are designed to give her students a linguistic and cultural immersion experience.
Our clients from San Antonio include:
Kulczyk Investments, Luxembourg
Micron Europe Ltd
Oddbins Ltd
RHI Canada Inc
How to Book
Take our Bulgarian Language Level Test.
Let us know why you need to learn Bulgarian and include the time and location that best suit you.
Review our quote and, if you are happy with it, receive our invoice and Agreement form.
Sign our Agreement form and submit a deposit* for the course.
Receive confirmation from our team with your Bulgarian tutor's details.
Begin your Bulgarian training and receive your Bulgarian course book.
Click to see more.
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"We have no choice, General Calrissian! Our cruisers can't repel firepower of that magnitude! "
-ALSO, I'm having a twitter contest - follow me and RT for a chance to win your choice of one of my Star Wars drawings! Contest ends 1/31/13.
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Tuna Open Facer
28 Oct 2009
This tuna open facer is a an open tuna sandwich made with hamburger buns. Prepared with canned tuna and veggies, the tuna open facer is richly flavored with catsup and mayo. I like this with a hint of dill to it!
|Canned dietetic pack tuna
|6 1⁄2 Ounce, drained (1 Can)
|Coarsely grated cabbage
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Coarsely grated carrot
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Sliced green onion
|1 Tablespoon
|Low calorie mayonnaise type dressing
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|1 Tablespoon
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|Seasoned salt
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Dash
|Lettuce leaves
|Hamburger buns
|2 , split and toasted
Break tuna in chunks; combine with cabbage, carrot, and onion.
Blend together low-calorie mayonnaise, catsup, lemon juice, seasoned salt, and pepper; add to tuna mixture and toss lightly.
Place 1 lettuce leaf on each toasted bun half; spoon tuna salad mixture on top.
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Tuna Open Facer Recipe