text:
A hearing protection device and method of use intended for a human ear. A plug member caps or enters ear canal, and may be shaped to conform to the external auditory meatus. The plug member may be part of a replacement assembly. The device is biased at least in part by a pressure pad to provide some force against the plug member. An optional handle may be provided to assist with temporarily pulling the plug member away from the ear canal or providing adjustment. An optional bow member clips about the pinna. The device may be adapted for use as an ear phone.
1. A hearing protection device for the passive attenuation of sound at a single human ear canal, the device comprising:
a first replacement assembly comprising an EAM pad that is integrally connected to a pressure pad, wherein the pressure pad fits into a cavum conchae region of the human ear, and a support frame; and
a positioning member that assists with disposing at least a portion of the EAM into the ear canal, the positioning member defined by an ear clip comprising a neck, a shoulder, and an arm.
2. The hearing protection device of
3. The hearing protection device of
4. The hearing protection device of
5. The hearing protection device of
6. The hearing protection device of
7. The hearing protection device of
8. The hearing protection device of
9. The hearing protection device of
10. The hearing protection device of
11. The hearing protection device of
12. The hearing protection device of
13. The hearing protection device of
a second replacement assembly,
wherein the EAM pad of the first replacement assembly has a first configuration, and the second replacement assembly comprises an EAM pad having a different and second configuration, and wherein the first replacement assembly and the second replacement assembly are configured to be selectively attachable to the positioning member.
14. The hearing protection device of
15. The hearing protection device of
16. The hearing protection device of
17. The hearing protection device of
18. The hearing protection device of
19. A hearing protection device adapted to fit a human ear canal comprising:
a plug member, wherein the plug member passively attenuates sound and is attached to a positioning member, the positioning member being defined by an ear clip comprising a neck, a shoulder and an arm; and
a pressure pad that is attached to the positioning member or the plug member, wherein the pressure pad fits into a cavum conchae region of the human ear;
wherein the positioning member is adapted to make contact with an ear structure near the human ear canal to limit how far the plug member may enter into the human ear canal when the hearing protection device is positioned to effectively attenuate sound in the human ear to a desired attenuation level.
20. The passive hearing protection device of
21. The passive hearing protection device of
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/799,264 filed Nov. 30, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,648,005, and application Ser. No. 11/821,391 filed on Jun. 22, 2007.
High level sound vibrations and perhaps particularly the steady recurring sounds or din in industrial operations are known to cause traumatic hearing impairments and even loss of hearing. Often these types of impairments do not respond to hearing aids or surgery. As would be expected, there are numerous types of hearing protectors for noise deadening or noise reduction.
One type of conventional hearing protection device are foam ear plugs that may be compressed and inserted into the ear, and then allowed to expand to fit the ear canal. While these types of ear plugs may be useful, they can be uncomfortable and difficult to insert correctly. Furthermore, handling ear plugs to compress, remove or replace may be unsanitary.
Another type of conventional hearing protection device includes a U-shaped headband having an inwardly directed ear plug affixed to each of the opposed ends. While it is easy and more sanitary to temporarily pull an ear plug away from the ear, the conventional headband may have certain drawbacks and deficiencies.
For some persons, ear bands can cause pressure and are uncomfortable to wear for long periods of time. The headband can be shaped such that portions of the headband may be close to or touching the wearer's head, and can become irritating and uncomfortable to the wearer. In addition, there is no mechanism for adjusting the headband to allow for varying head sizes. A wearer with a large head requires a large distance between the headband ends on which the ear plugs are attached. Unfortunately, as the distance between the headband end increases, so does the tension in the headband. Accordingly, wearers with relatively large heads may experience discomfort due to this high tension in the headband.
In light of the foregoing problems and issues discussed above, it is desirable to have a hearing protection device that can comfortably fit a wide variety of users. It is also desirable to have a hearing protection device that may be temporarily moved away from the ear without contamination by the hand.
In one aspect of the present invention, there is a hearing protection device for the passive attenuation of sound at a single human ear canal, the device including a replacement assembly with an EAM pad that is integrally connected to a pressure pad, and a support frame. A positioning member assists with disposing the hearing protection device into the ear canal.
In another aspect of the invention is a system for providing passive hearing protection to a population. The system includes a first replacement assembly and a second replacement assembly, each having an EAM pad, a pressure pad, and a support frame. The system also includes a positioning member for locating the hearing protection device into the ear canal. The first replacement assembly has an EAM pad having a first configuration, and the second replacement assembly comprises an EAM pad having a different and second configuration. The first replacement assembly and the second replacement assembly are each attachable to the positioning member.
In yet another aspect of the present invention is a method of positioning a passive hearing protection device on a wearer with respect to a human ear. The hearing protection device includes an EAM pad connected to a pressure pad to form a replacement pad. The replacement pad is supported by a support frame, and the support frame member is selectively attached to a positioning member. The method includes the following steps: locate structures of the wearer's ear, the structures comprising a pinna and an ear canal opening, wherein the ear canal opening is adjacent to other ear structures and regions including a concha and an antitragus; pull the pinna toward a top region of the wearer's head; position the EAM pad over the ear canal opening; push the EAM pad toward the ear canal opening; and wedge the pressure pad between the concha and the antitragus.
In a further aspect of the present invention there is a passive hearing protection device adapted to fit a human ear canal. This device includes a plug member adapted to cover or enter the human ear canal, wherein the plug member is attached to a positioning member.
A pressure pad is attached to the positioning member or the plug member; the pressure pad is adapted to fit between into a cavum concha region of the human ear.
The positioning member is makes contact with an ear structure near the human ear canal to limit how far the plug member may enter into the human ear canal when the hearing protection device is positioned to effectively attenuate sound in the human ear to a desired attenuation level.
Other features of the invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter as well as better understood by practice of the invention. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of this specification, are included to illustrate and provide a further understanding of the bandless hearing protection device that is the present invention.
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures in which:
The present invention is a hearing protector for the human ear 10. In order to provide context for the present invention, a brief discussion of human ear anatomy is presented. Referring to
Referring now to
The present invention is a hearing protector 100 (
Hearing protectors 100 fall generally into three categories, including protectors that cover the entrance to ear canal 26 (referred to as cap devices) (
Hearing protectors 100 which enter the ear canal to a greater degree offer better protection against harmful noise levels because vibrations from the ear cartilage and ear canal tissue is attenuated, and the ear canal is at least partially sealed against the noisy environment. However, full-insert and even semi-insert devices may be less comfortable than those which simply cap the ear canal 26. Typically, plugs 102 that cap the ear canal 26 are used for intermittent noise exposures where lighter weight and improved low frequency attenuation are desirable. As used herein, "hearing protectors" refers generally to hearing protectors falling into one of the three categories described above. For reasons of simplicity, the embodiments of the present invention illustrated in
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not meant as a limitation of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield still a third embodiment. It is intended that the present invention include these and other modifications and variations.
As shown in
Referring to
For semi-insert or full-insert plugs (
Plug 102 may be connected to neck 104 in a variety of ways. A first exemplary embodiment of a plug-neck connection, shown in
In a second exemplary embodiment of a plug-neck connection, shown in
In a third exemplary embodiment of a plug-neck connection, shown in
It is to be understood that the particular compound for making plug 102 is less important than the mechanical qualities of the plug 102. Most desirably, the earplug, when deformed, will tend to recover its original shape and size. The conformity of the foamed polymeric composition will create a seal against the ear wall to block sound from entering into ear canal. The principal characteristics exhibited by the ear plug material are that it is soft and pliable to conform to the shape of the ear canal and ear canal entrance.
In one embodiment, the plug 102 material may have a skin formed on its outer surface, with the skin broken to permit the venting of the ear canal (not shown). With the open-cell construction of the plug 102, air may slowly escape from the ear canal to the surrounding atmosphere until the pressures are equalized. If the atmospheric pressure increases, the pressure within the ear canal may again be equalized to eliminate dizziness, vertigo, or other discomfort. It will be realized that the rate of flow of air through the open cell foam will be relatively slow and hence, the pressure equalization will not in any way affect the sound attenuating properties of the hearing protector 100.
In each of the exemplary embodiments described herein, the plug 102 may be made from dynamically stiff foam. One suitable dynamically stiff foam is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,381, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference to the extent they are consistent with the present invention. Alternatively, the plug 102 may comprise any other conventional earplug foam material such as the foam disclosed in U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 29,487, all of the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference to the extent it is consistent with the present invention. In yet another embodiment, plug 102 may be made from elastomeric polymers such as silicon rubber. However, it is noted that any flexible polymeric material which can be foamed so as to result in a formed plug structure meeting the design criteria set forth herein constitutes a satisfactory material of construction in the plugs 102 of the invention. Accordingly, polymers of ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, diisocyanate, cellulose acetate or isobutylene can all be generally employed.
The neck 104 may have a solid cross-section as seen in
Shoulder 106 is a section of the hearing protector 100 that will experience relatively high stress as compared to the neck 104 and the arm 108. Shoulder 106, operates as the spring member of hearing protector 100. With respect to a reference plane that lies along line 8A-8A of
Handle 110 (
Arm 108 is a flexible member that curves about pinna 12 from about junction 170 (where the helix 16 meets the head tissue 36) to the back of the pinna (see
As mentioned previously, the neck 104, shoulder 106, and arm 108 may be constructed as a unitary piece, as by injection molding. However, it is contemplated that these regions could include one or more parts or over-molded pieces, similar to the embodiments of
In operation, the device of
A second exemplary embodiment of the hearing protector 100, shown in
In this particular embodiment, a first component is the neck 104 and a portion of the shoulder 106, which collectively define an elbow 180. A second component is a spring 184, which is a member that functions as a torsion spring. A third component is the arm 108 and integrally-connected partial-sleeve 182. Sleeve 182 overlaps a portion of the shoulder region 106 where it connects to spring 184. Yet a fourth component is the plug 102, that attaches to the neck in the way described in the previous embodiment.
The neck 104 and shoulder 106 may be constructed from a molded plastic such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, and the like. Arm 108, along with integral sleeve 182, is desirably a flexible member manufactured from the same type of materials described for the embodiment shown in
Desirably, elbow 180 is an L-shaped member having a short leg 190 and a long leg 192. Short leg 190 and long leg 192 may merge at approximately an angle 194 ranging from about 85 to 90 degrees. The short leg 190 includes a straight section for receiving the spring 184. The long leg 192 may be straight as shown, or more curved. As compared to the neck 104 and corresponding plug 102 of the previous embodiment (
Torsion spring 184 may be permanently attached to the elbow 180 and sleeve 182 with an adhesive such as cyanoacrylate glue, casein glue, cement glues, resin glues. In the alternative, such connections may be made with an interference fit between the members.
Referring still to
Referring still to
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, shown in
Arm 108 may be the flexible plastic material as described for the embodiment of
Additional embodiments of the hearing protector 100 of the present invention are depicted in
Referring now to the embodiments of
The neck 104 may extend from a side of shoulder 106 or another surface thereof, such as the bottom edge 107 referenced in
Together, the shoulder 106 and arm 108 form the bow member that generally extends from the tragus 20, upward to where helix 16 meets tissue 36, and down around the pinna 12 adjacent to where concha 24 meets tissue 36. The arm 108 may or may not continue to wrap around and contact the lobe 14.
The EAM pad 200 and pressure pad 202 may be made from materials having the same or different physical and/or strength characteristics. In particular, the pads 200 and 202 may have the same or different elastic properties, density, compression strength, etc. Pads 200 and 202 may even have a unitary structure (not shown). Desirably, the EAM pad 200 is easier to compress and thus more conformable to the ear than the pressure pad 202. This strength property difference may be measured using a standardized test method to determine foam compression, e.g. Standard Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams, ASTM-D-3574, American Society for Testing and Materials International, 2005, incorporated herein by reference to the extent it does not conflict with the present invention.
Appropriate materials from which the pads 200 and 202 may be made include all the foams previously listed for plug 102. In addition, the pads 200 and 202 may be constructed from other compliant elastic materials such as silicone, rubber, and the like, regardless of whether or not they have a foam cell-structure. In one embodiment, pad 200 is a foam material as described above, and pad 202 is constructed from a silicone material. Rubber and silicone materials may be characterized by hardness measurements such as those that may be obtained by using the following test method incorporated herein to the extent it is consistent with the present invention: Standard Test for Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness, ASTM 2240-05, American Society of Testing and Materials International, 2005. Desirably, the pressure pad 202 may be of greater hardness than the EAM pad 200.
In another and possibly more cost effective embodiment, pads 200 and 202 are made from the same material, and may even be integrally connected. The term "integral" is used herein to mean that two or more parts have a homogenous or continuous connection therebetween. The term "unitary" is used herein to mean a direct, permanent connection that connects more than one part, such as by adhesion, fusing, welding, or the like. For example, the neck 104 could extend from the bottom surface of shoulder 106, and unitary pad 200/202 could extend outwardly from each side of neck 104 and shoulder 106. In one example, the pads 200/202 could be similar to the separate pads 200 and 202 shown in
Most desirably, the EAM pad 200 is shaped so that it may be substantially or fully disposed against a human ear canal. While human anatomy may vary between persons, the conformity of the material from which the pad is made will be able to compensate for most variances, and thus will be comfortable for most persons. However, it is contemplated that the EAM pad 200 could be made available in different sizes to achieve a more custom-like fit. The shape of the EAM pad 200 may somewhat resemble an elliptical dome with a nearly elliptical-shaped footprint visible at flat side surface 210 (
So that the EAM pad 200 effects a seal against the ear canal, there are no creases, cavities or pockets on the domal surface 214. Desirably, the material from which the EAM pad is constructed has a skin on its outer surface to so that it may be easier to clean the surface for repeated use. The seal against the ear may not be perfect due to skin texture or an irregularly shaped ear canal. However, the seal is effective enough to prevent significant sound energy from entering the ear canal.
Pressure pad 202, unlike the EAM pad 200, does not need to create a seal for noise control, but some sound attenuation may occur by its presence. The primary function of pressure pad 202 is to apply force to the EAM pad 200 to remain partially or fully engaged with or disposed against the ear canal 26. In use, the pressure pad 202 is compressed between the concha 24 and the neck 104, see
Desirably, the pressure pad 202 is attached to a pressure plate 208 that extends from shoulder 106 adjacent the neck 104. Pressure plate 208 may be a blade-like structure that extends from the shoulder or neck (see
The pressure pad 202 may be shaped for comfort, and if desired, for aesthetics. For reasons of comfort, the edges 252 (see
EAM pad 200 may connect to neck 104 in a variety of ways, such as the methods depicted in
The thickness of the pad 200 may be lesser or greater than is shown, and is dependent on the stiffness of the material used for the pad. Desirably, the EAM pad 200 is thick enough so that the wearer cannot detect any rigid plastic portions such as the neck 104 or anything protruding therefrom.
Shoulder 106 is a section of the hearing protector 100 that will likely experience various stresses as it is bent for placement about the pinna. While in this particular embodiment shoulder 106 is not stressed significantly after it is in place about the pinna, it is contemplated that in other embodiments, shoulder 106 may operate in part as the spring member of hearing protector 100. Shoulder 106 may have a curved appearance when viewed from the side, similar to the embodiment shown in
Optional touch indicia 400 may be located on the optional handle 110 and/or bow member 108 and serve to indicate where the user should touch the hearing protector 100 for the positioning thereof. The touch indicia may be defined by a different material, color, texture, and/or symbols. For example, the overlays 109 and 119 define a touch indicia 400 for the embodiment shown in
Referring to
Pressure plate 208 may have a rounded shape such as a hemi-discoid shaped body, shown. On the outer plate surface 221 of the pressure plate 208 (which will face the ear when in use), there may extend a flange 222. Flange 222 may be an arcuate shape or any shape that corresponds to the shape of pressure pad 202.
Referring to
Stem 120 may have a ball-shaped receiver 227 that corresponds to a socket feature 228 on the EAM pad 200. Preferably the socket feature 228 is defined by a cavity in a separate frame member 229 that engages the stem 120 and ball-shaped receiver 227. The EAM pad 200 is affixed to the frame member 229 in the ways described previously with respect to
The pressure pad 202 of
For any of the embodiments shown in
For any of the embodiments shown in
Desirably, the thickness of the pad as measured between the outer face 207 and inner face 254 may be about 0.5 to about 6.0 mm. More desirably, the thickness of the pad as measured between the outer face 207 and inner face 254 may be about 1.0 to about 3.0 mm.
Yet another embodiment is also contemplated wherein the handle 110 is omitted and the bow member is connected the hearing protector of
Finally, in
The configuration shown in
Referring now to
The next set of embodiments as shown in
EAM pad 200 and pressure pad 202 may be collectively referred to as a replacement pad 300 when they are attached together as seen in
The entire replacement pad 300 may be attached to the frame member 229 either temporarily or permanently; temporarily by an attraction, adhesion, or a friction/interference fit between the parts, and permanently by an adhesive or the like. Several non-limiting examples of temporary attachments include magnetics, hook and loop, slides, snaps, ball and socket, temporary adhesive, and the like. One non-limiting example of a permanent adhesive is a flexible rubber adhesive, such as Super Crystal Clear Waterproof Cement, available from Power Proxy located in Sussex, Wis.
The separate frame member 229 and replacement pad 300 are collectively referred to as a replacement assembly 310. It is contemplated that the replacement assembly 310 may be made from a single piece of material (either homogenous or composite), rather than a two-part construction, as shown. Furthermore, it is contemplated that at least the frame member 229 could be permanently affixed to an ear clip, and not actually be replaceable with respect to the ear clip.
Desirably, the replacement pad assembly 310 may be designed to have a symmetric configuration, thus allowing a single configuration of replacement assembly 310 to be used on either a right- or left-sided ear-clip. This single configuration will reduce the number of specialized parts and costs associated with the manufacture and sale of the replacement assembly 310. In addition, the need for only one configuration of replacement assembly 310 is more convenient for users.
The shape of each user's ear varies, and in particular, the size of the ear canal 26 varies among the population. Thus, preferred fit is one reason a particular design of EAM pad 200 may be selected by a user over another design. Some persons may find the EAM pad 200 more comfortable within a certain range of EAM pad diameters, shapes, materials, contours, and/or lengths.
As seen by way of example in
Referring now to
The active length of the replacement assembly 310 has a direct impact on the ability of the hearing protector 100 to attenuate sound. The depth that the EAM pad 200 is inserted into an ear canal 26 is directly related to the sound attenuation that can be achieved by that hearing protector 100. It is noted that the length of the stem 120 can influence the active length 490, and thus influence how far the EAM pad 200 can be inserted into an ear canal 26. However, this insertion depth is ultimately limited by the pressure pad 202, handle 110, or other components transverse to the ear canal 26. (The term "transverse" is defined as a direction cross-wise to the entrance of an ear canal, such that it prevents the EAM pad 200 (or plug 102) from entering into an ear canal, at least past a certain depth. This transverse direction need not be exactly parallel to a sagittal plane of the body, defined as a plane that divides the body into left and right portions. For example, as can be seen in
Therefore at least one of the pressure pad 202, handle 110, and ear clip shoulder 106 may limit the insertion depth of the EAM pad 200 when contacting the body during insertion of the hearing protector 100, and prevent the EAM pad 200 from entering the ear canal past a predetermined depth range. This will provide repeatability of insertion depth and attenuation between uses. Attenuation may be measured according to the following test method incorporated herein: ANSI S3.19-1974 (R 1979) (ASA 1-1975), American National Standard, "Method for the Measurement of Real-Ear Protection of Hearing Protectors and Physical Attenuation of Ear Muffs," published by the Acoustical Society of America.
Desirably, the active lengths described herein can be independently achieved from a wearer's left side to right side. Specifically, the right-side hearing protector is independent of the left side so that a wearer can remove one hearing protector without affecting the other. This effect cannot be achieved by a head-band style ear plugs or ear-muff style hearing protectors which are connected to each other.
Shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
As with the previous embodiment, there exists an obtuse angle 402 between the vertical axis 410 and the exposed surface 408 of the pressure plate 1208 (see
Referring now to
As with the previous embodiment, there exists an obtuse angle 402 between the vertical axis 410 and the exposed surface 408 of the pressure plate 1208 (see
It may be that each replacement pad 300 has a wall thickness (defined as the thickness between an exterior surface 428 and an interior surface 430) that is somewhat constant so that uniform support is applied to the replacement pad 300 by the support frame member 229 during insertion of the EAM pad 200 into the ear canal 26. In the alternative, it may be more desirable that more padding could be added in certain places, such as at distal end 309, and less padding at the pressure plate 1208 so that the pressure plate can apply more direct pressure to the ear. Referring to
Referring now to
The replacement pad 300 may be made of the same materials as described in previously described embodiments for plug 102. Further, the replacement pads 300 may be made from a flexible thermal plastic rubber (TPR) material or silicone so that it can be washed with a cleaning substance for repeated use. However, the replacement pads may be made from any flexible thermoplastic materials such as thermal plastic elastomer (TPE) and thermal plastic urethane (TPU).
The support frame 229 may be constructed from the same materials as previously described. Because the support frame 229 may be an injection-molded part, it too may have a somewhat even thickness throughout the entire part for even cooling to ensure dimensional stability of the molded part. Thus, in each of the support frames shown in
In yet another embodiment of the present invention as shown in
Still referring to
It is noted at this point that the ear canal 26 does not have a perfect cylindrical cross-section. To the contrary, a cross section of a typical ear canal 26, anywhere along its length may more resemble an oval cross-section. When using highly conformable materials, the fact that an EAM pad 200 may be circular can be of little consequence. However, some of the support frames 229 which are used to support the EAM pad 200 may be less flexible than others, and may benefit from having an oval configuration to better match a typical ear canal 26. Thus, it may be desirable in some embodiments to provide an EAM pad support 412 having an oval cross-section as described below.
Thus, referring to
It may be desirable to arrange the fingers 432 such that the axis 433 does not intersect a portion of a finger 432, as shown in
As mentioned, replacement assembly 310 may be selectively removed and replaced with a new or different replacement assembly 310. Though not required, it is desirable to have a stem head 330 and replacement assembly 310 that will fit in either a right- or left-sided ear clip. This can simplify merchandise inventory, reduce product costs, and make it more convenient users to replace a replacement assembly. The "positioning member" is defined as any structure that a wearer touches to position the hearing protector 100 within the ear. Most desirably, such structures are rigid or semi-rigid and may include a handle 100, a neck 104, a shoulder 106, a bow 108, and a pressure bearing member 205. Other structures may be used as a positioning member even if they are relatively compliant. For example, flange 420 may operate as a positioning member provided that it is large enough to grasp effectively.
Referring now to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring now to
The embodiments shown in
As with prior embodiments of the present invention, optional touch indicia may be located on the optional handle 110 and/or bow member 108 and serve to indicate where the user should touch the hearing protector 100 for the positioning thereof. The touch indicia may be defined by a different material, color, texture, and/or symbols. For example, the detent 225 and overlays 109 and 119 define touch indicia for the embodiment shown in
In operation, the hearing protection device of
In use, the pressure pad 202 stays tucked against back concha 11 region of the concha 24 as seen in
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. For example, any of the embodiments of the present invention may be adapted for use as an ear phone (not shown). As one skilled in the art of ear phone technology will realize, electronics for transmitting sound may be embedded in the ear clip and attached to speaker located in the neck 104. The plug member 102/EAM pad 200 may at least partially cover the speaker. In addition, it should be understood that the various features of each of the embodiments may be combined, and that the claims should not be limited to read upon the few examples shown and described herein.
As used herein the terms "connected" and "attached" refer to the condition where a first member or component is either mechanically and/or chemically joined to a second member or component. The term "integral" refers to a special joining between two components that occurs as a result of a permanent connection at a chemical level, e.g. a weld or two parts that were injection molded at the same time without subsequent separation. The term "passive" refers to the ability to attenuate sound without the use of noise-cancellation electronics to a level of 10 decibels or greater, or more desirably to a level of 15 decibels or greater.
When introducing elements of the invention or the preferred aspect(s) thereof, the articles "a", "an", "the" and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising," "including," and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
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28 year old man | Baileys Crossroads, VA, USA | Seeking women 18-27 within 50 miles of Lorton, VA
Life is short, so make the most of it.
Hi, my name is Eric Christiansen Jr. I'm a goofball at heart, an athlete, and a fun person in general. If I was to summarize myself, that's the basics about me, but if you want to know more, keep reading I was referred to this website by a friend. Its not my typical way of meeting people but I figured I would give it a try. I am a very spontaneous person, but one thing I do like to plan out as best as possible is my future. I know the person I want to become and how I will provide for my future family etc. Finding someone who wants to share quality time with and build on the future is the part I can't plan, but I hope to find it, weather its here or somewhere else. Some background about me; I've been playing sports my whole life. I feel that they have always been a necessity in my life. I played baseball for a majority of my younger years. I've been skiing since I was 5, and snowboarding since I was 18. I played football and lacrosse during high school, but now my sporting activities mainly consist of a tailgating party or backyard sports. I've always been an easy going type of guy, and enjoy the simple things life has to offer. I love comedy, and love to make people laugh. I enjoy entertaining people as well, always have. My uncle always tells me I was born to entertain people because even when I was 4 I had a tennis racket (guitar) and shades on and was singing to people. I enjoy providing and being the planner for my group of friends for when we go on trips etc. I'll make sure all reservations are made and we have everything needed because I like knowing that no one else has to worry and everyone can just have a good time. If you want to know more about me I'd be glad to talk with you, I'm always up for meeting new people, new friends, and hopefully someone I can build my future with.
Camping , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Golf, Hockey, Martial arts, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I like Exotic Pets
Some other viewpoint
Arlington, Jiffy Lube Live(Lube Job Live), OBX, Snowshoe, Miami
Snowboarding, running, biking, dirt biking, playing any sport, camping, hiking, fishing, vacationing, concerts concerts concerts, i love music.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|5'4" (162cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, Full-figured
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Christian / Other
|Some college
|No preference


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39 year old man | Miami, FL, USA | Seeking women 29-40 within 50 miles
Living life to its fullest
I am an adventurous, passionate, determined and caring man who likes to live each day to the fullest. I enjoy cooking, exercising, traveling, laughing and good conversation amongst friends. I would love to meet someone to begin cultivating a relationship with. Someone to share my thoughts, dreams, ideals and life with! Let's enjoy that journey together!
Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Auto racing / Motorcross, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Football, Other types of exercise, Running, Swimming, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
There are a wide range of places I like. I enjoy the Downtown, Las Olas and Brickell vibe. Also Im a big fan of live music anywhere. I do travel, not as extensive as I would like but Vegas, Atlantis Paradise Island, and Italy are among my favs.
St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL
I am a foodie for sure, but Thai may be my favorite. I am a fan of any crime/drama/thriller TV show. Also some comedies. All time favorite shows would be The West Wing followed closely by Entourage! I am a man of many interest. To many to list
For fun I enjoy the cinema, traveling, and cooking to name a few. I love to go bowling, play adult board games and at times relaxing on the beach, although the sun and I have been friends along time.
I have read the Hunger Games Trilogy. Now I'm on to find out what the fuss is about with Shades of Grey...
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|5'3" (160cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Platinum
|Cigar aficionado
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Executive / Management
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|Black / African descent
|Black / African descent, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, White / Caucasian, Other
I like to take advantage of each day and live life to the fullest
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
I owe much to the Man upstairs
|Bachelors degree
|No preference
I started out at Emory University in Atlanta, Pre-med to be a Cardio-Thoracic surgeon. I ended up with a BBA with a concentration in International Finance from St. Thomas University. In between was a 3 year stop in the NFl.


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In a world of Boa constrictors and convoluted ratchets, the simplicity of the Giro Empire SLX's laces is classy, and harks back to the lace-up days of old. Designed with…
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The mountain bike section of the local bike shop may be uncharted territory for many of you, but it may be worth exploring in search of the Giro Fathom helmet.…
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Overall it's a great shoe: comfortable, stiff and, at under 252g for a size 43, just about justifies its price
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At the heart of the Prolight update is a revised Easton SLX EC 90 sole that, thanks to better triangulation, offers more stiffness across the platform of the shoe. Though…
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Giro Savant helmet £59.99
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Seven of the best cycle helmets go head-to-head: Giro Saros, 291g £89.99


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pics and location
Type: Posts; User: greasyginzo
pics and location
What vendors are going? Only reason I would go is to spend money on my MK6
where are located?
if your AWE catback works with your stock downpipe then yes the 42dd downpipe will work since it mates up to the stock catback perfectly
if your AWE catback works with your stock downpipe then yes it should work
**** never mind I thought this was the other guy selling his 42dd downpipe and modified APR exhaust.
But yes I do have a 42dd downpipe on my car...this is the 3" catback right? Not 2.5"?
yes I have the 42DD downpipe mated to the stock back. So from the looks of your picture and if it was done right all I have to do is remove my stock cat back, remove the 42DD to stock downpipe...
I will give you $2k shipped since this is the old gt28rs kit, the new GTX kit is on sale at the moment and the software is $1500.
If you want to meet me in like Summit NJ right off 78 I will take it when ever you can get there. Tonight, tomorrow whenever.
do you have the center vent with the little chrome trim inserts on the adjustment knobs still there? If so how much shipped to NJ
You willing to break up the 42DD downpipe and catback? I want the cat back...already have the downpipe
The APR/Hotchkis bars have zirc fittings because the bushings they supply are just a normal rubber or poly with no teflon. H&R supplies teflon bushings so they are non serviceable. I highly...
Go with VWR springs and Bilstein B8 dampers and you will have a nice setup
Or if that is too expensive get the Autotech Club Sport kit. The Sachs dampers thry use are awesome
**** all that crap just get 034 strut mounts and bearings either SKF or OEM
Yes mk5 = mk6
God are those tips ugly too bad because it sounds good
how much power are you running? Unless you up around 500 - 600hp I would stay with the stock pistons.
pictures of said dust boots?
Any chance we could meet up and let me take your car for a drive? I was about to buy a big turbo kit but couldn't get GIAC to commit to tuning. Then I started thinking about...
Are you really going to switch to HPA software?


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New York City Guided Sightseeing Tour by Luxury Coach
We've selected the best candid trip photos submitted by our users to help you decide if the New York City Guided Sightseeing Tour by Luxury Coach is right for you. Make the most of your next trip to New York City with Viator's exclusive Photo Galleries.
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Tour guide
December 2008
About to take us inside the church.
December 2008
One example of the many holiday lights in New York.
This picture says it all
July 2008
You can't ask for a better picture. We took over a hundred and fifty pictures that day.
The Statue of Liberty
July 2008
She will bring a tear to your eye's. She is so beautiful up close.
Water under the Bridge
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Great waterfall pictures, they bring you right up to it.
World Trade Center Site
July 2008
No words can describe the feeling when standing there.


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IU students, jail inmates take class together
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. - (AP) — Wearing a Monroe County Jail-issued orange uniform, Steve's burly frame overshadowed the lectern he stood behind. Poised with confidence, he read aloud a piece he was inspired to write in honor of the Indiana University instructor who brought 10 students into the jail twice a week for eight weeks this summer.
He thanked Lindsey Campbell-Badger for metaphorically piling a speech class of 20 jail inmates and IU students into her used Prius with a cracked windshield.
Steve thanked her for the ride: "It will be one I'll remember for the rest of my life."
Communications and culture associate instructor Campbell-Badger's public speaking students celebrated their accomplishments in completing the first collaborative class between IU students and county jail inmates Thursday afternoon in a multipurpose room at the Monroe County Jail.
Established at Temple University in Philadelphia, the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program brings college students and incarcerated men and women together to learn about issues behind jail or prison walls The Herald-Times reported.
Trained at a maximum security prison in Detroit, Campbell-Badger brought the Inside-Out program here — a class in this setting was a first for IU Bloomington's campus and the Monroe County Jail, and required organizational assistance from jail commander Bill Wilson and his staff, adjunct professor Victor Harnack, and board members and volunteers of New Leaf-New Life, among others.
Campbell-Badger didn't give any lectures to her "inside students," the inmates, or "outside students," her IU group.
Rather, the students met in groups, small and large.
Ground rules were clear. The IU students, a mix of men and women, signed semi-anonymity contracts, and only used their first names with the jail inmates. The all-male group of inmates from the addiction recovery dormitory, too, used only their first names or nicknames.
The Inside-Out classmates are not to exchange phone numbers; they may not become Facebook friends.
Thursday was a final goodbye for the group.
In their last class, the 20 students delivered personal narrations about their classroom experiences and presented one another with certificates. The inmates and IU students sat in chairs arranged in a large circle.
They started out a group of strangers, each nervous and apprehensive about being accepted and understood, said Hobie, an inside student, during his turn at the podium. In the first three-hour class session, each inmate spoke face-to-face with each student. They learned simple facts about one another, like the names of childhood pets.
In the first 12 minutes of that first class, each face and name became a person, Hobie said as he clutched his college textbook with pride and held it high.
IU student Alecia followed, adding that in the first group session the class talked about respect. "Twenty strangers are now 20 friends," she said.
During the "values speech" exercise, the students showed their vulnerabilities and formed a stronger bond as a class, said outside student Madhura.
Gesturing with his hands and taking quick glances at his notes before making eye contact with the group, inside student T.J. said the job interview speech exercises boosted his self-confidence.
The room erupted with applause after each speech was delivered, and after each certificate was passed from inmate to college student, from each college student to inmate.
Hobie spoke about Rachel's kindness, and her willingness to set aside her own work to make sure he understood his own course work. Rachel, in turn, said she was always impressed that Hobie memorized his speeches and didn't use note cards.
Steve called Morgan a free spirit, and said she followed her heart when she transferred to IU, which allowed for their paths to cross. Morgan called Steve a good father who provides for his family and is a hard worker.
Carlos taught Madhura how to be optimistic, she said, "And that was missing from my own life."
Mike said he always looked forward to being in a group with Dylan, who "inspires people without even trying."
Harnack called the Inside-Out class a "win-win" for the university, the jail and everyone involved. "You've seen the results," he said after the students delivered their final narrations. "It's a civic engagement that we're talking about." Harnack leaned away from the podium and shook a hand, extended by inmate Buck.
After the formal ceremony, the inside and outside students had a few minutes to talk among themselves and prepare for their final good-byes.
"It puts us in a somewhat normal environment," Hobie said. "That's going to be really sad. I wish there was another class to replace this."
He turned to Rachel and asked what she thought of the experience. She called it "life changing."
Hobie added that perhaps the most valuable lesson he learned was not to be selfish. The collaborative work of the inside students affects the group project grades for the IU students, he explained.
"That's a good lesson.When you look at these oranges, you can see that we've been selfish at times," he said, referring to the prison uniforms.
Everyone in the Inside-Out public speaking class will receive a grade. For the IU students, those grades will be posted online in Oncourse; for the inmates, Campbell-Badger has the grades stored in a Google document.
During a brainstorming session for future Inside-Out classes at the jail, Buck asked Campbell-Badger about the possibility of the inmates receiving credit, complete with a grade on a college transcript, for completing her course.
Perhaps the inside students have a new assignment: writing persuasive speeches to university officials.
Likewise, Campbell-Badger suggested her outside students do some extracurricular writing: commendation letters on behalf of the inmates, to be placed in their court files.
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Claridge Products No. 435 Hinged Glass Door Directory
18"H x 24"W Size
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Claridge Products No. 435 Hinged Glass Door Directory
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18"H x 24"W Size
24"H x 18"W Size
36"H x 24"W Size
42"H x 30"W Size
Additional Weights & Dimensions
|Available In Size: Small Sizes; 2'X1.5'; 3'X2'
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|Designed For: Indoor Use
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|Country of Manufacture: United States
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Claridge Products No. 435 Hinged Glass Door Directory
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The Guardian's Suzanne Moore thinks the digital economy is destroying creative careers.
But the digital economy operates as a kind of sophisticated X Factor. Someone will make it, sure. For more than 15 seconds even, maybe. But most won't. This is why Lanier says the internet may destroy the middle classes, the people who can't outspend the elite. And without that middle group, we cannot maintain a democracy.
He sees musicians and artists and journalists as canaries in the mineshaft of this new economy. Who will pay them? "Is this the precedent we want to follow for our doctors and lawyers and nurses and everybody else? Because, eventually, technology will get to everybody."
I'm not completely convinced, even though I'm writing this as someone whose music writing for Trebuchet Magazine is, bar the odd freebie, unpaid. Much like many of the musicians I write about, it's all fitted around the demands of a day job that pays the bills.
Historically disruptive techologies have destroyed jobs, and sometimes entire industries. But in the longer run those same technological changes have created just as many new ones. I'm not convinced the 'good old days' were as rosy as Suzanne Moore claims.
The truth is that there have always been far more aspiring musicians and journalists than the market could ever realistically support, and most of them never 'made it'. What we're seeing is the internet eroding the power of the traditional gatekeepers in the mass media and record companies to decide who's successful and who is destined never to be hired or signed.
Indeed, there's a lot of evidence to suggest, in the music business at least, that opportunities for up and coming musicians has actually increased thanks to the internet, as both overheads and barriers to entry have fallen. Although this inevitably results in greater competition for a finite audience, the biggest losers appear to be those who work elsewhere in the distribution chain.
There are wider issues about whether economic models that evolved for physical goods are appropriate for intellectual property, and how individual creativity ought to be rewarded in what has become a post-scarcity economy. And then there's the even bigger issue of whether 21st century neo-liberal capitalism is fundamentally broken, with a dangerously disproportionate amount of wealth and power concentrated in the hands of those at the top of the economic food chain, which is how you end up with vastly profitable corporations expecting people to work for nothing in the first place.
I'm not pretending to know the answers, probably because there are no easy answers. But I think it's important both to ask the right questions, and look at the bigger picture.


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Phillys Big Trip (Alaska to Chile or is that Argentina)
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Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Jun 2012
Location: Netherlands
Oddometer: 263
Asheville to Robbinsville, Saturday, 1 September 2012, Day 89
Old and New at Wheels through Time[/caption]
Skyline Park was a nice ride
Blue Ridge Parkway first 300 miles pleasant ride
Blue Ridge Parkway last 150 mile just got better
(British Understatement)
Blue Ridge Parkway NC[/caption]
A bloody good day in the saddle did not too many miles today but they certainly where good ones. Stopped of at a great little museum called wheels through time was not sure what to expect but turned out to be an excellent and fascinating place. I have a confession to make that to be honest I am not a big fan of Harley Davidson and this museum was all American motorcycle so I was expecting another Harley shop type experience fortunately this was nothing like this and I am going to revise the above statements as I actually do like Harley Davidson but the old ones and this place certainly had a great collection of these. So spent an enjoyable hour or so hanging around this place
Even got an honorable mention on their Facebook Space. The policeman I nearly got nicked by at the beginning of the Blue Ridge Parkway was certainly right about the last 80 odd miles being the best lovely scenery if I have not already mentioned this. I made tracks to a place I had seen on the Horizon Hubb website where they was going to be a rally the following week and saw it was a motorcycle only resort with camping, cabins, hotels and what appealed to me was that they had a bunk house so I made tracks to there.
Great Ride[/caption]
and yes they had a place in the bunkhouse so in celebration I sign myself up for a steak dinner as well mmm lekker.
Motorcycles only lodgings[/caption]
Interesting place on a little stream large area that was a restaurant and all the cliental all bikers. Pleasant evening round a campfire shooting the breeze with some southern folks passing the jam jar with moonshine in (yes I had a little sip as it would be rude not to so that is yet another month without a drink so not only is Philly dry but the county we are in is also dry so no booze for sale at the resort so everything brought in from the county down the road which I found very strange) Also this place had a large porch with loads of rocking chairs so spent some there trying to understand a conversation about fishing in a southern drawl so not much comprehension of what they taking about not sure if was the topic or the accent I did not get so hit the sack debating should I come next week for the following rally
But probably not as I am not one for doing U turn or coming back to places straight away I do like keep rolling forward.
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Originally written on Sportress of Blogitude | Last updated 4/25/13
That title is not exactly clear, is it? No, not what it would look like if Texas Rangers right-hander Yu Darvish pitched a game while he was taking LSD. The below GIF is what it would look like if someone sat and watched Yu Darvish pitch while they were taking LSD. It's a near-certainty that Yu Darvish has never considered doing what MLB pitcher Dock Ellis said he had done on June 12, 1970 before took the mound for his no-hitter, when he claimed afterward that he had dropped acid before the game. All the references to mood-altering and perception-tweaking effects of Lysergic acid diethylamide aside, the below trippy GIF overlaps five pitches from Yu Darvish, illustrating the many different ways the ball dips and moves and slides and shifts after coming out of his hand. Via Lone Star Ball, by way of @MindofStan: Far freaking out, man. Probably could make a person want to throw some Jefferson Airplane or Nine Inch Nails or Pink Floyd or whatever on the Hi-Fi, ya dig? Not that Sportress of Blogitude condones or knows anything about that kind of behavior except for stuff gleaned from watching "ABC After School Specials" and reading Timothy Leary biographies and whatnot. [H/T SB Nation] The post This is probably what it would look like watching Yu Darvish pitch on LSD (GIF) appeared first on Sportress of Blogitude.
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By: Jake Madison
Published: January 4, 2013
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"head covering for women," especially worn by nuns, Old English wimpel, from Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz (cf. Old Saxon wimpal, Old Frisian wimpel, Middle Dutch, Dutch wimpel, Old High German wimpal, German wimpel, Old Norse vimpill), of obscure origin. Old French guimple (French guimpe) is a Germanic loan-word.
Isa. 3:22, (R.V., "shawls"), a wrap or veil. The same Hebrew word is rendered "vail" (R.V., "mantle") in Ruth 3:15.


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Hartford rising for Community Bill of Rights
The multi-racial rally, called in the spirit of Dr. King's 1964 poor people's campaign, was held in Hartford's North End, one of the most impoverished neighborhoods in the nation.
Amiri Baraka: 1934 - 2014
"He did for the English syntax what Monk did with the chord. He was an original."
Amiri Baraka, preeminent poet and activist, dies at age 79
Amiri Baraka, one of the country's preeminent African American poets, playwrights and activists died Thursday at Newark's Beth Israel Hospital after a brief illness.
Ala. board approves pardons for "Scottsboro Boys"
The state's parole board wrote a new ending for the infamous "Scottsboro Boys" rape case Thursday morning by approving posthumous pardons more than 80 years after the arrests.
Election mandate calls for unity and jobs
Led by New Haven Rising, unions of Yale University workers and community groups, hundreds of volunteers knocked on doors across the city this summer and fall to discuss issues and organize a large voter turnout.
Outrage follows declaration that police killing was "justified"
Flint Farmer was laying face down on the parkway grass after being shot in the thigh and abdomen by Chicago police officer Gildardo Sierra.
Cory Booker elected New Jersey's first African-American U.S. senator
Democrat Cory Booker defeated his tea party opponent Steve Lonegan and made history last night by becoming the state's first African American U.S. senator.
Thousands rally to 'take back Chicago' from wealthy
This is a city of polarizing contrasts: a gleaming downtown of corporate offices subsidized by taxpayers while working class neighborhoods are neglected.
Campaign launched to rename Nathan Bedford Forrest H.S.
Progressives say the true symbolism behind the name change is that of social justice, a solid stepping stone for the South to "rise again."
Bayard Rustin LGBT coalition highlights civil rights leader's role
The San Francisco chapter of the Bayard Rustin LGBT Coalition rallied to highlight the contributions of Rustin, an often-overlooked civil rights figure.


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Phoenix Chamber of Commerce claims several wins in state legislature
The Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce says there were several "wins" for business in the just-completed Arizona legislative session.
Chamber Vice President Chad Heinrich said he likes an $8 million budget provision to fund a new education assessment that he said will give students the training they need to get good jobs.
"Companies don't necessarily have to spend a lot of time ramping up the skill level. Those students will be ready to join the work force," Heinrich said.
He's also applauding the Legislature for passing the Angel Investment Program, which provides tax credits for small businesses for the next 10 years. Heinrich said that will help small business investments to continue growing.
"It really brings together those qualified companies who are in need of capital and the investors who can provide that capital," Heinrich said.
He added that bills providing more funding for the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality are also a big win. Heinrich gave the Legislature a grade of anywhere from an A- to a B+ for the work done in this session.


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Oyster Casserole
This Southern specialty is delicious to make wherever you live, featuring shucked oysters folded into a velvety mixture of heavy cream, cream-style corn, whole kernel corn, and crushed crackers.
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
Serves: 12
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- 1 pt. shucked oysters
- 1 c. heavy (whipping) cream
- 1 large egg
- 1 can whole kernel corn
- 1 can cream-style corn
- 1.50 c. fine saltine cracker crumbs
- 0.50 c. finely diced red bell pepper
- 0.50 c. thinly sliced scallions
- 0.50 stick melted butter
- 0.25 tsp. salt
- 0.13 tsp. Freshly ground black pepper
- Lightly coat a 2-quart shallow baking dish with nonstick spray.
- Drain liquor from oysters into a 2-cup glass measure. Add enough cream to make 1 cup. Whisk in egg until well blended.
- Put whole and cream-style corn in a large bowl. Add cream mixture, 1 1/4 cups cracker crumbs (put remaining 1/4 cup in a small bowl), the bell pepper, scallions, 3 tablespoons butter, the salt, and pepper. Stir to mix well. Gently stir in oysters. Pour into prepared baking dish. Stir remaining 1 tablespoon butter into remaining 1/4 cup cracker crumbs to moisten. Sprinkle around edges of casserole. Cover and refrigerate up to 4 hours.
- Heat oven to 325°F. Uncover casserole and bake 1 hour or until set and crumb topping is lightly browned.
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My rating: 3 of 5 stars
This is Wyatt and Emily's story. Emily is an intern who finds out that the vet at the clinic she's interning at is her first one night stand she was hoping to never see again. Turns out, though he doesn't fit in her grand plan for her life, he is exactly what she needs.
While this was not my favorite in the series so far, Jill Shalvis constantly comes through with just the right amount of yummy, funny and heart to ensure you will enjoy the ride. Emily and Wyatt had a lot of heat, considering Emily could not keep her hands off of Wyatt to save her life. Unfortunately, I just didn't feel the chemistry and the love. Wyatt was a very good guy, but he just never expressed his feelings to Emily and it was difficult as a reader to see exactly why these two were meant to be together. Why was Emily different from Caitlin, who we find out was Wyatt's recent ex-fiancé who chooses to leave the small town of Sunshine? Does Wyatt fall in and out of love pretty easily? I just wish there was something that stood out to me about these two characters that solidified their reasons to be together. It doesn't have to exist in every book I suppose. It just felt like an average couple, which we probably all are…but I do like every couple and every story to feel magically special in some way. Ultimately, I liked the story, I liked the characters well enough, and I'll always read Jill. I just wished for a little bit more zsa zsa zsu!
On a side note, a few personal things I'm a little over: the fact that there's always someone in this series who has one foot out the door. The references to "good parts" or "lady town". Not all women refer to those things in the same way, so it sort of takes me out of the story since it's in almost every book with every heroine.
View all my reviews


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This is a reading associated with activities during Solar Week, a twice-yearly event in March and October during which classrooms are able to interact with scientists studying the Sun. Outside of Solar Week, information, activities, and resources... (View More) are archived and available online at any time. This is a blog entry about the process by which rocket payloads are assembled prior to launch. It was written by one of the female team members associated with a NASA sounding rocket launch program. The blog entry reading is scheduled to occur during Friday of Solar Week. (View Less)
This set of three videos illustrates how math is used in satellite data analysis. The videos feature NASA senior climate scientist Claire Parkinson. Parkinson explains how the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice covers are measured from satellite data and... (View More) how math is used to determine trends in the data. In the first video, she leads viewers from satellite data collection through obtaining a time series of monthly average sea ice extents for November 1978 – December 2012, for the Arctic and Antarctic. In the second video, she begins with the time series from the first video, removes the seasonal cycle by calculating yearly averages, and proceeds to calculate the slopes of the lines to get trends in the data, revealing decreasing sea ice coverage in the Arctic and increasing sea ice coverage in the Antarctic. In the third video, she uses a more advanced technique to remove the seasonal cycle and shows that the trends are close to the same, whichever method is used. She emphasizes the power of math and that the techniques shown for satellite sea ice data can also be applied to a wide range of data sets. (View Less)
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This collection of math problems is based on a weekly series of space and Earth science problems distributed to teachers during the 2013-2014 school year. The problems were intended for students looking for additional challenges in the math and... (View More) physical science curriculum and were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. Includes information for teachers and answer key. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This project engages students in the science and engineering processes used by NASA Astrobiologists as they explore our Solar System and try to answer the compelling question, "Are we Alone?" Students will identify science mission goals and select... (View More) an astrobiologically significant target of interest: Mars, Europa, Enceladus or Titan. Students will then design their mission to this target in search of their chosen biosignature(s). Students will encounter the same considerations and challenges facing NASA scientists and engineers as they search for life in our Solar System. Students will need to balance the return of their science data with engineering limitations such as power, mass and budget. Risk factors play a role and will add to the excitement in this interactive science and engineering activity. Astrobiobound! will help students see how science and systems engineering are integrated to achieve a focused scientific goal. Includes an alignment document for NGSS and Common Core State Standards. (View Less)
This series of laboratory lessons and activities uses authentic solar imagery and data to introduce students to solar science. Students are asked to explore details in imagery, including how to deal with the issues of noise and resolution, and... (View More) understand scale. They are introduced to the concept of space weather and how that affects both observing instruments and the Earth. Students learn about spectra, how helium and coronium were discovered, and go on to explore real spectra from the Sun. Most activities are mathematically based, and targeted for grades 9-10. Imagery is included from NASA/ESA's SOHO mission, NASA's SDO mission, and Japan's Hinode satellite. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This short video (02:48) profiles Steve Nesbitt, a scientist affiliated with NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. Following a brief description of his career pathway, Nesbitt provides both an overview of the GPM mission as well as... (View More) insights into his work in validating and analyzing the GPM satellite data. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This short video includes interviews with several key engineers who built and tested the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Interviewees include: Beth Weinstein, GPM integration and test... (View More) engineer; Lisa Bartusek, GPM deputy mission systems engineer; and Carlton Peters, associate branch head at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and GPM thermal branch development lead. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of space science mathematics problems distributed during the 2012-2013 school year. They were intended for students looking for additional challenges in the math and physical science... (View More) curriculum in grades 5 through 12. The problems were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. The problems were designed to be one-pagers with a Teacher's Guide and Answer Key as a second page. (View Less)
The Cosmic Times Gallery Walk and Cosmic Times Jigsaw lessons serve as extensions to the Cosmic Times suite of curriculum support materials. They are intended to provide an introduction to Cosmic Times as a whole, giving students the larger picture... (View More) of how our understanding of the universe has changed over the last century. During the Gallery Walk lesson, students peruse the Cosmic Times posters to answer open-ended questions. During the Jigsaw lesson, students work in cooperative teams to understand the primary scientific advances over the past century that have contributed to our current understanding of the universe. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This program uses NASA data and resources to promote authentic classroom research experiences. These two complementary guides lead students through the process of conducting their own inquiry-based research on an Earth-focused topic. In their... (View More) guidebook, students read content and answer questions about each step in the research process- from formulating a question to sharing results. The separate guide for teachers provides explicit instructions, lists the standards addressed, and includes additional hints, resources and websites. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free


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GamesReviews writes:
The upcoming 7 days sees quite a lot of variety with RPGs, brain dead shooters, snail racing, and even men in bowler hats. No PC releases but the other platforms more than make up for it.
As always this list is correct at time of publishing however changes to release dates often happen at short notice.