text:
Mr Jones Watches | The Accurate
2 Recommendations
mademoiselle_a's recommendation
"Remember, you will die." , this message to the illiterati (otherwise, 'memento mori') spread out onto minute and hour hand, both constantly moving over the mirror-glas rim and dial. I admit this has a peculiar, if morbid, charm on its own - a completely new take on the term "Horology".
My Collections:
J-Yazdani's recommendation
I like the idea of this watch alot, It has a simple hour and minute hand, and running across the face is a message reading "remember you will die". I would think though that after a while it will be depressing to check the time.


text:
As you pursue supernatural encounters with God, beware of the dangers of the invisible realm. read more
Charisma Magazine
Page 7 of 367
4 Truths About Faith and Healing
When God doesn't heal now, you can apply essential truths about faith and healing that are anchored in Scripture. Larry Keefauver identifies four key actions we should take when we face a serious illness. read more
Reinhard Bonnke: Why Americans Take the Holy Spirit For Granted
Many believers in the United States think the Holy Spirit's power is an option. Christians in Africa - where miracles are frequent - don't have that attitude. Find why Americans take the Holy Spirit for granted. read more
WATCH: Supernatural Prayers to Change Your Life
Guillermo Maldonaldo has taught thousands to walk in supernatural miracles. Now, on Sid Roth's It's Supernatural, he teaches you, with some powerful prayers that just might change your life. read more
The Secret to Walking in Supernatural Power
It's an ongoing encounter with God's presence that enables us to live like Jesus did. Learn how to obtain a miracle lifestyle. read more
WATCH: Supernatural Journeys Through Heaven, Hell and Prophetic Revelations
Glenda Jackson shares her supernatural visits to both heaven and hell, as well as some truly stunning prophetic revelations, on Sid Roth's It's Supernatural. Watch and be amazed! read more
The Fascinating Promise of Miracles Delayed
God's always working, even when it seems like Heaven is ignoring your prayers. Watch this video and be moved! read more
Miracle After Miracle Surrounds Modern-Day Lazarus
The doctors said she was dead. Science said it was over. But God had other plans... read more
An Incredible Journey of Visitations and Visions
James Maloney shares his prophetic journey as God has used him through visions, visitations and miracles on Sid Roth's It's Supernatural. Take a look! read more
Supernatural Healing for the Broken-Hearted
From fatherlessness and abuse to the embrace of the greatest Father, Hank Kunneman shares his astounding, supernatural testimony as never before. Miracles and incredible Holy Spirit intervention abound! read more
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Faith Comes by Hearing
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The least interesting of the BCS bowls at first glance, the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans pitted the third-ranked Seminoles of Florida State against the Big East champion Louisville Cardinals. Although the teams compiled similar records in the regular season, Florida entered as a heavy favorite because of its far more challenging schedule in the SEC. The key matchup here featured Louisville quarterback Teddy Bridgewater against the vaunted Florida defense, among the best in the nation in pass coverage. In an upset that recalled Utah over Alabama or Boise State over Oklahoma, the Big East squad became the second team in red and white to win a BCS bowl this year by dominating the Seminoles literally from the first play to the last.
First quarter:
On the first play of the game, a Jeff Driskel pass tipped off the hands of the Florida receiver and into the hands of defensive back Terell Floyd for a pick-six that gave Louisville an immediate lead. When Florida went three-and-out on its next possession, momentum lay firmly with the Cardinals. Aided by a third-down penalty, they drove inside Florida territory on a long completion over the middle. Louisville continued to convert third downs on the drive against the vaunted Gators defense, the terror of the SEC East during the regular season. Finding an early rhythm on short and long passes, Bridgewater consistently found receivers who had space to run and tossed off an apparent touchdown pass on a catch-and-run play that looked alarmingly easy to Florida fans. Called back on review, the completion nevertheless set up Louisville with a first down inside the 1 that they converted uneventfully. When Florida marched down the field with a series of first downs, though, they finally threatened to assert themselves in a Sugar Bowl that had looked about to slip away from them.
Louisville 14, Florida 0
Second quarter:
Stiffening inside their own red zone, the Cardinals defense held the Gators to a field goal that carved a minimal hole into their lead. The speed of their receivers then helped propel the offense into yet another and-goal situation amidst a surprising number of missed tackles from the normally capable Florida defense. But Bridgewater misfired on consecutive passes into the end zone, setting up a short field goal of their own but wasting a chance to dig a deep hole for the nation's #3 team. Consecutive punts followed as the Louisville defense continued to stifle Florida while creating strong field position for their own offense. Too often focused on Bridgewater, the Gators continued to leave room for him to throw downfield and open space for the receivers to add yards after the catch. Despite the string of negative plays into which the Florida defense forced them on this possession, Louisville managed to convert several clear passing downs through the opposing secondary. On the best play of the half, Bridgewater hurled a long touchdown pass into the back of the end zone that his receiver caught over his shoulder while falling sideways and yet miraculously staying within bounds. Since Louisville would receive the second-half kick, Florida desperately needed a score to finish the half. Behind their most versatile play-calling so far, they increased their pace on offense and kept the Cardinals defense on their heels. Although the drive stalled within a few yards of the end zone, the Gators converted a critical fourth-down for their first touchdown of the game.
Without that score, the game probably would have lacked much interest in the second half. Even with it, though, Florida entered the admission needing to make adjustments on defense to contain Bridgewater more effectively and offer their offense a chance to rally.
Louisville 24, Florida 10
Third quarter:
A smart idea in theory, an onside kick attempt failed for Florida to start the second half and gave Louisville the ball inside the red zone after a double personal foul. The Cardinals scored on the first play of the second half just as they had on the first play of the first half, this time a 19-yard pass from Bridgewater on which the receiver easily outran the secondary. Early in the next possession, the Gators continued to self-destruct on a fumble deep in their territory that the defense recovered inside the 5. Fortunately for them, the defense regrouped to sack Bridgewater on both second and third down, preventing the turnover from resulting in points after a missed field-goal attempt. Another near-turnover followed when a Louisville defender dropped an interception as Florida's listless offense showed no sign of climbing back into the game. Even the Cardinals running game began to punch holes in the demoralized defense, placed under too much pressure by an offense that could not stay on the field for long.
Moving the ball almost at will, Louisville showed far more intensity and desire than the #3 team in the nation. Through the first three quarters, the underdogs had not needed to deploy their punter as they converted the vast majority of their third downs. Another missed field goal did not look likely to derail them as they ended the third quarter in firm control of the scoreboard, despite a tipped-ball interception that represented Louisville's first turnover.
Louisville 30, Florida 10
Fourth quarter:
Virtually unable to turn any positive momentum into something meaningful, Florida threw away their latest opportunity with a throw into the end zone that produced an easy interception. Bridgewater and his teammates continued to make third-down conversions look routine against a supposedly fearsome SEC defense. On the kickoff after a field goal, successful this time, Florida finally profited from its strengths on special teams with a return out of their own end zone for a touchdown, but it was too little too late. Another failed onside kick gave Louisville the ball well inside Florida territory, from where they felt content to drain more time off the clock before pinning the SEC squad near their own end zone with a well-placed punt. Florida marched the length of the field for a touchdown with the type of offensive resilience that would have served them well earlier in the game, but a sack on a two-point conversion left them two scores behind with barely two minutes to play, not a situation from which they could complete a miraculous comeback. The Gators failed on an onside kick for the third time in the Sugar Bowl before Louisville ran out the remaining time.
Final score: Louisville 33, Florida 23
A conference that prides itself on its status as the best in the country, the SEC continued to fall short of those expectations this bowl season. Two days after LSU had fallen to ACC opponent Clemson, Florida State became the second top-ten team from the conference toppled by a lower-ranked opponent before a national audience. As their transition to the ACC looms, Louisville secured some pride for the much-maligned, disintegrating Big East with a BCS bowl title that should garner them a strong preseason ranking in 2013. For college football fans, moreover, the Sugar Bowl proved that one can take no outcome for granted, even in games that seem like foregone conclusions at the outset.


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text:
Men represent the vast majority of Robotics Engineers in the United States. People in this role can earn an average of $76K annually nationwide. Medical benefits are awarded to nearly all, and a strong majority earn dental coverage. Most Robotics Engineers like their work and job satisfaction is high. The data for this snapshot was collected from individuals who took PayScale's salary survey.
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Robotics engineers are specialized mechanical engineers who are responsible for designing and maintaining robots and their electronic systems. They are employed primarily in the manufacturing industry and work in office environments while developing designs and applications.Read More...
Robotics engineers generally work traditional business hours, although shifts may vary and extended hours may be necessary depending on the employer. Candidates for the position should have a master's degree within their field; degrees in robotic engineering are on the rise, but a master's in mechanical, software, or electrical engineering is also recommended, and accredited degree programs are also available within the field. Some employers may require a Doctorate degree.
Robotics engineers have a variety of responsibilities and will spend a majority of their time researching the latest work in robotics, as it is a rapidly-expanding field. Those with a strong degree of creativity and aptitude for advancing technology are ideal for the job. Those in this position must also have a vast understanding of design, manufacturing, and automated systems, as well as a strong attention to detail, analytical and critical thinking skills, and the ability to think outside of the box to solve problems; expert communication skills are important, as well. Robotics engineers may work on teams or as sole engineers within their organization.
Robotics Engineers who responded to the survey indicated only a few skills that they use on the job. Robotics and Programmable Logic Controllers / Automation are considered valuable skills and can increase employee pay. Skills that pay less than market rate include Programmable Logic Controllers / Automation.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
People who have worked for fewer than five years bring home $76K on average. Median compensation in the five-to-10 year group, however, is higher at approximately $86K. On average, Robotics Engineers make $71K following one to two decades on the job. Seasoned veterans with 20 years under their belts enjoy a median income of $85K.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 14 votes.
3 %
97 %
|Medical: 91%
|Dental: 78%
|Vision: 55%
|None: 7%


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Can you cross each of the seven bridges that join the north and south of the river to the two islands, once and once only, without retracing your steps?
Euler discussed whether or not it was possible to stroll around Koenigsberg crossing each of its seven bridges exactly once. Experiment with different numbers of islands and bridges.
If you can copy a network without lifting your pen off the paper and without drawing any line twice, then it is traversable.
Decide which of these diagrams are traversable.
ABC is an equilateral triangle and P is a point in the interior of
the triangle. We know that AP = 3cm and BP = 4cm. Prove that CP
must be less than 10 cm.
Blue Flibbins are so jealous of their red partners that they will
not leave them on their own with any other bue Flibbin. What is the
quickest way of getting the five pairs of Flibbins safely to. . . .
A huge wheel is rolling past your window. What do you see?
Which hexagons tessellate?
A standard die has the numbers 1, 2 and 3 are opposite 6, 5 and 4 respectively so that opposite faces add to 7? If you make standard dice by writing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on blank cubes you will find. . . .
A game for 2 players that can be played online. Players take it in turns to select a word from the 9 words given. The aim is to select all the occurrences of the same letter.
Show that among the interior angles of a convex polygon there
cannot be more than three acute angles.
These formulae are often quoted, but rarely proved. In this article, we derive the formulae for the volumes of a square-based pyramid and a cone, using relatively simple mathematical concepts.
You have been given nine weights, one of which is slightly heavier
than the rest. Can you work out which weight is heavier in just two
weighings of the balance?
Is it possible to rearrange the numbers 1,2......12 around a clock
face in such a way that every two numbers in adjacent positions
differ by any of 3, 4 or 5 hours?
Can you find all the 4-ball shuffles?
In how many distinct ways can six islands be joined by bridges so that each island can be reached from every other island...
Baker, Cooper, Jones and Smith are four people whose occupations
are teacher, welder, mechanic and programmer, but not necessarily
in that order. What is each person's occupation?
Your partner chooses two beads and places them side by side behind a screen. What is the minimum number of guesses you would need to be sure of guessing the two beads and their positions?
In the following sum the letters A, B, C, D, E and F stand for six
distinct digits. Find all the ways of replacing the letters with
digits so that the arithmetic is correct.
Can you discover whether this is a fair game?
Replace each letter with a digit to make this addition correct.
This article invites you to get familiar with a strategic game called "sprouts". The game is simple enough for younger children to understand, and has also provided experienced mathematicians with. . . .
Problem solving is at the heart of the NRICH site. All the problems
give learners opportunities to learn, develop or use mathematical
concepts and skills. Read here for more information.
Can you arrange the numbers 1 to 17 in a row so that each adjacent
pair adds up to a square number?
The tangles created by the twists and turns of the Conway rope
trick are surprisingly symmetrical. Here's why!
Spotting patterns can be an important first step - explaining why it is appropriate to generalise is the next step, and often the most interesting and important.
Do you know how to find the area of a triangle? You can count the
squares. What happens if we turn the triangle on end? Press the
button and see. Try counting the number of units in the triangle
now. . . .
After some matches were played, most of the information in the
table containing the results of the games was accidentally deleted.
What was the score in each match played?
What are the missing numbers in the pyramids?
Can you fit Ls together to make larger versions of themselves?
What happens to the perimeter of triangle ABC as the two smaller
circles change size and roll around inside the bigger circle?
Choose a couple of the sequences. Try to picture how to make the next, and the next, and the next... Can you describe your reasoning?
Can you see how this picture illustrates the formula for the sum of
the first six cube numbers?
The picture illustrates the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (4 x 5)/2. Prove the general formula for the sum of the first n natural numbers and the formula for the sum of the cubes of the first n natural. . . .
I start with a red, a blue, a green and a yellow marble. I can
trade any of my marbles for three others, one of each colour. Can I
end up with exactly two marbles of each colour?
I start with a red, a green and a blue marble. I can trade any of my marbles for two others, one of each colour. Can I end up with five more blue marbles than red after a number of such trades?
Nine cross country runners compete in a team competition in which
there are three matches. If you were a judge how would you decide
who would win?
This is the second of two articles and discusses problems relating
to the curvature of space, shortest distances on surfaces,
triangulations of surfaces and representation by graphs.
Six points are arranged in space so that no three are collinear.
How many line segments can be formed by joining the points in
Eight children enter the autumn cross-country race at school. How
many possible ways could they come in at first, second and third
Pick a square within a multiplication square and add the numbers on
each diagonal. What do you notice?
Arrange the numbers 1 to 16 into a 4 by 4 array. Choose a number.
Cross out the numbers on the same row and column. Repeat this
process. Add up you four numbers. Why do they always add up to 34?
Here are some examples of 'cons', and see if you can figure out where the trick is.
A paradox is a statement that seems to be both untrue and true at the same time. This article looks at a few examples and challenges you to investigate them for yourself.
Consider the equation 1/a + 1/b + 1/c = 1 where a, b and c are
natural numbers and 0 < a < b < c. Prove that there is
only one set of values which satisfy this equation.
Some puzzles requiring no knowledge of knot theory, just a careful
inspection of the patterns. A glimpse of the classification of
knots and a little about prime knots, crossing numbers and. . . .
There are four children in a family, two girls, Kate and Sally, and
two boys, Tom and Ben. How old are the children?
Toni Beardon has chosen this article introducing a rich area for
practical exploration and discovery in 3D geometry
Find the area of the annulus in terms of the length of the chord
which is tangent to the inner circle.
Semicircles are drawn on the sides of a rectangle ABCD. A circle passing through points ABCD carves out four crescent-shaped regions. Prove that the sum of the areas of the four crescents is equal to. . . .
We have exactly 100 coins. There are five different values of
coins. We have decided to buy a piece of computer software for
39.75. We have the correct money, not a penny more, not a penny
less! Can. . . .


text:
Originally written on The Detroit Sports Site | Last updated 4/16/13
Titus Young's Twitter activity always has been … interesting, to say the least. Early Tuesday morning, Young was back at it, briefly offering a message to Detroit Lions fans before deleting everything he's ever tweeted. "I apologize to the Detroit fans, Thank you, for the 2 years of Love and joy," Young tweeted at 1:07 a.m. ET, according to the Detroit Free Press. But moments later, Young redacted that comment and, as of 10 a.m. Tuesday, Young's account displayed zero tweets. A once-promising receiver in Detroit, Young was cut in January after a series of on- and off-field issues. He then signed with the St. Louis Rams but was released again within a week. Young currently remains a free agent, and there has been very little buzz about him signing elsewhere.
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Whether the lefties want to believe it or not, illegal immigration is an economic issue. Illegal aliens take huge negative tolls on our school systems, hospitals and are bankrupting our states while the federal government sits by to watch. Now, the Washington Post has found illegal aliens received billions in IRS tax credits last year, simply because officials refuse to ask about legal status on returns.
The Internal Revenue Service allowed undocumented workers to collect $4.2 billion in refundable tax credits last year, a new audit says, almost quadruple the sum five years ago.
Although undocumented workers are not eligible for federal benefits, the report released Thursday by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration concludes that federal law is ambiguous on whether these workers qualify for a tax break based on earned income called the additional child tax credit.
Taxpayers can claim this credit to reduce what they owe in taxes, often getting refunds from the government. The vagueness of federal law may have contributed to the $4.2 billion in credits, the report said.
The IRS said it lacks the authority to disallow the claims.
Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), ranking member of the Senate Finance Committee, On Friday announced plans to examine the refunds.
"The disconcerting findings in this report demand immediate attention and action from Congress and the Obama Administration," Hatch said in a statement.. "With our debt standing at over $14.5 trillion and counting, it's outrageous that the IRS is handing out refundable tax credits...to those who aren't even eligible to work in this country."
Wage earners who do not have Social Security numbers and are not authorized to work in the United States can use what the IRS calls individual taxpayer identification numbers. Often these result in fraudulent claims on tax returns, auditors found.
Their data showed that 72 percent of returns filed with taxpayer identification numbers claimed the child tax credit.
The audit recommended that the IRS seek clarification on the law and check the immigration status of filers with taxpayer indentificaion numbers.
IRS officials, in response to a draft of the report, agreed to consult with the Treasury Department on the law. But they said they have no legal authority to demand that filers prove their legal status when the tax agency processes returns.
The first step in fixing any illegal immigration problem, is to inquire about legal status. If we simply can't ask whether an individual is in the United States illegally, based on fears of "offending" someone or fielding accusations of "discrimmination," this problem will never go away as illegal aliens continue to bankrupt our public services. SB 1070 and Alabama's new immigration law would prevent fraudulent claims made by illegals and paid out in the billions of dollars by taxpayers in the future because they allow police officers to inquire about legal status. This isn't rocket science.
|Katie Pavlich is the Editor at Townhall.com. Follow her on Twitter @katiepavlich. She is a New York Times Best Selling author. Her new book Assault and Flattery: The Truth About the Left and Their War on Women, will be published on July 8, 2014.
"Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be brainwashed government dependents. Buy this book!" says Michelle Malkin.
"This is a thorough and gutsy book that should help set history straight." - Mark Levin
Buy Katie's book today and help us keep the pressure on the Left.
Author Photo credit: Jensen Sutta Photography
Bill O'Reilly Rips San Francisco Politicians, Obama Administration, Congress Over Criminal Alien Murder in San Francisco | Katie Pavlich
Sen. Baldwin: First Amendment Applies To Institutions of Faith, 'But I Don't Think It Extends Far Beyond That' | Matt Vespa


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Learn more about FULL TILT It's Owl Good Girls Cold Shoulder Tee:
Manufacturer: Full Tilt
Mfg Part#: 20704531304
Sku: 242938154
See more in Shirts & Tops
|Full Tilt It's Owl Good cold shoulder tee. "It's Owl Good" text with perched own graphic screened on front. Long sleeves with cutout shoulder panels. Crew neck. 47% polyester/47% rayon/6% spandex. Hand wash. Made in USA.


text:
God Rejects Zedekiah's Request
God Rejects Zedekiah's Request
1 The word came to Jeremiah from the Lord when King Zedekiah sent to him Pashhur son of Malkijah and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah. They said:
2 "Inquire now of the Lord for us because Nebuchadnezzar[a] king of Babylon is attacking us. Perhaps the Lord will perform wonders for us as in times past so that he will withdraw from us."
3 But Jeremiah answered them, "Tell Zedekiah,
4 'This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: I am about to turn against you the weapons of war that are in your hands, which you are using to fight the king of Babylon and the Babylonians[b] who are outside the wall besieging you. And I will gather them inside this city.
11 "Moreover, say to the royal house of Judah, 'Hear the word of the Lord.
This is what the Lord says to you, house of David:
"'Administer justice every morning;
rescue from the hand of the oppressor
the one who has been robbed,
or my wrath will break out and burn like fire
because of the evil you have done—
burn with no one to quench it.
I am against you, Jerusalem,
you who live above this valley
on the rocky plateau, declares the Lord—
you who say, "Who can come against us?
Who can enter our refuge?"
I will punish you as your deeds deserve,
declares the Lord.
I will kindle a fire in your forests
that will consume everything around you.'"
5 I myself will fight against you with an outstretched hand and a mighty arm in furious anger and in great wrath.
6 I will strike down those who live in this city—both man and beast—and they will die of a terrible plague.
7 After that, declares the Lord, I will give Zedekiah king of Judah, his officials and the people in this city who survive the plague, sword and famine, into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and to their enemies who want to kill them. He will put them to the sword; he will show them no mercy or pity or compassion.'
8 "Furthermore, tell the people, 'This is what the Lord says: See, I am setting before you the way of life and the way of death.
9 Whoever stays in this city will die by the sword, famine or plague. But whoever goes out and surrenders to the Babylonians who are besieging you will live; they will escape with their lives.
10 I have determined to do this city harm and not good, declares the Lord. It will be given into the hands of the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.'
Top 10 sermons on Jeremiah 21
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Used by Permission of Biblica, Inc.® All rights reserved worldwide.


text:
Withington Girls' School
|Ad lucem
(Latin: "Towards the light")
|Independent day school
|Mrs S E Marks
|Wellington Road
|Local authority
|DfE number
|660~ (2007)
Withington Girls' School is an independent day school in Fallowfield, Manchester, United Kingdom, providing education for girls between the ages of seven and eighteen. Withington is a member of the Girls' Schools Association.
Withington Girls' School was established in the late Victorian period by a group of Manchester professional and business people who wanted a school that offered the same educational opportunities for their daughters as were already available for their sons. They stipulated that: the School should remain small, to allow for the individual development of each girl; all girls should be taught the Natural Sciences, as it constitutes excellent intellectual training; there should be more physical exercise and practical work than usual in girls' schools; no prizes should be awarded, as the pleasure of academic work should be its own reward. Over the years, the School has remained true in essence to these principles.
Pupils receive an outstanding education in accordance with the school's aims to help girls achieve an excellent standard of academic achievement, and to foster intellectual curiosity, a love of learning, independence of mind and individual responsibility.—Independent Schools Inspectorate[1]
Founders' Day[edit]
Founders' day is an important part of the school calendar, as it is the occasion upon which the lives and works of the school's founders are celebrated, as well as the Upper Sixth students, each of whom receive a book, as a present from the school.
It is held annually at the Bridgewater Hall, in Manchester. It usually occurs in October, however has been known to change.
All parents and governors of the school are invited to enjoy music from the choir and the orchestra, the headmistress's and head girl's speeches, as well as a speech from a special guest, usually an inspirational or leading woman.
Gaudeamus is the school song, and is sung each year at founders' day, and accompanied by the orchestra. However, the school only sings three of the famous song's seven verses. Below are the lyrics as sung by the school:
Gaudeamus igitur, Juvenes dum sumus, Gaudeamus igitur, Juvenes dum sumus, Post jucundum juventutem, Post molestam senectutem, Nos habebit humus, Nos habebit humus.
Vivat academia, Vivant professores, Vivat academia, Vivant professores, Vivat membrum quodlibet, Vivat membra quaelibet, Semper sint in flore, Semper sint in flore.
Vivant et republica, et quae illam regit, Vivant et republica, et quae illam regit, Vivat nostra civitas, Maecenatum caritas, Quae nos hic protegit, Quae nos hic protegit.
Present day[edit]
Withington Girls' School was founded in 1890 by a group of eminent Manchester families who wanted the same educational opportunities for their daughters as were already available for their sons. Founders' Day is celebrated in the autumn term when all members of the upper sixth receive a book to recognise their contribution while at the school. The aim of founder day is to commemorate the efforts of the school's founders - Charles Prestwich Scott, Louisa Lejeune, Mr Henry Simon and Mrs Simon and Miss Caroline Herford, after whom the houses are named.
The school attempts to function in an atmosphere of respect for self and others and without the need for long lists of rules and regulations.
With fewer than 100 girls in the junior school and 540 in the senior, Withington provides a wide range of experience which goes well beyond the classroom, yet retains a friendly, responsive environment which encourages each girl to fulfil her whole potential. This stimulates a high standard of achievement, which is visible from Withington's high status in the League Tables.
The school benefits greatly from the cosmopolitan background which the city and University of Manchester have always provided.
The school suffered a serious arson attack in August 2003, but took this as an opportunity to build new science labs, and has since built a new sixth form common room and additional classrooms.[2]
On joining the school, girls are assigned to one of the four houses, each named after a founder: Herford after Caroline Herford (green), Lejeune after Louisa Lejeune (red), Scott after Charles Prestwich Scott (blue), or Simon after Henry & Emily Simon (yellow).
Inter-house competitions[edit]
There are many inter-house competitions, including
- house carols
- house plays
- inter-house rounders, netball, hockey and lacrosse
- bienniel English speaking competition
- Annual Sports Day (athletics)
- Annual Swimming Gala (only open to year 7 pupils)
The following subjects are available for all third form (first year/year seven) pupils:
- English and English Literature
- Maths
- French
- Latin
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Physics
- Physical Education
- Food and Textiles Technology
- History
- Geography
- Drama
- Art
As the girls move up the school, other subjects are available, including:
- German
- Spanish
- Greek
- Politics (Sixth Form only)
- Economics (Sixth Form only)
- General Studies (Sixth Form only)
- Psychology (Sixth Form only)
- Philosophy (Sixth Form only)
Extra-curricular activities[edit]
For all years, singing in a choir is available, and for instrument players of any standard there is an orchestra (Middle School Orchestra for beginners and Senior Orchestra for those of Grade 5 or above). There is also jazz band, wind band and the Thursday Singers. There are many concerts throughout the school year, including the Christmas Concert, the Rotarians' Christmas party and the Summer Concert, as well as Founders Day, and many others. All girls are given the offer to have instrument lessons inside school.
Withington has always encouraged its pupils to stay active. In the winter, girls have lessons in:
- Hockey
- Lacrosse
- Netball
- Badminton
- Trampolining
- Gymnastics
- Volleyball
- Football
In the summer, girls have lessons in:
- Tennis
- Athletics
- Rounders
- Swimming (third form only).
- Occasionally quick cricket
Withington houses many county and national players, and a trampolinist - Sasha Carter - who has represented her country at international trampolining competitions.
All girls, of any age, can study drama. GCSE drama is available for girls in Lower Fifth to Upper Fifth, and AS and A2 Level has been a long-running success. As part of the GCSE and A-Level specification requires, all students put on a play. They occasionally collaborate with the local boys' school Manchester Grammar School.
A whole-school musical is staged every two years; most recently, 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' and 'The Sound of Music'.
All girls from Lower Fifth upwards are given the option to take part in the Duke of Edinburgh award, and Withington has seen many girls go onto Gold level.
Withington also has a very successful Model United Nations scheme, known as WiMUN - Withington MUN, and in 2014 were the overall winners at Edinburgh's prestigious George Watson's College conference, with all twelve WGS delegates winning individual awards and the top accolade of Best Delegation overall. They have also performed to an extremely high standard at other conferences, including Stockport Grammar School, Royal Russel School International Model United Nations, and Bath.
In 2013 the Withington Debating Team became the Debating Matters UK National Champions and subsequently represented the UK in the follow-on international competition, winning the International Debating Trophy.
Sixth formers are also given the option to take part in the Young Enterprise scheme, under which they start a company, and attempt to make a profit through selling products. This has been very successful, with many companies winning prizes at both regional and national levels.
There are also many clubs which allow students to expand academically, such as
- Junior Science club
- Spanish club
- Robotics club
- Classics club
- Philosophy Club
- Mosaics club
- Modern languages society
- Pets club
- Cookery club
- Mathematics club
- Little WiMUN club, a form of Withington's MUN that prepares girls for MUN the next year.
Girls are also given the opportunity to participate in charity societies, including St. Ann's Hospice Young Volunteer Scheme, and Amnesty International.
Notable former pupils[edit]
- Kate Abdo Television Presenter
- Julia Britton Playwright
- Sarah Burton, current creative director of the Alexander McQueen brand and designer of Catherine Middleton's dress for her wedding in 2011
- Judith Chalmers, English television presenter
- Flic Everett, journalist and author (The Guardian)[3]
- Sarah Foot, mediaeval historian
- Jen Hadfield, poet (Winner of the T.S. Eliot Prize for poetry 2008)
- C. A. Lejeune, author
- Christine Rice, opera singer, mezzo soprano [1]
- Stephen Whittle Professor of Equalities Law, campaigner for transgender rights
- ^ Independent Schools Inspectorate - Report on Withington Girls' School 2013
- ^ Haile, Deborah (28 August 2003). "Schools count the cost of arson". Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media).
- ^ guardian.co.uk Flic Everett commentisfree,
- Girl beats cancer in 2004
- Thanking firemen in June 2004
- Academic success in 2003
- Arson on August 22 2003
External links[edit]
- Girls' schools in Greater Manchester
- Independent schools in Manchester
- Withington
- People educated at Withington Girls' School
- Member schools of the Girls' Schools Association
- School buildings in the United Kingdom destroyed by arson
- Educational institutions established in 1890
- 1890 establishments in England


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Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
4 Attachment(s)
We are trying to drive 9 monitors (a 3x3 array) using two Quadro (NVS 440) and one GeForce 7300GS.
Motherboard - Asus Striker Extreme
CPU - Intel 6700 quad core
OS - Fedora 7 (and briefly Ubuntu 7 - same result)
The gpu's for the first Quadro are PCI:3:0:0 and PCI:4:0:0
For the second Quadro PCI:10:0:0 and PCI:11:0:0
And for the GeForce PCI:6:0:0
It appears that only the first two gpu's found in the "ServerLayout" section are started. We have changed the layout and a different two are started.
We also tried each of pci=noacpi, pci=biosirq, noapic and acpi=off - none seem to have any effect.
For gpu's that fail to start Xorg.0.log simply states -
"Failed to initialize the NVIDIA graphics device PCI:4:0:0"
"Failed to initialize the NVIDIA graphics device PCI:10:0:0"
"Failed to initialize the NVIDIA graphics device PCI:11:0:0"
In this case the gpu's at PCI:3:0:0 and PCI:6:0:0 are starting
Please see the attachments -
cards (the result of "cat /proc/driver/nvidia/cards/*")
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
I'd guess that you're hitting the kernel's vmalloc limitation, however without a bug report, I have insufficient information to determine what is wrong. I'd suggest reading the driver README as well as the forum sticky posts.
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
Please generate and attach a complete nvidia-bug-report.log file after the problem has reproduced (see http://www.nvnews.net/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=46678); please also see the section on kernel virtual memory exhaustion in the README (http://us.download.nvidia.com/XFree8...hapter-09.html).
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
1 Attachment(s)
4 out of 5 gpu's working !!!
I first tried vmalloc=256MB alone which caused the nvidia kernel module not to load. Adding the uppermem line fixed it and 4 gpu's started. I added another 128MB (which should have been ample) but still only 4. I know gpu 5 is good. It seems there must be some other problem.
grub now looks like this
title Fedora (2.6.21-1.3228.fc7)
uppermem 524288
root (hd0,4)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.21-1.3228.fc7 ro root=/dev/md5 video=vesa:off vga=normal vmalloc=384MB
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.21-1.3228.fc7.img
I have posted the bug report
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
The only thing that I see in the bug report is:
(EE) NVIDIA(8): Failed to initialize the NVIDIA graphics device PCI:11:0:0.
(EE) NVIDIA(8): Please see the COMMON PROBLEMS section in the README for
(EE) NVIDIA(8): additional information.
(EE) NVIDIA(8): Failed to initialize the NVIDIA graphics device!
Was this bug report generated while the problem was present?
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
The problem has changed from the original. Since adding "vmalloc=256MB" 4 out of 5 gpu's are starting. Increasing to 384MB did not help.
When I did "startx -- -logverbose 6" 4 out of 5 gpu's started. I then created the log.
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
This doesn't look like a vmalloc exhaustion issue any longer (as you noted). The only error in your last bug report was what I noted above.
Its possible that your motherboard isn't capable of initializing 5 GPUs. Have you verified that you're using the latest BIOS?
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
The bios is the latest (as is everything else). One thing I didn't mention before because I thought it would be easy to straighten once all gpu's are working - but now I'm not so sure.
If we label the intended layout as (a 3x3 array)
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
With 4 out of 5 gpu's we get
1 2 7
6 6 7
x x 3
It seems the "ServerLayout" section is being ignored. I changed from relative to absolute layout as follows (and changed the default layout to layout1)
Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "Layout1"
Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0
Screen 1 "Screen1" 1280 0
Screen 0 "Screen2" 2560 0
Screen 1 "Screen3" 0 1024
Screen 0 "Screen4" 1280 1024
Screen 1 "Screen5" 2560 1024
Screen 0 "Screen6" 0 2048
Screen 1 "Screen7" 1280 2048
Screen 0 "Screen8" 2560 2048
InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard"
InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
and got
1 2 5
6 4 7
x x 3
Rather odd - but at least it can be fixed by moving cables
Re: Only 2 out of 5 GPU's starting
I've decided to abandon this - at least for now.
This morning I installed a 64 bit OS and all gpu's are starting.
In the past, every attempt to run 64 bit failed because there were just too many things I couldn't get to work properly. One of them was xinerama! It was just too easy to switch back to 32 bit where everything worked perfectly (that's when I was using only four monitors). Xinerama is now working and I'll be more persistent with the rest.
Thanks for the help
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Fallen Firefighter Laid To Rest After Harford County Accident
Final farewell. Hundreds gather for a funeral of a Bel Air volunteer firefighter who died trying to help someone else.
Best Ways To Spend Thanksgiving Morning With The Family
Setting the table can wait, here are some of the best activities your family can enjoy on Thanksgiving morning.
How To Volunteer On Your Next Vacation
Take time out of your upcoming vacation to help others who area in need.
Baltimore Volunteers Line Up In The Race To Find An Ebola Vaccine
The race to find an Ebola vaccine is now lining up volunteers here in Baltimore.
Five Fun Activities To Get The Family Outdoors
Make this a summer to remember for the whole family with these five ways to bring everyone together while enjoying the warmer weather.
Volunteer Transforms Frederick Park
Through the doors of a steel gate on Second Street in a small, enclosed park, Gayle Jackson sees endless possibilities for life and color.
Amish Workers Returning To Catoctin Mountain Park
The National Park Service says Amish volunteers from Indiana are returning to Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont to help restore some cabins dating to the 1930s.
Baltimore's Jewish Community Gives Back To The Needy On Mitzvah Day
It happens every Christmas in Baltimore. The local Jewish community is joining hands and giving back to help those in need.
Jewish Group Coordinating Christmas Volunteers For 'D25′
Hundreds of volunteers from the Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center will be working in the community on Christmas Day in the district, Maryland and Virginia.
United Way Volunteer Makes A Difference With A Story And A Day Of Service
Scores of volunteers around the state took a day off to give back. It's part of the United Way's annual day of action. For students at one school, the service day comes with a free gift.
Md. Food Bank Calls On Community To Help Battle Hunger
The first food bank on the East Coast has announced a plan to try to get you involved in its work.
Volunteers Wanted To Weed 2 Md. Recreation Areas
Maryland officials are looking for volunteers to help remove invasive weeds at two recreation areas along the Patuxent River.


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Today is July 7, 2015 - Bainbridge, NY 13733
Nearby communities: Bennettsville / Coventryville / New Berlin Junction / West Bainbridge
Search local events, things to do, or browse local coupons for great savings.
Tuesday, July 7th, 2015
Father-Daughter Take a Walk Together Day | All Day | NATL - Public Interest- Annually July 7th is a special time in the summer for fathers and daughters of all ages to spend time together in the beautiful weather.
Thursday, July 9th, 2015
US Women's Open Championsip | NATL - Sports and Entertainment- July 6-12, 2015
The 2015 U.S Women's Open will be held at Lancaster Country Club in Lancaster, PA.
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National Ice Cream Day | All Day | NATL - Seasonal- To promote America's favorite dessert, ice cream, on "Sundae Sunday". Annually, the third Sunday in July.
Town Planner - Quickly Becoming America's Calendar -- 67,560 Events Posted


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DETROIT There may be warning signs to help surgeons avoid damaging part of the urinary system during robot-assisted surgical removal of prostate cancer, ultimately preventing the expense of additional surgery, according to researchers at Henry Ford's Vattikuti Urology Institute.
Although rare, they found instances when the ureter tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder were cut and required repair. In each case, they identified patient characteristics that may forewarn such damage. The study was recently published in the Journal of Endourology.
The study drawing from Henry Ford Hospital's experience with robot-assisted surgery removal of prostate cancer was conducted in the context of a steady rise in robot-assisted prostatectomies in the U.S. during the past decade.
Robotics permit surgeons to better visualize anatomy, control bleeding, have greater dexterity, and treat prostate cancers more effectively without complications than was previously possible in traditional open surgery.
While practitioners have reported various complications during the procedure, little data existed prior to this study regarding injuries to the ureter during robotic prostatectomy.
Under guidance of Drs. Mani Menon and James Peabody, a research team at Henry Ford's Vattikuti Urology Institute focused on 6,442 consecutive patients who underwent robotic prostatectomy by one of five surgeons at the hospital from January 2001 to June 2013.
"We found three patients in the study group, operated on by two of the five surgeons, who sustained complete transection of the ureter, although these surgeons were highly experienced, having performed more than 1,000 robotic prostatectomies," says Jay Jhaveri, M.D., M.P.H., lead author of the study. "This is well beyond the accepted learning curve of 100 cases."
"One of the patients required readmission for further treatment, and we were able to identify risk factors that predisposed all of them
|Contact: Dwight Angell
Henry Ford Health System


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Dexsoft : Barbarian Bundle animated characters
Barbarian Bundle animated characters | 212.51 MB
Animated model bundle, 18 animations!, 6645 triangles (LOD 1939 triangles), textures in TGA and PNG, ready to use in your 3D work.
Bundle pack with many variations! Simply hide some parts of armor or bierd and you will get many variations.
Separate animation files!
Even FACIAL Animation is included (when he is hurt)!
Two 2048x2048px textures (Body and accessories).


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* Turkcell has clearly become the #1 telecom company in Turkey.
* PSTN usage keeps declining and there are 12.741.947 fixed lines subscribers as of 2014 3rd Q.* Arpu numbers are stable at around 23 Turkish liras.
* Text message usage (both for commercial use and individual use) keeps increasing and reached 177 billion with a 128% increase in 6 years.
* Mobile Penetration is around 93% as of September 2014
* Number of simcard embedded machines has reached to 2.4 million by September. 100% increase since 2012
* Turk Telecom is enroute to its lowest investment year. In 2013 total investments of Turk Telecom was 1.37 billion. Through 9 months it is 428 million Turkish Liras.
* TTNET is still owns more than half of the ISP market, and more than 65% of the broadband market.
Turkish version is here: http://www.btk.gov.tr/kutuphane_ve_veribankasi/pazar_verileri/ucaylik14_3.pdf
Unfortunately English version will be launched a few weeks after the Turkish. (2nd Q English version is here: http://eng.btk.gov.tr/kutuphane_ve_veribankasi/pazar_verileri/2014_Q2_ECM_MarketData.pdf


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In response to determining that the total uplink (UL) interference in a cell has exceeded a predetermined threshold or value, a base station (BS) instructs a plurality of the mobile stations (MS) currently operating in the cell to reduce their current UL power by a predetermined amount (e.g., value of dB or percentage). Such instruction may override conventional closed loop PC instructions to the mobiles in certain embodiments. In such a manner, the UL power reduction is shared in a fairly equal manner by all mobile stations in the cell and overload can be reduced and/or avoided. Subsequently, mobiles stations moving away from the BS toward the cell border may be permitted to increase their UL power so as to maintain a connection. In certain embodiments, the invention is utilized in the context of a code division multiple access (CDMA) system.
1. A method of limiting uplink interference in a cell of a cellular communications network, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a base station which defines a cell;
providing a plurality of mobile stations operating in the cell;
determining total uplink interference in the cell;
determining whether the total uplink interference in the cell exceeds a predetermined threshold;
when it is determined that the total uplink interference in the cell exceeds the predetermined threshold, instructing mobile stations operating in the cell to reduce their uplink power; and
wherein a concrete UL power limit is not set for any mobile station (MS) in the cell when the threshold has been exceeded.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. A method of limiting interference in a CDMA communications system including a receiver and a plurality of transmitters, the method comprising:
determining total uplink interference received at the receiver based upon a total power received by the receiver via CDMA signals received from the plurality of transmitters;
determining whether the total uplink interference exceeds a predetermined threshold;
when it is determined that the total uplink interference received at the receiver exceeds the predetermined threshold, instructing the plurality of transmitters via CDMA signals to reduce uplink power; and
instructing at least one of the transmitters to increase its UL power as the transmitter moves geographically away from the receiver, even when the threshold has been exceeded.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. A CDMA based communications system comprising:
a base station defining a cell;
a plurality of mobile stations operating in the cell, each of the mobiles station being in communication with the base station via CDMA uplink and downlink signals, wherein uplink signals are sent from respective mobile stations in the cell to the base station;
a closed loop uplink power control system including a circuit for monitoring quality of signals received from respective mobile stations, the closed loop uplink power control system instructing respective mobile stations in the cell to reduce or increase their respective uplink powers based upon the quality of signals received from the respective mobile stations;
said base station including total uplink interference circuitry for determining total uplink interference in the cell and determining whether the total uplink interference in the cell exceeds a predetermined threshold;
said total uplink interference circuitry, when it is determined that the total uplink interference in the cell exceeds the predetermined threshold, instructing mobile stations operating in the cell to reduce their uplink power; and
wherein a concrete UL power limit is not set for a mobile station (MS) in the cell when the threshold has been exceeded.
14. The system of
The present invention relates to a system and corresponding method for controlling mobile station (MS) uplink power as a function of uplink interference in a particular cell defined by a base station(s).
In cellular communications systems, service areas are formed by small zones known as "cells." Each cell is defined by a particular base station (BS), so that it is possible to achieve effects of a transmission power reduction with an increase in subscriber capacity. One type of radio access scheme which has become increasingly popular over the last several years is known as code division multiple access (CDMA). In a CDMA system, since the same frequency band is shared by multiple users, signals of other users become interference signals which may degrade the communication quality of a particular user. When a base station (BS) communicates with near and remote mobile stations (MS) at the same time, it receives the transmitted signal from the near mobile station at a high level, whereas from the remote mobile station at a much lower level. Thus, communications between the base station and the remote MS present a problem in that the channel quality is sharply degraded by interference from the near MS. This is typically referred to as the near-far problem.
One technique which has been used for solving the near-far problem is controlling transmission power such that the received power of a receiving station, or the SIR (signal to interference plus noise power ratio) thereof, is kept fixed regardless of the location of a MS. This provides more consistent channel quality across a given service area. In other words, in CDMA systems the output power of mobile stations is often controlled, with the goal of transmitting at a power such that the received signal quality at the BS is just sufficient for the desired quality of reception. Such control depends upon the conditions of the signal at issue and upon interference (i.e., interfering signals).
In this regard, a closed loop transmission power control system for CDMA is known which employs transmission power control bits. In this system, when a MS within a cell communicates with the base station (BS) in that cell, it measures the received SIR of the desired wave from the BS, and determines the transmission power control bits for controlling the transmission power of the BS in accordance with the measured results. Subsequently, the MS inserts the transmission power control bits into its transmitted signal and transmits them to the BS. Receiving the signal transmitted from the MS, the BS extracts the transmission power control bits therefrom and determines the BS transmission power in accordance with the command of the transmission power control bits.
Still further, the BS measures the received SIR of the wave received from the MS and determines the transmission power control bits for controlling the transmission power (i.e., uplink power) of the MS on the basis of these measurement results. Then, the BS inserts the transmission power control (PC) bits into the transmitted signal, which is transmitted to the MS. Receiving the signal from the BS, the MS extracts the transmission power control (PC) bits and determines the transmission power (i.e., uplink power) in accordance with the instructions of the transmission power control (PC) bits. The closed loop thus formed between the MS and the BS enables each of the MS and BS to control its transmission power.
Unfortunately, the amount of interference in a particular cell increases along with an increase in the number of mobile stations being used in that cell. When a signal is added in the cell, all mobiles stations will typically want to increase their uplink or transmit power until the quality of the signal received at the BS is again sufficient. Such a system can operate in a satisfactory manner so long as the sum of all signals in the cell is below a critical or predetermined value. When it goes above or over this value, all users or mobile stations will constantly increase their power; this is sometimes called the "party effect." When this occurs, one or more signals are typically removed (i.e., certain MS connections are terminated) until most of the users reduce their power to levels such that the sum in the cell is below the critical value. During this time of overload, control is speculative at best.
It is undesirable to react to overload by immediately cutting of certain MS connections. Alternatively, if one attempts to solve the aforesaid overload or party effect problem by increasing the uplink power from each MS, the result is increased interference in the cell at issue as well as in other cells. This is also undesirable. Moreover, when measures are taken to solve the overload problem, it often takes quite a bit of time for the system to again reach normal operation.
It would also be undesirable to set a concrete limit on the UL power which may be utilized by mobile stations once the critical value of UL interference has been reached, for at least the following reasons. Assume that mobile stations A, B, and C are operating in a particular cell. The base station detects UL interference having exceeded the threshold or critical value. Assume that the base station in turn instructs these three mobile stations that they cannot increase their UL power. Problems occur when one of these mobile stations (e.g., MS A) travels further from the base station and towards the cell border. Because it is further from the BS and closer to the border, it requires additional UL power. However, if a limit has been placed on it, it is not allowed to increase power (even if such an increase would not undesirably increase the UL interference in the cell due to the MS′ distance from the BS). Thus, while placing concrete UL power limits on mobile stations may be able to reduce total UL interference in a particular cell, certain mobile stations in the cell may be undesirably handicapped or accidentally cut off as a result of the same (e.g., when certain mobile stations travel away from the BS and toward the cell border).
In view of the above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that there exists a need for addressing UL interference problems in cells of cellular communication networks. Moreover, there exists a need for addressing such problems without having to cut off or undesirably handicap certain MS units which happen to be moving toward the cell border.
In response to calculating or detecting that the uplink (UL) interference has exceeded a predetermined threshold or value in a cell which utilizes closed loop uplink (UL) power control (PC), a base station (BS) instructs a plurality of the mobile stations (MS) currently operating in the cell to reduce their current UL power by a predetermined amount (e.g., value of dB or percentage). Such instruction may override conventional closed loop PC instruction to the mobiles in certain embodiments. In certain embodiments, the base station instructs all mobile stations currently operating in the cell to do so. In such a manner, the UL power reduction is shared in a fairly equal manner by all mobile stations in the cell and adverse effects of overload can be reduced and/or avoided.
As certain mobile stations in the cell move away from the BS and toward the cell border, they may request additional UL power. The base station permits them to increase their UL power, preferably so long as the total UL interference does not increase as a result of the same at the BS. Thus, MS units which happen to be moving toward the cell border are not unduly handicapped relative to other MS units in the cell when a UL interference threshold has been exceeded.
In short, the power of individual mobile stations is not limited (i.e., a concrete limit or ceiling is not put on the UL power of each cell). It is not the output power by the mobiles which is of interest, but instead the received UL interference at the BS which is determinative of total UL interference. The "pain" or burden is thus shared in a fairly uniform manner by all mobile stations in the cell. It is not necessary to immediately terminate connections of certain mobile stations in the cell (although this may be done in certain embodiments along with the above UL power reduction instructions). By limiting the UL interference in the cell, all mobile stations suffer a little, but most if not all still have sufficient quality to continue communicating with the BS.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred example embodiments as well as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which reference numerals refer to like parts. While individual functional blocks and components are shown in many of the figures, those skilled in the art will appreciate that these functions may be performed by individual hardware circuits, by a suitably programmed digital microprocessor or general purpose computer, by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and/or by one or more digital signaling processes (DSPs).
FIG. 1 is a function block diagram illustrating a universal mobile telephone system (UMTS) in which the present invention may be employed.
FIG. 2 illustrates each base station (BS) of the FIG. 1 embodiment defining its own cell (each BS may define several cells in certain alternative embodiments).
FIG. 3(a) is a function block diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a particular mobile station according to an embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 3(b) is a function block diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a particular mobile station according to another embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating steps taken according to an embodiment of this invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular embodiments, network architectures, signaling flows, protocols, techniques, etc. in order to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. For example, although the present invention is disclosed in the example context of a mobile radio CDMA communication system, it may also be employed in other types of closed loop power control communications systems such as TDMA, and the like. In certain instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods, interfaces, devices, protocols, and signaling techniques are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary context of a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) in which the instant invention may be implemented. A representative, circuit switched, external core network 1 may be, for example, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and/or the integrated services digital network (ISDN). Another circuit switched, external core, network may correspond to another public land mobile radio network (PLMN) 3. A representative, packet switched, external core network 5 may be, for example, an IP network such as the Internet. The core network(s) are coupled to corresponding network service nodes 7. The PSTN/ISDN network 1 and other PLMN networks 3 are connected to a circuit switched core node (CSCN) 9, such as a mobile switching center (MSC), that provides circuit switched services. The UMTS may coexist with an existing cellular network, such as the global system for mobile communication (GSM), where the MSC 9 is connected over an interface 11 to a base station subsystem 13 which in turn is connected to radio base station 15 over an interface 17.
The packet switched network 5 is connected over interface 19 to a packet switched core node (PSCN), e.g., a general packet radio service (GPRS) node 21 tailored to provide packet switched type services in the context of GSM which is sometimes referred to as the serving GPRS service node (SGSN). Each of these core network service nodes 9 and 21 also connects to the UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) 23 over a radio access network interface. The UTRAN 23 includes one or more radio network systems (RNS) 25 each with a radio network controller (RNC) 27 coupled to a plurality of base stations (BS) 28 and to other RNCs in the UTRAN 23.
Preferably, radio access over radio interface 29 is based upon wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) with individual radio channels allocated using CDMA channelization or spreading codes. Of course, other access methods may be employed, such as TDMA or any other type of CDMA. WCMDA provides wide bandwidth and other high transmission rate demands as well as robust features like diversity handoff to ensure high quality communication service in frequently changing environments. Each mobile station (MS) 30 is assigned its own scrambling code in order for a base station 15, 28 to identify transmissions from that particular mobile station 30. Each mobile station 30 also uses its own scrambling code to identify transmissions from base stations either on a general broadcast or common channel or transmission specifically intended for that MS 30.
Referring to FIG. 2, radio transmissions of each base station 28 cover a geographical area known as a "cell." Thus, each base station 15, 28 defines a cell having one or more sectors. Cells C1-C5 are illustrated in FIG. 2, along with the corresponding five base stations 28. As discussed above, a plurality of different mobile stations 30 may be provided in each cell. Each BS is in communication with a corresponding RNC 27.
FIG. 3(a) illustrates an embodiment of this invention in the context of a closed loop uplink (UL) power control (PC) system utilized in the context of a CDMA cellular telecommunications system. Referring to FIG. 3(a), communication between a mobile station (MS) 30 and a base station (BS) 15, 28 within a digital cellular communications system as shown in FIGS. 1-2 is indicated in both directions, i.e., both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). These communications are illustrated with desired message signals (S) as well as interference (I) components. Each of the base stations and mobile stations in FIGS. 1-2 has similar components relative to those shown in FIG. 3(a).
Still referring to FIG. 3(a), illustrated are signal receiving amplifiers 41 and 43 which feed corresponding digital demodulators 45 and 47, respectively. The digital demodulators 45 and 47 are connected separately to respective decoders 49 and 51 for recovering message data (on 53 and 55, respectively) and transmit power control bits/data (on 57 and 59, respectively). Demodulator 45 in MS 30 is also connected to SNIR indicating circuitry 61 which functions to produce a useable indication of SNIR at the MS. Typically, SNIR indications are provided on a frame by frame basis for received DL signals at MS 30. Also illustrated are respective transmission power controllers 63 and 65, respective encoding and modulating circuitry 67 and 69 operative on control data and/or message data to be transmitted by way of respective variable amplifiers 71 and 73. The output power levels from the respective mobile station 30 and base station 15, 28 are controlled by transmit power controllers 63 and 65, respectively.
To summarize, the closed loop power control system illustrated in FIG. 3(a) works as follows. A transmitter (either in the BS or MS, but assume the transmitter in the MS in this embodiment) formats a signal to be transmitted in a way suitable for the applicable transmission interface encoder/modulator 67. The signal is amplified at 71, and then transmitted as an UL signal to the BS. The receiver (i.e., the BS in this embodiment) demodulates 47 and decodes 51 the received signal. The quality of the decoded signal is observed at 83 and/or 65 by a power control (PC) function. When the signal quality is lower than desired (i.e., lower than a predetermined threshold), power controller 65 outputs an "up" command which is input to amplifier 73 and returned to the MS via a DL signal. Otherwise, a "down" command may be returned if it is desired that the MS lower its UL power. The MS receives the up/down command or instruction and demodulates 45 and/or decodes 49 the same. The MS then adjusts its UL power accordingly following the command/instruction sent by the BS. The DL power control may be controlled in a similar manner.
In accordance with an embodiment of this invention, UL interference detector 81 in the base station determines (e.g., monitors, detects, estimates, and/or calculates) the total UL interference in the cell defined by the base station. Detector 81 may do this, for example, by monitoring the total UL power in the cell or alternatively by monitoring the quality of received signals. Detector 81 determines the total interference received from all mobile stations 30 operating in the cell at a given time. In certain preferred embodiments of this invention, total uplink interference may be calculated and/or detected by detector 81 in accordance with the UTRA carrier RSSI Section 5.1.5 of the December, 1999 Technical Specification 3G TS 25.215, which is published, for example, at www.3gpp.org, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, the total uplink interference may be detected in accordance with any of the systems and/or methods disclosed in, for example, any of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,032,026, 5,963,865, or 6,034,952, the disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference. Uplink interference detector 81 in the base station is in communication with UL power reduction calculating circuit 83. Circuit 83 determines whether or not to instruct mobile stations in the cell to reduce uplink power and/or the degree to which the uplink power should be reduced.
So long as the UL power remains below a predetermined threshold or critical value, detector 81 allows the normal closed loop power control process described above to control respective the UL powers utilized by the individual MS connections. However, when detector 81 determines (e.g., measures or estimates) a total interference over the predetermined threshold, it instructs power reduction function 83 accordingly which in turn causes a "down" command/instruction to be sent via amplifier 73 to the MS. Preferably, "down" commands/instructions from detector 81 and/or function 83 override decisions made by power controller 65 once the UL power or interference has been determined to be too high. Thus, during an overload situation, the UL power of the mobile stations 30 is limited, which in turn also limits interference to other cells. Moreover, when such measures are taken to address overload situations, the time needed to get back to normal operating conditions may be reduced. In an exemplary embodiment of this invention, the UL total interference threshold may be from about 6-10 dB over the thermal noise floor, or e.g., about −100 dB.
FIG. 3(b) illustrates another embodiment of this invention, which is similar to the FIG. 3(a) embodiment in that included are MS 30, BS 15, 28, UL amplifier 71, downlink amplifier/summer 73, power controller 65 at the BS, and coders 51, 67. Thus, a closed loop power control system is also provided in this embodiment. Here, interference ceiling protection (ICP) unit 81 (i.e., UL interference or power detector) continuously monitors the total UL power or interference, as does unit 81 in the FIG. 3(a) embodiment. When ICP 81 determines (e.g., measures or estimates) a total interference over the predetermined threshold, it outputs a "down" command/instruction to be sent via amplifier 73 to the MS. Preferably, "down" commands/instructions from ICP 81 override decisions made by power controller 65 once the UL power or interference has been determined to be too high.
Referring to FIGS. 3-4, an exemplary operation of a non-limiting embodiment of this invention will now be described.
A user of MS 30 inputs data into the unit (e.g., the "data out" 85 in FIG. 3(a) may be spoken audio data or any other type of data desired to be transmitted when the MS is a cell phone or the like). This data is then encoded and modulated at 67 in accordance with e.g., CDMA techniques. The resulting modulated signal 87 is then amplified at 71 under the direction of transmission power controller 63. The wireless uplink (UL) signal is then transmitted to the base station 15, 28. At the base station, the signal is received by amplifier 43, demodulated at 47 and decoded at 51 in accordance with known CDMA techniques. A portion of the received signal is also forwarded to uplink interference or power detector 81, which in turn determines the total UL interference in the cell(s) defined by the base station (see step 102 in FIG. 4). Detector or ICP 81 takes into account all mobile stations 30 currently operating in the cell in making its detection/calculation. Once detector/ICP 81 has determined the total UL interference/power in the cell, either the ICP itself or the UL power reduction calculation circuit 83 determines whether or not the total UL interference in the cell exceeds (or alternatively is at least as great as) a predetermined uplink interference threshold ULIth (see step 104 in FIG. 4). This may be determined may comparing the determined UL total power with a predetermined power threshold or level.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, if circuit 83 (or ICP 81 in the FIG. 3(b) embodiment) determines that the total uplink interference at this point in time does not exceed the threshold, then the normal closed loop UL power control process continues with respective "up" and/or "down" commands/instructions being sent to the MS. On the other hand, if it is determined at step 104 that the uplink interference total in the cell does exceed the threshold, then the base station instructs all mobile stations 30 currently operating in the cell to decrease their uplink power by either a predetermined amount (e.g., all mobile stations in the cell may be instructed to reduced their respective UL powers by 1 db, or alternatively by some percentage) or alternatively an amount determined as a function of how much the total UL interference in the cell has exceeded the threshold (see step 106 in FIG. 4). In this regard, the information for instructing the mobile stations 30 in the cell to decrease their respective UL powers, is encoded, modulated and amplified, and sent to the different mobiles stations in the cell (i.e., "down" instructions/commands are sent on the DL to all MSs in the cell). The signals are received by the MS and digitally demodulated and decoded in accordance with known CDMA techniques. Power controllers 63 in the different mobile stations 30 then adjust amplifier 71 in a manner such that the uplink power at each mobile station is reduced in accordance with the received "down" instructions.
In the case where a particular MS 30 which has reduced its UL power in accordance with received instructions and thereafter proceeds to move away from the base station and toward the cell border, the MS may request the base station to allow the MS to increase its UL power in order to maintain a current satisfactory quality of communication. In accordance with certain embodiments of this invention, the BS will permit the MS 30 to increase its UL power as it moves away from the base station and toward the cell border (even when the threshold has been and still is exceeded), so long as the increase in UL power does not cause the total power received at the BS to increase as the MS at issue moves away from the base station. This illustrates that there is no concrete limit placed upon UL power which may be used by any MS in the cell, even when the threshold UL interference level has been exceeded. Thus, in accordance with certain embodiments of this invention, all mobile stations 30 operating in the cell share the burden in an approximately equal manner. Mobile stations 30 which happen to be moving away from the base station and toward the cell border are not unfairly handicapped and/or terminated.
While the present invention has been described in terms of a particular embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is not limited to the specific example embodiments described and illustrated herein. Different formats, embodiments, and adaptations besides those shown and described as well as many modifications, variations, and equivalent arrangements may also be used to implement the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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Add to the congratulations here, England far too good over the duration of the series. Deserved to win, and deserve to win (or at least draw) in Sydney. 2-2 would greatly flatter Australia. The fact they can call guys up from their reserves bench and they perform as well, if not better, than the guys who were originally in the team is impressive.
"What is this what is this who is this guy shouting what is this going on in here?" - CP. (re: psxpro)
R.I.P Craigos, you were a champion bloke. One of the best
R.I.P Fardin 'Bob' Qayyumi
Member of the Church of the Holy Glenn McGrath
"How about you do something contstructive in this forum for once and not fill the forum with ****. You offer nothing." - theegyptian.
Well done England, thoroughly deserved win.
WWCC - Loyaulte Mi Lie
"People make me happy.. not places.. people"
"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." - Samuel Johnson
"Hope is the fuel of progress and fear is the prison in which you put yourself" - Tony Benn
#408. Sixty three not out forever.
Not a great idea to keep your fingers crossed Ricky....
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself,
(I am large, I contain multitudes.
Walt Whitman
Tough watch that interview with Ponting
Phillip Hughes 1988-2014
RIP Craigos. A true CW legend. You will be missed.
A good, frank, honest interview with Ricky I thought.
Fair play to Ponting, decent interview, very gracious.
Perhaps because it's because you can see that his time is quickly drawing to an end? As a cricket fan that is a definite cause for sadness and IMO that's much sadder for me than losing this test/series.
Originally Posted by Peter Mooresforever 63*
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12/11/12--Westford Academy diver Shirley Ge does a backward dive during a meet with Boston Latin. (SUN/Julia Malakie)
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