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Methods and techniques for selective service access are described. A short range, wireless device establishes lists of available devices within its transmitting proximity that are able to provide a desired service. The lists can be ranked based upon a service profile, e.g., established by the device user. The lists can also be periodically updated to accommodate device mobility.
1. A method for selecting a device for a service connection with an initiating device comprising the steps of:
transmitting an inquiry message requesting a response from devices which receive said inquiry message that are within a desired class;
identifying proximate devices within said desired class based on responses to said inquiry message;
querying said identified devices to obtain at least one attribute value associated with a particular service;
comparing, for each said identified device, said at least one attribute value with a profile associated with said particular service; and
selecting one of said identified devices based on said comparing step.
2. The method of
storing said profile in a memory of said initiator device.
3. The method of
4. The method of
sending an SDP request to said identified devices.
5. The method of
determining, prior to said querying step, whether an identified device is present in a device list stored in said initiating device; and
selectively querying said identified device based on a result of said determining step.
6. The method of
selectively adding said identified devices to a candidate list based on a result of said comparing step.
7. The method of
a hardware address of said device and an indication of whether said device is present in a candidate list.
8. The method of
9. The method of
storing, in a device list, a device which responds to said inquiry message;
initializing a counter for said device;
decrementing said counter if said device fails to respond to a subsequent inquiry message; and
removing said device from said device list if said counter reaches a predetermined value.
10. A method for selectively accessing a network device to provide a service comprising the step of:
maintaining a ranked candidate list of network devices, which each have a matching value associated therewith based on a correspondence between a service profile of an initiating device and at least one corresponding attribute of said network device;
selecting a highest ranked one of said network devices in said candidate list to provide said service; and
periodically updating said candidate list to add new network devices and remove old network devices.
11. The method of
transmitting an inquiry message; and
updating said candidate list based on responses thereto.
12. The method of
deleting, from said candidate list, a network device that does not respond to a predetermined number of inquiry messages.
13. A device comprising:
a transmitter for transmitting an inquiry message requesting a response from devices which receive said inquiry message that are within a desired class;
a processor for identifying proximate devices within said desired class based on responses to said inquiry message;
wherein said transmitter sends another message querying said identified devices to obtain at least one attribute value associated with a particular service;
wherein said processor compares, for each said identified device, said at least one attribute value with a profile associated with said particular service; and selects one of said identified devices based on said comparison for connecting said device thereto.
14. The device of
a memory unit for storing said profile.
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. The device of
determining, prior to said querying step, whether an identified device is present in a device list stored in said device; and
selectively querying said identified device based on a result of said determining step.
18. The device of
selectively adding said identified devices to a candidate list based on a result of said comparison.
19. The device of
a hardware address of said device and an indication of whether said device is present in a candidate list.
20. The device of
21. The device of
a counter for an associated device in said device list;
wherein said processor decrements said counter if said associated device fails to respond to a subsequent inquiry message; and
wherein said processor removes said device from said device list if said counter reaches a predetermined value.
22. A device for selectively accessing a network device to provide a service comprising:
means for maintaining a ranked candidate list of network devices, which each have a matching value associated therewith based on a correspondence between a service profile of an initiating device and at least one corresponding attribute of said network device;
means for selecting a highest ranked one of said network devices in said candidate list to provide said service; and
means for periodically updating said candidate list to add new network devices and remove old network devices.
23. The device of
means for transmitting an inquiry message; and
means for updating said candidate list based on responses thereto.
24. The device of
means for deleting, from said candidate list, a network device that does not respond to a predetermined number of inquiry messages.
[0001] The present invention relates to telecommunications and data communications, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for providing devices, e.g., short-range wireless devices, with selective service access (e.g., Internet service) by selecting from among one or more network devices that offer a desired service.
[0002] The radiocommunication industry has made phenomenal strides in commercial operations in the United States as well as the rest of the world. For example, the growth of cellular communication systems in major metropolitan areas has far exceeded expectations and is rapidly outstripping system capacity. If this trend continues, the effects of this industry's growth will soon reach even the smallest markets. At the same time, the commercial success of hand-held information processing devices, e.g., personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the Internet has resulted in a confluence of information and communication technologies that, in turn, is generating new products and a consumer demand for new services.
[0003] It is widely anticipated that users of hand-held information processing devices will soon generally expect to receive a wide range of services via a single hand-held device, e.g., telephone services, Internet access and access to any other available information network. An example which is sometimes used in describing the future of these types of devices and services is that of a person moving about in a shopping mall being able to receive and/or query local information networks regarding sales, products, etc. using his or her hand-held device. Wireless technologies offer a mechanism for providing such services. One such technology, commonly referred to as Bluetooth, provides short-range, point-to-point radio access for communication between devices. When a Bluetooth device (referred to herein as the initiator), e.g., a hand-held device, wants to identify other Bluetooth devices that are in the vicinity, e.g., those associated with a number of different shops in the mall, it sends an inquiry message. All Bluetooth devices within range of the initiator that are set in discoverable mode will answer the inquiry. The initiator can then decide whether it wants to connect to any of the discovered devices. If the initiator is searching for other devices because it wants to make use of a specific service (presumably because the user requested that service or because an application running on the user's hand-held device requires that service), the inquiry message can contain a class of device identifier, so that only devices which belong to that class will answer the inquiry. This shall at least increase the possibility that the device that the initiator chooses to connect to can offer the requested service.
[0004] Once two Bluetooth devices are connected, the Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) can be used to obtain more detailed information about available services. This protocol is described in more detail below. Briefly, however, the Bluetooth device that wants to use a particular service sends an SDP request, specifying the service that it is seeking. If a peer Bluetooth device can offer the requested service, it sends an SDP reply with an identifier for that service. The SDP requests can also include a list of attributes, in which case the SDP reply contains the values of those attributes for this specific service.
[0005] When a Bluetooth device receives several answers to an inquiry, a selection is required to determine the answering device to which a connection should be made. Since the Bluetooth device may be mobile, this selection process is further complicated by that possibility that, even after the initial selection of a device offering the desired service, an even more suitable candidate device may come into range. One way to select among the answering devices is to present all of the answering devices to the user, e.g., on a display of the user's Bluetooth device, and let the user decide which one to connect to. This manual selection process may prove to be time-consuming and annoying, particularly if there are a large number of answering devices that provide the desired service within range of the user's Bluetooth device.
[0006] Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide methods and systems for automating the selection of services.
[0007] According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, these and other drawbacks, limitations and problems associated with conventional service selection techniques are overcome. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide an initiator with a service profile which can be compared with the relevant service attributes from responding Bluetooth devices. The initiator can maintain a device list of proximate Bluetooth devices, as well as a candidate list which is ordered based on how well the proximate Bluetooth devices match the service profile. The candidate list can be used to select a servicing device when the service associated with that list is needed, e.g., by an application running on the initiator.
[0008] The objects and advantages of the invention will be understood by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
[0009]FIG. 1 illustrates a Bluetooth piconet;
[0010]FIG. 2 illustrates a larger piconet, including a master and several slaves;
[0011]FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary scatternet;
[0012]FIG. 4 illustrates an INQUIRY message packet;
[0013]FIG. 5 illustrates the signaling performed between two Bluetooth units for neighbor discovery and connection establishment;
[0014]FIG. 6 illustrates an INQUIRY RESPONSE message packet;
[0015]FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary steps for maintaining device lists according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and
[0016] FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) depict signalling for a search process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] The various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the figures, in which like parts are identified with the same reference characters. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular circuits, circuit components, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods, devices, and circuits are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention.
[0018] Conventional networking protocols are based on the characteristics and/or features of fixed networks. In fixed networks, the network configuration typically does not change. Although nodes can be added and removed in fixed networks, the route traveled by data packets between two nodes typically does not change. The disadvantage is that fixed networks cannot be easily reconfigured to account for increases in data traffic, also called system loading. Accordingly, when system loading increases for one node, the surrounding nodes are likely to experience increased delays in the transmission and reception of data. Another drawback to fixed networks is that they are not well-suited to node mobility and, therefore, do not readily support the types of mobile services described above.
[0019] In contrast to fixed networks, ad hoc networks are dynamic. An ad hoc network is formed when a number of nodes decide to join together to form a network. Since nodes in ad hoc networks operate as both hosts and routers, ad hoc networks do not require the infrastructure required by fixed networks. Accordingly, ad hoc networking protocols are based upon the assumption that nodes may not always be located at the same physical location. One example of a technology which enables the development of short range, wireless, ad hoc networks is that defined by the recently developed Bluetooth technology which facilitates two-way data transmission. Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45 GHz frequency band that enables portable electronic devices to connect and communicate wirelessly via short-range, ad hoc networks. Readers interested in various details regarding the Bluetooth technology are referred to the article entitled "BLUETOOTH—The universal radio interface for ad hoc, wireless connectivity" authored by Jaap Haartsen and found in the Ericsson Review, Telecommunications Technology Journal No. 3, 1998, the disclosure of which is incorporated here by reference. For the purposes of the present invention, only Bluetooth features of immediate interest are described here to avoid obscuring these exemplary embodiments.
[0020] To provide some context within which to understand selective service access systems and methods according to the present invention, some exemplary ad hoc network topologies which operate using Bluetooth technology will first be described. Those skilled in the art will, however, appreciate that the present invention can be implemented in other networks than those described here.
[0021]FIG. 1 illustrates a Bluetooth piconet. A piconet is a collection of digital devices, such as any of those mentioned above, connected using Bluetooth technology in an ad hoc fashion. A piconet is initially formed with two connected Bluetooth devices. In each piconet, for example piconet 100, there exists one master Bluetooth unit and one or more slave Bluetooth units. In FIG. 1 Bluetooth unit 101 is a master unit and unit 102 is a Bluetooth slave unit.
[0022]FIG. 2 illustrates a larger piconet, including a master and several slaves. According to Bluetooth technology a slave unit can only communicate directly with a master unit. FIG. 2 illustrates a piconet 200 with a master unit 201 and a plurality of slave units 202-208 arranged in a star network topology. If slave unit 202 wishes to communicate with slave unit 206, slave unit 202 would transmit the information it wished to communicate to master unit 201. Master unit 201 would then transmit the information to slave unit 206.
[0023] As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the topologies which develop can become quite complex as the number of devices in the vicinity of one another increases. For example, FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary scatternet 300. A scatternet is formed by multiple independent and unsynchronized piconets. In FIG. 3, piconet 1 includes the master node 303 and slave nodes 301, 302 and 304; piconet 4 includes the master node 305 and slave nodes 304, 306, 307 and 308; and piconet 5 includes the master node 309 and slave nodes 308 and 310. To implement a scatternet it is necessary to use nodes which are members of more than one piconet. Such nodes are herein referred to as forwarding nodes. If, for example, node 301 wishes to communicate with node 310, then nodes 304 and 308 might act as forwarding nodes by forwarding the information between the two piconets and in particular between nodes 301 and 310. For example, node 301 transfers the information to the master node of piconet 1 node 303. Master node 303 transmits the information to forwarding node 304. Forwarding node 304 then forwards the information to master node 305, which in turn, transmits the information to forwarding node 308. Forwarding node 308 forwards the information to master node 309 which transmits the information to the destination node 310.
[0024] A Bluetooth device operating within the above-described topologies can simultaneously be a slave member of multiple piconets, but only master in one piconet. Additionally, a Bluetooth device that acts as master in one piconet can participate in other piconets as a slave. These various roles are reflected in the exemplary topology of FIG. 3 by the different shadings used for different Bluetooth devices, as indicated by the legend. Since typical Bluetooth devices can only transmit and receive data in one piconet at a time, participation in multiple piconets can be provided on a time division multiplex basis.
[0025] Each Bluetooth device has a globally unique 48 bit IEEE 802 address. This address, called the Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR) is assigned when the Bluetooth device is manufactured. In addition, the master unit of a piconet assigns a local active member address (AM_ADDR) to each active member of the piconet. The AM_ADDR, which can be, for example, three bits long, is dynamically assigned and de-assigned and is unique only within a single piconet. The master uses the AM_ADDR when polling a slave in a piconet. However, when the slave, triggered by a packet from the master addressed with the slave's AM_ADDR, transmits a packet to the master, it includes its own AM_ADDR (not the master's) in the packet header.
[0026] Since ad hoc networks are dynamic, ad hoc networking technology typically has a neighbor discovery feature. The neighbor discovery feature allows one Bluetooth unit to find any other Bluetooth unit which the first Bluetooth unit can communicate with and consequently form an ad hoc network with. A neighbor discovery procedure in Bluetooth is known as the INQUIRY procedure. Once a Bluetooth unit knows of neighboring Bluetooth units, a Bluetooth unit can connect to the neighboring Bluetooth unit using the PAGE procedure.
[0027]FIG. 4 illustrates a Bluetooth packet which is used for transmitting information, for example within the topologies of FIGS. 1-3. The illustrated Bluetooth packet consists of access code 410, header 420 and payload 430. The header 420 contains the AM_ADDR followed by some control parameters, e.g., a bit indicating acknowledgment or retransmission request of the previous packet, when applicable, and a header error check (HEC). The access code 410 in the packet can be of three different types including a channel access code (CAC), a device access code (DAC) or an inquiry access code (IAC).
[0028] The channel access code identifies a channel that is used in a particular piconet, i.e., in essence the channel access code identifies the piconet. Accordingly, all packets exchanged within a piconet carry the same channel access code. The channel access code is derived from the BD_ADDR of the master unit of the piconet. The device access code is derived from a BD_ADDR of a particular Bluetooth device. The device access code is used for special signaling procedures, e.g., the PAGE procedure, as will be described below. There are two types of inquiry access codes, the general inquiry access code (GIAC) and the dedicated inquiry access code (DIAC). The general inquiry access code (GIAC), is sent to discover any Bluetooth units in the vicinity. The dedicated inquiry access code (DIAC), is sent to discover only certain types of Bluetooth units. Each individual dedicated inquiry access code is unique to a different type of Bluetooth unit. Both the general inquiry access code and the dedicated inquiry access code are used in the INQUIRY procedure.
[0029]FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary signaling performed between two Bluetooth units for neighbor discovery and connection establishment. Note that in FIG. 5, there are two column headings labeled "Message." These columns are intended to indicate the relative sequencing of transmissions between Bluetooth devices. A Bluetooth unit 1 wishing to discover neighboring Bluetooth units broadcasts an INQUIRY message. A Bluetooth unit issuing an INQUIRY message is referred to herein as the "initiator". The initiator then waits and listens for INQUIRY RESPONSE messages. An INQUIRY message consists of only an inquiry access code, i.e. either a GIAC or DIAC. The INQUIRY message will be sent repeatedly according to specified timing and frequency sequences, e.g., those found in the published "Core Specification of the Bluetooth System", v1.0A, Jul. 26, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated here by reference.
[0030] When a neighboring Bluetooth unit, such as Bluetooth unit 2, receives an INQUIRY message directed thereto (i.e., either an INQUIRY message with a GIAC or a DIAC associated with that device's type or class), Bluetooth unit 2 responds with an INQUIRY RESPONSE message. The INQUIRY RESPONSE message is transmitted as a frequency hop synchronization (FHS) packet. FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary frequency hop synchronization packet. All fields in the FHS packet, except the AM_ADDR field (and the undefined field) indicate properties or parameters of the Bluetooth unit that sends the FHS packet. The FHS packet includes fields for parity bits, lower address part (LAP), scan repetition (SR), scan period (SP), upper address part (UAP), non-significant address part (NAP), Class of Device, AM_ADDR, internal value of the sending unit's clock (CLK), and Page Scan Mode. The LAP, UAP and NAP together comprise the BD_ADDR of the responding unit.
[0031] The Class of Device field indicates the class of device of the responding Bluetooth unit. For example, a class of device might be a fax machine, phone, printer, or refrigerator. The CLK field contains the current value of the responding Bluetooth unit's internal clock. The SR, SP and Page Scan Mode fields are control parameters used during the PAGE procedure. The AM_ADDR field can be used to assign an AM_ADDR to a Bluetooth unit which is becoming a slave in a piconet (i.e. the AM_ADDR is only used when the FHS packet is used in the PAGE procedure) and the undefined field is reserved for future use.
[0032] Referring again to FIG. 5, when a Bluetooth unit desires to establish a connection with a neighboring Bluetooth unit, the Bluetooth unit sends a PAGE message. Messages 3 through 6 constitute the connection procedure, or PAGE procedure. A PAGE message (message 3) consists of the Device Access Code (DAC), derived from the BD_ADDR of the paged Bluetooth unit. A Bluetooth unit, e.g., Bluetooth unit 2, receiving a PAGE message including its own DAC responds with an identical packet, i.e., a packet including only the DAC (message 4) of the paged Bluetooth unit (Bluetooth unit 2). The paging Bluetooth unit, i.e., Bluetooth unit 1, then replies with an FHS packet (message 5), including the BD_ADDR of the paging Bluetooth unit (Bluetooth unit 1), the current value of the internal clock of the paging Bluetooth unit (Bluetooth unit 1), the AM_ADDR assigned to the paged Bluetooth unit (Bluetooth unit 2) and other parameters. The paged Bluetooth unit (Bluetooth unit 2) then responds with its DAC (message 6) thereby establishing a connection between the two Bluetooth units. If the paging Bluetooth unit already was the master of a piconet, the paged Bluetooth unit has now joined this piconet as a new slave unit. Otherwise, the two Bluetooth units have just formed a new piconet with the paging Bluetooth unit as the master unit.
[0033] Even though existing Bluetooth specifications describe the mechanisms that can be used to create piconets and form scatternets, the criteria used to determine which connections are actually formed to create a specific piconet or scatternet are not specified. For example, when multiple neighbors are discovered which offer a particular service desired by a user of a Bluetooth unit, there is no specified mechanism to determine which of the neighbors to connect to in order to form an appropriate piconet. Indeed, as mentioned above, the mechanism mentioned in the standard is to present the user with the neighbors identified via the INQUIRY procedure and require that the user manually select the neighbor to which connection shall be made.
[0034] According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, neighbor selection and connection is performed by identifying and evaluating neighboring Bluetooth units within range and creating a candidate list from which a neighboring Bluetooth unit can be selected for connection. More specifically, as mentioned above, the initiator regularly performs an INQUIRY procedure with the class of device field in the INQUIRY message having a value that is set to the appropriate class for the service desired by the initiator. This procedure results in a list of all Bluetooth devices of the relevant class within range of the initiator. An exemplary method for managing Bluetooth device lists according to the present invention is depicted in FIG. 7. Since this is an ongoing process, for each responding Bluetooth device it can first be determined whether that device is already in the device list stored in memory (not shown) of the initiator at step 700. If this particular device is in the initiator's list, then the process can terminate with respect to that device as it has already been evaluated and ranked with respect to the desired service. Thus the flow will loop through block 702 to evaluate the next responding Bluetooth device.
[0035] If, however, the responding Bluetooth device is not found in the initiator's device list, then the flow proceeds to block 704 wherein a connection is made to that device, and an SDP request is sent to that device (step 706). The details of SDP messaging per se are specified in the above-incorporated standards specification and, therefore, are not repeated here. However, according to this exemplary embodiment, the SDP request asks that the responding device return further information, i.e., its values for attributes from the initiator's profile for the desired service, which profile is also stored in memory. These service profiles are described in more detail below. At step 708, the values of the attributes in the SDP response from the Bluetooth device are then compared with the profile to see if this device is a candidate, e.g., by determining how well the responding Bluetooth device's attributes match the initiator's service profile. If the responding device is identified as a candidate, then this responding device will be inserted into a candidate list at step 710 (also stored in the initiator's memory) based on how well it fulfils the criteria in the profile. Regardless of whether the responding device is added to the candidate list, it will be added to the device list so that this part of the process is not repeated for that device upon the next INQUIRY message being transmitted by the initiator.
[0036] As mentioned above, the candidate list is built by comparing the responding devices' relevant attributes with those in the initiator's service profile(s) of interest. The criteria used in the profile which define a "best" service for the user could be of two different kinds. For example, the criteria could indicate a relative preference between different values for a particular attribute (e.g. "colour is better than black and white, but black and white is OK" or "the higher the bandwidth provided by the connection the better"). Alternatively, the profile criteria could provide a specific minimum value for an attribute that must be fulfilled in order for a responding device to qualify for entry into the candidate list (e.g. "only colour", or "only bandwidth higher than x"). The service profile can be generated based on a combination of several attributes.
[0037] Thus, according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the initiator maintains two lists associated with discovered Bluetooth devices. Specifically, one unordered list which tracks discovered Bluetooth devices (the device list) and one ordered list of candidate devices (the candidate list), which list is ordered based on how well they match the initiator's service profile. Each entry in the device list can include, for example, the following information: the hardware address of the Bluetooth device (used as identifier of the device and to establish a connection thereto), any other information needed to establish a connection and whether the device is a candidate or not. Each entry in the candidate list can include the following information: the hardware address of the candidate Bluetooth device, how well it matches the relevant service profile and whether this Bluetooth device is the servicing device, i.e., the device to which the initiator is currently connected to provide a particular service.
[0038] The candidate which is the first on the list, i.e., the "best" candidate, can be used for that service, but only when that service is needed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this selection process can be run in the background by the initiator even if the service is not currently desired. In this way, when an application running on the initiator's device requests that service, the list of candidates is established and access to a service is faster.
[0039] Since the initiator is operating in a changing, ad hoc environment, it is anticipated that the device and candidate lists will be changing. For example, if a newly identified candidate is better than the current servicing device, it will be placed first in the list, and used as the new servicing device. Additionally, if the initiator detects a link failure to the servicing device, it can try to connect to that device again. If that fails, this device is removed from the candidate list and the device list, thereby forcing a change to a new servicing device.
[0040] Additionally, it may be the case that a device has moved out of range or been turned off since it was discovered. This could result in a scenario wherein a candidate is not available when the initiator wishes to connect thereto as the new servicing device. In that case this device can be removed from both lists, and the next candidate in the list can be tried until a connection is successfully made.
[0041] To further understand these various aspects of the present invention, consider the following example which follows the signalling diagram depicted in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b). Consider, for the purposes of this example, that a Bluetooth enabled PDA is configured to provide, as one of its programmed service access options, Internet access. For this example, the user has entered a service profile which is simply "the higher the bandwidth, the better". Also assume for this example that three devices in within range of this Bluetooth enabled PDA offer Internet access. Specifically, device A is a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, which offers a low bandwidth connection of x kbps. Devices B and C are Bluetooth access points connected to a fixed infrastructure which offer a higher bandwidth of y kbps. When the PDA is turned on, the search for best access starts in the background with devices A, B and C within range.
[0042] Thus, at T1 in FIG. 8(a), the PDA (acting as the initiator) sends out an INQUIRY message and has an empty device and candidate list. At T2, the initiator has received INQUIRY RESPONSES from the devices within its range that offer the desired service, in this example Internet access. Thus the device list now contains information associated with devices A, B and C. Next, at T3, the initiator connects to device A to learn more about its Internet service offering via SDP messaging. Device A is added to the candidate list since there is no minimum bandwidth criterion in the service profile. At T4 and T5, the PDA also interrogates devices B and C, respectively, to learn about their Internet access characteristics, in this example bandwidth. Thus, at T5, the candidate list places devices B and C ahead of device A since they offer higher bandwidth Internet connections.
[0043] Through point T5 in this example, the operation has occurred in the background since Internet access had not been requested by the PDA's user. However, at T6 (FIG. 8(b)), the user of the PDA decides that he or she actually wants to access the Internet, at which time the PDA connects to device B since that device is listed first in the candidate list. While the PDA is connected to the Internet, the evaluation of potential service providers continues as a background activity. Thus, at T7, the PDA transmits another INQUIRY message. During the time between the two INQUIRY messages, the PDA has moved out of range of device C. Therefore, at T8, the PDA receives INQUIRY RESPONSE messages from only devices A and B. Next, at T9, the PDA moves out of range of device B and, accordingly, tries to reconnect thereto. Failing to reconnect to device B, the initiator removes device B from both its candidate and device list and tries to connect to the next device in the candidate list, i.e., device C at T10. Since the PDA has also moved out of range of device C, this attempt at connection also fails leading to the connection to device A at T11.
[0044] Various modifications and adaptations to these concepts can be adopted. For example, the number of stale entries in the candidate list can be minimized if a counter is added to each entry in the device list. When a device is first discovered and placed in the device list, this counter is set to a predetermined value x. Each time an INQUIRY is made, and this device does not answer, the counter is decremented. Each time an INQUIRY is made, and the device answers, the counter is reset to x again. When the counter reaches zero, this means that the device has missed x number of sequential inquiries. It can then be assumed that the device is no longer viable for connection with the initiator and this device is removed from the device list and the candidate list (if it was a candidate). Since maintenance of the device list is intended to avoid having to send SDP requests to the same devices multiple times, removal of a device from the list creates the downside potential that, if that device appears again, a new SDP request has to be made. Thus, the counter value can be selected as desired to balance the tradeoff between keeping the device list manageably short without having to frequently replicate SDP requests for Bluetooth devices that move on and off the device list. To further optimize this tradeoff, devices that are known to be used often can be specially marked to be kept in the list even if they don't answer inquiries.
[0045] If the service profile is changed, the candidate list can be emptied, and new SDP requests made to all devices in the device list, so that the attributes can be compared with the new profile and a new candidate list can be built. This step could be avoided if the device list also retains attributes and their values for each device within proximity of the initiator. In this case no SDP requests have to be made to build the new candidate list. Then a changed service profile only implies a dropped candidate list, which candidate list is thereafter built up by checking attributes in the device list. Such implementation alternatives can be selected depending upon whether SDP requests (using processing power/battery) or storing a lot of data in the device list is a limiting factor in the initiator device.
[0046] Although the present invention is intended to operate to identify devices in range of an initiating device to find the "best" service access, those devices that are "within range" may include devices which are physically out of the transmitting range of the initiator but are connected to a device which is in range of the initiator. Consider again the scatternet of FIG. 3. If an initiator comes into range of devices associated with piconet 6 and transmits thereto an INQUIRY message with a class of device parameter that is not available within piconet 6, such an INQUIRY message may be forwarded to the other piconets in the scatternet. If a device within the scatternet corresponds to the class of device parameter and can provide the desired service, such an indication can be forwarded back through the scatternet to piconet 6 for the transmission of an affirmative INQUIRY RESPONSE message. This process may be transparent to the initiator.
[0047] Additionally, the present invention can also be used in conjunction with selective network access techniques and systems as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/438,431, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Selective Network Access" filed on Nov. 12, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated here by reference. Therein, methods and apparatus for providing selective access to a network, for example by linking an end device to the network via an access network using a network terminating device are described. The end device may (or may not) have a direct interface usable for data and/or voice communications. The end device is equipped with an indirect interface and uses the indirect interface to determine the access capability for each access network which is available to the end device. The access capabilities may include, for example, cost of access, coverage area, available bandwidth, delay and QoS. The determined access capability for each access network can be compared with a preferred access capability associated with the end device, or user thereof, wherein a particular access network can be selected based on, for example, how favorably the determined access capabilities of each access network compare with the preferred capabilities of the end device or user. Accordingly the preferred capabilities may also include cost of access, coverage area, available bandwidth, delay and QoS and both the actual access network terminating device capabilities and the preferred capabilities may include other factors such as the network type and the like. Based on the comparison, one of the access network terminating devices may be selected and the end device may be configured according to the access capabilities of the selected access network terminating device prior to connecting to the selected access network.
[0048] The indirect interface may be also be used during the connection between the end device and the ultimate network to detect if new access network terminating devices are available to the end device. If new devices are detected, an access capability associated with each of the new access network terminating devices may be determined and a comparison may be made between the determined access capability associated with each new access network terminating device, the capabilities associated with the currently used access network terminating device and a preferred access capability associated with the end device. As in the previous embodiment, a decision to reselect among the available access network terminating devices is based on the comparison. If a better access for the end device is identified, the new access network terminating device is selected and the end device may be reconfigured according to the access capability associated with the selected new access network terminating device.
[0049] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the foregoing techniques and structures can be implemented, for example, in a handheld device having a transmitter, a processor and a memory device, which components (and their programming) will be familiar to those skilled in the art. The transmitter, processor and memory device can, for example, be configured to operate using communication protocols such as those described in the above-incorporated by reference documents or other protocols.
[0050] Thus, it can be seen that these exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is given by the appended claims, rather than the preceding description, and all variations and equivalents which fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
Referenced by
Legal Events
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text:
Barbara Lenk
|Barbara A. Lenk
|Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
|Assumed office
June 8, 2011
|Nominated by
|Deval Patrick
|Preceded by
|Judith A. Cowin
|Judge of the Massachusetts Appeals Court
|In office
June 20, 1995 – June 8, 2011
|Nominated by
|William Weld
|Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court
|In office
1993 – June 20, 1995
|Nominated by
|William Weld
|Personal details
|Queens, New York
|Debra Krupp
|Alma mater
|Fordham University (B.A.)
Yale University (Ph.D)
Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Barbara A. Lenk is an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. On April 4, 2011, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick nominated her to that position[1][2] and she was confirmed by the Governor's Council on May 4, 2011.[3] She took the oath of office on June 8.
Early life and career[edit]
Justice Lenk was born in Queens, New York, to a poor family. Her parents were a bookbinder and a housekeeper. Her first language was Polish.[1] She received a B.A. magna cum laude from Fordham University in 1972, a Ph.D. in political philosophy from Yale University in 1978, and a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1979. Upon graduation, she joined the Boston law firm of Brown, Rudnick, Freed & Gesmer and was a partner there for six years.[4] Her practice focused on civil litigation, with a specialty in First Amendment issues.[1]
Judicial career[edit]
In 1993, Massachusetts Governor William Weld, a Republican, named her to the state's Superior Court. She served there until Weld appointed her to the Appeals Court, where she began her service on June 20, 1995.[5] When nominated to serve on the Supreme Judicial Court, Justice Lenk was the longest serving member of the Appeals Court.[6]
Justice Lenk has served on the Board of Directors of the Volunteer Lawyers Project of the Boston Bar Association, as chair of the Board of Editors of the Boston Bar Journal, and as a member of the Judicial Administration Council of the Massachusetts Bar Association.[5] She is a Trustee of Western New England University,[7] where she chairs the academic affairs committee,[4] and a member of the Boston Inn of Court.[8] Lenk serves on the Board of Directors for Kerem Shalom in Concord, Massachusetts.[4]
Justice Lenk is a lesbian. She married her wife, attorney Debra Krupp, following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2004. They have two adopted children.[9][10] She is the first openly gay member of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.[11] She is one of eight openly LGBT judges on state supreme courts, alongside justice Sabrina McKenna of the Hawaii Supreme Court, justice Andrew J. McDonald of the Connecticut Supreme Court, justice Monica Marquez of the Colorado Supreme Court, justice Beth Robinson of the Vermont Supreme Court, justice Mary Yu of the Washington Supreme Court and justices Rives Kistler and Virginia Linder, both members of the Oregon Supreme Court.
- ^ a b c Bierman, Noah (April 4, 2011). "Patrick nominates first openly gay justice to Mass. high court". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Chabot, Hillary (April 4, 2011). "Governor names openly gay Barbara Lenk to SJC". Boston Herald. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Levenson, Michael (May 4, 2011). "Lenk approved for SJC; first openly gay justice on state's highest court". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Justice Barbara A. Lenk Nominated To Massachusetts Supreme Court". GovMonitor.com. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ a b "Massachusetts State Courts: Associate Justice Barbara A. Lenk". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ "Massachusetts State Courts: Justices of the Massachusetts Appeals Court". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ "Western New England University: Board of Trustees 2010-2011". Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ "Boston American Inn of Court: 2010-2011 Membership Directory". Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Bierman, Noah (April 5, 2011). "Another unprecedented SJC pick". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ Colbert, Chuck (November 18, 2008). "A Judicial Orientation". Boston Spirit Magazine. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Goodnough, Abby (April 4, 2011). "Lesbian Judge Chosen for Top Massachusetts Court". New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
|Legal offices
|Preceded by
Judith Cowin
|Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Liberty's Mathieu Fenasse and Isaiah Logue were second-team selections on the 2015 VaSID All-State University Division Men's Golf team > Read More
For the second year in a row, Liberty men's golfer Mathieu Fenasse has earned a spot on a GCAA/PING All-Region team. > Read More
Two of Liberty's former standout golfers will tee it up alongside the best upcoming professional players in the world when the PGA Tour Canada 2015 season kicks off on Thursday. > Read More
Fresh off his standout rookie season at Liberty, Isaiah Logue has continued his strong play and advanced to the next round of qualifying for the 2015 U.S. Open. > Read More
The Liberty Flames Sports Network's Game On show recently caught up with former men's golf standout Chase Marinell, talking with him about his unique start into the sport. > Read More
A record total of four Liberty athletics teams were listed among the 1,124 programs honored by the NCAA with Public Recognition Awards today. > Read More
Following the team's fourth-straight NCAA Regional appearance, LFSN reporter Alan York had a chance to catch up with Flames Head Golf Coach Jeff Thomas to reflect on the season. > Read More
More Headlines
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Leave asb612olive a message to find out more.
Posted 12/19/2011 01:09:10 EST
According to the article, the doctor is allowed 100 patients that are drug addicted to treat - also in the article the Dr. suggests that other Dr.'s will join the practice - upping the number of treat more »
Posted 12/13/2011 12:39:17 EST
I have a husband who does do housework...if you ask. His dirt level is different than mine, so what I see as a dirty floor, he does not - and is not prompted to clean it like I am. If his favorite pan more »
Posted 11/30/2011 12:16:20 EST
In Response to Re: Have you been to the vet this year?: I love my dog- but I can't get over the culture of "spend a fortune on your pet" that seems to be the local way here. Growing up- we didn't have more »
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San Francisco, California (PRWEB) July 28, 2014
The global market for aquaculture is expected to reach USD 202.96 billion by 2020, according to a new study by Grand View Research, Inc. Aquaculture includes farming of aquatic organisms such as mollusks, fish, crustaceans and other aquatic flora and fauna. Increasing consumer awareness of health benefits associated with seafood and growing consumption serves as a key driver for development of the market. In addition, the market demand is expected to be further fuelled by the lack of naturally available varieties owing to extensive fishing. Rice-fish culture is expected to serve as key growth opportunity for this market over the next six years.
Carps were the largest product segment, accounting for 25,137.6 kilo tons of global aquaculture demand in 2013 and is expected to reach 29,462.8 kilo tons in 2020, growing at a CAGR of 2.2% from 2014 to 2020. The demand for carps is expected to rise as it is one of the prime cultivated fishes due to its high compatibility with non-ideal environmental conditions and its extensive use in fish farming. Mollusks were the second largest product segment, with market demand exceeding 16,619.6 kilo tons in 2013, owing to health benefits resulting in high consumption.
The report "Aquaculture Market Analysis By Culture Environment (Fresh Water, Marine Water, Brackish Water), By Product (Carps, Crustaceans, Mackerel, Milkfish, Mollusks, Salmon, Sea Bass, Sea Bream, Trout) And Segment Forecasts To 2020" is available now to Grand View Research customers at http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/aquaculture-market.
Request Free Sample of This Report: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/aquaculture-market/request
Further key findings from the study suggest:
Browse All Reports of This Category: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry/paints-coatings-and-printing-inks
For the purpose of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global aquaculture market on the basis of culture environment, product and region:
Browse All Ongoing Reports of Grand View Research: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/ongoing-reports
About Grand View Research
Grand View Research, Inc. is a market research and consulting company that provides off-the-shelf, customized research reports and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, we offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries, from technology to chemicals, materials and energy. With a deep-seated understanding of varied business environments, Grand View Research provides strategic objective insights. For more information, visit http://www.grandviewresearch.com/.
Sherry James
Corporate Sales Specialist, USA
Grand View Research, Inc
Phone: 1-415-349-0058
Latest Reports:
Barcode Printers Market Analysis, Market Size, Application Analysis, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecasts, 2014 To 2020 - http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/barcode-printers-market
Hydrographic Equipment Market Analysis, Market Size, Application Analysis, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecasts, 2014 To 2020 - http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/hydrographic-equipment-market


text:
Member Since: 12/31/08Send This Person a Message Give this person a Gift Add This Person as a Friend
You can reach this milestone by accruing more than 50 reputation points in the last 7 days
You can reach this milestone by completing the quiz Would You Pass the Police Exam?
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Only sworn LEOs are eligible to receive access to restricted areas.
Chief_Robe: Friends
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"U too brother. "
TheSentinel says ...
Bump. Excerpt from my above link.
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Rumor has it that the Department of the Army is now talking about disbanding it's civilan police force i...
Rumor has it that the Department of the Army is now talking about disbanding it's civilan police force in favor of security guards only. Don't kno...
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Hi Chief, have a great weekend and stay safe, i'll be in orlando on december 28, my first time in the beautiful city, take care my brother.
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Hi, just stopping to wish you a great weekend, stay safe and God bless you.
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Thanks for the friendship! Hope you and yours have a Healthy,Happy and Blessed New Year and your Christmas was Merry. Stay safe and take care.
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Thanks for the add. Have a great new year.
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Thank you for the add. Happy New Year to you and yours. Stay safe.
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Thanks for the add. Stay safe out there Chief.
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"Just Another Man"
He looks in the mirror every morning and night,
Does he see what I see, it would be nice if he might.
He sees a rude man as he stands there,
I see someone who needs someone to care.
He sees a mean man, because he has to be tough,
I see someone who deals with more than enough.
He sees how he tries not to cry and feels he has no heart,
I see someone who has to keep his feelings and work apart.
He sees a murderer because he shot someone last night,
I see someone who saved someone else from a fight.
He sees a failure because he did not arrive in time
I see someone who did his best and needs peace of mind.
He sees just another man as he enters the day,
I see a special man who does his best in every way.
For all the years, he has put on the uniform of blue,
He has never realized how much he protects me and you.
But, as he starts the day again, I just wish he could see,
What he really is and how much he means to you and me.
Author Unknown
over 5 years ago
Just Wanted To Say...Hello... Hope Everything Is Going Well For You...Have A Good One...Take Care!
over 5 years ago
Greetings From Mo....Enjoy Life....Respect Others....Take Care,My friend.
over 5 years ago
70012 Comments
over 5 years ago
4638 Comments
Thanks for the add. It's nice to meet you. Stay safe out there and always watch your six.
Rusty Keeble
Gang Professionals International
(website under development)
Rusty Keeble Foundation
GANGFREE Project


text:
Insipid: The prospect of the President being banned from the ballot is sheer lunacy. Your Thoughts? [Read more...]
Philosophy, Ethics, Atheism, Nietzsche
Insipid: The prospect of the President being banned from the ballot is sheer lunacy. Your Thoughts? [Read more...]
Before Obama, America had not elected as president a legislator, either a congressperson or a senator, for decades. We have consistently preferred governors, vice presidents, and generals. Now in electing Obama we have a legislator, law professor, and grass roots organizer. We have someone whose skills are building consensus, managing intricate relationships with allies and enemies, [Read More...]
Baratunde tells it straight about the Donald. Your Thoughts? [Read more...]
Get ready for the deceptive meme to come flying your way that the Obama administration is abnegating its responsibilities to enforce law by not enforcing the Defense of Marriage Act. The administration will continue to enforce the unconscionable law, it will only not defend it from legal challenges in court. Others, starting with the House [Read More...]
From an Esquire interview online now: SR: Like many nice Caucasians, I cried the night Barack Obama was elected. It was one of the high points in American history. And all that's happened since the election is just a shitstorm of hatred. You want to weigh in on that? CR: I actually like it, in [Read More...]
Anderson Cooper interviews Montana State Representative Bob Wagner who refuses to admit that he knows either that President Obama was born in America or even that being born in America makes someone a citizen: Stupefyingly, Representative Wagner is representative of more than 50% of likely Republican primary voters: Birthers make a majority among those voters [Read More...]
Watching this video, I'm starting to fear those who have seemingly no belief in either the intrinsic value or potential effectiveness of democracy as much as I fear Islamism: Visit msnbc.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy Your Thoughts? [Read more...]
Jamie Kilstein: Your Thoughts? [Read more...]
As always when I venture out of my areas of specialization, let me preface all following remarks with the obvious reminder—I am by no means a foreign policy expert or a Middle East expert. So take the following on the merits of my arguments and bring forth any facts you think I may need to [Read More...]
What was the last blog post you read here worth to you?
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text:
|comic | episodes & e-books | store | about | forum
|click &
vote A*!
|The one eye of quality original A* artwork!
|Jul 04, 2015 11:08 AM PDT | url | discuss | + share
Added 1 new A* page:
There are bunches of pages still available! To help you get started, here are a few, still available at the time of this writing! Click the thumbnails of these 17"-wide ink illustrations (well, the first is ink wash, specifically; they're both from episode 17, where Selenis was infiltrating a cult's moon base!) to get to their sale pages:
Notice that in today's page, just as I did way back in episode 17, I still bail out of drawing two eyes in the same head in close-ups! I tried, I triiiiiiiiiiied to get that second eye to cooperate , but it just wouldn't. So...visor reflection/obfuscation to the rescue! Yes it's all smoke and mirrors to conceal that darn second eye. . P
|© Copyright 2015
Ben Chamberlain. All rights reserved. | Privacy Policy


text: On Jan. 15, Morrison County District Court convicted Dollina Mae Olson, 21, Little Falls, of fifth degree felony possession of a controlled substance. On July 24, 2013, law enforcement responded to a report of a man with a warrant for his arrest. They found the man sleeping at a residence in Little ...Read More


text:
Enroll for Summer Camps Today
Parent Reviews
Call to set up a time:
Or just stop in.
Best times: 10:00am or 1:00pm M-F
West Jordan, Utah
New Bingham Hwy and 4800 W.
Take a Tour
South Jordan, Utah
Bangerter Hwy and 10400 S.
New Location Opening Fall 2015
Our Mission -
Our mission is to promote the development of the "whole child" through activities that focus on cognitive, emotional, social, creative and physical development. We will offer a nurturing, educational, and fun experience.


text:
Is there any sense to recompile my kernel?
Yes...I was thinking to take a risk and recompile my kernel?
What does it actually make? A totall disaster? A sure way to spoil your installation? Or a handy way to update your OS?
When you compile your own kernel, you can include only the stuff that you want/use/need and leave the rest out making for a leaner kernel. You can also apply patches from various sources which could address very specific issues you may have.
The kernel is the core part of the operating system which communicates between the hardware and software. It provides for a very low level interface from system software to the hardware. The system software would provide another interface to the userspace software.
After seeing your other post, if you are using a RedHat kernel, it usually has everything compiled as modules which do not get loaded unless needed. If you do not yet know what you are doing, use the stock kernel a while longer until you become more familiar with *nix systems.
Re: Is there any sense to recompile my kernel?
1 Attachment(s)
* There are real benefits to be gained from installing a recent kernel. I do not know what kernel version you are using, but for one, enabling MTRR's in your kernel will greatly increase your video performance. As most stock kernels for recent distributions have that enabled, you're alright. Of course, there are so many enhancements/bug fixes for various hardware drivers with each kernel release, it can only help (if you install the kernel correctly).
If you live on the bleeding edge (like I do) and want to tinker around with Linux, there is a safe way to modify your kernel *without* harming your original installation.
To do so, follow the methods I outline in the attached file (verbatim).
**** This by no means is an exercise for the unexperienced. But, if you follow these guidelines (and hopefully I didn't miss anything important), you should be safe, and you can enjoy the best part about Linux...trial and error...more trial and error...and lots of learning in between, which is what it's all about.
Have fun. Drop me an email if you have any problems.
Brian Sladecek
thanks for good reply. I have been upgrading my kernel from readymade rpm's, maybe I should go further now. :-)
Just email me when you get to the "too far" part.
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text:
Welcome to the Third Edition of Mobile Mondays. This week was amazing since many smartphones were launched and few of the most awaited handsets were available for purchase.Read More
The stylish Samsung Diva S7070 is now available in UK, but if you wait for a month, you will have the option to buy the luxury gold edition of this handset. This handset has almost the same specs as compared to the original version.Read More
Samsung has recently launched Diva S7070, a new full touchscreen handset, specially designed for female users in UK. The design of this handset is quite unique, which makes this handset absolutely glamorous.Read More
Samsung recently launched its Android based smartphone, Samsung Galaxy S at the CTIA, 2010. Check out the exclusive hands-on pics and videos of this powerful smartphone.Read More
Special limited time offer with the purchase of Samsung laptops.Read More
Samsung has launched Metro 3G S 5350 in India. The handset will be available for Rs.8250 and is targeted at budget conscious consumers looking for a 3G handset.Read More
Samsung launched its Android based smartphone, Samsung Galaxy S today at the CTIA 2010. This device comes with a 4 inches Super AMOLED touchscreen display.Read More
Samsung Galaxy Spica demonstration video running Android 2.1. The Galaxy Spica will be sold in Canada through Rogers this month.Read More
Samsung recently announced its Bada powered smartphone, Samsung Wave S8500 at the MWC. The device is powered by super AMOLED display, 1 GHz processor, 5 megapixel camera and so on. Check out the hands-on pics and video of this amazing device.Read More
Samsung is gearing up to launch an Android 2.1 powered phone which will feature an 8-megapixel camera along with a DLP Pico Projector.Read More
Samsung recently unveiled their much awaited smartphone, Samsung Wave S8500. This device comes with 3.3 inches WVGA Super AMOLED display, a 1Ghz processor, Bada OS and so on. Check out the official pics of Samsung Wave S8500.Read More
Today at the MWC 2010, Samsung unveiled Wave, its first smartphone that runs on the new BADA operating system. This device is powered by Super AMOLED display, 1 GHz processor and so on. Check out the complete coverage of Samsung Press Event.Read More
Samsung Shark 2 S5550 is an amazing slider phone manufactured by Samsung Electronics. This phone comes with an 2.2 inches AMOLED display, 5 megapixel camera, 3G connectivity, Bluetooth and so on. Check out the complete review.Read More
Samsung S5620 is a full touchscreen handset manufactured by Samsung Electronics. This device is also know as Samsung Monte. This device comes with a 3 inches touchscreen display, 3G connectivity, Wi-Fi, GPS and so on.Read More
Samsung Galaxy 2 is the successor of Samsung's popular handset Samsung Galaxy. The specs of this device is quite similar to that of Nexus One. Check out the leaked specs of Samsung Galaxy 2.Read More


text:
Saidy Janko could play in Champions League - Deila
CELTIC manager Ronny Deila has admitted that the door is open for Swiss teenager Saidy Janko to walk into his Celtic team for the crucial Champions League qualifiers.Scotsman.com » 8h
CELTIC manager Ronny Deila has admitted that the door is open for Swiss teenager Saidy Janko to walk into his Celtic team for the crucial Champions League qualifiers.Scotsman.com » 8h
Dundee United have given German goalkeeper Luis Zwick a professional contract after he played for free to win himself a deal.Scotsman.com » 8h
St JOHNSTONE striker Steven MacLean claims qualifying for the Europa League group stages would be a bigger achievement than the club's only major trophy win.Scotsman.com » 8h
Dundee and Queen of the South agree a compensation package for left-back Kevin Holt's switch to Dens Park.BBC Sport » 8h
Dundee United hand amateur Luis Zwick a professional contract and say he will contend for the first team.BBC Sport » 8h
HEARTS handed debuts to all three of their marquee summer signings in Dublin as they kicked off their pre-season with a routine 2-0 win over Bohemian.Scotsman.com » 8h
Gary Mackay-Steven scored one and created the other as Celtic began their pre-season campaign with an impressive 2-0 friendly win over Den Bosch.SkySports.com » 10h
DEDRYCK Boyata eased into life as a Celtic player on a balmy night in Paisley which was lit up by the skills of Gary Mackay-Steven.Scotsman.com » 10h
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text:
▪ Software
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CATEGORIES | View all
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Categories: Erotica/Gay-Lesbian Erotica/Science Fiction
Publisher: Torquere Press/Prizm Books | Date published: 04/15/2009
Hyabusa Jao's life is in a slump, and the quality of his work is slipping. It wouldn't be such a bad thing if Jao was in any other business, but he's an assassin, and quality kinda matters. Since the death of his lover, the heart has kind of gone out of Jao's work and now his boss, the sadistic Kazematsuri, wants a favor from him. There's a new opium dealer muscling in on the local scene and the old drug lord, Aso, is getting worried about the safety of his sons. Masahiro's old enough to look after himself but Ryo's stil la kid and he needs protection. Enter Jao. Too bad for Jao he's not much of a babysitter, and too bad Ryo's brother is damn good looking, because pretty soon Jao's got to keep Masahiro out of trouble too. Can Jao keep it together, or will he be shown up as a mediocre assassin?


text:
Petras Zdanavičius
Type Sea Monsters Away
It is addictive android typing game. It uses system keyboard. So You can learn to type with Your own android keyboard and not some half baked imitation.
** Gameplay **
- Type top word to move up
- Type bottom word to move down
- Type middle word to shoot
** Features **
- Vertical and Horizontal modes
- Best scores (each modes has it's own record)
- Not traditional gameplay (even for typing game)
- Support for software and hardware keyboards
- Correct typing of each letter adds 1 point
- Destroying monster adds 10 points
- Each additional monsters destroyed by the same bullet adds +5 point bonus
- Typing error removes 5 points
** Source code **
** Possible Issues **
- There are tons of different keyboards for android. It is impossible to test them all. If Your keyboard does not work, please write which one. Do not fear to contact me directly (firstname.lastname@example.com).
- There can be some trouble with hardware keyboards. Especially if You will try to attach/remove them during the game.
- No testing with tablets (Except emulator). So there is possibility of bugs over there. If You find one, please write about it. You can event drop an email directly for me (email@example.com) if You do not want to rate this game.
** Others **
Music is created by Floating Isle (Oszillatorenquintett) from http://www.jamendo.com
Special thanks to Andrius Nikūlinas for work with sound FX.
Squares Are Better
"Squares Are Better is one of the most addictive games I've played recently" ANDROID-APPS.COM
- Use Your squares to destroy circles
- Shoot squares by dragging them in opposite direction
- Tap on the bigger square to split it into smaller squares
Game is powered by Unity3d 3.5 Engine. So, there can be technical problems with older and (especially) weaker devices.
Music was made by frenzykitty from http://8bc.org and released under Creative Commons
BY-NC-SA License.


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Gear Review
Yakima tie down system
I bought the tie-down system from Yakima. It is easy and looks pretty but the hooks are not long enough. When the kayak bounces (which happens because the Yakima saddles have a lot of play) the hooks undo themselves. A helpful modification would be for Yakima to use a hook with a longer curved part at the head.
View More Details on Yakima Bow/Stern Tie Down


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Thu June 13, 2013
Economic Improvement Remains Stagnant For Poor Blacks
Originally published on Thu June 13, 2013 4:52 am
In 1965, sociologist Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who would later become a U.S. senator from New York, authored a controversial report. It concluded the decline of the black nuclear family was a major component to black poverty. Nearly 50 years later, the Urban Institute has released a follow-up to Moynihan's study that looks at the current barriers poor black families continue to face, and compares those findings to the country's other ethnic groups.


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When a 10 year-old girl in Haryana, India can see that her community is in need of more male heroes to protect the safety, livelihood and rights of women and girls, something must be done. Continue reading
Film about South Indian Poet Inspires Menstrual Health Movement Among Women & Men Alike
Salma, a Women of the World series film chronicling the extraordinary story of South India's most famous woman poet and the violence she endured as a young woman, has stirred an incredible response among villagers in Maharashtra, India. One female health worker in particular has seen remarkable changes in the community she serves. Continue reading
Gulabi Gang
Bundelkhand in central India, a region notorious for its rebels-turned-armed bandits, is witnessing a new kind of rebellion with an unusual cast of characters. These are the pink sari-clad women of the Gulabi Gang, who use words as weapons – demanding their rights, submitting petitions and haranguing corrupt officials. They travel long distances by cart and tractor, bus and train, to wrest justice for women and dalits, undeterred by sneering policemen and condescending bureaucrats.
Sampat Pal, the group's founder, is a rough-and-tough woman with a commanding personality. Despite being born into a traditional family and married off early, she has evolved her own brand of feminism and egalitarian politics. Constantly on the move, today she may be found investigating the suspicious death of a young woman, tomorrow protesting against a corrupt official.
Hero Project Launches in India With Film About Real Life Heroes
The Hero Project, WGLG's social change campaign in India, was created in the direct wake of the tragic gang-rape and murder of a young female medical student (affectionately called "Nirbhaya" – fearless one – in Indian media) on a New Delhi bus – a story that sparked outrage and action among communities all over India and across the globe. Encouraging young men and boys to take heroic actions against gender-based violence and discrimination in their own communities, The Hero Project was built to evoke personal reflection, a sense of responsibility, and a fresh perspective on masculinity. For those present at The Hero Project's launch on December 16, 2013, exactly one year after "Nirbhaya's" tragic assault, the room crackled with the urgency of these messages for young Indian men. Continue reading
Q and A with Filmmaker Rahul Roy
The work of Delhi-based director and writer Rahul Roy probes the theme of masculinity, an angle that is seldom explored in the global dialogue on gender. Roy's most recent project, Let's Talk Men 2.0, presents four films from four different South Asian contexts – Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal – that both represent and interrogate masculinity.
WGLG's Engagement Coordinator in India, Abhishek Srivastava, recently caught up with Roy to discuss the connection between masculinities and gender-based violence, and the role that film plays in communicating these complex narratives. Continue reading
Pink and Blue: Signs of Danger?
To deepen my understanding of young people's perception of gender in urban India, I recently ventured to the Bhanwar Singh camp in Delhi with Magic Bus, a WGLG partner organization that mentors youth in the slums across India. Bhanwar Singh is a labyrinth of narrow lanes, open drains, community water taps, and pastel-colored mud and brick houses. Many of the poor families there have migrated from their ancestral villages in hope of work and better educational facilities. Locals strive to make an honest living by driving auto rickshaws or taxis, cleaning houses, selling vegetables or as daily wage labors working on the booming city's many construction sites. Continue reading
Invoking Justice
In Southern India, family disputes are settled by Jamaats – all-male community councils who rule according to Islamic Sharia law. Women are forbidden to be present, even to defend themselves. Frustrated by this fundamental inequity, Sharifa, a long-time feminist, and a group of Muslim women established a Women's Jamaat in 2003 – an extraordinary act of courage, since traditionally Jamaats can only be founded and run by men. Continue reading
I Came to Testify
When the Balkans exploded into war in the 1990s, reports that tens of thousands of women were being systematically raped as a tactic of ethnic cleansing captured the international spotlight. I Came to Testify is the moving story of how a group of 16 women who had been imprisoned by Serb-led forces in the Bosnian town of Foca broke history's great silence – and stepped forward to take the witness stand in an international court of law. Continue reading
I Was Worth 50 Sheep
Sabere was only seven years old when her father died in war. Her cousin inherited her, and following a long-practiced tradition in Afghanistan, he sold her when she was 10 years old to Golmohammad, a man in his 50s and a member of the Taliban. Over the next six years, she became pregnant four times, miscarrying each time. The cause may have been her youth, or the abuse she suffered at the hands of her husband. On a trip to Mazar-e sharif, Sabere managed to escape and make her way to a women's shelter. Continue reading
Pushing The Elephant
In the late 1990s, Rose Mapendo was imprisoned with her family during violence that engulfed the Democratic Republic of Congo. Her harrowing experience included the nighttime arrest of her entire family by government agents, the execution of her husband, the birth of their twin sons in prison, and grim negotiations with prison guards to save the lives of her children. She emerged advocating forgiveness and reconciliation. In a country where ethnic violence has created seemingly irreparable rifts among Tutsis, Hutus, and other Congolese, this remarkable woman is a vital voice in her beleaguered nation's search for peace. Now, Rose is confronted with teaching one of her most recalcitrant students how to forgive – Nangabire, the daughter who remained behind. Continue reading


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Belfast, N.Y., houses Bare Knuckle Hall
Updated: October 20, 2010, 12:33 PM ETBy Ryan Whirty | Special to Page 2
BELFAST, N.Y. -- With a faint, musty smell in the air and sunlight bathing the cramped little room, Scott Burt picked up a ceramic jug and smiled broadly. He stood in what he calls "the cell," a space, complete with iron bars, in a 126-year-old barn that has become the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.
It was in the cell that trainer William Muldoon locked famed prizefighter John L. Sullivan overnight to dry out from an evening of carousing in the local pubs. But Sullivan cleverly hid ...
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|54 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 12/19/06
It's not like they are asking for a ton of cash... they are only asking half of my personal salary per year. That hardly pays for a ton of development work, software licencing, artists, designers, etc...
So... like anything else, if you don't agree with it, don't support it.
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Novice Member
Joined: 8/12/06
I'm still 100% behind this game, and excited to play it whenever I get the chance.
Heck, just reading their design ideas is more fun than playing almost every MMO on the market today.
Novice Member
Joined: 4/17/13
Freaking Star Citizen ir raking millions after millions in continued long term crowfunding campaigns but when a small indie studio asks for far less money to expand on the initial concept it`s suddenly somehow unacceptable. You people really are sheeps controlled by marketing.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 5/31/05
Originally posted by Garainis
The issue is not that they are asking for more, thats fine. The problem is that they are doing it before delivering what they promised to deliver after the first one, EVEN IF IT FAILED!
People handing off mony to Star Citizen just shows how little people knows about what is hard about making games. It is not hard getting good ideas, everyone has those, it is hard making said ideas WORK.
I want to see and prefereably play working prototypes that proves the ideas translate into actual gameplay before touching Kickstarters in the future.
I really have to laugh at some people and how they justify thigngs.
"But they only asked for XXX in their first KS... MMOs take waaay more money than that to make."
Yes. Yes, they do. And this is a problem with KS. If the devs do not realize "how much money an MMO takes to make" during the first KS, and continue to add more and more- They are kind of clueless , huh? OR (much more possibly) they always intended to do multiple Kickstaters and started very low so people would throw money at them thinking "they are not asking for that much..." and then those people have a vested interest in the game coming out (or they get nothing) so they are easy targets to keep begging for even MORE money .
If anyone thinks they can make an MMO for under 100K- They are fools. And I do not trust them with a dollar. If they knew they could not make an MMO for what they asked originally and always intended to come back begging foor more (the likely scenario imho) they are dishonest and I do not trut them.
Either way- They are clueless or dishonest, right?
If this game got 200% funding on the first KS it shouldnt need another one, right? It got double the money asked fr? AND if the devs can not produce with double the money asked for, what would have happened if they just made their goal?
-=And this is becoming commonplace with KS. Low ball the initial amount to get people vested. This is going to make regular rabid fanboys look tame once someones money is tired up in an unfinished idea . I already seee "salesmen" all over the place (not just here) pimping the game they have backed and justifying everything the company does.
-Oh well. Not my moneys.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/03/13
Will consume your soul, yet stay crunchy in milk
Originally posted by hfztt
The Features promised in the first KS have been developed and are implemented (or are very close to ready) into the Alpha. Just read their Patch Notes over the last 6+ months. They specify what has been put in. Now its all being tested.
The second KS is offering some new things that can also be implemented should it hit the Stretch Goals.
There is a working prototype. Its been at quite a few Cons including PAX.
There is also an ongoing Alpha with Beta coming soon.
Bringer of Eternal Darkness and Despair, but also a Nutritious way to start your Morning.
Games Played: Too Many
Novice Member
Joined: 2/05/12
Originally posted by Jacxolope
How do people like this form such a strong opinion on something that they have no clue about? Honestly, I'm not going to refute your points since it's a waste of time on people like you....so I'll just ask anyone who has an open mind to do some actual research before posting crap like this. It's not constructive, it's inaccurate, and it's disruptive.
Waiting on: The Repopulation
Advanced Member
Joined: 5/02/11
@Jacxolope: Most of the things you have said have been address previously but here goes:
- The Repopulation was designed using heavy use of generation and funded it all out of our own pocket initially. It was certainly a smaller scale project at the time, but players liked the ideas and it started receiving interest. We had a good team but everyone was working day jobs. Kickstarter at that time was brand new, and we never really even considered using it. A few months before the first Kickstarter (18 months ago) users started a thread on our forum and kept suggesting it. They basically sold us on the idea. We figured whatever amount it brought in could be used on contractors to help bring the game to market more quickly. It wasn't about give us $25k and we'll make a game. It was about whatever money this does generate will be spent to beef up the games team so that we can build a better game.
- The years of the engines costing you a million up front are gone. There are indie programs for everything nowadays that allow you to minimize your start up cost. A lot also goes on officers, power, and hardware. For an indies, working on their own computers in their own homes though, the cost is largely based on salaries or contractors. If your team is working for free or for cheap, as most of our team is, that significantly lowers the cost. Nobody makes fair market value on our team, and much of the team is foregoing pay. In some cases so they do not violate no compete clauses, and in others because they simply believe in the project and want to see it completed, knowing that there are budget constraints that simply won't allow it.
- This project has been in full scale development since 2011. Though we dabbled with other engines before that, we didn't go into full scale production until 2011 when Hero Engine became available and after having a few months to familiarize it ourselves with it (at the end of 2010). I'll give you a fun fact. It was announced months after Everquest: Next, which will ship after The Repopulation. And it's had a smaller budget in that time than EQ: Next probably spends in a month. If you try to go by traditional MMO budgets, that should not be possible. You'd be hard pressed to find any MMO which started development after us and has already shipped, or which is significantly further along than we are. You can't think in the same terms money wise when your talking about indie developers. A little bit of money can stretch a long way. We certainly may have been overambitious in our initial time frame, and we apologize for that. But in general development has gone on at a smooth pace, minus a couple of setbacks.
- We don't expect anyone to pledge. When there isn't an option available though, players request it. The features from this Kickstarter are largely in part player requests. There's threads about them on our forums, and emails to our staff, as well. We for example planned to ship with vehicles only. Users want mounts, they add some value to tamers and have a coolness factor. They've asked repeatedly about this over the years. We agree, but since the functionality is covered in vehicles it's hard to pull programmers and artists off other stuff that is needed. This handles that problem and allows those features to get in game. That's what this Kickstarter is all about as we've stated before. If people want to pledge, the option is available. If they don't feel comfortable pledging or don't think the game is worth pledging to, we'd invite them to apply for beta or check the game out when it launches.
- The $50k isn't enough argument is common, but it's not a valid argument. The reality is that setting a goal too high is counter-productive. For one, if it looks like your project is falling behind and won't hit it's goal, people stop backing, which makes it impossible to reach. You need to set a goal that you are pretty confident you will reach. It's not uncommon for games to reach that goal several times over in the campaign, much of it is momentum based. If a project needs $100k or it can't be built, it makes sense to set a $100k goal. If you don't reach it you scrap the idea or go back to the drawing board. Repop isn't a project like that. If we never reached our goals the project wasn't going to cancel. It would have just taken longer to build and not been nearly as good of a game as it is becoming. So for us it would have made zero sense to set an high goal in either campaign. The pledges help us immensely, but we'd find a way to moonlight the game to launch no matter even in an apocalpyse. Too much time has gone into this project and it's too far along already to even consider otherwise.
- To say that a second Kickstarter is not okay, but an ever-running online store accepting the same pledges for the same thing doesn't make a whole lot of sense. Most of the upcoming crowd-funded titles have on-site stores where players who missed the Kickstarters can continue pledging. Over time those will make more money than the shorter Kickstarter campaigns, though less per month. They don't really obsolete what Kickstarter does though. Kickstarter is also a promotional tool. It's easier for some people to use, and it's shorter windowed approach is ideal for something like our current stretch goal campaign. It makes a lot of sense given it's intended goals. And it's helped introduce the game to new players, which also benefits existing players.
- The logic of sucking your older backers out of money because they have to help it get done, isn't accurate. To give you a good example of that, under 12% of this campaign's backers are bump ups who pledged to previous campaigns. The bulk of those are new players who weren't around 18 months ago, or didn't feel at that time that the game was worth backing. We do get bump ups from previous backers, but in general people back and then just wait for launch or their testing invite (quite a few are already testing). Our backers don't need to have any concerns about the game getting built. They should welcome these types of campaigns because it helps us build a better game at launch. If our goal was simply to push the game to market, we could likely have the game ready to ship in under two months. Our goal isn't to put out a buggy and incomplete product though, it's to carve ourselves a nice space in the MMO market. Rushing to launch does not accomplish those goals. We'd much rather deal with some players being upset that it took us longer to get to market than they had hoped, than to deal with players not playing the game after it launches because it needed more time in the oven.
Originally posted by JC-Smith
-No offense. When I am talkng here I am tarring all of you with a broad brush who is KSing an MMORPG (yes..Its unfair) but I cannot wait to be proven wrong and have a great sandbox to play in.
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/22/08
Posted above would be correct if the second kick starter wasn't requested by 100s of people who missed the first round
Novice Member
Joined: 2/06/08
Originally posted by Ice-Queen
Not sure it bothers me but I am surprised it's allowed by the Kickstarter rules. What's to keep a "company" from just continuously having Kickstarters every 1.5 years? Are three Kickstarters for the same game allowed? Four?
Novice Member
Joined: 7/09/05
If you can dream it... you can achieve it.
Originally posted by Trekkan
Yup, it's this simple. Some of you should stop trying to be the wise sage and mange how other people spend their money...
Novice Member
Joined: 2/21/06
It's that stupid game engine they used....
Hard Core Member
Joined: 12/17/10
Originally posted by Big_Data
SWTOR is a prime example of more money doesn't equal a better product.


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Limestone vs. Wingate
April 27, 2003
|Devan Spilker
|(5, 3)
|John Navarro
|(2, 1)
|Jason Randolph
|(2, 1)
|Robert Woody
|(2, 1)
|Patrick Cardiff
|(0, 2)
|Nolan Heavenor
|(2, 0)
|David Wooster
|(2, 0)
|Travis Bitter
|(0, 1)
|Matt Malloy
|10 (0.588)
|Jason Bendjy
|1 (0.333)
|Current Record
|go to Limestone page
|Blake Taylor
|(4, 1)
|Drew Penny
|(2, 1)
|Steve Maxwell
|(1, 2)
|Bryan Safarik
|(2, 0)
|Jon Klish
|23 (0.605)
|Jonathan Cofer
|1 (1.000)
|Current Record
|go to Wingate page
|The Game Story:
| Wingate, N.C.----Limestone College senior attack Devan Spilker
scored five goals and dished out three assists to lead the number four
Saints to a 15-9 win over Wingate University in the championship game of
the Deep South Conference tournament. The 2003 DSC tourney was hosted by
Wingate University at Irwin Belk Stadium and John R. Martin Field.
Winners of two of the last three NCAA Division II titles, Limestone (11-2 overall) will advance to the 2003 NCAA play-offs. Wingate concludes its 2003 campaign 8-7 overall.
Spilker had a big year against Wingate, as he scored four goals and handed out two assists in a 7-5 regular season win over the Bulldogs on March 29. The Saints led 7-4 at halftime as Spilker tallied four points (three goals, one assist).
Limestone made two separate 3-0 runs to start the third and fourth quarters to put the game away. In the fourth quarter, the Saints took advantage of every opportunity, scoring three extra-man goals.
All total, Limestone converted four-of-seven extra-man opportunities. Saint junior midfield Nick DeLonga won 20-of-22 face-offs. Limestone dominated the face-off category, winning 22-of-26.
Five players scored two goals each for Limestone. Wingate junior midfield Blake Taylor (Victoria, Australia) had four goals and one assist for the Bulldogs. Limestone outshot Wingate 56-26.
In the goal, Bulldog senior goalkeeper John Klish (Matthews, N.C.) had 23 saves, allowing 15 goals. Saint senior goalkeeper Matt Malloy had 10 saves, giving up seven Wingate scores.


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Fallen soldier was 'among bravest' | GALLERY
HENDERSON, Ky. — The only sounds to be heard Tuesday afternoon as dozens of people stood perfectly still around the grave of Army Spc. David W. Taylor at Roselawn Memorial Gardens were the wind blowing through the trees and the fluttering flags.
Taylor, 20, died March 29 in Kandahar province, Afghanistan, where he was serving as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.
"Our army is better for having had Spc. Taylor in our ranks," Brig. Gen. Henry Huntley of Fort Knox said earlier, when leading the funeral service at Rudy-Rowland Funeral Home.
"The sacrifices he has made impart a responsibility on us all here today, a responsibility to recognize, to respect, and to honor those who have given all so that we can live our lives as free citizens of this great nation."
Taylor, of Dixon, Ky., was assigned to Delta Company,
2nd Battalion, 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, at Fort Bragg, N.C.
The Rev. Dwayne Wilson, pastor of New Cedar Grove Baptist Church in Dixon, recalled a time when Taylor shared his concerns with him because he would soon have to parachute out of an airplane as part of his Army training.
"I said, David, don't worry about jumping from the airplane," Wilson said. "I said, simply, one step, and gravity takes over. What could be so hard? ... Focus on the landing. I believe that's what David would say to each and every one of you."
Wilson told those attending the funeral at Henderson's Rudy-Rowland Funeral Home that death is as sure as gravity: It happens to all of us. But that shouldn't stop people from living their lives.
"Dying is easy, folks," Wilson said. "You don't believe me? There's a million ways to do it — all you've got to do is quit breathing. Living, going on, never surrendering, never quitting — that's the hard part, that's life ... We have to go on. We've lost a good soldier, we've lost a good friend, we've lost a good son. But we've got to continue."
"If David could speak, I believe his words would simply be: Carry on, endure."
While visitors filled the hallways of the funeral home, those who might not have known Taylor but still wanted to show their respect lined parts of Second Street and U.S. 41 as the funeral procession moved toward Roselawn Memorial Gardens.
That included people who waited patiently beside large American flags, and a long string of students at North Middle School.
Others stood waiting at the cemetery, where American flags lined the border with U.S. 41.
After a long procession of cars made their way to the back of the cemetery, seven members of the 2nd Battalion, 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Fort Bragg, each fired their rifle three times as part of a 21-gun salute before a bugler sounded Taps.
Other than motorcycle engines rumbling in the distance, these were, for a time, the only sounds at Roselawn Memorial Gardens, as a large group of motorcycle veteran groups, friends, relatives and others who wanted to honor Taylor stood quietly, watching the casket.
There was a similar scene at the funeral home, where Huntley called Taylor an American soldier: Today, tomorrow and always.
"Spc. Taylor was in fact brave. Matter of fact, he was among the bravest," Huntley said. "See, he fought for happiness, and freedom of the American people. But not just for the American people, in fact, for all people who desire freedom. That's, for me, what Spc. Taylor was, and that's how he should be remembered."
Taylor earned the National Defense Service Medal, Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, Afghanistan Campaign Medal with Bronze Service Star, Army Service Ribbon, Overseas Service Ribbon, Parachutist Badge Basic, Expert Marksmanship Badge (rifle) and the Overseas Service Bar.
Additionally, he was awarded posthumously the Army Commendation Medal, Army Good Conduct Medal and the NATO Medal.


text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 2013 Wang, Karen H., Becke, William C., Fiellini, David A. Prevalence and correlates for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among urban and rural residents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 127, (1/3), 156-162. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]