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Size a gas/liquid Orifice plate using ISO5167 (2003) International standard and Crane's Flow of Fluids through Valves equation 3.22, Fittings and Pipes, calculate the mass flow rate require for a certain Orifice size and plot a profile chart of various mass flow rates vs Orifice size. The software can be used to size Restriction orifices / square . Free download of Orifice Design Calculator 1.0, size 21.08 Mb.
Program ISO-5167 will size Orifice plates for given design conditions, find pressure drop for a given flow, or flow for a given pressure drop. The ISO-5167-2: 2003 standard is originally designed for gas orifices. In this programs the standard is also used for liquid orifices. The program lets you calculate the following Orifice-types: 1) Gas . Free download of ISO-5167 11 6, size 4.24 Mb.
It will size Orifice plates for given design conditions, find pressure drop for a given flow, or flow for a given pressure drop. It is designed for gas orifices.
The program let you calculate the following Orifice-types:
- Gas Orifice
- Liquid Orifice
- Restriction Orifice - Gas
- . Free download of AGA-3 6 3, size 45.41 Mb.
Size a gas/liquid Orifice plate using ISO5167 (2003) International standard and Crane's Flow of Fluids through Valves equation 3.22, Fittings and Pipes, calculate the mass flow rate require for a certain Orifice size and plot a profile chart of various mass flow rates vs Orifice size. The software can be used to size Restriction orifices / . Free download of Orifice Design Calculator Demo 1.0, size 21.08 Mb.
With Restrict PDF software you can Add Restriction to PDF, Add User password Restriction to PDF, Add Permission Password Restriction to PDF without any problem and complication. The software allows user to add Restriction setting to PDF file to protect PDF information. The Software has such facility – user password, owner password, for our . Free download of Add Restriction to PDF 3.2, size 2.07 Mb.
Kernel for PDF Restriction Removal is a straight forward application designed to remove restrictions applied on PDF files. This PDF Restriction remover tool is efficient enough to remove Restriction from protected PDF files, to enable the user to perform comprehensive actions including editing, copying, printing, extracting data etc.
Remove PDF print Restriction is usual software for end user because it offer user friendly environment. Tool support several standard features like password protection, page Restriction and encryption level setting. Using this application you can perform both operation like locking and unlocking PDF file into several manners. Program offer you to . Free download of Apex Remove PDF Print Restriction 184.108.40.206, size 3.56 Mb.
KiddyBlock is a new and an innovative Internet Restriction solution for family consumers. It helps household members using internet access wisely. It is composed of 2 separated softwares.One of it is exclusively installed on a parent's computer and the other one is installed in their children's computer/computers. This provides to parents an easy . Free download of KiddyBlock 2.0, size 16.37 Mb.
Daniel Orifice Flow Calculator uses the ASME MFC-3M 1989 equation to determine the rate of fluid flowing for 2" and larger pipe sizes. It will display the respective ratio, or Orifice diameter to pipe diameter, for a given set of input variables. Provided for estimation purposes only, this simple, single-window program assists in sizing an . Freeware download of Daniel Orifice Flow Calculator 3.0, size 5.79 Mb.
Rana, Restriction Analysis Libraries.Rana is written in Python and provides a set of libraries and scripts to work with Restriction enzymes and ADN. The aim is to ease the development of molecular biology software for research or education purposes. . Freeware download of Rana, Restriction Analysis Libraries 0.4.0, size 90.01 Kb.
Satellite Restriction Tracker is a handy and reliable utility designed for WildBlue and Exede customers to track bandwidth usage.
Satellite Restriction Tracker monitors your bandwidth every hour and updates the graphs at a user-defined interval. In order to run this utility properly, users need to enter their credentials inside the . Free download of Satellite Restriction Tracker 0.1.6.452, size 0 b.
For Restriction site data:
The numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site for pairs of DNA sequences and their standard errors (Nei and Tajima 1983).
For Restriction fragment data:
The numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site for pairs of DNA sequences (Nei and Li 1979). If two or more classes of Restriction enzymes are . Freeware download of RESTDATA 1.0, size 125.83 Kb.
The vehicle in Beijing will be restricted by last digit numbers on the license plate in weekdays. This tool helps you query the Restriction. The suitable date range is from Apr. 2012 to Apr. 2013.
Also this tool is provided in both English and Chinese. . Freeware download of Beijing vehicle restriction 184.108.40.206, size 1.05 Mb.
Download AxpertSoft Pdf Security Remover tool to unlock pdf Restriction password which restricts pdf file printing, editing and content copying. Trial version downloading is available to evaluate the tool before ordering online. It is capable enough to break pdf RC4 as well as AES encryption security method even 128 bit or 256 bit long encryption . Free download of Pdf Print Copy Security Unlock Tool 1.4.10, size 3.57 Mb.
BVTech Plasmid can draw circle or linear plasmid map with double strands or single strand. You can label the plasmid with genes and Restriction sites in different colors, text, and styles. Plasmid map can be highly customized by drag-droping or directly setting properties. BVTech Plasmid provides many drawing objects, includs lines, arrows, . Freeware download of BVTech Plasmid 2.1, size 2.62 Mb.
VI-Mux GUI is an application that allows to combine several video, audio or subtitle files into one file, with out without size Restriction, allowing to configure properties of the output file to a deeper level than usual for such applications.
In the stream tree, you can see the streams you created, and you can set attributes of those . Freeware download of AVI-Mux GUI 18.104.22.168, size 7.77 Mb.
iView Catalog Reader allows you to distribute and share your iView catalogs with anyone at no cost or Restriction. Burn Catalog Reader and your catalog to CD or DVD, send by email, or across a network to enable others to view your catalog. Includes Slide Show function. . Freeware download of iView Catalog Reader 2. 6. 2004, size 0 b.
The demo version of RelMo is virtually identical to the current full version on RelMo Design, but with one Restriction, in the demo version you cannot print.
A few sample files are included in the installation package to get you starte.
Also included with the demo version is the download utility which allows you to communicate directly . Freeware download of AiTS RelMo (Demo) 8 2, size 8.26 Mb.
Air Flex is an easy to use PC based Windows program that accurately calculates air compressor performance including flow rates based on Orifice or annubar data, and state point data for various conditions.
-Compressor Estimation - Input flow rate, inlet conditions, & discharge pressure, Air Flex calculates inlet . Freeware download of Air Flex 1.0, size 2.83 Mb.
Easily deploy administrative restrictions in the Windows environment to restrict users from accessing certain locations and executing specific tasks. If you operate a multiple user environment such as an Internet Cafe and similar then this is the recommended tool just for you. No need to have prior knowledge of how to deploy complex Windows . Freeware download of Xtreme Restriction Pro 2.2, size 8.41 Mb.


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Three way to make snowflakes.
Make beautiful christmas decoration. .
If you wander how to make origami water lily . Stop right now i will show how to make it this flower.
how can you make beautiful origami santa clause.
Can you make the same origami fly or better one ? Why you not try? For more origami check out : http://modelche.blogspot.com
Do you know the story for one thousand cranes? This is old Japanese story. Have a fun making origami crane!!!
Can you make the same origami spider or better one. Could you show me? I know it isn't easy but you can try it is very a beautiful gift for yout friend..I really hope to like it. Thank you for watching this video origami spider.
How can i make origami ash -tray? It is very easy...!!!
This is very nice film . Enjoy your time watching it.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lee F. Allen, DMD, MD
Born In Alabama, Dr. Allen Attended The University Of Alabama In Birmingham Where He Received His Dental Degree. He Later Went On To Receive His Medical Degree And Oral And Maxillofacial Training At Louisiana State Medical Center. He Is A Board Certified Oral And Maxillofacial Surgeon And Is A Member Of Several Professional Organizations Including The American Medical Association.
Dr. Allen is a fellow with the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and the Academy of Cosmetic Surgery as well as the President of the West Virginia Dental Association. He is certified as an instructor for Advanced Trauma Life Support and is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery with West Virginia University School of Medicine. Dr. Allen has also been involved with the publication of "Treatment of the Complex Facial Trauma Patient", by writing one of the chapters in this seven volume Oral and Maxillofacial reference set. Dr. Allen, his wife, Kim, and their daughter, Amelia, reside in Charleston.


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Upstate News
Darryl Geddes 315 464-4828
SUNY Upstate Medical University raises $484,238 for area human service agenices
The United Way of Central New York has recognized SUNY Upstate Medical University for its continued high level of giving and honored the university's Community Giving Campaign director, Zanette Howe, as its 2006 Campaign Volunteer of the Year.
At a reception yesterday to mark the end of the agency's annual fundraising campaign, the United Way noted that SUNY Upstate was again one of the top five contributors in Central New York with more than 1,700 employees contributing nearly a half million dollars. For the 2006 campaign SUNY Upstate ranked first in leadership giving—contributions of $1,000 or more from couples and individuals—for the seventh year in row and ranked second, behind National Grid, for total dollars raised, $484,238.
Howe, who serves as SUNY Upstate's special events manager and who has directed SUNY Upstate giving campaign for the last 10 years, was honored by the United Way as its 2006 Campaign Volunteer of the Year. The United Way noted that under Howe's leadership, the amount of money raised by SUNY Upstate's employees has quadrupled since 1996 when she took over direction of the campaign and the number of employees participating in the campaign has more than doubled.
Howe credited the success of this year's Community Giving campaign to the leadership support of campaign co-chairs Phillip Schaengold, JD, MBA, and Laura Schweitzer, PHD, the 180 volunteers who served as campaign committee members and department representatives and all employees who contributed.
"Engaging excellence is not merely our mission here on campus, but also our mission in the community," said SUNY Upstate President David R. Smith, MD. "Thank you all for your steadfast support of this campaign."
For more on SUNY Upstate's Community Giving Campaign, check out the website at:
Search Upstate News
Upstate in the News
- Treating synthetic drug users, dealing with unknown chemicals
WTVH CBS5 Syracuse
- Doctors say you may be bathing your kids too much
WSYR TV9 Syracuse
- From Silence to sound: Mason Drake hears for the first time!
WSTM NBC3 Syracuse
- From Silence to sound: Mason Drake hears for the first time!
WSTM NBC3 Syracuse
- Cholesterol concerns? Guidelines on what to eat may be changing
WSYR TV9 Syracuse
- Cholesterol concerns? Guidelines on what to eat may be changing
WSYR TV9 Syracuse


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April 6, 2014Sell the product, not the lifestyle.
Writers. We do love our silence.
After all, we're only one step removed from the library, the garret, the dusty bookshelf.
Of course in reality copywriters never get the peace and quiet we need to scribble or to think.
In offices we're bothered by loud, boisterous music — or loud, boisterous people. I once had to share a desk with a man whose job it was to read the same sales script over and over, every day.
When we're lucky enough to be working from home, we may have kids under our feet or noisy neighbours over our heads.
And …
Click here to read more 1 comment
March 3, 2014Why Amazon should have presented their price hike as an apologyAmazon recently raised the price of their Prime membership by 60%. Yet they tried to claim it was a "saving" by bundling it with unwanted streaming video services. Instead of this dishonest trick that's proven immensely unpopular, here's what Amazon should have done if they needed to raise prices... apologise.
Click here to read more 2 comments
February 12, 2014Make it memorable
Continuing my recent series of blog posts about stuff I've seen on the Tube on the way home, this card caught my eye. Several times:
It's great copy — a beautifully poetic way to state the product's awesome USP. Yes! This is exactly what you're looking for when booking flights, hotels etc… something that will find you that elusive bargain that makes your journey affordable.
Then I got to thinking… why did this ad catch my eye several times? Because no matter how hard I tried, I could never actually remember the product's name.
It's Skyscanner.
Now this is …
Click here to read more Comment here
February 4, 2014Millennials: Why they matter
If you're not reading The Ad Contrarian already, stop what you're doing and start reading him now. He writes better than I do and his insight about this industry is second to none (except perhaps Sell! Sell! who you also need to be reading).
But when he described millennials as "narcissistic jerk offs", I felt it was important to disagree. The Ad Contrarian thinks they're not worth bothering with until they get older. I think it's important to listen to them now. Here's why:
1. Millennials are still consumers
It's true. They don't have much money. But they …
Click here to read more Comment here
January 15, 2014Us vs Them: Why the nuances in your copy matterOne tiny mistake can ruin an entire ad, changing its tone of voice and making it seem cold and distant. When it comes to copy, nuances matter. Here's why.
Click here to read more Comment here
December 26, 2013The books I've read this yearMy year in books: what does a copywriter read? As the year draws to a close, I thought I'd take a look at my bookshelf and, for the first time ever, analyse what I've been reading and why.
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November 18, 2013Christmas is getting earlier. Here's why.They say Christmas gets earlier every year. Particularly if you're a copywriter. Why is it that brands are sending their Christmas messages out so soon?
Click here to read more Comment here
November 5, 2013Price isn't always important. But value always is.It's an old question: do you compete on price or quality? The answer is neither: you compete on value. And a good copywriter can help you. Here's how.
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September 24, 2013Where do all the old copywriters go?Advertising, marketing, social, agency life... they're all young person's games. But where do all the old copywriters go? Do we stop being relevant at 30 (or 40)? Do we go off in search of different challenges? Or do we keep on writing?
Click here to read more 16 comments
August 11, 201310 truths a freelance copywriter can tell youKissmetrics.com wants you to think that copywriters are deceitful and duplicitous. Yet their post about "lies" freelance copywriters tell you is duplicitous itself. Get the truth about what a copywriter means when he says "every project is unique" or "your email hit my spam folder".
Click here to read more Comment here


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The premise of "Neo Ned" — a male white supremacist and an African American woman with delusions she's Hitler meet in a mental facility and begin a tentative romance — sounds more like the stuff of "Chappelle's Show" than a genuine drama. It is to the credit of writer Tim Boughn and director Van Fischer that the movie is as surprising and engaging as it is, but it is especially because of lead performers Jeremy Renner and Gabrielle Union that "Neo Ned" never succumbs to the hyperbolic self-parody that always seems to loom off screen.
From the moment their two characters meet, as both are being wrestled to the ground by orderlies, Union and Renner have a strange, offbeat chemistry that drives the film. Renner's part is perhaps more thankless, as he has a more direct journey from hapless neo-Nazi thinking to newfound tolerance, but Union owns the picture. She navigates the tricky twists of her character with skill and ease, veering from lunatic ravings to moments of lucidity, all tinged with fragility and a haunting self-awareness
'Neo Ned'
MPAA rating: Unrated
A Kismet Entertainment Group release. Director Van Fischer. Writer Tim Boughn. Producers Mark Borman, Valerie McCaffrey, David E. Allen. Director of photography Chris Manley. Editors Amy Duddleston, Bipasha Shom.
Running time: 1 hour, 37 minutes.
Exclusively at Laemmle's Fairfax Cinemas, 7907 Beverly Blvd. at Fairfax Avenue. (323) 655-4010


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We have followed the reviews of this hotel and arrived with mixed feelings. Unfounded as it turns out as we are more than satisfied with the accommodation, location and especially the high level of the customer service we are receiving.
Yes, in comparison to the newer buildings surrounding the hotel would benefit from a refurbishment, in saying this though our room is clean, spacious, has a view and quiet - no complaints from us in this regard, we stayed in far worse in the UK (yet to do those reviews but when we do we will not be holding back).
The selection for breakfast dining is excellent, spoilt for choice and fresh, after 6 weeks of disgraceful breakfast options for us to choose from this Is bliss, feel like we are getting our taste buds back.
The pool area is a relaxing place to spend the hours and exactly what we need for the 13 hour flight ahead of us.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Le Méridien provides you with the comfort of your home. The lush gardens and private beach make it an ideal destination for business travellers & tourists. The famed Méridien Village brings the world to your plate, with a unique mix of 14 restaurants and bars. Let Le Méridien spoil you with its recreation & rejuvenation facilities - a blend of health, fitness and fun at Eden Spa & Health Club. Special Ayurveda and Litho therapies available. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Expedia, Booking.com, Priceline, Orbitz, Odigeo, Agoda and Hotels.com so you can book your Le Meridien Abu Dhabi reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Le Meridien Abu Dhabi Hotel Abu Dhabi
- Meridien Abu Dhabi
- Abu Dhabi Le Meridien


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The Last Day of Creation (in original Der letzte Tag der Schöpfung) is a science fiction novel by German writer Wolfgang Jeschke, first published in 1981. The English translation was published in 1982 in the USA and Great Britain. In the same year the novel obtained the Kurd Laßwitz Award (Kurd Laßwitz Preis, German literate award comparable to the American Nebula Award).
The book is structured into three different parts. The first part describes several ancient artifacts that turn to be remnants of modern era items: a part of pilot's breathing pipe worshipped for centuries as a Catholic saintly relic, clearly recognizable trace of a jeep discovered during archaeological works on Gibraltar, found in the same layer as a skeleton of early hominid and equally old tube of grenade launcher just introduced in the US Army. William W. Francis, an ambitious officer of the US Navy, gets convinced that time travel is possible and manages to launch a secret project to develop technological device able to transfer people and materiel through time.
The second part describes the project "Chronotron", the successful implementation of time machine, at the moment able only to move things into the past. It is believed that time transfer into the future will be solved soon.
The government of the USA decides to move oil pumping machinery 5 million years into the past, set it up on oil deposits in Near East and transport the oil through the then dried-up Mediterranean Basin to the shores of North Sea where reverse time machines will push it to the modern era. The massively expensive project is kept strictly in secret. Objections of scientists that time transfer into the future may be just a dream, that the project could exhaust the country in a new arm race and that the history of humankind may be changed irreversibly are ignored.
The third part introduces Steve Stanley, a military pilot picked up to participate in the project. His task is to protect the installations and specialists transferred into the past. Stanley successfully descends into the prehistoric Mediterranean. Unexpectedly, he arrives into middle of all-out war where newcomers are chased by nuclear artillery. He finds out that the plan went completely wrong. Isolated groups of Americans got scattered within the time more than calculated, the reverse time transfer is impossible and the worst: Arabs had discovered the plan and decided to strike back by sending soldiers into the same period to destroy the American expedition.
Stanley meets people who arrived from several different futures (one where USA territory is limited to the east of Mississippi and Mexico is the superpower). Most of the time travellers, unable to accommodate life without modern amenities and without practical skills has been evacuated to a base on Bermudas, the rest tries to fend off attackers and to rescue unsuspecting newcomers. Overall, the situation is hopeless and the handful of modern humans has no chance to set up a new civilisation.


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Here Come the Mummies Tickets
Here Come the Mummies is a show that you won't soon forget. If you've never seen them perform live you might not know that throughout all their performances they maintained dressed up as mummies. With Halloween right around the corner, seeing Here Come The Mummies is a great opportunity to get in the spirit. Find great tickets to see Here Come the Mummies with GoTickets.
Here Come the Mummies Tour Dates and Schedule
Wednesday, 8:00 PM
Tulsa, OK
Saturday, 9:00 PM
Lafayette, IN
Thursday, 8:00 PM
Charlotte, NC
Friday, 7:00 PM
Cleveland, OH
Friday, 8:00 PM
Memphis, TN
Friday, 9:00 PM
Indianapolis, IN
Saturday, 8:00 PM
Peoria, IL
Thursday, 9:00 PM
Chattanooga, TN
Friday, 9:30 PM
Kansas City, MO
Saturday, 8:00 PM
Oklahoma City, OK


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Boston - The Mass Solar Coalition, an alliance of solar and clean energy industry organizations, businesses and solar and environmental advocates, commended the work of the Net Metering and Solar Task Force, which sent a final report to the State Legislature Friday with recommendations on the future of solar policy in the Commonwealth.
You are here
SEIA is the solar energy industry's go-to source for the latest coverage on solar power, including U.S. and international policy, research and polls, business and financing trends, and more. Our staff strives to support the media covering solar energy issues and guide our members on effective media outreach with clear statements, background materials, news and multimedia resources.
SEIA is committed to informing policymakers, the media, and the American public about the benefits of solar energy for today's communities, our economy, and our country.
Learn more from our statements and industry news below.
SolarCity Taking Orders for Tesla Batteries Starting at $5,000
SolarCity Corp. has begun taking orders for energy-storage systems, starting at $5,000 installed.
Sungevity And Sonnenbatterie Partner On Residential Energy Storage
California-based solar installer Sungevity Inc. and Germany-based energy storage developer Sonnenbatterie are partnering on integrated systems for residential solar customers in the U.S. and Europe.
Kilowatt Financial Secures $200M Debt Facility With Citi To Finance Residential Solar
Kilowatt Financial, a clean energy consumer finance company, has closed a $200 million debt warehouse facility with Citi to finance residential solar power systems.
SolarCity Relocating Arizona Workers Out Of State
The largest solar panel installer in Arizona, SolarCity will relocate at least 85 of 900 Arizona workers out of state. The company cited recently approved increases on solar fees by Salt River Project as a reason for the personnel shift.
SEIA Supports Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency, Use of Solar
Reacting to news today that the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), along with the State of California, will expand financing for energy efficiency and solar energy in multifamily housing, Rhone Resch, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), released the following statement:
Pro Sports Teams, Organizations Embracing Solar Energy
For the fourth time in just three years, a major professional sports championship will be decided on Sunday by teams which have invested significantly in clean, dependable solar energy, according to a new, first-of-its-kind analysis conducted by the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA).
'Shout Out For Solar' Day Sets Impressive Records
Calling it an "enormous success," Rhone Resch, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), said SEIA's 2nd annual "Shout Out for Solar" Day, which took place last Friday on social media venues including Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, set impressive new records for the organization's communications team.
MassCEC Ends Successful Solar Rebate Program
Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) today announced the end of the successful Commonwealth Solar II program, which will have provided rebates for more than 13,000 solar electric systems at homes, public buildings, and small businesses across the Commonwealth since 2010.
SEIA Applauds Gov. Cuomo's Proposal to Clarify Solar Tax Code
In a move toward clarifying the tax code, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo today announced that clarification of sales tax treatment for solar energy will be included in his budget proposal being sent to the state legislature. After reviewing the proposal, Rhone Resch, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), issued the following statement:
SunPower Corp. Starts 15-megawatt solar project at Nellis Air Force Base
SunPower Corp. will build a $50 million Nellis Solar Array II that will be owned by NV Energy on land leased from the Air Force in the southwest part of the base. Combined with the first array SunPower built in 2007 — a 13.2-megawatt solar plant — the two will power base facilities exclusively on the sun's renewable energy during daylight hours.
Namaste Solar Opens New York Office
Colorado-based solar developer Namaste Solar is opening a branch office in White Plains, N.Y.
SolarCity Brings Solar Loan to Maryland
SolarCity is offering its MyPower solar loan in Maryland for the first time. MyPower makes it possible for many Maryland homeowners to install solar with no upfront cost and pay less for solar than they pay for utility power.
Dividend Solar, Enphase and SolarWorld Partner on New Loan Product in South Carolina
Dividend Solar, Enphase Energy and SolarWorld are teaming up to bring rooftop solar to thousands of homeowners in South Carolina.
EPS Corporation Wraps up Pair of Solar Energy Installations
EPS Corporation's Alternative Energy Systems unit has completed two solar energy installations in California, the company announced. The installations, at Walmart stores in Elk Grove and Sacramento, are part of the retail giant's renewable energy efforts.


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An apparatus uses reflectance spectrophotometry to characterize a sample having any number of thin films. The apparatus uses two toroidal mirrors in an optical relay to direct light reflected by the sample to a spectroscopic device. A computer then analyzes the reflected spectrum to characterize the optical properties of the sample. The optical relay allows a range of angles of reflection from the sample, and has no chromatic aberration. The optical relay is also arranged so that the non-chromatic aberration is minimized. For polarization-based measurements polarizing elements can be used in the apparatus and the spectroscopic device can be a spectroscopic ellipsometer. The sample is mounted on a movable stage so that different areas of the sample may be characterized. Furthermore, a deflector and a viewer are used to allow the operator of the apparatus to view the region of the sample under study.
1. An apparatus for characterizing optical properties of a sample, the apparatus comprising:
a) a light source for generating light in a broadband optical beam,
b) optics positioned to image the light source on the sample,
c) a first toroidal mirror positioned to collect the light reflected by a measurement area of the sample,
d) a second toroidal mirror positioned to receive the light and to image the measurement area on an entrance aperture of a spectroscopic device, and
e) a polarizing means for selecting a polarization of the light.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said polarizing means comprises a polarizer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said polarizing means comprises a first polarizer positioned in the path of the light in the broadband optical beam.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said polarizing means further comprises a second polarizer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said polarizing means further comprises a rotatable polarization analyzer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the broadband optical beam has wavelengths lying in a range between 190 nm and 1100 nm.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light reflected by the measurement area of the sample has a plurality of angles of reflection from the sample, the angles lying in the range between 0 and 89 degrees.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spectroscopic device is a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
9. An apparatus for characterizing optical properties of a sample using spectroscopy, the apparatus comprising:
a) a light source for generating light in a broadband optical beam,
b) optics positioned to cause the broadband optical beam to strike the sample,
c) a spectroscopic device having an entrance aperture,
d) an optical relay for collecting the light reflected by a measurement area of the sample and for directing the light to the entrance aperture, the optical relay comprising first and second toroidal mirrors, and
e) a polarizing means for selecting a polarization of the light.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said polarizing means comprises a polarizer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said polarizing means comprises a first polarizer positioned in the path of the light in the broadband optical beam.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said polarizing means further comprises a second polarizer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said polarizing means further comprises a rotatable polarization analyzer positioned in the path of the light reflected by the measurement area.
14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the broadband optical beam has wavelengths lying in a range between 190 nm and 1100 nm.
15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the light reflected by the measurement area of the sample has a plurality of angles of reflection from the sample, the angles lying in the range between 0 and 89 degrees.
16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the spectroscopic device is a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/079,875, filed on May 15, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,022, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/987,907, filed on Dec. 9, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,831.
The present invention generally relates to the characterization of optical properties of materials and the determination of the thickness and optical constants n and k of thin films, and in particular to an apparatus without chromatic aberration that uses reflectance spectroscopy to characterize thin films.
Recent advances in thin film technology have made it increasingly important to accurately measure the characteristics of thin films. The thin film properties of interest include:
Thickness, d
Index of Refraction, n
Extinction Coefficient, k
Energy Bandgap, Eg
Interface Roughness, σ
The index of refraction n and the extinction coefficient k depend on the energy E of the photons involved; i.e., n=n(E) and k=k (E). The index of refraction n(E) describes how light is diffracted by a material. In similar materials, n(E) scales with the density of the material. The extinction coefficient, k(E), relates to the absorption of light. A material with a large extinction coefficient absorbs more light than a material with a small extinction coefficient. Transparent materials have an extinction coefficient of zero in the visible range of light. The energy bandgap, Eg, represents the minimum photon energy needed for a direct electronic transition from the valence to the conduction band; i.e., for E<Eg, absorption of light due to direct electronic transitions is zero.
In general, the determination of the above quantities is a non-trivial problem. The n(E) and k (E) spectra of a film cannot be measured directly, but must be deduced from optical measurements. U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,170 by Forouhi and Bloomer discloses a method for determining these spectra from the reflectance spectrum of the film. Their method involves shining light onto the film and observing how much light is reflected back. The reflectance spectrum, R(E), is defined as the ratio of the reflected intensity to the incident intensity of light. R(E) depends on the angle of incidence θ of the light upon the film, as well as the film thickness d, the indices of refraction and extinction coefficients nf (E) and kf (E) of the film, ns (E) and ks (E) of the substrate, the band gap energy of the film Eg, and the interface roughness σ1 and σ2 of both the top and the bottom of the film. To characterize any film, it is necessary to de-convolute the optical measurement R(E) into its intrinsic components d, nf (E), kf (E), Ins (E), ks (E),Eg, σ1 and σ2.
The above patent by Forouhi and Bloomer incorporates a formulation for the optical constants n(E) and k(E), along with a parameterized model for interface roughness, into the Fresnel coefficients associated with films on a substrate to generate an algorithm that describes the theoretical reflectance; i.e.,
Rtheory =Rtheory (E, θ, d, nf (E), kf (E), ns (E), ks (E) Eg, σ1, σ2)
By comparing the resultant equation for theoretical reflectance with the actual measurement of broad-band reflectance, the required parameters for thin film characterization d, nf (E), kf (E), Eg, and σ1 and σ2 can be determined.
To measure the reflectance R(E), light must be generated by a source and reflected by the sample into a spectrophotometer. Typically, lenses are used to build optical relays that direct the light from the source to the sample, and from the sample to the spectrophotometer. (An optical relay is a device that produces an image at one point from a source at another point.) The many different materials used in the fabrication of coatings have characteristic reflectance peaks that range from the ultraviolet to the infrared. Therefore, the reflectance spectrum of the sample should be measured for wavelengths in the range from about 190 nm to 1100 nm. Unfortunately, over this wide range of wavelengths, simple lenses exhibit a significant amount of chromatic aberration: the focal length typically changes by about 20% from one end of the spectrum to the other. Therefore any optical relay using lenses will be more efficient at some wavelengths than at others. This means that the measured spectrum will be distorted.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,487 by Hopkins and Willis describes an optical relay for spectrophotometric measurements that partially compensates for this chromatic aberration by a skillful use of apertures. There are two difficulties with this relay in the present context. First, the relay was developed for transmittance rather than reflectance measurements. Even if the relay is adapted for reflectance measurements, however, it will still be extremely sensitive to small misalignments. This is because when the light beam reflected by the sample is focused onto the entrance slit of the spectrophotometer, the pencil of light entering the spectrophotometer is not chromatically homogeneous, but is, for example, red in the center and blue toward the edges. If a misalignment occurs, the input beam is no longer exactly centered on the entrance slit, and not only does the intensity of measured light decrease, but the relative ratio of blue to red changes. This is disastrous to the above method of characterizing thin films, since the method relies on measuring all parts of the reflected spectrum equally well. Small and unavoidable misalignments therefore lead to incorrect characterizations of the thin film.
FIG. 1 shows a prior art apparatus for determining the reflectance R(E) of a material. The apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,704 by Coates and in literature available from Nanometrics Incorporated of Sunnyvale, Calif. This apparatus does not suffer from chromatic aberrations because it uses mirrors rather than lenses to direct light from the source to the sample and from the sample to a spectrophotometer. However, the apparatus has a number of weaknesses. The apparatus uses a beam splitter, so the intensity of the light entering the spectrophotometer is roughly one fourth of the intensity that could be attained by an apparatus with no beam splitter. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain a beam splitter that works efficiently throughout the wavelength range required.
In the apparatus of FIG. 1, viewing optics are included so that one may visually examine the area of the thin film being measured. However, the image viewed is an image projected upon the surface surrounding the entrance aperture of the spectrophotometer. The image is on the order of 500 microns in diameter, and on this scale most surfaces are noticeably rough. Therefore the image has a grainy appearance.
Furthermore, when using the apparatus of FIG. 1, it is difficult to vary the angles of reflection of light from the sample that are received by the spectrophotometer. At an angle of reflection near 0�, the equations for the reflectance R are simpler than at larger angles, and the calculations of optical properties are therefore easier. If the reflectance R is measured at several different angles, however, more information is gained for analysis. It is therefore desirable to use an optical relay that allows for a range of angles of reflection, this range being adjusted to optimize the information obtained for the thin film analysis.
In an apparatus used to characterize a material using reflectance spectrophotometry, it is desirable that light reflected from the material is directed into a spectrophotometer by an optical relay that has a minimum of aberrations. First, as discussed above, it is crucial to eliminate the chromatic aberrations to achieve an accurate measurement. However, lenses and mirrors have other, nonchromatic aberrations as well. These aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, and distortion. All lenses and mirrors suffer from these aberrations to some extent, even if they are perfectly machined. The existence of these aberrations represents a fundamental limitation on the nature of a lens or mirror--a limitation that is generally neglected in the paraxial approximation of introductory texts. Since the thin films of interest often include patterns, such as integrated circuits, it is desirable that a reflectance spectrophotometric apparatus be able to image a small area, on the order of 50 microns in diameter, of the thin film to a spectrophotometer with as little aberration as possible. It is also desirable that the apparatus include hardware for translating the film with respect to the imaging optics so that different regions of the film may be characterized.
Therefore the preferred objects of the present invention are to provide an apparatus for characterizing a thin film sample using reflectance spectroscopy, including ellipsometry, such that:
a) the apparatus is free from chromatic aberration;
b) the apparatus has a minimum of non-chromatic aberration;
c) the apparatus has as few components as possible;
d) the apparatus is capable of displaying a clear image of the portion of the sample under investigation;
e) the apparatus includes hardware for moving the sample with respect to the imaging optics;
f) the apparatus allows for light with an adjustable range of angles of reflection to be collected from the sample.
These objects yield a reflectance spectroscopic apparatus with the following advantages:
a) the apparatus is equally accurate at all wavelengths and is insensitive to small changes in alignment;
b) the apparatus can be used to make reflectance measurements on localized regions of the sample with a high degree of spatial accuracy;
c) the spurious loss of light in the apparatus is minimized;
d) the operator of the apparatus can easily determine which region of the sample is being probed;
e) different areas of the sample may be probed; and
f) the angles of reflection of light from the sample may be chosen to optimize subsequent analysis of the sample.
An apparatus is used for characterizing optical properties of materials and for determining the thickness and optical constants n and k of thin films. The apparatus comprises a light source that generates a broadband optical beam, optics positioned to image the light source on a sample to be analyzed, and an optical relay to collect light reflected from a measurement area of the sample and to deliver the light to a spectroscopic device. The apparatus further comprises a polarizing arrangement to select the appropriate polarization of the light for spectroscopic analysis.
Preferably, a first polarizer is placed in the path of the light reflected from the sample and a second polarizer is placed in the path of the light of the broadband optical beam. For example, the first polarizer is a rotatable polarizer or a rotatable polarization analyzer for selecting a polarization of interest. The polarization of light that enters the spectroscopic device is converted to digital data and output to a computer for analysis. In the preferred embodiment the spectroscopic device is a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
The optical relay comprises two toroidal mirrors positioned symmetrically. Because the optical relay uses mirrors, the relay has no chromatic aberration; because of the symmetric placement of the toroidal mirrors, non-chromatic aberrations are largely canceled.
The apparatus is equipped with a deflector, preferably a movable deflector, that may be positioned to project an image of the measurement area of the sample to a viewer, preferably a CCD camera. When the apparatus is used to make spectrophotometric measurements, the deflector may be moved out of the path of the light reflected from the measurement area. Therefore, the apparatus does not suffer from spurious loss of light.
The sample is removably attached to a sample holder that comprises a movable stage. The movable stage allows the sample to be translated with respect to the optical relay, thereby allowing different regions of the sample to be probed. Furthermore, by altering the size and positions of the toroidal mirrors of the optical relay, light with any desired range of angles of reflection from the sample may be received by the spectroscopic device.
FIG. 1 shows a prior art spectrophotometric apparatus.
FIG. 2a show a three-dimensional view of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
FIG. 2b shows a close-up view of an illuminated area, a viewing area, and a measurement area of a sample.
FIG. 3a is a two-dimensional view of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
FIG. 3b is a close-up view of an entrance aperture of a spectroscopic device.
FIG. 4 is a dimensional view of a generic toroidal mirror.
FIG. 5 shows first and second optical relays according to the preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
FIGS. 6a-6c are spot diagrams corresponding to the second optical relay of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
FIG. 7 is a detail of the second optical relay according to a second embodiment of the apparatus.
FIGS. 8a-8c are spot diagrams corresponding to the second optical relay of the second embodiment of the apparatus.
FIG. 2a shows the preferred embodiment of the apparatus. A light source 10 emits light in a broadband optical beam 12. The light of beam 12 has a broad spectrum, and preferably has wavelengths in the range between 190 nm and 1100 nm. Beam 12 is reflected and collimated by a first toroidal mirror 31. Beam 12 is then reflected and focused by a second toroidal mirror 32. Beam 12 strikes an illuminated area 18 of a sample 16.
Sample 16 preferably comprises a substrate and at least one thin film deposited onto the substrate. Mirrors 31 and 32 together form a first optical relay 40 for imaging source 10 onto sample 16.
In the preferred embodiment, a viewing area 20 is contained within illuminated area 18. Viewing area 20 is preferably on the order of 500 microns or less in diameter. As shown in FIG. 2b, viewing area 20 contains a measurement area 21. Measurement area 21 is preferably on the order of 50 microns or less in diameter. In the preferred embodiment, illuminated area 18 is at least as large as viewing area 20, and can be as large as the entire area of sample 16. In an alternative embodiment, illuminated area 18 is as small as measurement area 21, and in another embodiment, illuminated area 18 is smaller than measurement area 21.
Referring again to FIG. 2a, light from source 10 reflected by viewing area 20 forms a reflected beam 22. Reflected beam 22 is collected and collimated by a third toroidal mirror 33. A fourth toroidal mirror 34 then receives beam 22. Beam 22 is reflected and focused by mirror 34. In FIG. 2a, beam 22 is reflected by a deflector 24 and subsequently enters a viewer 28. Viewer 28 receives an image of viewing area 20 and displays an enlarged image of viewing area 20. In the preferred embodiment, viewer 28 is a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Deflector 24 is a mirror that may be moved into and out of the path of beam 22. In the preferred embodiment, deflector 24 is attached to a conventional scanning motor, not shown, so that deflector 24 can be reproducibly moved. In an alternative embodiment, deflector 24 is a beam splitter.
In FIG. 3a deflector 24 is moved out of the path of beam 22 so that beam 22 no longer enters viewer 28, but is focused on an entrance aperture 27 of a spectroscopic ellipsometer 26. In the preferred embodiment, aperture 27 is small enough to partially block beam 22 as it enters spectroscopic device 26. In this embodiment, only light from measurement area 21 enters spectroscopic device 26. That is, measurement area 21 is imaged on aperture 27. The light entering spectroscopic device 26 forms a signal beam 23, as shown in FIG. 3b. Aperture 27 preferably has a diameter of approximately 50 microns. In alternative embodiments, aperture 27 has any desired size.
A first polarizer 70 is placed in the path of beam 22 of light reflected from sample 16 and collimated by toroidal mirror 33. Polarizer 70 can be regular linear polarizer plate. Polarizer 70 is preferably adjustable such that the polarization of light it passes for analysis to spectroscopic device 26 can be changed as required by the measurement. For example, polarizer 70 is a rotatable polarization analyzer and can select the s-polarized or the orthogonal p-polarized light for analysis.
A second polarizers 72 is placed in the path of broadband optical beam 12 between toroidal mirrors 31 and 32. It should be noted that second polarizer 72 is located in a collimated portion of beam 12. Although from the operational point of view it is preferred that polarizers 70, 72 be at locations where the light passing through them is collimated, this is not necessary.
In fact, polarizers 70, 72 can be operated together or independently to control or select polarizations of light. In this manner a particular polarization of light in beam 12 to impinge on sample 16 can be set by polarizer 70. Likewise, a particular polarization of light reflected from sample 16 can be selected for analysis in spectroscopic device 26. Of course, a person of average skill in the art will recognize that polarizers 70, 72 can be used to perform standard ellipsometric measurements of sample 16. In this situation spectroscopic device 26 is preferably replaced by a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
In any case, the spectrum of signal beam 23 is measured by spectroscopic device 26. Spectroscopic device 26 records the intensity of light at the different wavelengths present in signal beam 23, and the result is electronically transmitted to a computer 30. Computer 30 uses a program to compare the measured spectrum of signal beam 23 with a theoretical prediction of the same spectrum based on parameters that model the properties of sample 16. Computer 30 adjusts these parameters to fit the theoretical spectrum to the observed spectrum. Measurement area 21 is then characterized in terms of the parameters that best fit the observed reflected spectrum.
Sample 16 is removably attached to a sample holder 14. In the preferred embodiment, holder 14 comprises a movable stage 15 and a fixed stage 13. Sample 16 is attached to movable stage 15 of holder 14. Movable stage 14 allows sample 16 to be translated in an x and a y direction, as shown in FIG. 2a, with respect to mirror 33. This translation allows various regions of sample 16 to be probed. In the preferred embodiment, holder 14 is a conventional xy-stage. In an alternative embodiment, mirrors 33 and 34, deflector 24, viewer 28, and spectroscopic device 26 are mounted on a movable stage, and sample 16 is held fixed. In yet another embodiment, light source 10 is movable.
Mirrors 33 and 34 form a second optical relay 42 for directing light from viewing area 20 to aperture 27. Mirror 31 has an optical axis A1 normal to the center of mirror 31 and directed outward from the reflecting surface, as shown in FIG. 3a. Similarly, mirrors 32, 33, and 34 have optical axes A2, A3, and A4, respectively.
Mirrors 31, 32, 33 and 34 are toroidal mirrors, meaning that each mirror has two different radii of curvature. The plane containing beams 12 and 22 is called the tangential plane. The plane orthogonal to the tangential plane that contains optical axis A1 is the sagittal plane of mirror 31. Similarly, mirrors 32, 33, and 34 each has its own sagittal plane. FIG. 4 shows a generic toroidal mirror having two radii of curvature: a radius of curvature in the tangential plane, Rt, and a radius of curvature in the sagittal plane, Rs.
FIG. 5 shows a detail of optical relays 40 and 42. Beam 12 strikes sample 16 with a central angle of incidence of θcentral measured with respect to a normal N to sample 16. In the preferred embodiment, optical relay 40 comprises toroidal mirrors 31 and 32. In an alternative embodiment, optical relay 40 comprises a single toroidal mirror. In other embodiments, optical relay 40 comprises any standard optics, such as an optical fiber and a lens, to image light source 10 on sample 16. In all of these embodiments, light from source 10 strikes sample 16 with an average angle of incidence of θcentral.
FIG. 5 shows the path of beam 22 as it leaves viewing area 20 and enters optical relay 42. Beam 22 has an angle of incidence of φ upon mirror 33. The ratio of the sagittal to the tangential radius of curvature, Rs /Rt, for mirror 33 is given by:
cos φ=(Rs /Rt)1/2.
Beam 22 has an angle of incidence φ' upon mirror 34. The sagittal and tangential radii of curvature Rs ' and Rt ' of mirror 34 are related by:
cos φ'=(Rs '/Rt ')1/2.
In the preferred embodiment, mirrors 33 and 34 are identical, and φ=φ'=45'. Therefore Rs /Rt =Rs '/Rt '=1/2. In this embodiment, optical axis A3 is anti-parallel to optical axis A4; that is, optical axes A3 and A4 are parallel and point in opposite directions. Beam 22 is a parallel beam between mirrors 33 and 34; in other words, mirror 33 creates an image at infinity.
As shown in FIG. 5, the center of beam 22 travels a distance s from sample 16 to the center of mirror 33. The sagittal radius of curvature of mirror 33 is given by:
2 cos φ/Rs =1/s.
Similarly, beam 22 travels a distance s' from the center of mirror 34 to aperture 27. The sagittal radius of curvature of mirror 34 is therefore given by:
2 cos φ'/Rs '=1/s'.
In the preferred embodiment, s=s' and Rs =Rs '.
In alternative embodiments, s≠s', and mirrors 33 and 34 are not identical. In one embodiment, measurement area 21 is magnified as it is imaged on aperture 27. In another embodiment, a reduced image of measurement area 21 is present at aperture 27.
Referring again to FIG. 5, beam 22 makes a range of angles with respect to normal N, the angles lying between θmin and θmax. That is, mirror 33 receives reflected light from sample 16 with a range of angles of reflection, the angles ranging from θmin to θmax. The average angle of reflection is θcentral. where θcentral =(θmax +θmin)/2. Mirror 33 has a length L, and the center of mirror 33 has a lateral distance p from the center of viewing area 20. Mirror 34 is a distance D from mirror 33.
From FIG. 5 and elementary geometry, it is evident how L, p, and s may be adjusted to obtain any desired angles θmin and θmax. In fact, angles of incidence and reflection can vary between 0� and 89�, or grazing incidence. In other words, a θmax of up to 89� can be used. A person of average skill in the art will appreciate that the proper choice of the range of angles between θmin and θmax, as well as central angle θcentral will be adjusted based on the polarizations examined in any particular case and as selected by polarizers 70, 72.
The sample numerical aperture (N.A.) may be defined as:
N.A.sample =sin [(θmax -θmin)/2]
This numerical aperture represents the spread of angles of the cone of rays emerging from sample 16 imaged by optical relay 42.
Because relay 42 comprises mirrors and no lenses, relay 42 is free from chromatic aberration. Furthermore, the symmetrical arrangement of mirrors 33 and 34 in the preferred embodiment of optical relay 42 allow mirror 34 to partially cancel the nonchromatic aberrations of mirror 33. The extent of the aberration that remains can be estimated from an idealized model. A numerical study was done with the following parameters for optical relay 42: θcetral =0�, s=s'=53 mm, D=48.15 mm, φ=φ'=45', Rt =Rt '=150 mm, Rs =Rs '=75 mm, and an f-number of optical relay 42 equal to 4. The f-number is related to N.A.sample, for N.A.sample much less than 1, by
f-number≈1/(2 N.A.sample)
For the first numerical simulation, a single point at the center of measurement area 21 is imaged by optical relay 42. FIG. 6a shows a resultant spot diagram. Each cross of FIG. 6a represents a pencil of light arriving at aperture 27 via different points on mirror 33 and mirror 34. If no aberrations were present, only a single cross would appear at the center of FIG. 6a.
The spot diagram of FIG. 6a was generated mathematically using the laws of geometrical optics. However, the wave nature of light must also be taken into account. For reference, an Airy disk 60 is included in FIG. 6a. In a physical system, each cross of FIG. 6a is blurred out to approximately the size of Airy disk 60 due to diffraction effects. The diameter of Airy disk 60 depends on the wavelength of light involved, and is equal to (2.44)�λ�(f-number), where λ is the wavelength of the light.
For Airy disk 60, a wavelength of λ=550 nm was used.
Coordinate axes are set up on sample 16 with the origin at the center of measurement area 21. The x-axis points out of the page of FIG. 5, the y-axis points to the right. See also FIG. 2 for the directions of the x- and y-axes. FIG. 6a results from a single point at x=y=0. FIGS. 6b and 6c show analogous spot diagrams for a point source at x=0, y=0.1 mm, and x=0.1 mm, y=0, respectively.
The aberrations of the preferred embodiment of optical relay 42 may be compared to the aberrations of a second embodiment of optical relay 42. FIG. 7 shows the second embodiment of optical relay 42, which comprises only one toroidal mirror 51. Beam 22 travels a distance d1 from sample 16 to mirror 51 and a distance d2 from mirror 51 to aperture 27. Beam 22 has an angle of incidence ψ upon mirror 51.
For a numerical simulation of the aberrations of the second embodiment of FIG. 7, the following values were chosen: d1 =d2 106 mm, ψ=45�, and an f-number equal to 4. Furthermore, mirror 51 has a tangential radius of curvature equal to 150 mm, and a sagittal radius of curvature equal to 75 mm. FIG. 8a shows a spot diagram resulting from a point at x=y=0 on sample 16. FIGS. 8b and 8c show spot diagrams for x=0, y=0.1 mm, and x=0.1 mm, y=0, respectively. For reference, Airy disk 60 is also shown in FIGS. 8a-8c.
The spread of spots in FIGS. 8a-8c is considerably larger than the spread in FIGS. 6a-6c, respectively. Therefore the two-mirror arrangement of the preferred embodiment, FIG. 5, has less aberration than the single mirror arrangement of the second embodiment, FIG. 7. Evidently in the preferred embodiment, mirror 34 partially cancels some of the aberration caused by mirror 33.
The spectrum of light reflected by sample 16 enters spectroscopic device 26 as signal beam 23. It is well known in the art how to obtain a value for the absolute reflectance R(E) of sample 16 given the reflected spectrum gathered by spectroscopic device 26. Techniques include replacing sample 16 with a reference sample with a known reflectance, then comparing the reflected spectrum of the reference sample with the reflected spectrum of sample 16.
Data gathered by spectroscopic device 26 is output to computer 30. Computer 30 uses a computer program to compare the data with a theoretical model of the data. In the preferred embodiment, the computer program compares the measured absolute reflectance R(E) with a theoretical reflectance Rtheory (E). The theoretical model depends on an index of refraction n(E) and an extinction coefficient k(E) of sample 16, as well as on angles θmin and θmax. By comparing the theoretical model with the data for different values of n(E) and k(E), the computer program determines the functions n(E) and k(E) that best describe sample 16.
In the preferred embodiment, sample 16 comprises at least one thin film, and the theoretical model depends on a thickness, an index of refraction, and an extinction coefficient of each film. The computer program determines the values of the thickness, the extinction coefficient, and the index of refraction of each film that best fit the data. In the following example, sample 16 has only one thin film and a substrate at measurement area 21.
Example: n(E) and k(E) refer to an index of refraction and an extinction coefficient, respectively, of the thin film. The theoretical reflectance Rtheory (E) depends on a thickness d of the thin film as well as an index of refraction and an extinction coefficient of the substrate, ns (E) and ks (E), respectively. Therefore Rtheory (E)=Rtheory (E, θmin,θmax,d,n(E), k(E),ns (E),ks (E)). Rtheory (E) may depend on other parameters, as well. When θmax ≦10�, Rtheory (E) is expressed as follows. A complex index of refraction of the thin film N(E) is defined as N(E)=n(E)-ik(E). An analogous complex index of refraction is defined for the substrate, Ns (E), as well as for the ambient medium through which beams 12 and 22 travel, Na (E) The preferred ambient medium is air. The theoretical reflectance, for θmax ≦10� and one thin film, is
Rtheory (E)=|(r12 +r23 e-iδ)/(1+r12 r23 e-iδ)|2
r12 =[N(E)-Na (E)]/[N(E)+Na (E)]
r23 =[Ns (E)-N(E)]/[Ns (E)+N(E)]
where h is Planck's constant and c is the speed of light. By comparing Rtheory (E) with R(E), the computer program determines the value of d, n(E), and k(E) that best describe the thin film. This concludes the example.
It is well known in the art how to compute Rtheory (E) for cases more complicated than the above example, such as when θmax >10�, and when sample 16 comprises more than one thin film. Information on this subject is found in O. S. Heavens, Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films (Butterworth, London, 1955).
In the preferred embodiment, using well known techniques, the computer program also incorporates an interface roughness of each surface of each film of measurement area 21 into the calculation of Rtheory (E) By minimizing the difference between Rtheory (E) and R(E), the interface roughnesses are thereby also determined.
The computer program uses mathematical parametrizations of n(E) and of k(E). Each parametrization preferably depends on at least three parameters A, B, and C, where A is a probability term related to the probability that an electron will undergo a transition from an initial to a final state in the sample, B is an energy term related to the difference between the initial and final energies of an electron in the sample, and C is a lifetime term related to the time that an electron in the sample will remain in the final state. For example, for an amorphous material the extinction coefficient k(E) may be parametrized as:
k(E)=A(E-Eg)2 /(E2 -B E+C)
where Eg is a bandgap energy of sample 16. Many other parametrizations for different materials are known in the art and are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,170 by Forouhi and Bloomer. The computer program uses the parametrization or parametrizations most suited to the materials that compose sample 16. The index of refraction n(E) can be determined from k(E) using the well known dispersion relations.
Using the parametrizations of n(E) and k(E), the computer program uses any standard curve-fitting routine to find the parameters that best describe the data. It will be clear to one practiced in the art how to generalize the above discussion to include a plurality of thin films. The computer program is therefore easily used to determine the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, and thickness of each film present at measurement area 21. In one embodiment, measurement area 21 has no thin films; in this case, the computer program determines an index of refraction and an extinction coefficient of the material present at measurement area 21.
For the accurate determination of the optical properties of sample 16, it is important that source 10 emit a broadband beam (a beam containing a wide spectrum of light). Because relay 42 contains no components with chromatic aberration, each part of the spectrum of beam 22 is focused equally onto aperture 27. Therefore if there is a slight misalignment of mirror 33 or mirror 34, beam 22 may walk across aperture 27, causing a change in overall measured intensity, but the measured relative intensities of the different wavelengths of the spectrum will remain unchanged.
Furthermore, because mirror 34 partially cancels the aberrations of mirror 33, viewing area 20 and measurement area 21 are both accurately imaged by optical relay 42. This precise imaging permits measurements to be made on samples that comprise a pattern of different thin films, where measurements are desired only on small areas in predetermined locations. Measurement area 21 can be made to coincide with any predetermined location on sample 16 by using viewer 28 and controlling the position of movable stage 15.
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31 year old woman | Antioch, CA, USA | Seeking men 28-38 within 50 miles
How can you judge if you do not know me. Why not try it at least once, if you don't like it, don't do it again...
So my friends think it is time I venture out and well here I am... Things you should know: *I am single but hoping to find love someday or at least make some new friends. *I tend to have a lot of guy friends since they are easier to deal with, my best friend is one. *I work full time and go to school at night. *I value family tremendously and love animals. *I have goals, values and standards. *From what I keep being told I have an old soul and am mature for my age. *I like going out, hanging out, dancing, clubbing, bar scenes but not all the time. *Love to my NINERS and baseball but dont expect me to know the names, date and such... Just love the game. *I can be shy. *I can be outgoing. *Love to travelsee the world when funds permit. *I think I am funny...Sarcastic. All in all I think you would just have to get to know me because I hate talking about myself and now have drawn a blank.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Other types of exercise, Soccer, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Cats, Dogs
I would have to explain...
Middle of the Road
New places excite me, it can be a beach or place I havent been. I like to travel and want to visit Europe, Italy (again), Egypt...
Los Medanos College, Pittsburg, CA
All music goes, cant hate it will just change the station. I am Salvadorian so Latin music is a total yes! I like my True Blood, Game of Thrones, Dexter and sci-fi TV shows as long as my DVR gets them.
Dancing, people watching, TV, Sleeping, Biking, walking the dogs, spending time with my family, fixing up the house, travel, idk...
I love to read fiction. The last book I read was Destined.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|A few extra pounds
|No preference
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Other profession
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|Latino / Hispanic
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
|English, Spanish
|Some college
|No preference


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39 year old man | New York, NY, USA | Seeking women 25-44 within 10 miles
All good things in life are better when shared with the right woman.
I am an International man of mystery : ) looking to enjoy NYC to its fullest with someone I care about. I travel often for my business as well as vacations. I would love a chance to spoil the right person in every romantic way I can think of. I'm an outgoing, laid back, romantic, affectionate, caring, but also I like to enjoy my free time to its fullest! I love to travel do adventurous things. I like most all sports,football, volleyball, golf, skiing, kayaking, diving. I also like to cook watch movies and relax with someone I care about. I'm amicably divorced, I moved to new apartment in Lower Manhattan. I see and go to a lot interesting and great places but life can't be savored to the fullest without the right woman to experience it with. I've realized over time, and encounters no matter how many or how good, can't compare to 1 deep intense love. I'm looking for a beautiful woman who's beauty resides externally as well as in her mind, heart, personality and soul. That may be greedy but it's important. Some of the most gorgeous women are truly ugly on the inside with a false facade. Life is too short for head games if your into playing them then go play with yourself! I want someone to pour all my love into and have it returned with the same intensity. I honestly don't have one type, beauty is in the eye of the beholder I won't know until you reach out. I don't bite unless you like that sort of thing :) As far as date planning I am Extremely creative, romantic and adventurous. Thanx for reading.TTYS
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Golf, Other types of exercise, Skiing, Soccer, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Fish
Middle of the Road
Time and Again by Jack Finney
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|4'8" (142cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Cigar aficionado, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|No preference


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January 15, 2014 - Clear Conscience Pet's SuperGravy® is this year's "Inventory Essential", making it the only pet food gravy topper selected for this honor. Inventory Essentials editors recommend...
Clear Conscience Pet Sliders® Treats - FINALIST - 2013 - SupplySide West Editor's Choice Awards
On behalf of Heather Granato, vice president content, Health & Nutrition Network. Our editorial team has identified your Sliders Treats as one of the top five finalists for the SupplySide West...
SuperGravy™ wins Pet Media PR prestigious 'Editor's Choice Award'
The team at Pet Media PR chose Clear Conscience Pet's SuperGravy Food Topper as this month's prestigious award recipient due to the fact that this is the first ever Holistic Instant Gravy Mix and...
Sliders TenderStikz™ wins 'Best Dog Treat of the Year' for an unprecedented second year in a row.
Clear Conscience Pet's Sliders® TenderStikz™ have been named the "Best Dog Treat of the Year for 2013 by The Dogington Post! The Dogington Post is the largest internet newspaper dedicated to dogs,...
SuperGravy™ Wins DoggiesandStuff.com's Best Food Topper product of the Year 2012
After analyzing multiple pet treats from dozens of companies, http://doggiesandstuff.com/ has awarded SuperGravy™ as Best In Show for the Pet Food Topper for 2012. Doggies and Stuff focused on...
Clear Conscience Pet wins Dogging Post Best Pet Treat of the Year 2012 for its Lamb Airy Bites
The family-owned animal nutrition company, Clear Conscience Pet, has been selected for Best Pet Treat of the Year 2012 by The Dogington Post . The award went to its Lamb Airy Bites product, which are...
Clear Conscience Pet wins Pet Age Green Spirit Award - 2012
The first annual Pet Age Green Spirit Award honors companies that embody the "green" ethic through their products, packaging, and philosophy. Ours was the ONLY dog treat product included in the list of...
Clear Conscience Pet wins 2012 SupplySide Editor's Choice Award
Clear Conscience Pet has been awarded the prestigious Editor's Choice award for 2012 from Supply Side. "This year's inaugural Supply Side Editors Choice Awards gave us the opportunity to see a...
Clear Conscience Pet's OSV Coated Line of Meat Treats Wins Editor's Choice Award from PPN
Our OSV Coated line of meat treats was chosen by Pet Product News International as a 2011 Editor's Choice Award Winner! Excerpt from Pet Product News International: "We were intrigued with Clear...
About CleanLabel
Clear Conscience Pet® was founded to create holistically formulated, cleanly-sourced, artisan-prepared nutritional products for dogs and cats. Our family-owned company was started by two pioneers of the natural pet food movement with over twenty years of experience. Their philosophy of uncompromising quality, ethics, and dedication to animals sets a new nutritional standard for the future of pet treats.
- Why Clear Conscience Pet Won't Use Glycerin in Our CleanLabel™ Products
- The Top 10 Secrets Pet Food and Treat Makers Don't Want You To Know
In The News
Seven Smart Ways to Love Your Pet on Valentine's Day
How much do we LOVE our pets on Valentine's Day? We love them so much that many of us treat them just like human family, include them in holiday gift giving, and give them birthday parties!
Podcast Friday 1:15-1:25 pm P.T. CCP Founder Anthony Bennie to Speak at Supply Side Convention
Anthony Bennie, Founder and CNO (Chief Nutrition Officer) of Clear Conscience Pet to have a live Podcast on Friday 1:15-1:25pm P.T. at the Supply Side Convention in Las Vegas.
Pet Nutrition Expert Urges Consumers to Scrutinize Food and Treat Labels
Wilton, CT - November 27, 2013 - Clear Conscience Pet founder Anthony Bennie offers advice and resources to make Thanksgiving and Christmas worry-free for pet owners and safe for pets. Many pet...
Pet Nutrition Expert Offers Tips For Holiday Treats For Stamford Pets
Joe Jenkins 12/22/13 Pet nutrition expert Anthony Bennie is offering tips to help keep pets healthy and safe this holiday season. Photo Credit: Contributed WILTON, Conn. -- With the holidays fast...
FOX 5 News talks to Anthony Bennie, Founder of Clear Conscience about the recent pet food scare.
Jason Feinberg of FOX 5 News sits down with Anthony Bennie, the Founder of Clear Conscience Pet and expert pet nutritionist and discusses the recent pet food scare and tainted dog treats from China.
Clear Conscience Pet® Launches Clean Label™ Pet Treats and Urges Consumers to Beware of Deceptive Labeling Practices
PRWEB.COM Newswire - Las Vegas, Nevada - July 22, 2014 When is an "all-natural" pet food or treat not really all that natural? In the opinion of one twenty year veteran of the natural pet food...
About.com - Meet a U.S. Company that Produces Top-Notch Holistic Pet Fare
Pet Treats with a Clear Conscience Thanks to the ongoing heated controversy regarding dog jerky treats made in China, a great many pet parents are becoming far more vigilante about pet treats, and...
Treating with Clear Conscience
As a self-taught canine and feline nutritionist, I have a confession to make: I spent most of my 20 year career in the natural and holistic pet food industry beating up on "by-products" as...
Humane Sourcing and the Pet Food Industry
We love our companion animals. We talk to them constantly, they sleep in our homes (sometimes in our beds!), and we give them parties and buy them gifts. In short, we treat them as furry four-legged...
Potcakes of the Caribbean -
These unique island dogs are finding loving new homes throughout the US and Canada, thanks to a dedicated rescue network. While on a flight to the Turks and Caicos Islands in February of 2011, I...
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Police: NJ 5th-Grader Who Leaped To His Death Threatened To Jump Before
Dumont police released a report about what happened before the 10-year-old Grant Elementary School student leapt to his death March 6 after playing chess, The Record newspaper reported.
Police: 5th Grade Boy Dead After Jumping From Window At Dumont, N.J. School
A 10-year-old boy died Friday after police say he jumped from a second-story window at a school in Dumont, New Jersey.
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Tony Tantillo's Dining Deal: DuMont
Whether it's comfort food or seasonal specialties, a favorite neighborhood restaurant has been satisfying customers for a decade.
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Funny Squirrel Feeders: Twisted Humor for Nature Loversby Serena Dorman
Bird feeders used to be the bee's knees, but these days, it's all about squirrel feeders. But squirrel feeders like this one shaped like a horse head, made by Archie McPhee, offer much more than your ordinary squirrel feeder. Utilizing this hilarious horse mask design makes nature watching so much more amusing.
Birding Is About To Become A Lot More Popular! The 'Bird Photo Booth"by Lady Bee
After you finish reading this blog about the Bird Photo Booth, please wait at least 90 seconds before ordering it, as I want to have a head start in ordering mine.... Yes, there will be a rush, because the Bird Photo Booth is the neatest thing created for bird lovers since the invention of the telescopic lens!
Want This New Idea? Book Pillowsby Laurie Kay Olson
Bibliophiles (book lovers) are all over the place. The most die-hard ones aren't crazy about electronic books -- they want the actual paper and print in their hands. Book lovers can also rest more easily when they can face plant in a pillow that looks like a volume of classic literature. These Olde Book Pillow Classics give new meaning to being able to "sleep on it."
Ha Uchiwa Leaf Fan From Japan Beats The Heat In Three Cool Shadesby Steve Levenstein
The Ha Uchiwa Leaf Fan from Japanese design house Koncent uses no power – well, maybe Flower Power – to keep you cool this summer. It's the nearest natural air conditioning solution to waving around a big ol' tropical plant leaf and it lasts MUCH longer.
Boxed Delivers Big Box Products To Your Doorby Amber Leventry
Imagine a life where your family goes through Pepperidge Farm Goldfish, Annie's Mac & Cheese, and Welch's Fruit Snacks like they are the only thing left on Earth to eat. Okay, if your family is anything like mine that might not be so hard to imagine. But imagine a world where you could have those things delivered to your doorstep without dealing with the crowds, parking lots—the rage those things may cause—or membership fees of big box retailers like Costco or Sam's Club. Boxed is a free, no membership fee app that delivers big box products to your doorstep. Without the rage.
The SwRing Is Fun For All Kids And Therapeutic For Those With Autismby Amber Leventry
Though the SwRing was invented by Emory Clark more than 30 years ago, it is new to some parents and their autistic children. It's similar to a tire swing in that it swings while spinning in small circles while rotating in larger ones. The SwRing is built as tough and long-lasting as playground equipment, but is safe enough for children as young as 18 months. Kids can climb on, sit in, or stand on SwRings, but it's more than child's play. SwRing is fun for all but therapeutic for children with autism and recently won a 2014 Family Choice Award for children's products.
Zen Float Tent: In Home Sensory Deprivationby Samantha Pankey
Maintaining health and wellness is about balance. Of course you need your exercise and fitness, but you also need recovery and relaxation. One proven relaxation method is sensory deprivation. Typically, you have to visit a location with isolation tanks to experience sensory deprivation. Or, you could have your own isolation tank--the in home Zen Float Tent.
Petollar: An Ingenious Device To Minimize Pet Allergens In The Homeby Lady Bee
A university student from Thailand, Mr. Thanut Chaovakul, has made it into the semi-finalist round of the Electrolux Design Lab 2014, with his ingenious concept to remove pet allergens from the air, thereby making more petless folks into pet owners. Allergies to dog and cat fur are among the most common, but Chaovakul has designed an eletrostatic air cleaner that follows your pet around and picks up his fur and dander. Amazing!
Want This New Innovation? Titanic Gravy Boatby Laurie Kay Olson
For some reason, despite all of our hopes, dreams, and best intentions, family dinners tend to turn into emotional disasters. With a Titanic Gravy Boat you can symbolize the impending disaster, flood your mashed potatoes, and get the kids to stop asking why it is called a gravy boat when it doesn't look like a boat. It's a win-win-win. And it's darn cute too.
Infinity Hammock Puts A Modern Twist On The Traditional Hammockby Samantha Pankey
The hammock is one of the ways humans have integrated the comforts of home and nature--it's the ideal means to lounging and enjoying the breeze and scenery. The Infinity Hammock puts a modern twist on the traditional hammock and gives your backyard or patio a modern appeal.


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Recipe by Jodi Briggs
"This is a Lithuanian recipe."
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2 cups
all-purpose flour
salt and pepper to taste
1 cup
1 (8 ounce) container
cottage cheese
1 (12 fluid ounce) can
evaporated milk
2 tablespoons
Very good recipe. I modified it a bit. I flavored the cottage cheese with garlic powder, salt, pepper, and italian seasoning. Instead of simmering in milk, I made a white sauce from butter, flour, milk, curry powder, saffron, salt and pepper...Yum! I found that simmering the dumplings in the sauce for 20 minutes more than sufficient.
I'm sure this could turn out well, but I made this when I was first beginning to cook. I had big problems keeping the stuff inside. It tasted pretty good, but it was also really messy.
11 Ratings
Jodi! This is a KILLER recipe! Absolutely delicious and easy to do! I plan to make these very often, and during berry season, I will add a little sugar to the cheese and some blueberries! Yowza! Thanks for a great recipe!
Definitely needs modification. Prepared like this, they are flavorless and the texture is awful. Perhaps would be better with mods, but I will not make these again!
These were on the messy side, but good when all through. I used a little bit of heavy whipping cream to make the sauce a little thicker. I will try them again sometime.
...........What is this ? I just made these..
But I don`t still get it....I don`t care messy in the kitchen.
But it need at least more specific detail. Like...how thin gonna be doe. something like that...Taste like a almost Flour !! Need something tasty....
I had this recipe as a child, it is absolutely wonderful, I already exchanged it with a childhood friend.
These are great but much better when you bake them till golden brown instead of fry. Then instead of evaporated milk i used whipping cream and add dill to the cream, bring whipping cream and dill to a boil then add to dumplings and bake for an hour instead of simmer on stove.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Cottage Cheese Dumplings
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 511
Calories from Fat: 166
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Search results for '"made in usa"'
Terrazzo Hand-Dyed Silk Velvet Ribbon by Hanah Silk™ (Made in USA)Silk velvet ribbon in Terrazzo. This light and drapable 100% silk velvet ribbon is hand-dyed in shades of violet brown and smoke grey. This ribbon is perfect for vintage projects, bridal use, or doll apparel. The bias cut is remarkable for either wrapped edge finishes or sinuous draping.
Because it is an artisan hand-dyed velvet ribbon, there is lovely subtle pigment variation, and the color may vary slightly from the image shown. This ribbon is made from fabric that is cut on the bias, so has diagonal seams along its length. Please take this feature into account when planning projects. Unseamed yardage cannot be guaranteed. Hand-crafted in the U.S.A by Hanah Silk™.Widths: 1", 2 1/2"$5.95
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Terrazzo Hand-Dyed Silk Ribbon by Hanah Silk™ (Made in USA)Hanah Silk™ creates gorgeous, artisan silk ribbon, and this color is Terrazzo. This airy 100% silk ribbon is hand-dyed in light shades of violet brown and smoke grey, with accents of pale pink and pale yellow. This ribbon is perfect for vintage projects, bridal use, or doll apparel The bias cut is remarkable for either wrapped edge finishes or sinuous draping.
Because it is hand-crafted, the colors will vary slightly each time it is made. This is bias-cut silk ribbon, so has diagonal seams along its length. Please remember this when planning projects, as unseamed yardage can't be guaranteed. Hand-crafted in the U.S.A. by Hanah Silk™.Widths: 7/16", 5/8", 1", 1 1/2"$0.99