text:
Video: Tags: vaccines
A tag is a word or phrase that helps you find video clips with similar content. View all tags »
Displaying 1 to 11 of 11 results.
PBS NewsHour | Vaccine Could Become 'Another Very Powerful Weapon' to Fight Malaria | PBS (#10178)
Vaccine Could Become 'Another Very Powerful Weapon' to Fight Malaria 05:13
SECOND OPINION | HPV Vaccine / Cervical Cancer | PBS (#711)
Families all over America are trying to decide whether to get the HPV vaccine for their daughters. Human papillomavirus (HPV) — a sexually transmitted infection — is the most common cause of... 04:49
SECOND OPINION | Season Seven Preview | PBS
New season, hot topics on the award-winning public television health series, Second Opinion. "Vitamin D", "Celiac Disease" and the often controversial "Cervical Cancer Vaccine" are three of this... 03:28
FRONTLINE | The Vaccine War | PBS (#2816)
Full Program: Inside the raging debate: parents' right to make choices v. the needs of a community 55:28
SID THE SCIENCE KID | Getting a Shot: You Can Do It! | PBS (#141)
Full Program: Sid and his friends learn the basic science behind germs, viruses and why their parents chose for them to get vaccinations. 28:47
SID THE SCIENCE KID | Experiment | PBS KIDS (#141)
Sid and his friends learn the basic science behind germs, viruses and vaccines. 01:26
SID THE SCIENCE KID | It's Gonna Help A Whole Lot | PBS KIDS (#141)
A new song, "It's Gonna Help A Whole Lot," from a new special episode of SID THE SCIENCE KID, "Getting a Shot: You Can Do It!" 01:28
Researchers Work On H1N1 Vaccine For Swine (#3436)
Dr. Hank Harris, Iowa State University professor in animal science and production animal medicine, says his lab can create an effective H1N1 vaccine for swine in as little as two months time. 06:00
Masterpiece Contemporary | The Last Enemy, Episode 5 | PBS (#3829)
Full Program: Sent to retrieve blood samples from refugees dying from the contaminated vaccine, Stephen has a startling revelation that sends him racing to expose the truth before all evidence is destroyed. 55:33
SECOND OPINION | Vaccines | PBS
While there is no question that vaccines work and have changed our world by eradicating deadly diseases, some people have concerns about the risks of immunizations. 05:23
TO THE CONTRARY | Oct. 3, 2008 | PBS
A new federal rule requires female immigrants to get vaccinated against HPV before obtaining green cards. 04:57
Displaying 1 to 11 of 11 results.
Video Collections
As PBS' premier public affairs series, FRONTLINE's stature is reaffirmed each week through incisive documentaries covering the scope and complexity of the human, social and political experience.
Market to Market
MARKET TO MARKET will continue the tradition that's made it one of the longest-running series on public television and the longest-running agricultural program anywhere - solid reporting about the issues that challenge agriculture and...
Masterpiece Contemporary
PBS NewsHour
The PBS NewsHour continues to provide in-depth analysis of current events with a news summary, live interviews and discussions of domestic and international issues.
Second Opinion
Fast-paced and provocative, SECOND OPINION focuses on health literacy in an engaging, entertaining and accessible way. The long-running series engages a panel of medical professionals and lay people in honest, in-depth discussions about...
Sid The Science Kid
"Sid the Science Kid" uses comedy to celebrate children's natural curiosity about science and explores their "Why?" questions in everyday life. It features the energetic and inquisitive five-year-old Sid, who tackles the ideas that...
To the Contrary with Bonnie Erbe
This weekly news analysis program is the only woman-centered national news/talk show on television. Dedicated to the premise that women of all ethnic backgrounds and political persuasions are an important part of the national...


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Enjoy the latest features, full warranty and custom options.Learn about new cars
Get extended warranty and peace of mind for less money.Learn about certified cars
Save with huge selection, low cost, and less depreciation.Learn about used cars
We recently spent some time behind the wheel of Volkswagen's ultraefficient Golf TDI hatchback and found the car to be ... Read more
We're covering all the key differences between Dodge's two SUVs: the Journey and the Durango. Read more
If you're thinking about buying a discontinued car, you might be wondering if parts are still available. We have the answer. Read more
In our latest video, we're taking a real-world look at the all-new 2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Convertible. Read more
Before you hit the road this summer, take a look at the best and worst states for road trips. Read more
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Please enter your ZIP to see local prices and listings near you.

subset: commoncrawl


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Victor Oladipo and Ty Lawson to hold Celebrity Basketball Game
Orlando Magic guard Victor Oladipo is hosting a celebrity basketball game tonight with friend and Denver Nuggets point guard Ty Lawson.
The game will be held in Washington DC at the Georgetown McDonough Arena at 6pm.
For details contact: @keiththomas_
Tags: Denver Nuggets, Orlando Magic, Ty Lawson, Victor Oladipo


text: For entertaining in warm weather, you need to make sure you have excellent balcony furniture at your home. Whether you have a large garden area or just a small balcony, you can find outdoor furniture to fit your needs and maximise your enjoyment of the beautiful outdoors during the coming warmer months. Make sure that the outdoor furniture you'd like to buy is designed to withstand the elements. The furniture pieces could be gorgeous, but if they're not weather-proof and easy to clean... Continue Reading »


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Weekly Mass Schedule
Saturday: 5:30 PM | Sunday: 7:30 AM, 9:00 AM, 11:00 AM
Daily: 8:30 AM Tuesday - Saturday
Holy Day of Obligation: vigil 7:00 PM, day of 8:30 AM and 7:00 PM
Everest Vacation Bible School
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Read about the latest announcements and parish news as well as other items of information in our
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All What's New
- Today
- Past 7 Days
- Past Month
- Past Year
- Specific Date Range
- Date
Natural Capital Accounting Taking Hold as Countries Go Beyond GDP
Natural Capital Accounting Taking Hold Across the GlobeIn the Philippines, one of WAVES' eight core implementing countries, NCA is taking hold. "Governments and the private sector are being ... Show More +
Construction Sector Transparency Program Goes Global
Country-level impactCoST's multi-stakeholder activities are beginning to influence project and contract management practices by making information publicly available and easy to understand.In Guatemal... Show More +
Resilience Dialogue: Preparing for a Changing World
Rapid urbanization and climate change are reshaping and exacerbating disaster risk. Together, they have added urgency to the task of building resilience in communities and countries around the world.C... Show More +
Sanctions Board to Post Decisions on Corruption, Fraud Cases
December 9, 2011 - More than a dozen firms vied for contracts on a World Bank-financed transportation project. But that bidding competition largely turned out to be a sham. A Bank investigation reveal... Show More +
Climate Change Portal Helps Visualize World Climate, Expand Access to Data
Adds World Bank Climate Change Envoy Andrew Steer: "This Climate Change Knowledge Portal enables ministers, development institutions, and non-governmental organizations in developing countries to... Show More +
World's Progress on Maternal Health and Family Planning is Insufficient
July 9, 2009 – Regular doctor visits, sonograms and various tests constitute routine prenatal care for pregnant women in developed countries. But for Adwoa, an expectant mother in Ghana, access to suc... Show More +


text:
You are here
Water and Coffee Service
Vendor: Poland Spring
Account Representative: Scott Defeo
Address: 32 Commercial Drive, Dracut, MA 01826
c: 978.375.6608
f: 978.970.5930
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
website: www.nestle-watersna.com
Description of Services Offered: Per a campus-wide agreement, Poland Spring provides water and coffee products and equipment to Bentley. The following products have been specified as standards of the institution:
Coffee products include:
Coffeemaker: pour-over or Keurig
Regular Coffee
Decaffeinated Coffee
Paper Cups
Sugar Canister
Stir Sticks
Water products include:
5-gallon bottles
hot/cold water dispensing unit
bottleless hot/cold dispensing unit
plastic cups
How to Order: To order new service, supplies, or to place a service call, contact Shawn O'Brien.
How Billing is Handled: Purchasing Card


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The constable election for Taylorsville District 1 is heating up as two more file for the position.
Charles "Don" Smith, Sr. will be seeking re-election to the post he has held for nearly two terms. Smith, 72, was selected with the flip of a coin in a special election when he matches his competitor vote for vote.
"I would like to continue serving the community," said Smith, a democrat.
Before retiring with the Jefferson County Sheriff's office, Smith gained 21 years experience in law enforcement.
Spencer County School District, along with the North Central District Health Department, will be offering the H1N1 influenza vaccine.
Consent forms for the vaccination have been sent home with students and were to be returned to school today.
The school district has not set a date for the administering of the vaccinations to potentially 2,000 students. The school's messenger phone system will inform parents of the date selected.
The U.S. Census hopes to fill 100 temporary positions with local residents by the end of January. Applicants selected will be able to set their own schedules while earning $13.75/hour plus milage.
"It's really easy and fun," said Kristi Keeling, recruiting assistant for Spencer and Nelson counties. "It's a great job for school teachers during the summer and for retired folks looking for something to do."
Spencer County FFA members are rounding up the last volunteers, assembling pedal tractors and putting final touches on farmscapes in preparation for the Farm Toy Show this Friday and Saturday.
High schoolers Sam Perry, Brian Hall, Brandon Cotton and Tyler Fleig were busy building a 9 by 17 foot farmscape Monday night in Fleig's barn. The farmscape is a replica of a farm, complete with fields, animals and buildings. Theirs is one-sixtyfourth the size of a farm. The students tried to be as realistic in the model as possible.
Twelve-year-old James Nation could not stop smiling as he sifted through the pile of men's coats at Signature HealthCare Saturday afternoon.
Each time James found one that he liked, his grin grew a little wider. His small stack of used coats grew taller and taller.
The warm sunlight that enveloped his shoulders through a nearby window gave no clue that a December chill had finally arrived. The coats would be a welcome addition to the pre-teens wardrobe and a big help to his mother's pocketbook.
Application and ranking schedules for 2010 first ranking cut-off period for Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP) application will be January 29, 2010.
Each fiscal year, the natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) sets dates for program application ranking. Although dates may vary from one program to another, landowners may sign-up at any time for all conservation programs.
A Wilsonville mom and her children lost everything when a Thanksgiving day fire destroyed their home Thursday evening.
Kim Blanton returned from visiting relatives that holiday to find the first floor of her house on McIntosh Dr. filled with thick, black smoke. Worried for the family dog, Blanton reportedly attempted to search for the pet by crawling on her hands and knees – but the smoke was too much. Family members resorted to opening several exterior doors in hopes that Punkin would find her own way out.
The Spencer County Ethics Committee met briefly last Tuesday night to discuss a complaint against Economic Director Annette King filed by fiscal court, but found the complaint lacked any evidence to make a ruling.
The committee, comprised of Dwight Greenwell, Jim Naive and Chairman Guy Shelburne, stated they wanted more details of the alleged unethical real estate transaction and signatures of King's accusers.
The Spencer County School District is taking several steps to ensure financial oversight following discoveries of inappropriate accounting practices during the last fiscal year.
When errors in bookkeeping were found in January, the district conducted an internal audit, then soon called for an independent audit, conducted by Brown & Company, a certified public accounting firm in Bardstown. Brown & Company moved up the required scheduled yearly audit by several months.
Two Louisville men were caught carrying a pillowcase full of loot from an Overlook Rd. home Monday afternoon when the homeowner happened to be driving by.
Shortly after they were discovered in the act, Kevin Hall, 26, and Eddie Maddox, 38, reportedly dropped items taken from the home and fled in a silver, Volkswagen Beetle, said Spencer County Deputy Kyle Bennett. The homeowner proceeded to hop back in his work truck and pursue the alleged criminals with a co-worker.
Copyright © 2015
The Spencer Magnet is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Spencer County, KY and the surrounding area.


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Book Search
John R. Commons: Selected Essays
John R. Commons is one of the most significant figures in the development of American economics. One of the founders of the Institutional school, Commons developed theories of the evolution of capitalism and of institutional change which continue to influence modern economics. These volumes collect...
To Be Published August 21st 2015 by Routledge
The Founding of Institutional Economics
Series: Routledge Studies in the History of Economics
Institutional economics has been a major part of economic thought for the whole of the twentieth century, and today remains crucial to an understanding of the development of heterodox economics. The two principal publications that founded the school were Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class and...
Published December 23rd 2014 by Routledge
The Fundamental Interrelationships between Government and Property
Series: The Economics of Legal Relationships
This collection of 22 commissioned essays from scholars across numerous fields responded to the question: What are the most fundamental things you can say concerning the interrelations between the institutions of government and property? Contributing authors were asked to address this question in a...
Published May 19th 2014 by Routledge
Historians of Economics and Economic Thought
Series: Routledge Studies in the History of Economics
The history of economic thought has always attracted some of the brightest minds in the discipline. These chroniclers of development have helped form our current views, and it is no surprise that many among them have been at the forefront of new movements in the history of ideas. This notable...
Published August 28th 2013 by Routledge
The History of Economic Thought
A Reader; Second Edition
From the ancients to the moderns, questions of economic theory and policy have been an important part of intellectual and public debate, engaging the attention of some of history's greatest minds. This book brings together readings from more than two thousand years of writings on economic subjects....
Published May 16th 2013 by Routledge
Essays in the History of Economics
Series: Routledge Studies in the History of Economics
Under the impressive editorship of Warren Samuels et al, this book addresses the state of the history of economic thought today. An important contribution to the study of the history of economics, this eagerly-awaited book will develop an unsurprisingly large following....
Published October 1st 2012 by Routledge
The Legal-Economic Nexus
Fundamental Processes
Series: The Economics of Legal Relationships
Providing another key contribution to the immensely popular field of law and economics, this book, written by the doyen of the history of economic thought in the US, explores the dynamic relationship between economics, law and polity. Combining a selection of old and new essays by Warren J....
Published June 16th 2009 by Routledge
The History of Economic Thought: A Reader
This new reader in the history of economic thought is edited by two of the most respected figures in the field. With clearly written summaries putting each selection into context, this book will be of great use to students and lecturers of the history of economic thought as it goes beyond the...
Published June 12th 2003 by Routledge
A Monetary Theory of Employment
Presents the author's alternative monetary theory and macroeconomics to both the quality theory and Keynes's work. This text reveals Means's view of the economic processes in the real world, and the state of monetary and macroeconomics theory in the mid-1940s....
Published March 31st 1995 by Routledge
The Heterodox Economics of Gardiner C. Means
This collection brings together articles written by Gardiner C. Means, a leading institutionalist and post-Keynesian economist. Means studies the modern corporation and its implications for the institution on private property and the economic systems as a whole. The selections illuminate Means'...
Published October 31st 1991 by Routledge


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The polls are open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Election Day. (Election Days are generally the 1st Tuesday, following the 1st Monday in June and November) and on other Tuesdays in Special Elections.
The location of your polling place is printed on the back of your Sample Ballot. You can also look up your polling place online. Always double-check the location--sometimes the locations change.
We encourage voters to mark the Sample Ballot and bring it with you to the polls. It will save you time. If you've lost your Sample Ballot, you can view and/or print it by clicking here.
Here are the steps for voting at the polls on Election Day:
Most voters cast electronic ballots using the eSlate voting equipment. They are easy to use and accessible for all voters. Watch how it works!
On Election Day, we provide easy voting instructions - experienced voters don't usually need them. But if you do, just ask an election officer - they are there to help!
Any voter may request and vote a paper ballot - simply let the election officer know when you sign the roster.
If you didn't mail your ballot back in enough time for delivery by Election Day, drop it off at ANY active polling place in the County or the San Mateo County Registration & Elections Division (between 7 a.m. and 8 p.m.) Remember you must sign the return envelope.
If you are not sure it will be received by Election Day, go to your polling place and tell the election officers of your concern. Ask to vote a provisional ballot. They will help you through the process. (It's a little more involved, but not difficult.)
If your mail ballot was not received in time, the provisional will be counted. If the ballot came in the mail in time--the provisional ballot will be tossed out and the mail ballot will be counted.
Visit the eSlate Learning Center to learn more.
Visit the Video Portal for video on how to vote on the eSlate
How do I mark my Ballot to vote?
Step by step instructions on how to mark a paper ballot.


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Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
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The Global Channel Marketing Manager will be responsible for developing and executing strategic marketing activities to scale the business. You will be involved in building the go-to-market plan in collaboration with key stakeholders, leveraging global marketing activities and6/3/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Data Science is about trying to answer a business question/problem by applying scientific and mathematical techniques to data that is acquired from multiple disparate sources and communicating the finding to the business. This position requires 20-50% travel. The big data6/3/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
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Product Specialist- Drill and SQL on Hadoop Overview of Position The Product Specialist is responsible for the following activities: Act as the field?s ?expert? on one or more MapR products, and make it a priority to continually grow his/her base of expertise on those6/3/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
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Regional Payer/Reimbursement Specialist - West (San Francisco) Merrimack Healthcare Solutions San Francisco, CA, United States Regional Payer/Reimbursement Specialist Merrimack is a biopharmaceutical company discovering, developing and preparing to commercialize innovative6/3/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Larkspur or San Francisco The Director of Customer Success will report to the Vice President of Customer Success within our Professional Services organization and will be responsible for managing a team of Customer Success Managers focused on customer retention and renewals for6/3/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Location:South San Francisco, CA - SFO Position #:818 DESCRIPTION JOB SUMMARY Manager responsible for the operational oversight and client relationships of multiple high profile global accounts. Manages the complete operation of complex global supply chains for the accounts6/3/2015 South San Francisco, CA Save This Job
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Redwood City, CA or Hackensack, NJ Job Description The Vidyo Commercial Sales Representative is responsible for outbound sales opportunity discovery, development, qualification, opportunity management, and closing opportunities across all solutions. This individual will work6/3/2015 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
The Graphic Designer will support the marketing team with design creation and execution for all print, digital, website and presentation materials required to market MapR and its products. This person should be a highly motivated, creative, analytical thinker who has the ability6/3/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
MapR is experiencing an explosive growth and is recognized as the premier Hadoop Distribution by delivering on the promise of an enterprise grade Big Data platform. MapR supports a broad set of mission critical and real time production uses by improving on the core Hadoop6/3/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
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The Suffolk County Sheriff's Office has re-launched a program that tracks people with disabilities who have a tendency to wander off. The relaunch comes after two people in the region died after going missing.
This is the official web site of the WSHU Public Radio Group. Some links from these pages are not maintained by WSHU and are subject to change without notice. This Web site and its contents are © 2013 by WSHU, Fairfield, CT, and the respective copyright holders.


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Search the collections
Similar items over time
Negative - Wentworth, New South Wales, 1901 Reg. No: MM 004305
- Description Of Content:
- A group of men and children outside Baird & Pay, Coachbuilders and Blacksmiths. The building is decorated with British flags and banners reading 'God save our King' and may have been marking the coronation of Edward VII.
- Acquisition Information:
- Copied from Bruce Pay, 1987
- Acknowledgement:
- The Biggest Family Album of Australia, Museum Victoria
More information
|Tagged with:
|blacksmiths, coachbuilders, flags, signage, tools, workers
|Themes this item is part of:
|Images & Image Making Collection, Transport Collection, Working Life & Trades Collection, The Biggest Family Album in Australia Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Images (To Be Classified)
|Tertiary Classification:
|images (to be classified)
|Organisations Depicted:
|Baird & Pay, Coachbuilders & Blacksmiths
|Negative: Black & White; 35 mm
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Wentworth, Riverina, New South Wales, Australia, 1901
|Organisation Depicted:
|Baird & Pay, Coachbuilders & Blacksmiths, Wentworth, Riverina, New South Wales, Australia, 1901
This item is part of the following themes:
Similar items
Previous Page
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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer ...By Lillian Hoddeson, Paul W. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade, Gordon Baym, Catherine L. Westfall, Richard Hewlett
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Easy Password Free
122 reviews
By installing you agree to the Terms of Use and other terms
More from LVCsoftware
Download size1 MB
Last updated7/1/2015
Works with
- Windows Phone 8.1
- Windows Phone 8
- Windows Phone 7.5
App requires
- owner identity
- music library
- photos library
- media playback
- data services
- phone dialer
- web browser component
- HD720P (720x1280)
- WVGA (480x800)
- WXGA (768x1280)
- photo, music, and video libraries
- movement and directional sensor
Supported languages (7)
Deutsch English (United States) Español (España, alfabetización internacional) français italiano русский 中文(简体)
Easy Password manages your passwords from SmartPhone , Tablet and PC ( Thanks to Easy Password Pro for Windows 8 ) and synchronizes all about OneDrive encrypting with AES algorithm for maximum security . Immediately you can find your passwords and automatically copy it to clipboard and access to related sites. To never lost your password you can sync them to OneDrive. When you reinstall Easy Password set master password that you had last used. All your data will be encrypted with AES, both on your windows phone that OneDrive for complete safety. --For your suggestions http://www.facebook.com/EasyPasswordPerWindowsPhone -- *News in the latest version(22.214.171.124): Managing the maintenance log to the reactivation of the App* *News in the latest version(184.108.40.206): added recovery system for the master password* For any questions please feel free to contact us or write a review. Buy the full version to support development. FUNCTIONS -Access via a master password of your choice -OneDrive synchronization of your password also on Tablet and PC using Easy Password Pro (Windows 8) - Managing the maintenance log to the reactivation of the App Useful in the case where there is an access with two-step verification on OneDrive . -Entering password unlimited(only 10 in the free version) -Auto-Copy password to clipboard without displaying -Automatic redirection to releted url -Automatic sending of your passwords on your mail (to also use them on your PC, laptop or tablet) -Sync with SkyDrive -Synchronization information into the Live Tile -Quick Find your password -No advertising(only in the full version) Automatic access to OneDrive.
6/27/2015Very good
4/1/2015Does exactly what its suppose to do nothing less
3/16/2015Great app
12/8/2014Easy to use. Perfect.
11/20/2014Jesika Hello and thank you for downloading Easy Password . Unfortunately, it is not technically possible to do what you ask unless you open the website with a component in the App . This would limit a lot of functions at your disposal . It 's definitely a lot better browsing with internet explorer . If you have other requests , you can use the facebook page of Easy Password.
11/18/2014Would have 5 stars If could pull username & password w URL to the app as I surf & register w/o me having to manually put it in.
11/13/2014I don't know to ******* work this
11/11/2014They should tell you from the start that only 10 names can be stored with the trial version. Unsuccessful in merging OneDrive had to reenter everything. Bloody waste of time.
11/8/2014Easy to use and access passwords
11/2/2014Having several issues with it


text:
Very rapid crystallization of eutectic and neareutectic molten mixtures of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, followed by crushing of the solidified melt, results in abrasive grits of very high strength combined with highly desirable microfracture properties. The zirconium oxide in the material is in the form of rods (or platelets) which, on the average, are less than 3000 angstroms in diameter, and preferably at least 25%, by weight, of the zirconium oxide is in the tetragonal crystal form. The solidified melt is made up of cells or colonies typically 40 microns or less across their width. Groups of cells having identical orientation of microstructure form grains which typically include from 2 to 100 or more cells or colonies. In crushing, the material fractures along grain boundaries and cell boundaries. Grinding improvement in excess of 100% of prior art standards is shown in tests of coated abrasive products employing the crushed abrasive material in typical applications and substantial improvement in bonded abrasive products.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 1191 Rowse et a1.
[ ZlRCONIA-ALUMINA ABRASIVE GRAIN AND GRINDING TOOLS [75] Inventors: Robert A. Rowse, Shrewsbury,
Mass; George R. Watson, Chippawa, Canada [73] Assignee: Norton Company, Worcester, Mass.
[22] Filed: Aug. 8, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 386,718
Related U.S. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No, 287,489, Sept. 8, 1972, abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 249,204, May 1, 1972, abandoned, and Ser.
No, 149,837, June 3, 1971, abandoned.
[52] U.S. Cl. 5l/295; 51/298; 51/309;
106/57; 106/65 [51] Int. Cl.*.... B241) 3/28; CO9C 1/68; C09K 3/14 [58] Field of Search 51/295, 309, 298; 106/57,
[ June 24, 1975 Primary Examiner-Donald J. Arnold Attorney, Agent, or FirmO1iver W. Hayes [57] ABSTRACT Very rapid crystallization of eutectic and neareutectic molten mixtures of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, followed by crushing of the solidified melt, results in abrasive grits of very high strength combined with highly desirable microfracture properties. The zirconium oxide in the material is in the form of rods (or platelets) which, on the average, are less than 3000 angstroms in diameter, and preferably at least 25%, by weight, of the zirconium oxide is in the tetragonal crystal fonn. The solidified melt is made up of cells or colonies typically 40 microns or less across their width. Groups of cells having identical orientation of microstructure form grains which typically include from 2 to 100 or more cells or colonies. 1n crushing, the material fractures along grain boundaries and cell boundaries. Grinding improvement in excess of 100% of prior art standards is shown in tests of coated abrasive products employing the crushed abrasive material in typical applications and substantial improvement in bonded abrasive products.
9 Claims, No Drawings ZIRCONIA-ALUMINA ABRASIVE GRAIN AND GRINDING TOOLS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present application is a continuation-in-part of prior copending application Ser. No. 287,489 filed Sept. 8, I972, which in turn was a continuation-in-part of applications Ser. No. 249,204, filed May 1, 1972 and Ser. No. 149,837, filed June 3, 1971 all now abandoned.
This is an improvement in the fused alloy-type alumina-zirconia abrasive materials which have come into commercial use since about 1960.
US. Pat. No. 3,181,939 discloses the rapid crystallization of melts of alumina and zirconia, containing from 10 to 60%, by weight, of zirconia. The eutectic composition is reported to occur at 41% zirconia, by weight, (Schmid and Viechnicki, Journal of Materials Science 5 (1970) pp. 470 to 473) and can very somewhat due to impurities. We believe the more correct value is about 43% zirconia. The patent teaches rapidly cooling melts by casting into molds of from 25 to 300 pound capacity. The solidified product is crushed to produce abrasive grits which have been found suitable for snagging (rough grinding) applications when bonded in resinoid grinding wheels. Other aluminazirconia abrasives commercially offerred for grinding wheels included ZM Lionite, AZ 40 and R 81. None of these abrasives had all of the improved properties of the abrasive materials of this present invention.
US. application Ser. No. 814,162, filed Apr. 7, 1969, (of Quinan and Supkis), discloses the use in some coated abrasive applications of abrasive grits, covered by US. Pat. No. 3,181,939, but cooled to produce alumina crystals of 20 30 microns or less, as described in US. application Ser. No. 98,014 filed Dec. 14, 1970, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,781,172 on Dec. 25, 1973, (Pett and Kinney). While Minnesota Mining had, on a limited basis, marketed a coated abrasive containing an alumina zirconia eutectic of blocky grit structure under the tradename Cubicut," alumina-zirconia al' loy-type abrasives have not been employed commercially for wide scale use in low pressure abrasive applications prior to the present invention. The Cubicut product had eutectic colonies typically 100 microns or more in average width.
In the copending application of Rowse and Lakhani there is described the use of the Pett and Kinney type of alumina-zirconia crystals having a weak" shape for the manufacture of cut-off wheels.
in attempting to produce even finer microstructure in the abrasive by even more rapid cooling, the abrasive of the present invention was discovered. In accordance with the trend of earlier results, in which more rapid cooling lead to tougher abrasives more useful than the less rapidly cooled materials in the rough, heavy duty applications, it was expected that the most rapidly cooled material would follow this trend. Unexpectedly however, it was found that, when produced at neareutectic compositions, the new abrasive, the subject of this application, was outstandingly useful in light duty applications.
Variation of cooling rates and compositional limits, in accordance with the present invention, have shown that near-eutectic mixtures of alumina and zirconia will exhibit the newly discovered properties only when solidified at such a rapid rate that at least one dimension of the zirconia rods or platelets present in the material, is on the order of 1000 2000 angstrom units or finer.
Thus, it has now been discovered, that by modifying the cooling conditions for these abrasives, and by employing a near-eutectic composition of alumina and zirconia, an entirely new family of abrasives can be produced having remarkable utility in low or moderate pressure applications, both in coated abrasive and bonded abrasive applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Alumina and zirconia sources are fused in an electric arc furnace to produce an alumina-zirconia melt containing from 35 to 50% zirconia, by weight, with total impurities being not over about 3% exclusive of titania in solid solution with alumina and/or zirconia and at 0.1% or below in the case of soda. Any suitable raw materials can be employed which, after fusion, including any purification taking place during the furnacing, result in the desired composition. Silica and titania may also be present in small amounts. Silica should be as low as possible (preferably below 0.3%) but at any rate should be below 1% in the product. Titania is less harmful than silica, and, in some cases may be deliberately included to obtain equivalent abrasives or to produce desired effects. l-lafnia, in the amounts naturally present in zirconia sources is not considered an impurity.
Other impurities may be present in the abrasive either as impurities associated with the particular sources of zirconia and alumina employed, or, as in the case of MgO and CaO, they may be deliberately added. For some applications, the presence of CaO, up to 2% is desirable. With MgO, at levels above 4%, the alumina in the product is essentially all converted to magnesia deficient spinel.
The molten alumina-zirconia is then solidified at a very rapid rate. The very rapidly cooled product is characterized in that it is made up of generally oriented colonies of alumina-zirconia eutectic wherein the zirconia, when it precipitates in rod form, has an average diameter below 2000 angstrom units near the colony center, the zirconia rods being surrounded by an alumina matrix. A preferred composition is one (e.g., 43% ZrO in which the primary alumina may crystallize first as a seed for the eutectic crystallization, the orientation of which is at least initially controlled by the orientation of the alumina seed. The eutectic crystallization is a simultaneous crystallization of alumina and zir conia according to the eutectic ratio. The combined seed and eutectic oriented mixture become an individual cell or colony on which the trigonal outline of the seed crystal may sometimes be visible. The colonies have dimensions of up to 60 microns, typically 5 to 60 microns, with a typical average cross-sectional dimension of less than 30 to 40 microns when observed in thin-sections or polished sections. They are usually grouped in granular formations consisting of a number of neighboring similarly oriented elongated, eutectic colonies with their long axes generally perpendicular to the cooling surface. The crystal form of the zirconia in such products preferably has as much as 25% or more of the zirconia in the tetragonal crystal form, which is, ordinarily, stable only at temperatures above I000C.
1n the preceeding discussion of the size of the zirconia "rods" in the alumina zirconia eutectic colonies reference has been made to rod diameter. Measurements of the rod diameter have been achieved by direct scaling of scanning electron microscope photographs with magnifications of 5,000X to 10,000X; in some cases magnification of 20,000X has been used. Since the diameters of the zirconia rods generally increase from the center of the eutectic colonies to the outer edges of the colonies, it is preferred to make the measurements near the center of the colonies This is also believed to be the most useful measuring technique in characterizing the colonies since the growth rate in various portions of the periphery of the colonies may be different (due to geometrical effects) and therefore the rod diameters and rod spacings will be different. Additionally, impurities will congregate at the edges of the colonies and this will also disrupt the rod spacings and rod diameters, thus giving dimensions which are generally considerably larger than the dimensions near the center of the colonies. We believe that the abrasive properties of the eutectic-containing abrasive grits are more critically dependent upon the dimensions at the colony centers.
While the discussion of zirconia particle size in the alumina zirconia eutectic has been based predominantly on size characterization of rods there is strong evidence that in addition to rods being present a substantial portion of the zirconia is in the form of platelets, these platelets having a thickness of the same order as the rod diameters. In some of the early work wherein rods were identified in scanning electron pho tomicrographs, further analysis of such samples indicates that these rods were in fact platelets. This determination was made by etching the alumina from the region of the zirconia alumina eutectic colony and reexamining the etched sample under a scanning electron microscope.
in the preceeding discussion the rod diameter has been referred to as an important parameter to be measured. As a practical matter it is probably better to use rod spacing as the measured parameter rather than rod diameter, since rod spacing is not as critically dependent upon the resolution of the electron microscope. This is particularly true where the rod appears to have a fuzzy edge and it may be difficult to precisely determine the actual diameter to be measured. However, the spacing between two (2) rods or two (2) platelets having fuzzy edges can be quite accurately measured by measuring the distance between the centers of the two rods or platelets. The rod spacing and rod diameters are directly related by the following approximate equatlon:
rr z V 4V,
Wherein d is the distance between the centers of adjacent rods, d is rod diameter and V, is the volume fraction of zirconia.
Platelet spacing and platelet thickness are also directly related.
in the measurement of rod (or platelet) spacing a convenient method to use is the random intercept technique which consists of drawing a straight line (real or imaginary) across a photomicrograph of the area where the rod spacing is to be measured, this line being normal to the rod axis or platelet plane. The number of rods or platelets intercepted by the line are then counted over a given distance to obtain the average rod or platelet spacing.
Another observable characteristic of the abrasive of this invention is the association of groups of colonies having similar orientation. Such groups of colonies, following the terminology of the metallurgists, are referred to as grains. Such grains may typically include from 2 to I00 or more colonies. Analysis by the electron microprobe shows that the great bulk of the impurities or more) appears in the boundaries between colonies and between grains. The boundary material consists of the impurities in glassy and crystalline forms and may include elemental metals, and combinations of the metals with oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Aluminum and zirconium are also found in combined forms in the boundary phases. The colonies are essentially alumina and zirconia which may contain TiO, or other material in solid solution without adversely affecting its hardness or strength.
Abrasive grits, resulting from crushing the solidified abrasive, contain a plurality of colonies or cells and, depending upon their size may contain a plurality of grains. Useful commercial grit sizes range from about 6 grits to grit size, and finer as defined by conventional grit sizing as, for example by the US. Department of Commerce Commercial Standard CS 271-65, issued Apr. 12, 1965.
The generally parallel orientation of associated elongated colonies and grains referred to previously, is believed to create the unique fracture characteristics of material of this invention which is particularly suited for use in coated abrasives. This new type of fracture provides continuous sharpening" of the fractured grains by exposing new cutting edges, thereby prolonging the useful life of the abrasive. Such fracture, a major portion of which takes place along colony and grain boundaries results in striated or columnar surfaces along the plane of fracture parallel to the long axes of the colonies, and a stepped surface for fractures perpendicular to the axis of the colonies. When examined under a microscope with relatively small magnification the edges defined by intersection of two planes of fracture are discontinuous, jagged, and sharp. Also observable in some fractures is a jaggedness and irregularity in the columnar structure apparently resulting from slight misalignments of colonies in adjacent grains.
For the purposes of this application, the type of fracture described above and exhibited by grain particularly suited for coated abrasive applications is referred to herein as pseudo-hackly" to distinguish from the term hackly as used by mineralogists in describing a somewhat different fracture exhibited by minerals (single crystal, or sometimes polycrystalline, compounds or elements) as distinguished from the composite (eutectic), finely crystalline, abrasive materials of this invention. When a large portion of the abrasive sized grits in a given batch of material of this invention exhibit the pseudo-hackly fracture described above, the abrasive is particularly suited to coated abrasive applications.
It has also been observed that in the abrasive mate rial produced in pours of several hundred pounds, the material is normally not entirely homogenous and may contain grits which exhibit the presence of primary (non-eutectic) alumina crystals, grits which exhibit primary zirconia crystals, and grits which are essentially all-eutectic, with no evidence of primary crystals. Material which contains 50% or more of the all-eutectic grits is particularly preferred for coated abrasive applications. To determine the all-eutectic" grits the material is crushed to abrasive sized grits and polished sections are examined under an optical or scanning electron microscope. Those grits indicating the presence of primary alumina or primary zirconia crystals at this magnification are considered not to be all-eutectic and are subtracted from the total number of grits in the sample to determine the numerical all-eutectic grits.
In preparing the abrasive grits of this invention the cast material is crushed and screened to obtain the desired grit sizes. Initial rough crushing may be by jaws or impact as conventional in the industry. Thereafter rolls crushing is desirable to produce more friable, elongated particles as may screening through slotted screens, depending upon the desired final grit form. By use of these techniques on the unique eutectic composition of the present invention an abrasive grit having a weak" shape can be provided.
The abrasive grit of this invention, when the fusion conditions are reducing such that reduction products such as carbides. suboxides or metal inclusions are present in the cooled product is sensitive to heat, and prolonged heating above 500C in oxygen-containing atmospheres results in cracking and weakening of the grit. Irreversible impairment of the grinding properties takes place during such heating making it entirely unsuitable for use in bonded or coated abrasives. The change appears to involve a change in the chemistry of the boundary phase material and is associated with an increase in oxygen content of the abrasive. In the manufacture of abrasive articles from such grit (although grit produced under reducing conditions may be preferred for coated abrasive purposes) it is necessary to avoid prolonged heating of the grit above 500C in the presence of oxygen and heating of the grit at or above 1250C even in the absence of oxygen may be undesirable.
The deleterious effect of prolonged heating is largely eliminated, however by using no carbon or a minimum of carbon in the furnacing operation, or by producing oxidizing conditions such as by an air or oxygen purge of the molten abrasive prior to casting. Such products have been typically found to contain 0.5% or less carbon. Products thus oxidized or produced under minimal reducing conditions are found however to be less preferred for coated abrasive use. For coated abrasive uses best results have often been achieved where excess carbon is employed resulting in a dark colored grain in which some reduction products such as carbides, nitrides, or metals are present as evidenced by visual examination.
Convenient methods for achieving the rapid cooling necessary to produce the improved abrasive of this invention are the use of metal balls such as described in the copending application of John K. Shurie, Ser. No. 112,715 filed Feb. 4, 1971, or by pouring the melt between metal plates, as described in the copending application of Scott Ser. No. 212,614 filed Dec. 27, 1971. Air quenching is also possible by pressure atomization in air of the molten abrasives into small spheres having a diameter in the order of 1000 microns and liner. Such air quenched abrasive has somewhat different properties from poured molten materials and does not suffer from subsequent heating in oxygen to the degree shown by the poured materials.
EXAMPLE 1 A mixture for fusion in the electric arc furnace was made up of 60 parts by weight of E-286 alumina (fused low soda alumina) with 44% parts of zirconia, and k part barley coal. The zirconia typically contained 2 to 3% hafnia and 12 of the 44% parts consisted of fused zirconia (QSAlO) having the following typical analysis by weight:
A1 0; 9.8% (by difference) SiO, 5.24%
Fe O 0.14%
TiO, 0.24%
CaO 0.24%
MgO 0.12%
ZrO, 84.2% (including hafnia) with the remaining 32% parts of zirconia (Q1) having the following analysis by weight:
SiO 0.56% Fe,0 0.10% TiO, 0.26% (3210 0.12% MgO 0.03% A1 0, 0.46% ZrO, 98.5% (including hafnia).
A fusion was made in the conventional manner in an arc furnace arranged for pouring of the molten contents. The four cubic foot furnace employed two 4 inch diameter graphite electrodes, spaced eight inches apart (center to center) and was operated at volts and kilowatts. The average feed rate was 175 to 200 pounds an hour. The product was poured into a cast iron ingot mold filled with 1 inch diameter steel balls. A total of 1712 pounds of material was cast in a series of pours. The average analysis of the composite product made from a number of similar runs was:
ZrO, 39.85%
A1 0 59.61% (by difference).
The small amount of hafnia is reported at ZrO, above, and throughout this application. The average rod diameter of the zirconia in the center of the eutectic colonies was found, by a scanning electron microscope, to be less than 2000 angstroms, with a minimum diameter of below the resolution (300 A) of the microscope, the larger diameter rods being found only in small amounts at the slowest cooled portions of the product (furthest removed from the ball cooling surface). The average rod spacing at the colony centers was typically less than 4000 angstroms and the platelet spacing was similar. The average platelet thickness was less than 2000 angstroms at the colony centers.
In the parent applications the average rod diameters were reported as being somewhat smaller than the values given here. These earlier averages were based on the assumption that a substantial portion of the rods had sufficiently small diameters (less than 300 A) as to be unresolved by the scanning electron microscope; this assumption being based on the reported maximum diameter of 300 A for tetragonal zirconia. It is now believed that zirconia rods having a size much greater than 300 A can give an X-ray diffraction pattern indicative of the tetragonal form.
The zirconia was 31% in the tetragonal form, the remainder monoclinic, as determined by measurement of the angular position of the centroid of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, for the monoclinic doublet peak and the tetragonal peak; at about 303 (2 theta), for the tetragonal peak and at about 28.3 and 3 1 .5 for the monoclinic doublet, when copper K radiation is employed. The centroid of the monoclinic-tetragonal triplet is determined by conventional mathematical procedures after the profile of the triplet has been determined by careful counting, the probable counting error being of the order of 2.5% or better. The weight percent of tetragonal can then be read from a calibration curve, based on the following parameters:
Area (integrated intensity) of monoclinic doublet, A,,
72.73 arbitrary units Area (integrated intensity) of tetragonal peak, A,
84.79 arbitrary units Position of monoclinic doublet, (measured from Position of tetragonal, X (measured from 27.00)
These parameters were obtained from known samples containing 100% tetragonal and 100% monoclinic zirconia forms. It will be understood that specific values for area and position of peaks in the X-ray tracing will vary somewhat depending upon the instrumental set-up and the quality of the samples used. 1n the case of tetragonal zirconia the sample was 40% zirconia and 60% alumina. From the mass absorption coefficients it can be calculated that the true intensity of the monoclinic peak in the presence of 60% alumina is 0.58 times the measured integrated intensity, giving a true relative value of 73.73 units. A calibration curve can be obtained, where X is the angular position (measured from 27.00) of the centroid, and w is the weight fraction of tetragonal zirconia, from the following relation:
which relates i to any g iven value of w from to 1. Thus for any value of X determined from a given X-ray diffraction pattern, the corresponding value of w can be calculated or read from the calibration curve. lt is in this way that all of the values for percent tetragonal given herein were obtained. We have found that a cooling rate fast enough to cause at least 25% of the zirconia to be in the tetragonal form is necessary to produce the abrasives of this invention. It has also been found that the crystalline form of A1 0 known as delta alumina is contained in samples which include tetragonal zirconia, the amount of delta-alumina increasing as the tetragonal zirconia content increases. In air quenched material containing 100% tetragonal zirconia we have found that essentially all of the alumina appears in the delta-form, as determined by standard powder X-ray diffraction; however the amount of delta alumina is not believed to be proportional to the per cent tetragonal zirconia since some analytical x421 analyses of samples containing up to 40% tetragonal zirconia indicated that essentially all of the alumina was in the alpha form.
The product of Example l was passed through a 20 inch by 6 inch jaw crusher to yield a product 1% inch and finer in size. The k inch product is then further crushed by rolls or impact to yield the desired grit sizes for use in bonded or coated abrasives. The abrasive yields superior results in medium and light duty applications. The abrasive grits were largely (51%) pseudohackly and predominantly (69%) all-eutectic.
EXAMPLE II A fusion run similar to Example 1 was made employing a mix made up of 60 parts by weight of a fused low soda alumina material and 42% parts by weight of the higher purity zirconia material of Example 1. Three casting methods were employed; 1 pounds of prod uct was cast on 1 inch diameter steel balls, 205 pounds was cast on as inch steel balls, and 120 pounds was cast between steel plates, spaced 3/16 inches apart. The analysis of the product was:
ZrO, 40.40%
A1 0 59.11% (by difference).
The crushed abrasive was employed to make grinding wheels for test. The bond in the wheels was 75% by weight of powdered two stage phenol-formaldehyde resin (Union Carbide BRP5417) and 25% barium sulfate filler. in making the wheels the abrasive grains were wet with a one stage liquid phenolformaldehyde resin and mixed with the powdered resin (which contained 8 9% hexamethylenetetramine), and filler. Two grades of wheel were made by cold pressing to stops in a mold and curing conventionally with an upper temperature limit of C, one containing 54% abrasive, 22% bond, and 24% pores, and the other containing 54% abrasive, 26% bond, and 20% pores (all by volume). A similar set of wheels using standard fused alumina was prepared for comparison in foundry snagging employing a standard portable grinder.
The test employed a pneumatic straight grinder, 5900 revolutions per minute wheel speed. The wheels were six inches in diameter, and one inch thick. The workpiece was a cast steel cylinder, 12 inches outside diameter by 10% inches inside diameter, mounted on a rotary table at 12 revolutions per minute. The grinding pressure (between the wheel and the inch wall surface of the work) was 26 pounds. The wheel wear (W) in cubic inches per hour, pounds of metal removed from the workpiece (M), and grinding ratio (G), pounds of metal removed per cubic inch of wheel wear, are reported below for the standard wheels and the test wheels.
Test 126% bond) As can be seen from the data, the softer test wheel was more than twice as efficient as the standard wheel, while the harder wheel was not quite (1.89X) twice as efficient as the harder standard wheel. This illustrates the unexpected advantage of the new abrasive under mild (lower pressures, softer wheels) grinding conditions.
The abrasive in this test was first jaw crushed, as in Example 1, then impact crushed to produce through 6 mesh on 24 mesh grits, and the through 6 on 10 mesh fraction of the grits was then rolls crushed and screened to produce a 24 grit size for use in making the wheels, Essentially equivalent results can be achieved by substitution of jaw and/or rolls crushing for the impact crushing step. The standard wheels employed regular fused rolls-crushed alumina made by fusing bauxite and having a typical analysis of 95% or more M with the remaining or less being made up of mainly silica, iron, and titania.
The material of Example [I which was cast on '56 inch balls was somewhat finer in microstructure than the 1 inch ball cast material and had a higher tetragonal zirconia content. The material cast between steel plates had an average zirconia rod diameter of less than 1500 angstrom units and the colony cross-sectional diameter measured to 30 microns on polished sections. In this method of casting the molten abrasive is poured on the top of a plurality of spaced vertical steel plates, each plate being 1% inch or more thick, spaced (for example) 3/16 inches apart. The product is recovered from the spaces between the faces of the plates. lts tetragonal zirconia content is 46%, and its grinding properties are excellent. The grits were 60% psuedo-hackly and 77% all-eutectic.
EXAMPLE Ill The furnace mix consisted of 60 parts by weight of fused low silica alumina, and 42% parts of the higher purity zirconia employed in Example 1.
The mix was fused in the conventional manner employing an average of 175 kilowatts at an average of 85 volts. Product in the amount of 315 pounds, poured on 1 inch steel balls was recovered. The average analysis of the product was:
1 1 ZrO, 38.09% CaO 0.09% MgO 0.02% Na,0 0.03%
The alumina is determined by difference in this case to be 61.32%. The impurities are present, essentially, in the colony and grain boundaries. (The product was 57% pseudo-hackly and 71% all-eutectic.) Although the constituents are all reported on the analysis as oxides, some carbides, oxycarbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxynitrides, suboxides, and sometimes elemental metal are ordinarily present in the boundary material. Analysis of typical product has shown about 0.1% nitrogen and 0.02 to 0.1% carbon. This can also be demonstrated by the weight gain of the material when subjected to oxidation conditions. lt is believed that a portion of this weight gain is due to the uptake of oxygen by non-stoichiometric zirconia in the colonies proper. Where elemental metals or carbon and nitrogen compounds are absent, some weight gain will still be observed.
EXAMPLE IV Bayer process alumina and baddeleyite were employed in the ratio of 44.4 parts of baddeleyite to 60.5 parts of bayer process alumina, with 2 parts of barley coal, and the fused mixture was cast on 1 inch steel balls. The average product analysis was as follows:
SiO, 0.1 1%
ZrO, 40.36%
Other: about 0.08% (CaO, MgO etc.) ALO, 58.2%
The baddeleyite employed as the source of ZrO had the following typical analysis:
$10, 063% Fe,0, 0.53% 2% as; a MgO 0.70% ZrO, 96.8%
The wheels were phenolic bonded and included standard commercial fillers. The abrasive grits of this example were 54% pseudo-hackly and 61% all-eutectic. For use in cut-off wheels the grits are preferably impact crushed to a strong shape.
This product of Example [V gives a 400 to 500% increase in efficiency in cut-off wheels, as compared to the best known commercial aluminum oxide cut-off wheel in cutting ductile iron at relatively light pressure, using a 20 horse power standard commercial cut-off machine, operating chopper style on 1 6 inch cross section workpieces.
EXAMPLE V Impact crushed (-6, +16), 40% by weight zirconia abrasive grit material, manufactured as in Example I, was rolls crushed in conventional fashion. The crushed abrasive material was then screened, (to separate out for use those abrasive grains having a grit size 36 as defined in RS. 8-67, US. Department of Commerce) and the screened material was then washed with water. Next, the abrasive material was subjected to a magnetic field to remove any magnetic particles therefrom.
To a 30 mil vulcanized fiber backing member (10 inches X 1 I inches) was applied (28.6 pounds per sandpaper maker's ream) a maker adhesive having the following composition:
3000 centipoise Upon the maker adhesive was then electrocoated, according to usual techniques for upper propulsion, the zirconia-alumina abrasive grit above-mentioned. The amount of abrasive grit deposited was 59.0 pounds per sandpaper maker's ream. The thus coated backing member was then heated for 45 minutes at 140F, 45 minutes at l75F, 60 minutes at 220F, and 90 minutes at 250F.
A size coat composition was then applied to the abrasive grit maker adhesive surface, such being of the same composition as the maker adhesive except that water has been added thereto (200 grams H O) to provide a more dilute composition. This composition was applied in sufficient amount to provide a size coat of 27.0 29.4 pounds per sandpaper makers ream (wet weight). Drying and curing was obtained in heating the coated substrate material for 45 minutes at 115F, 60 minutes at 150F, 45 minutes at l75F, 45 minutes at 200F, l80 minutes at 225F, and 45 minutes ata 235F.
The coated abrasive material thus manufactured was then humidified at 50% R.H., 70F overnite after which a 7 inch diameter disc was die-cut therefrom for evaluation. Prior to evaluation, the abrasive disc was curl corrected according to usual techniques by double flexing, one flex being in a direction perpendicular to the other.
EXAMPLE VA The abrasive disc in Example V was evaluated in a mechanical disk tester on 1020 LC steel. In this machine, a workpiece /ainch X 1 inch X 1 inch X 9% inch angle iron) oscillates back and forth at a rate of 7 feet per minute over a distance of 9% inches, the 4; inch face being ground with the abrasive disc rotating at a speed of 3450 RPM. A force of 12 pounds is maintained against the workpiece by a phenolic back-up pad. The face of the disc was at a angle with the surface being ground.
The performance of the disc of this invention was compared with a similar abrasive product except that the abrasive grain material thereon was of conventional high purity alumina. Over a 10 minute period, the coated abrasive disc of this invention cut 166% that of the control abrasive disc.
EXAMPLE VB An abrasive disc manufactured as in Example V was evaluated in the machine disclosed in Example VA except that a workpiece of 304 stainless steel was utilized and the abrasive was maintained against the work with a force of 10 pounds.
The coated abrasive material of this invention in 6 minutes cut [54% that of a control disc of conventional high purity alumina.
EXAMPLE VC Zirconia-alumina abrasive grain material (40% ZrO which was manufactured as described in Examples l and ll (1 inch ball cast) was jaw crushed to /5 inch chunks. This abrasive material was then rolls crushed to 36 grit size, screened, washed with water, and purged of magnetic particles.
A conventional resole phenol-formaldehyde maker adhesive composition was prepared by mixing together the following:
Components Weight Varcum Resin 2535 (a resol having 18 pounds a solids content of 78%. a formaldehyde to phenol ratio of 2.01 to l, caustic catalyzed and modified with di-propylene glycol Number 2 liquid resin of Example V 7.5 pounds CaCO (14 micron) 3L0 pounds H,O 2.25 pounds RMR Pontamine brown dye (Dupont Co.) 24 grams This composition (100F, viscosity 7000 c.p.s.) was coated on the front side of a cotton drills woven backing member (7 ozjyd") having a 2 X l twill construction, a yarn count of 76 in the warp and 48 in the fill directions, yarn numbers of 12s cotton warp and 17s fill, which had been provided with a conventional gluestarch finish. Sufficient composition was deposited on the backing member to provide, on drying and curing, a maker adhesive coat of 21 lbs. per sandpaper makers ream.
Subsequent to application of the maker adhesive composition, reclaimed abrasive (high purity alumina, 36 grit) was gravity coated (20.8 lbs. per sandpaper makers ream) on the layer of adhesive composition. This abrasive-adhesive coated backing member was then heated at lF for 25 minutes, [F for 25 minutes and 225F for 47 minutes. A second maker adhesive coat was then provided on the backing member, (22 lbs., dry weight, per sandpaper makers ream), being of the same composition as the first maker coat, upon which was then electrostatically deposited, in conventional fashion, 38.6 lbs. per sandpaper maker's ream of the above-described zirconia-alumina abrasive grit. The abrasive-adhesive coated backing member was then heated as before described.
A size adhesive composition was prepared of the same components as the maker adhesive except that sufficient water was added tehreto to provide a composition having a viscosity of 1100 c.p.s. at F. After application of the size composition, the thus coated backing member was heated at F for 25 minutes, l35F for 25 minutes, [80F for 18 minutes, F for 25 minutes and 230F for 15 minutes. Sufficient size composition was provided to result in a wet weight of 28 lbs. per sandpaper makers ream. The abrasiveadhesive coated backing member was then given a final cure by heating it for 8 hours at 230F after which it has ready to be manufactured into abrasive articles for various applications.
EXAMPLE VD Coated abrasive material manufactured as in Example VC (rubber roll standard single flexed) was slit into appropriate lengths and widths and made, according to usual techniques, into endless abrasive belts (2% inches X 60 inches). The belts were then evaluated under controlled conditions in a so-called backstand belt test" wherein, in general, a belt, positioned horizontally, is moved inwardly at a constant pressure and in a direction substantially normal against the k inch face of a workpiece (a inch X 2 inches X 9% inches) moving back and forth over a distance of 9% inch at 7 feet per minute. In this test, the abrasive belt was driven at 5000 surface feet per minute (SFPM) over a 55 durometer, rubber, vertically disposed, serrated contact wheel (7 inches diameter) with 15 lb. dead weight exerted on a workpiece of A-6 steel.
For purposes of comparison, a control belt of conventional high purity alumina was evaluated in the back stand test in the same manner. The coated abrasive material for the control belt was manufactured as abovedescribed, i.e., a double coat coated abrasive material, except that the weight of abrasive grit (I900 ALUN- DUM high purity alumina) applied in the second coat was 39.9 lbs. per sandpaper makers ream. The results are tabulated below:
Belt Time (Min.) Cut Grams Control 40 677 Zirconia-alumina 40 I235 120 2350 As indicated by the data, the control belt gave out after 40 minutes and a cut of only 677 grams. However, over the same time period, the belt in accordance with the invention cut 1235 grams (approximately 180% that of the control belt). Moreover, this belt out for I minutes before giving out, the total cut being 2350 grams.
EXAMPLE VE Abrasive belts as in Example VD were evaluated as described therein except that the workpiece was 304 stainless steel and the belt speed was 3000 SFPM. In a time-end test of 30 minutes, the control belt cut 140 grams; however, the abrasive belt of this invention cut 178 grams EXAMPLE VF Abrasive belts as in Example VE were evaluated in the backstand belt test except that, for purposes of comparison, the grinding operation was performed using Stuarts THREAD-CUT No. 99, a sulfurchlorinated oil, as a grinding lubricant. A 30 minute test resulted in a control belt cut of 145 grams. By comparison, the abrasive belt utilizing the zirconia-alumina abrasive grain of this invention cut 279 grams.
EXAMPLE VG The abrasive grit material like that of Example 11, I inch ball cast, was rolls crushed, as before described in Example V to 36 grit, and was used in the manufacture of abrasive discs as described therein. Discs so manufactured were evaluated in the mechanical disc tester and under the same conditions as before-mentioned for the respective type workpieces. The results are indicated below.
Disc Time Min. workpiece Cut Control* 10 1020 LC Steel 100 Zirconia-alumina 10 do. 155 Control 6 304 s.s. I00 Zirconia-alumina 6 do. 162
Control discs contained conventional high purity alumina abrasive.
EXAMPLE VH A fusion containing approximately 40% zircoma was poured between steel plates spaced 3/16 inches apart. The average analysis of the product was:
SiCt 0.21% F2 0;, 0.] 5% TiO, 0.15% ZrO, 40.56% Na O 0.04% A1 0; 58.89% (by difference).
No analysis was made for the small amounts of lime or magnesia which were present.
Discs of abrasive material, manufactured as described in Example V except that the abrasive grain material was that described above were evaluated grinding workpieces of 1020 L.C. steel and 304 stainless steel. The results were comparable to those obtained in Example VG. The discs manufactured using the zirconia-alumina abrasive material cut 162% better than the control (high purity alumina) in the case of I020 L.C. steel and 154% better than the control in the case of 304 stainless steel.
EXAMPLE VJ Coated abrasive material was manufactured as before-described in Example VC. The abrasive (36 grit) utilized in this material was that described in Example VH.
Abrasive belts were manufactured according to usual techniques and these belts were tested, as beforedescribed, in a backstand belt test. The same conditions were used in Example VD. The results are indicated below for the various workpieces. The test were conducted dry except where indicated.
all control belts were of conventional high purity alumina (36 grit) and such were manufactured in the same manner as the belts of this invention, the only difference being the composition of the abrasive material.
"wet grinding using THREAD-CUT No. )9.
EXAMPLE VK A coated abrasive belt was made of the novel abrasive and compared against a standard belt under the same conditions as in Example VC in grinding 1018 steel.
The backing was the same as in the previous belt example, the front finish of the cloth was a calcium carbonate filled phenol-formaldehyde and the back size was a glue-starch combination with no filler.
The composition of the maker adhesive was as follows:
Components Weight Varcum Resin 2535 18 pounds Liquid resin No. 2 of Example V 7.8 pounds -Continued Components Weight CaCo, 14 micron) 31 pounds Brown Dye 21 grams Water 3 pounds, to give a viscosity of 5000 centipoises at 100F.
The maker weight applied was 22 pounds per sandpaper makers ream for the control and 22.6 pounds for the experimental item. The abrasive was a 40% zironia, cast on 1 inch steel balls, jaw and rolls crushed to 36 grit. The abrasive was electrostatically upwardly propelled in an amount of 58 pounds per sandnpaper makers ream for the control, and 57.8 pounds for the experimental abrasive. The size coat was the same as the maker coat, but diluted to 1100 centipoise at 100F, and was applied in the amount of 28 pounds per sandpaper makers ream (wet weight). The abrasiveadhesive coated backing was heated for 25 minutes at 107F, 25 minutes at 190F, and 47 minutes at 225F, prior to application of the size coat. After sizing, the cure was 25 minutes at 125F, 25 minutes at 135F. 18 minutes at 180F, 25 minutes at 190F, and minutes at 230F, following by 8 hours at 230F.
The test conditions were the same as in Example VD, employing 1018 steel as the workpiece. After 40 minutes the standard control abrasive was used up, having removed 886 grams of steel. After 40 minutes the abrasive of this invention had cut 2196 grams and was used for an additional 32 minutes to give a total metal removal of 2912 grams in 72 minutes.
EXAMPLE VL Belts were prepared employing standard fused alumina, double coated, to provide the standard. The test belt, employing abrasive grits of the present invention, employed the standard fused alumina undercoat, with the second coat being alumina-zirconia grain such as employed in the previous example.
The backing material was the same as in Example VC', the maker coat was the same as in Example VK. The maker adhesive was applied in the amount of 27.4 pounds per sandpaper makers ream, for both the control and the test material. The first abrasive coating was applied by gravity in the amount of 35.2 pounds per ream. The second grit coating was 21.8 pounds per ream for the control, and 17.8 pounds per ream for the experimental. The size coat was applied in the amount of 28 pounds (wet) per ream and was the same composition as in Example VJ. The heating and curing cycles were also the same.
Under the same test conditions as the previous examle, for a time of 16 minutes, the control removed 310 grams of 1018 low carbon steel, while the test abrasive removed 494 grams.
For additional comparison of the abrasive of this invention with high quality abrasive of fused alumina, especially manufactured to use iin precision grinding, special resinoid (phenolic) bonded wheels were made up by hot-pressing and curing a mix containing 32% by volume of abrasive and 68% by volume of a two s age powdered phenol-formaldehyde resin (including, in resin, 30% of 600 grit alumina powder as a filler). in forming the mix a small amount of furfural is employed to wet the abrasive grits.
The wheels were straight wheels, ,5 inches in diameter by 3/16 inches thick with a 1%. inch center hole. The grinding section was a Va inch thick rim and was molded onto a preform to produce the wheel. The grinding operation was fixed feed wet surface grinding. The wheel speed was 5300 surface feed per minute; the table transverse was feet per minute; the unit crossfeed was 50 mils; the unit downfeed was 1 mil; the materials ground were Huron (D3) die steel (Rockwell C hardness and 1045 mild steel (Rockwell b hardness 89), 2 inches wide by 16 inches long. The total downfeed was 20 mils per run, 1 run per wheel; the coolant was water with corrosion inhibitiors.
The control abrasive was high purity fused alumina crystallized from an aluminum sulfide matrix, as described in U.S. Pat. Re No. 20,547, and sold by Norton Company, Worcester, Massachusetts, under the designation 32 ALUNDUM. This type of abrasive is free of thermal strains, is essentially monocrystalline and, in this type of precision grinding, gives as high grinding ratios any known commercially available aluminum oxide abrasives.
The average value for G ratio for the control abrasive was 15.7 volumes of metal removed per volume of wheel wear for the mild steel. The near-eutectic zirconia alumina of this invention, poured between 3/16 inch spaced steel plates gave a G ratio of 29 in grinding the MS steel. In both cases grit size abrasive was employed. Material of the invention cast on 1 inch balls gave an average 0 value of 24 for 13 test wheels.
For D3 die steel, the G values were 4.0 for the control and 6.7 for the abrasive of this invention, poured between 3/16 inch spaced steel plates. For 1 inch ball cast material it was 4.6.
Such tests also show the effect of impurities, indicating that the soda content of the abrasive should be ().l% or lower, by weight. Peak performance has been found with a zirconia content of 38 to 44%, with highest performance at 40.5 to 43.2%. Good results are achieved in the range of 35 to 44%, and zirconia contents as high as 50% are accetable. A sample containing 68% zirconia was unacceptable in precision grinding.
EXAMPLE VI A series of castings of abrasive material were made from a few melts having the following general composition:
% by weight Auo 58.15 (diff) z ro, 41.3
Nap 0.02
This molten abrasive was cast into a number of different types of molds as described below:
50 lb. ingot mold a cast iron mold having an interior mold cavity 8 inches by 18 inches by 9 inches. s 25 lb. ingot moldl a cast iron mold having an interior mold cavity 5% inches by 13% inches and 4% inches.
lump cast a cast iron mold 8 inches by 18 inches by 0 inches filled with 3 1 inches lumps of abrasive grain having essentially the same composition and crystal structure as the material reported as 7920 in Tables 1 and 2 under lump cast" (the procedure of Pett and Kinney S.N. 98,014 1% inch ball cast a cast iron mold 8 inches by 18 inches by 9 inches filled with 1% inch diameter cast iron balls.
1 inch ball cast a cast iron mold 8 inches by 18 inches by 9 inches filled with 1 inch diameter cast iron balls.
3/16 inch 8 mold a sheet iron mold having vertically arranged iron partitions 31 inch thick spaced 3/16 inch apart.
The product resulting from the various casting techniques was then jaw crushed in conventional fashion to 1K; inch chunks. The chunks of abrasive material were then rolls crushed and screened to separate out those abrasive particles having a grit size of 36. The screened material was then washed with water and subjected to a magnetic field to remove any magnetic particles therefrom.
Coated abrasive material was then manufactured from the various fused grit as in the manner described utes at 175F., 23 minutes at 195F.. minutes at 210F., and 23 minutes at 225F. The size coat (a less viscous maker composition) was then applied and the adhesive coated backing member was then heated for 26 minutes at 130F., 26 minutes at 140F., 19 minutes at 190F., minutes at 200F., and 15 minutes at 230F. After this the abrasive material was given a final cure for 8 hours at 230F.
Abrasive material was manufactured in a similar 10 manner as a control for evaluation of the abovemanufactured abrasive material except that 1900 ALUNDUM a high purity alumina-abrasive grit was used. The amount of abrasive grit applied (target weight) was 61 lbs/sandpaper makers ream.
Abrasive belts were manufactured as disclosed in Example VB t'rom the various abrasive material provided, the belts then being evaluated on a bench back stand belt tester as disclosed in Example VD on 1018 steel. The results are indicated below:
Mixture from a number of commercial batches.
in Example VK except that the maker adhesive used The material was also analyzed by scanning electron was of the composition set forth in Example VC. The microscope to determine, eutectic colony size, ZrO,
maker adhesive composition, however, contained no dye.
rod spacing and ZrO rod size. The results were as follows:
Table 2 Eutectic ZrO Rod and/or ZrO, Rod and/or Colony Size Platelet Size Platelet Spacing (Microns) (Microns) (Microns) Run No. Description Min. Max. Ave. Min Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave.
7916 lbs. lngot 20 500 165 0.1 0.8 0.36 0.3 1.2 0.55 7917 25 lbs. lngot 14 370 115 0.15 0.6 0.29 0.28 0.74 0.54 7920 Lump Cast 8 32 0.2 0.6 0.28 0.3 1.0 0.51 7918 1%" Ball 6 37 0.1 0.3 0.18 0.21 0.5 0.35
Cast 7919 1" Ball Cast 6 46 22 0.1 0.25 0.15 0.2 0.5 0.29 7921 3/16" S Mold 4 44 20 0.1 0.3 0.13 0.15 0.5 0.25 Composite 3/16" S Mold 2 52 21 0.1 0.4 0.16 0.18 0.48 0.29
The backing member was the same as that described in Example VC. a cotton drills woven fabric, and the maker weight applied was 23 lbs. per sandpaper makers ream. Abrasive grits (target weight 71 lbs/sandpaper makers ream (actual 71 1-2 lbs.) were electrostati- Since the melting and pouring procedure necessarily involved dinterrupted pouring with additions to the melt and, in some cases different starting melts, the chemical composition of the various runs varied somewhat as indicated below:
cally coated onto the adhesive coated backing member in each instance after which it was heated for 23 min-- In addition to its use as a coated abrasive. the abrasive material (36-60 grit) made in Example V1 was also formed into grinding wheels. These wheels were inches in diameter 3/16 inch thick and had a resinoid type bond similar to that described on page 32. These wheels were then tested in a surface precision grinding test of the type described on pages 32 and 33. The grinding results are set forth below in comparison to a commercial aluminum oxide wheel.
Table 4 Grinding Ratios in some other tests of grinding wheels where a lower percentage of resin bond was employed the advantages for the new abrasive over prior art alumina zirconia abrasives have been minimal or nonexistent. ln these other grinding wheels it is believed that the lack of superior results was due to lack of adequate bond, thus pointing out the dependance on the bond and bonding strength of the wheel structure to achieve the value inherent in the abrasive. If the bond supporting the abrasive is not sufficiently strong to hold the abrasive while permitting gradual breakdown of the individual grits, the self-sharpening characteristics of the pseudohackly fracture along the grain and colony boundaries will not be achieved. The requisite bond strength" will be related to the grit size, grit shape and grinding application.
Obvious other variations can be made in the practice of this invention. The essential requirement as to cooling is only that the cooling be rapid enough to achieve, in the disclosed compositions, an average zirconia rod and/or platelet diameter of 2000 angstroms or less, or rod and/or platelet spacing of less than 4000 angstroms.
Where used in the attached specification and claims the expression average shall mean numerical average and the expression "percent" shall mean weight percent unless otherwise indicated.
What is claimed is:
1. Abrasive grits consisting essentially of co-fused alumina-zirconia, said alumina-zirconia abrasive having been solidified from the molten state at least as rapdily as is accomplished by casting molten aluminazirconia abrasive into a mold filled with 1% inch diameter cast iron balls said alumina-zirconia being predominantly in the form of oriented eutectic colonies associated together as grains within said grits, the zirconia in said colonies being in the form of rods and/or platelets, the maximum average rod spacing and platelet spacing being 4000A, as measured at the colony centers by the random intercept technique, and the maximum average size of primary alumina or zirconia crystals, if any are present, being less than 50 microns, the zirconia content of the abrasive being from 35 to 50%, said abrasive grits having the characteristic that they will fracture along and across colony boundaries when subjected to grinding action while partially embedded in a cured thermoset resin, the fracture providing striated or coliimnar surfaces generally parallel to the long axes of the colonies and stepped fracture surfaces across said long axes.
2. A coated abrasive comprising a flexible backing member having adhesively bonded thereto abrasive grits consisting essentially of co-fused aluminazirconia, said alumina-zirconia abrasive having been solidified from the molten state at least as rapidly as is accomplished by casting molten alumina-zirconia abrasive into a mold filled with l 94 inch diameter cast iron balls said alumina-zirconia being in the form of oriented eutectic colonies associated together as grains within said grits, the zirconia in said colonies being in the form of rods and/or platelets, the maximum average rod spacing and platelet spacing being 4000A, as measured at the colony centers by the random intercept technique, and the maximum average size of primary alumina or zirconia crystals, if any are present, being less than 50 microns, the zirconia content of the abrasive being from to the average ratio of the 20 maximum to minimum dimension of the abrasive grits is at least 1.2 to l, the adhesive bond being sufficiently strong to hold the alumina-zirconia grits to permit fracture thereof during grinding with creation of new cutting edges on the individual grits as the result of the fracture, the fracture providing striated or columnar surfaces generally parallel to the long axes of the colonies and stepped fracture surfaces across said long axes.
3. A grinding wheel formed of abrasive grits held in an adhesive bond, the majority of said abrasive grits consisting essentially of co-fused alumina-zirconia, said alumina-zirconia abrasive having been solidified from the molten state at least as rapidly as is accomplished by casting molten alumina-zirconia abrasive into a mold filled with 1 3/4 inch diameter cast iron balls said alumina-zirconia being in the form of oriented eutectic colonies associated together as grains within said grits, the zirconia in said colonies being in the form of rods and platelets, the maximum average rod spacing and platelet spacing being 4000A, as measured at colony centers by the random intercept technique, and the maximum average size of primary alumina or zirconia crystals, if any are present, being less than 50 microns, the zirconia content of the abrasive being from 35 to 50%, the adhesive bond being sufficiently strong to hold the alumina-zirconia grits to permit fracture thereof during grinding with creation of new cutting edges on the individual grits as the result of the fracture.
4. Abrasive grits as in claim 1 in which at least 25% of the zirconia is in the tetragonal crystal form.
5. A coated abrasive as in claim 2 in which at least 25% of the zirconia in the abrasive is in the tetragonal crystal form.
6. Abrasive grits as in claim 1 including, along colony boundaries, impurities selected from the group consisting of metals and reduction products of metal oxides, and mixtures thereof.
7. A coated abrasive as in claim 2 in which the abrasive grits include, along colony boundaries reduction products of the oxides of metals contained in the abrasive composition.
8. A coated abrasive as in claim 2 in which at least 50% of the alumina-zirconia abrasive grits exhibit a pseudo-hackly fracture.
9. A coated abrasive as in claim 2 in which at least 50% of the alumina-zirconia abrasive grits exhibit an all eutectic structure, that is with no apparent primary alumina or primary zirconia crystallization when polished sections of the grits are examined under a microscope. 1 k i 1=
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Wade Wharton Exhibit
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Chris Noth
Det. Mike Logan
Annabella Sciorra
Det. Carolyn Barek
Jamey Sheridan
Capt. James Deakins
Courtney B. Vance
A.D.A. Carver
David Alan Basche
Jay Kendall
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Nitpick: While checking a suspect's whereabouts, Logan makes reference to a character's credit card having a charge from the Carnegie Deli. The Carnegie Deli does not accept credits cards, and there's a minimum for personal checks.
Mike Logan: He's playing the Cowboys and the Indians.
(Discussing a Native American casino.)
Carolyn Barek: That's just what they need, an addiction-driven economy.
Mike Logan: Hey, it's better than no economy at all.
Special billing was given to Bruce McGill (and) in this episode.
Carolyn Barek: This isn't a game show, Amanda. You don't have to phrase your answers in the form of a question.
Likely a reference to Jeopardy!, the long-running game show created by Merv Griffin and hosted by Alex Trebek, where forgetting to phrase the answer as a question, even if it's correct, will lose the player its dollar value.
Mike Logan: You know, I could eat for a month on what this guy spends on one lunch. 175 bucks at the Four Seasons.
The Four Seasons, on East 52nd Street in Midtown Manhattan, is considered one of New York's (and the whole country's) premier restaurants. Appetizer prices can exceed $30.00, entrées can hit the $70.00 mark, and lunch at the bar is $25.00 per person. Lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who was involved in brokering deals for a number of Indian Casinos, often entertained with lavish meals, and even owned a Washington, DC restaurant used extensively for such purposes.
Chief Johnson: I can't believe that I fell for your Dances With Wolves act!
Dances with Wolves was a 1990 film starring Kevin Costner, in which he played a soldier posted to the Western frontier during the Civil War where he met, befriended, and later ended up protecting an Indian tribe.
This episode appears to be ripped from the headlines of both the Jack Abramoff case and the Valerie Plame case.
The title of the episode, "Wasichu", is a term originating with the Lakota that means "greedy person". In modern terms, it's often used within the Native American movement to refer to those who covet the sacred lands of the Native Americans for their own private gain.
S 10 : Ep 8
Aired 6/26/11
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Baton Rouge Bridal Show July 2015
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Grilling season has arrived! Serve up these BACON WRAPPED SCALLOPS at your next outdoor patio party for a crowd-pleasing surf-and-turf appetizer. Serve with a spicy mayo dip for a little extra ZEST! Bacon Wrapped Scallops INGREDIENTS: 1 1/2 pound large scallops 1/2 pound thin-sliced bacon Extra-virgin olive oil Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 cup good quality … { read more }
{Appetizer} Bacon Wrapped Scallops
{DIY} Chevron Patterned Party Tray
We are loving the fresh + fun chevron print lately, so when our eye caught this chevron party tray, we were smitten! Easy to make, the ever fabulous Martha Stewart has all the how-to details! Best part of this easy HOW-TO?! It's made with a BAKING SHEET! Not only are these perfect for holding cocktails, cupcakes, and other party goodies but also make a darling HOSTESS GIFT! Add a monogrammed … { read more }
Summertime Party Inspiration
Summertime Party Inspiration The beautiful images in this inspiration board just make me want to hop right onto that beach! My sweet friend Chris of Postcards & Pretties is the ultimate inspiration board creator. I can get lost in her beautiful site for hours! I encourage you to relax with a latte or your beverage of choice and browse through her pretties! This summertime inspiration board … { read more }
Star Wars Birthday Party
We're excited to see a themed birthday party done with so many unique details + designs making this a new favorite party! Do your little ones LOVE Star Wars? Check out all the party details from Noelle & Kerry from Sweet Craft Cakes: "What 5-year-old boy isn't fascinated with Star Wars? My son lives and breathes anything Star Wars. So there was no question what theme we would style for his … { read more }
Butterfly Garden 1st Birthday Party
How darling is a butterfly birthday party theme? Emily K. of Emily K Paperie shared her daughter Liesl's 1st birthday to show you, and it certainly one to see! Full of whimsical hanging butterflies, charming pink hues, and garden touches, we are in love with this sweet party. "Ever since little Liesl was born a year ago, I think I was already secretly planning her 1st birthday party ;) The … { read more }
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Planning the Big Day: Our Engagement Party As much fun as planning a wedding can be, another fun event I was really looking forward to was our engagement party : ) We were sorta hoping someone would offer to throw one for us (I mean you can't exactly plan your own!) and finally my delightful bridesmaid Tina decided to organize it for us-and I could not have been more excited! The best thing … { read more }
A "Berry" Cute Fruit Stand Party
Nothing EXCITES me more than a unique birthday party theme for kids. So when Amy of Buggie and Jellybean sent over this darling "Fruit Stand Birthday Party", I was smitten. With summer around the corner, it's almost time for the days of stopping by roadside fruit stands for fresh strawberries, oranges, and pineapples. A party themed around these darling fruit stands? Genius. … { read more }
Eva's Enchanted Garden Party
Enchanted Garden Party What little girl doesn't love the idea of an enchanted garden? Whimsical moss greens and bright red were the chosen color palette for this party designed by Alecia of Boutique Affairs (an Australia reader!). Sweet pink and red butterfly cookies along with clever treat names like 'Magic Monkey Chips" make for a darling display. Moss plate settings are topped with wooden … { read more }