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Soccer Thread V1: Klinsmann for Gold?
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German n00b
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Berlin
Oddometer: 4,735
Originally Posted by
I was referring to a certain match last season.
Also... Neuer.
I didn't really catch that. Doesn't really concern me though. I am not a Bayern fan. You won't find many people in Germany wishing teams playing in european games any ill. Not even if they have a fierce rivalry when playing in Germany.
My club, if you can consider me having one, would be Hertha BSC Berlin. Hard to not take interest if you can hear a full stadium from your balcony.
They are taking a visit to 2. league this year. They'll be up again next year, if they don't fuck up and lose 10 points on third placed Kaiserslautern. Could be 13 points on monday.
BTW. Jones got a Champions League goal on wednesday (and a yellow for misconduct) for Schalke against Galatasaray Istanbul.
Watch a replay. Neuer expected Martinez to head away the ball and already moved into a new position. A misunderstanding than can happen at times. You can see Martinez making a jumping movement but restricts himself to a bit of touching and shoving with the player behind him, not that there is anything wrong with touching and shoving other guys.
Neuer didn't look good there, but it was hardly a fluke or lack of ability.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Dad honors slain daughter: `You taught me how to love'
- Sections:
- Local Coverage
NEWTOWN, Conn. — Little Gracie McDonnell's mother said she'll never be afraid of anything again, because losing her daughter was the worst, most painful thing that could ever happened to her.
"You made me fearless," Lynn McDonnell said at her gorgeous girl's funeral Mass today.
"We were best friends, soul mates and 'sister girls,' " McDonnell said after placing her daughter's favorite stuffed animal on the lectern at St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church.
Grace Audrey McDonnell, 6, died last Friday in the nation's worst elementary school massacre.
Her grieving father Chris McDonnell told his daughter he is "so, so sorry" for not being there to protect her on that horrible day.
He then thanked her for bringing so much love, life and laughter into his life.
"You taught me how to love," he said.
Grace was among 20 students gunned down at Sandy Hook Elementary School. People around the nation paused for a moment of silence at 9:30 this morning to remember the lives lost, and church bells tolled 26 times, once for each of the children and educators killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School.
Authorities still haven't said what drove gunman Adam Lanza to kill his mother, the students and six teachers, before killing himself.
In church today, the focus wasn't on why.
Gracie's cousins wore pink in her honor, and the priest celebrated the Mass in a pink vestment.
Lynn McDonnell said her daughter loved exploring the beach with her Nana, playing in the ocean, and dressing up in pink, purple and sparkles.
Their secret handshake was a bedtime ritual that took 10 minutes.
McDonnell was a member of a large and loving Irish American family, and the church was filled to capacity for her funeral.
Sobbing mourners sang the song "Amazing Grace," as the grieving family members exited the church.
Outside, bagpipers played as their beloved little girl's body was taken away.


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A built-in self test (BIST) for an integrated circuit (IC) including a large logic section, a large dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and a smaller static RAM (SRAM). Additional logic circuitry is included within the IC to enable the IC to test the DRAM, that is, a built-in self test of the DRAM. The DRAM test program is stored in the SRAM by the VLSI tester, and portions of the existing logic circuitry may be used for the memory testing. The VLSI tester initiates the DRAM test and inspects the results of the test but does immediately participate in the DRAM testing. Thereby, a VLSI tester can test both the logic and DRAM portions of the IC, eliminating the need for separate memory test equipment.
1. A display controller circuit comprising:
a display memory for storing display data;
a palette memory for storing a color conversion palette and testing instructions for testing the display memory;
a logic portion, coupled to said display memory and said palette memory for receiving testing instructions stored in said palette memory and testing said display memory in response to the received instructions.
2. A combined logic and memory circuit comprising:
a first memory portion;
a second memory portion;
a logic portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion to provide operational outputs of the combined logic and memory circuit; and
a testing portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion, incorporating parts of said logic portion, for receiving instructions stored in said second memory portion to test said first memory portion;
wherein said first memory portion, said second memory portion, said logic portion, and said testing portion are incorporated into an integrated circuit chip, and
wherein said operational outputs of said logic portion includes digital outputs coupling said second memory portion to said operational outputs.
3. The combined logic and memory circuit of claim 2,
wherein said operational outputs are color signals for a video controller.
4. A combined logic and memory circuit comprising:
a first memory portion;
a second memory portion;
a logic portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion to provide operational outputs of the combined logic and memory circuit; and
a testing portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion, incorporating parts of said logic portion, for receiving instructions stored in said second memory portion for testing said first memory portion;
wherein said first memory portion, said second memory portion, said logic portion, and said testing portion are incorporated into an integrated circuit chip, and
wherein said integrated circuit chip is included on a board connected to a computer bus and wherein a logic tester is connected to said computer bus.
5. A combined logic and memory circuit comprising:
a first memory portion;
a second memory portion;
a logic portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion to provide operational outputs of said combined logic and memory circuit; and
a testing portion, coupled to said first memory portion and said second memory portion, incorporating parts of said logic portion, for receiving instructions stored in said second memory portion to test said first memory portion;
wherein said first memory portion, said second memory portion, said logic portion, and said testing portion are incorporated into an integrated circuit chip, and
wherein said first memory portion comprises dynamic random-access memory and said second memory portion comprises static random-access memory.
6. A method of testing an electronic module including a logic portion, a first memory, and a second memory, said method comprising the steps of:
actively testing at least first portions of said logic portion with an automatic test equipment;
loading a memory test program into said second memory from said automatic test equipment;
controlling an operation of said loaded memory test program by at least second portions of said logic portion so as to test said first memory; and
examining a result of said testing of said first memory through said automatic test equipment.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said automatic test equipment initiates said operation of said memory test program and then relinquishes control to said second portions of said logic portion.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said first memory comprises dynamic random-access memory and said second memory comprises static random-access memory.
The present invention generally relates to the built-in self testing of memory portions of integrated circuits, which enables the use of a single testing device for testing of electronic integrated circuits incorporating both logic and memory portions. Particularly, the present invention relates to built-in testing of memory embedded in a larger integrated circuit.
Electronic integrated circuits (ICs) are usually exhaustively tested after their manufacture to assure that they perform according to their design. Because the fabrication of integrated circuits is so complex and requires precise dimensional controls, ICs are prone to defects introduced during their manufacture, and these defects can often affect only very few of the circuit elements, which can number in the millions. In complex ICs, the defective circuit element may be exposed in only one of a large number of test patterns that electrical test equipment imposes on the IC to determine whether the IC is correctly operating. Hence, elaborate high-speed automatic test equipment (ATE) has been developed for testing ICs.
Automatic testing and the associated ATE are usually divided into two distinct types. Memory testers test memory chips which contain a large number of memory cells arranged in regular arrays and additionally contain smaller amounts of support and interface circuitry. Generally, if each memory cell is tested in turn, then there is a high probability that the testing has uncovered every defect on the memory chip. Although it is common to test for different geometrically dependent fault patterns, e.g., all ones or a zero surrounded by ones, these patterns also can be shifted through the regularly arranged memory cells. As a result, for memory testing, the test patterns are relatively simple and the number of test sequences is proportional to NM, where NM is the number of memory cells.
In contrast to memory testers, logic testers test logic chips, such as microprocessors, controllers, and other related circuitry embodied in an integrated circuit. In general, complex logic has circuitry which requires several clock cycles to ingest particular sets of input data that exercise deeply embedded parts of the logic circuitry. The number of exhaustive test cycles may be much greater than NL, the number of logic gates on the chip. Also, advanced logic circuitry may have several hundred input and output pins. Logic testing therefore requires well considered test vectors applied to testers with large number of input probes and output probes.
The result is that commercial ATE equipment has developed along two paths. One type of equipment includes memory testers, the other type includes VLSI (very large-scale integrated-circuit) testers for testing logic circuitry, and the use of one type of tester to test the other type of circuitry at a minimum introduces severe inefficiencies. An example of a commercial VLSI tester is the Duo from Credence, Inc. of Beaverton, Oreg.
Modern video controllers have an integrated-circuit structure that does not neatly fit the above division of integrated circuits and associated test equipment. A video controller is used, for example, in personal computers to receive video control signals from the microprocessor and to translate those signals into a continuous stream of usually analog signals to control a cathode ray tube (CRT) or other equivalent display. Video controllers have become increasingly important with the advent of graphical user interfaces and high-resolution displays, both of which place heavy demands on their video controllers. An example of a video controller integrated circuit, often called a video accelerator chip, is the CL-GD5434, available from Cirrus Logic, Inc. of Fremont, Calif. and which is described in the data book Alpine VGA Family--CL-GD543X: Technical Reference Manual, 3rd ed., 1994, available from Cirrus. This chip has 208 pins.
A very high-level circuit diagram of the above noted video controller and its electronic environment is shown in FIG. 1. A host computer 10, usually in the form of a motherboard including a microprocessor, is typically connected via a computer bus, such as a PCI bus 12, to a video controller board, such as a VGA board 14. It is, however, understood that the invention is not limited to VGA boards or PCI buses, which may be superseded by more advanced video boards and buses; and furthermore, the invention is not even limited to video boards or video controllers.
Although in the past the VGA board 14 was a printed circuit board including many different components, more recent video controllers have incorporated most of the functions onto a single video controller integrated circuit mounted on the board 14. In particular, large blocks of memory may be included on the same chip as the logic circuitry for the video controller, that is, memory is embedded in the logic chip. Video accelerator chip 16 is representative of such a video controller (also referred to as a VGA chip). Since so many functions have been integrated into the video accelerator chip 16, some designs place it and the relatively few other components needed for video controls on the computer motherboard of the host computer 10.
The PCI bus 12 may directly communicate with a logic section 18 of the video accelerator chip 16. The logic section 18 generally controls a video buffer 20 including a video first-in/first-out buffer section 22 and a cursor register 24, both of which input to a palette table 26 which converts the video and cursor signals to digital color signals of preselected colors on three digital color output lines 28. The palette table 26 is usually implemented as a static random-access memory (SRAM) of fairly small size, for example, principally a 256�18 section on the CL-GD543X operating as a look-up table. Although the described embodiment utilizes a 256�18 SRAM, it is anticipated that in more advanced video accelerator chips, the length of the words in the palette table will lengthen to N bits, requring a 256�N SRAM. The palette table 26 outputs, in one mode, 6 bits to each of the three digital color output lines 28 for any of 256 colors. A digital-to-analog converter 30 converts the digital color signals to three equivalent analog color signals R, G, B controlling the color display on an analog display 31, such as a cathode-ray tube (CRT). A CRT controller 34 outputs synchronization signals to the analog display 32 and also controls the cursor register 24.
The logic section 18 relies upon a large display memory 32, usually implemented in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). In advanced video accelerator chips, the display DRAM is embedded in the chip 16. That is, the single IC video chip 16 includes both a large logic section and a large DRAM section. The DRAM 32 in present advanced video accelerator chips commonly has a size in the range of 1/2 to 2 megabytes. The large display memory 32 allows a relatively low flow of information on the PCI bus 12 to update a large amount of slowly changing color data in the display memory 32, thereby off loading display functions from the host computer 10. A more complete diagram of the accelerator chip 16 is provided on page 3-32 of the cited Cirrus reference manual.
A clock oscillator 34 on the video board 14 controls a frequency synthesizer 36 on the video accelerator chip 16, which produces at least two clocking signals for various components on the VGA chip. The separate timing circuitry can be used because the timing of the display 31 is fairly independent of the PCI bus 12. The video board 14 may also contain passive elements, such as for power conditioning. Similar types of video-control circuitry are generally required for non-CRT displays.
The SRAM 26 and DRAM 32 have significantly different characteristics. Static RAM is based on flip-flop circuitry that holds values in its memory as long as power to the SRAM is not removed. The SRAM 26 is relatively small and contains color-conversion information that changes only infrequently. It needs to be very fast to keep up with the video display rate, but SRAM tends to be relatively expensive and may consume substantial power. On the other hand, dynamic RAM is based on capacitive cells in a MOS circuits. These cells are inherently leaky, and their contents need to be refreshed periodically on the order of milliseconds. However, DRAM storage cells are small and simple compared to SRAM memory cells. As a result, the DRAM 32 can be made large but relatively inexpensive on a per-bit basis. Its speed is somewhat low but can be enhanced by block transfers which are characteristic of video mapping.
Manufacturers of video accelerator chips or of video boards must assure that their circuitry is operating correctly. However, the large embedded DRAM 32 of FIG. 1 presents a testing problem. A VLSI tester can fairly easily test the logic section 16 and the relatively small palette table SRAM 26 as well as other lesser circuitry. But testing the large DRAM 32 with a VLSI tester, particularly when it needs to interface through logic optimally designed for non-testing functions, becomes prohibitively long and expensive. The same constraints do not apply to testing the SRAM 26 since it is relatively small, for example, 256�18, so that a relatively few test vectors from the VLSI tester can test all the locations.
A memory tester is needed for testing the large DRAM 32. However, since the DRAM 32 is embedded in the video accelerator chip 16, additional input and output pins may be required on the packaged chip 16 to effectively access the DRAM for testing. Unfortunately, the number of pin-outs on video accelerator chips is already excessively high, and it is desired to not provide extra pin-outs for memory testing. Furthermore, using two different types of testers, a VLSI tester for the logic portion and a memory tester for the DRAM portion, requires two types of expensive equipment and lengthens the testing operation.
Accordingly, it is desired to provide a method of testing DRAM embedded on a board or in a chip by a VLSI tester.
The testing of embedded RAM is an old problem One solution involving built-in self test (BIST) is described by Fasang et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,619, issued Aug. 11, 1992 and entitled BUILT-IN SELF TEST FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MEMORY. However, this approach to BIST relies on pseudo-random program generators for producing the address and data used in the testing, and provides a relatively rigid test regimen.
The invention can be summarized as an apparatus and associated method for testing a large primary memory embedded in a chip that is otherwise largely logic circuitry and needs to be tested with a logic tester. The invention is particularly applicable to such a logic chip having a smaller secondary memory. The logic section is expanded to include a microcontroller for built-in self testing (BIST) that executes BIST instructions stored by the logic tester in the secondary memory so as to test the larger primary memory.
FIG. 1 is a schematical representation of a prior-art computer system including a video card.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a computer system of the invention including a video card with built-in self testing of the large display memory.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of many of the circuit elements involved in the built-in self test.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the external testing sequence that invokes the built-in self testing of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a format of the instructions stored in the small embedded memory for testing the larger embedded memory.
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of registers for loading one or more parts of the data register.
The descriptions herein are used for examples only illustrative of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. However, it should be noted that the methods and systems of the present invention may be applied in a similar manner in other embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention.
According to the present invention, as illustrated in the circuit diagram of FIG. 2, a video card 50 includes a video accelerator chip 52 that generally resembles the video accelerator chip 16 of the prior art but that additionally includes a built-in self test (BIST) function for the large display DRAM 32. The representation of the video accelerator chip 52 has been somewhat simplified so as to emphasize the novel features. The built-in self test is largely incorporated into a combined logic/BIST section 54 because many of the BIST functional elements are implemented by registers and the like which are otherwise used for video functions during the normal operation of the video card 50. It is to be understood that many illustrated elements could easily be viewed as being incorporated into the logic section, but they are separately illustrated because of their importance to the built-in self test.
As will be described in detail later, the BIST operations are typically executed by a microcontroller subsection which receives program instructions from an instruction register 56 and controls a program counter 58 determining the sequencing of the program instructions. The instruction register 56 and program counter 58 need not be implemented as separate circuitry but may also be incorporated into existing video registers.
The BIST program is stored in the palette SRAM 26. Since memory testing is relatively simple, the testing program need be no longer than 256 steps of 18-bit instructions, which can be accommodated within the 256�18 palette SRAM 26. The palette SRAM 26 outputs the instructions on the three digital color signal lines 28, which are combined in parallel into an 18-bit instruction input bus 60 to the instruction register 56. An 8-bit address bus 62 from the program counter 58, although illustrated separately, is tied to some of the lines of the video bus 27 between the video FIFO buffer 22 and the palette SRAM 26 so as to determine which of the 256 instructions stored therein are to be executed by the BIST microcontroller.
This arrangement requires that the BIST program be read into the palette SRAM 26, preferably from the VLSI tester 66, whenever built-in self testing is executed because in normal operation the palette SRAM 26 is being used as the color look-up table. The BIST program is read into the palette SRAM 26 by using the video set-up functions in the combined logic/BIST section 54 communicating with the SRAM 26 through the video bus 27.
The dual-frequency synthesizer 36 outputs two clock signals, one of which is used in the video modes for accessing the display DRAM 32. In the BIST mode, one of the clock signals is input to the BIST microcontroller to clock its operation. However, it is possible for the VLSI tester to supply the required clock signal to the logic/BIST section 54.
The built-in self test can be initiated and controlled in a number of ways. The video card 50 or the video accelerator chip 52 can be removed from the computer system and inserted into a VLSI tester for any testing. Alternatively, the video card 50 communicates with a VLSI tester 66 through the PCI bus 12, either with or without the host computer 10 remaining on the PCI bus 12, and the BIST circuitry is enabled on the video card 50 through the PCI bus 12. With some additional circuitry, to be described later, enough intelligence is incorporated into the BIST circuitry that the BIST testing can be initiated by a simple sequence of instructions from the host computer 10, thus eliminating the need for the VLSI tester 66.
To provide some specificity to the examples, the display DRAM 32 will be assumed to be a 1 MB (megabyte) DRAM with words of 4 bytes (32 bits) arranged in 512 rows and 512 columns so that the rows and columns can be accessed, as illustrated in FIG. 3, by two 9-bit address registers 70, 72 located in the combined logic/BIST section 54 of the video accelerator chip 52. The address registers 70, 72 are split apart and designated as respectively providing the x-address and the y-address because DRAM is arranged in this fashion and the two addresses probe different types of circuitry. A 32-bit data register 74 exchanges data with the display DRAM 32. The address registers 70, 72 and the data register 74, as well as other functions for built-in self test (BIST), are controlled by a BIST control unit 78, which has the general architecture of a microcontroller. Four 9-bit registers 80, 82, 84, 86 connected to the BIST control unit 78 hold the minimum and maximum values of the row and column addresses. The 8-bit program counter 58 under the control of the BIST control unit 78 cycles through the 256 locations of the palette SRAM 26, now functioning as an instruction RAM. The output of the palette SRAM 26, which is enabled by a read enable line 90, is carried on the three 8-bit digital color output lines 28 (FIG. 2) connecting to the 18-bit instruction bus 60 that supplies the 18-bit instructions to the instruction register 56, which holds the instructions for execution by the BIST control unit 78. These instructions dictate the built-in self test.
An 8-bit test register 92 provides control information to the BIST control unit 78 and receives the testing status and results. The test register 92 instructs the BIST control unit 78 through a start line 94 to start the procedure for built-in self test. The BIST control unit 78 through a results bus 96 informs the test register 92 of the ongoing execution or completion of the self test and stores the results of the self test in the test register 92 for later interrogation. The format of the 8-bit test register 92 is illustrated in TABLE 1.
The first bit START can be stored with a value that instructs the BIST control unit 78 that the built-in self test should start immediately. The START bit is set by the VLSI tester to initiate immediate testing and is reset by the BIST control unit 78 when the built-in self test has been completed. The second bit STATUS is set by the BIST control unit 78 at the beginning of the self test, and is reset by the BIST control unit 78 at the end of testing. Its primary function is to lock out the PCI bus from rewriting during BIST testing any of the DRAM or SRAM memory locations or any registers in the combined logic/BIST section 54 that are relevant to BIST. In particular, it prevents a second invocation of BIST from interfering with an ongoing BIST. The third bit contains the result TEST-- RESULT of the built-in self testing. In its simplest implementation, one bit describes whether no error was found or whether at least one error was found during the built-in self test. The number of bits for TEST-- RESULT could be expanded to indicate the number of errors or type of error detected in the DRAM. The STATUS and TEST-- RESULT bits should be read-only to the VLSI tester since only the BIST control unit 78 should change them.
An example of the test sequence which would be performed by an external test controller, such as a VLSI tester interfaced to the accelerator chip 52 through the PCI bus 12, is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 4. In an initial test 100, the STATUS bit of the test register 92 is interrogated to determine if the VLSI tester should be locked out of the BIST sequence because a BIST testing sequence is underway. This initial testing assumes that the STATUS bit is reset during initialization or other appropriate exercise of the video accelerator chip 52. Otherwise, BIST could not be initiated. If the STATUS bit is set to indicate ongoing testing, the VLSI tester cannot now initiate the BIST sequence, probably because the sequence is already being performed from another invocation. If the STATUS bit is detected in step 100 to indicate that BIST testing is not ongoing, the VLSI tester in step 102 loads the 256 18-bit instructions into the SRAM 26. After the entire program has been loaded, in step 104, the VLSI tester sets the START bit in the test register 92 so as to initiate the built-in self test. Thereafter, the VLSI program queries in test 106 the STATUS bit of the test register 92. If the STATUS bit indicates that BIST testing is ongoing, the VLSI tester immediately loops around to reexecute the test 106 or performs a non-interfering background task in step 108 that will periodically reexecute the test 106. Alternatively the background task 108 could simply be a preprogrammed wait period expected to be sufficient to complete the testing. When test 106 finally determines a STATUS bit indicating that the BIST testing is done, in step 110 the VLSI tester reads the TEST-- RESULT from the test register 92.
The BIST control unit 78 must set the STATUS bit at the beginning of memory testing and reset it at the completion of testing. The BIST control unit 78 must also reset the START bit to TEST-- DONE at the end of its testing program to prevent immediate reexecution of the BIST procedure, which would likely occur before the results of the first execution have been read. Also, the BIST control unit 78 must block the PCI bus from performing any function within the video accelerator chip 52 that would interfere with the BIST process.
It is thus seen that once the VLSI tester sets up and initiates the internal BIST process, it is not substantially involved until the BIST is completed except for periodic polling of the test register 92. Even this involvement could be eliminated with an interrupt issued by the BIST control unit 78 to the VLSI tester or host computer at the completion of BIST testing.
The 18-bit words stored in the SRAM 26 are quite sufficient for a set of instructions capable of testing a DRAM with a short program of no more than 256 instructions. An exemplary instruction format that can be accommodated with the 18 bits is illustrated in FIG. 5.
The final three fields 120, 124, 126 can be 1-bit flags indicating the type of operation with the functions given in following TABLE 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________FLAGS______________________________________F Flag to Inhibit Error CheckingW Write RAMR Read RAM______________________________________
The first field 128 indicates a condition dictating, for the most part, what happens to the program counter (PC) 58 at the end of the execution of the instruction. Some useful conditions are given in TABLE 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________CONDITIONS______________________________________ADV Advance PCCADVX Advance PC if condition in X address register X is satisfiedCADVY Advance PC if condition in Y address register is satisfiedJUMPX Load PC with contents of jump register if condition in X address register is satisfiedJUMPY Load PC with contents of jump register if condition in Y address register is satisfiedGOTO Unconditionally load PC with contents of jump registerRST Reset PCEND Return control to tester; write RESULT, reset START and STATUS bits______________________________________
The JUMPX, JUMPY, and GOTO operations require an unillustrated jump register be implemented in the BIST control unit 78 that can be loaded by the VLSI tester.
The second field 130 of the instruction format of FIG. 5 contains the data operations summarized in TABLE 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________DATA OPERATIONS______________________________________ LOAD-- D Load data registerCOMP-- D Complement data registerSHL-- D Shift left data registerSHR-- D Shift right data registerINC-- D Increment data registerDEC-- D Decrement data registerLOAD0 Load zero into data registerHOLD-- D Leave data register unchanged______________________________________
These operations load data into the 32-bit data register 74 and perform some rudimentary operations upon the loaded data.
The loading of data, particularly the LOAD-- D operation, is best performed with the use of two additional registers, as illustrated in the circuit schematic of FIG. 6. The VLSI tester uses I/O operations to load values into an 8-bit data register 132 and a 3-bit byte access register 134. When a LOAD-- D instruction is later executed during BIST, the data DR that has been pre-loaded into the 8-bit data register 132 is transferred one or more times through the BIST control unit 78 into the 32-bit data register 74 according to the byte access values in the byte access register 134. The operation is summarized in TABLE 5.
Thereby, the 8-bit value DR can be loaded into one, two, three, or four 8-bit sections of the 32-bit data register 74. This approach is particularly useful since memory testing usually involves fairly periodic test patterns so there is no overriding need to uniquely specify all 32 bits.
The third field 136 of the instruction of FIG. 5 is the Y-operation for affecting the Y-address register 72 and the fourth field 138 is the X-operation for affecting the Y-address register 70. Exemplary instructions are given in TABLE 6 only for the X-operations since the Y-operations can complement the X-operations and there are few differences between them.
TABLE 6______________________________________X-OPERATIONS______________________________________INC-- X Increment X-address register; PC advances to next locationINCX-- TIL-- XMAX Increment X-address register; but if X=Xmax, the program counter increments and X is reset to XminINCX@YMAX Increment X-address register if Y=Ymax ; but if X=Xmax, reset X to Xmin ; program counter reset if condition is metDECX Decrement X-address register; PC incrementedDECX@YMIN Decrement X-address register if Y=YminDECX-- TIL-- XMIN Decrement X-address register until X=Xmin ; increment program counter only if X=XminCOMPLX Complement X-register______________________________________
A typical set of instructions executed by the VLSI tester in loading the test program and setting the test register, as summarized in steps 102, 104 in FIG. 4, is presented in TABLE 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________VLSI TESTER INSTRUCTIONS______________________________________IOWR XMIN 0IOWR XMAX 511IOWR YMIN 0IOWR YMAX 511IOWR DR 0IOWR BA 7IOWR| Instructions to SRAM||IOWR TR 1______________________________________
The first four instructions write the address limits into the registers 80, 84, 86, 88. The fifth and sixth instructions write values into the 8-bit register 132 and byte access register 134 of FIG. 6. There then follow a number of instruction, up to 128 instruction, that write the BIST program into the SRAM 26 of FIGS. 2 and 3. The last step sets the START bit in the test register 92.
Although the circuit of FIG. 3 shows many registers and circuits associated with the combined logic/BIST section 54 that are used for BIST, many of them can have other functions when the video card 50 or video accelerator chip 52 is being used in its normal operation so that less additional circuitry is required for the BIST circuitry. Examples of reused circuitry are the address registers 70, 72, the data register 74, and the address limit registers 80, 82, 84, 86. It is expected, though not required, that most if not all of the control unit 74, the instruction register 56, the program counter 88, and the tester register 92 will be used exclusively for the BIST functions.
It is thus seen that with relatively little additional circuitry, the video accelerator chip 52 can be completely tested with a VLSI tester, eliminating the need both for a memory tester and for additional DRAM pin-outs. Since the BIST process, once initialized, is performed entirely on the chip, it can execute faster than possible with a memory tester operating over long probes or buses. The throughput of the VLSI tester can be increased if provision is made for the tester to test a second chip or board while the first is undergoing BIST.
A distinct advantage of the invention is the programmability of the built-in test. Unlike prior BIST circuitry that included hard-wired testing, the BIST procedure can be changed after the chip has been designed and fabricated. The VLSI tester can initiate two or more different tests on the same chip by changing the program stored in the SRAM. During the product lifetime, the testing protocol may change as some failure modes are eliminated or found to not present a problem or as additional failure modes are identified. The change in protocol can be easily accommodated by changing the BIST program instructions within the VLSI tester.
Although the invention has been described with respect to a video accelerator chip, the invention is not so limited. Other advanced integrated circuits include large portions of memory embedded in a largely logical chip and would benefit from the invention. Although the described embodiments test DRAM with a program stored in SRAM, the invention is not so limited and may be applied to various combinations of memory types, even of the same type.
Although the invention has been described with reference to a VLSI tester being used as the automatic test equipment, the BIST memory test can be initiated by other, simpler equipment. Indeed, the host computer can be programmed to provide the required instructions over the PCI bus to the board or chip under test.
While the preferred embodiment and various alternative embodiments of the invention have been disclosed and described herein, it may be apparent to those skilled in the art which various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Sheryl Cline - Vice President- K-12
I am Sheryl Cline, the K-12 Vice-President. I graduated from the University of Iowa in 2012 and began working at Central City CSD. This fall will start my third year. My formal title is K-12 counselor, but we recently hired another ½ time counselor thanks to the sharing legislation. I will be providing consistent support to grades 4-12, but will be available for all students when the other counselor is not in the building. I am very excited to have another counselor so we can focus more on our elementary needs. I have also supervised a practicum student and will be supervising our new counselor as she completes her internship hours this coming school year.
In addition to my counseling role, I also work for the Arc of East Central Iowa as a Direct Service Provider. I spend nights, weekends, and summers working with individuals with disabilities to give their parents respite and teach community living skills. I love being able to assist our consumers and their families in this way and have found it to be a very rewarding experience.
I decided to be on the board after some encouragement by colleagues. I think it is important to advocate for our position around the state and work with other counselors so we can be the best we can be. In this position, I hope to learn from other counselors/board members, but also bring new ideas and perspectives to the board as a K-12 counselor and someone who is fairly new to the profession. I also hope to help support the other K-12 counselors around the state and collect new ideas to assist in managing our busy roles as K-12 counselors. I am always interested to hear how other counselors organize classroom guidance, small groups, and individual counseling and how they manage their time.
Outside of work, I spend a lot of time with my dog Luke going exploring and walking at the parks around the Cedar Rapids area. I also enjoy visiting my parents and siblings and watching my niece and nephew.
Please let me know if I can help in any way.


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Baked Quail
5 Sep 2009
|Onion soup mix
|3 Ounce (1 Package)
|Condensed cream of mushroom soup
|1 Can (10 oz)
|Condensed cream of chicken soup
|1 Can (10 oz)
|Cream of celery soup
|1 Can (10 oz)
Soak birds overnight in salted water.
Place birds on backs in large piece of heavy foil in roasting pan.
Sprinkle onion soup mix over birds; add mushroom, chicken and celery soups.
Seal aluminum foil over birds.
Bake at 350 degrees until tender.
Serve with wild rice, if desired.
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Baked Quail Recipe


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MONROEVILLE - A district-wide evacuation went off without a hitch, superintendent Carol Girton told the board of education Monday.
The annual procedure took place Monday, so that students and staff will know what to do should an incident such as a bomb threat occur.
Read the rest of this story in http://activepaper.olivesoftware.com/Default/Skins/Norwalk/Client.asp?Skin=Norwalk&Daily=NRWK&AppName=1"">Today's Reflector...<>/p>


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Los Angeles, CA
J. Burns is an artist creating rich expressive abstracts, highly individual works of art packed with color and vibrancy, imaginative works of primitive art packed with movement and passion, mixed media on canvas paintings with breathtaking colors and hues. Burns calls his own self-taught, energized style of painting 'primitive abstract'. "I'm the first to admit my skills are raw, rudimentary at best," he said, "Not to sound obtuse, but no one will mistake my art for being avant garde. However, it is my passion for art, my organic need to create and my drive to produce which sustains me."
Believing he needed a muse for his art, Burns traveled the globe in search of one. In the end, he came to realize that inspiration was to be found in the form of dreams. "Vivid colors. Primordial images. Faraway places. Time out of mind stuff," said Burns. "As I begin to paint my dreams, somewhere deep within my brain's primordial ooze new visceral interpretations bubble up to the surface, erupting in a pastiche of colors, shapes and textures onto the canvas in ways that even I, as the artist, cannot comprehend. While it may sound like truly a transcendental process, I must acknowledge, at times, it is not entirely a frictionless experience, but then again, who said making art was easy?"
Welcome to the Burns Paint Art Online Gallery: Primitive Abstract Artwork Paintings. Art for sale, art prints, art canvas and art online gallery featuring the original artwork paintings, abstract paintings, art on canvas prints of artist painter J. Burns.
Copyright Notice (c) J. Burns. All rights reserved. All images (c) 2012-2013 J. Burns.


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Mid August poll time!
Which Red is most scrappy?!
And why?
61 Bronson Arroyo
34 Homer Bailey
51 Jared Burton
48 Francisco Cordero
47 Johnny Cueto
46 Carlos Fisher
39 Aaron Harang
52 Daniel Ray Herrera
62 Justin Lehr
40 Nick Masset
53 Arthur Rhodes
38 Kip Wells
29 Ryan Hanigan
30 Craig Tatum
2 Alex Gonzalez
7 Paul Janish
4 Brandon Phillips
27 Scott Rolen
23 Adam Rosales
15 Drew Sutton
19 Joey Votto
64 Wladimir Balentien
31 Jonny Gomes
17 Laynce Nix
3 Willy Taveras
Wolfboy's Grandma
Mid August poll time!
Which Red is most scrappy?!
And why?
"But I do know Joey's sister indirectly (or foster sister) and I have heard stories of Joey being into shopping, designer wear, fancy coffees, and pedicures."
I'm going with Votto. First base isn't usually where you'll find the most scrappy player, but Joey is Canadian and is probably missing a few teeth from the hockey, and that's scrappier then american players going to the Gap and stuff.
"But I do know Joey's sister indirectly (or foster sister) and I have heard stories of Joey being into shopping, designer wear, fancy coffees, and pedicures."
It should be a scrap to the death between Rosales and Taveras. Votto is too smooth to be scrappy.
Games are won on run differential -- scoring more than your opponent. Runs are runs, scored or prevented they all count the same. Worry about scoring more and allowing fewer, not which positions contribute to which side of the equation or how "consistent" you are at your current level of performance.
Rosales doesn't actually exist, he's just a hologram collage of images left over from Ryan Freel, Brady Clark, Chris Stynes, and THE Chris Denorfia.
"I saw Wedding Crashers accidentally. I bought a ticket for Grizzly Man and went into the wrong theater. After an hour, I figured I was in the wrong theater, but I kept waiting. Thats the thing about bear attacks. They come when you least expect it."-Dwight K. Schrute
I voted for Taveras. I read it wrong and thought it said, "Most Crappy"
Janish, b/c he's pitched 2.0 IP this season.
It's absolutely Adam Rosales. He even made it into a commercial for FSN.
"Bring on Rod Stupid!"
Herrera gets my vote.
He's the one on the far left.
When you're shorter than the ball boys, you can't be anything other than scrappy.
Hanigan does the most with the least "skills". Hard nosed and scrappy.
Herrera is a close second. I'm about his height, so if I make him the most scrappy, I'm admitting that shortness is a handicap, which I will never do.
I only count players who actually do something with their scrappyness, so Taveras and Rosales don't count. Rosales might count next year if he is used in the right role.
"Imagination is more important than knowledge." -- Albert Einstein
I think you have a lot of time on your hands, Raisor.
The Rally Onion wants 150 fans before Opening Day.
I'm going with the sort of scrappy we aren't used to. Danny ray Herrera--scrappy and effective!
0 Value Over Replacement Poster
"Sit over here next to Johnathan (Bench)...sit right here, he's smart."--Sparky Anderson
This team certainly is loaded down with scrap
Go Gators!
I voted Phillips, because he has ran into the most outs. I do realize he loses points for actually being good, however.
The great thing about getting older is that you don't lose all the other ages you've been.
― Madeleine L'Engle
My Goodreads Author Page
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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Bouncy Castle wrote:They didn't "take" them.
I asked them if they'd hold a spare set of keys for me, in case of emergency.
I once locked myself out and had to get a neighbour to drive me to friends who had a spare set, but they're now retired to Spain, so I wanted a set a tad closer to home.
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SAN FRANCISCO -- Protesters sitting on the ground supporting the Occupy Wall Street movement on the campus of the University of California, Davis took a face full of pepper spray at close range from an officer in riot gear in an incident that was captured on cellphone video and spread virally across the Internet Saturday.
UC Davis Chancellor Linda Katehi described the video images as "chilling" and said she was forming a task force to investigate even as a faculty group called for her resignation because of the police action Friday.
However, a law enforcement official who watched the clip called the use of force "fairly standard police procedure."
In the video, an officer dispassionately pepper-sprays a line of several sitting protesters who flinch and cover their faces but remain passive with their arms interlocked as onlookers shriek and scream out for the officer to stop.
"The use of the pepper spray as shown on the video is chilling to us all and raises many questions about how best to handle situations like this," Chancellor Linda Katehi said in a message posted on the school's website Saturday.
The protest was held in support of the overall Occupy Wall Street movement and in solidarity with protesters at the University of California, Berkeley who were jabbed by police with batons on Nov. 9.
The UC Davis video images, which were circulated on YouTube and widely elsewhere online, prompted immediate outrage among faculty and students, with the Davis Faculty Association saying in a letter Saturday that Katehi should resign.
"The Chancellor's role is to enable open and free inquiry, not to suppress it," the faculty association said in its letter.
It called Katehi's authorization of police force a "gross failure of leadership."
At a news conference later on Saturday, Katehi said what the video shows is "sad and really very inappropriate." The events surrounding the protest have been hard on her personally, but she had no plans to resign, she said.
"I do not think that I have violated the policies of the institution. I have worked personally very hard to make this campus a safe campus for all," she said.
Charles J. Kelly, a former Baltimore Police Department lieutenant who wrote the department's use of force guidelines, said pepper spray is a "compliance tool" that can be used on subjects who do not resist, and is preferable to simply lifting protesters.
"When you start picking up human bodies, you risk hurting them," Kelly said. "Bodies don't have handles on them."
After reviewing the video, Kelly said he observed at least two cases of "active resistance" from protesters. In one instance, a woman pulls her arm back from an officer. In the second instance, a protester curls into a ball. Each of those actions could have warranted more force, including baton strikes and pressure-point techniques.
"What I'm looking at is fairly standard police procedure," Kelly said.
Images of police actions have served to galvanize support during the Occupy Wall Street movement, from the clash between protesters and police in Oakland last month that left an Iraq War veteran with serious injuries to more recent skirmishes in New York City, San Diego, Denver and Portland, Ore.
The forcible Oakland protest eviction, the first of its kind on a large scale, marred the national reputation of the city's mayor and police department while rallying encampments nationwide beset with their own public safety and sanitation issues.
Police chiefs and mayors held conference calls to discuss containment strategies in the days after the Oct. 25 Oakland eviction. The use of rubber bullets and tear gas dropped off, though police departments have turned to pepper spray when trying to quell large crowds.
Some of the most notorious instances went viral online, including the use of pepper spray on an 84-year-old activist in Seattle and a group of women in New York. Seattle's mayor apologized to the activist, and the New York Police Department official shown using pepper spray on the group of women lost 10 vacation days after an internal review.
In the video of the UC Davis protest, the officer, a member of the UC Davis police force, displays a bottle before spraying its contents on the seated protesters in a sweeping motion while walking back and forth. Most of the protesters have their heads down, but several were hit directly in the face.
Some members of a crowd gathered at the scene scream and cry out. The crowd then chants, "Shame on You," as the protesters on the ground are led away. The officers retreat minutes later with helmets on and batons drawn.
Ten people were arrested.
University spokeswoman Karen Nikos said nine people hit by pepper spray were treated at the scene. Another two were taken to hospitals and later released.
Nikos declined to release the identity of the officer in the video.
At Saturday's news conference, UC Davis Police Chief Annette Spicuzza said the decision to use pepper spray was made at the scene.
"The students had encircled the officers," she said. "They needed to exit. They were looking to leave but were unable to get out."
Many Twitter and Facebook comments supported the students and criticized the response.
"Stomach churning video of police using pepper spray on seated anti-Wall Street protesters in Davis, Calif.," actress and model Mia Farrow wrote in a retweet of the video.
Elsewhere in California on Saturday, protesters in Oakland tore down a chain-link fence surrounding a city-owned vacant lot where they planned to set up a new encampment.
After a march, several hundred Occupy Oakland protesters breached the fence and poured into the lot next to the Fox Theater on Telegraph Avenue, police said.
One organizer shouted "More Tents! More Tents!" over a loudspeaker, the Oakland Tribune reported.
Police removed the main Occupy Oakland encampment Monday at City Hall, and city officials said they won't tolerate new camps.
Police spokeswoman Johnna Watson said surrounding streets had been closed and officers were protecting surrounding buildings.
Watson said there had been no arrests or citations, but the city's position remains that the protesters can't stay overnight.
There were no reports of violence, according to San Francisco police spokesman Albie Esparza. He said the action was not a raid.
Police were present but did not become involved.
Associated Press reporters Nigel Duara in Portland, Ore., and Meghan Barr in New York City contributed.


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I hope the current crop of erstwhile Republican politicians will consider these words. I also hope that this is how my grandson's generation of Americans will consider the term of our current president. I hope everyone will consider these words of a great Republican president before they make anymore extraneous and inane comments based on no more than quotes from his opponents"
"It is not the critic who counts; it is not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, where the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood who strives valiantly; who errs and comes up short again and again; because there is not effort without error and shortcomings; but who does actually strive to do the deed; who knows the great enthusiasm, the great devotion, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly. So that this place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who known neither victory nor defeat."
--- Theodore Roosevelt
Joseph M. Reichert


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1965 Plymouth Belvedere A990 Tribute Superstocker, This car was a street project turned race car. It could go back to the other side with... More
If you're looking for an all original car, this is NOT for you. However, if you're looking for a great American muscle car, that's... More
Streetable - Low 9 second 1/4 mile - no "power adders". All new, selling due to health. All the best parts including a 819HP... More


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Airline industry calls for CO2 emissions plan
The airline industry's mouthpiece called Monday for uniform global measures by 2020 to curb all aircraft carbon emissions, warning that a patchwork of competing proposals could emerge otherwise.
The airline industry's mouthpiece called Monday for uniform global measures by 2020 to curb all aircraft carbon emissions, warning that a patchwork of competing proposals could emerge otherwise.
A former senior executive at Qualcomm Inc. has been charged with insider trading, accused of buying shares of the wireless technology company before major announcements.
Forecasts about global warming and its consequences are shrouded in uncertainty. Research scientists maintain that the risks associated with climate change are high, but are unable to estimate accurately how easily temperature ...
The European Union said Wednesday that China, the world's largest carbon emitter, was willing to cooperate more closely to address climate change worldwide ahead of a key global pact due in 2015.
The globe's poorest nations have won an eight-year extension of a waiver on intellectual property rules, but still need to hold talks on the vexed issue of pharmaceutical patents, World Trade Organization officials said Tuesday.
A huge haul of illegal ivory in China has revealed the vast scale of the trade and flaws in the country's system of legal ivory sales, a wildlife monitoring group said.
The European Union is unlikely to hammer out its new policy on global warming ahead of a global climate deal that could be clinched in 2015, Poland's environment minister said Wednesday.
EU greenhouse gas emissions, blamed for global warming, dropped slightly last year but the much-vaunted system for cutting such pollution ran into even more trouble, the European Commission said on Thursday.
A new report suggests that global production shift to Asia may have "run its course" and points to "undervalued" mid-sized manufacturing firms as essential to UK economic regrowth.
Controversial plans to revive the EU's faltering carbon cap-and-trade system so as to cut greenhouse gas emissions face a tough test in the European Parliament on Tuesday.
Six EU states, including powerhouse Germany, called on European lawmakers Friday to back efforts to revive a faltering market in pollution credits so as to bolster the bloc's fight against global warming.
Governments agreed Tuesday to step up efforts to protect threatened tree species from illegal loggers amid warnings that criminal gangs are plundering the world's forests.
A top EU court rejected Thursday a challenge by Poland, heavily dependent on coal, to the bloc's controversial greenhouse gas trading system.
A major meeting of governments on threats to endangered species on Thursday rejected a ban on international trade in polar bears amid fears it would distract from the bigger threat of global warming.
The European Union is cracking down on the timber trade in an effort to curb illegal logging, blamed for a host of ills from social upheaval to environmental and economic damage.


text: The Part Four wiki last edited by X35 on 07/14/13 06:56AM View full history The dreaded Anti-Man has returned. The Mighty Avengers barely stopped him before, and now he's stronger than ever! But why is the Blue Marvel, the only man who has ever managed to defeat the villain, rocketing to the bottom of the ocean? Guest-starring NAMOR!


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Those concerned that some unknown would be sweating beneath the Star Wars: Episode VII Chewbacca mask may rest assured. The Hollywood Reporter has confirmed that 70-year old Peter Mayhew will return to the role that made him a household name in the J.J. Abrams-directed sequel. The events of the film will take place thirty years after Return of the Jedi which means that Chewbacca's entire body could now a comb-over. Of course, J.J. Abrams will neither confirm nor deny this. Always so sneaky.
Consider posting a comment.


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Average Business Operations Managers in the United States make around $68K per year. Overall incomes of Business Operations Managers — including $16K bonuses, $15K profit sharing proceeds, and $30K commissions on the more lucrative end — generally ranges between $40K and $117K. Compensation for this group is mainly affected by residence, but the company and years of experience are influential factors as well. Men are slightly outnumbered by their female counterparts who answered the questionnaire, who make up a slight majority at 59 percent. The majority of workers are highly satisfied with their job. A large number report receiving medical coverage from their employers and the larger part collect dental insurance. This snapshot results from replies to PayScale's salary survey.
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Business Operations Managers often transition into Business Operations Director positions, for which compensation tends to be much higher. On average, Business Operations Directors earn $90K per year. The most common promotion for Business Operations Managers is a Human Resources Manager position, which usually brings in $58K a year. Another standard transition for Business Operations Managers seeking advancement is to assume a Financial Controller role, where pay is often $77K.
Intel Corporation offers the largest salaries in town — $143K on average.
Survey takers working as Business Operations Managers report using a large range of professional skills. Most notably, skills in Project Management, Financial Analysis, Budget Management, and Financial Reporting are correlated to pay that is above average, with boosts between 6 percent and 15 percent. Those listing Quickbooks as a skill should be prepared for drastically lower pay. Accounting and Inventory Management also typically command lower compensation. Most people skilled in Operations Management are similarly competent in Budget Management, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Financial Analysis.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Business Operations Managers with more experience do not necessarily bring home bigger paychecks. In fact, experience in this field tends to impact compensation minimally. Relatively untried employees who have less than five years' experience make $58K, but folks with five to 10 years under their belts enjoy an appreciably larger median of $71K. Business Operations Managers bring in $76K after working for 10 to 20 years. Veterans who have acquired more than 20 years report a median income of $81K, which is generally higher than the pay reported by other tenure groups.
For Business Operations Managers, San Jose provides a pay rate that is 74 percent greater than the national average. Business Operations Managers will also find cushy salaries in Boston (+25 percent), San Francisco (+24 percent), Phoenix (+23 percent), and New York (+16 percent). Business Operations Managers in Austin make 23 percent less than the national average, proving that location is a major factor in pay.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 418 votes.
59 %
41 %
|Medical: 82%
|Dental: 70%
|Vision: 57%
|None: 16%


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Climate Compass Blog
Smart Grid Boosts Efficiency, Renewables, and Reliability
The smart grid is a hot topic these days. President Obama touted the smart grid during his campaign and continues to be a booster. The 2009 stimulus bill (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, ARRA) provided nearly $4.5 billion to the Department of Energy (DOE) for smart grid investments. In October, DOE made $3.4 billion in awards under the Smart Grid Investment Grant Program, and, in November, DOE announced awards totaling $620 million as part of the Smart Grid Regional and Energy Storage Demonstration Project.
Last month, we added a smart grid factsheet to its Climate Techbook. While it's not easy to give a short definition of the smart grid, one can think of it as the application of digital technology to the electric power sector to improve reliability, reduce cost, and increase efficiency. Smart grid technologies—including communication networks, advanced sensors, and monitoring devices—provide new ways for utilities to generate and deliver power and for consumers to understand and control their electricity consumption.
The smart grid has several anticipated benefits unrelated to climate change, such as improving electricity reliability (e.g., fewer power outages) and reducing utilities' operating costs (e.g., by eliminating meter reading). Much of the buzz around the smart grid, however, has to do with the ways that smart grid technology can facilitate greenhouse gas emission reductions.
Efficiency, renewables, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are three of the primary climate solutions the smart grid can enable. Initial evidence suggests that giving consumers direct feedback on their electricity use via smart meters and associated display devices can by itself lead to energy savings of 5-15 percent. One of the challenges that will become increasingly important as the United States relies more on renewable electricity from wind and solar power is that these resources are variable (i.e., they only generate electricity when the wind blows or the sun shines) rather than schedulable like traditional fossil fuel power plants. Smart grid technology makes it easier to add energy storage to the grid and to exploit demand response (e.g., cycling air conditioners on and off) to more easily balance electricity supply and demand as output from variable renewables fluctuates. Finally, smart grid technology would facilitate charging PHEVs during periods of low electricity demand (when generating costs are lowest and existing capacity is underutilized) so that PHEV charging can be done most cost-effectively.
Achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions at the lowest cost will require deploying a portfolio of energy efficiency measures and low-carbon energy technologies, several of which can build upon smart grid technology.
Steve Caldwell is a Technology and Policy Fellow
One Less Excuse to Avoid Acting
Only time will tell whether the deal struck in Copenhagen proves a true turning point in the effort against climate change. Flying home after two chaotic and exhausting weeks, I find I'm of two minds.
The deadline of December 18, 2009, in fact drove many governments further than before. In the weeks preceding, the United States, China, India and others felt compelled to come forward with explicit emission pledges. Under the Copenhagen Accord, countries have until January 31 to put these numbers on record; then there is no taking them back.
These pledges are not binding. They are statements of intent, not obligation. But that is not what disappoints me. I never expected Copenhagen to produce more than a political accord.
What troubles me is that governments did not resolve to move next to a legally binding treaty. That goal was part of the tentative agreement announced by President Obama. But then he left, and in final deal-making, it somehow vanished. The negotiations will of course continue. Governments agreed they'd meet next year in Mexico, the year after in South Africa. But with what type of agreement in mind? That's unclear.
Black Carbon and Climate
Today, the Obama Administration has formally recognized the importance of black carbon as a component of broader policies to address climate change. At the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Nancy Sutley, the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, announced an initiative aimed at reducing emissions of black carbon. The United States is committing $5 million towards international cooperation to reduce black carbon emissions in and around the Arctic. According to Chair Sutley, the new initiative will include investments to study the effects of black carbon, demonstrate options for reducing emissions, and begin to quantify both the climate and public health benefits of reducing emissions. The initiative will focus on diesel engines (both on-road and non-road, including those used for port operations), older district heating and industrial facilities, and agricultural and forest fires.
We just released a new white paper highlighting the climate impacts of black carbon (Black Carbon: A Science/Policy Primer). Over the last decade, a growing body of evidence indicates that soot and smoke are major contributors to climate change. Black carbon, a component of soot, warms the air by absorbing sunlight in the atmosphere, changes rainfall patterns and, when deposited on snow and ice, accelerates melting. Black carbon is produced by both natural processes and human activity from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. Primary sources include diesel engines, small industrial sources, residential coal and solid biofuels for cooking and heating, and agricultural and forest fires.
The new paper summarizes current knowledge on the climate effects of soot components (black carbon and organic particles) and identifies emission sources and technologies to mitigate their impacts. It also presents perspectives on the potential role of soot mitigation approaches in developing more comprehensive climate strategies.
Black carbon remains in the atmosphere for only days to weeks, meaning it has strong regional climate effects. Recent studies suggest that black carbon may be responsible for 30-50 percent of recent warming in the Arctic, contributing to the acceleration of Arctic sea ice melting. Loss of Arctic sea ice is one potential "tipping point" that could lead to rapid warming and irreversible climate change. Black carbon is also driving increased melting of the glaciers in the Himalayan Plateau, upon which some 40 percent of the world's population depends for fresh water. Reductions in black carbon would help address these issues and also would have many co-benefits, particularly in public health and especially in the developing world.
Controlling emissions of CO2 and long-lived greenhouse gases must remain the centerpiece of policies to address climate change, since they ultimately drive the Earth's temperature in the long term. However, reducing black carbon emissions represents a win-win scenario: it would have an immediate cooling effect on the Earth's climate, potentially delaying temperature increases in the short run and helping reduce the risk of irreversible tipping points in the climate system, and it would reduce air pollution, significantly improving public health.
Jeremy Richardson is Senior Fellow for Science Policy
Will the House Climate Bill Protect U.S. Competitiveness?
Yes, according to a recent government report examining the impacts of the House-passed climate bill.
An important concern in any climate legislation is the negative impact it might have on domestic energy-intensive producers that compete in global markets. Climate policy can raise the production costs of U.S. manufacturers relative to their unregulated foreign competitors, and as a result production and emissions could shift overseas. Responding to a request by five Democratic senators, the Obama administration recently released an interagency report on the competitiveness impacts of the climate bill that passed the House in June. It finds that most U.S. energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries (EITEs) will experience only small increases in their production costs. As a result, emissions "leakage" to countries that do not adopt climate policies will be minimal.
Washington Should Note the Success of the Other Washington
COPENHAGEN - Governor Chris Gregoire made a presentation about the successes of Washington state in building a clean energy economy at an official COP 15 side event hosted by us and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development. A packed room listened to how the experience of the Washington out West should provide insight for national policymakers of the Washington in the East.
She detailed how, given an appropriate state policy framework, the private sector has made significant innovations in technology, making Washington a national leader in solar manufacturing and the state with the 5th most wind energy production. All of this development occurred despite the fact that the state does not have large wind or solar energy resources. The lesson here is that the innovativeness and drive of American business should never be underestimated, and there is nationwide potential for growth in a clean energy technology. New and existing American companies will find ways to flourish given the right incentives.
The Governor also spoke about states leading the way in implementing cap-and-trade programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. She pointed out that a multistate and multi-Canadian province effort, the Western Climate Initiative, is underway to enact a cap-and-trade program covering 20% of the US economy - despite the delays in development of a national program. The WCI is the not the only state-level effort underway, with the Midwestern Greenhouse Reduction Accord signed in 2007. Both of these efforts follow on the heels of an ongoing cap-and-trade program in the Northeast, which, as Gregoire pointed out, has proven that cap-and-trade programs can tackle greenhouse gas emissions without damaging the American economy – an important piece of empirical evidence as the nation and the world look towards developing emissions-reduction policy.
Of course, the government cannot do it alone. The people in Washington state have a commitment to technology, whether it's aerospace, software, clean energy, or coffee. Now its time for legislators in Washington, DC to show the same commitment to technology promotion and emission reduction.
Michael Tubman is the Congressional Affairs Fellow


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Poor Kid Vomits During Holiday Concert, Classmates Don't Stop Singing [VIDEO]
What's that they say about the show going on?
What's that they say about the show going on?
Guess you could say this guy was caught bread-handed.
A duckling needs to do one thing above all others: follow his mother. But sometimes, that's a bit harder than it sounds.
Hedgehogs sometimes curl up into a little ball of irresistible fur. It's quite photogenic.
If you own a cat, it won't surprise you that a cat feels about a sweater the way a person might feel about a straitjacket.
"I fought the law and the law won," is a pretty famous lyric for a reason.
This is the time of year when some of us find a little extra in our paychecks, or get a nice fat bonus after we've already been paid. It's a great way to end the year, but if you don't plan ahead and think it through, that bonus could disappear quickly, along with the smile it gave you.
It's hard enough for us humans to stay upright on ice, and we have the most advanced brains on the planet.
Maybe it's true that twins have special powers the rest of us lack.
Ugly Christmas sweaters are almost as much a part of the holiday season as chestnut roasting on an open fire, so why not turn the trend into a few extra bucks in your pocket?
It looks like Santa will end up on his own naughty list.
Everyone's favorite bunch of down-on-their-luck Oregonian kids, 'The Goonies,' sure have grown up in the last 28 years.


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follow Dictionary.com
We hired a guy called Patrick Cullina, who was at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to run the horticulture and operations of the park.
1670s, "cultivation of a garden," fabricated from Latin hortus "garden" (see yard (n.1)) + cultura (see culture); probably on model of agriculture. Famously punned upon by Dorothy Parker.
The science of cultivating garden plants.


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The sharp joy you feel when your plane touches down is short-lived in India as you realize now you must get in a taxi. Goodbye order, upkeep, hygiene, caution. Hello dent king. Hello chaos.
On a Sunday evening at Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi I plucked my bag from the Jet Airways carousel and walked, just as Mrs. Grover had instructed, to the Pre-paid Taxi window. Then I headed with my receipt out into the melee. "Green Park," I said to my driver, who wore a white knit cap and a graying beard.
We turned down a lively shopping street, our headlights cutting through the dusk, scattering saris. After another turn we drove through an open gate and down a street of modern, tightly bunched houses, stopping at the third on the left. I breathed a sigh of relief; I had once again made it from terminal to destination without anyone being harmed in the process.
A thick-set woman in a sari took my suitcase and, with pitiful groans, carried it up to the second-floor apartment, where Mrs. Grover stood waiting. She was a small woman with salt-and-pepper hair done in a stylish coiffure and Nike sneakers peeking out from under her salwar kameez (pants and tunic). She was headed out to a concert of Indian classical music and asked if I'd like to come along.
From Mumbai I had called Mrs. Grover on the recommendation of a friend of a free-lancer, neither of whom I had ever met. She had two rooms which she rented to people like me.
We drove down more wide streets. It was fascinating to watch Mrs. Grover behind the wheel, seemingly undaunted by the laneless anarchy. I thought that if I lived in India I would just stay home a lot, especially in the evenings. She calmly pointed out the floodlit tombs of the Lodi Gardens. Then she pulled into the grounds of the India Habitat Center and parked in the underground garage.
The musicians sat on a slightly raised platform bordered by orange, brown and yellow flowers. The woman in the middle brought her hands together so that they mirrored each other, and said, "Namaste" (the everyday Hindi greeting means, literally, "I recognize the God in you."). Then she began singing dadra -- semi-classical songs -- from the state of Uttar Pradesh. One she introduced by saying it "expressed the everyday customs and sentiments of life in general." Another began with a kind of ululation before becoming more lilting. I was transported far from the world of careening taxis.
One song made Mrs. Grover chuckle. When the concert was over she explained why. "It's about a woman walking with a jug of water on her head. She gets a pebble in her shoe and she is worried that she will spill the water and get her sari wet. She's not worried that she'll get wet, but that her mother-in-law will taunt her about it."
In the car she asked: "Would you like a bite to eat?"
Not far from the center we turned down a driveway and parked to the side of a low, white, colonial-era building.
"This is the Delhi Gymkhana," Mrs. Grover said.
"I went to the Mumbai Gymkhana," I said, "but they wouldn't let me in.
"This one is better."
We walked through the vestibule and came to a vast wooden floor under a high white ceiling. "They have Christmas and New Year's Eve dances here," Mrs. Grover said. The place seemed haunted by the ghosts of viceroys' wives. The dining room was on the other side. We doubled the number of diners. I ordered chicken masala; Mrs. Grover opted for grilled fish and a salad.
"I never have Indian food here," she said.
She and her husband, I learned, had both been born in what is now Pakistan. Her husband, who died a number of years ago, had been a ship captain, and with him she had visited some of the U.S.: Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Los Angeles. She felt gratitude to the English for teaching Indians their language, which she spoke like a native, though she didn't learn it until she entered high school.
I mentioned an article from that day's Times of India. It was by William Dalrymple, the author of an excellent book about Delhi titled "City of Djinns." He claimed that, while today we talk about a "clash of civilizations," if you look at the history of India there was much to admire: peaceful Hindus, tolerant Muslims, Englishmen who, at least at the beginning, took an active interest in the cultures and the languages (as well as the women). Mrs. Grover heartily agreed. She said the two biggest problems in India today were education and hygiene. She spent part of her time working with the families of alcoholics.
For dessert I had gulab jamun (fried balls of milk curd swimming in sweet syrup); Mrs. Grover had creme caramel.


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NBC to Offer Online Sneak Peek of SMASH's Season Premiere, 1/14
NBC will offer viewers a sneak peek at the first hour of the two-hour season premiere of the Golden Globe-nominated drama "Smash" on Monday, January 14 across multiple platforms -- three weeks before the second-season debut on February 5 (9-11 p.m. ET).
"Smash" will be available across multiple-platforms that include: on demand and online through cable, satellite and telco providers; NBC.com; NBC Owned and affiliate station websites (should they choose to opt in); Hulu (including Hulu's online distribution partners); iTunes, Amazon and Xbox. The first hour will also be a part of American Airlines in-flight entertainment offerings on domestic flights from January 15 - 31. Over 100 NBC Affiliates and Owned Stations will offer the first hour on their websites as well.
Back from a successful run in Boston, Eileen (Anjelica Huston), Julia (Debra Messing) and Tom (Christian Borle) are blindsided by both personal and professional obstacles as they seek to take "Bombshell" to Broadway. Karen (Katharine McPhee) consults her new mentor, Broadway star Veronica "Ronnie" Moore (guest star Jennifer Hudson), as she finds herself on the brink of fame, but her success may come at cost to Ivy (Megan Hilty). A new talent (Jeremy Jordan) is discovered in an unexpected place. Jack Davenport, Leslie Odom, Jr., Andy Mientus and Krysta Rodriguez also star. Jennifer Hudson, Thorsten Kaye, and Brian d'Arcy James guest star.
"Smash" is a musical drama that celebrates the beauty and heartbreak of the Broadway theater as it follows a cross-section of dreamers and schemers who all have one common desire - to be a Broadway star. The series stars Emmy Award winner Debra Messing ("Will & Grace"), Oscar winner Anjelica Huston ("Prizzi's Honor"), Jack Davenport ("Pirates of the Caribbean" films), Tony Award winner Christian Borle ("Peter and the Starcatcher"), Katharine McPhee ("American Idol"), Megan Hilty ("9 to 5: The Musical"), Tony Award nominee Jeremy Jordan ("Newsies"), Andy Mientus ("Spring Awakening"), Leslie Odom Jr. ("Leap of Faith") and Krysta Rodriguez ("Spring Awakening").
From Universal Television in association with DreamWorks Television, "Smash" stemmed from an idea of executive producer and multiple Emmy and Oscar winner Steven Spielberg ("ER," "Schindler's List"). The series' executive producers also include Joshua Safran ("Gossip Girl"), Craig Zadan and Neil Meron (Oscar-winning "Chicago," "Hairspray"), Darryl Frank and Justin Falvey ("United States of Tara," "The Borgias"), Tony and Grammy Award winners Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ("Hairspray," "Catch Me If You Can"), Jim Chory ("Heroes," "American Dreams") and Theresa Rebeck.
About Author
- CNBC to Air THE MAKING OF DIG, the USA Network Event Series, 3/1
- NBC to Air One-Hour Season Finale of CHRISTINA MILIAN TURNED UP, 3/1
- NBC Universo to Present ROMEO SANTOS DESDE VINA Concert Exclusive, 3/1
- Kelly Clarkson to Visit CBS SUNDAY MORNING, 3/1
- VIDEO: Clark Gregg Teases New AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Season Using Emojis
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- Discovery Family to Premiere New Episodes of TRANSFORMERS RESCUE BOTS, Today
- Telemundo to Present FUTBOL ESTELAR: LEON VS SANTOS, Today
- Telemundo to Give Viewers Sneak Peek at Upcoming Programming on LO NUEVO, Today


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Stanford Junior
40: 4.85e
Shows a decent first step and good straight-line burst off the corner. Can knock aside the tight end, flashing power off the edge. Will deliver the big hit on the quarterback when he comes free off the edge or up the middle with the stunt. A high motor pass rusher and can contribute in pursuit. Gets decent depth on his zone drops, and moves fairly well in space.
Not an instinctual run defender that will miss stops in the open field. Loses outside contain, and has trouble getting off the tight ends' blocks at the point of attack. When you get him to play on his heels against the run, doesn't show the awareness and ability to close to make plays. Tends to rely on his speed rush as a pass rusher, and needs to develop and improve his other moves. Doesn't have the closing burst to really consistently finish the play if he does beat his blocker.
Keiser is a nice developmental 3-4 outside linebacker. He looked much more natural playing on the line at end when they went to some more 4-man fronts in nickel situations, but he has the potential and tools to develop as a linebacker down the road. He emerged as a sophomore starter at DE with 47 tackles, 15 for loss, and 9 sacks. With the introduction of a 3-4 last year, he moved to OLB and didn't have as many impact plays with 38 stops, 9.5 for loss, and 4.5 sacks. He also had 24-7-6 as a freshman reserve.
Keiser has talent, but it was clear he is still getting used to playing from a stand-up position, and had he opted to stay another year at Stanford, he should have helped him going forward. He is an effective pass rusher more so because of his motor than his great burst. He has decent burst, but not the kind where you think he's going to be a dynamic rusher. But he can get better and if he can develop more moves and functional strength along the edge, I could see him maxing out around being a 6-8 sack guy eventually. Where you want to see him improve is defending the run and playing in space. He's just not good there. I think he can get better there going forward, but he's never going to be a dynamic or natural there. But with development, a few years on the bench and playing special teams, I believe he'll get there three or so years down the line. Potentially, you're looking at more of Patriots kind of 3-4 outside linebacker, that is going to drop in coverage and play in space rather than a guy that is purely an edge rusher like with the Cowboys and most other 3-4 teams. I think eventually, he'll be a good complementary starter that can contribute in all three phases. I think he could wind up being a lesser version of Mike Vrabel.
Keiser isn't a good fit for the Falcons. While he is a more natural 4-3 DE than 3-4 DE at this point, he has limited upside in the 4-3. His lack of size and the fact that he's not the most explosive pass rusher mean he's a project up front. It's possible that if you stuck him on the practice squad for two years and allowed him to add 20 or so pounds of muscle, all the while developing his pass rush moves and improving his technique, he might turn into a decent situational guy off the bench. But he wouldn't be an impact guy, just a 2 or 3 sack guy that gets by on toughness and effort rather than skill. Better players will come along eventually and take his job.
For a 3-4 team looking for a developmental pass rusher, he merits a fifth or sixth round pick.
1-poor, 2-weak, 3-above average, 4-very good, 5-elite
Speed: 3.0
Tackling: 2.5
Coverage: 2.5
Point of Attack: 2.5
Instincts: 2.5
Pass Rush: 3.5
Thomas Keiser, OLB, Stanford
Scouting reports of the linebackers in the 2011 Draft.
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Angie Mohr
Is It Time to Incorporate Your Business?on August 30, 2013
If you're like most small-business owners, you probably started your operation as either a sole proprietorship or, if you had co-owners, a partnership. This company structure is the simplest and least costly to set up, with less paperwork required.
However,…Read » Views: 2,621
Understanding SEP IRAs for Small-Business Ownerson August 16, 2013
When you first start a business, you may be too busy thinking about immediate tasks — buying equipment, setting up your website, finding customers — to worry much about your retirement. But, as your enterprise grows, looking after your personal long-term f…Read » Views: 3,316
Are You Wasting Time on Social Media?on August 15, 2013
Small businesses spend an average of 5.5 hours per week managing their social media presence, and 85 percent of small-business owners say they're the ones primarily responsible for their companies' online efforts, a 2013 study commissioned by Staples shows…Read » Views: 2,870
The Basics of Setting Up an Etsy Shopon June 4, 2013
Etsy.com is a retail website set up for artisans to showcase and sell their handmade crafts and art. The site handles all of the ordering, notifications, and payment processing, making it easy for crafty entrepreneurs to focus on production.
The process of se…Read » Views: 5,575
When Should You Sell Your Business?on June 3, 2013
Every entrepreneur has different reasons for selling a business, but there are better times and conditions than others in which to do so.
For instance, selling simply because you're exhausted or can't stand managing day-to-day operations anymore can drast…Read » Views: 2,519
Are Office Surveillance Cameras a Good Idea?on April 12, 2013
You can't personally monitor everything that occurs at your place of business. Increasingly, small-business owners are turning to surveillance systems to keep them apprised of what's happening when they aren't around, according to the American Management…Read » Views: 2,683
The Top 5 Documents Your Accountant Needs to Do Your Small-Business Taxeson April 10, 2013
As a small-business owner, tax time can be stressful, as you scurry to pull together all of your receipts and try to remember everything you did last year.
Although accountants can help you sort and summarize, it's a lot less expensive if you do that part y…Read » Views: 12,878
How to Keep Your Small Business From Getting Auditedon April 9, 2013
It's the kind of letter or phone call that strikes fear in the hearts of most small-business owners: The IRS is contacting you to audit your income-tax return.
There's no need to panic, however. Although there is no sure-fire way to avoid a tax audit, the…Read » Views: 3,110


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Originally written on Celtics Life | Last updated 12/25/12
Photo credit: www.nba.com A very nice Christmas gift almost turned into nightmare, yet the Celtics turned things around on Rondo's 19-5-5 performance and several key plays as they beat the Nets on the first game of the road trip. It wouldn't be fair to the rest of the team to highlight Rondo though. It was a great team performance as 4 players scored in double digits, and Pierce and Garnett were not on that list. The game was a pleasure to watch for most of the time. Q1 was a normal Celtics performance, yet there were two very positive signs despite being behind 24-22 by the end: Celtics started really aggressive, especially on the boards, and the 2nd unit truly looked like a unit as they have shown a smooth offense in a rare sighting this season. Highlight of the quarter: Rondo's confident 3 with 3 seconds to go, followed by a defensive effort that cost Nets a couple of seconds, followed by Green's steal and almost made shot from quite a distance. Great show of will. Things got ...
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HDTV Capture Card - Which One?
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Registered User
Join Date: Jun 2004
Location: Nashvegas
Posts: 11,575
Re: HDTV Capture Card - Which One?
I've been looking around AVS and a few other websites just to see what card would be best to get in my situation . . . but here's the catch. Most people just do OTA HD channels to record them, they don't run off of a cable box. I tried doing the OTA HD channels last year and I can't get them where I live. So I guess I'm a little screwed.
Sorry for posting so much in here, I just really wanted to get this thing to work.
Basically, the Tuner card doesn't work worth jack sh*t but the cheap FireWire cable finally does playback and records up to 1080i. However, when I get my HTPC built, I want to be able to run everything under Vista MCE and this Firewire trick won't happen under MCE, but just in VLC.
So if anybody can recommend a card that will watch/record from a Comcast cable box with perfect quality and that works in Vista MCE, please tell me.
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Chef plans to open Bavette, a butcher shop, cafe and market in the Third Ward
A Milwaukee chef will open a butcher shop emphasizing locally and sustainably produced meats: Karen Bell, formerly of Cafe at the Plaza, plans to open Bavette Butcher Shop in the Historic Third Ward.
Bell recently signed a lease for 330 E. Menomonee St., the storefront previously occupied by the wine bar Kafevino. Bavette is projected to open in March. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Mexican Fiesta honors culture and history
Celebrating Mexican culture means good food, tequila tastings, music and soccer. You'll find all of them, in generous portions, at Mexican Fiesta, which runs Friday through Sunday at Maier Festival Park.
Back for a return visit is the Tequila Pavilion, which also features the culture and history of Mexico. Tequila tastings will be held from 5 to 10 p.m. Friday and 2 to 10 p.m. Saturday and Sunday (separate admission required). »Read Full Article
Paxfest honors newborn whose life was cut short by cancer
Paxton Andrews' parents thought their newborn had a cold when they took him to the pediatrician. Sadly, it turned out that he had cancer. He died just shy of 5 months old.
His parents, John and Danna, who live in Bay View, decided to honor his memory last year with the inaugural Paxfest, which featured local bands including Fever Marlene and Maritime and food from Maxie's Southern Comfort and Blue's Egg. The event raised more than $15,000 for the Pablove Foundation, a nonprofit dedicated to funding pediatric cancer research co-founded by Milwaukee native and Elektra Records president Jeff Castelaz, and named after his late son Pablo. »Read Full Article
Serbian Days celebrates food, culture for 3 days
It's the only festival where you can eat a palacinke and listen to Five Card Studs at the same time. And if you know that a palacinke is a Serbian pastry, you're already in.
Serbian Daysruns from 5 to 11 p.m. Friday, noon to 11 p.m. Saturday and noon to 10 p.m. Sunday on the St. Sava Cathedral grounds, 3201 S. 51st St. »Read Full Article(1)