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The Ultimate 4th of July Playlist (and Most Misinterpreted Songs)
What Beach Boys Music is Brian Wilson Most Proud Of?
Alternative Press Magazine Celebrates 30 Years with a special exhibit at the Rock Hall
VIDEO: The Story of Slash's Guns N' Roses-era Custom Leather Jacket
Noel Gallagher Interview: What is Rock, Being a Solo Artist, Singing and Neil Young
Sneak Peek of the 2015 Rock Hall Induction Performances with Green Day, Joan Jett and More!
Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy Remember B.B. King and Live Performance
Beatles Bandmates Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr Share the Stage at Inductions
Bill Withers, Stevie Wonder, John Legend and a Rare Performance at the 2015 Inductions
A Moving Tribute to the Late Lou Reed at the 2015 Hall of Fame Inductions
Today—with help from over 100 donors from around the country—our curators hung the iconic Yasgur's Farm dairy sign in the museum. It was installed to coincide with the 42nd Anniversary of the Woodstock Art and Music Festival ...Categories: Inductee, Exhibit, Education, Event


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The Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM) is a research institution whose mission is to promote and conduct biomedical research in priority health areas. The CISM is located in Manhiça, 80km from Maputo (Mozambique).
The CISM has 3 well developed platforms (demographic, geographic and morbidity surveillance platforms) crucial. These platforms cover a study area of 500 km2 with close to 84,000 inhabitants. In this area, all houses are geo-positioned (GPS) and the population is under demographic surveillance. The morbidity surveillance system collects information on all paediatric outpatient visits and admissions to the Manhiça District Hospital. The CISM research agenda is directed at the priority health problems in Mozambique. The CISM maintains stable research collaborations with the HCB/UB and the Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB). We are conducting a project to develop a prevalence survey system for HCRI, based on the Spanish EPINE study with more than 20 years of experience. Questionnaires as well as definitions will be tested in a pilot study at the CISM this summer, and data collected and analyzed following the standard protocol. The CISM contributes to the strengthening of human resources in the country through the training of researchers and other technical personnel. Physicians and Nurses from the CISM will be trained is the use of the surveillance tool, to ensure that the community benefits from research results.
Improving healthcare provision in the Manhiça District is one of the CISM's priorities. There is no data regarding the rates and types of HCRI in Mozambique, and simple, easy to do prevalence studies could be a way to approach this health problem.
Disclosure of interest
None declared.

subset: commoncrawl


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|245 posts found
Originally posted by Doogiehowser
[mod edit]
Now you can argue all you want but a business can plan for the long term not only the short term, if they resonably expect to appeal to a set mindset of individuals and cater to those people then the MMO will prosper but ESO is going to try to go for two crowds: the themeparkers and the TES crowd and those two groups do not overlap that much.
Also when EVE launched the term AAA didn't even exist, christ I don't even think WoW was touted as being a "AAA" game and to be perfectly frank I am glad neither of em were classed as AAA because AAA just means allot of money sunk into them and the more money invested the more chances that game will be more conventional (IE more safe in the invester eyes). The best of both worlds is to have a A or AA game because developers might actually get the leeway to try to make something new even if the graphics stink compared to other games of its generation CCP proved that graphics can be improved quite a bit down the line.
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Novice Member
Joined: 6/29/06
Last I checked, themepark / sandbox are game genres. One isn't superior than the other. One might appeal to you more but that's personal taste.
Gdemami -
Elite Member
Joined: 1/06/05
Originally posted by jfoytek
ok so this is pretty much the crux of your argument.
Secondly you are talking about this in releation to WoW. I mean really? If you are going to use that stupid term at least talk about it in relation to a game where you actually lose something, where there was an actual risk.
Full loot, losing a chunk of xp, dropping items, all that constitutes risk.
What exactly do you lose in WoW? You lessen your argument by using WoW as an example of pvp risk/reward.
Unless of coursee WoW allows for you to lose xp, drop items and have your corpse looted?
in which case "cheerfully withdrawn".
Novice Member
Joined: 8/21/08
Originally posted by jfoytek
Is it still zone pvp is its 99% world PvP? You can PvP anywhere in WoW, except for three cities. So yeah. People just don't do it, cos world PvP is just a zerg and no fun unless its structured, and even then its largely a zerg. Only fun if you're on the winning side, and the winning side is determined by numbers and not skill. I don't find that fun at all. And apparently most people don't, otherwise we'd still have mass world PvP. Just sayin'.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/30/05
Heres what happens everyone is trying to copy wow and they dont copy the most vital thing
Seamless world.
Did you heard the latest news?
You can go to other faction regions and see only your faction.Now thats the biggest letdown.
No open pvp no immersion.
Screw this.This game may look great but the mechanics are just making me hate it.
Hail to the carebears and the new generation of gamers who want to play an mmo in single player style with a twist of big pvp arena.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 3/14/12
Originally posted by Dihoru
"The problem is that the hardcore folks always want the same thing: 'We want exactly what you gave us before, but it has to be completely different.'
"Online gamers are the most ludicrously entitled beings since Caligula made his horse a senator, and at least the horse never said anything stupid."
Originally posted by Sovrath
Where did I ever say that WoW was hardcore or a pvp game??? I am comparing ESO to being just another WoW a game I dont want! But yes I have said that WoW will likely be better because you have freedom of movement to go anywhere you want in WoW at any level.... Its Zones are not instanced like ESO's will be!
So yeah WoW will likely be a better game but that just means I would rather roll in Mud then Manure!
UO,Shadowbane,SWG,Darkfall,MO,Wurm Online,Secretworld,GW,GW2,PotBS,LotR,Atlantica Online,WWII Online,WoT,Battlestar Galactica,Planetside2,Perpetuum,Fallen Earth,Runescape,WoW,Eve,Xsylon,Dragon Prophet, Salem
Apprentice Member
Joined: 3/14/12
Originally posted by jfoytek
And it is same for ESO. And there is no typical questing in ESO like WOW and is as instanced as WOW is. What do you exactly mean when you say ESO zones are instanced?
"The problem is that the hardcore folks always want the same thing: 'We want exactly what you gave us before, but it has to be completely different.'
"Online gamers are the most ludicrously entitled beings since Caligula made his horse a senator, and at least the horse never said anything stupid."
Originally posted by Doogiehowser
WoW cost 40 $ mil to develop.
EVE Online cost around 6-7 $ mil (5-6 mil euros) to develop.
These being the vanilla versions of both games.
For comparison's sake SWTOR cost around a minimum of 100 mil $ to develop. Now I am no expert in economy but I highly doubt that the US $ in 2003 is 2.5x that of the US$ in 2011 ergo money in itself does not make a game great, Hell I contend that the original version of WoW looked overall better than SWTOR from a purely gamer perspective (SWTOR is more advanced graphically yes but which of those two games would you say appeals more to a gamer overall?).
A sandbox game does not require this gen MMO graphics to be competitive, what it does need is solid gameplay, a decent universe/background lore, a freedom of choices and a consequence for every choice you make (be it PVP, PVE, etc, etc) so that even if you choose to kill that guy in the corner because he looked at you funny you may then either get killed by the local law enforcers or by vengeful friends of said player which are only the direct ways to exact retribution (I remember somewhere on the forums someone saying griefers can dodge consequences with alts, all you need to do in that case is know that guy's alts and make his life Hell either directly, killing, looting, etc or indirectly, financially griefing his support alts by say denying him resources or space or access to crafting areas, etc).
Advanced Member
Joined: 6/11/07
The problem with the term "sandbox" is that no one that wants to play a sandbox can actually agree what a sandbox is....
The game could have tons of sandbox features, and be missing one thing and people scream "it's not a sandbox".... then the next game has that feature and people scream " Not a sandbox"
Until someone can clearly define what a sandbox is, it will never satisfy anyone.
IMHO, I think sandbox is just a mindset that people use to bash games. I have played tons of MMORPGs and I played all of them they way that I wanted. Which is what I consider a sandbox to be.... a place to play as you want. So every game is a sandbox...
Novice Member
Joined: 11/27/05
Originally posted by jfoytek
How would you pitch a PVP/Crafting/Sandbox game to an investor? Can you show me one title out there that has made enough of a profit to justify the budget it would take to create it? This isn't 1999. There is heavy competition out there for our gaming dollars and the MMO player demands more from a game now then they ever did. What would you say to someone to get them to shell out millions of dollars for your game? What proof do you have that it could be a success? A few people on a forum that is known for its miserable posters wanting one? Would you try and point to EvE? An Indy title that has about 250k-300k subs? You would invest millions with that kind of proof being handed to you?
Now think about if you had control over one of those popular IP's. Would you risk it? Would you want your IP tied to a game like SWG? A game that goes down in history as the "what not to do to your MMO" poster child.
I am not saying that making a themepark game is a sure thing. I'm just saying if I were to invest money in to a game I would want the best odds I could get. Considering WoW makes more money off of vaniety pets and mounts in their store than most games make in a year or 2 of subs and it has completely dominated the industry for over 8 years thats the way I'm going.
So you are stuck in a vicious cirlce. Your type of game has not been made by a AAA studio with a large budget because there is no proof it would be profitable. There is no proof it would be profitable because no one has taken the risk to make your game. It could be profitable. It could be the next WoW. No one really knows how the industry could turn but right now your only hope is a Indy studio that has some really talented people. I highly doubt you will ever see a well known, popular IP or any high rolling investors take that risk unless a small little Indy studio hits it big.
Originally posted by Doogiehowser
It doesnt take a genius to figure out what the Mega Server is!
Lets see when you complete all the quests in your home region you will be able to go enjoy level 50 content in another regions home region and do all the quests etc there.....
Now think about it!!! You were a nightelf in WoW and you start off in Darnassus when you hit 50 you can now go do all the content in Mulgore but why??? Why would you take on a bunch of lvl 1 mobs how is this level 50 content? How can the content be level 50 for you and level 1 for them??? Because you are in an identical Instance of the zone that they are in, your content is your level there content is there level.... IE the Mega Server at work....
Infact lets not stop there lets choose PvE only so now your in this copy of a zone that doesnt allow pvp and is scaled to your level....
While someone else is in a similiar copy who Chose PvP etc etc
And its all one Huge Mega Server..... Uh yeah what a scam... Its more like 10,000 Instanced zones running at the same time with a couple people in them....
Hmmm its about as Mega Server as World of Tanks is!!!
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Originally posted by GreenHell
A) Have theamparks been succesfull even with huge IP's backing them like Star Wars and Star Trek???
Answer: NO
B) Why make another copy of whats out there, look at the MMORPG game list how many times can you regurgetate the same crap and spit it out?
Answer: Where is the risk in doing something not like the rest of the pack
C) How often do you read on message boards people like me clammer and btiching and begging for a decent MMO with PvP/Crafting/ in an open Sand Box?
Answer: All the time
So why wouldnt you go against the main stream and garunteed yourself a client base that is waiting to be had!
UO,Shadowbane,SWG,Darkfall,MO,Wurm Online,Secretworld,GW,GW2,PotBS,LotR,Atlantica Online,WWII Online,WoT,Battlestar Galactica,Planetside2,Perpetuum,Fallen Earth,Runescape,WoW,Eve,Xsylon,Dragon Prophet, Salem
Novice Member
Joined: 3/30/05
Originally posted by jfoytek
Yeah the game will be a fail if they have those instanced crap zones.
They should just make different mega servers for those who want to play the game as a seamless world with open pvp etc.
It's very simple
1 mega server for carebears aka noobs or mother raised children
1 mega server for oldschool players who want to have that god damn real mmo experience.
Elite Member
Joined: 1/06/05
Originally posted by jfoytek
I suppose I inferred it from this line:
Well news flash, WoW became a great game because of content and its SANDBOX, the ability to go anywhere and kill anyone that lived on the server no matter if that ment a suicidal charge into ogrimar.
What type of suicide run can one really have in WoW? and hwat does it matter if you kill anyone in WoW.
However, you have clarified your point so carry on. (also, wow isn't a sandbox and never was).
Originally posted by Sovrath
Sandbox = A game map in which all area's are accessable by anyplayer....
For the most part this is true about WoW with the excpetion of dungeons and battle arena's
So I contend WoW is Primarly a Sandbox with Theampark content.....
Which is a huge upgrade from crap games like SWTOR and STO
UO,Shadowbane,SWG,Darkfall,MO,Wurm Online,Secretworld,GW,GW2,PotBS,LotR,Atlantica Online,WWII Online,WoT,Battlestar Galactica,Planetside2,Perpetuum,Fallen Earth,Runescape,WoW,Eve,Xsylon,Dragon Prophet, Salem
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/21/04
Logic be damned!
Stopped reading at Carebear.
Stopped giving you any credibility when I skimmed down a bit and saw you say that Trammel ruined UO.
Your "opinion" on game design is laughable.
As are your comprehension of facts.
Trammel made UO infinitely better. The small subset of players who were REALLY pissed about it and weren't crybabies moved to Siege Perilous and had the EXACT same gameplay experience. The population of the game jumped dramatically. The availability of PvP in Felucca jumped dramatically.
SWG was ruined from the start, NGE was just the final nail in the coffin which had already been shut and buried by then. The game had some great ideas, but the execution was ALWAYS horrible and the game was on it's last legs long before the CU and NGE.
Darkfall never took off because it is/was garbage gaming, most people don't like circle jerk bunny hop Counterstrike PvP in their MMOs. Oh, and they also don't like an extremely buggy, unpolished, piles of shit.
Now, I have NO idea if ESO is going to be any good or not.
But anywho who thinks a full loot kill anyone steal anything Elder Scrolls MMO would actually work is, well.... misguided.
I am a big fan of the ES RPGs, and I know enough to know what systems in those games wouldn't work in a MMO.
And guess what?
Those are the systems not going in to ESO?!
Recent revelations have all but proven that Zenimax knows what they are doing in designing this game - or they are listening to the fans that have a clue.
I've probably been lurking for way, way too long.
Elite Member
Joined: 5/12/10
Originally posted by GreenHell
Nice summary, pretty much this. I'd love to see however a PvE/Crafting/Sandbox game :) without the stench of pvp I guess it could be a massive hit.
I don't have any proof ofc but I think sandboxes of today have niche numbers only because pvp. Someone cited Minecraft as an example of sandbox popularity, but even in Minecraft all the big stuff (like Minas Tirith, or the whole Middle-earth, or the scenes from Game of Thrones etc.) were built on separate servers, without any pvp griefers.
jfoytek wrote the "simple facts" of the majority of MMO's - it's not without a reason, nor caused by UFO's or naughty conspiracies by devs against the poor, opressed pvp people... simply the facts. Themepark and pve sells. And the money goes where the sell is. GreenHell +1.
Novice Member
Joined: 7/21/12
"Think for yourself and question authority." Timmothy Leary
I don't often find myself replying to post on this website, but when I do it's because someone is really off their rocker. Show me one sandbox game that has the WoW numbers and I'll show you a successful dev/publisher that is making mmos just for the fun of it. It's all about that bottom dollar and that dollar has spoken. People want to be handheld/guided and not overwhelmed about the game they play to relax... as well they should be. The majority of people playing these games, do so after work or on the weekends and can't be bothered to spend hours and hours only to find out they been killed and will have to start over there and walk back here or w/e all because some jackass who has no job/life wants to be a troll. Sandbox would/could fit this series well enough, the problem is that it wont work with the main stream, but this game is very far from what I would call "Themepark" through and through. So while I do think back to the days of yore when PVP ran rampant through the Crossroads and how much fun I used to have. It also reminds me of getting corpse camped for 45 mins right in the middle of my afternoon off from work when all I wanted to do was find some people for a dungeon run.
Elite Member
Joined: 5/12/10
Originally posted by BadSpock
+1 to that as well. And misguided is a very kind and friendly word for it :)


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Tuesday Question: The Vote For The Heisman
Posted Nov 6, 2012
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Tuesday Question: Who are the top five Heisman candidates?
By Richard Cirminiello
5. AJ McCarron, Alabama – McCarron authored his Heisman moment in Baton Rouge late Saturday night, but he won't have the numbers to win. He's a championship quarterback who's not ideally suited for individual honors. He'll have to "settle" for different hardware.
4. QB Braxton Miller, Ohio State – If the Buckeyes weren't ineligible for the postseason, Miller would be getting a lot more attention as the linchpin for a 10-0 team. He'll win a Heisman Trophy, but just not in 2012.
3. RB Kenjon Barner, Oregon – It's impossible to ignore what Barner has done this season, especially in The Coliseum last Saturday. Still, no disrespect to the nation's No. 2 rusher, but wouldn't a ton of backs put up gaudy numbers in Chip Kelly's system?
2. LB Manti Te'o, Notre Dame – If we're talking about the best player in college football, Te'o has to be at the forefront of the conversation. Had he turned pro in January, the unbeaten Irish are 6-3 right now.
1. QB Collin Klein, Kansas State – There are four weeks left in the season, and we're discussing Kansas State as a national championship contender. That alone is reason enough to hand Klein the hardware. He's got the numbers, but he's also the most valuable player in college football since Tim Tebow was in the Swamp.
By Matt Zemek
Matt Zemek
5) Marqise Lee, USC – His team is not having a great year, but Lee has been productive on a large scale, carrying USC for most of the season. Remember that Lee is doing what he's doing even though teammate Robert Woods has been poor and quarterback Matt Barkley has been decidedly mediocre in 2012. Lee should be in New York.
4) Manti Te'o, Notre Dame – Jarvis Jones might make a better NFL prospect, but Te'o has accomplished more than any other defensive player in the sport this season. Yes, Pittsburgh was able to run on Notre Dame at times this past Saturday, but the whole of Te'o's season still stacks up favorably compared to most.
3) Barrett Jones, Alabama – If we're talking about the most outstanding player in college football, really, why don't superior offensive linemen gain consideration? If Te'o, Ndamukong Suh, and a few other defensive players receive attention in the modern-day life of the Heisman award, why can't an elite center be given a ticket to New York? THIS man is the backbone of Alabama's offense, and quite possibly, the Tide's full roster of players.
2) Kenjon Barner, Oregon – There's a reason why Barner is ringing up huge numbers instead of De'Anthony Thomas. Oregon's system certainly puts running backs in position to succeed, but you have to be great in order to become that next great Oregon running back. Do keep that point in mind.
1) Collin Klein, Kansas State – The Heisman isn't an MVP award. We know that. However, Klein is the centerpiece of Kansas State's offense in much the same way that Robert Griffin III was the heart of Baylor's offense last year. Everything flows through and depends on Klein. Defenses still can't stop him. Barner needs Marcus Mariota to be good. Klein needs Klein to be good. There's a difference, a Heisman-winning difference, found in those realities.
Phil Harrison
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Top Five Heisman Candidates
It's election day and there will be many candidates for public office wearing a spot in the floorboards, grinding their nails to stubs, and twiddling nervous thumbs awaiting a lifetime turn at the fork in the road. Likewise, in honor of election day, here are some public candidates of another cloth. Your top five Heisman candidates are:
Braxton Miller
Ohio State
- The Buckeyes talent level is good, but it's not an undefeated 10-0 good. Miller is the engine that drives this car, and without him OSU has a couple losses, maybe more. He's got plenty of highlight moves and is averaging just shy of 300 yard per game, but this year is likely a set up campaign for next year.
Manti Te'o
Notre Dame
- Yes, he's that good of a defender that can change a game, and belongs in the team picture. The reality however, is that he doesn't get any love on the offensive side of the ball to be taken too seriously.
AJ McCarron
- The numbers aren't going to reach the level of past Heisman winners, but he's the guy on the best team that always seems to get the de-facto push. Zero interceptions to go against 19 TDs doesn't hurt. Neither does bringing his team back against LSU on Saturday in front of a national audience in prime-time.
Kenjon Barner
- Barner interjected himself big-time into the front of race with a 321 yard, 5 TD performance against USC on Saturday. He'll need the same type of numbers in other showcase games to reel in the leader......
Collin Klein
Kansas State
- He's everyone's leader in the clubhouse right now and for good reason. The numbers are there (1st in passing efficiency, 6th in scoring), the wins are there, and he is the heart and soul of K-State's dream season. Without him, the Wildcats would likely be looking up in the standings rather than being dead center in the sweet spot of the national title race.
Terry Johnson
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With the Heisman Trophy announcement less than six weeks away, what would the voting look like if the season ended after Saturday's games?
Texas A&M's Johnny Manziel
would have finished in fifth place. One of the most pleasant surprises in college football this year, Manziel has sparked the Aggies to a 7-2 record. A dual threat under center, Manziel leads the SEC in both rushing and total offense. While he's still behind the rest of the pack because of his struggles against the elite defenses of Florida and LSU, he could vault himself to the top of the list with a big game against Alabama this weekend.
Finishing one spot in front of Manziel would be
Georgia's Jarvis Jones
, who's clearly the best defensive player in the country. A disruptive force in the Bulldogs 3-4 scheme, Jones leads the nation in tackles for a loss and forced fumbles. Despite his excellence in virtually all facets of the game, he doesn't have much a chance to win the award because he plays on the wrong side of the ball. However, after his 13-tackle, 3-sack performance against Florida placed Georgia in the drivers' seat to win the SEC East, it's hard to imagine that he won't end up in New York City as a finalist.
Kansas State's Collin Klein
would have finished third had the voting concluded on Saturday night. Klein is the nation's most complete QB, capable of beating any defense with his arm or his legs. He ranks third in the Big 12 in rushing, and leads the nation in both passing efficiency and passing yards per attempt. Unfortunately, he had a so-so game against Oklahoma, which puts him just slightly behind the other top contenders. But with TCU and Texas still on the schedule, he has plenty of time to make his case.
Thanks to a 325-yard, 5 TD effort against USC,
Oregon's Kenjon Barner
would have jumped all the way to second on the final ballot. As the most lethal weapon of college football's most explosive offense, Barner averages 143 yards per game and has scored 19 TDs, which is the second highest total in the land. More impressively, he's compiled these numbers in limited playing time, as Chip Kelly always empties the benches when the game gets out of hand. With games against Stanford, Oregon State, and the Pac 12 South Champion remaining, don't be surprised to see Barner hoist the Trophy if he continues to put up his video game-like numbers.
Alabama's AJ McCarron
would win the Heisman Trophy had the hardware been awarded after Saturday night's game. No longer just a game manager, McCarron has taken a more active role in the Crimson Tide offense this season. Despite throwing the ball downfield more often, he's third in the nation in both passing efficiency and yards per attempt, and has yet to throw an interception.
However, it's the intangibles that set McCarron apart from the rest of the field. With the eyes of the entire college football world watching, he had the daunting task of marching the Crimson Tide offense 72 yards with just 1:34 remaining. After struggling for most of the evening, McCarron went 4-of-5 the final drive against (arguably) the best defense in the country. Sure, the game-winning TD came on screen pass, but the fact that LSU was blitzing in that situation shows how much respect the Tigers have for McCarron's ability.
If overcoming such a Herculean obstacle doesn't earn the distinction of "the nation's most outstanding player", what does?
Bart Doan
Follow me
1. Collin Klein, QB, Kansas State: Right now the little bronze man is CK's to lose. The only thing that could derail the man who's basically been to KSU what Cam Newton was to Auburn a few years ago? Health, as his status for this weekend is a mystery. Aside from that, this CK's fragrance is Heisman. Sounds like a musty smell, right?
2. Manti T'eo, LB, Notre Dame: The heartbeat of the Notre Dame revolution, T'eo did what so few elite players can...improved in his one flaw area, which was playing with the ball in the air. Entering his senior season with 0 INT's, he now has four. There's something to be said for that improvement and still being an elite player working harder to be even better.
3. Barrett Jones, OL, Alabama: I refuse to only include skill position players because other guys do just as much work for no credit. Jones anchors the best offensive line in college football on and off the field, and even reportedly suggested the winning Bama pass against LSU this past weekend. If the Heisman is about outstanding players, truly, then he needs to be there.
4. Braxton Miller, QB, Ohio State: I'm taking Urban Meyer's lead on this one, himself calling the rapidly improving Miller a Heisman candidate and noting that he's one of the most talented players he's ever coached. And Meyer has coached some good ones. Number one draft picks and Heisman winners included. That's some high praise for the leader of the still unbeaten Buckeyes. The NCAA will really need to expedite another investigation soon to keep him out of NYC.
5. Marqise Lee, WR, Southern California: Lee is visually stunning to watch play football, a hybrid between one of those car commercials where two stiffs are driving an SUV at warp speed around some winding Nevada cliff scene and a greased sow. He's second in the nation in both receiving yards and catches, and then 11th in kickoff return average with a touchdown. Just an incredible individual talent with rubber ligaments it seems.

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The present invention encompasses methods and apparatus for minimizing the risks inherent in endovascular grafting for blood vessel therapy and repair. The invention involves delivering adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, progenitor cells, fibroblasts, or smooth muscle cells to the diseased blood vessel.
1. A method of treating an aneurysm in an individual at the aneurysmal site using self-derived cells, comprising:
harvesting smooth muscle cell-containing tissue from the individual wherein said tissue is selected from the group consisting of adipose tissue, bone marrow and peripheral blood;
isolating smooth muscle cells from the tissue;
delivering the isolated smooth muscle cells directly to the wall of a blood vessel at said aneurysmal site by liquid delivery means wherein said blood vessel wall is repaired and said aneurysm is treated in said individual.
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18. A method of repairing an aneurysm in an individual using self-derived cells, comprising:
harvesting smooth muscle cell-containing tissue from the individual wherein said tissue is selected from the group consisting of adipose tissue, bone marrow and peripheral blood;
isolating smooth muscle cells from the tissue;
delivering the isolated smooth muscle cells directly to the wall of a blood vessel at the aneurysm site by a fluid delivery means wherein the blood vessel wall at said aneurysm site is repaired and said aneurysm is treated in said individual.
19. The method of
Aortic aneurysms and the degeneration of the vasculature in general represent a significant medical problem for the general population. Aneurysms within the aorta presently affect between two and seven percent of the general population and the rate of incidence appears to be increasing. This form of vascular disease is characterized by degeneration in the arterial wall in which the wall weakens and balloons outward. Until the affected artery is grafted through open repair or treated with a stent graft endovascularly, a patient with an aortic aneurysm must live with the threat of aortic aneurysm rupture and death.
One known clinical approach for patients with an aortic aneurysm is a surgical repair procedure. This is an extensive operation involving dissection of the aorta and reinforcement of the aneurysm wall with a prosthetic graft.
Alternatively, there is a significantly less invasive clinical approach to aneurysm repair known as endovascular grafting. Endovascular grafting involves the placement of a prosthetic arterial stent graft within the lumen of the artery. To prevent rupture of the aneurysm, a stent graft of tubular construction is introduced into the blood vessel, and is secured in a location such that the stent graft spans the length of the aneurysmal sac. The outer surface of the stent graft at its ends is sealed to the interior wall of the blood vessel at a location where the blood vessel wall has not suffered a loss of strength or resiliency, such that blood flowing through the vessel is diverted through the hollow interior of the stent graft away from the blood vessel wall at the aneurysmal sac location. In this way, the risk of rupture of the blood vessel wall at the aneurysmal location is significantly reduced and blood can continue to flow through to the downstream blood vessels without interruption. However, despite the advantages of endovascular grafting over other surgical procedures, there is, nonetheless, continued progression of the aneurysm disease.
A salient feature of aneurysm formation is the gradual degradation of extracellular components, such as collagen and elastin, as well as the loss of resident cells, namely smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The cells in a healthy vessel perform many and varied functions, including providing reinforcement to the vessel wall and, importantly, replenishing the extracellular components. The diminished cellular presence observed in diseased arteries directly and adversely impacts the vessel wall ultrastructure.
The field of cell replacement research and tissue engineering currently is one of the major focuses of medical technology. An exciting area of tissue engineering is the emerging technology of "self-cell" therapy, where cells of a given tissue type are removed from a patient, isolated, perhaps mitotically expanded and/or genetically engineered, and ultimately reintroduced into the donor/patient with or without synthetic materials or other carrier matrices. One goal of self-cell therapy is to help guide and direct the rapid and specific repair or regeneration of tissues. Such self-cell therapy is already a part of clinical practice; for example, using autologous bone marrow transplants for various hematologic conditions. The rapid advancement of this technology is reflected in recent publications that disclose progress toward bone and cartilage self-cell therapy. Moreover, similar advances are being made with other tissues such as cardiac muscle, liver, pancreas, tendon and ligament. One of the greatest advantages of self-cell therapy over current technologies is that the autologous nature of the tissue/cells greatly reduces, if not eliminates, immunological rejection and the costs associated therewith.
Thus there is a desire in the art to slow, reverse, or potentially cure the aneurysm disease state by using minimally invasive procedures while reducing or eliminating immunological rejection. The present invention satisfies this need in the art.
The present technology addresses the problem of degeneration of vascular tissue, particularly at an aneurysmal site. Embodiments according to the present invention provide methods for supporting and treating the vascular tissue with fully differentiated primary cells, such as fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells, as well as stem cells derived from adult sources. Such cells function to replace, regenerate, reinforce and strengthen the disease site through the secretion of extracellular matrix components in the tissue wall.
Thus, in one embodiment, there is provided a method of treating a blood vessel in an individual comprising: harvesting tissue from the individual; isolating cells of one or more cell type from the harvested tissue; and delivering the isolated cells to the blood vessel by a delivery means. In one aspect, single cell populations or combination cell populations (which include more than one cell type) are used. In another aspect of the embodiment of this invention, the isolated cells are expanded or differentiated in vitro before delivery. In another aspect of the embodiment of this invention, the cells are genetically engineered in vitro before delivery. In another aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the cells are delivered in conjunction with a carrier and/or cellular scaffold and are left to expand, and, if necessary, differentiate in vivo. In another aspect of the embodiment, the cells are delivered together with agents, such as growth factors, to promote or enhance cell proliferation and/or secretion in vivo.
A more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments of the invention described in the present specification and illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the specification and appended drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of this invention and are, therefore, not to be considered to be limiting of its scope. The invention may admit to equally effective embodiments as defined by the claims.
Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it is to be understood that the described embodiments are not intended to limit the invention solely and specifically to only these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the attached claims.
The present technology encompasses methods for treating the aneurysm wall of blood vessels in an individual. Aspects of the invention include a method for delivering adult stem cells, including progenitor cells, derived from, for example, adipose tissue, bone marrow, or peripheral blood of the individual, to a blood vessel in need of therapy. Also included are methods for the delivery of differentiated primary cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts, derived from, for example, arterial or venous blood vessel segments and dermal tissue (skin), respectively. The stem cells, fibroblasts, or smooth muscle cells to be delivered may come directly from the adipose tissue, bone marrow, or other tissue samples, or the cells may be cultured, expanded or manipulated before delivery. One cell type or a combination of cell types may be delivered. In addition, the cells may be delivered along with a natural or synthetic cellular scaffolding material and/or carrier solution, and with or without bioactive agents.
Referring initially to
As stated previously, vascular surgery and endovascular grafts have proven successful in patients with aortic aneurysms; however, neither procedure inhibits the progression of the disease state. Before the aneurysm reaches a size to necessitate such procedures, the present invention treats blood vessels directly—particularly at the site of an aneurysm, possibly preventing the need for subsequent surgical repair. Alternatively, the present invention can be used in addition to surgery or placement of a stent graft to bolster and provide enhanced healing at the aneurysmal site. Such methods involve tissue engineering using self-derived cells, or, alternatively, immuno-neutral non-self-derived stem cells (for example, mesenchymal stem cells) may be used.
Progression of the disease state is characterized by continued degeneration of the aortic wall due to thinning of the medial connective tissue architecture of the aorta, and a concomitant loss of collagen in the adventitia associated with dilatation of the vessel. There is evidence that connective tissue-degrading enzymatic activity is triggered by inflammation in the medial and adventitial layers of the aorta. Accordingly, one aspect of one embodiment of the present invention involves limiting the spread of inflammation by implantation of stem cells, progenitor cells, or smooth muscle cells into the blood vessel wall such that the newly created vascular smooth muscle exerts a paracrine, protective effect against artery wall destruction by inflammation. The smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in this normal in vivo setting thus are likely to synthesize aortic wall collagen (type I & III) and elastin. Thus, among other advantages, the invention provides the blood vessel with therapy that protects and regenerates extracellular matrix components in the medial and adventitial layers of blood vessels, preventing continued dilatation and/or further degeneration of the aortic tissue.
Another advantage of using adipose tissue as a source of stem cells is that, due to the abundance of stem cells in adipose tissue, stem cell harvest, isolation, genetic manipulation and/or growth-factor based differentiation may be accomplished perioperatively. Thus, depending on the number of cells required for implantation, it may not be necessary for the patient to submit to the liposuction procedure on one day and the stem cell implantation on a subsequent day. The procedures can be performed sequentially within minutes or tens of minutes of one another. (See, e.g., Noishiki, et al., Artificial Organs, 25(3):228-35 (2001); and Zuk, et al., Tissue Engineering, 7(2):211-28).
Alternatively, bone marrow may be harvested for vascular smooth muscle cell or fibroblast isolation. As a whole, bone marrow is a complex tissue comprised of two distinct populations of stem cells, namely hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to components of the blood and immune systems while mesenchymal stem cells give rise to varied cells, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and myoblasts. Cells, such as fibroblasts, reticulocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells, form a connective tissue network called "stroma". Cells from the stroma regulate morphologically the differentiation of hematopoietic cells through direct interaction via cell surface proteins and the secretion of growth factors. Stroma cells also are involved in the foundation and support of the bone structure. Studies using animal models show that bone marrow contains "pre-stromal" cells which have the capacity to differentiate into cartilage, bone, and other connective tissue cells, and, in an inverse relationship with age, they are capable of differentiating into an assortment of connective tissues depending upon the influence of a number of bioactive factors. While mesenchymal stem cells are extremely rare in bone marrow, they also can be found in other tissues, such as peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood and adipose tissue.
In certain embodiments according to the present invention, an autologous bone marrow transplant is contemplated. In an autologous transplant, the individual to receive therapy donates his or her own stem cells for later reinfusion. The procedure for harvesting bone marrow from the individual is performed while the individual is under anesthesia. A needle is inserted into the cavity of the rear hip bone, the iliac crest, where a large quantity of bone marrow is located. The bone marrow is a thick, red liquid and is extracted by a syringe. Several skin punctures on each hip and multiple bone punctures may be required to harvest enough stem cells for use in the present invention.
In yet another embodiment, smooth muscle cells may be derived from peripheral blood. Human blood has circulating adult progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating into smooth-muscle-like cells in response to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) treatment. (See, e.g., Simper, et al., Circulation, 106:1199-1204 (2002)). Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, a blood draw is contemplated. Since progenitor cell populations are present in very low percentages, the cells are expanded in culture following growth factor-induced differentiation and selection. Alternatively, the patients may be systemically treated with agents, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or the like, which are known to increase hematopoietic progenitors in humans by activating and promoting mobilization of these progenitors from bone marrow into the circulation by several fold.
In a next step, step 320 of
Protocols for the identification of fibroblasts and/or vascular smooth muscle cells are well established. Markers that can be monitored and selected for in vascular smooth muscle cells are smooth muscle cell-specific α actin (αSMC), calponin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) or β-tubulin. Fibroblasts can be identified morphologically and selected for vimentin expression. Selection can be accomplished by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), western blotting, or by other techniques known by those skilled in the art.
Step 330 shown in
Alternatively or in addition, it has been shown that medial thinning and breakdown of elastin and collagen in the aorta is due, at least in part, to the effects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs (MMP2, gelatinase A; MMP9, gelatinase B, and MMP 12, metalloelastase) are a group of proteolytic enzymes associated with the extracellular matrix. MMPs are known to degrade one or more connective tissue elements and have been implicated in clearing a path through the extracellular matrix for cell migration. Thus, in one aspect, the fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells may be engineered to inhibit the progression of an established (pre-existing) aneurysm by, e.g., inhibiting MMPs. Suitable inhibitors may include, for example, endogenous inhibitors, such as tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and macroglobulins, and synthetic inhibitors, such as chelating agents (e.g., EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline), peptides, antibodies, and antibiotics such as tetracycline and its derivatives.
The maximal dosage of a bioactive agent such as an MMP inhibitor in this context is the highest dosage of the bioactive agent that effectively inhibits elastolytic anti-aneurysmal activity, but does not cause undesirable or intolerable side effects. The practitioner is guided by skill and knowledge in the field, and the present invention includes without limitation dosages that are effective to achieve the described phenomena.
The transduction of viral vectors carrying genes for bioactive compounds into the stem cells can be performed with viral vectors (adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, or other viral vectors) that have been isolated and purified. In such techniques, stem cells are exposed to the virus in serum-free media in the absence or presence of a cationic detergent for a period of time sufficient to accomplish the transduction.
Alternatively, vectors carrying genes for bioactive compounds can be introduced into the stem cells by use of calcium phosphate DNA precipitation, cationic detergent methods, liposomes, TAT-derived cell penetrating peptides, or in three-dimensional cultures by incorporation of the plasmid DNA vectors directly into a biocompatible polymer. Perioperative stem cell transfection may include ultrasound, magnetic field mediated-, or electorporation techniques. Electroporation protocols are known in the art and also can be found, e.g., in Maniatis, Fritsch & Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1982); and DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover, ed. 1985. For the tracking and detection of functional proteins encoded by the introduced genes, the viral or plasmid DNA vectors can contain a readily detectable marker gene, such as green fluorescent protein or the beta-galactosidase enzyme, both of which can be tracked by histochemical means.
Another method for modifying the stem cells, smooth muscle cells, and/or fibroblasts prior to delivery to the aneurysmal sac is to expand the vascular smooth muscle stem cell population. Basically, the expansion process is accomplished by prolonged in vitro culturing of the stem cells in the selective cell culture medium (i.e., the medium that stimulated fibroblast or vascular smooth muscle stem cell growth without differentiation) from several to many successive cell passages. On the other hand, because adipose tissue yields a relatively large number of stem cells, if adipose tissue is used, in vitro expansion typically is not necessary.
Step 340 of
In addition to porous scaffolds, the present invention contemplates using a gel scaffold. Such gels may be synthetic or semisynthetic gels that may not only stimulate cells through inclusion of adhesion and/or growth factor moieties, but may also respond to cells by degrading in the presence of specific cell cues. In one particularly well-developed family of gels known in the art, the basic macromer unit is a linear or branched polyethylene oxide end-capped with chemically reactive groups. Such a gel is particularly flexible for use in embodiments according to the present invention as it is intrinsically non-adhesive for cells and the gel properties can be tailored: the consistency of the gel can be controlled by the size of the monomers and the gel thickness; controlled degradation may be had by including hydrolysable polyester segments or enzyme-cleavable peptides at the chain ends, and adhesion peptides can be included in the gel at a concentration to control cell interactions.
Another type of gel useful in the present invention is a stimuli-responsive polymer gel. Stimuli-responsive polymer gels are compounds that can be triggered to undergo a phase-transition, such as a sol-gel transition. This property aids in reducing the pressure required to get the polymer-cell suspension through the delivery means. A preferred system would be a polymer-scaffolding system that is liquid at room temperature and gels at a temperature slightly below body temperature.
As described previously, stem cells respond to soluble bioactive molecules such as cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenic factors and can be engineered to secrete such factors as well as metalloproteinase inhibitors. Thus, these molecules alone can be used for tissue induction or growth. Alternatively, the tissue-inductive factors or MMP inhibitors can be incorporated into the biodegradable polymer of the scaffold, as an alternative to or in addition to engineering the stem cells to produce such inductive factors. In yet another alternative, biodegradable microparticles or nanoparticles loaded with these molecules can be embedded into the scaffold substrate.
Alternatively, embodiments of the present invention provide implanting stem cells along with the differentiation factors appropriate to induce fibroblast or vascular smooth muscle stem cell differentiation; however, if such factors are used they are preferably administered in a time release fashion.
Thus, the cells can be delivered with or without a cellular scaffolding or matrix element. However, in addition, the cells and scaffolding, if present, likely will be delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable solution or diluent. For example, the cells may be delivered in a carrier of sterile water, normal saline, culture medium or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substance, such as a pH adjusting or buffering agent, tonicity adjusting agent, stabilizer, wetting agent, and the like.
Alternate embodiments of this invention include encapsulating the cells in biodegradable microspheres or capsules, designed for gradual or measured release over time.
Referring again to
In some procedures where vessel repair is necessarily extensive—particularly at aneurismal sites—a stent graft may be used, and a catheter may be tracked along side the stent to deliver the stem cells to the media of the vessel. Such stents are known in the art. In some cases, it may be preferable to use a biodegradable stent. Such devices are disclosed, for example in Jadhav, U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,346; and Healy, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,161. in such cases, where the discease is an an advanced stage and a stent graft is employed, cells with or without scaffolds, gels or encapsulation may be injected directly into the aneurysmal sac region for the purpose of remodeling and/or reinforcement.
Cultivation of Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells
Smooth muscle progenitor cells may be isolated from human blood, as demonstrated by Simper, et al. (see, Circulation, 106:1199-1204 (2002)). To do so, human mononuclear cells are isolated from peripheral buffy coat blood, suspended in endothelial growth medium (EGM-2) and seeded on collagen type I matrix. The seeded smooth muscle progenitor cells were then grown in platelet-derived growth factor BB-enriched medium to promote smooth muscle outgrowth and expansion. Evaluations of cell phenotype may be carried out by western blotting or FACS sorting using monoclonal antibodies to αSMA, human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin and Flt1, CD 31, VE cadherein, vWF, CD34, Tie-2 and Flk1 receptors. Smooth muscle outgrowth cells are positive for smooth muscle cell-specific α actin (αSMA), myosin heavy chain, calponin, and CD34, Flt1 and Flk1 receptors. CD31, VE cadherein, vWF, and Tie-2 serve to identify contaminating (non-vascular smooth muscle) cell types.
Cultivation of Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts may be isolated from human dermal tissue, as demonstrated by Tonello, et al. (see, Biomaterials 24:1205-1211(2003)). In this protocol, following epithelial sheet dispase removal, the dermis is cut into small pieces (2-3 mm2) and fibroblasts are isolated by sequential trypsin and collagenase digestion. The cells are then cultured with DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum plus L-glutamine (2 mM) and penicillin(100 U/ml)/streptomycin(100 μg/ml). The medium is changed every three days and the cells are harvested by trypsin treatment.
Differentiation Protocol
For the development of stem cells into differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells, the stem cells may be cultivated in 3-dimensional aggregates called embryoid bodies (EBs) by the hanging drop method, by mass culture, or by differentiation in methylcellulose. Here, the hanging drop method is described.
1. Prepare a cell suspension containing a defined ES cell number of 800 cells in 20 mL of differentiation medium (DMEM (Gibco cat. No. 42200-030) supplemented with 20% FCS and, for each 100 mL medium, 1 mL 200 mM L-glutamine, 1 mL β-mercaptoethanol, 1 mL of nonessential amino acids stock (100�, Gibco cat. No. 25030-024)).
2. Place 20 mL drops (n=50-60) of the ES cell suspension on the lids of 100-mm bacteriological Petri dishes containing 10 mL PBS.
3. Cultivate the ES cells in hanging drops for 2 days. The cells will aggregate and form one EB per drop.
4. Rinse the aggregates carefully from the lids with 2 mL of medium, transfer into a 60-mm bacteriological Petri dish with 5 mL of differentiation medium, and continue cultivation in suspension for 7 days until the time of plating.
5. Plate EBs at day 7 and induce differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells by treatment with 10−8 M retinoic acid (in ethanol or DMSO) and 0.5�10−3 M db-cAMP between day 7 and 11 after plating (duration and treatment time has to be optimized for each cell line). The first spontaneously contracting vascular smooth muscle cells, which express the vascular-specific splice variant of the vascular smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene, appear in the EBs around 1 week after plating. Change the medium during the differentiation period every day or every second day.
6. A similar vascular smooth muscle cell induction is achieved by cultivating stem cells (n=600) as EBs in hanging drops in differentiation medium II (DMEM supplemented with 15% dextran-coated charcoal-treated FCS, and, for each 100 mL medium, 1 mL 200 mM L-glutamine, 1 mL β-mercaptoethanol, 1 mL of nonessential amino acids stock (100�, Gibco cat. No. 25030-024), 10 μL of a 3�10−4 M stock solution of Na-selenite, 2.5 mL of 7.5% stock solution bovine serum albumin, and 0.25 mL stock solution (4 mg/mL) transferrin) containing 2 mg/mL transforming growth factor β1 from day 0 to 5. Plate the EBs at day 5. The first spontaneously contracting vascular smooth muscle cells appear in EBs 10 days after plating, and maximal vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation (60%) is achieved at day 5 plus 24 hours to day 5 plus 28 hours.
7. Alternatively, ES cells (n=400) may be differentiated in hanging drops in M15 (DMEM plus 15% FCS, 0.1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.05 mg/mL streptomycin, and 0.03 mg/mL penicillin). After plating at day 4.5, the medium is partially exchanged every third day. Maximal vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation (30%) is achieved at day 4.5 plus 17 hours to day 4.5+19 hours.
8. For morphological analysis, transfer a single EB into each well of gelatin (0.1%)-coated microwell plates, transfer 20 to 40 EBs per dish onto 60-mm tissue culture dishes containing 4 coverslips (10�10 mm) for immunofluorescence, or transfer 15 to 20 EBs onto 60-mm tissue culture dishes for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of EB outgrowths.
While the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, or process to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
All references cited herein are to aid in the understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in their entireties for all purposes.
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District 230
Click the photo above to watch the Class of 2015 Graduation video.
The window is open from 7/1 - 7/27. Click the link above for steps to complete the process
Greetings Eagle Families and Friends,
March Madness - Sandburg Style - has generated a lot of excitement for the Eagles. The month started with the NHS blood drive, our second one of the school year. All appointments were filled, exemplifying the strong commitment by our students to help make a difference. >>Continue Reading
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Sandburg hosted Senior Honors night, recognizing and celebrating many achievements of almost 100 seniors. While the event marked a milestone for our seniors, the accomplishments and plans of these students evidence that the event is, by no means, a capstone. The very talented students who were honored engage school with curiosity, wonder, passion, and, most of all, grit. We marvel at their accomplishments, and we congratulate them - and their families, their teachers, sponsors, and coaches - for their level of achievement and commitment. View the Senior Honors Night program. Go Eagles!


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This poster series depicts the sequence of events following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
The lotus growing out of the cracked earth in Poster no. 1 symbolises birth and rebirth. The red lotus in particular represents love and compassion. The lotus is a flower that is born from the mud of the earth, fights its way through the depths of the water to bloom into the air and sunlight. This is how I view Japan, as a country that teaches their people to be strong and to endure.
Poster no. 2 represents the tsunami that followed the earthquake. Despite the devastation it brought onto the Japanese people, they maintained their strength and unity and demonstrated true grace under fire.
Poster no. 3 pays homage to the Fukushima 50 that volunteered their lives to stay behind to control the nuclear reactor. Each hexagonal shape represents one of the Fukushima employees. The crane flying up out of the nuclear meltdown represents honour, loyalty and longevity.
In addition to the posters I organized a fundraising poster Art show with proceeds going to the Canadian Red Cross.
Visit the poster Art show's Facebook page.
RGD 2013 So(cial) Good Design Awards
Designer Initiated Projects
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Exhibition curated by Elizabeth Resnick, Professor, Chair, Massachusetts College of Art ad Design
Creative Direction / Design
The Munk Debates are a semi-annual Debates, discussing controversial topics ranging from politics, religion, climate change.
Working with ecentricarts inc., we created a mobile responsive website that promotes upcoming debates, as well as provides video, photo and community discussions for current and previous debates.
Art Direction / Design / App Design
SoundMakers is an online hub where music lovers can come to listen to music commissioned by Soundstreams as well as create music and share with the SoundMakers Community.
Working with ecentricarts inc., we created a brand identity and website that reflects the open and creative nature of the SoundMakers' audience. Allowing users to explore music by a mood range bar (e.g. light or dark), as well by instrument or location.
In addition to the website, we extended the creation component to a SoundMakers iPad app that allows users to take samples and layer them into their own music.
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Soundstreams is a Toronto-based music presenter that commissions, develops, and showcases the work of contemporary Canadian composers and their international counterparts.
Working with ecentricarts inc., we created a website that presents the season's performances, as well as an educational resource to feature community programs that encourage students and patrons to connect with composers.
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The Cancer Research Institute (CRI) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to researching the immune system's power to conquer all cancers.
Working with ecentricarts inc., we provided a redesign of CRI's corporate website by optimizing their visitor's user experience and rethinking and re-visualizing their resources into easy to understand infographics.
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WorkInCulture is an online web resource that Connects, Creates, and Curates training and tools that help arts and culture professionals develop the business skills to match their creative talents.
Working with ecentricarts inc., we created a website that allowed their users to easily find resources, search job boards and register for online courses.
View WorkInCulture website
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This infographic highlights the world's energy supply in the past, present and future. It demonstrates in order to maintain our energy demand, we will have to rely more on sustainable energy as geothermal, wind and solar.
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Working with TPM Communications, we created a website that allows users to customize outcome by selecting their scenarios, choose a vehicle, make decisions on fuelling/charging options. At the end of the scenario, users can post their results and share on social media.
An infographic I created for Om Malik for his Gigaom article "My save to read it later habits, visualized as an infographic" analyzing what percentage of Pocket Users come back to read saved articles.
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Working with the 2011 data from Food Banks Canada, I created statistical graphics for their 2011 Annual Hunger Count Report. This reports highlights the key points related to food bank usage for the past year, and helps to spell out the story that more needs to be done to address the issue of under funding and hunger amongst Canadians.
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It was created in English and then translated into Japanese to reach a wider audience.
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Updated 05/28/2014
"Palazzo" means "palace" in Italian, and the $1.8-billion, all-suites resort aims to bring new meaning to the word, ushering even more luxury to the north end of the Las Vegas Strip. Though it has struggled to keep restaurants, the hotel's an understated blend of style and sophistication. The floorplan for the Palazzo suites are almost exactly the same as the Venetian's. Each suite comes standard with a sunken living room, two plasma TVs, a dining area, sectional couch, and desk. Remote-controlled Roman shades and curtains add to the modern conveniences; let the sun in without getting out of bed! Bathrooms are appointed with marble and feature a separate shower and soaking tub. For $100 more per night, concierge-level rooms (known as "Prestige Suites") include breakfast, afternoon snacks, hors d'oeuvres, and business center services.
The Shoppes: With 50 international boutiques, including Barneys New York, Christian Louboutin, and Diane von Furstenberg,
The Shoppes at The Palazzo are perhaps the No. 1 non-gaming attraction at this palatial resort.
The pool: Palazzo has one of the Strip's largest pool decks, a humongous complex with private whirlpools, statues, and gardens galore.
The waterfall: A three-story waterfall graces the outskirts of the casino.
The green : With a top-quality energy conservation program and other green amenities, Palazzo has received LEED-Gold distinction from the U.S. Green Building Council.
Each suite comes standard with a sunken living room, marble bathroom, and linens from Anichini. Rooms also boast a printer/fax/scanner, DVD player and iPod adapter.
A walkway connects the property to the Venetian.
The Canyon Ranch SpaClub includes a 40-foot high climbing wall and Aquavana, the first complete suite of European-inspired thermal spa cabins, tubs, and aqua-thermal bathing in the United States.
On-site parking sits beneath the casino and is among the most accessible on the Strip.
3325 Las Vegas Blvd. S, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89109, United States
702-607–7777; 866-263–3001
Website: www.palazzo.com
Hotel Details:
Updated 05/28/2014
By kcmek
Jan 9, 2013
If you're young & an inexperienced traveler, you'd probably like this place. If you're older & seasoned travelers such as us, this is not a upscale hotel other than the lobby, which seems to hold true for the other hotel lobbies we walked through. And, actually, my priority is not how luxurious a hotel lobby looks. We're paying for the room. This was our 1st trip to Las Vegas in 40 yrs. so don't know if this hotel & the Siena 1200 sq. ft. suite
in the Prestige Suites is considered luxury for Las Vegas, but definitely "not" luxury compared to other upscale hotels we've stayed in elsewhere. It was simply plain Jane & dull. Check-in was awful! Sure, there was no line checking in on the Prestige Suites floor but the long wait for our Siena room shouldn't have been. It was 5:30 in the afternoon so one would think the room would have been ready since check-out for customers is 11 a.m. We had been going for 12 hrs. central time zone and were exhausted so we were less than pleased that to begin with we had to stand & wait for almost 10 minutes & unsure as to what we were waiting for. Since our check-in guy was MIA after saying he'd be right back, we finally asked someone else if we could be seated inside the locked lounge area. After another long wait, our guy finally reappeared & said that there was one of the suites now cleaned & available. We felt relieved, which was short lived. Next, since nobody takes you & your luggage to your room, we finally found our room on a different floor. Our Siena suite lacked any luster but served the purpose for our four night stay. We sat and waited & waited for our luggage watching a small hard to see flat screen t.v.in the living room area. We were tired & hungry. Called the Prestige desk & found out that we had to call & request our luggage, which was going to be another 20 minute wait. Don't know if that was explained to us at check-in or not as our guy talked a mile a minute and still didn't slow-down even after we asked him to so that we could understand what he was saying. The guy next to him was rambling as fast to his clients, too. Definitely not a caring, professional approach. Overall, we were frustrated with the lack of professionalism from what was suppose to be an elite experience considering the expensive suite we rented for four nights. One could receive much better front desk service at a Holiday Inn Express. On the plus side, I must commend the very pleasant housekeeping gals on the 33rd floor for the impeccable job they did every day. Too bad they can't get promoted to the front desk. Would be a great improvement.
By allyismydog
Jul 3, 2010
Overall our experience was disappointing. We booked a luxury king and when we arrived at about 3 pm we were told there were over a hundred guests waiting for the same room class. They expected a 2 hour wait. So we took the 2 queen suite. The furniture in the room included a worn sectional sofa and two velvet like covered benches at the food of each bed. All were covered with multiple stains. Poor choice of fabric...a CSI styled UV lamp to
look for body fluids would have feared most guests into staying elsewhere! The beds were comfortable though and the bathrooms were nice. Robes and towels were nothing special. The hotel is the largest in vegas, so guests are treated like cattle in a way. I tried calling the front desk on 3 different occasions during my stay .... no answer. When we went to wait in line, they were very polite and accommodating though. Expect to pay through the nose for coffee (no coffee makers in the rooms per vegas style) and danish. Grand lux is the most economical. The gaming floor is smallish but the machines are new and the slots are fairly loose. Not many people shopping in the palazzo shops and Barney's is a disappointment, very little stock and appears to be seconds from their NY flagship store. We spent nearly our entire trip at the Wynn & Encore...which remains 2nd to none in Vegas.
By michelaleigh
Jan 12, 2010
Upon arrival at The Palazzo I gave my luggage to a bellman to bring to my room. The bag was subsequently lost. While the staff apologized profusely and searched for hours (in storage areas and guest rooms), they did nothing to make the situation right. They didn't even offer to send up a toothbrush. Communication among the Guest Services staff was horrendous. And when asked what the hotel typically does in this type of situation, multiple individuals
offered no assistance. Only when pressed was I offered $50 in drinks at the casino. Once a statement and claim was filed with security , the concierge said their desk could no longer help. When I followed up with the Claims office they would only reimburse up to $750 for the lost items (which were worth over $2,500). I also had to provide receipts to be reimbursed. The bag was eventually found by a guest a couple of days later (the guest called me to tell me he found it) -- it was delivered to his room and he had a bellman pick it up. The hotel never contacted me to tell me the bag was found. And when I called them, it took 3 hours to locate. After sending a lettter to the General Manager I was offered a future 2-night stay with upgraded accomodations. (Too little, too late!) They would not reimburse me the $900 I spent to replace lost toiletries, cosmetics, clothing and shoes.
By NYCDaniella
Aug 16, 2008
Truly a luxurious hotel. You feel like a queen (or king) as soon as you pull up to the door. The service is fantastic. It's like everyone is waiting to wait on you. The rooms are beautiful and the views are beautiful. The casino is small, but that also means it's less hectic than the other mega casinos. If you are looking for Luxurious Las Vegas, than the Palazzo is for you.
By mousespotter
Jul 28, 2008
Somewhat shoddy overall; room was dirty, smelled bad outside, casino very cold, poor hotel layout - overall, not worth the $
No Thanks


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45 year old man | Dallas, TX, USA | Seeking women 28-45 within 75 miles
Active within 24 hours
Well.... I've been told I'm a lot of fun to be...
Well.... I've been told I'm a lot of fun to be with, and I usually manage to make people laugh. I'm reasonably intelligent, successful, considerate, and humorous. So, how many words is that? OK, what else can I write...? : ) I want to meet someone who is fun to be with, and is also a good person. It's important to me that whoever I'm with has a big heart, and is honest and genuine. I don't like dealing with people who are into immature head games and thrive on creating drama. I want to meet someone who already enjoys her life the way it is right now, and has a lot of fun, but is also responsible at the same time. And, finding a significant other who is emotionally mature would be great for me, because I'm basically just an old kid. I know that sounds terrible, but I'm joking, for the most part. I'm pretty good at managing my own life, and I try to do my best with the emotional aspects of relationships, but I am a guy, so that kind of puts me at a disadvantage there. Again, just joking, mostly.... This whole idea of writing an ad for myself is not the easiest thing to do, at least for me, so it seems.... Anyway... If some part of this rambling makes sense to you at all, just give me a shout, and we'll talk about it.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Football, Golf, Running, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs
I have no pets currently, but I've had cats and dogs in the past.
Middle of the Road
What is a hot spot, exactly? Sounds kind of dumb... : ) Anyway, as far as travel, I like going to Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. Also, I have friends and family in Jacksonville, Chicago, Cleveland, and Portland, OR so I visit those places regularly.
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
I like a lot of different types of music, but I've never been into country. I know it's very popular and a lot of people like it.... So, no big deal, just not my thing. As far as TV, I like Boardwalk Empire, Family Guy, SportsCenter and golf channel.
I like to go to sporting events, movies, concerts, etc.... Day to day, I like to go out for dinner and drinks. On the weekends, I play golf and poker whenever I have the time.
I haven't read a novel in probably a couple years. I've read a few books on poker more recently. Right now, I'm reading an autobiography by Keith Richards from the Rolling Stones.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'2" (187cms)
|4'9" (144cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|No preference
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Executive / Management
|No preference
VP of operations for a medical supply company.
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
I'm kind of a mix of different backgrounds..... Italian, Czech, English, and Hungarian. All my grandparents were born in the U.S. except one. Maternal grandmother was born in Italy.
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
I was raised Methodist, sort of. Family attended church regularly when I was really young, but not so much after I was about age 8.... I don't belong to any church currently. Not a huge fan of organized religion.
|Bachelors degree
|No preference


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When Agfa dropped Record rapid I switched to MCC, I can honestly say there's none of my negatives that can't be printed equally as well with a VC paper compared to a graded paper.
You can use all the same techniques and controls with a VC paper plus a few more too. As 98% of my negatives print around Grades 2-3 VC papers are ideal and give me flexibility & the ability to shift to a higher/lower contrast for the odd negatives that need them. I certainly don't feel I've sacrificed anything/
The fact that I use the Zone system has no bearing on the chioce of VC or Graded it's totally immaterial.


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32 year old woman | San Francisco, CA, USA | Seeking men 29-39 within 25 miles
I will finish this later. Promise.
In short, I am a walking contradiction. But I think it is a strength to know your weaknesses..... I am an active person by nature - ran track cross country in college, still run and recently picked up Stand Up Paddleboard Yoga, but I loooove to nap and enjoy anything that involves relaxing. I watch the news, 60 Minutes and Sports Center (because they're interesting) to justify my reality TV addiction. I fancy myself a thoughtful person, but have "blonde" moments from time to time (my family calls them "Meagan-isms"). I am very health conscious (gluten free - wah wah), but love all food and have a weakness for frozen yogurt and red swedish fish. I appreciate a nice wine but also love tequila. I am fascinated by fashion but enjoy being comfortable. I am confident but not vain. My family and friends are my life - I can only hope that some day I am half as intelligent, successful, supportive and caring as they are. They inspire me every day. (I also recognize that this is a paragraph of fragmented sentences) I am looking for someone who is active but loves to nap; who loves to go out just as much as they love staying at home watching a movie; who is confident but not cocky; who loves the Giants and college football; who is healthy but has moments of weakness and is okay with that; who loves wine, beer and [good] tequila; who likes "The Boondock Saints" and "Tommy Boy" and "Reservoir Dogs;" who will try anything once; who is understanding, challenging, funny, caring, honest, well-educated and well-spoken; who takes themselves seriously but not; who will laugh at my childish (and, admittedly, lame) jokes and humor; and who appreciates a vintage Triumph motorcycle and a 1962 Porsche Speedster. Is that too much to ask? I didn't think so. recent highlights, to date: I went to Japan, ate blowfish (fugu) and survived, started making my own beef jerky, took a dumpling making course, learned that I am allergic to gluten (life changing, really), bought a juicer to "juice," adopted an adorable puppy, began training to be a Dailey Method fitness instructor, jumped out of a plane, graduated business school, started a new job, learned how to wake surf, fell in love with the water all over again (happens every summer, after the post-ski season blues wear off) and tried online dating. Submitted from mobile
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Golf, Hockey, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I have a puppy: Penny. She's a year old French Bullddog (and the cutest dog. EVER.)
Middle of the Road
Right now - I am chasing the sun. I tend to migrate towards Marin, Napa, Tahoe, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara... anywhere with the sun, water and wine.
fun things
I am really in to autobiographies - I just finished Bob Dylan's Chronicles am currently reading Scar Tissue (Anthony Keidis). I also really enjoy gossip magazines (full disclosure)
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Moderately
|I'll tell you later
|Sales / Marketing
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
First born American of Irish parents.
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
Raised Irish Catholic but don't practice. "Spiritual but not religious" is actually a perfect description of my faith
|English, Spanish
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
UC Davis - Undergrad. USF - Graduate


text:
The list of ingredients above is provided for informational purposes only. Always check the actual product label in your possession for the most accurate ingredient information due to product changes or upgrades that may not yet be reflected on our web site.
|Revlon ColorStay Makeup, Combination/Oily Skin, Buff, 1 Ounce
updated: 07/06/2015 04:44 UTC
|Revlon ColorStay Makeup, Normal/Dry Skin, SPF 15, Medium Beige 240, 1 Ounce
updated: 07/06/2015 04:44 UTC
|Revlon Colorstay for Combo/Oily Skin Makeup with SPF 6, Ivory 110, 1 fl oz
updated: 07/06/2015 04:44 UTC
Acne.org is not associated with this product. All proceeds from links go to charity.
[The prices listed above may change at any time and in some cases do not include shipping.]
I went through a lot of reviews before buying it but unfortunately it was not for my acne prone skin.I got serious acne N scarring within a week of use!!!
I bought this as I had heard great reviews about this foundation for oily skin. I have acne-prone skin but after in recent years the acne had stopped and I had mostly scars and blemishes. I still used to get occasional pimple here and there though. I only used liquid foundation while I was going out, never to work or uni. Since I was not applying to this foundation that often, I thought the pimples appearing were due to the nature of my skin. Then I went on vacation for 6 weeks. And I think I used this foundation almost everyday. My skin broke out like crazy, huge cystic acne that hurt like hell. I blamed my makeup remover wipes, I blamed my moisturiser, I even blamed rosehip oil which I was using but I didn't realize what the cause was until after the vacation. I returned and would still use this foundation sometimes but then I started thinking what were the products that I was constantly using while my skin was breaking out. I realized it was colorstay foundation, it is a great foundation but just not for me. My skin would sting a bit while applying this foundation but I thought that was due to the primer. I am using Australis Stayput foundation now and it does not sting or break me out at all. I still get breakouts sometimes and there are lots of scars but I am happy I stopped using the culprit. I am using Lush Fresh Farmacy and Grease Lightning and Sukin Rosehip oil. I do not have cystic acne anymore and normal breakouts during that time of the month. So for me, colorstay damaged my skin. And, guess what, I had one new bottle bought as backup on sale. Guess what's going in the bin?
I was really looking forward to using this foundation given the great reviews on coverage and how affordable it is being a drugstore makeup. I gave this foundation a couple of chances. Each time I wore it, my acne got even worse. It felt like my acne was getting worse during the day and my acne felt itchy. Once I stopped using it my skin got better. Needless to say, it didn't work for me and my skin made that clear the moment I put it on.
It started when I received a coupon for any Revlon makeup. I decided to give it a try since it would cost me only $8 which is a good bargain. Well, that was my first mistake. I have acne prone skin and most of my cosmetics are usually expensive and I have less breakout. I though maybe this product must be good since a lot of Youtubers were happy about the full coverage. After 2 days of using this new foundation, I stated to see some redness on one side of my cheek but I continued using which I should have stopped. Next thing, after 5 days my pores were so clogged that I ended up with a big "huge" boil on my left cheek. it was not even like my regular acne. I was devastated, my sister who's a dermatologist was chocked when she saw my face. I almost cried, but thankfully, she advised me to discontinued any makeup and use a gentle soap to clean my face. Next, she prescribed me some medications and I now my face is less worse. She told me it would take at least 4 to 6 months to clear up my skin.
My advise to anyone with acne prone skin, please stay away from this product. Yes, it would give you a good coverage but the price you will pay to repair the damage skin that it caused is not worth it. If you already have a makeup foundation that gives you less breakouts as possible, use it instead and don't try to experiment too many new foundations especially those that have a lot of bad reviews.
I learn my lesson the hard way, I wish I had read the negative reviews about this product sooner.
Iv used this on and off for years. I prefer revlon over Mac pro longwear. I think a lot of the work is in the application and not the foundation itself.
Great coverage. I don't think it's has broken me out. My only con is compared to etsee Lauder which I just switched to, this sinks into your pores come 6 hours of wear.
i have been using this foundation for 1 2 years and i loved it! i thought it had great coverage and it managed to cover all the redness, blemishes and spots on my face. But it made my skin worse literally when i took the makeup off, my skin felt really bad and it is extremely hard to take this thing of your face!! it is clogging your pores and not letting your skin to breathe which is making you have more acne and blemishes. So girls i know you might feel as if it's covering your acne really well (that's what i thought) but it is actually making your skin worse and causing you to have more breakouts. Don't use it.
For the past several years I have had moderate to severe acne, mainly under the skin nodules, blackheads, and forehead blemishes. For nearly 6 months, my only problem has been scarring and a blemish every once in a while. I started using this foundation for a second time a week ago, forgetting why I stopped in the first place. As I look in the mirror and see a face COVERED in under the skin nodules, zits, and blackheads I remember why I stopped using this face paint. It is cakey, extremely thick, nearly impossible to remove, and gives me so much acne I can not contain it. If you have acne prone skin, this is NOT a foundation to even consider.
For those of you who don't wish to spend on top-branded foundations, this is your holy grail product! However I would recommend this to people with more yellow undertones. It's definitely full coverage and depending on your skin type, Revlon ColorStay offer foundations to suit your skin type (Normal/Dry or Oily/Combination) which is hard to find with most drug store foundations. I've tried a fair amount of drug store foundations - experimenting with the different looks it can achieve - and I have to say, this one does the trick!
Tip: If you're finding that this foundation may be a little too thick for your liking, dampen your makeup brush with the smallest amount of water before applying this to your face. That way, it makes the foundation appear more sheer rather than full coverage.
I've only ever got an occasional pimple on my forehead but that was it. I used this foundation and continued to do so because I loved the coverage, the finish, etc. However I noticed I started to break out on my cheeks, my chin, etc. I've never broken out before, let alone have gotten a pimple anywhere else other than on my forehead. I take very good care of my skin; I always wash my face twice a day, exfoliate 4 times a week and use my clarisonic every night as well as tone and moisturize my face and neck. I was 16... I am now 20. I now have acne prone skin; and have tried everything from proactiv to clinique, all natural, acne.org, asian brands, etc. I now use a topical treatment from my dermatologist and though I don't necessarily break out like I used to, I still get quite a few pimples and am dealing with scarring from my break out at 16. Acne doesn't run in my family. No one else in my family or extended family has dealt with acne other than hormonal pimples. So I know that, biologically, nothing could have triggered this, it was simply the foundation.
My recommendation is to really do your research. Also, foundation is something that you put directly on your face, consider spending the extra cash and purchasing a higher quality foundation. If you're on a budget, there are a bunch of really great foundations like loreal true match that won't break you out.
Everyone is different and their skin reacts differently. This was my experience and it scarred me and changed me. I now have to put on makeup everyday to cover my imperfections, I'm insecure, and I have spent an unnecessary amount of money to try to get rid of my acne and my scars.
Ill keep this review short and simple.
Being the idiot that I am, I stupidly decided I wanted to change my amazing foundation routine I had been using for the past three years and try this stuff. The lightest shade didn't match my skin but I bought it anyway along with a darker shade to mix it because I'm sallow skinned. I have applied this in numerous ways to ensure that I could give the fairest review ; (stippling, sponge and the dreaded use of fingers-eww). Basically it goes on nice and smooth and along with a concealer and mattifying powder, you will look flawless.. for about 2 HOURS! It then turns a nice shade of orange and starts to oxidize. If you have dry skin it makes you peel like paint. Oily skinned people will look like a greasy, patchy, orange mess. No amount of touch ups will correct this disaster! Believe me I had to leave college one afternoon and try to run home like a complete idiot to remove this it looked that bad. The next week my whole forehead (that rarely breaks out mind you) was covered in whiteheads and I am ocd when it comes to makeup removal...le sigh
STAY away from this chemical scented crap (sorry for swearing mam)


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A book by Richard Rayner
Starred Review. Gunning's blazing third historical (afterBound) takes readers into the heart of Revolutionary War–era Boston, where young Jane Clarke has been sent to care for her great-aunt Gill after refusing to marry the man her loyalist … see full wiki
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A book by Richard Rayner
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Shown here in this June 7, 2013 file photo, Lawrence North graduate Ashley Spencer wins the womens 400m in 50.80 in the 2013 NCAA Championships at Hayward Field in Eugene, Ore.
- Filed Under
Ashley Spencer made her World Championships debut by advancing to the 400-meter semifinals Saturday in Moscow.
Spencer, a Lawrence North graduate, was second in her heat in 51.48 seconds. It was her first race since finishing third in the USA Track & Field Championships on June 22. Russia's Antonia Krivoshapka won the heat in 51.27.
Spencer, a two-time NCAA champion who recently transferred from Illinois to Texas, had the 12th-fastest time of 24 women to qualify. Great Britain's Christine Ohurougu, the 2008 Olympic champion and 2012 silver medalist, was No. 1 at 50.20. Americans Francena ...