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Our History
The Theatre Project was founded in early 2009 by Christian Amato. By cultivating a group of actors, Amato developed the company with the belief that growth as an actor and as a human being are synonymous. A major emphasis was placed on the notion that the actor is an ever-evolving human being. The Theatre Project successfully produced it's first production in Plattsburgh, New York. As an artist-driven company, The Theatre Project became committed to developing and producing compelling theatre, maintaining an ensemble approach throughout the creative process in order to develop new and bold interpretations of the play produced.
During the summer of 2010, Christian Amato moved The Theatre Project to Manhattan in order to begin establishing the company as a reputable developer of contemporary theatre. Amato then brought on KeriAnne Murphy as the company's Executive Director. Together they staged a new adapatation of Sarah Kane's final play, 4.48 Psychosis at The Red Room on the East Village's Fourth Arts Block, a production that garnered The Theatre Project the title of "Adventurous New Company" by the news paper The Villager.
With Christian Amato as Founding Artistic & Producing Director And KeriAnne Murphy as Executive Director & Production Manager, The Theatre Project just completed a season of theatre dedicated to the work of contemporary playwright Sean Pomposello. After developing 11 of Sean's plays in reading (4 of which were World Premieres) during the Universal MonstersSeries, TTP presented the World Premiere production of B*tch at The Players Theatre. B*tch was presented as a limited engagment, running for 12 sold-out performances. Downtown Magazine described the production as "A Great Success" and referred to the company as "One to watch in the next year!"
In 2012, The Theatre Project then brought on Casey Brehm to serve as Director of Development, as the company priority became new play development.
The Theatre Project collaborated with Sean Pomposello again on Barbicide, which celebrated it's World Premiere production Off-Broadway at The Players Theatre. Barbicide was workshopped with The Theatre Project during Universal Monsters. It then went through a development spa at Moustache Greenwich Tonsorial through the spring. Barbicide ran for 14 performances in October 2012 at The Historic Players Theatre. NYtheatre described Barbicide as "Gorgeous, vivid and imagistic."
The Theatre Project then presented Cold Reads, an Off-Broadway Development Lab in February 2013. Featuring four new plays by four playwrights. Sean Pomposello (House Afire), Mariah MacCarthy (Lysistrata Rape Play), Gwydion Suilebhan (The Butcher), and Stephen Spotswood (Skin And The November Sky) were the featured playwrights. Lysistrata Rape Play and The Butcher continued on to MicroFest, which developed both plays even further through a series of staged performances.
In late 2013, The Theatre Project began establishing a new concept. Together with a group of performers, discussions began to create an ensemble flagship with the features of a contemporary startup. Through these discussions, mostly held in coffee shops, TP&co was born. Using the summer to truly develop the ensemble, TP&co presented their first production, in September 2014 the company premiered an original musical interpretation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The production performed to sold out performances and TP&co was reviewed as an "Exciting and Innovative new company!"
2014 welcomed The Theatre Project's 4th year Off-Broadway. Working with Daniel Franzese of Mean Girls acclaim, The Theatre Project co-created I've Never Really Made Enough Money to Become a Mess, a comedic evening of story-telling that explored Franzese's experiences navigating Hollywood and the ups and downs of creating art. The focus for the year has been furthering the growth of TP&co, and establishing the ensemble as a reputable developer of inventive classics. In February 2014, TP&co staged a sold out run of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, "The troupe is willing to take innovative risks." Upon the success of TP&co, the ensemble produced a revival of Peter Weiss' Marat/Sade in May and a contemporary adaptation of Shakespeare's Macbeth in October of 2014. Over the course of the year, The Theatre Project and TP&co had the opportunity to expose over 3000 students (Many for the first time) to theatre and the traditions of William Shakespeare, while celebrating the magic of Off-Broadway with over 15,000 patrons!
2015 marks the start of our 5th year Off-Broadway. Together with TP&co, The Theatre Project will launch it's first flagship series, Shakespeare Off-Broadway. Shakespeare Off-Broadway is TP&co's commitment to continuously offer great, affordable productions of William Shakespeare's classic plays in an ongoing format. Not only will we present singular productions, we will also feature Shakespeare in rep as well as originally devised work based on Shakespeare's other writings. As we make our way through his cannon, it is thrilling to know that The Bard will become a mainstay Off-Broadway. More importantly, our work will extend beyond the Off-Broadway stage and into classrooms and schools in order to appropriately expose students to the magic of live theatre. It is TP&co's goal to influence students through the educational impact of theatre and Shakespeare's plays. 2015 promises to be an exciting year and we look forward to taking the journey, but we're more excited for you to be a part of it!


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DragonBall Z Millenium is a great 2D fight game, with all the characters from the popular DragonBall Z series, and offers one of the best experiences a fan of DragonBall Z could imagine.
Naruto vs Bleach is a beautiful adventure and is very powerful fighting game. Select the one from the most popular anime characters - Uzumaki Naruto, Ichigo from Bleach and play.
DragonBall Z - Ultimate Punch is an enjoyable fight game from the DragonBall series, that gives you a load of characters. Pick your favourite and beat all the other DragonBall members.
Do you like Dragonball Z? Then you`ll have a great time with Lemming Ball Z!As you have guessed, Lemming Ball Z is a curious hybrid of two classic games: Lemmings and DragonBall Z.
English Bid for Power Final is an Standalone Mod that based on Dragonball. Although it uses the Quake3 engine, the game is free and does not require any other files. It contains many new features compared to the original Bid For Power mod.
Z-Cron is a scheduler that allows you to automatically execute tasks on computers according to a schedule. It acts as a central managing tool for the automation and monitoring of computer systems.
Last Pilot vs Machine Aliens is a terrific shooter you won't forget! The world has been invaded by an alien race of machine warriors. You are a pilot surviving the invasion and controlling an advanced military hovercraft.
Lao Tzu vs Confucius is a small, animated screensaver that will bring some spirituality to your desktop.Conversation between Lao Tzu & Confucius, Remember these three things.
Prog'z Messenger Floood is a little tool that was designed to enable you to instantly send a text string from a messenger conversation window. The application copies your text to clipboard and push Ctrl+V + Enter buttons in every X ms.
VS File is a simple and handy library that has been written in C# for reading Visual Studio files.Now you can take advantage of this accessible component to easily read the files you need. Now you'll know what your Visual Studio files contain.
VS Explorer adds a Windows Explorer-Like file and folder browsing window to Visual Studio.
VS Release Shortcutter is a small, easy to use application specially designed to walk through your Visual Studio's directory and make shortcuts for you releases. The shortcuts are put into a created directory in the start menu.
Z Cinéma provides a large format display for viewing your track information and speaker settings from a distance. This display will show automatically when you make changes to speaker settings using the remote control.
SlidingMenu creates z-piled stacks of layers in a browser and client dynamically navigate through these layers. Using HTML inline tags it is not only easy supporting a creative focus, it is fun and it opts for a more efficient use of web space.
A-Z Clipboard captures everything that you cut or copy. Whatever you capture you can either paste them or use them - A-Z will fetch URLs, launch emails, open files and even dial the phone numbers that you save as clips.
A-Z Clipboard captures everything that you cut or copy. Whatever you capture you can either paste them or use them - A-Z will fetch URLs, launch emails, open files and even dial the phone numbers that you save as clips.
Z-Log is a highly customizable yet affordable web server log analyzer. It allows one to make an informed decisions regarding the web site performance, effects of the modifications to the website, and advertisement campaign results.
From the makers of Bugatron comes Z-Ball a new breakout-style game using hardware 3D graphics. Z-Ball has impeccable physics, silky-smooth playability, and a bunch of fantastic new power-ups. At less than 4 megs, Z-Ball is a quick download.
Survival Crisis Z is an open ended post-apocalyptic zombie survival adventure. Several strategies are at the players disposal in a chaotic, randomly generated city.
The Z-FTPcopy module is a command line tool, that means it is controlled by command line parameters. This permits a scheduled FTP transfer with the integrated Windows XP task planner or with Z-Cron.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Weekend Entertaining: This pizza is fit for 'The King'
We went on a road trip vacation this past fall, and in one town had lunch at a place that had a list of pizzas with unusual toppings. One that sounded interesting, but not necessarily appetizing, was labeled "Fat Elvis." It was a peanut butter and banana pizza.
We didn't order it, but I kept thinking about it. What resulted was one I made first for neighbors. The guys labeled it a "girlie" pizza, but after tasting it, I noticed that they came back for seconds.
This week, I made it as an appetizer for a dinner with friends, with even better success.
For the pizza, I used the Pillsbury artisan crust available in the refrigerated area of the supermarket. For the appetizers, I picked up a package of five flatbreads in the packaged bread department and cut them into wedges after baking. These are sort of like pita bread, but with no pocket.
For the banana part, I used salted green banana chips. You may also use salted plantain chips. Either is available in the Hispanic section of some supermarkets, at Hispanic markets, or at the Cordova or Winchester Farmers Market.
Tuesday is Elvis' birthday, so what better time to have a peanut butter-banana pizza? You may like it well enough to make it a permanent part of your entertaining repertoire!
Thai Peanut Sauce- Banana Pizza Appetizers
Makes 30 appetizers
1 package Taste of Thai peanut sauce mix
1 13.5-oz. can coconut milk
1 package (5 pieces, 6" to 7" diameter) flatbread
8 strips good smoky bacon, cooked until just crisp and crumbled
1 cup shredded mozzarella cheese (about 4 oz.)
— Half a 3-oz. package salted plantain or green banana chips, crumbled
— Cilantro leaves, for garnish
Preheat the oven to 400. Prepare the peanut sauce as directed with the coconut milk. Let cool.
Spray a baking sheet lightly with cooking spray and put the flatbreads on it. Depending on the size, you might need two baking sheets. Brush the flatbreads with about half the peanut sauce. Sprinkle on the bacon. Top with the mozzarella cheese, then the plantain chips.
Bake until the cheese is melted and lightly browned around the edges, about 10 minutes. Cut each into six wedges and garnish with the cilantro leaves.
Warm the remaining peanut sauce and serve as a dipping sauce, if desired.
Note: You may also save the remaining peanut sauce and serve it as a dip with the remaining banana chips.
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Home » Hotels » India » Kumbakonam » Sterling Swamimalai
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Sterling Swamimalai Maps & Driving Directions
About Sterling SwamimalaiSterling Swamimalai" is a confluence of Leisure, Heritage, Health, Nature, Aesthetics & Spirituality that creates harmony for the mind and the soul, offering the guest the Authentic Indian Experience more
- * 56, 4th Street
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Get set to be pleased with the gracious south Indian welcome from the moment you enter and become a part of the world that soaks in the basking glory of Kumbakonam. Located in the heart of the ?temple town?, Hotel Vinayaga, Kumbakonam is a reflection of contemporary sophistication. Individualistic a...
Starting FromINR 1815
INDeco Hotels Swamimalai is a beautiful home built around late 1800s. An entire village of the 1800 has been restored carefully to create this unique heritage hotel for you. This hotel is India 's only winner of the Global Eco Tourism Award. INDeco Hotels Swamimalai contains three restaurants and ma...


text: The Department of Medicine (DoM) is responsible for all medical aspects within the Trade Federation. The DoM provides responsive and reliable medical services to not just the Trade federation but also all the TF National Factions. For the DoM, as for all combat aspects, war is the ultimate test and the ultimate justification for existence. As the fighters risk all to protect the Trade Federation - medics protect the fighters from disease, environmental hazards, and the effects of wounds and injuries. In the cause and effects of all wars, medical caregivers have saved the lives and limbs of many and when the fighting was done the medical personnel have been at the forefront of rebuilding and improving health systems.


text: I've just set up my multisite on Siteground. All appears to be working well except for the Domain Mapping. I followed the Lynda Tutorial "Lynda.com Creating And Managing A Blog Network With WordPress" to the letter, but when I open my mapped site I just find the blank page with [DIR] cgi-bin/. (see it here at http://stephaniemcfee.com/ - the original created site was http://steph.skippycast.org). Before I mapped the site, the steph.skippycast.org was fine. Any ideas?


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|Contract #53: Fencing Materials & Installation
|Contract Period
|January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015
|Bid Issue Date
|August 27, 2014
|Bid Due Date/Time
|October 10, 2014 11:00 am
|Contract Award Date
|November 6, 2014
|Vendor Documents
|Technical Specifications (329 KB)
|Membership List (55 KB)
|Member Documents
|Notification of Award (94 KB)
|Formal Complaint Report Form
To view the documents, you will need the freely available Adobe Reader software installed on your computer. To download a document to your hard drive, right-click the link to the document and select Save Target As/Save Link As from the pop-up menu which appears. Save the file in the directory of your choice, then use Adobe Reader to view and print at your convenience.


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Capsule reviews: "2012," "Mr. Fox" and others
– Jake Coyle, AP Entertainment Writer
"Women In Trouble" – Writer-director Sebastian Gutierrez's drama follows a day in the life of 10 different females, united by their uncanny ability to look fabulous in their underwear while in the throes of emotional crisis. Gutierrez models the film on Pedro Almodovar's more flamboyant comedies, going so far as to thank the Spanish filmmaker in the closing credits. It's one thing, though, for the Oscar-winning Almodovar to mix lewd humor with soapy scenarios and quite another for the writer of "Snakes On a Plane" and "Gothika" to make the attempt. The attractive cast, notably the earthy Carla Gugino, tries hard to invest the one-note characters with a degree of humanity. But the actors are betrayed at every turn by the thin material. The campy tone negates Gutierrez's ill-advised attempts at pathos, and the humor usually falls flat. R for sexual content including strong dialogue, and for language. 95 minutes. One star out of four.
– Glenn Whipp, For The Associated Press
The Associated Press


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78.26, are you an IP editor or somethin', huh? huh?[edit]
No. From whence does this humorless numerical handle originate? It is the precise speed of most high-speed phonograph records (commonly called "78s" in North America.) Showing why Wikipedia is not a reliable source, here is a discussion about the reason for the odd RPM.
Who I Am[edit]
Important things to know about me, after all, there is no such thing as unbiased editing, despite best intentions....
My Wikipedia Efforts[edit]
As an information junkie, I do a little of this... a little of that... Patrol recent changes for vandalism, new pages for spam, and random pages for interest. Create a few new articles (and get them nominated to Do You Know... if long enough), add to articles as I find interesting, relevant sources. Mark new articles as patrolled. Help out at Articles for Creation. I have been working on tagging appropriate articles with WP:WikiProject Record Labels, and am now focused on assessing the articles and improving where I can. I tend to do a little each day, as I usually don't have large blocks of time. I'm hooked!
My Wikipedia Userboxes
|All the other miscellaneous stuff
- Wikipedians who have access to HighBeam
- Wikipedians interested in philately
- WikiProject Seventh-day Adventist Church participants
- Wikipedians by alma mater: Oregon State University
- User en-N
- User es-1
- User de-1
- User en-us
- Wikipedian recent changes patrollers
- Wikipedian new page patrollers
- WikiProject Record Labels members
- WikiProject Albums members
- WikiProject Discographies participants
- WikiProject Articles for creation participants
- Wikipedia rollbackers
- Wikipedia pending changes reviewers
- Wikipedia autopatrollers
- Wikipedians who have access to JSTOR
- Wikipedians who have access to RIPM
- Wikipedian oboists
- Wikipedians interested in researching history
- Wikipedians interested in World War I
- Wikipedians interested in World War II
- Wikipedians interested in the American Revolutionary War
- Wikipedians with Bachelor of Science degrees
- Wikipedian mathematicians-3
- Wikipedian organists
- Wikipedian pianists
- Wikipedian recorder players
- Wikipedians who listen to big band music
- Wikipedians who listen to folk music
- Wikipedians who use YouTube
- Wikipedians interested in astronomy
- Wikipedians interested in maps
- Wikipedians interested in geopolitics
- Wikipedians interested in recycling
- Wikipedians interested in archeology


text:
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Email this product to a friend
The AK-47 (shortened from Russian: Avtomat Kalashnikova 1947) is a gas-operated assault non firing rifle designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov, and produced by Russian manufacturer Izhevsk Mechanical Works and used in many Eastern bloc nations during the Cold War. It was adopted and standardized in 1947. Compared with the auto-loading rifles used in World War II, the AK-47 was generally more compact, with a shorter range, a smaller 7.62, 39 mm cartridge, and was capable of selective fire. It was one of the first true assault rifles and remains the most widely used and known. More AK-47 rifles and variants have been produced than any other assault rifle - production continues to this day.
Key Features
Non-fireable Replica
Features removeable magazine
Cocking mechanism and working trigger
Overall Length: 34 Inches
Weight: 9.5 lbs
Copyright © 1995 - 2015 By The Sword All rights reserved
Contact Us: email@example.com


text:
March 3, 2013
Photo by Jason Mussell / Jonesboro center Kim Dawkins is harassed by Columbia defenders in the Lady Cardinals' 49-44 loss in the Class AAAA semifinals at Fort Valley State on Saturday.
Stories this photo appears in:
Jonesboro loses grip on state title berth
The Lady Cardinals squandered a 14 point lead in the fourth quarter against No. 6 Columbia in the Class AAAA semifinals.
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All posts under: Gameday Coverage
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings 110, Houston Rockets 106
The Kings wrap up 2013 with a win.
Game 30 Preview: Sacramento Kings at Houston Rockets
Kings finish 2013 with a trip to Houston
Road Reaction Postgame Show: San Antonio Spurs 112, Sacramento Kings 104
The Spurs out-execute the Kings in San Antonio.
Game 29 Preview: Sacramento Kings at San Antonio Spurs
Kings travel to San Antonio to play the Spurs
CK Press Box Report: Sacramento Kings 108, Miami Heat 103
The Kings stun the defending champs at home.
Game 28 Preview: Sacramento Kings vs. Miami Heat
Kings take on the defending champs at home.
CK Press Box Report: New Orleans Pelicans 113, Sacramento Kings 100
Tyreke Evans dominates in his return to Sacramento.
Game 27 Preview: Sacramento Kings vs. New Orleans Pelicans
Previewing tonight's match-up between the Kings and Pelicans.
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings 105, Orlando Magic 100
The Kings' defense finally wakes up to end a four-game road trip.
Game 26 Preview: Sacramento Kings at Orlando Magic
Kings try to end a three-game losing streak against Orlando.


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Select Local Merchants
Encore StudioRead MoreEncore Studio's owner and art director, Karen King Flores, is a professional dance instructor certified through Dance Masters of America and a former apprentice of Robert Joffrey, founder of the Joffrey Ballet. Her graceful performances appeared in such esteemed companies as the Houston Ballet and the Richmond Ballet before she opened her studio's doors in the early 1990s. With 25 years of experience teaching dance under her belt, Karen and her talented staff of teachers—who hail from international dance companies, Vegas shows, and the Kirov in Russia—ground each dance class in fundamental skills and proper technique as they teach students to perform original, age-appropriate choreography. Their well-rounded curriculum includes instruction in jazz, ballet, tap, and hip-hop, a collection of techniques that falls in line with the instructors' priority of letting each participant have fun as they learn. Encore Studio's welcoming, noncompetitive environment allows talent to blossom without fear of judgment from an ambitious old tap shoe.15584 Westchester Commons WayMidlothian, VA US
Conte's Bicycle and FitnessRead MoreKeeping the business in the family for more than 50 years, the sons of Conte's Bike Shop founder Charles R. Conte run the collection of cycle-centric shops with attention to personal service and a constant stock of top-notch bikes and equipment. Conte's technicians specialize in Body Geometry fittings, in which they observe how skeletons work in tandem with cycling movements and demonstrate how to avoid typical discomforts. Holding true to an individualized focus, the team also understands how to fit bikes for women and provides detailed guides that help cyclists choose the right set of wheels. A full-service center, the shop also provides cardio and fitness equipment and executes services such as bike tune-ups, drivetrain overhauls, and brake adjustments that ensure riders can stop on a dime, pick it up, and buy a Chiclet without ever dismounting.1212 Alverser Dr.Midlothian, VA US
Art AdventuresRead MoreThere's no rushing creativity, which is why the instructors at Art Adventures present students with the fundamental techniques, and then allow them create a truly individual piece at their own pace. The center's classes are open to students of all skill levels, including adults as well as children as young as 4, and they explore mediums such as sketching, painting, photography, and clay sculpting. By keeping class attendance small, the instructors are capable of providing more personalized feedback while helping students find the confidence that they need to express themselves through artwork. The classes may use a reference photograph as a source of inspiration; however, it is up to students to use that inspiration as they see fit and exercise their own imagination. At the end of every year, Art Adventures hosts its own gallery show where students are encouraged to display their pieces and debate the differences between the shades of eggshell and ivory.825 Grove RoadMidlothian, VA US
Peak ExperiencesRead MoreTo create Peak Experiences, the dedicated staff sets more than 125 top-rope routes, lead climbs, and bouldering problems for climbers of all skill levels. Five levels of classes and safety training spanning basic problems such as climbing a bunk bed to lead climbing a 50-foot wall prepare climbers to conquer any of these problems, and the gym also outfits its members with an onsite gear shop that stocks harnesses, footwear, and belay devices such as grigris or ATCs. Kids can also learn climbing skills during youth programs that invite children aged 5?18 and young rocks aged 3,000,000?4,500,000 to climb together with camps, teams, and trips.11421 Polo CircleMidlothian, VA US
Cheeburger CheeburgerRead MoreThe premier destination for amazing burgers and good salad, Cheeburger Cheeburger in Midlothian on Midlothian Tpke is one of the area's highest-rated restaurants. It's a favorite spot for guests interested in awesome food. There's no specific recommended attire, so feel free to dress casually and comfortably. When you get there, you've got to try the french fries or the burger, as they'll both make a good impression. In terms of the restaurant itself, if you're looking for the perfect spot for a get-together between family or friends, it's been reviewed as a great local option for both big groups and families with kids. A quick-service chain with nearly 30 years of success, this Cheeburger Cheeburger won't leave you disappointed. Don't worry about trying to find a spot on the street, as visitors to the restaurant do have access to a private parking lot nearby.11615 Midlothian TpkeMidlothian, VA US
Midlothian Optometric CenterRead MoreA 2008 graduate of the Southern College of Optometry in Memphis, Dr. Jenny Alsop has a special enthusiasm for contact lenses and leans on the talents of an ophthalmic assistant to help clients to determine whether contacts, glasses, or binoculars are the right choice. Licensed optometrists evaluate and correct clients' vision, leveraging know-how with digital retinal photography, laser tomography, and corneal mapping to document eye conditions and detect disease. The office's walls are lined with hundreds of designer frames by brands such as Nautica, Maui Jim, and Kate Spade. An onsite optical laboratory fits the frames with custom lenses with features including antireflective coating and custom tinting, sometimes offering same-day service.1306 Alverser Plz.Midlothian, VA US


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Golden Corn Coins
11 Jan 2010
|Yellow cornmeal
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|1 Teaspoon
|Boiling water
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Heat the oven to 450°F (230°C).
Place a well-greased, rimmed cookie sheet in the oven.
Combine the cornmeal, salt, and just enough boiling water to make a thick pancake-like batter.
Carefully remove greased sheet from oven.
Using a large serving spoon, quickly spoon batter onto the hot grease in 36 large fifty-cent size rounds.
Place in oven and bake for 10 to 15 minutes or until lightly browned.
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Golden Corn Coins Recipe


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BereniseRate Berenise: Do you like this name?
Meaning and name origin
Berenise \b(e)-reni-se, ber(e)-nise\ as a girl's name is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Berenise is "victory bringer". Berenise is a variant of Berenice (Greek): from the male personal name Berenike, which probably originated in the royal house of Macedon.
Berenise has 1 variant form: Berenis.
Berenise is not a popular first name for females and an equally uncommon surname or last name for all people (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is a comparison of the popularity of the girl name Berenise and its variant forms. The only popular variation form ranked in the Top 1000/100 is Berenice. (2014 statistics).
Similar Names
Berenise is also pronounced similarly to Beranice, Bereniece and Berenyce. Other suggested similar baby names are Berenisa, Bernice▼, Bernise and Berniss. These names tend to be more commonly used than Berenise.


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Don't know if I'm posting this in the right sport, but here it is.
I'm using usb loader gx with a usb hdd. most games work right off the bat, some have the 002 error which you can fix in the game load settings.
I'm trying to play SSBM, and it works until you beat the game and past the credits it freezes. i've been reading up on this and people say that you can get it to work if you install hermes cios 222, which i did, but when i turn that on in and disable ios reload in the settings, after running the game the screen goes black for about 10 sec and the wii restarts.


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Finally got my wife some business cards for her photography biz. Nothing crazy, but the "client" was stoked... so that means my life is a little happier these days ;)
Go give her some Facebook page some love! :)
Also, to see more of her work check out the site I did for her a few months ago: http://shootwithlove.com
More Josh Hemsley
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text:
Depolarizing system for polarized light formed of a birefringence crystal wedge which receives the beam of polarized light at a first surface and outputs spatially depolarized light from its output surface. The wedge may include small steps on one of the surfaces or special orientations to depolarize the light. The wedge may be substantially triangular in shape so that the surface decreases from one side to the other.
1. A system to depolarize a beam of polarized light comprising:
a first birefringent crystal wedge to receive the beam of polarized light at an input first surface, the first birefringent crystal wedge to output spatially depolarized light from an output surface, wherein one of the input and output surfaces of the birefringent crystal wedge includes a plurality of small steps, each step including a subsurface parallel to the other of the input and output surfaces.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
a second birefringent crystal wedge positioned adjacent to the first birefringent crystal wedge, the second birefringent crystal wedge to receive the output of the first birefringent crystal wedge and to further randomize the polarization of light output by the first birefringent crystal wedge.
7. The system of
8. A system to depolarize a beam of polarized light comprising:
an array of birefringent crystal chips arranged to from a plane, each crystal chips having an optic axis oriented such that a substantial component of the optic axis is oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction of the beam of light being depolarized, each chip dimensioned to be substantially smaller than a cross section of the beam of polarized light.
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. A system to depolarize light from a fiber comprising:
a collimating lens to collimate light from a first fiber;
a depolarizing element having a spatially-varying phase difference along the two orthogonal axes on each light ray across a beam of the collimated light to produce a difference of about 2π between a first phase difference along the two orthogonal axes of one light ray on one side of the beam and a second phase difference along the two orthogonal axes of another light ray on an opposing side of the beam at the output optical surface to spatially depolarize the collimated light output by the collimating lens; and
a focusing lens to focus the depolarized output by the depolarizing element into a second fiber segment.
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
21. The system of
22. The system of
23. A device, comprising:
a birefringent element having an input optical surface and an output optical surface opposing said input optical surface and configured to have different refractive indices along two mutually orthogonal axes that are substantially parallel to said input optical surface,
wherein said input and output optical surfaces form an angle with respect to each other to produce different phase delays for different spatial parts of a collimated input optical beam received at said input optical surface to depolarize the collimated input beam, and
wherein a tangent of said angle is equal to or greater than λ/(Δn�D), where λ is a wavelength of the input optical beam, Δn is a difference between said different refractive indices, and D is a cross-sectional dimension of the input optical beam.
24. The device as in
25. The device as in
26. The device as in
27. A device, comprising:
a first birefringent element having a first input optical surface and a first output optical surface opposing said first input optical surface with a first angle, and configured to have a first optic axis that is substantially parallel to said first input optical surface, and
a second birefringent element having a second input optical surface facing said first output optical surface and a second output optical surface opposing said second input optical surface with a second angle, and configured to a second optic axis that is substantially parallel to said second output optical surface and perpendicular to said first optic axis,
wherein said first and said second angles are selected to produce a difference of about πn between phase differences along said two orthogonal axes of two light rays respectively located on two opposite sides of an input beam at said second output optical surface.
28. The device as in
29. The device as in
30. The device as in
31. A device, comprising:
a birefringent element having an input side configured to have an input optical surface and an output side opposing said input side, said output side configured to have a plurality of output optical surfaces substantially parallel to said input optical surface and having different distances from said input optical surface,
wherein said birefringent element is configured to have an optic axis substantially parallel to said input optical surface to produce different polarizations on different portions of an input beam by different output optical surfaces.
32. The device as in
33. The device as in
34. The device as in
35. The device as in
36. The device as in
37. The device as in
a second birefringent element having an output side with an output optical surface and an input side configured to substantially conform to said output side of said birefringent element and have a plurality of input optical surfaces substantially parallel to said input optical surfaces of said output side of said birefringent element, said second birefringent element having an optic axis substantially parallel to said output optical surface and substantially perpendicular to said optic axis of said birefringent element.
38. A device for depolarizing an optical beam, comprising a plurality of birefringent elements arranged to form a plane substantially perpendicular to a direction of an optical beam, each birefringent element having an optic axis with an in-plane component projected in said plane, and orientations of in-plane components of optic axes of said plurality of birefringent elements being either randomly distributed or substantially evenly distributed between 0 degree and 180 degree, wherein each birefringent element is sized to be substantially smaller than a cross section of the optical beam to allow for different birefringent elements in a path of the optical beam to cause different output polarizations in different parts of the cross section of the optical beam.
39. The device as in
40. The device as in
41. The device as in
42. The device as in
43. The device as in
44. The device as in
45. The device as in
46. The device as in
47. The device as in
48. The device as in
a first collimator lens on one side of said plurality of birefringent elements in said plane to collimate the optical beam incident to said plane;
a second collimator lens on an opposite side of said plurality of birefringent elements in said plane to focus the beam passing through said plane;
an input fiber positioned to direct the optical beam to said first collimator lens; and
an output fiber positioned to receive the focused optical beam from said second collimator lens.
49. The device as in
50. The device as in
51. A device, comprising:
a birefringent element having a first side configured to have a first optical surface and a second side facing away said first side, said second side configured to have a plurality of small optical surfaces substantially parallel to said first optical surface and having different distances from said first optical surface,
wherein said birefringent element is configured to have an optic axis substantially parallel to said first optical surface to produce different polarizations on different portions of an optical beam that transmits said birefringent element through said first and said second sides with a cross section covering at least a portion of said plurality of small optical surfaces.
52. The device as in
This invention pertains generally to polarization control in fiber optic and free-space optical systems. Specifically the present invention relates to an optic apparatus for depolarizing polarized light in optical fibers and in free space.
Many components in advanced fiber optic communication (T. Okoshi, "Recent Advances in Coherent Optical Fiber Communication Systems," J. Lightwave Technology, Vol. LT-5, No. 1, pp. 44-52, 1987) and sensing systems, such as interferometers and electro-optic modulators, are polarization sensitive. In order for these polarization sensitive devices to function properly, an input light's polarization state is precisely aligned with a particular axis of the devices. Unfortunately, the polarization state of light propagating in a length of standard circular fiber varies along the fiber due to random birefringnece induced by thermal stress, mechanical stress, and irregularities of the fiber core (I. P. Kaminov, "Polarization in Optical Fibers," IEEEE J. Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-17, No. 1, pp. 1-22, 1981). Thus typically, a standard optic fiber outputs elliptically polarized light with varying degrees of ellipticity, and with the major elliptical axis at an arbitrary angle relative to a reference orientation.
One prior art method of solving the polarization problem utilizes polarization controllers. Polarization controllers, including tri-plate controllers, fiber tri-loop controllers, and the Yao controller (see Photonics Spectra, April issue, pp. xxx, 1998), typically convert an arbitrary polarization state into a desired polarization state. However, such polarization controllers cannot accommodate rapid polarization fluctuations in the fiber and therefore are unsuitable in systems where the polarization state fluctuates due to time dependent thermal or mechanical stresses on the fiber, or due to polarization fluctuations of the laser light itself.
Another method of solving the polarization fluctuation problem is to depolarize polarized light. One prior art m method of depolarizing light utilizes an electro-optic modulator to rapidly modulate the polarization state. However, the electro-optic modulator output is not truly depolarized. The output of the electro-optic modulator depolarizer only appears depolarized to an observer or detector having a response slower than the modulation speed. Another disadvantage of the electro-optic modulator depolarizer is high cost. Typical electro-optic modulator systems utilize a high frequency microwave signal source and an expensive electro-optic modulator. A third disadvantage of such an electro-optic depolarizer is the high loss, resulting from coupling between optical fibers and the waveguide in the electro-optical modulator.
A second prior art method for depolarizing light uses a recirculating fiber loop which includes a 2�2 fiber coupler with two input ports, 1 and 2, and two output ports, 3 and 4. ("Tunable single mode fiber depolarizer" by P. Shen, J. C, Palais, and C. Lin, Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 1077-1078). The output port 4 is connected with input port 2 to form a recirculating loop. A first polarization controller is placed at input port 1 and a second polarization controller is placed inside the loop. The loop length is much larger than the coherence length of the input light so that the recirculating beams do not interfere with one another. Due to the incoherent addition of the recirculating beams, the output at port 3 is the superposition of different polarization states with different intensities. Depolarization occurs by averaging over the many different polarization states of the recirculating beams. The degree of polarization at output port 3 depends on the input state of polarization, the coupling ratio of the coupler, and the birefringnece of the fiber loop. By properly adjusting the two polarization controllers, polarized light entering input port 1 exits output port 3 unpolarized.
One disadvantage of using a recirculating fiber loop is that the time coherence of the depolarized beam is degraded and therefore may not be suitable for coherent communication systems. In addition, interference noise may arise when the loop length is not sufficiently longer than the coherence length of the input beam. Furthermore, device performance depends strongly on the input signal's coherence length and thus the recirculating fiber loop is not suitable for systems where diversified signal sources are present. Finally, the device may be very bulky due to the long loop length (as long as a few km for DFB lasers).
Due to the disadvantages of prior art methods of depolarizing light described above, improved method of depolarizing light is needed.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus of depolarizing or randomizing polarization states of an optical beam. One embodiment of the invention uses a wedged birefringent crystal with its wedge formed by many small steps. Another embodiment of the invention contains many randomly oriented birefringent crystal chips. Different parts of the optical beam passing through the apparatus experience different retardations and exit with different polarization states, resulting a spatially depolarized light beam. Focusing the spatially depolarized beam into an optical fiber results in a depolarized guided wave.
The advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1A illustrates a prior art cross section view of a wedged crystal for depolarizing a free space optical beam.
FIG. 1B illustrates the orientation of input beam's polarization with respect to the edges of the wedged crystal.
FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art depolarization device with two wedged birefringent crystals cemented together. The beam deviation between two polarization states is also illustrated.
FIG. 3 illustrates a fiber optic in-line depolarizer in which the depolarizing element is wedged birefringent crystal.
FIG. 4A illustrates one embodiment of the invention for depolarizing an optical beam using a step-wedged birefringent crystal.
FIG. 4B illustrate another embodiment of the invention consisting of two step-wedged birefringent crystals.
FIG. 4C illustrates polarization directions in the device shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B according to one embodiment.
FIG. 5 illustrates an in-line fiber optic depolarizer using a step-wedged optical depolarizer.
FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B illustrate(s) an apparatus for depolarizing an optical beam using a plurality of randomly oriented birefringent crystal chips.
FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B illustrate a method for fabricating a depolarizer with randomly oriented birefringent crystal chips.
FIG. 7C illustrates an alternative implementation of the device in FIG. 7A where square rods are used.
FIG. 8 illustrates a fiber optic in-line depolarizer.
FIG. 9A illustrates using a depolarizer in an externally modulated fiber optic link.
FIG. 9B illustrates using a depolarizer in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)system.
FIG. 9C illustrates use of a depolarizer in a coherent communication system.
FIG. 1A illustrate a side cross section view and FIG. 1B illustrate a front view of using a wedged birefringent material 1018 as a spatial depolarizer. Examples of the birefringent material are quartz, calcite, and YVO4. The optical axis (the c axis) of crystal 1080 may be oriented either along x-axis 1002 or along y-axis 1004. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the optical axis is oriented along x-axis 1002. A light beam 1000 enters birefringent material 1018 on input surface 1019 and exits the birefringent material 1018 from output surface 1020. Light beam 1000 with a polarization state 1012 propagates along z-axis 1006 and includes an x-polarization component 1014 and a y-polarization component 1016. x-polarization component 1014 experiences a refractive index ne and y-polarization component 1016 experiences a refractive index of no. The phase difference between the two polarization components is:
where x is the position of an optical ray on the x-coordinate, α is the wedge angle, λ is the optical wavelength of the incident light, and Δn is the birefringnece of the crystal. When an input polarization is oriented θ degree from x-axis 1002, as shown in FIG. 1B, the output light field can be expressed as:
where Δφ(x) is given in Eq. (1), Eo is the amplitude of the input field, φo is a constant phase, {circumflex over (X)} and ŷ are the unit vectors of the x-axis and y-axis respectively. When θ=45�, Eq. (2) becomes:
It is evident from Eq. (3) that optical rays incident at different location along the x axis have different polarization states. For example, for two optical rays with Δφ=2 mπ and Δφ=(2m +1)π(where m is an integer), the corresponding outputs from the depolarizer of FIG. 1A are orthogonally polarized linear polarization states. For two optical rays with Δφ=(2m ��)π, the corresponding outputs are circularly polarized with opposite sense of rotation, Therefore, birefringent crystal wedge 1018 imparts different polarization states to different portions of an optical beam, resulting in a spatially depolarized beam. By focusing the spatially depolarized light beam into a single mode fiber, we obtain a depolarized guided signal.
For an optical beam with a diameter D, the maximum difference in phase angle Δφ between two rays within the beam is
In order to completely depolarize light, δmax preferably equal to or greater than 2π or
In an alternative arrangement, two wedged birefringent crystals are coupled together to form a composite wedge, as shown in FIG. 2. In the example of FIG. 2, the output surface 2020 of the first birefringent crystal 2004 is coupled to an input surface 2001 of the second wedged birefringent crystal 2008. In FIG. 2, an optical axis 2002 of a first wedge crystal 2004 is oriented 90� from optical axis 2006 of the second wedged crystal 2008. The optical phase difference between a x-polarization component and a y-polarization component of a light ray passing trough the composite wedge is computed using:
where d is the thickness 2014 of the polarization depolarizer. For an optical beam with a diameter of D, the maximum Δ difference between two rays within the beam is
which is twice as that of a single wedge. The condition for complete polarization randomization across the beam is
Thus, in one example, to depolarize an optical beam with a wavelength of 1550 nm and a diameter of 0.5 mm using quartz crystal wedge having a Δn of 0.009, the wedge angle α should be larger than 5�.
The single-wedge and composite-wedge depolarizers described above yield an optical beam with spatially randomized polarization states, however, as illustrated in FIG. 1A and FIG. 2, the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component exit the crystal wedge 1018 or 2008 at different angles. The different exit angles result from the different refractive indexes experienced by each polarization component. For example, the angle differences between two polarization components for the cases of FIG. 1A and FIG. 2 respectively are:
Where α is the wedge angle, n is the index of refraction of the medium after the crystal, and Δn is the difference in refractive index experienced by the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. Substitutions of Eq. (9A) in Eq. (7) and Eq. (9B) in Eq. (8) yield an angle deviation of:
The slightly different exit angles may not be a problem for a free space beam with a sufficiently large beam diameter D. However, the different exit angles make it difficult to couple equal quantities of the x- and y-components exiting from the crystal wedge into an optical fiber. Equal quantities of the x and the y polarization components in the fiber produce a truly depolarized beam of light. FIG. 3 illustrates one method of coupling a depolanzer with an input optical fiber 3002 and an output optical fiber 3018. A collimating lens 3020 collimates a light beam from input fiber 3002. The collimated beam passes through a depolarizer 3004. The output of depolarizer 3004 is focused into output fiber 3018 by a focusing lens 3014. Depolarizer 3004 can either be a simple wedge shown in FIG. 1A or a composite wedge shown in FIG. 2. Input fiber 3002 can either be a non-polarization maintaining fiber, a polarization maintaining (PM) fiber, a polarizing (PZ) fiber, or another light source. When a non-polarization maintaining input fiber 3002 is used, a polarization controller may be incorporated to adjust the state of polarization incident on crystal wedge 3005 so that the incident beam polarization is approximately 45� from c-axes 3000, 3006 of crystal wedges 3005, 3007. When input fiber 3002 is a PM fiber, the slow or fast axis of the PM fiber is oriented approximately 45� from the orientation of crystal c-axes 3000 and 3006. An optional polarizer 3008 may be positioned at input side of depolarizer 3004 with its passing axis oriented 45� from c-axes 3000 and 3006. The incorporation of optional polarizer 3008 facilitates alignment of the input polarization to depolarizer 3004 by maximizing power output from depolarizer 3004.
Because the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component exit depolarizer 3004 with slightly different angles, as described in Eq. (9) and Eq. (10), focusing lens 3014 focuses each polarization component to a slightly different location. The resulting lateral difference Δd between two polarization components is illustrated in FIG. 3 and may be expressed as:
where f is the back focal length of the lens. For an output fiber with a numerical aperture of NA, the focal length f satisfies the following relationship for maximum power coupling:
Substitution of Eq. (12) in Eq. (11) yields:
For optimum polarization randomization, both polarization components are focused into fiber 3018. To focus both polarization components into the fiber with minimum loss, Δd is preferably less than the fiber core diameter d. For a standard single mode fiber with NA=0.12 at λ=1.55 um and n=1.5, we obtain from Eq. (13) that Δd≧8.33 um, dose to a typical fiber core diameter of 9 um. Therefore, it is possible to focus both polarization components into a single mode fiber, although the insertion loss may be high.
FIG. 4A illustrates a depolarizer which eliminates the angle difference Δθ. In the depolarizer of FIG. 4, a birefringent crystal wedge 4000 is formed by many small steps, e.g. steps 4008, 4010, and 4012. Each step includes a subsurface, such as 409, 411, 413, oriented approximately parallel to the input surface 4001 of the birefringent wedge 4000. The normal incidence of each collimated beam portions 4002, 4004, 4006 results in no beam deviation for either the x- or y-polarization components. Within each step, optical rays experience the same amount of birefringent phase difference and thus have the same output polarization state. However, a beam portion 4002, 4004, 4006 in a different step experiences a different amount of birefringent phase difference between the x- and the y-polarization components, resulting in a different output polarization state. Thus each step corresponds to an output polarization state. Because the optical beam covers a sufficient number of steps, the states of polarization are randomized across the beam.
FIG. 4B illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which two stepped birefringent crystal wedges 4016 and 4020 with orthogonal crystal axis orientations 4014 and 4022 are positioned such that an incident beam of light propagates in a direction substantially orthogonal to crystal axis orientations 4014, 4022. One method of maintaining the position of the two crystal wedges 4016 and 4020 is to cement the crystal wedges together with an optical cement having a refractive index dose to that of the crystal.
FIG. 4C illustrates that a preferred polarization state 4024 of an input beam into an input surface of the crystal wedges 4016 and 4020 is linear and oriented 45� from crystal axes 4014 and 4022.
FIG. 5 illustrates a fiber optic depolarizer using step crystal wedges in a system described in FIG. 3. The system of FIG. 5 includes an input optical fiber 5002, a collimating lens 5004, a step crystal wedge 5006 (either a single wedge in FIG. 4A or a double wedge shown in FIG. 4B), a focusing lens 5008, and a receiving fiber 5010. An optional polarizer 5012 may be placed at input side of the crystal wedge for aligning polarization state incident onto the wedge. In the illustrated embodiment, the passing axis of polarizer 5012 is oriented 45� from the crystal axes of first crystal wedge 5006 to ensure that the input optical beam is polarized 45� from the crystal optical axes.
The previously described embodiments are polarization sensitive, thus the performance of the device depends on an input beam's polarization state. However, in some fiber optic applications, polarization insensitive devices are preferred. FIG. 6A illustrates a front view and FIG. 6B illustrates a side view of a polarization insensitive depolarizer 6000. The polarization insensitive depolarizer 6000 includes many randomly oriented micro birefringent crystal chips, e.g. 6002, 6004, 6006. The cross section of the chips can be of arbitrary shape, including circular, square, rectangular, triangular, or a combination thereof. The cross sectional area of each chip is significantly smaller than the beam size (however, not too small to cause scattering). Typically the crystal chips have a cross sectional dimension of approximately 0.1 mm�0.1 mm to depolarize a light beam having a cross sectional dimension of 1 mm�1 mm. The optical axis of each chip is preferably in a plane that is perpendicular to the beam propagation direction.
It can be shown that a quarter wave plate is capable of converting a linear polarization state into any desired polarization state if the relative orientation between the linear polarization state and the optical axis of the plate can be arbitrarily rotated (see Yariv and Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals, John Wiley & Sons). Therefore in one embodiment, the thickness and birefringnece of each birefringent chip is selected to be a quarter wave plate (either single order or multi-order). As illustrated in FIG. 6B, when a light beam of linear polarization passes through the depolarizer, different beam portions 6008, 6012, 6016 of beam 6007 experience corresponding quarter wave plates 6010, 6014, and 6018, each quarter wave plate oriented in different directions. Consequently, the output polarization states of different parts of the beam are different and are approximately randomized.
One method of fabricating depolarizer 6000 is to sandwich a plurality of mica chips between two glass plates. Optical cement may be used to hold the mica chips and the glass plates together. The refractive index of the optical cement is preferably dose to that of the glass and that of the mica chips. The optical axes of the mica chips may either be randomly oriented or be arranged in such a way that their orientation angles are evenly distributed from 0 to 180 degree.
FIG. 7 illustrates a different method of manufacturing a polarization independent depolarizer. First, many birefringent rods, such as rods 7000, 7002, 7004, are made. The optical axis of each rod is oriented to include a substantial component perpendicular to the rod's longitudinal axis 7008. The birefringent rods are bundled together. The rods are distributed such that the optical axes in a bundle are randomly oriented in a plane or are arranged in such a way that their orientation angles are evenly distributed from 0 to 180 degree. Optical cement may be used to hold the bundle together. In one embodiment, the refractive index of the cement is close to that of the rods. In an alternative embodiment, the optical cement is opaque to prevent light from passing between rods. Prevention of light passing between rods helps preventing the slight bias towards the original input polarization. In an alternative embodiment, when maximum transmittance is desired without having a bias towards the original input polarization, square rods may be bundled together, as illustrated in FIG. 7C. An optional enclosure may be used to confine the bundle and hold the rods together. The bundle of rods illustrated in FIG. 7A is cut into thin slices 7006, 7010, 7012 etc. When the slices are polished, each slice forms a depolarizer with a cross section such as cross sections 7014 or 7016. In one embodiment of the invention, the birefringent rods are birefringent fibers (or polarization maintaining fibers). In an alternative embodiment, the birefringent rods are made of quartz or other birefringent crystals.
FIG. 8 illustrates the polarization independent depolarizer as used in a fiber optic system. A collimating lens 8002 collimates light from an input fiber 8000. A wave plate 8004 containing many birefringent chips with randomly or evenly distributed crystal axis orientations. A focusing lens 8008 focuses light output by wave plate 8004 into a fiber 8010. Enclosure 8012 holds all the parts together.
FIG. 9A illustrates using a depolarizer 9000 in a optical fiber communication system. Polarized light from laser 9006 is depolarized by depolarizer 9000 before entering a length of fiber 9010. An optional polarizer 9002 properly polarizes the light output of fiber 1910 before the light enters a polarization sensitive electro-optic modulator 9004. The modulated light from the electro-optic modulator propagates through fiber 9012 before entering receiver 9008. Depolarizing light before fiber 9010 is to prevent polarization fluctuation caused by the fiber. Polarization fluctuation may be converted to amplitude fluctuation by the electro-optic modulator or other polarization sensitive devices in the system and causes transmission error.
FIG. 9B illustrates using depolarizers 9028, 9030, 9032, 9034 in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Depolarizers 9028, 9030, 9032, 9034 depolarize light beams with different wavelengths from lasers 9020, 9022, 9024, 9026 respectively. The depolarized light beams are then combined by a wavelength division multiplexer 9036 for input into fiber 9038. A polarization sensitive electro-optic modulator 9042 modulates the received light beams. Light beams with different wavelengths are separated by a wavelength division demultiplexer 9044 and transmitted to a corresponding receiver 9046. An optional polarizer 9040 may be used before electro-optic modulator to convert the depolarized light beams into linearly polarized beams with a proper polarization orientation.
FIG. 9C illustrates using a depolarizer 9052 in a coherent heterodyne communication system. Light beam from laser 9048 is modulated by a phase modulator and is then depolarized by depolarizer 9052 before entering a fiber 9062. At the receiver end, the light beam is polarized by an optional polarizer 9054. Coupler 9056 combines the output of polarizer 9054 with a local oscillator light from laser 9058. The optional polarizer 9054 is oriented such that the polarized output light has the same polarization state at coupler 9056 as the light from local oscillator laser 9058. The combined beam is detected by a photodetector 9060.
In the preceding detailed description, various details have been included to facilitate understanding of the invention. However, it is to be understand that the invention is not limited to such details because many alterations, modifications, and variations are within the scope of the teachings contained herein. Accordingly, the invention should not be limited by the preceding examples, but only by the scope of the claims which follow.
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Biomining is an approach to the extraction of desired minerals from ores. Microorganisms are used to leach out the minerals, rather than the traditional methods of extreme heat or toxic chemicals, which have a deleterious effect on the environment.
The development of industrial mineral processing has been established now in several countries including South Africa, Brazil and Australia. Iron-and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms are used to release occluded copper, gold and uranium from mineral sulfides. Most industrial plants for biooxidation of gold-bearing concentrates have been operated at 40 °C with mixed cultures of mesophilic bacteria of the genera Acidithiobacillus or Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. In subsequent studies the dissimulatory iron-reducing archaea Pyrococcus furiosus and Pyrobaculum islandicum were shown to reduce gold chloride to insoluble gold.
Using Bacteria such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to leach copper from mine tailings has improved recovery rates and reduced operating costs. Moreover, it permits extraction from low grade ores - an important consideration in the face of the depletion of high grade ores.
The potential applications of biotechnology to mining and processing are countless. Some examples of past projects in biotechnology include a biologically assisted in situ mining program, biodegradation methods, passive bioremediation of acid rock drainage, and bioleaching of ores and concentrates. This research often results in technology implementation for greater efficiency and productivity or novel solutions to complex problems. Additional capabilities include the bioleaching of metals from sulfide materials, phosphate ore bioprocessing, and the bioconcentration of metals from solutions. One project recently under investigation is the use of biological methods for the reduction of sulfur in coal-cleaning applications. From in situ mining to mineral processing and treatment technology, biotechnology provides innovative and cost-effective industry solutions.
The potential of thermophilic sulfide-oxidizing archaea in copper extraction has attracted interest due to the efficient extraction of metals from sulfide ores that are recalcitrant to dissolution. Microbial leaching is especially useful for copper ores because copper sulfate, as formed during the oxidation of copper sulfide ores, is very water-soluble. Approximately 25% of all copper mined worldwide is now obtained from leaching processes. The acidophilic archaea Sulfolobus metallicus and Metallosphaera sedula tolerate up to 4% of copper and have been exploited for mineral biomining. Between 40 and 60% copper extraction was achieved in primary reactors and more than 90% extraction in secondary reactors with overall residence times of about 6 days.
The oxidation of the ferrous ion (Fe2+) to the ferric ion (Fe3+) is an energy producing reaction for some microorganisms. As only a small amount of energy is obtained, large amounts of (Fe2+) have to be oxidized. Furthermore, (Fe3+) forms the insoluble Fe(OH)
3 precipitate in H2O. Many Fe2+ oxidizing microorganisms also oxidize sulfur and are thus obligate acidophiles that further acidify the environment by the production of H2SO4. This is due in part to the fact that at neutral pH Fe2+ is rapidly oxidized chemically in contact with the air. In these conditions there is not enough Fe2+ to allow significant growth. At low pH, however, Fe2+ is much more stable. This explains why most of the Fe2+ oxidizing microorganisms are only found in acidic environments and are obligate acidophiles.
The best studied Fe2+ oxidizing bacterium is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophililic chemolithotroph. The microbiological oxidation of Fe2+ is an important aspect of the development of acidic pH's in mines, and constitutes a serious ecological problem. However, this process can also be usefully exploited when controlled. The sulfur containing ore pyrite (FeS2) is at the start of this process. Pyrite is an insoluble crystalline structure that is abundant in coal- and mineral ores. It is produced by the following reaction:
- S + FeS → FeS2
Normally pyrite is shielded from contact with oxygen and not accessible for microorganisms. Upon exploitation of the mine, however, pyrite is brought into contact with air (oxygen) and microorganisms and oxidation will start. This oxidation relies on a combination of chemically and microbiologically catalyzed processes. Two electron acceptors can influence this process: O2 and Fe3+ ions. The latter will only be present in significant amounts in acidic conditions (pH < 2.5). First a slow chemical process with O2 as electron acceptor will initiate the oxidation of pyrite:
- FeS2 + 7/2 O2 + H2O → Fe2+ + 2 SO42− + 2 H+
This reaction acidifies the environment and the Fe2+ will be formed is rather stable. In such an environment Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans will be able to grow rapidly. Upon further acidification Ferroplasma will also develop and further acidify. As a consequence of the microbial activity (energy producing reaction):
Fe2+ → Fe3+
This Fe3+ that remains soluble at low pH reacts spontaneously with the pyrite:
FeS2 + 14 Fe3+ + 8 H2O → 15 Fe2+ + 2 SO42− + 16 H+
The produced Fe2+ can again be used by the microorganisms and thus a cascade reaction will be initiated.
In the industrial microbial leaching process, low grade ore is dumped in a large pile (the leach dump) and a dilute sulfuric acid solution (pH 2) is percolated down through the pile. The liquid coming out at the bottom of the pile, rich in the mineral is collected and transported to a precipitation plant where the metal is reprecipitated and purified. The liquid is then pumped back to the top of the pile and the cycle is repeated.
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is able to oxidize the Cu+ in chalcocite (Cu2S) to Cu2+, thus removing some of the copper in the soluble form, Cu2+, and forming the mineral covellite (CuS). This oxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+ is an energy yielding reaction (such as the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+). Covellite can then be oxidized, releasing sulfate and soluble Cu2+ as products.
A second mechanism, and probably the most important in most mining operations, involves chemical oxidation of the copper ore with ferric (Fe3+) ions formed by the microbial oxidation of ferrous ions (derived from the oxidation of pyrite). Three possible reactions for the oxidation of copper ore are:
- Cu2S + 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ → CuS + Cu2+ + H2O
- CuS + 2 O2 → Cu2+ + SO42−
- CuS + 8 Fe3+ + 4 H2O → Cu2+ + 8 Fe2+ + SO42− + 8 H+
The copper metal is the recovered by using Fe0 from steel cans:
- Fe0 + Cu2+ → Cu0 + Fe2+
The temperature inside the leach dump often rises spontaneously as a result of microbial activities. Thus, thermophilic iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophs such as thermophilic Acidithiobacillus species and Leptospirillum and at even higher temperatures the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus (Metallosphaera sedula) may become important in the leaching process above 40 °C. Similarly to copper, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can oxidize U4+ to U6+ with O2 as electron acceptor. However, it is likely that the uranium leaching process depends more on the chemical oxidation of uranium by Fe3+, with At. ferrooxidans contributing mainly through the reoxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ as described above.
- UO2 + Fe(SO4)3 → UO2SO4 + 2 FeSO4
Gold is frequently found in nature associated with minerals containing arsenic and pyrite. In the microbial leaching process At. ferrooxidans and relatives are able to attack and solubilize the arsenopyrite minerals, and in the process, releasing the trapped gold (Au):
- 2 FeAsS[Au] + 7 O2 + 2 H2O + H2SO4 → Fe(SO4)3 + 2 H3AsO4 + [Au]


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Give Now
As early voting for the May primary begins, Monroe County election officials say voting is going smoothly in new locations around the county.
Early voting began throughout Indiana on Monday, and Monroe County is expecting a large turnout.
The MPO will have a regular meeting this Friday to discuss non-I-69 related business.
More than 60 machines are to be bought or rented at a total cost of more than $440,000.
The Monroe County Election Board decided to use paper ballots earlier this year, causing slow-downs in Tuesday's election results.
An aide to Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels was mistakenly handed a ballot pre-marked for Democratic Party candidates, according to the Marion County clerk.
About 1,800 early voting ballots were cast this year in Monroe County, and 2,000 more are expected before the polls close tonight.
Election Day has kicked off Tuesday in Bloomington and throughout Indiana.
According to the Secretary of State's office, that means a cost savings for towns like Ellettsville and Stinesville.
IU Professor of Economics John Mikesell says the probability of Congress coming up with a proper solution isn't looking good.


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Smokehouse Treats Pizzle Stix Dog Treats
|Smokehouse Pizzle Stix are the ideal treat for your pet. Made of all natural beef pizzle, slow roasted for great flavor and freshness, these chewy treats also help maintain clean, healthy teeth and gums for your dog. Low in fat & high in protein Long lasting dog chew treat 100% natural & digestible A definite favorite for both pets and pet owners! If you want smaller sticks many customer simply cut them down to the desired size for smaller dogs. Pet Mountain is proud to offer discount bulk pet products.Made in the USA.Ingredients: 100% Beef Pizzle.Guaranteed Analysis:Crude Protein (min) - 88.7%Crude Fat (min) - 2.9%Crude Fiber (max) - 2.5%Moisture (max) - 13.0%Ash (max) - 1.9%Magnesium (max) - 17.8%
Smokehouse Treats Braided Pizzle for Dogs
|Safety in dog treats is paramount for your pet. Smokehouse Treats Braided Pizzle is a truly safe natural meat dog treat that has no chemical additives or preservatives. Safe, natural meat treat No chemical additives or preservatives Moist, irresistible pizzle treat The great smokehouse taste requires thorough, gradual cooking, and the slow reduction of moisture content to the proper level. Unlike air dried or dehydrated treats, proper roasting naturally kills bacteria, Salmonella and trichinosis (pork parasites) without chemicals or salts or artificial additives of any kind.


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Wow, where are links? ;-)
Are you a 3D artist? Are you looking for some inspiration? Do you just want to collaborate or know who your fellow ModDB artists are? Doesn't matter what application you use or how you do it... if you're a modeller, animator, skinner or looking at getting started with 3D, then this is the group for you!
After six months of intense one-man development, it is finally released. Sculpt and paint awesome 3D stuff, for free! You can find instructions in documentation.txt within the zip archive, but I recommend visiting the forum and watching some videos to get an idea of how to really use the application.
Wow, where are links? ;-)
sry, moddb didnt allowed me to put links in da description.
Here is a link to the official website:
im gonna use this for my Tron game :D
iv'e tried it and it's very stable and great. pixologic really make some cutting edge technology. :)
2zip´s files for sculptris 5alpha ...
>> Moddb.com
>> Moddb.com
i hope u enjoy it ! Have Fun !
Rock´n´Roll ;)