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An architecture for exploring large design spaces is disclosed. The architecture consists of three main components. A Design Seeker methodically considers and evaluates a very large number of design candidates. A Filter based on a dominance criterion locates a relatively small number of promising candidates that are retained for further analysis. A Viewer allows a designer to examine tradeoff diagrams that present the filtered candidates for evaluation, analysis, and further exploration. The computational load of the Design Seeker may be distributed among a large number of workstations in a client-server computing environment.
1. A system for exploring a design space, comprising:
a first computer program that generates and produces a plurality of design candidates wherein each of said design candidates is generated and produced by selecting from a device library design components to be combined to compose said design candidates according to at least one design configuration template that identifies types of components from said device library to be selected for each of said design candidates;
a second computer program, in communication with said first computer program, that produces a subset of said plurality of design candidates using a filter that compares each design candidate to other design candidates and selects design candidates such that a design candidate that is inferior to any other design candidate is excluded from said subset of said plurality of design candidates;
and a third computer program, in communication with said second computer program, that presents in a scatterplot said subset of said plurality of design candidates selected by said filter, wherein each axis of said scatterplot represents a design criterion of said design candidates.
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15. A system for exploring a plurality of design candidates comprising:
a first computer program that produces a subset of said plurality of design candidates using a filter that compares each design candidate to other design candidates and excludes design candidates based on plurality of dominance criteria wherein design candidates that are inferior to any of the other design candidates with respect to said plurality of dominance criteria are eliminated from said subset of said plurality of design candidates; and
a second computer program, in communication with said second computer program, that presents in a scatterplot said subset of said plurality of design candidates produced by said filter, wherein each axis of said scatterplot represents a dominance criterion of said design candidates.
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25. A system for exploring a design space, comprising:
a first computer program for generating and producing a plurality of design candidates wherein each of said design candidates is generated and produced by selecting from a device library design components to be combined to compose said design candidates according to at least one design configuration template that identifies types of components from said device library to be selected for each of said design candidates; and
a second computer program, in communication with said first computer program, for presenting said plurality of design candidates in a plurality of scatterplots, wherein each axis of each of said scatterplots represents a design criterion of said design candidates and wherein said second computer program is adapted to link said scatterplots such that design candidates selected within a first scatterplot are highlighted within a second scatterplot.
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36. An apparatus to support multi-criterial decision making by a human user comprising:
a first computer program for obtaining design alternatives, wherein each such design alternative represents a configuration of components selected from a device library of components to be combined to compose sad design alternatives according to at least one design configuration template that identifies types of components from said device library to be selected for each of said design alternatives and wherein each such design alternative has been evaluated according to a plurality of criteria;
a second computer program, in communication with said first computer program, that reduces the number of design alternatives for further consideration using a filter that compares each design alternative to the other design alternatives and selects alternatives such that a design alternative that is inferior to any other design alternative is excluded from said subset of said plurality of design alternatives; and
a third computer program, in communication with said second computer program, with which said human user is able to
a) examine value tradeoffs among alternatives by considering a subset of design alternatives obtained by said first computer program or a subset of design alternatives obtained by said first computer and passed by said filter of said second computer program and
b) narrow a decision by selecting a subset of design alternatives that reflect the values of said human user in making tradeoff decisions.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/093,998, filed Jul.24, 1998.
This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. N00014-96-1-0701, awarded by USONR (DARPA). The Government has certain rights in this invention.
The present invention is in the field of automated decision-making support systems. A system and an architecture for exploring very large design spaces is disclosed.
Design may be considered to start from a specification of properties and behavior that an artifact is intended to satisfy. It typically ends when the designer is able to describe a set of components and their interconnection, and a mode of use by a designer. If an instance of the artifact is constructed with the components in the specified inter-component relationships, and if a designer interacts with it as described in the mode of use, then the artifact's properties and behavior are supposed to satisfy the given specifications.
Design may be formulated as a search in a problem space. Except in routine design tasks, the design process usually involves considering alternative configurations of components, alternative components, and various parameter values. The design candidates that arise during this process are usually evaluated using multiple criteria. Due to time and other resource limitations, designers usually consider only a narrow range of the possible combinations of components and configurations.
In prior art systems, the design problem has been formulated explicitly as a parameter optimization problem, and well-known optimization techniques may be applied. Most commonly, these techniques are variations of hill climbing. Given a design candidate, the direction of change in which the gain in a performance measure is largest is first ascertained, a new design candidate is chosen in that direction, and this process is repeated until changes in any direction result in a decrease in the performance measure. However, this optimization technique is not always applicable. When design candidates are generated by changes of components and configurations, which may be unordered, there may be no adjacency relationship to exploit in the space of design candidates. Moreover, hill climbing techniques, by requiring that a single evaluation function be defined, preclude explicit, local reasoning about tradeoffs among multiple performance criteria. In general, it is hard to use symbolic knowledge in numerical optimization schemes and thus, they are not very good for early-stage design.
The disclosed system and architecture supports exploration of very large design spaces, for example, spaces that arise when design candidates are generated by combining components systematically from component libraries. The architecture is comprised of a Design Seeker, a Filter, and a Viewer. Using the Design Seeker, a very large number of candidates (millions or more) are methodically considered and evaluated. The architecture is especially appropriate during the stage of conceptual design when high-level design decisions are tinder consideration, multiple evaluation criteria apply, and the Designer Seeker assures that good design possibilities have not been overlooked. The Filter uses a technique based on a dominance criterion to select, from millions of design candidates, a relatively small number of promising candidates for further analysis. The dominance criterion applied by the Filter is lossless in that it insures that each candidate not selected is inferior to at least one of the selected candidates. The Viewer provides an interactive interface through which the selected designs are presented to the designer for analysis of tradeoffs and further exploration. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the computational load is distributed among a large number of workstations in a client-server computing environment. The results of experiments using the architecture to explore designs for hybrid electric vehicles are presented.
In the present invention, a design-space exploration technique is used that explicitly considers large numbers of design candidates, sampling widely from all regions of the design space. This exploration tells the designer how the design candidates in the space behave with respect to the various evaluation criteria, and helps to identify candidates or regions with interesting properties. All regions of the design space are sampled sufficiently to develop an understanding of the characteristics of the design space. A very large number of design candidates may be considered. This initial exploration permits for a more detailed exploration of selected areas of the design space. Thus, this kind of exploration is especially appropriate for the conceptual design stage.
The need to examine a very large number of candidates requires substantial computing power. Fortunately, conceptual design is a relatively small part of the overall design process. Thus, allocation of substantial computing resources for this stage of design may be justified in view of its importance, especially as computing power is becoming more affordable. This kind of design space exploration has natural parallelism that can be exploited to distribute the computational burden. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a large collection of networked workstations provide the needed computing power.
The present invention includes one or more computers adapted to perform the steps of generating and evaluating design candidates, filtering design candidates to select a relatively small number of design candidates for further evaluation, and presenting selected design candidates to a designer for further consideration. The present invention also includes software conforming to the architecture of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an architecture for a preferred embodiment of the present invention,
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the dominance filtering technique of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is an example of a tradeoff diagram from an experiment performed using a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The overall architecture for the present invention is that of an interactive decision-support architecture for design, as shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, a component/configuration library or Device Library 10 is available for generating design candidates. The designer may specify constraints 20. The Design Seeker 30 generates design candidates by selecting components 40 from the Device Library 10 and composing them, according to configuration templates (generic devices 50.), to satisfy the given constraints 20. Several design critics 60 evaluate each design candidate. Each critic 60 assesses a candidate design from the point of view of a particular aspect of performance. One might focus on cost, another on convenience of use, yet a third on diagnosability, and so on. A critic 60 may use an evaluation function based on the conclusions of other critics.
The total number of design candidates might be quite large, so, for the designer to make effective use of the information from the critics, a Filter 70 is applied to select a relatively small number of designs that are worth examining further. A lossless filtering criterion (i.e., one for which there are guarantees that there is no danger of excluding good designs) is applied to the design candidates.
The designer is presented with the design candidates that survive the filtering process. Since a large number of candidates may yet remain, it is important to develop effective ways to aid the designer in investigating the properties of the surviving designs. Thus, the user interface or Viewer 80 is an important part of the architecture. Several user-interface elements are very useful. In particular, visualizing the set of surviving designs by way of interactive, connected, tradeoff diagrams enables the designer to zoom in on subsets with desirable tradeoff characteristics, and so reduce the number of designs for further investigation to a manageable few.
Design candidates are generated by systematically considering the members of a set of preset configurations or "generic devices." For each generic device, alternative component substitutions from a device library are systematically considered, and for components, various parameter values are considered as chosen from a set of designer-specified landmark values.
Design candidates are checked against any constraints that might rule them out. Two sets of designer-supplied constraints may be applied: one set is applied to partially specified designs and the other is applied to fully specified designs. Partial designs are created on the way to creating fully instantiated design candidates, and arise when not all of the components in a configuration have yet been chosen, or not all the parameter values. Sometimes partial designs may be checked against constraints with little computational cost. For example, if there is a constraint on total weight, a partially specified design may be rejected as soon its weight exceeds the limit, thus avoiding the substantial amount of work involved in generating and evaluating refinements of the design. Constraints that apply to fully specified designs are used to eliminate candidates. Such constraints may be used to eliminate implausible combinations or unacceptable performance.
Prior to constraint checking, designs are sent to various design critics, and each design is annotated with the conclusions from the critics. These conclusions may be used by the constraints, and are the basis for design filtering, which selects a subset of candidates to present to the designer. Dominance filtering is an important type of design filtering, and may be applied after generating and evaluating all candidates, or incrementally, as candidates are being generated and evaluated.
A Filter based on dominance criterion is applied to the designs to locate a relatively small number of promising candidates to be retained for further analysis. A design candidate A dominates candidate B if A is superior or equal to B with respect to every criterion of evaluation and distinctly superior with respect to at least one criterion. Dominated designs need not be considered further—they may be filtered out. Among the designs that survive the dominance-filtering process, none is clearly superior to another. These designs are retained for further analysis.
The dominance filter may be represented geometrically. FIG. 2 illustrates the situation when there are only two evaluation criteria C1 and C2. Larger values of C1 and C2 are more desirable. Let M1 be a design candidate. If another design candidate M2 falls in region R1, it can be eliminated, since M1 would be clearly superior to M2 on both criteria. If it falls in Region R4, M1 can be eliminated since M2 would best M1 on both criteria. If M2 falls in Regions R2 or R3, both M1 and M2 need to be retained for the next stage since neither would be superior to the other with respect to all criteria of evaluation. This 2-dimensional description of dominance filtering generalizes to situations where there are more than two criteria; similar behavior will occur in the appropriate multidimensional space.
The dominance filter keeps a list of retained candidates, to which new candidates are compared. New candidates are compared serially to the items on the list. If the new candidate is dominated by some from the list, then there is no need to compare with the remaining elements in the list, and the new candidate is discarded, which contributes to efficiency. If the new candidate dominates a candidate in the retained list, the comparison still needs to continue with the other candidates in the list, since the new candidate may dominate some others as well. The final surviving set is independent of the order in which the candidates are generated and compared. Another probable source of efficiency is that if a design on the list beats a new one, the dominator is moved to the front of the list. This design is more likely to beat other new designs as well, in comparison with others on the list, and it is more efficient to consider it early when evaluating new candidates.
An important feature of the dominance filter is the size of the surviving set. Let f be the fraction of the total design space that survives dominance filtering. If f is small, then the task of the designer is much eased. She may consider a relatively small number of designs for further analysis while retaining assurance that the results speak about the entire design space.
In a given domain, the value of f typically increases as the number of evaluation criteria increases. The probability that a design candidate is worse than another in all N dimensions of criticism typically becomes smaller as N increases. However, f may become smaller as the size of the design space increases, for example, by considering parameter changes at finer resolutions. One can generalize from FIG. 2 and consider each design to be a point in N-dimensional space, N being the number of criteria to be considered in dominance checking. The surviving set will be on the surface of the region of space wherein the designs lie. As more points (designs) are added within or near the region of designs in the N-dimensional space, the total number of designs should increase at a faster rate than the number of designs on its surface.
Evaluation Criteria may be added and removed as follows. A set of candidates may survive following exploration and dominance filtering. If the problem specification changes and one of the criteria is no longer relevant, the new surviving set may be constructed from the previous one. If A dominates B in N dimensions of criticism, A will still dominate B in N−1 dimensions. Thus, the elements of the surviving set for N dimensions will still dominate the previously pruned candidates in N−1 dimensions as well. Dominance filtering may be applied among the members of the N-dimension surviving set to compute the N−1-dimension surviving set.
If the problem statement changes and a new criterion is added, the solution is more complex. That A dominates B in N dimensions is no guarantee that A will still dominate B in N+1 dimensions. B may be better than A in the new dimension of criticism. Therefore, the new surviving set cannot be computed from the old surviving set. Dominance filtering is applied again to consider all the elements of the design space.
Dominance checking does not require evaluation criteria to be independent. In general, if the values according to two criteria are positively correlated, use of these criteria will not increase the size of the surviving set as much as two independent criteria might. However, if values according to two criteria are negatively correlated (as they might well be when the designer is interested in investigating performance tradeoffs), the size of the surviving set may be larger than it would be if the criteria were independent.
When considering whether A is superior or equal to B with regard to every criterion, and superior in at least one criterion, it is important to consider that the models upon which critics are based may have limited accuracy. The dominance filter may be adapted to take into account suspected model inaccuracy. A constant e may be introduced for each critic such that A and B are considered to perform equally well with regard to the criterion of that critic if, as evaluated by the critic, the performance of the two differs by less than e. Weakening the stringency of filtering in this way reduces the chances that a good design is mistakenly filtered out because of modeling inaccuracies. On the other hand, increasing e for any critic will typically increase the surviving fraction. In choosing the value of e for a particular critic, the estimate of the accuracy of the domain model used by that critic may be expressed. Thus, choosing a value for e gives a domain expert the opportunity to express a meta-knowledge judgment about the accuracy of the computer-based model.
Suppose that the design space has a million candidates, five critics have been specified, and each critic needs one tenth of a second for evaluating a candidate (all reasonable numbers). The total time on a serial machine for performing exhaustive evaluation will be about six days. Because of time requirements of this sort, a novel computational architecture was developed that employs Modula-3 network objects to make use of the distributed computing environments that are presently commonly available in engineering institutions. A client-server architecture is employed that uses idle workstation time (often over 150 machines at a time) to allow the criticism of candidate designs to proceed in parallel.
Even if dominance filtering is quite effective, one would expect hundreds if not thousands of designs to survive after exploring a design space consisting of, say, hundreds of thousands of design candidates. These surviving designs would be ones where none would be clearly superior to another, based on the criteria that were used. Knowledge that was not incorporated during the search is needed for choosing among designs. If the additional knowledge were available in the form of new critics that were not used, the best way to proceed would be to do the search again using the new critics. Similarly, if the designer knew in advance how to weight the different criteria to form a composite evaluation, she might have used this composite evaluation to perform some form of optimization. However, there is an important opportunity at the conceptual-design stage to develop a sense of the tradeoffs that arise from multiple criteria.
A Viewer or visualization environment presents the designer with a set of tradeoff diagrams. Each diagram is a two-dimensional scatter plot, where the axes are a pair of design criteria, and all the surviving designs are plotted in that space. For example, if there are three critics with corresponding design criteria C1, C2, and C3, up to three plots will be generated, one each for C1-C2, C2-C3, and C3-C1. Each design candidate will be represented in each of these plots. The designer can select any region in any of the plots and the design candidates that fall in the selected region in one diagram space will be highlighted in the other plots. The designer can thus easily observe how design candidates that look interesting in one of the diagrams fare with respect to other tradeoffs. In general, candidates that are contiguous in one of the plots will not necessarily be contiguous in the other plots.
Typically, a designer may explore the surviving designs by identifying regions or individual candidates that appear to have interesting properties in one diagram, selecting them, and examining their properties in the other diagrams. For example, the designer may note in one diagram that a small number of designs seem to have high evaluations in both dimensions. This region may be selected. The interface then highlights in the other diagrams the candidates in the selected region in the first diagram. If their performance is satisfactory with respect to the other dimensions, that subset may be marked as worthy of further attention. A particularly important function of visual analysis is to see if there are regions in the diagrams where, for a relatively small sacrifice in performance in one dimension, a large gain is available in the other dimension. This visual analysis gives the designer some understanding of the structure of the design space, and locates opportunities for favorable design tradeoffs.
A designer may make a variety of visual analyses using the tradeoff diagrams. A designer may first note certain interesting properties in one region of one of the diagrams, think about what was noticed, and generate explanations for the interesting features. At this point, a designer may make additional hypotheses about relationships in other diagrams and regions. In addition to identifying a small number of design candidates for further analysis, a designer may gain a deeper understanding of the design space.
The number of possible tradeoff plots increases approximately with the square of the number of criteria. So, typically, a designer does not consider all plots at once. Instead, a designer may choose which plots to see. Even if she never examines the results according to a particular criterion, it has still entered into the dominance calculations. Dominance checking does not depend on the exploration environment. In many fields, the number of criteria may not need to be very large.
Exploration results may be presented to the designer in a number of ways. A designer may select a subset of designs to be considered in a special Examination Set (ExamSet) for closer inspection. A designer may also define regions of arbitrary shape; A designer may create more than one ExamSet and then union, intersect, or pull a subset from any of them. The designer may look at any available ExamSet through multiple, cross-updating tradeoff plots, and other inspectors. A designer may be provided with a set of abstraction agents (Abstractors) able to automatically form certain interesting generalizations about the designs in any chosen ExamSet. One such Abstractor gathers statistics on the design choices that are represented in the ExamnSet, and if any choice is represented by more than 50% of the designs, it produces a comment of the form:
X% of the designs in <ExamSet> are designs where <design choice>.
For example, "88% of the designs in ExamSet-1 are designs where engine=Volkswagen #2." or "All of the designs in ExamSet-2 are designs where configuration=parallel-hybrid." This information is helpful to the designer in understanding and exploring the implications of the search results.
Data may also be displayed and reviewed in higher dimensions. For example, automated clustering algorithms may be applied to identify interesting properties in the higher-dimensional spaces. Higher-dimensional spatial analysis algorithms might be applied to identify outliers. Outliers tend to have interesting properties and may point to broken domain models. Conversely, the absence of Outliers gives the designer some confidence in the fidelity of domain models and reassures the designer that no especially good design possibilities have been overlooked.
The Domain. The domain in which an experiment was performed is that of hybrid electric vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are automobiles that use both an electrical motor and an internal-combustion (IC) engine as power sources. Electrical motors are attractive as power source partially because of the potential for using the motor as a generator during braking and thus recapturing the kinetic energy of the vehicle. They also have good emission properties, making them attractive for city use. On the other hand, they have limited range because of the limitations of current battery technology. Hybrid vehicles use an IC engine to extend range, either to move the vehicle when battery power is low, or to recharge the batteries. An interesting issue in the design of hybrid vehicles is the control policy, which is the formula that decides when to use which source of power for movement and when to activate the IC to charge the batteries.
The domain has a number of attractive features for exercising the architecture of the present invention. The underlying design space is not simply generated by parametric variations; for example, there are four distinct vehicle configurations. There are also several criteria for evaluating performance, and no simple way to combine them a priori into a weighted composite objective function. Moreover, there are well-defined mathematical models for the various design criticisms of interest. With several alternative components to be considered for each component choice point within a configuration alternative, the design space grows combinatorially and rapidly. When the consideration of alternative control-policy parameters is included, the combinatorial explosion of design alternatives is even more dramatic.
The most basic components are the four vehicle configurations, or types of vehicles: IC engine only; Electric motor only; Parallel hybrid; Serial hybrid. Once a commitment has been made to a particular configuration, there is a further need to specify the set of components required by that configuration, and parameter values associated with the various components. This set is different for each of the four types, although some of the components are common to each type. First, the components and parameters common to all of the vehicle types are described.
Transmission, of which the available types are: Automatic, Manual or CVT (continuously variable). For manual transmissions, there is a choice of the number of gears (3, 4, or 5-speed) and the corresponding gear ratios. Choice of Shift Speeds for manual transmissions determines various performance characteristics. Also, Downshift Speed, which is the vehicle speed at which a lower gear ratio is chosen for manual and automatic transmissions.
The following components and parameters are specified for some vehicle types, but not others:
Electric motors in different sizes (small, medium and large) and their respective weights,
IC engines varied by their sizes (small, medium or large) and their corresponding weights, torque-speed characteristics and fuel-efficiency maps,
Batteries, which include the number of cells in the pack with their respective weights,
Speed reduction ratio, which refers to the gear ratio between the electric motor and the axle and,
Control policy, which is applicable only to hybrid vehicles and is varied in terms of four parameters, the high and low values of vehicle velocities and high and low values of the state of charge at which the switch is made from primary reliance on one engine to primary reliance on another.
The designer supplies a set of plausible choices for each of these components and the Design Seeker explores them all. Candidates are generated by first selecting a vehicle configuration from the four choices, then systematically going through all relevant combinations of component choices and parameter-value choices. Constraints are applied at this stage, as described earlier. The design space size may be made to grow very large by stepping component changes through very small increments, e.g., small changes in cutoff speeds or gear ratios. Once interesting regions of space are explored during a first round of processing, finer distinctions may be made in selected areas of the space and additional explorations, similar to the first but at greater resolution, may be undertaken.
Design Critics. The following design critics were employed in the experiments: Maximum acceleration, top speed, city-driving efficiency, and highway-driving efficiency. Maximum acceleration was calculated as the time to reach 60 MPH. Experimental city-driving and highway-driving range critics were included, but were not used in dominance checking. Dynamical models of vehicle performance in the form of differential equations were constructed using well-understood vehicle-modeling methods. The equations were simulated temporally, (i.e., the values of the operating parameters were determined as a function of time using appropriately chosen time increments.) City and highway driving models imposed contours of desired velocities that were incorporated into the simulations. The models were simulated using Matlab and Simulink, widely available application packages, especially appropriate for simulating complex systems governed by differential equations. City and highway efficiency are correlated, and these are somewhat inversely correlated with both top speed and maximum acceleration.
Dominance Filtering. In Table 1, the results are presented for a large run, and smaller runs constructed from random sampling of the results of this run. The investigation of dominance filtering, therefore, is not skewed by recent improvements in the simulation models used by the critics. This experiment used the four critics mentioned in the previous section.
Dominance filtering is quite effective in eliminating a large fraction of the design space. In this case, a small design space was cut by well more than an order of magnitude, and the largest was cut by more than three orders of magnitude. Dominance filtering is a practical way to help reduce the complexity of explicitly comparing very large numbers of design alternatives.
In order to investigate how the surviving fraction behaves with respect to the number of dimensions of comparative criticism, dominance filtering was run on a set of 17,711 candidates corresponding to Experiment B of Table 1 using subsets of two and three criteria each. Table 2 summarizes the results for two criteria each, while Table 3 does the same for three criteria. The entries in these tables represent the numbers of surviving designs. In Table 2, the rows and columns indicate the two criteria. (Because the situation is symmetric, only the top half of the table is filled.) In Table 3, the column heading indicates which one of the four criteria is not used.
The data in both tables, and the fact that 173 designs survived with four criteria, indicate that as the number of criteria increases, the tendency is for the effectiveness of dominance filtering to decrease. That is, a larger percentage of the candidates survive.
Scale of computation. In the largest experiment (Experiment D in Table 1), 2,152,698 designs were evaluated, of which 1,796,025 were fully specified. Fully specified designs were evaluated according to four performance criteria, which required multiple simulations of each design. Dominance filtering reduced the number to 1,078 best designs for human analysis. 207 workstations were used as clients during the experiment; from zero to 159 were running at any one time. The experiment used 164 hr. 41 min. of wall-clock time, 14 hr. 54 min. of CPU time on the server, for generation and evaluation, and approximately 4.5 hr. of wall-clock time for dominance filtering performed as serial post processing.
Exploration Interface. FIG. 3 shows one of the six tradeoff diagrams from Experiment D obtained by considering the four criteria two at a time. In each diagram, each point that is plotted corresponds to a design that survived the strict dominance test. The designer can use the pointing device to select subsets for further examination, save and load such subsets and further narrow them.
The visualization interface assists the designer in debugging domain models and ensuring sufficient realism. In the experiment, the diagrams revealed designs with implausible performance characteristics; for example, at one stage of model development, some vehicles had unreasonably high top speeds. On one occasion, for several designs, the values of city driving efficiency were higher than those for highway driving efficiency, which is quite unreasonable. On another occasion, stratification of points in tradeoff diagrams indicated that time steps for the acceleration simulations had been set too coarsely. Visual exploration of this sort helps to ensure model accuracy. The tradeoff diagrams show the results of exercising the models over an extremely broad range of combinations of inputs. Model inaccuracies are given every opportunity to betray their presence through anomalies that appear in visualizations of the results.
Large-scale exploration as permitted by the present invention makes a significant contribution at the stage of conceptual design. The software architecture of the present invention provides for large-scale exploration. The architecture is comprised of: a Design Seeker that systematically generates and evaluates large numbers of candidate designs using multiple criteria, a Filter that passes only superior designs, and a Viewer that enables designers to investigate tradeoffs among the superior designs and select subsets for further analysis. The Design Seeker may use component substitution and exhaustive methods similar in spirit to drug discovery by "combinatorial chemistry." Filtering based on dominance is practical to implement and promises to reduce the number of alternatives to be considered from vast to manageable. The Viewer or visualization environment presents the designer with the-results of multi-criterial evaluation, without forcing the evaluation to a single criterion. Tradeoffs are displayed and the designer is able to bring evaluation and judgment to bear in choosing designs for further investigation.
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what do people want star trek 3 to be like
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June 18 2013, 03:39 AM
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Location: La Belle Province or The Green Mountain State (depends on the day of the week)
Re: what do people want star trek 3 to be like
Sran wrote:
Ovation wrote:
Cumberbatch is a far more versatile and talented actors than Montalban was.
say so. End of discussion.
Glad you see it my way, then. Excellent.
JarodRussell wrote:
-Brett- wrote:
People wanted Khan, and Khan turned out to be the weak link in the movie. So now I want them to ignore what people want.
From what I gathered, people EXPECTED Khan, but didn't neccessarily WANT Khan.
Ovation wrote:
Cumberbatch is a far more versatile and talented actors than Montalban was. I quite enjoy WOK and I remember seeing it at the cinema in 1982. Was watching TOS for about a decade by then. And I still prefer 2013 Khan to 1982/1967 Khan. So your attempt to speak for more than yourself fails (as it does all the other tiresome times some posters here do so).
Now let's not shit on the actor just to elevate some film. For a hispanic actor born in the 1920s, Montalbans body of work in American TV and film is absolutely incredible.
I was not "shitting on" Montalban. If anything, I was "shitting on" the tiresome efforts made by some posters to speak on behalf of others when they clearly lack the mandate to do so. That is something I will always rebut when I encounter it.
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In a moment,June is over and July is coming again. How time flies, almost without a trace. Each member of ADTECH, in his own strength silently goes forward and gains progress. In this fast-paced society which all pressed for time, everyone is trying to seek anything. And in the process of efforts, we found some comfort and tell ourselves, insistence is a common thing in life. As ADTECH's beliefs, it committed to give customers the best products, best service. We are try...
- A Robot's Week2015-06-16
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Originally written on Fox Sports Carolinas | Last updated 1/25/13
Maryland isnt as bad as its looked in some ACC games and Duke isnt as bad as it was in getting blown out by 27 points at Miami on Wednesday night. But the Terrapins may actually be trending up while Duke is swirling downward, trying to figure itself out without Ryan Kelly. Duke has not played all that well since Kelly went down with an injury late in the first half of a win over Clemson two weeks ago. Coach Mike Krzyzewski first tried junior forward Josh Hairston as Kellys replacement, but that didnt work at all. Freshman Amile Jefferson is a nice component, but his weaknesses prevent Duke from finding any semblance of the comfort zone it played with when Kelly was available. On Wednesday, redshirt freshman Alex Murphy did some nice things but hes not yet the answer, either. So as Duke has tried to tweak things, the degree of discomfort has significant. The problem now facing Duke (16-2, 3-2) on offense is that it has just two scorers, and one of them, Seth Curry, practices onc...
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(Washington, D.C.) – The Office of Police Complaints (OPC) will host six visitors from Russia on Tuesday, January 27, 2015.
The Russian visitors include:
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text: Stillwater isn't very bicycle friendly. That's based on results of a brief evaluation filled out by locals at the Oct. 28 kickoff of a bicycling study at Stillwater Library. The evaluation didn't focus only on the number of bike trails, but on how the community does in five key areas: educatio...Read More


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Alvar Aalto's humanistic approach to modernism formed the foundation of Artek, which is known for its fluid, experimental furniture that exemplifies great Nordic design. The Kanto rack was created by Pancho Nikander to hold firewood or magazines. Made of form-pressed wood, it features a cutout handle to enable easy transportation of the piece from room to room.
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text: screen shot from kissonline.com By Chris Allen March 30, 2012 12:30 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of Kool 101.7 This Just In — June 2015 News Bloopers Are Hilarious Blatnik Bridge Sweeping Project Scheduled For July 1 Cop Boogies Like He's Magic Mike at Gay Pride Parade Pregnant Mother Dancing With Daughter Is the Sweetest Thing Since the Invention of Candy Recommended For You Best of the Web


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California Approves Toxic Waste Site ExpansionMay 22, 2014 10:27 am | by SCOTT SMITH, Associated Press | News | Comments
Residents of a small California farming community who have worried for years about the health effects of a hazardous waste landfill learned Wednesday that the state has cleared the way for it to expand.
North Dakota Restricts Gas FlaringMay 22, 2014 10:23 am | by JOSH WOOD, Associated Press | News | Comments
Gov. Jack Dalrymple told a huge oil industry conference Wednesday that North Dakota would no longer allow flaring of natural gas from oil wells in the Bakken region for longer than one year.
Report Shows Scant Federal Oversight Of Chemical FacilitiesMay 21, 2014 10:31 am | by HOPE YEN, Associated Press | News | Comments
The government has no way of fully knowing which chemical facilities stock ammonium nitrate, the substance that exploded last year at a Texas fertilizer plant, investigators say. Outdated federal policies, poor information sharing with states and a raft of industry exemptions point to scant federal oversight, according to a new report.
Opponents Knock New York-New Jersey Pipeline PlansMay 21, 2014 10:17 am | by MARY ESCH, Associated Press | News | Comments
Environmental groups and a northern New Jersey homeowners' coalition raised objections to a planned billion-dollar pipeline that would carry North Dakota crude oil from a train terminal at the Port of Albany to coastal refineries and return gasoline, diesel, heating oil and other petroleum products to upstate New York.
Choosing the Right Preventive-Control TrainingMay 21, 2014 1:00 am | by Chuck Zona, Vice President and Dean, Hooke College of Applied Science and Cheryl Murley, Quality Manager, McCrone Associates | Articles | Comments
A persistent problem in the food industry is the contamination with foreign material from ingredients, processing equipment and the environment. To establish the correct preventive measures and develop a successful program that withstands FDA scrutiny, food quality employees need specialized materials analysis training that enables them to characterize and identify raw material, processing contaminants and their sources.
Kitty Litter The Cause Of Radiation LeakMay 20, 2014 10:59 am | by JERI CLAUSING, Associated Press | News | Comments
Los Alamos National Laboratory packed 57 barrels of nuclear waste with a type of kitty litter believed to have caused a radiation leak at the federal government's troubled nuclear waste dump, posing a potentially "imminent" and "substantial" threat to public health and the environment.
New Standards Announced For Power Plant Cooling SystemsMay 20, 2014 10:51 am | by DINA CAPPIELLO, Associated Press | News | Comments
The Environmental Protection Agency unveiled new standards Monday aimed at reducing the billions of fish, crabs and shrimp killed by cooling water systems at power plants and factories each year.
Appeals Court Refuses To Reconsider BP SettlementMay 20, 2014 10:21 am | by KEVIN McGILL, Associated Press | News | Comments
A federal appeals court has refused to reconsider its previous ruling that businesses don't have to prove they were directly harmed by BP's 2010 Gulf Of Mexico oil spill to collect settlement payments.
EPA Proposes Changes To Refinery Emission RulesMay 19, 2014 10:55 am | by EMILY SCHMALL, Associated Press | News | Comments
The changes would compel operators to monitor benzene emissions along their fence lines, upgrade storage tank emission controls, ensure waste gases are properly destroyed and adopt new emission standards for delayed coking units. Operators would also have to make the results of monitoring publicly available.
Feds Review Plans For 5,000 New Wyoming WellsMay 19, 2014 10:48 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Federal land managers have begun evaluating a proposal to expand an east-central Wyoming oil and gas field with up to 5,000 new wells, asking for public comment on the project.
Medical Waste Burning Facility On The MoveMay 19, 2014 10:45 am | by ANNIE KNOX, Associated Press | News | Comments
A medical waste burning facility pressed to leave a Utah suburb by residents and legislators worried about toxic emissions has picked out a new home on the western shore of Great Salt Lake, a move which has raised health concerns for its future neighbors.
Evaluating Flood Risks At Nuclear FacilitiesMay 19, 2014 10:43 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
For the second time this month, Nebraska's two biggest utilities will meet with regulators to discuss flooding hazards at their two nuclear power plants.
Wastewater Board Closes Old FacilitiesMay 16, 2014 10:34 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
The DeSoto County Regional Utility Authority board has authorized advertising for bids for an estimated $2.9 million project to close old, offline sewage plants in the western part of the county.
Chemical Error Kills Entire University LawnMay 16, 2014 10:03 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
University of Findlay spokeswoman Brianna Patterson says the chemical was applied to campus lawns during the last week of April and it will take several weeks to reseed and re-sod the affected areas.
The Next Generation Of Wind Power FloatsMay 16, 2014 1:00 am | by Kasey Panetta, Managing Editor, ECN | Videos | Comments
As much as I'm fascinated by the mechanics of the wind turbines, I recognize that some people find them hideous or loud, and, in fact, do not want to live near a giant fan. However, wind needs to be considered as an alternative source of energy. If there are complaints about the design or noise of traditional wind turbines, why not redesign them?
Record $14M Fine For Titanium Waste DumpingMay 15, 2014 10:25 am | by MICHELLE RINDELS, Associated Press | News | Comments
A company that manufactures titanium jet parts faces a record $14 million fine for illegally making and disposing of a cancer-causing chemical in Henderson, the Environmental Protection Agency announced Wednesday.
Canada Declares Pipeline Companies Liable For Any Spill CostsMay 15, 2014 10:18 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
The Canadian government says pipeline companies will be liable for all costs and damages from a spill, regardless of fault or negligence under a new law.
10,000 Gallons Of Oil Coat Los AngelesMay 15, 2014 9:59 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Crews sopped up the remains of about 10,000 gallons of crude oil that sprayed into Los Angeles streets and onto buildings early Thursday after a high-pressure pipe burst.
Saving Thousands By Removing ScaleMay 15, 2014 1:00 am | by Jan de Baat Doelman, Scalewatcher | Articles | Comments
Liaoyang Petroleum's Olefin Factory in the Hongwei District of mainland China, producing MEG and polypropylene, is saving $65,000 a year in maintenance following the installation of a computerized, electronic water conditioner.
Obama's Climate Rules Won't WaitMay 14, 2014 4:23 pm | by JOSH LEDERMAN, Associated Press | News | Comments
Unlike the Keystone XL oil pipeline, whose review the administration has delayed, probably until after the elections, the clock is ticking for the power plant rules — the cornerstone of Obama's campaign to curb climate change. Unless he starts now, the rules won't be in place before he leaves office in 2017, making it easier for his successor to stop them.
Big Island Geothermal Plant CitedMay 14, 2014 9:47 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A geothermal plant on the Big Island of Hawaii has been cited by the Environmental Protection Agency for 14 violations, accused of failing to properly maintain and monitor its operations.
Protecting Detroit's Water With Better ControlsMay 14, 2014 1:00 am | by Rockwell Automation | Articles | Comments
Detroit's Wastewater Treatment Plant is one of the largest in the United States, serving more than a third of Michigan's population. To better protect the rivers from runoff, the city began building a network of combined sewer overflow basins 25 years ago. By capturing and substantially treating the storm water, the basins play a major role in protecting the surrounding watersheds, and the people and wildlife living there.
North Dakota Fracking Well Still LeakingMay 13, 2014 11:17 am | by JOSH WOOD, Associated Press | News | Comments
An oil well near the town of Tioga, North Dakota continued to leak oil, gas and fracking fluid on Monday, days after authorities learned about the problem, a local official said.
Idaho Milk Plant Hit With FinesMay 13, 2014 11:04 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A south-central Idaho milk processing company has agreed to pay a $170,000 fine for dumping wastewater with acidity levels high enough to damage Jerome's wastewater treatment plant.
Chevron To Pay $875K For Utah Oil SpillsMay 13, 2014 10:49 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Federal regulators have announced an $875,000 settlement with Chevron related to a pair of Utah oil spills in recent years.


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From pastoral care seminars in South America to internships in the Bahamas, dozens of Candler students each year have life-changing experiences through the school's varied international programs--academic exchanges and internships from Brazil to Kenya to South Korea and beyond, and travel seminars spanning five continents.
featured story
Candler's Youth Theological Initiative (YTI) has been named one of the first three projects to benefit from Momentum, Emory University's new crowdfunding platform. YTI's thirty-day campaign will benefit its Summer Academy.
Franklin Sees Moral Leadership in Charleston
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 22
Fry Brown Comments on History of Violence Against Black Churches
Religion News Service, June 18
Abbington Plays Key Role in Pipe Organ Restoration
Creative Loafing, June 18
Emory's Franklin, Students Explore Moral Leadership Issues in South Korea
Emory News Center, May 22
Bondi Delivers Inaugural Howard Williams Lecture
AL.com, April 15
A Space to Breathe
April 10
Finding God in New Places
February 20
Swimming Upstream From Fear
December 4
We Must Speak
December 4
This Centennial Commemorative Edition of Connection focuses on the 100-year anniversary of Candler School of Theology. As we celebrate our centennial, we reflect on the legacy of the school and the individuals, events and ideas that shaped us. Understanding from whence we've come will empower us to continue moving forward with God as we seek to embody our prophetic call.
Also in this issue


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Official World of Warcraft Thread
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Join Date: May 2005
Posts: 17,982
Re: Official World of Warcraft Thread
Originally Posted by
You're playing a Paladin and having trouble soloing? One of the best solo questing classes in the game (well, post-50 anyway)? You should be taking on several mobs at a time without breaking a sweat. My guess is your gear and spec are a mess. By level 50 you should understand the class mechanics enough to get through questing, so I won't go into detail about that. Spec Ret and focus on Strength. Ignore anything with Intellect on it for now as it won't do you any good. If you find some hit rating or crit rating, go for it. Until you get to Hellfire Peninsula though, you aren't going to see much "rating" gear. Here's the spec you should be using:
Damage rotation should be Judge, Crusader Strike, auto-attack till CS and Judge are off cooldown, rinse repeat. Keep speccing into Ret until you have Divine Storm and all of the deep-tree DPS talents. Make your tree look like this basically:
At 80 spec however you want. But spec Ret for leveling. Prot can level alright too but it's a real ***** until later on. If you want to be a unique snowflake you can go Holy around 70 and it won't be too bad (that's what I did on mine). Have fun, hope that helps!
edit: I armory'd you. Forgot you mentioned your guy's name in there! Anyway, your gear is decent enough for the most part, I'd replace the chest but it seems like you have an idea what to look for already. Your spec is decent for the most part, could use some fine-tuning but it's overall on the right track. Don't really know why you're having issues man.
Thanks buddy! I'm uber-nub is what the problem is. Anytime I play I'm playing with my buddy, and pretty much just follow him around. When taking on several level 55s for example, I can do it, but I just have to spam flash of light (or what ever it's called to heal me) and my AoE.
The main thing that is aggrevating is not knowing the world. I'm reading a quest, and don't have a clue as to where to go to complete it. That's what I get for just following my buddy around I guess.
Anyhow, thanks for the links and tips. Do you play on that server?
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Ed Sanders will be the host of "National Bingo Night." Sanders started his career in the U.K. in the television series "Dream Team," about a premiership soccer team. He hosted the British version of "Fear Factor" before he joined ABC's "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition's" design team.
Sunil Narkar will be a co-host on the show. They call him "Commissioner Sunil," and his main responsibility will be checking the contestants' bingo cards while wearing black-and-white referee stripes. If a contestant is erroneous in a "Bingo!" cry, he's the first to say so. His phrase that doesn't pay is, "No Bingo! Play still on!"
It's no secret that network game shows are popular. Each game has its own legion of fans.
NBC's "Deal or No Deal," hosted by Howie Mandel, has been a smash hit for the genre and its network. According to Nielsen ratings for September 2006, the second-season premiere episode of "Deal or No Deal" was the 11th most-watched network prime-time show in total audience and NBC's most watched program.
ABC's "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" first aired in 1999, and it's still going strong in syndication. It is currently hosted by Meredith Vieira and millions tune in to test their trivia knowledge every day.
Bingo players across the country hope a national televised game will bring a fresh following to their game.
Bock told ABC News, "If it generates any interest about bingo then it will be a positive."
Bingo is, after all, a major form of fundraising for many private groups.
Al Carpenter, a representative for New York state's American Legion -- one of the nation's largest bingo outlets -- told ABC News, "[Bingo] is one of our mainstays, as far as fundraisers and other activities go that we do on the behalf of veterans and the community."
Carpenter said the number of people who used to play bingo dropped considerably after bingo halls across the country banned smoking.
He hopes ABC's show will reinvigorate love for the numbers game.
"It may bring back to mind, 'Oh gee, I haven't played that in a while, maybe I oughta play it again,'" he said.
It is uncertain whether or not "National Bingo Night" will be a success in ABC's TV lineup.
CBS is about to lose one of its game show legends -- Bob Barker of "The Price is Right." Barker steps down from his 35-year hosting post on June 6, at the age of 82.
Who will be the next Bob Barker?
ABC hopes Friday night's show will be the first of many for Ed Sanders, and if the show does well, bingo! He could be the next legend-in-the-making.


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Though people can distinguish between millions of colors, we have trouble remembering specific shades because our brains tend to store what we've seen as one of just a few basic hues, a Johns Hopkins University-led team discovered.
Recent news from The Johns Hopkins University
This section contains regularly updated highlights of the news from around The Johns Hopkins University. Links to the complete news reports from the nine schools, the Applied Physics Laboratory and other centers and institutes are to the left, as are links to help news media contact the Johns Hopkins communications offices.
JHU Researcher Lisa Feigenson Receives 2015 Troland Research Award
Lisa Feigenson, a Johns Hopkins University researcher, who specializes in cognition and memory in humans as early as infancy, is a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences 2015 Troland Research Award.
Johns Hopkins Neuroscientists Find Brain Activity May Mark the Beginning of Memories
By tracking brain activity when an animal stops to look around its environment, neuroscientists at Johns Hopkins University believe they can mark the birth of a memory.
It's All Coming Back to Me Now: JHU Researchers Find Caffeine Enhances Memory
For some, it's the tradition of steeping tealeaves to brew the perfect cup of tea. For others, it's the morning shuffle to a coffee maker for a hot jolt of java. Then there are those who like their wake up with the kind of snap and a fizz usually found in a carbonated beverage. Regardless of the routine, the consumption of caffeine is the energy boost of choice for millions to wake up or stay up. Now, however, researchers at the Johns Hopkins University have found another use for the stimulant: memory enhancer.
As Time Goes By, It Gets Tougher to "Just Remember This"
It's something we just accept: the fact that the older we get, the more difficulty we seem to have remembering things. We can leave our cars in the same parking lot each morning, but unless we park in the same space each and every day, it's a challenge eight hours later to recall whether we left the SUV in the second or fifth row. Or, we can be introduced to new colleagues at a meeting and will have forgotten their names before the handshake is over. We shrug and nervously reassure ourselves that our brains' "hard drives" are just too full to handle the barrage of new information that comes in daily. According to a Johns Hopkins neuroscientist, however, the real trouble is that our aging brains are unable to process this information as "new" because the brain pathways leading to the hippocampus-the area of the brain that stores memories-become degraded over time. As a result, our brains cannot accurately "file" new information (like where we left the car that particular morning), and confusion results. A study on the subject appeared in the May 9 Early Online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Seven Johns Hopkins Researchers Named AAAS Fellows
Seven Johns Hopkins researchers from four of the university's schools have been elected by their peers as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Pierre A. Coulombe, Ph.D., and Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, Ph.D, of the Bloomberg School of Public Health; David Draper, Ph.D., of the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences; David J. Linden, Ph.D., and Cynthia Wolberger, Ph.D., of the School of Medicine; and Peter C. Searson, Ph.D., and Denis Wirtz, Ph.D. of the Whiting School of Engineering; are among 531 new fellows around the world. Election as a fellow honors their scientifically or socially distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications.


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P.O. Box 620700
Woodside CA 94062-0700
Christanne J. GallagherDistrict Governor
Light up
Don Bennett
Club President
Alan Holdship, Editor
Regular Meeting Wednesday
7:30 AM - 8:30 AM Wednesday with breakfast by The Woodside Bakery, fellowship, project updates and an interesting speaker from the community, when available. Guild Hall, Woodside Village Church, 3154 Woodside Road, Woodside, California.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN GETTING OUR CURRENT NEWSLETTER,Woodside/Portola Valley Rotary News, please send an email to me at firstname.lastname@example.com
Your Editor,
. -30-


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Under the collaboration, sanofi-aventis will sponsor research in Dr. Karsenty's laboratory and has an option to license and develop existing patents and results that may arise from the research into potential diabetes treatments. Financial terms of this agreement were not disclosed.
About Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic, widespread condition in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, the hormone needed to transport glucose (sugar) from the blood into the cells of the body for energy. More than 230 million people worldwide are living with the disease, and this number is expected to rise to a staggering 350 million within 20 years. It is estimated that nearly 26 million Americans have diabetes, including an estimated 7 million who remain undiagnosed. At the same time, approximately 40 percent of those diagnosed are not achieving the blood sugar control target of A1C <7 percent recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past two-to three-month period.
About sanofi-aventis
Sanofi-aventis, a leading global pharmaceutical company, discovers, develops and distributes therapeutic solutions to improve the lives of everyone. Sanofi-aventis is listed in Paris (EURONEXT: SAN) and in New York (NYSE: SNY). For more information, please visit: www.sanofi-aventis.com.
Media contact:
Elizabeth Baxter
(908) 981-5360
|SOURCE sanofi-aventis
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Arco Travel Guide
Photos from ArcoPictures of Arco (493)
Hotel Deals in Arco
Videos from ArcoArco Videos (2)
Travel Blogs from ArcoArco Travel Blogs (36)
To The Moon and Back ... In A Day
Today we hit the road to go visit Craters of the Moon which is a national monument about 3 hours to the west of our cabin. I can remember visiting this place as a kid almost 40 years ago, being left with the impression of how bizarre the area was. The ...
Craters of the Moon Ntl. Park, Arco
... We head out for Arco for a shot stay overnight and to take a side trip to the recommended Craters of the Moon National park. Arco is about half closed down with the other half open and friendly. The RV park owners gave us a free breakfast of eggs and ...
Craters of the Moon National Monument
Sometimes as I reflect on my travels, trends stand out that I might otherwise never have noticed. For example, I'd not have thought myself unusually interested in volcanoes or lava, but in the past year I've ...
The Craters of the Moon - awesome!
Heading east again on Hwy 20, I was looking forward to stopping at The Craters of the Moon National Monument. Didn't realize at first that the huge fields of what looked like monster clods of heavy soil was lava flow. There were acres and miles of it ...
Attractions in ArcoArco Attractions (1)
Craters of the Moon National Monument
18 miles west of Arco on Highway 20, Arco, Idaho, United States
This black jagged landscape, formed between 2,000 and 15,000 years ago, represents the largest lava flow in the contiguous 48 states.


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Coach Rick's Advanced Technical Mittwork Bundle Pack DVD Set
The Advanced Technical Mittowork Bundle Pack DVD Set includes:
- Basic Technical Mittwork (A $19.97 value)
- Advanced Technical Mittwork (A $24.97 value)
- Special Edition (A $19.97 value)
- Technical Boxing Mechanics & Footwork (A $24.97 value)
Become a Certified Instructor in Coach Rick's Mittology through our online program.
Gear yourself and your team with our Mittology Training sports apparel clothing line.
We offer Training DVD Downloads so you can learn the acclaimed Mittology training system.
Coach Rick & Chica the renowned mitt work training team have gained worldwide notoriety through adapting the Mayweather style.
Mittology Training LLC, © 2015 Privacy Policy


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Art Institute Appoints Judith Russi Kirshner as Deputy Director for Education, Woman's Board Endowed Chair
The Art Institute of Chicago has announced the appointment of Judith Russi Kirshner as the museum's new Deputy Director for Education and Woman's Board Endowed Chair following a national search. In this newly created position, Kirshner will evaluate all of the museum's educational efforts, collaborations, and partnership programs, and work across the museum and the city to shape a future-oriented and holistic approach to education, outreach, programs, and audiences. Kirshner's appointment reflects a renewed and systematic effort on the part of the Art Institute to expand the museum's audience, enrich the experience of all visitors, and improve access to the museum's renowned collections and exhibitions. She will assume her new position at the Art Institute on March 1, 2013.
"I am thrilled to welcome Judith to the Art Institute," said Douglas Druick, President and Eloise W. Martin Director of the museum. "Like all other cultural organizations, the Art Institute finds itself in the midst of enormous cultural change, which is reflected in learning styles, models of access to information, and the nature of education itself. It is critical to the museum and its mission that we adapt to these changes and serve as a leader in redefining the role of 'museum education' with a known educational innovator at the helm. Judith is a well respected art historian, curator, author, and educator, and she brings to the museum not only decades of professional accomplishments in the arts but also a deep knowledge of and engagement with the city, visionary ideas, a collaborative spirit, and vast administrative experience at a major Chicagoland institution, where she has been rightly recognized for her creativity and achievements. We are all looking forward to working closely with Judith in the years to come to transform the Art Institute for its 21st-century visitors."
The Department of Museum Education currently serves a diverse range of constituents and purposes, including teacher education programs and curricula development; school programs for approximately 300,000 students per year; weekly family activities; and adult education programs that range from daily gallery talks and lectures to symposia, seminars, and performances. The department is responsible for hundreds of programs and events per year, both inside the museum and throughout Chicagoland via multiple partnerships, tied to both the Permanent Collection and approximately 30 special exhibitions every year. Given the broad reach of the Department of Museum Education, Kirshner will play a central role in redefining the experience of the museum for all visitors. She will work closely with museum curators in producing programs and interpretive content, develop the museum's schedule for performances and concerts, forge new partnerships both inside the museum and School of the Art Institute as well as reach locally and nationally outside the institution, and integrate new models of thought about education into all activities at the museum.
"I am very pleased to join the Art Institute and its remarkable staff in this exciting opportunity to reimagine programs, enhance and expand dialogues within the large cultural community of Chicago, and engage multiple audiences in innovative models of learning and interpretative experiences for the future," said Kirshner. "Such educational challenges provide a foundation for dynamic collaborations in learning, and I look forward to being a part of an institution embracing these challenges and creatively moving ahead."
About Author
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- James Franco to Star in New Fox Comedy, WHY HIM?
- Christopher Meloni to Star in WGN America's Slave Drama UNDERGROUND
- Check Out Alex Dunphy's Full College Essay from Latest MODERN FAMILY Episode
- Photo Flash: HBO Reveals Key Art for GAME OF THRONES Season 5
- Syfy to Honor Leonard Nimoy with Special Programming This Sunday
- Grammy Winner Kelly Clarkson Exclusively Premieres New Music from New Album on MTV, VH1 & CMT First
- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


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Many readers ask The Old Farmer's Almanac what happened on their birthday--or the birthday of a loved one.. To help out, we've put together an everything-birthdays page! Find fun birthday facts, birthday history, folklore, and more!
Please enter a birthday month and day below.
Weather History for February 13
1899: -2 degrees F, Tallahassee, Florida
Birthday Weather
What was the weather like on the day that you or a loved one was born? See our free Weather History tool to go back in time!
What about the weather forecast for a future birthday? Check out our long-range weather forecasts for your location.
Birthday Lore for February 13
You have a happy and exuberant disposition and consideration for the rights of others. You like refinement and culture and are ambitious to learn. In your love affairs, you do not like to stick to one person, but, after marriage, you will be very happy and contented.
Who Else Shares This Birthday?
Born 1950: Peter Gabriel (musician)
Born 1923: Chuck Yeager (pilot)
Born 1934: George Segal (actor)
On This Day in History
1875: First U.S. quintuplets born, in Watertown, Wisconsin
2000: The last original Peanuts comic strip ran in newspapers
1867: Strauss's Blue Danube premiered in Vienna
Signs of the Zodiac
AQUARIUS (January 20-February 19)
The Water Bearer. Ruling planet: Uranus. Element: Air. Quality: Inventiveness. Ability: To see the future. You are the enthusiastic inventors of the world. Able to see the world as it should be or could be rather than as it is, you have the capacity to set things in motion. Of course, there are a few of you out there who are more conservative, and if this is you, go back and read the Capricorn section. Detached and impersonally friendly to all, you have many acquaintances. You are a dedicated humanitarian and very tolerant—of everything but intolerance. You function well in groups and organizations as long as you can maintain your independence. Freedom is extremely important to you, and you need to be able to do your work your own way.
Source: www.yourlovesigns.com


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3 years ago
I always start kissing neck,ears,armpits,upper chest, nipples, then head straight down to the honey pot, but about 1 inch away I suddenly turn left or right & go down her legs, then back up towards the honey pot but turn away again. She never knows when I will hit that spot, just drives em crazy and they are really happy when you finally hit the pot. I like them to sit on my face, that way she can control where she wants you to lick & suck, I always tell em, try to drown me,
2 years ago
1 year ago
I love teasing pussy and spending endless time making my lady feel like a real queen. I lick her all over from forehead to her toes but skip the sweet hole. after 20min. of licking her sensual parts, I finally spent eternity teasing her vulver, the libia and then run my tongue over her pussy holes till she jerks, I then slowly and gently lick and tease her clit till she soaks wet, I love the taste of her pussy juice, so I drink and her juice before I tongue fuck her.
2 years ago
2 years ago
3 years ago
1 year ago
12/18/2011 5:37 am hjgfhgfhgf GIRL DIED IN 1993, A MAN BURIED HER IN HER OWN home when she was still alive. The murderer chanted, "Toma sota balcu" as he buried her. Now that you have read the chant, you will meet this little girl. In the middle of the night she will stand at the side of your bed starring straight into your eyes. She will suffocate you... like she was suffocated. This story is sadly true. If you post this 5 differnt times she will not bother you
2 years ago
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Select Local Merchants
Wealth Management StrategiesRead MoreThough the term "boot camp" may conjure images of aggressive drill sergeants barking orders as their recruits struggle through grueling tasks, Body Proud Fitness Boot Camp sessions are much the opposite. Their enthusiastic trainers motivate patrons in outdoor boot-camp classes, issuing positive reinforcement as they work together to burn calories and excess fat through challenging, but not defeating, exercises. Each one-hour session is designed to promote fat loss with a varied routine of interval training that my involve weightlifting, push-ups, sit-ups, and plyometrics. Many activities require participants to band together to tackle obstacles, bolstering a sense of support and camaraderie. Instructors then lead exercisers in a cool down with yoga and stretching, leaving them more limber than a linguini noodle basking in a jacuzzi. In addition to the calorie-blasting boot camps, Body Proud Fitness Boot Camp's weight-loss specialties include one-on-one personal training and nutritional counseling. Clients gain access to the Truestar at-home training and nutrition programs, which lead them toward overall wellness with custom meal plans and supplements paired with tailored fitness routines.17 Brilliant AvePittsburgh, PA US
Summit InvestmentRead MoreIn 2002, beauty-school graduate Paula took everything she had—$5,000 and a dream of combining beauty services with holistic healing—and opened A Harmony Nail Spa. She even poured countless hours into hand-building many of the spa's unique furniture pieces and cyborg employees. Since the humble beginning, she and her fully licensed staff have pampered the minds and bodies of numerous clients with drastically different needs, from cancer patients seeking meditation classes to hardworking mothers overdue for an indulgent manicure. Upon entering the approximately 2,000-square-foot facility, guests waltz through the gift shop's aisles before entering one of the spa's specific treatment areas. In the nail studio, clients lounge on purple thrones shaped like purple hands and dip their feet into soothing pedicure sinks. A Harmony Nail Spa also houses a garden café with free beverages, an Internet cafe with free WiFi, and a meditation lounge with freedom to close your eyes without sleeping.9043 Perry HwyPittsburgh, PA US
Huntington Learning Center PittsburghRead MoreIn the late 1970s, career educators Eileen and Raymond Huntington opened the first Huntington Learning Center in Oradell, New Jersey. Their goal was to take an individualized approach to education, adjusting instructional tactics according to each student's particular set of needs. Their success in helping K–12 students prepare for exams and improve grades and study skills quickly spawned franchises across New York and New Jersey. Today, the certified Huntington tutoring staff utilizes testing and rubrics for assessing each child's skills, academic needs and potential for growth. The teachers even note the student's behavior in different testing and academic situations to craft a methodology sensitive to each child's learning style. Teachers also adhere to the company's code of ethics that stresses professionalism and confidentiality, encouraging pupils to improve their grades honestly through dedicated study rather than shortcuts.4721 MCKNIGHT RDPITTSBURGH, PA US
Izzazu SalonRead MoreOwners and principal members of the stylist team Emilio and Gino corral their decades of experience to create two distinct spaces where clients revel in personalized services. They staff more than 60 aesthetes, each of whom receives focused training on adjusting hair, skin, nail, and massage services to clients? stated preferences and lifestyle. During and after haircuts, the team uses a house brand of products to style strands and address specific hair problems such as color fading, excessive oil, or naturally occurring pipe cleaners. During facials, the aestheticians home in on what lies below bangs by cleansing, toning, exfoliating, and moisturizing skin, and tension dissipates during therapists' restful massage sessions. The downtown Pittsburgh location also plays host to an elegant serata?a private, chandelier-lit escape where bridal parties can enjoy ultimate relaxation before addressing the fact that their friend is marrying a panda bear.343 Blvd Of The AlliesPittsburgh, PA US
Guardian Storage SolutionsRead MoreGuardian Storage offers customers a variety of indoor and outdoor storage units that range in size from 5'x5' to 20'x30'. Along with its storage space at locations in Pennsylvania and Colorado, the company offers patrons complimentary use of its carts and dollies and has various packing and moving supplies available for purchase. With the help of a LEED-accredited architect, the facilities implement environmentally conscious practices that include building storage units with partially recycled steel and using heat-reflecting roofs capable of tanning birds' pale underbellies.2839 Liberty AvenuePittsburgh, PA US
Management and Tax ServicesRead MoreTrue to its name, Haven Salon welcomes guests to retreat from the bustling activity of Uptown for pampering services. Along with chic haircuts and color treatments, stylists transform locks into sleek styles with Brazilian blowouts and add length and body with extensions. Dr. Hauschka Signature Facials bring an extra touch of luxury to appointments, and waxing and makeup applications provide the finishing touch. And the team's commitment to rejuvenating clients is more than skin deep?they use only natural, organic products to beautify hair and skin, in keeping with the salon's eco-friendly philosophy.6000 Babcock BlvdPittsburgh, PA US


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Action Fraud is the place for you to report fraud and scams, or
to get advice if you're not sure what to do.
In an emergency always dial 999
Non emergencies - 101
Cheshire Police are not responsible for the content of external websites.
Fraud happens when somebody lies, or deceives you in order to
cause harm, usually by costing you money. Even if you have not lost
money, you may still have experienced fraud.
You may know fraud better as a:
There are many forms of internet crime and new cases are being
uncovered all the time. For example,
The best way to disrupt criminals using the internet to commit
crimes is for you to report it.
If you're a victim of fraud that is a crime in progress and you
need an immediate police response dial 999 or if
it is a non-emergency situation, call 101. You can
also report fraud by contacting Action Fraud
Fraud and internet crime costs our economy an estimated £73
billion every year. This money is often used to fund crimes like
drug smuggling, terrorism and people trafficking.
By reporting incidents or fraud or internet crime to Action
Fraud you are enabling the police and fraud authorities to build a
profile of those committing fraud and catch those involved.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
59 year old woman | Hallandale, FL, USA | Seeking men 60-70 within 100 miles
In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert's there are very few.
I am a fine, classy, kind lady with successful career; profoundly spiritual, well-traveled, well-educated, well-read, well-cared, well-tempered, well-fed, (but slim and fit) and I am most comfortable with a man of similar lifestyle and background. I am looking for my Soul-mate, that Love-of-my-life, my equal partner to make him the happiest man of this world. "Sweetness is my weakness" and I like a man that combines straight and power in business with kindness and romanticism in personal life. Chemistry and attraction are very important but can't be forced. However, Integrity, confidence, generosity, good will, trust, high moral standards and "noble purpose of life" are the first priorities. My life is great, but it will be so much enhanced by shared joy happiness with the my very "special" man. About more details we'll talk in person. Note: Please take effort to write; winks will not be answered.
Book club , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports
Dancing, Golf, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Horses
Some other viewpoint
Europe, Asia, Africa
I will tell you in person
Reading, Painting, Beach, Movies, Concerts, Dining.
A Guide to Confident Living-Norman Vincent Pale.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'6" (167cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 7'0" (213cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
|Never, Social Drinker
|Financial / Accounting / Real Estate
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
|I'll tell you later
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (2)
|Yes, and they live away from home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|English, Russian, Spanish
|Graduate degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree
Moscow School of Arts, Russia; Moscow Institute of Architecture, Russia


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Hostelworld "meet the world" by Lucky Generals
Rating: 5.0
By Nick Batten, mediaweek.co.uk, Tuesday, 08 May 2012 03:40PM
AskMen is promoting the Volt in a six-week campaign in a partnership brokered by Carat, utilising ad placements and site takeovers across AskMen and the bespoke Innovation Awards microsite.
Mark Terry, managing director for Chevrolet UK, said: "The partnership with AskMen Innovation Award is an ideal one for the Volt. The car is designed to appeal to individuals who value style, technology and individuality above all else, and that very much fits the profile of Ask Men's users. It's a natural fit."
AskMen claims that its content reaches more than 800,000 UK males a month, offering advice on fashion, health, and technology.
Each awards category has a shortlist of 25 items, handpicked by AskMen's team of resident experts and writers, including veteran technology journalist Steve May, former T3 News Editor Matthew Hussey and broadcaster Ian Collins.
Readers are encouraged to share their voting choices with friends across their social media profiles.
Mike Goldstein, publisher of AskMen UK, said: "We're excited to be partnering with Chevrolet for the first-time on the Innovation Awards, as we wanted to recognise and celebrate the technology that's made the lives of men easier over the last 50 years."
He added: "Our gadget and technology channels are among the most popular content on the site, so it's a great chance for our influential audience to have their say."
IGN relaunched AskMen in December 2010 in a move that was supported by a consumer sponsorship deal with the battery brand Energizer.
AskMen was founded in 1999 by three graduates from Concordia University in Montreal.
Follow Nick Batten on Twitter @NickBatten2
This article was first published on mediaweek.co.uk
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Rating: 5.0
Agency: Grey London
Rating: 5.0


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Fovan villa 2BR in Seminyak, KutaIndonesia, Bali, Kuta
About This Listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
In the building, free or for a fee
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Fovan villa is 2 bedroom villa tucked in the ever sought after location in Seminyak, only few minutes drive to Seminyak area, the most fashionable area in Kuta with stylish cafes, up-to-date boutiques, bric and brac shops, lively nightclubs and also fine dining restaurants that cater the only the discerned clienteles.
Located only about 25 minutes drive from Bali's International Airport I Gusti Ngurah Rai, close to shopping center, supermarkets and convenient stores;Fovan villa is private and homey villa and close to all this attractions and activities Seminyak has to offer yet secluded in the peaceful and out-of-the-world surroundings.
Air Conditioning
Safety Deposit Box
Sun Terrace
Welcome drink upon arrival
Daily American Breakfast for 4 person
Room Service
Car Hire
Airport transfer returns
Bicycle Rental,
thank you very much,i will make sure that you have excellent and wonderfull holiday in bali with our beautifull place and STAR services from our staff,(STAR)smile and greeting,take ownership,attention to detail and reah higher.while you staying in our villa if something is not up to your expectation just let us know..i will correct it
note; the price can be less if less people stay
As long as nobody complaint around the villa, just have fun and enjoy ur stay in Bali!
The owner will be responsible for the comfort and the safety of his guests.all my crew serve our client with star service,its mean always smile,take ownership,attention to detail,and reach higher, we will makesure that our client have wonderfull,vacation in bali,for us ,,guest satisfaction and safety is priority
2 Reviews
My partner and I booked fovan villa only three days before we were due to arrive. Jay replied and confirmed out booking immediately. He was very attentive and helpful, offering us a transfer from Padang Bai. In hindsight, we probably should have accepted as the villa was difficult to find. Location was nice and quiet yet close to restaurants and shops in the seminyak area. It was also easy to get to other places including the airport, jimbaran bay, legian and kits. The villa is clean and spacious, with air conditioning and full time assistance (and a cooked breakfast included). We only stayed one night but it worked well - jay and the staff were accommodating and friendly. Not sure if it is worth the price but overall a pleasant experience.
The reservation was canceled 4 days before arrival. This is an automated posting.
This host has 1 review for other properties.View Other Reviews
About the Host, Jay
guests safety and satisfaction is priority
Looking forward to your enquiries and experience to host you via Airbnb.


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The MapMaster 2.0™ combines continuity testing, mapping, tone generator and length measurement into a single unit. Capable of identifying and mapping 19 locations at one time. Also tests voice, data and coaxial cables and measures entire length of a cable and/or individual pairs. Tests and indicates pins with shorts, opens, reversals, miswires and split pairs.
Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader
22-13766 - RJ45 PortSaver for 22-13760
RJ45 Portsaver for use with VDV MapMaster 2.0™ (MCM #22-16416). Extends the life of your tester by eliminating the wear and tear from constantly plugging in and out of the tester port.
22-13770 - Data Remote Set for 22-13760
Data remote set for use with VDV MapMaster 2.0™ (MCM #22-16416). ID/MAP 19 data (twisted pair) cables or data ports at one time. Numbered custom RJ45 remotes 1 thru 19 for easy identification.
22-16436 - BR1 Multi-Stripper
The "Big Red" is an easy to use professional cable and wire stripper/cutter for most cable types and sizes in the networking world of voice, data and video.
33-12570 - 3D Compatible Plus Ir Hdmi Over Cat5 Balun Set
HDMI Over Cat5e Balun Set
Active sender/receiver set allows HDMI signals to be carried over two runs of Cat5e cable at distances of up to 180'. Additionally, this set provides a path for IR signals, allowing control of source gear from the remote location.
22-13440 - Wingman™ Multitool -14 Tools-in-One
The Wingman is your go-to tool for projects around the house, on the job, or at the campsite. A lightweight, pocket-sized, stainless steel tool; the Wingman features an outside-accessible, one-hand opening blade and newly-designed spring-action jaws.
Stuff came fast and was good quality. Will do business with them again.


text:
The State Profiles provide data on 35 types of health workers -- from physicians, nurses, and dentists to counselors, physical therapists, and others.
HRSA is helping veterans translate the health care skills gained during their enlistment into civilian medical professions.
Health Professions grants improve access to health care by addressing some of the most pressing needs across the U.S. health workforce.
Protect the public from health care practitioners, providers, and suppliers with a history of malpractice, adverse actions, fraud and abuse.
Data Banks>
Research on the state of the healthcare workforce, tracking shortages, trends and issues as they develop. Health Workforce Analysis >
Geographic areas, population groups and facilities with too few primary care, dental and mental health providers. Shortage Designation>
HRSA-16-022 , Children's Hospitals Graduate Medical Education (CHGME) Payment
HRSA-15-148 Health Workforce Research Center (HWRC) Program


text:
Last Updated on 25 June 2015, Total: 37 Articles and Tutorials
The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to communicate using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. The computers connect to the network using radio signals.
The articles in this section give an overview on how wireless networking functions, the different types of wireless networks available, and the new technologies being developed in the field.
This article continues the discussion of Microsoft's new management philosophy by discussing the newly redesigned PowerShell... Read More
This article continues the discussion of server management in Windows Server 8 by looking at Server Manager's multi-server management capabilities... Read More
In this article the author points out some lesser known wireless security vulnerabilities and how you discover what they are, how they can affect your network, and how to protect against them... Read More
This article discusses the ways in which the very nature of server management will change in Windows Server 8... Read More
In this article the author will briefly introduce the enterprise mode (for those not familiar with it) and discuss one of the exploits hackers could use, and also show you how to protect against it and other vulnerabilities... Read More
In this article the author discusses some solutions to help distribute and configure Wireless clients in WPA2-Enterprise with 802.1X authentication implementations... Read More
This article discusses the main concerns small businesses should have when setting up enterprise Wi-Fi security. It includes tips that help you understand, setup, and manage enterprise Wi-Fi security in small businesses... Read More
Various ways and tools to diagnose Windows Wireless networking issues including the free inSSIDer... Read More
How to configure wireless networking connections from the command line using netsh wlan... Read More
This article is dedicated to answering a selection of the questions I received from WindowsNetworking.com readers by e-mail. Unfortunately I do not have time to answer all of your e-mails individually so I have decided to do so here in the form of an article for everyone's benefit. I have left out all the unnecessary information and just extracted the... Read More