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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
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at: 800-449-9128
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at: 800-449-9128
Find a similar product below or contact our experts for a recommendation of great alternatives. Call us at 800-449-9128.Similar Items:
Find a similar product below or contact our experts for a recommendation of great alternatives. Call us at 800-449-9128.Similar Items:
That elusive electric piano sound is a vivid reality with Lounge Lizard.
The Applied Acoustics Systems (AAS) Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano delivers the authentic tone of the original classic Rhodes and Wurlitzer electric pianos while preserving their action and feel. Using their award-winning physical modeling technology, AAS takes one of the most impressive and unanimously acclaimed software to another level.
What's New in Lounge Lizard EP-3
•Presets: The new modeling library fully exploits the refinements and covers all your electric piano needs
•Effects: The high-end effects section has been extended with tremolo, wah, chorus, phaser, delay, reverb, and EQ
•Pickup model: 2 pickup types are now available for a wider character range: electromagnetic (Rhodes) and electrostatic (Wurlitzer). In addition, scaling has been added for even volume across the entire keyboard
•Fork model: The new and improved Fork model adds upper harmonic content for an even more authentic sound
•Damper model:The improved Damper now closely interacts with the Fork and provides superb dynamic response
•Audio Recorder: The integrated Audio Recorder captures inspired moments on the fly
•Micro-Tuning: Custom tunings are now possible with the added support for Scala files
Presets and Effects
Lounge Lizard comes with an extensive preset library that is simply inspiring, giving you access to the Rhodes and Wurlitzer sounds popularized by musical legends like Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Stevie Wonder, and George Duke. There is a choice of pure and true tones as well as a selection of processed ones courtesy of the high-end effects section.
The effects section includes the classic tremolo, chorus, wah, and phaser effects as well as EQ, delay, and reverb. These effects are specially designed for the electric piano, making it very easy to create your own distinctive custom tones.
EP Character and Beyond
The original Rhodes pianos provided timbre and volume adjustments by letting you position the tines in relation to the pickups. These adjustments were at the heart of the electric piano's character as they controlled the harmonic content, attack, and decay of the sound, offering unique tone to each player. But there was a price for this flexibility. Several painstaking hours with a screwdriver and incredible patience was needed to change the sound of an electric piano.
Suffer no more! With Lounge Lizard, the preset library provides a selection of thoroughly chosen Tine/Pickup configurations. You also have the ability to make those adjustments in real time via 2 simple controls: distance and symmetry.
It doesn't end there. Because controls are provided for the various electromechanical components, Lounge Lizard can be pushed far beyond hardware equivalents, opening up a completely new realm of sonic possibilities!
What's more, since the interaction between the tine and pickup is quite unique, its effect can't be obtained with the filtering provided by samplers. This limits sampled solutions to one or 2 fixed configurations and brings physical modeling to the forefront of the electric piano recreation.
Modeling an Electric Piano: How it works
The electric piano was invented by Harold Rhodes (1910-2000) during the forties when he was in the army. The first instruments he built were made of aircraft pieces and were intended to entertain army servicemen. It became a very popular instrument in jazz and rock, and has enjoyed a resurgence in recent years through its extensive use by the world's top hip-hop, R&B, and house producers.
The mechanism of the electric piano is, in fact, quite simple. A note played on the keyboard activates a hammer that hits a fork. The sound of that fork is then amplified by a magnetic coil pickup and sent to the output, very much like an electric guitar.
Order today for fantastic electric piano sounds!
Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano Virtual Instrument Software
Review Snapshot®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about AAS Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano Virtual Instrument Software:
Just bought EP-3 and absolutely love it. Never had a "real" Rhodes or Wurli but I can say that between a Roland Rhodes I had many years back to my current Motif XS, (or any of multiple hardware/software synth modules, etc.), I've never been happy with the Rhodes sound (which I use a lot). With the EP-3, I'm happy!!!One thing I'm not seeing with the reviews and info available on the EP-3 is that you can emulate various versions of the the Yamaha DX7 (FM) EPs as well. I was playing with my TX802 and tweaking the EP-3 and could get absolutely convincing DX7 sounds. The biggest thing is how smooth the EP-3 sounds on the upper octaves of the keyboard. Every "sample" of the DX7 EPs (including my Motif) always include a harsh sound in the higher keys. The EP-3 stays absolutely smooth in all octaves! GREAT PRODUCT!!!
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text: Is it any wonder California is broke? With the ability to do as we please behind closed doors, CalSTRS will continue this greedy, arrogant, self-enrichment policy because it goes unchecked and with the full knowledge of the recipient that their pension is being spiked. Nobody loses their jobs. Nobody goes to jail for fraud. Nobody in the public education system stops this sort of thing because to stand up against this practice would be a death wish. The California State Superintendent of Schools does not care that we are broke as a state or he or she would put a stop to it. CalSTRS with billions upon billions in red ink (promised pension monies) holding the taxpayer accountable, has thrown the children under the bus. And yet look at the ballot measures for the upcoming election and see what the new taxes are being put forth. Governor Brown and the Legislature have put forth what they say is pension reform for public employees but is really just a joke. But to be fair, this disease goes all the way down to city and county governments with their behind-closed-door agreements, special enhancements, step raises, etc., etc. Whether it's our school system, or fire, or law enforcement, water agency, public employees in general, it's all too easy with a wink and a nod for some people to "spike" their pensions or enhance their salaries with the approval of the executives running the government. California's future is in jeopardy as first in anything other than agriculture does not look real rosy unless leadership acknowledges this decline and gets rid of unions in the public sector and has real transparency of their actions. James McKesson, Auburn

subset: commoncrawl


text: We hold a major annual symposium that focuses on a specific country or region and takes place in different parts of the world. These events, often organised in partnership with other think-tanks, form the key part of the Foresight project. Participants include leading experts and policy-makers from Brazil, China, Europe, India, Russia, the United States, and other parts of the world.


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In the fast-paced world of retail management, marketing and special events, we rely on the efficiency of our tools and networks. Not only does SOS Tech Solutions respond immediately to our calls for technical kokua , they help us understand the problems and solutions. With a better understanding of how our systems work, we're sometimes able to troubleshoot and avoid potential pilikia.
We selected SOS to support our world-class technology platform based on four key criteria: price, accessibility, responsiveness and commitment to our mission. SOS was competitive on price and we were impressed with their personal approach to meeting our needs. The service has been great. SOS is responsive and they solve problems without wasting our time. You can't put a price on that.
We have been working with SOS Tech Solutions for the past seven years because they provide quality service. Keeping our network running is a priority for them and they understand how crucial it is to our business.
We found Attila after working with several other IT companies who were unsuccessful in bringing our computer network into the 21st century. Since then we have enjoyed years of expedient service and our technology issues have essentially disappeared. We particularly value Attila's insightful advice on how best to accomplish certain tasks and allocate funds for technology purchases. I would highly recommend the computer consulting and website services offered by SOS as they certainly have improved our organization and can likely do the same for other Hawaii businesses.
I purchased a new laptop and was unsure of how to set it up correctly and have the files and programs transferred over from the old one. Cost and reputation was a major factor for me as I just spent a significant amount on the new computer and had a great deal of important data on the old one. SOS Tech Solutions provided excellent, quality service at a fair and reasonable price. The technician arrived on-time and was able to answer all of my computer questions and I really appreciated his patience. The staff at SOS Tech Solutions is friendly, knowledgeable and understanding. I would highly recommend them to any company or individual who sees the need, as I have, to correctly and safely upgrade their computer systems.
As one of Hawaii's oldest solar companies, we've gone through decades of ups and downs and over time I've discovered that having the right partnerships with vendors can mean the difference between life and death in business. Having SOS support, manage and secure the technology aspect of our business operations, the part that we have the least amount of understanding yet the most reliance upon, has been incredibly valuable. For example, SOS helped us pick a business telephone service that saved us over $12,600, replaced outdated equipment and software to improve employee efficiency and set up a backup solution that saves us $3,141 annually. In our business if we don't fix or anticipate a problem before or as soon as it occurs it can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. With computers, an always-connected internet and having customer data stored digitally, we're super efficient and also very vulnerable. SOS keeps an eye on things, makes sure that we're secure, optimized and communicates with our other technology vendors so that it stays that way. Left to their own devices, technology seems to break down on its own. Often our computers, servers and Internet are hard to appreciate until an outage or emergency happens. We've been fortunate to have SOS on board as they minimize the effects of such things on the business. In short, they have helped us save money, eliminate technology glitches, downtime and freed us up to focus on and grow our company. In the end, that's all any business owner can ask for.
I operate a medium sized hotel right in the middle of Waikiki and rely heavily on positive customer experiences to bring in business. I had previously explored rewiring the whole building and putting cable and Internet into each unit but it was incredibly expensive. Although price was a factor when considering SOS, working with Attila and Ikaika was extremely valuable as they were able to come up with solutions when things didn't work out as expected. Networking is a fickle beast and one wrong move might make the whole thing break! After the install I can confidently say that customers are much happier with in-room WiFi and can better accommodate a younger clientele, families and business travelers. Thank you SOS!
Our company is not in the technology business. However we depend entirely on our computers, network and Internet to work fast and reliably every day, all day in order to get our work done. SOS was able to identify lingering issues with our systems and Internet access that was affecting our ability to work between 1-2 hours per week, about 80-100 hours per year. By following their recommendations we were able to see a small but noticeable increase in productivity right away. Also, we feel better now knowing that SOS is properly maintaining our network security, potentially saving us tens of thousands of dollars from a data breach. Before working with SOS we had a likable IT guy who was reasonably priced but was a one-person company. Only after we sat down and consulted with SOS did we discover how vulnerable we had been during that time. Without a proper backup, security software and the expertise and responsiveness of an IT firm, we were sitting ducks. Although the question of price is important, the better question to ask is, "what do you get for the money?" Knowing that our most important assets - our company and customer data is safe helped me sleep better at night. If that isn't worth the price of quality IT service then I don't know what is!
Like many organizations, we have important goals focused on servicing and making an impact in the community. Over the years we've had to adopt computers into our organizational processes and have struggled to keep up with emerging technologies that keep us relevant in this rapidly changing landscape. Thankfully we were able to find SOS - reliable, hard working computer techs who pick up the phone and responds to emails. Who knew such a level of customer service even existed with computer guys? They were able to help us make a smooth transition to the cloud; everything from filing the paperwork for non-profit discount pricing to training the office staff on how to use new software and even programming our iPads and phones. By using the cloud and our non-profit status, we immediately saved $288 in annual fees and $1,125 in software licensing fees alone. In addition, using the cloud for file storage and communications makes our staff incredibly more productive and we now have peace of mind knowing that our files are safe. Thank you SOS for helping us better utilize our existing technology resources, introduce us to new ones and become a better performing organization.
We've been with SOS for over 4 years now and have found them to be particularly valuable during times of change. SOS has kept meticulous documentation, honest communication and has served as a trusted adviser in every circumstance. As a non-profit, we seek to leverage technology to hold down expenses and maximize impact. SOS has guided us toward the best solutions, even if it meant using another vendor. I thank them for always being trustworthy, reliable and thorough. I recommend them to other non-profits seeking to make a difference in their community.
We found SOS during a time our company was going through some major transition. We were looking for an honest, patient IT professional to help us navigate our complex needs for computers, servers and phone system and to help us establish a solid data backup solution. We're not a high tech company, but like most small business, we do depend on technology daily. We realize that a good technology set-up plays a huge role in increasing our efficiency and effectiveness with our clients. Attila and the staff at SOS listened to our needs and clearly explained our options, guiding us to choosing the IT system we're now happily working with. Our back-up system gives us peace of mind, something that every company should have. Although our IT system in now in place and working well, Attila continues to patiently work with us and keeps our tech system squeaky clean.


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If you have faith that four flags (plus one flag pin) can solve all of Barack Obama's patriotism problems . . .
You probably also believe that one phone call can solve all of Obama's Clinton problems.
That the Clinton campaign's infighting would have ended with the Clinton campaign.
That Obama's policy migration is set to end any time now.
Surely you're convinced that one denunciation will be enough to end the storm kicked up by one retired general (who isn't backing down, and who, at the very least, shrank Obama's short list by one).
You may even believe that the best way to tag someone a Swift-boater is with a member of the original cast (takes one to know one, perhaps, but why muddle the message?).
And that Obama's latest message -- on faith as policy -- will break through with Clark-like clarity.
An Obama zag -- one that zings: "Reaching out to evangelical voters, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama is announcing plans that would expand President Bush's program steering federal social service dollars to religious groups and -- in a move sure to cause controversy -- support their ability to hire and fire based on faith," the AP's Jennifer Loven reports.
With Obama set to talk about faith in Ohio, more to set that agenda: "Between now and November, the Obama forces are planning as many as 1,000 house parties and dozens of Christian rock concerts, gatherings of religious leaders, campus visits and telephone conference calls to bring together voters of all ages motivated by their faith to engage in politics," John M. Broder reports in The New York Times. "It is the most intensive effort yet by a Democratic candidate to reach out to self-identified evangelical or born-again Christians and to try to pry them away from their historical attachment to the Republican Party."
Will his message break through?
Wesley Clark's comments are poor politics, poor timing, and poor luck for Sen. Barack Obama. Obama's latest effort to declare his love of country is snared in a made-for-the-news-environment thicket, when an Obama supporter went where no Democrat really wants to go.
Obama's effort to overcome the "old politics" of charge, counter-charge meaninglessness is now bogged down in one of those very cycles -- of his own side's making.
"Even as Obama repeated his call for a new brand of politics that avoids personal attacks, the day was dominated by an old-style clash over the military credentials of his Republican opponent," Peter Nicholas and Maeve Reston report in the Los Angeles Times.
Why it's toxic: "To this day, Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., can't raise his arms above his shoulders because of injuries he suffered serving his country," ABC's David Wright reports."That's why comments made Sunday on CBS's 'Face the Nation' by an Obama supporter have kicked up a hornet's nest."
Tee up McCain, responding to Clark: "It's quite remarkable, but that's what the Obama campaign has been doing for a long period of time," McCain said while campaigning in Pennsylvania. "Fine -- but then don't turn around and say we're going to have a different kind of politics. This is politics as usual."


text:
This eclectic area rug features a brilliant ikat pattern that's saturated with color. Made of wool and hand-tufted by artisans in India for a signature textured effect, this cozy floor covering is dazzling to the eyes and soothing to the toes.
Avoid direct/continuous exposure to sunlight. Use rug protectors under legs of heavy furniture. Clip loose ends with scissors. Remove spills immediately. Blot liquid spills with clean, un-dyed cloth, pressing firmly around spill to absorb as much as possible. Professional rug cleaning recommended for hard-to-remove stains.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Enjoy 10% off your first order*


text:
The reason, Foster argues, is that impotence implies a lack of virility, a lack of manliness.
It is the cornea—the last redoubt of virility and independence.
Predictably then, if oddly too, this man's very existence had become a test of Indian virility.
virility vi·ril·i·ty (və-rĭl'ĭ-tē)
The quality or state of being virile.
Masculine vigor; potency.


text:
Jon Elliott Named New Senior Global Account DirectorSonesta has named Jon Elliott as Senior Global Account Director. Jon joins the growing global sales team for Sonesta today and is focused on building Sonesta's presence with corporate travel managers throughout North America. Jon will also manage our relationships with the travel management companies and the consortia, and will be responsible for leading and growing the corporate transient sales team for the company.
"Jon is very well-connected in the corporate transient sales market, which will help Sonesta to significantly grow our presence with key customers within this market," said Carol Bullock, Sonesta's Vice President of Sales. "Jon has firsthand experience working with corporate travel managers at the largest Fortune 1000 companies and within top tier travel organizations. He will continue to capitalize on our reputation for operating unique, high quality hotels and resorts worldwide to form strategic customer relationships with travel leaders and planners to develop new business for Sonesta."
Jon brings to Sonesta over 20 years of experience in hospitality sales and travel management. Jon held positions with Accenture, Travelocity Business, American Express Travel/eCLIPSE Advisors (Rosenbluth Travel), Arthur Andersen, and Wyndham International. He is a member of Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) and the Association of Corporate Travel Executives (ACTE).
Discover Sonesta Hotels & Resorts in Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Fort Lauderdale Beach, Hilton Head Island, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Sint Maarten (3), Panama, Chile (4), Colombia (4), Ecuador, Peru (7), and Egypt (10). Sonesta ES Suites is an extended stay hotel brand managed by Sonesta found in Andover MA, Atlanta GA, Auburn Hills MI, Burlington MA, Charlotte NC, Columbia MD, Dublin OH, Flagstaff AZ, Houston TX, Orlando FL, Parsippany NJ, Princeton NJ, Malvern PA, St. Louis MO, Schaumburg IL and Somerset NJ. For more about the Sonesta Collection, visit Sonesta.com or call +1.617.315.9200 or 800.SONESTA (800.766.3782) in the U.S. and Canada.
*High resolution images are available at www.sonesta.com/media for all Sonesta hotels.
*High resolution images are available at www.sonesta.com/media for all Sonesta hotels.


text:
Search the collections
Where is it from?
- A Place & Date Depicted Broadmeadows, Australia
Similar items over time
Digital Photograph - Three Men Posing in Front of Jaguar Mark VII Car, Broadmeadows, circa 1960 Reg. No: MM 110820
- Description Of Content:
- Three men in front of a Jaguar mark VII, in the driveway of a house.
This photograph shows Russel Wolffe, Desmond Kelly and Davitt (surname unknown) standing in front of Russel Wolffe's Jaguar Mark VII car, circa 1960. Russel is on the far left while Davitt is in the centre. The family thinks that it may have been a posed shot, given the location. 'It was probably unusual to see a Jaguar in Broadmeadows in those days.' Desmond Kelly was a premier recording artist who had immigrated to Australia from Sri Lanka where he was very well known, to continue his craft in Australia.
- Acquisition Information:
- Copied from Mr Michael Kelly, 2006
- Acknowledgement:
- Contributed by Mr Michael Kelly
More information
|Themes this item is part of:
|Transport Collection, Melbourne's Biggest Family Album Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Motor Vehicles
|Tertiary Classification:
|motor cars
|Original Caption:
|Three guys and a Jag
|Russel, Davitt, Dad MKV11 or V11M. At Darlo's place - 1960? A KODAK PAPER
|People Depicted:
|Wolffe, Russel; (surname unknown) Davitt; Kelly, Desmond
|Digital Still Image: Black & White; Tiff
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Broadmeadows, Victoria, Australia, circa 1960
Source of Date Depicted: Contributor's memory.
This item is part of the following themes:
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text:
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Game Night!: This weekend! https://www.facebook.com/events/317792721696252/
New Releases: What upcoming games are you looking forward to?
Answer this question....: Eyup or Nope?
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Fercberk...: Ask us a question or two on our Facebook Page! http://www.facebook.com/gamerDNA
Need Help?: Ask us a question or two on our Facebook Page!
Facebook!: Gamers! Check out our Facebook page!
Youtube!!!: Check out our Youtube channel http://www.youtube.com/user/smg1170?feature=mhee
Gamers......: meh
Closing in:
Will prolly check this game out at launch or beta.
Game Traits applied to Firefly (C64) by SoylentGreen
Member actions:
Played Beta... sucked - awful grind :P
Just got it - be nice to me!
I think there is a VoD in Guildwars... can't remember :P
Used to LOVE this game... did I see a C
WOOT!! Can't Wait!!
The number of games covering all platforms for the "Call of Duty" franchise.
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text:
Logic3's newest i-Station features eight speakers in one compact unit
Get more from your iPod with Logic3's range of speakers.
The company, whose devices have received official "Made for iPod" certification by Apple, has released three new speakers: i-Station8, i-Station7, and i-Station3.
The i-Station8 is the top-of-the-range model with no less than 8 Vertical-Line-Array speakers, an active subwoofer, and a bass radiator for surround sound.
The system also features a blue LCD panel for displaying track information, and is bundled with a remote control.
Not only can you play music from the i-Station8, you can also hook it up to your TV to display video or photos from your iPod.
The device is also compatible with other MP3, MiniDisc, and CD players thanks to its 3.5mm stereo line-in, and is powered either by six AA batteries or from the mains.
The i-Station8 is available from the end of June for £99.99.
The i-Station7 is an upgrade to the original i-Station, but now includes a remote control and universal dock for any iPod with dock connector. It has an in-built sub-woofer and 3D surround sounds, and is yours for £59.99.
The lowest-priced i-Station, at £29.99, is the i-Station3. Small and lightweight, making it ultra-portable, the speakers are also a docking station for your iPod.


text:
Originally Posted by salan
As I said in my post, our local water leaves a calcium deposit.
You won't get calcium (or other) deposits with distilled water.
Probably much less expensive than DI.
- Leigh
Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something. - Plato


text:
North Avenue Grill in Wauwatosa sold
North Avenue Grill in Wauwatosa will be operating under a new owner, come late January.
Mike Topolovich bought the diner at 7225 W. North Ave. from business partners Jon Anne Willow and Patti Wenzel, they announced today. »Read Full Blog Post
In Tandem Theatre moves back to funny, perceptive 'Apartment 3A'
Can one argue that really great sex proves the existence of God? Can a play in which a woman verbally counts out her simulated, onstage orgasms still be described as wholesome and old-fashioned? Is actor Jeff Daniels' "Apartment 3A," the comedy triggering these questions, really funny?
Yes! Yes! Yes! »Read Full Article


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Great Song Farm
475 Milan Hill Rd
Red Hook, NY 12571
Farmer Anthony Mecca
Great Song Farm, located in New York's Hudson Valley, works to create a community farm based around a on farm CSA supplying fresh vegetables to 90 families through the summer and 40 through the winter. We strive to craft a just, accessible, and transparent food system that is economically viable and fulfilling for both farmers and supporters. Our 2 Suffolk Draft Horses help us with field work and cultivation. A small cow herd grazes our pastures and provides manure, milk and processed products for home use. We create and use our own prepared compost from our draft horse and cow manure as the basis for fertility. Our farm is leased from 2 gracious landowners. Anthony is the full time farmer and his partner Sarah helps out part time in various roles.
Cultivating an experience of the farm and developing a personal relationship to the plants, animals, and soils, as well as the human and social community, and cosmic rhythms is of central importance. We are contantly exploring, observing, asking, thinking, and doing.
Great Song Farm is in the beginning stages of development -- Anthony started the farm in 2010 after 5 years working as an apprentice on other farms. Apprenticing at Great Song is an opportunity to contribute to and learn from a young farm that is still refining its systems and has great potential.
Size of farm: 90 acres: 5 acres cultivated, 25 acres pasture, 10 acres wetland, and 50 acres in forest. Nearby an additional 90 acres is leased including 40 acres hayland, and 50 acres woods/wetlands.
Diversity of livestock and produce: A wide variety of vegetables, herbs, and flowers for a 90 member on farm Summer CSA and 40 member Winter CSA. 2 Suffolk draft horses for field work, a small beginning cow herd of 2 cows, a bred heifer, a young heifer, and a bull, and a small flock of laying hens for home use.
Skills that can be learned: See Great Song Farm's skills checklists.
Apprenticeship details: We are seeking 2 apprentices for the 2014 season from Late March/Early April until Mid November. Apprenticeship focus will be on vegetable production including greenhouse seeding and care, direct seeding, field preparation, making and applying compost, weeding and cultivation, transplanting, harvesting, washing, and interaction with CSA members. We are passionate about biodynamics and are happy to share our experiences. Carpentry Projects and Machine/Equipment maintainance and repair is regularly needed. Daily care of cows and horses will also be included, including pasture management. Other work, such as handmilking cows and working horses, depends on applicants skill and willingness.
Great Song Farm is a mentor farm in the North American Biodynamic Apprenticeship Program (NABDAP). Participating in this program is entirely voluntary. I will be using it as a structure to help facilitate my personal apprenticeship program, but the formalities are not obligatory. See here for more information: https://www.biodynamics.com/nabdap
We also participate in the local CRAFT (collaborative regional apprentice farmer training) program which is a group of farms in the area, most of which also have apprentices, who host the apprentices for a tour of their farm and a presentation on a particular aspect. There are usually visits every 2 weeks or so during the season.
Housing: There are a couple rustic housing options on the farm. There is a shared bathroom and kitchen facility which also serves as the farm's office. Compensation: We share vegetarian lunches. Apprentices are welcome to any vegetables the farm produces as well as dairy products and eggs when available. A general stipend of $500/month is included.
Work schedule: Our workweek is Monday through Friday and Saturday Morning. Workdays are 6 am to 6 pm with an hour for breakfast and an hour for lunch. Saturdays are 6 am til 12:30. There will also be shared, rotating weekend animal and greenhouse chores.
Mentor Farmer: Anthony Mecca
Address of farm: 475 Milan Hill Road, Red Hook, NY 12571
Phone: 845-758-1572
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.greatsongfarm.com
Please fill out the following questionnaire and include your resume as well as three references in the same document, saved as YourName.pdf or .doc (not docx) [ex – AnthonyMecca.pdf]. We will be in touch regarding setting up a visit if it seems like you will be a good fit.
a) Please give a little background about yourself, your interests, and your future plans.
b) Why do you want to farm this coming season? What do you personally hope to learn and experience? Why do you want to farm at Great Song Farm?
c) Please describe your physical condition and any relevant physical experiences.
d) Do you have any special diet, health, social, etc concerns we should know about?
e) Please describe any relevant work experiences.
f) How do you see yourself fitting in at Great Song Farm? What do you have to offer?
g) How do you feel you work in a team, living in close quarters with others?
Please fill out the questionnaire and include your resume in the same document, saved as a .doc (not docx), as well as three references.


text:
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How to get over writers' blockby Amy Bennet Book Editing Associates Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror Writers' block is a common experience where you feel like you can't write. I see it as a symptom rather than a problem. Here's some advice for getting past it. …Read More »
One Thing You Need to Get Traditionally Published: A Hearty Dose of Rejectionby Marlo Garner I teach an eight-week course in writing picture books, and on week eight, our final class, it's Rejection Night. That's right: this is the evening I bring in my teetering pile of rejection letters (and that doesn't …Read More »
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1793 Chain 1C AMERI. VF25 PCGS. S-1, B-1, R.4....
2011 April Rosemont CSNS Signature & Platinum Night US Coin Auction #1154
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1793 Chain AMERI Cent, S-1, B-1, VF251793 Chain 1C AMERI. VF25 PCGS. S-1, B-1, R.4. The Chain cents were the first coins struck at the U.S. Mint. We know this since they carry the same Vine and Bars edge found on the early Wreath cents. Later Wreath cents have a Lettered edge, like the Liberty Cap cents struck from 1793 to 1795. We also know the order that the five varieties of Chain cents were minted through the study of die states. Known as the emission sequence, the order of striking shows that the Chain AMERI cents were the first pieces minted in early March 1793, the first coins struck in the Philadelphia Mint building.
First U.S. Mint Coinage
First U.S. Mint Coinage
This piece represents Breen Die State V, with a die crack through the tops of TATE. The surfaces are medium olive with splashes of darker steel. The obverse has minor imperfections including a small mark at the lips and an old, short scratch from the chin. The reverse has a number of blemishes. Among those are several small nicks, a planchet defect at the first S, and a few modest rim bruises. MRB Fine 12.(Registry values: P5) (NGC ID# 223G, PCGS# 1340)
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Rasmussen Special Edition Catalog
This hard bound volume contains the magnificent Wes Rasmussen Large Cent Collection, formed by a former President of the Early American Coppers society which was auctioned at the 2005 Florida United Numismatic Auction. Reserve your copy of this remarkable volume for just $75 today.
Rasmussen Signed Limited Edition Catalog
A hard bound limited library edition of the Wes Rasmussen Collection Catalog, signed by Wes Rasmussen, Mark Borckardt, Greg Rohan, and Denis Loring, is available while supplies last. Only 100 produced. Reserve your copy of this remarkable limited edition signed volume for just $150 today.
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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47 year old man | Oak Forest, IL, USA | Seeking women 35-45 within 30 miles
Looking for that special lady that can make me feel like I make her feel.
My friends say i am very outgoing, funny and good looking. I am shy until I get to know the person I am with. I enjoy movies, long walks in the park and hanging out with family and friends. Family is very important to me, they have and always will be in my life....no ifs ands or buts about it. I love dogs. I have a great sense of humor and I take life one day at a time. I am spontaneous and very easy going. If this sounds good lets hook up. I am looking for a young lady who likes to hang out, be with family and friends enjoys a quiet night a home or can go to a ball game without worrying about how she looks, but on the other hand she cleans up very well so that we can have a romantic night out.
Camping , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Golf, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
My favorite vacation spots are Las Vegas, and Myrtle Beach South Carolina. I am willing to go anywhere with the right person. I enjoy all types of bars, my favorite being a local bar, that way I can visit and talk to whomever I am with.
What I like to do for fun......Well, well, well. I like hanging out with friends, family and a special gal when the day comes and I meet her(it could be you). I like pkaying darts, bowling, shooting pool or playing golf, I like all sports.
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Since 1904, the American Lung Association has been saving lives by helping people quit smoking, funding research, advocating for healthy air, and educating millions about asthma. Our work is possible only through public donations. Make a donation now to help all Americans breathe easier.
You can complete this form and process your donation immediately with a credit card. To send donations via mail (and all international donations), print this form and forward to:
American Lung Association in KentuckyBike Trek to Shakertown 20124100 Churchman AvenuePO Box 9067Louisville KY 40209-9067 Call: (502)363-2652 or 1-800-LUNG-USA
If you are printing this form and mailing it, please be sure to tell us which participant or team that your donation is intended to support!


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The long-awaited Tron Legacy trailer is finally here thanks to some selfless individuals (read: nuuurrdddssss!) who solved the viral puzzle campaign to unlock the trailer. It looks pretty great. I'm sure that inhaler sales just skyrocketed.
The trailer opens with Bruce Boxleitner sending Jeff Bridges's cool-haired son to track down his cyber-dad in the world of Tron. What we get is a nice look at the Techtropolis that the world of Tron has become — complete with cyber-babes, cyber-ninjas, Zoolander's nemesis Mugatu, and Jeff Bridges with his cyber-Rat Pack. Missing is Tron Guy. Though it's quite possible he's hiding behind this cyber-couch, waiting for the perfect moment to steal a sniff of Olivia Wilde's cyber-hair.
Check out the trailer after the jump. It's worth it for the Daft Punk track alone.
Tron Legacy New Trailer – Watch more Movie Trailers
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The weekend's Regatta Festival events were filled with action, drama, cheers — and a few tears.
Indiana Department of Transportation maintenance crews will chip seal State Road 62 between State Road 250 in northeast Jefferson County to State Road 129 near the Switzerland-Ripley county line — weather permitting — on Tuesday.
A home at 2302 South River Bottom Road in Hanover was destroyed by fire just before 11 p.m. Saturday.
Cassie Holcomb had
trouble finding the words to express how she felt Friday afternoon after
same-sex marriage bans were ruled unconstitutional by the United States
Supreme Court.
A Dupont man remains
behind bars after being charged with two counts of child molestation
following a police investigation that began earlier this year.
Hanover Police arrested a Madison woman Thursday after locating a vehicle that had been reported stolen from Oldham County, Ky.
A Lexington woman faces three DUI charges following a single-vehicle crash early Friday.
Police found an
additional 24 grams of methamphetamine Wednesday in a vehicle connected
to two suspects already accused of dealing and possessing
methamphetamine following a search earlier this week.
Motorists with unpaid traffic tickets could save some money if they pay the fine by the end of June.
The Jefferson County
Health Department is offering free HPV - human papillomavirus-
vaccinations to anyone 11-26 years old who does not have health
insurance or their insurance does not cover vaccinations.
Jefferson County Sheriff John Wallace asked county commissioners during a meeting Thursday night to consider installation of stop signs in a subdivision to help with traffic flow and safety in the area.
The Jefferson County Animal Shelter Advisory Board agreed to furnish Animal Control Officers with 800 MHz radios.
The Madison-Milton Bridge pedestrian sidewalk will be closed during the Madison Regatta weekend.
This year marks the 10th anniversary of the release of the movie "Madison," and to celebrate that anniversary, the Madison Regatta and the City of Madison are inviting three principals from that film back to town next week.
A Kentucky man accused of killing a Jefferson County teen in April told a judge Wednesday afternoon he and his family could not secure private counsel after speaking with several attorneys.


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Rattle of a Simple Man
Editorial Staff • West End • 12 May 2004
It's a sex comedy in which the sex is explicitly on the menu but never fulfilled, as our Manchester virgin called Percy - down in London on a football supporting jaunt - accepts an expensive bet with an unseen mate called Ginger to see whether he can go through with a date with a call girl whom he's met at a drinking club. It's not just Percy's name that gives you the nod that this is a period piece, nor the fact that a £5 note is enough to buy his encounter with the prostitute, but also his shocked reactions to even the mildest of off-colour language. (He can't even say bottom without qualification and prevarication; no wonder he can't manage to get his trousers off once all evening).
But though some of the details we learn about him - he still lives with his mother, he works in fabric research at a Cotton Mill and is a Scoutmaster - make one think that perhaps he's simply come to the wrong kind of prostitute, Dyer's play offers an otherwise convincing portrait of Percy's self-repression and overwhelming loneliness. And Stephen Tompkinson, a skilful and truthful comic actor, finds reservoirs of tentativeness and charm in equal measure.
Michelle Collins doesn't find quite the same texture or shading to the character of the prostitute Cyrenne, though she's adept at revealing some of the damage that she, too, has suffered and from which she has retreated into creating a fantasy picture of her life. The brief second act arrival of her brother Ricard (Nick Fletcher) not only sees the real world intruding, but also raises the possibility of incest that is never fully explored.
Though it's a little perplexing to find a director of the stature of National and RSC veteran John Caird directing this mild, modest but occasionally thoughtful play, he delivers as touching and sympathetic a production of Rattle of a Simple Man as it's possible to expect.
- Mark Shenton


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Bathroom Remodeling Costs
Find out what expenses to expect in your bath renovation and learn how to manage your budget.
You set aside an ample budget for your bathroom remodel, but you're probably wondering how much of that goes toward labor and what percentage should be dedicated toward features like lighting, flooring and appliances? The one mistake you want to avoid is blowing the budget on intricate tile work and compromising on the shower or sink. In the bathroom, the fixtures are your No. 1 prioritythe space has to function first.
As you work on a budget with your designer or general contractor, ask the firm to supply a breakdown. There are variables depending on the existing bathroom, the scope of the project (complete remodel or facelift?) and the local economy.
The National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) breaks down bathroom remodeling costs like this:
- Design fees: 4%
- Installation: 20%
- Fixtures: 15%
- Cabinetry and hardware: 16%
- Countertops: 7%
- Lighting and ventilation: 5%
- Flooring: 9%
- Doors and windows: 4%
- Walls and ceilings: 5%
- Faucets and plumbing: 14%
- Other: 1%
These figures are guidelines, not rules, and each project is different. For example, designer Ellen Rady generally suggests figuring 40 percent of the budget for labor and 25 percent for cabinets and countertops, and 10 percent for lighting. She usually sets aside 20 percent of a client's budget for plumbing fixtures.
Lori Carroll, president of Lori Carroll & Associates in Tucson, Ariz., completed a project where plumbing fixtures were about 10 percent of the project, countertops were 10 percent, tile was 10 percent, cabinetry was 15 percent and the rest was labor (electrician, plumber, general contractor, etc.)
In the end, your budget breakdown will depend on where you live and how much you want to spend, but NKBA's guidelines and designer insights can help illustrate where the dollars go.
Next Up
Bathroom Remodel: Splurge Vs. Save
From tile to the plumbing fixtures, get tips for where to invest money and where to cut back.
More from: Planning Guide: Bathrooms
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We're serving up the latest news, gorgeous style, crafty DIY projects, clever entertaining tips and more. Consider these your design digests.


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The present invention relates to a method for wavelength selection in a multi-wavelength TPSF-based optical imaging system. This consists of identifying several chromophores in a highly turbid medium and selecting optimized wavelengths whereby using these wavelengths optimizes the deduction of the chromophore concentrations. Such chromophore concentrations may be combined to deduce other properties of the turbid medium.
1. In a method of optical imaging of a turbid media using a plurality of discrete wavelengths in an optical imaging system, a method of optimizing system parameters comprising the steps of:
selecting a set of chromophores for characterizing a property of the turbid media;
defining parameters of the system including at least a number of said discrete wavelengths, a value of each of said wavelengths, source power and detector aperture for each of said wavelengths, a choice of image algorithm and source/detector geometries, a choice of source and detector and noise characteristics;
fixing a value of all of said parameters except a plurality of said parameters of the system to be optimized; and
determining an optimal value for each of said parameter values to be optimized as a function of a performance of the system in measuring a concentration of said chromophores in said turbid media for characterizing said property as a whole.
2. The method of
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deriving an inherent wavelength-dependent sensitivity to noise in calculating said chromophore concentrations, and
determining an optimal correlation of said sensitivity and at least one other of said parameters.
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The application claims priority of U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/305,092 filed on Jul. 16, 2001 entitled "Choice of Wavelengths for Multiwavelength Optical Imaging".
The present invention relates to the field of optical imaging in which objects which diffuse light, such as some human body tissues, are imaged using signals resulting from the injection of light into the object and detection of the diffusion of the light in the object at a number of positions. More particularly, the present invention relates to the choice of wavelengths for multiwavelength optical imaging in order to provide enhanced information.
Time-domain optical medical images show great promise as a technique for imaging breast tissue, as well as the brain and other body parts. The objective is to analyze the temporal point spread function (TPSF) of an injected pulse as it is diffused in the tissue, and the information extracted from the TPSF is used in constructing a medically useful image.
For example, one can extract time-gated attenuation information from the TPSF which improves the image spatial resolution over previous continuous wave methods. However, it is unclear whether such improvements in image spatial resolution are adequate for diagnosing breast cancer based on morphology.
An alternative approach is to use the TPSF to decouple the light attenuation into absorption and scattering components. This extra information, which cannot be obtained from continuous wave methods, may be clinically useful. Moreover, one can obtain the tissue absorption spectrum by performing time-domain measurements at multiple wavelengths. In tissue there are several molecules which absorb the light and are known as chromophores. Spectroscopic analysis of the tissue absorption spectrum permits chromophore concentrations to be measured. Furthermore, combination of the chromophore concentrations can yield physiological information, as opposed to morphologic information, which could provide a more medically useful image.
The problem is one of knowing which are the dominant chromophores to include in a tissue model and then choosing the "best" wavelengths to deduce their concentrations most accurately.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an objective method for choosing the wavelengths for a multiwavelength TPSF-based optical imaging approach. For a given set of chromophores, the best selection of the wavelengths is performed for the set as a whole as opposed to choosing the best wavelength for each chromophore individually. Furthermore, hardware constraints can be taken into consideration in order to optimize the selection of wavelengths for a given device. Thus in one embodiment of the invention the method comprises selecting a set of chromophores for characterizing a property of the turbid media; defining parameters of the system including at least a number of the discrete wavelengths, a value of each of the wavelengths, source power and detector aperture for each of the wavelengths, a choice of image algorithm and source/detector geometries, a choice of source and detector and noise characteristics; fixing a value of all of said parameters except a plurality of said parameters values to be optimized; and determining an optimal value for each of said parameter values to be optimized as a function of a performance of the system in measuring a concentration of the chromophores in the turbid media for characterizing the property as a whole.
FIG. 1 illustrates the absorption spectra used of oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, pure water and lipid;
FIG. 2 illustrates the inverse of the condition number of the hemoglobin specific absorption matrix as a function of wavelength λ1 being plotted for a system of a) two wavelengths where the other wavelength is fixed at λ2=850 nm, b) three wavelengths where the other wavelengths are fixed λ2=850 nm and λ3=758 nm and c) four wavelengths where the other wavelengths are fixed λ2=850 nm, λ3=758 nm and λ4=800 nm;
FIG. 3 illustrates the inverse of condition number C for the specific absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb as a function of λ1 and λ2. The plot is symmetric with respect to the diagonal. Regions of high values indicate combinations of wavelengths advantageous for spectroscopy;
FIG. 4 illustrates the deviation of calculated saturation and true saturation (S(calc)-S(true)) for a model tissue containing 15 μM [HbT], S(true)=25%, 50% and 75% and a lipid concentration of 40%. Two wavelengths at 760 and 850 nm were used to fit [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb]. The sensitivity with respect to wrong assumptions of lipid and water concentrations are shown;
FIG. 5A illustrates the inverse of condition number C for the specific absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb and lipid for a fixed wavelength λ=830 nm as a function of λ1 and λ2. The islands of high values indicate advantageous wavelengths (scaling 0-0.01);
FIG. 5B illustrates the inverse of condition number C for the specific absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb and lipid for a fixed wavelength λ3=830 nm as a function of λ1 and λ2 (same as FIG. 5A but scaling 0-0.0005);
FIG. 6A illustrates the inverse of condition number C for the specific absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb, lipid and water for two fixed wavelength at λ3=760 nm and λ4=830 nm as function of λ1 and λ2 (scaling 0-0.0015). Regions of high values are advantageous for spectroscopy;
FIG. 6B illustrates the inverse of condition number C for the specific absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb, lipid and water for two fixed wavelength at λ3=760 nm and 4=830 nm as function of λ1 and λ2. (same as FIG. 6A but scaling 0-0.0005);
FIG. 7 illustrates the estimation of deviations from true saturation values for a model tissue of [HbT]=20 μM, S=75%, a lipid concentration of 40% and true water concentration corresponding to 0-100% water. Three wavelengths at 760, 780 and 850 nm were used for back calculation of S, shown here as a function of assumed water concentration;
FIG. 8 illustrates the estimation of the influence of errors (noise) in μa on the calculated Hb concentrations and saturation values. A model μa-spectrum based on 20 μM [HbT], S=50%, and a lipid and water concentration of 30% and 40% was assumed. Matrix inversion was performed for wavelengths 760, 790, 830 and 850 nm. plotted is the change in calculated [oxy-Hb], [deoxy-Hb] and saturation value when the μa value at a single wavelength was changed by +0.0001 mm−1. This plot suggests that noise at 830 nm translates in the highest noise in saturation values;
FIG. 9 illustrates the estimation of the recovery of saturation values based on different wavelength combinations. A model tissue of 20 μM [HbT], a true saturation of S=75%, lipid and water concentration of 40% were used. in the lower plot an offset of 0.0005 mm−1 independent of wavelength was added to the model tissue μa-spectrum (no offset in the upper plot). Plotted are deviations of the saturation values due to matrix inversion and the true 75% value. The following wavelength combinations were used: 1) 760 nm and 850 nm, 2) 760, 830 and 850 nm, 3) 760, 780, 830 and 850 nm, 4) 750-850 nm, 5) 720-850 nm, 6) 720-900 nm;
FIG. 10 illustrates the estimation of the recovery of saturation values based on different wavelength combinations. A model tissue of 20 μM [HbT], a true saturation of S=50%, lipid and water concentration of 40% were used. in the lower plot an offset of 0.0005 mm−1 independent of wavelength was added to the model tissue μa-spectrum (no offset in the upper plot). Plotted are deviations of the saturation values due to matrix inversion and the true 75% value. The following wavelength combinations were used: 1) 760 nm and 850 nm, 2) 760, 830 and 850 nm, 3) 760, 780, 830 and 850 nm, 4) 750-850 nm, 5) 720-850 nm, 6) 720-900 nm;
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for selecting wavelengths for multiwavelength optical imaging.
Tissue Chromophores
The dominant near infrared chromophores contained in breast tissue are considered to be hemoglobin (Hb) in its oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) forms, water and lipids. FIG. 1 shows the absorption spectra of oxy-Hb (at 10 μM concentration), deoxy-Hb (at 10 μM concentration), pure water (100% concentration), lipid (absorption spectrum of olive oil has been used to estimate the absorption spectrum of fat). There are other interesting near infrared chromophores, such as glucose and cytochrome oxidase, but their absorption contribution in the breast is considered negligible compared to the aforementioned chromophores.
Physiological Information
Potentially useful physiological information about the breast tissue can be obtained from concentrations, [], of the chromophores. The total hemoglobin concentration, [HbT], defined as [HbT]=[oxy-Hb]+[deoxy-Hb], is related to the local vascular density. Since cancer is commonly associated with an increase in vascularisation (angiogenesis), a measurement of [HbT] could be medically useful. The fraction of hemoglobin that binds to oxygen is known as the oxygen saturation, S, and defined as S=[oxy-Hb]/[HbT]. Increased metabolic activity increases oxygen demands which decreases the oxygen saturation. Since cancer is commonly associated with increased metabolic activity, a measurement of S could also be medically useful.
Wavelength Choice
Historically as the biomedical optics field evolved the wavelengths were chosen for each chromophore individually by observing strong near infrared spectral features for the given chromophore and using the closest hardware-available wavelength. Many researchers also used the isobestic wavelength of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb, the wavelength where their absorption per concentration are equal, since this wavelength is insensitive to the oxygenation state of the hemoglobin and can be related to the [HbT].
However, the question both posed and addressed here is that for a given set of chromophores what are the optimal wavelengths to use in order to deduce the concentration of each chromophore? It is interesting to note that the isobestic wavelength used by many researchers turns out not to be one of the wavelengths of choice.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an objective method for choosing the wavelengths for a multiwavelength TPSF-based optical imaging approach. For a given set of chromophores, the best selection of the wavelengths is performed for the set as a whole as opposed to choosing the best wavelength for each chromophore individually. Moreover, it is also possible to investigate scenarios such as the influence on determining chromophore concentrations under certain assumptions about the concentration(s) of other chromophore(s) in the set. Furthermore, hardware constraints can also be taken into consideration in order to optimize the selection of wavelengths for a given device. Fortunately, the recent advent of turn-key, pulsed, tunable near infrared wavelength lasers has permitted more viable availability of near infrared wavelengths.
Experimental Brute Force Approach
One possible approach to optimize the choice of wavelengths for a given set of chromophores is to conduct a brute force experimental study. This would consist of performing numerous experiments where different combinations of wavelengths are evaluated for the given set of chromophores at known concentrations until the optimum combination for deducing their concentrations is found. Obviously, this approach is likely to be highly time-consuming and it is not always trivial to provide a set of chromophores at known concentrations, particularly in the case of in vivo breast tissue.
Matrix Inversion Sensitivity Approach
An alternative approach which avoids the numerous experiments of the experimental brute force approach is a matrix inversion sensitivity approach.
The equation which needs to be solved can be written for each wavelength as:
where μa is the measured absorption coefficient, ma is the specific absorption coefficient of the different chromophores and ci is the corresponding concentration.
This is written is matrix form as:
where printing in bold indicates a matrix or vector. μa is a vector with a number of rows corresponding to the number of wavelengths (nλ). c is a vector with the number of rows corresponding to the number of chromophores (nc). M is a rectangular matrix of size nλ�nc.
If nλ=nc the system can be solved by matrix inversion c=M−1μa and if nλ>nc the system is overdetermined and can be solved by the pseudo-inverse M+=(MTM)−1 MT where MT is the transposed matrix of M.
The pseudoinverse M+ is an nλ�nc array which is unique. If M is square (i.e. not overdetermined) the M+=M−1. For given (i.e. chosen) wavelengths the pseudoinverse M+ can be precalculated once and the matrix inversion corresponds to a simple matrix multiplication. This is the basis for the calculation of chromophore concentration.
One means to quantify the expected sensitivity of a matrix inversion of a matrix M with respect to small errors in the data is the condition number C which is defined as:
C gives an indication of the accuracy of the results and is an estimate of the cross-talk between the different channels (i.e. chromophores concentrations). Values of C near 1 indicate a well-conditioned matrix, large values indicate an ill-conditioned matrix. The condition number is closely related to singular value decomposition (SVD) as it is the ratio of the largest and the smallest singular value of a matrix.
The matrix M for oxy-Hb and deoxy-HB at λ=760 and 770 nm is
A matrix inversion is possible as the rank (M)=2, however the absorption at the two wavelengths is 'similar'. The condition number is C=20.49. Choosing the wavelengths to be λ=760 and 850 nm gives the matrix
Inspection by eye already shows that the absorption is very 'different'. This is confirmed by the condition number: C=3.206. In what follows below the inverse of the condition number is plotted and analyzed. It has value between 0 and 1. 1/C close to 1 means 'orthogonal' spectra and low sensitivity to cross-talk. Small values of 1/C mean an ill-conditioned matrix. To find the best wavelengths, 1/C is calculated as a function of a wavelength. The wavelengths that give the highest values of 1/C are the best for a calculation of chromophore concentrations and the subsequent physiological information such as oxygen saturation, S.
Model absorption spectra were generated with the absorption spectra of FIG. 1 based on estimations of [HbT], S, lipid and water concentration. Matrix inversion based on different sets of wavelengths were performed to recover these parameters. These parameters were compared with the true ones for the different wavelengths and the sensitivity to noise or measurement offsets considered.
Assuming that we fit for the hemoglobin concentrations only and assuming certain values for water and lipid concentration, for a x-wavelengths matrix inversion, the best combination of wavelengths to give a well-conditioned matrix, the sensitivity of calculated values of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb concentration and oxygen saturation for variations of lipid or water concentration and sensitivity of S to measurement noise have been determined.
In FIG. 2 the inverse of the condition number is shown for matrices of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb specific absorption coefficients for 2, 3 and 4 wavelengths. In each case one wavelength (λ1) was varied between 650 and 950 nm while the remaining wavelengths were fixed λ2=850 nm (2-wavelength system), λ2=850 nm and λ3=758 nm (3-wavelength system), and λ2=850 nm, λ3=758 nm and λ4=800 nm (4-wavelength system). FIG. 2 indicates that the selection of two wavelength at λ1=850 nm and λ2=700 nm gives the highest values of 1/C and when the wavelength range is restricted via hardware constraints to>750 nm, a system that includes the peak wavelength of deoxy-Hb close to 760 nm is advantageous. It does not matter whether two or more wavelengths are used. This somewhat counterintuitive result is valid only without measurement noise and noise in the background absorption.
FIG. 3 further highlights this finding for a two-wavelength matrix inversion. In this figure 1/C is plotted as a function of both at λ1 and λ2 in the range 650-950 nm. The plot is symmetric with respect to the diagonal. Regions of high 1/C-values can be chosen and the corresponding 'good ' wavelengths can be read off the axis. It is apparent that (with the restriction to >750 nm) the one wavelength should be close to 760 nm while the other one can be within the range 830-900 nm without substantially affecting the condition number.
Using the spectra shown in FIG. 1, model tissue absorption spectra were generated. Based on matrix inversion values of [oxy-Hb], [deoxy-Hb] and S were backcalculated and the sensitivity to incorrect assumptions about the [water] and [lipid] tested. One approach is to take the measured μa spectra and subtract water and lipid absorption corresponding to certain assumed concentrations. For the data shown in FIG. 4, a model tissue containing 15 μM [HbT], (true) saturation values of S=25%, 50% and 75% was used. Lipid concentration was 40%. It was tested how a misjudgement of water concentration affects the recalculated S value. To test the error in a simple two-wavelengths-fit (760 and 850 nm), the assumed lipid concentration was varied between 0 and 100%. When the assumed water concentration is right (lower three lines in FIG. 4), the deviation in saturation between true and calculated values is <�2% (obviously with zero error for the right lipid concentration of 40%). A misjudgement about the water concentration by 20% (upper lines in FIG. 5) results in additional errors in S(calc)-S(true) of up to 2% for S=75%, 4% for S=50% and 8% for S=25%. These errors in S are a function of the underlying tissue absorption coefficients. The values here give an indication about the order of magnitude.
Having a system with more than two fit-parameters, best wavelength combinations, for a three-components system of oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb and lipid system, for a four-components system of oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, lipid and water, and the sensitivity of calculation of S to noise at the different wavelengths have been determined.
In FIGS. 5A and 5B the inverse of the condition number is plotted for a three wavelengths system based on the oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb and lipid specific absorption spectra as a function of λ1 and λ2. The third wavelength was fixed at λ3=830 nm. Again, the plot is symmetric with respect to the diagonal. From FIG. 5A it is apparent, that there are three "islands" of high 1/C values. Unfortunately, all of these island would include wavelengths outside an imposed hardware constrained wavelength range of 750 to 850 nm. Plotting the same data in a different scale (FIG. 5B) shows that there is just a single preferential combination within this hardware constrained wavelength range: 760 and 780 nm.
Equivalent to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the inverse of C for a 4-wavelengths system is plotted in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Again, the difference between them is the scaling. Two wavelengths were fixed at λ3=760 nm and λ4=830 nm. Including the wavelengths outside the 750-850 nm range there appear four preferential combinations. Restricting the wavelength range to 750-850 nm there are just two advantageous region (marked by the white rectangle in FIG. 6B): 780 nm and 850 nm, and 780 nm and 815 nm.
From the analysis based on matrix condition numbers, the best wavelength combinations for 2, 3 and 4 wavelengths measurements are the following:
Furthermore, it must be pointed out that including more wavelengths does not increase the condition number. E.g. for the four chromophores and all wavelengths in the range 750-850 nm, 1/C=0.000314. This is lower than the value (1/C=0.00036, compare with FIG. 6B) when only four wavelengths (760, 780, 830, and 850 nm) are used. In a system without noise and no other chromophores than the four considered here, a 4-wavelengths system is the optimal.
While certainly only a 4-wavelengths measurement allows [oxy-Hb], [deoxy-Hb], [lipid] and [water] to be determined, and a 2-wavelengths system (see FIG. 5) is not sufficient, the question is posed whether a 3-wavelengths measurement might supply S values with a high enough precision. In this case the concentration of one chromophore (water or lipid) must be guessed and the corresponding absorption subtracted from the measured μa values. This was tested with a model absorption spectrum and is shown in FIG. 7 for 760, 780 and 850 nm. True water concentration was varied between 10 and 100% (the different lines), and the difference between calculated and true saturation values plotted as a function of assumed water concentration. For instance, for a true water concentration of 50%, a misjudgment of the water concentration by 10% results in an error in S by about 4%.
Up to now, only "perfect" data sets were considered with no noise. In real situations there are problems due to measurement noise that is random for the different wavelengths; unknown chromophores in the tissue, i.e. there is a background absorption coefficient the spectrum of which we do not know; and possible systematic errors in the primary μa recovery.
There are an ample number of parameters which can be considered and as examples the following two questions are considered. First, is the oxygen saturation more susceptible to noise at certain wavelengths? Second, what is the influence of an offset in the μa data?
The influence of errors (noise) in μa on the calculated Hb concentrations and saturation values was estimated in a model tissue based on 20μM [HbT], S=50% and a lipid and water concentration of 30% and 40% respectively. Matrix inversion was performed on the μa—spectrum of this model tissue for wavelengths 760, 780, 830 and 850 nm. The sensitivity to noise (i.e. variations in μa) at the different wavelengths was estimated by changing the absorption coefficient at a single wavelength by +0.0001 mm−1. In FIG. 8, the change in calculated [oxy-Hb], [deoxy-Hb] and oxygen saturation value due to this "noise" is plotted. This figure shows that the change in oxygen saturation value is about −2% for changes at 760 nm, <0.5% at 780nm, while it translates to a variation of +6% at 830 nm.
There are two conditions that produce an offset in the measured μa-spectra with respect to the true values. First, the algorithm for μa-calculation based on TPSF-based optical imaging might lead to a systematic offset e.g. due to residual crosstalk between absorption and scattering parameters. Second, the tissue absorption might have a background of unknown origin (chromophore). Under both conditions the fitting of μa-data with the four chromophores is hampered. The effect of such an offset for different wavelength combinations is estimated with a model spectrum of 20 μM [HbT], S=75% and water and lipid concentration of 40%. An offset of 0.0005 mm−1 was added to the μa-values independent of wavelength. The effect on the calculated oxygen saturation values is known in FIG. 9 for combination of 2, 3 and 4 wavelengths as well as continuous spectra between 750-850, 720-850 and 720-900 nm. It is apparent that the lowest error in S is achieved by the 4-wavelengths combination. Including more wavelengths increases the error. In FIG. 10 the same calculation was done, however, for a true oxygen saturation value of 50%. Here the lowest error is achieved by the 720-850 nm wavelength range, while using less wavelengths or increasing the fitting range to 900 nm results in larger errors.
Based on the assumption that the dominant tissue chromophores are oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, water and lipid and analysis of the matrix condition number, measurements at the wavelengths 760, 780, 830 and 850 nm supply an optimal data set when the wavelength range is limited to 750-850 nm under ideal conditions. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, inclusion of shorter and longer wavelengths promise a better matrix inversion. Under real conditions there is no clear-cut answer about the improvement when more wavelengths are included (see FIGS. 9 and 10). It might be advantageous to reduce measurement noise at 4 wavelengths due to longer scan times rather than to include more wavelengths. As demonstrated in FIG. 8, to achieve an optimal accuracy the noise level at different wavelengths has to be adjusted which might require different measurement times at certain wavelengths.
Strictly speaking the work presented here was achieved by optimizing a 2-wavelength system and then optimizing a 4-wavelength system where 2 of the wavelengths were fixed at the optimized 2-wavelength system values. Whilst this is easier to display graphically, preferably all 4 wavelengths would be permitted to vary in a global optimization process. Fortunately, for the specific example presented here when all 4 wavelengths are permitted to vary the same optimal solution is found. However, this may not be true for all situations and a global optimization is preferred.
It is also understood that it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the same approach for choosing optimal wavelengths can be applied to optical absorption spectroscopy in general. For example, in other embodiments of the present invention the method of the present invention is also used for choosing the optimal wavelengths for analyzing the components of paints, pharmaceutical products, food, grain or any other turbid media.
It is also understood that the proposed method applies both to the analysis of absolute chromophore concentrations as to their changes or relative concentrations.
While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosures as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features herein before set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.
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Five majors offered through the Degree Completion Program: Accounting, Business Innovation & Marketing, Management, Project Management and Social Work
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The Taxation of Foreign Profits: a Unified View
This paper synthesizes and extends the literature on the taxation of foreign source income in a framework that covers both greenfield and acquisition investment, and a general constraint linking investment at home and abroad for the multinational by introducing a cost of adjustment for the mobile factor. Unless the cost of adjustment is zero, the domestic tax on foreign-source income should always be set to ensure the optimal allocation of the mobile factor between domestic and foreign assets and should follow the classical rules in the literature; national optimality requires the deduction rule, and global optimality requires the credit rule. Only in the zero-cost case does exemption become optimal. Allowances can be set so as to ensure that domestic and foreign asset purchases are undistorted by the tax system: this requires a cash-flow tax on domestic investment in the greenfield case, and a cross-border cash flow tax on foreign investment in both cases. These basic results extend to various extensions of the model.
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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Grubert, Harry, 2005. "Comment on Desai and Hines, "Old Rules and New Realities: Corporate Tax Policy in a Global Setting"," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 58(2), pages 263-74, June.
- Michael P. Devereux & R. Glenn Hubbard, 2000.
"Taxing Multinationals,"
NBER Working Papers
7920, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Devereux, Michael P & Hubbard, R Glenn, 2003. "Taxing Multinationals," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 469-87, August.
- Johannes Becker & Clemens Fuest, 2009.
"Source versus Residence Based Taxation with International Mergers and Acquisitions,"
CESifo Working Paper Series
2854, CESifo Group Munich.
- Becker, Johannes & Fuest, Clemens, 2011. "Source versus residence based taxation with international mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 28-40.
- Becker, Johannes & Fuest, Clemens, 2011. "Source versus residence based taxation with international mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1-2), pages 28-40, February.
- Pfann, Gerald A. & Verspagen, Bart, 1989. "The structure of adjustment costs for labour in the Dutch manufacturing sector," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 365-371.
- Desai, Mihir A. & Hines, James R. Jr., 2004. "Old Rules and New Realities: Corporate Tax Policy in a Global Setting," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 57(4), pages 937-60, December.
- Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Pfann, Gerard Antonie, 1996.
"Adjustment Costs in Factor Demand,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
1371, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Daniel S. Hamermesh & Gerard A. Pfann, 1996. "Adjustment Costs in Factor Demand," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 34(3), pages 1264-1292, September.
- Johannes Becker & Clemens Fuest, 2010.
"Taxing Foreign Profits With International Mergers And Acquisitions,"
International Economic Review,
Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 51(1), pages 171-186, 02.
- Johannes Becker & Clemens Fuest, 2007. "Taxing Foreign Profits with International Mergers and Acquisitions," Working Papers 0719, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.
- Johannes Becker, 2013.
"Taxation of Foreign Profits with Heterogeneous Multinational Firms,"
The World Economy,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(1), pages 76-92, 01.
- Johannes Becker, 2009. "Taxation of Foreign Profits with Heterogeneous Multinational Firms," CESifo Working Paper Series 2899, CESifo Group Munich.
- Roger H. Gordon & Hal R. Varian, 1986.
"Taxation of Asset Income in the Presence of a World Securites Market,"
NBER Working Papers
1994, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Gordon, Roger H. & Varian, Hal R., 1989. "Taxation of asset income in the presence of a world securities market," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(3-4), pages 205-226, May.
- Slemrod, Joel & Hansen, Carl & Procter, Roger, 1997.
"The seesaw principle in international tax policy,"
Journal of Public Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 163-176, August.
- Joel Slemrod & Carl Hansen & Roger Procter, 1994. "The Seesaw Principle in International Tax Policy," NBER Working Papers 4867, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Michael P. Devereux, 2004. "Some Optimal Tax Rules for International Portfolio and Direct Investment," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 60(1), pages 1-, April.
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by Jarrod Day
Garfish are quite a unique species, swimming in large schools they are most likely to congregate around vast weed beds and over shallow water reefs. It isn't uncommon for anglers fishing in deep water to have garfish schools swim up their berley trails but for the most part, it is the shallower water where they can be consistently targeted.
On the plate, Garfish are very tasty but they also make fantastic fresh baits for snapper.
Garfish are easily identified as they are quite a slender fish which has a bottom jaw that extends into a bill or beak. The body colour may vary but is generally metallic silver to silvery-green or shiny-blue in colour and all have a red tip on the bill. They don't grow too large, although some specimens have been caught up to 45cm. While a fish of this size is exceptional, a fair size range is 25 to 35 centimetres.
An acute sense of smell, garfish can be attracted with berley and although they are predominantly a plankton feeder, garfish will take small baits offered.
Kids just love catching garfish. When the Gars are abundant, there is never time for boredom.
Whether you're a boat, kayak or land based angler, garfish are a worthy target. They may not give the pleasure of a line screaming run or bust you off on the nearest snag, but one things for sure garfish do provide anglers with light tackle entertainment as well as being a great species of fish to target for kids.
Where and when:
In Victoria from July through to October, garfish are at their thickest and while land based anglers may fail to catch them in any numbers more towards the warmer months; it is from the above months when catching garfish becomes quite a popular affair. Land based anglers flock to local piers and jetties and for those that have their secret little hideaway along rock walls and rocky points also do very well.
All the piers around Port Phillip Bay and Western Port hold good numbers of garfish.
For those fishing Port Phillip Bay, each and every pier can be fished. A high tide is recommended as the garfish will push in closer to shore making them more accessible. In saying that, those fishing in Western Port can also have similar success from the piers but once again, a high tide is paramount.
When fishing for gars there is no use for the latest and greatest tackle rather providing you have a line in the water you're in with a good chance. Garfish barely pull an inch of line from your reel and due to their size, ultra light tackle is recommended.
My own setups consists of a 7' nibble tip rod matched with a 2500 series reel to which I mainly use for whiting but double for garfish, mullet, trevally etc.
The reels are loaded with 4lb braid and 3lb Nitlon fluorocarbon leader which I find works a treat even if the gars are scarce or finicky on any given day.
Aside from rod and reel selection you will require an assortment of tackle specifically for targeting gars. While they are a somewhat surface feeder, they will require baits to be suspended as close to the surface as possible. This can be achieved by using a float which keeps the bait higher in the water column.
The float setup consists of a size 10 or 12 long shank hook although I am quite fond of the Black Magic E series fly hook in a size 12, split shot sinkers and the float. While there are many floats available and some choose a bobby cork style, a quill or waggler is more beneficial. A garfish bite is very light and often unseen when using a bobby cork float. A waggler or quill has less buoyancy which is easily pulled under the surface when the bait is taken, a clear indication you have hooked a gar.
When targeting garfish, make sure you have all the necessary tackle including berley.
Berley and baits:
Feeding closer to the surface allows anglers to attract garfish to their fishing location with ease. While there are a multitude of berleying techniques available, the simplest approach is often the most effective. I choose to use a fine pollard blended with tuna oil. This is tossed onto the water's surface in equal handfuls every few minutes. Alternatively you can use a berley pot filling it with the berley blend and allowing the waters current to disperse it.
One thing to remember when berleying for garfish is the berley must be small. Too heavy particles will only feed the gars; a pollard mix will work effectively. Tuna oil in the mix will also offer an advantage. Being a lighter liquid it floats on the surface covering quite a distance. Any garfish that smells the scent will follow to the source. Tuna oil can cover hundreds of meters if not a kilometre meaning any fish that smells of comes into contact with the slick will end up in your fishing location.
A garfishes mouth is a very small only opening, maybe a centimetre or so circumference. Being a plankton feeder they are still partial to taking baits from anglers but these must be quite small. Large baits will only be picked at and passed up if larger than a mouthful. While it is impossible to thread plankton onto a hook, anglers will have to settle for what's readily available in Tackle Stores. Most popular baits include segments of peeled prawns, cut pipi, slithers of pilchard, maggots, dough and silverfish.
When it comes to actually fishing for gars, the more rods you have out the more chance you have at catching them in good numbers, remember though in saltwater anglers are only allowed to use up to four rigged rods each.
All rods should contain a float setup allowing multiple hook-ups although you need to keep up with it as when they are around, multiple floats can disappear under the surface at the same time causing mayhem.
Although a float might disappear, the fish still has to be hooked. If left, a float may come back to the surface as the fish has de-hooked itself. The key to successful float fishing is as soon as the float disappears, the angler must gently strike to set the hook. This can be achieved by a gentle flick of the rod tip before grabbing the next rod and repeating the process before winding them in.
One thing to note is occasionally a pier may have multiple anglers fishing and one or a few anglers may not be catching any fish. Take note at the depth at which the float is situated to the bait. This can be detrimental to being successful as the school could be swimming at a certain depth and they may not move higher or lower in the water columns to take a bait. The correct depth height is important for consistent success.
Catching gars is great fun and whether you're catching them for bait or for a feed you'll enjoy every minute of catching them. If you're looking for something to catch quite easily for the kids then head to the pier and berley up some gars.
Netting your catch will prevent you from losing any at the boat or Pier.
Aren't they just spectacular.
Five year old Asha-Marie Day display the fruits of a days catch.
A pencil float is the most effective way to catch gars.


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Ventura man killed in shooting; suspect arrested
A 21-year-old Ventura man was shot and killed Saturday night near Ventura Avenue.
Ventura police report that William "David" Spear, 21, died at Ventura County Medical Center. An autopsy Sunday determined Spear died from a gunshot wound to the chest, according to Ventura County Senior Deputy Medical Examiner Craig Stevens.
Police responded around 11 p.m. Saturday to a report of a shooting victim in the 200 block of West Vince Street near Olive Street.
Police arrested Frank Sotelo III, 24, of Ventura after getting a search warrant for his home that turned up evidence connecting him to the shooting, according to the report.
He is being held at Ventura County jail on $1 million bail on suspicion of murder and being a felon in possession of a firearm, according to jail records. A hearing is set for Tuesday.
County court records show Sotelo pleaded guilty in a 2009 case for the felony offense of receiving stolen property.
Detectives continue to work on the case, and no motive for the shooting has been reported.
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