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June 12, 2007 4:00 AM PDT
Are Google's moves creeping you out?
(continued from previous page)
"The reality is, it can expect much more of this type of treatment as it continues to monitor much of what we do" and accelerates its efforts at personalization, Sullivan wrote. "To save itself, I'd like to see Google appoint a privacy czar, someone charged with...assuming the worst about the company and diligently working to ensure users have as much protection as possible."
While Google doesn't have an official privacy czar, it has an associate general counsel for ethics and compliance, and 14 staff lawyers who serve as product counsel, supporting the development of products from inception to launch and reviewing them for privacy issues, Wong said. "We ask at the very start of the design of a product, what kind of information are you thinking of collecting, and what are you going to do with it?"
Before releasing the street-level map view, Google reached out to domestic-violence organizations, she said. "With Street View, we gave a lot of thought to what the privacy consequences would be. We built a flagging mechanism in it so users could report inappropriate images," she said. "In the first few days after launch, we had a very small number of flags. That rate is decreasing every day."
Google executives and product managers had numerous discussions about the privacy and ethical implications of the product before releasing it, Wong added. "We tried to balance offering a strong, useful product for users with the privacy implications of it," she said.
The company's vision with the service was to "put people in touch with what a street looks like, (to) get something more realistic and helpful to me than lines drawn on a street map," Wong said. The street-level view is helpful for looking at a city before going on vacation, viewing a neighborhood before purchasing a house and serving as an additional visual aid for driving directions, she said.
While it certainly does that, "it's a trade-off," said Christopher Slobogin, a professor at the University of Florida's Levin College of Law. "A lot of people want this stuff. They don't mind giving up a little bit of privacy to be able to get it."
Daniel Solove, a law professor at George Washington University, is one of them.
"I don't want to trivialize it, but I also don't think it should be blown out of proportion. It raises some interesting questions, but at the end of the day, it's not the kind of thing that leaves me sleepless at night or leaves me outraged," Solove said. "Google could be a little bit more careful about what they're doing, but I've seen much, much worse."
But what is seen as a helpful online tool to one person can feel too close for comfort to someone whose face, license plate or comings and goings end up displayed on Google Maps.
"It used to be (that) your divorce records were public but sitting in a courthouse. Now they're on the Web. Your house used to be visible on the street; now it's visible from anywhere on the planet," said Bruce Schneier, chief technology officer of Internet security firm BT Counterpane, who has written extensively about privacy and security.
"Now it's on the Web, and anybody can see it forever, and that's just different," he said. "There are some very deeply philosophical privacy concerns that we, as a society, need to address."
Ultimately, Schneier, Wong and the legal experts agreed that laws should be updated to address the issues that technology advancements raise. New inventions have always driven privacy legislation. For instance, the advent of photography and the widespread circulation of newspapers in the late 1800s led to the first laws protecting privacy between individuals in the United States, said Ken Gormley, professor of constitutional law at Duquesne University.
"It's the kind of thing state legislators have to grapple with," Gormley said. Meanwhile, constitutional protections cover government intrusions of citizens' privacy.
"The bottom line is, you are fair game if you are in public," Slobogin said. "If it's just a random snapshot of one moment in a person's life, I think that's something we've got to put up with."
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108 commentsJoin the conversation! Add your comment
- privacy
- I like Google on the whole. I am on the whole not too worried about the data they have on me, bit I do think they should start making some effort to ensure that you can't certain info about one person on Google maps. In particular I think they should blur people and cars.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Not going to happen.
- It would take to much time and to much money to blur out people
and cars and at time make the photos useless causing new ones to
have to be taken. If you don't want people seeing you do something
then don't do it on a PUBLIC street. Anyone who expects privacy on
a street corner (or any public place for that matter) needs help.
- Like Link Flag
- Privacy? How about security?
- Not only does Google draw the maps for al-Qaeda, they will provide the panoramic snapshots to aid in instructing their traveling terror cells on the best spots to park that truck bomb with the itchy hair trigger of theirs.
The harbinger of rampant information accumulation and subsequent thoughtless distribution to come. Ah, yes...that's our Wall Street darling sweetheart Google.
- Like Link Flag
- No other company could get by with this
- The fact that Google is such a popular company allows it to get a pass on this stuff. Any other company would get killed. Imagine the flames on this forumn if Microsoft or Apple would roll out this technology.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- With MS, it doesn't help that they have a reputation for abusing their rep. Up and until recently Google has had a really good reputation. Providing they sort out the privacy issues they still will.
- Like Link Flag
- Wrong, Microsoft has it.
- Google wasn't the first to have a street level view in their maps. They're certainly the biggest (or least most popular) but definitely not the first. Microsoft already has a feature like this built in to their Windows Live Local map service and has for several months now. The Google privacy hawks tend to have tunnel vision and didn't notice.
http://preview.local.live.com/
- Like Link Flag
- Not concerned
- I'm not concerned about the Privacy issue, but I do think that Google could blur some of the info. Software that could identify people and blur them in the images probably exists, or could be created. Same thing with license plates.
Also, make sure the mapping and photo taking vehicles are well marked. If you see one coming, hide your face! Maybe notifications that the mapping is taking place should be posted in the local newspapers.
Other than that, if you aren't doing anything wrong, why worry about the photos?
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Not concerned?
- I hear that kind of stuff all too often lately: "if you aren't doing anything wrong, why worry".
Shure, a man with a camera standing near my child´s playground, taking photos. But hey, the kids aren´t doing anything wrong, so why worry. Your wife/girlfriend is sunbathing in a public park (here in Europe that´s common) and a few days later you might see her photos at some obscure website, depicting more or less naked people, but hey, why worry, she´s not doing anything wrong.
My point is, there is just too much room for fraudulent use of these pictures (taken without our consent!) to just relax and not worry.
- Like (1) Link Flag
- How do I get a job with Google
- I'm a semi-retired IT professional. How do I get a job driving around taking street level photos? As long as I can map the ski areas in the winter, I'm ready to go!
- Like Reply Link Flag
- I am concerned
- I am concerned and I will no longer use google products or its search engine.
Enough already!
So this is how they will get cameras on every street like they did in Britain. Let free enterprise install the cermas instead of the government.
Big Brother is still Big Brother.
- Like (1) Reply Link Flag
- Doubt any real concern
- Your not using Google does nothing save hurt your access to information. Take action to stop the government from doing what you do not want it to do. Do not relect your representatives until one gets in that gets the will of his people and contct them of your needs and wants. Not using an info resource of public records that Google has alerted you to will not so anything to represnt your concern or halt the invsion.
- Like (1) Link Flag
- It's a public area...
- What is the big problem here? News cameras have shot scenes found in public areas and then broadcast them, tourists are taking pictures in public area and posting them to flickr, satellites are taking pictures of your house and so are people taking aerial photos... this is a world of information; all Google is doing is making it easier for others to get that information.
As time goes on, information is flowing faster and faster. One either accepts that or gets off the grid...
- Like Link Flag
- Jeez people, nothing new
- Google isn't posting something that we can't see already. Sure, it is saving moments in time that would otherwise be lost to the hole of unobserved history, but we should all take precautions if we don't want to be "caught"
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Exactly
- The ones yelling about their privacy being violated are the ones I'd be most suspect about. Why are you so nervous if you're not doing anything wrong? Like the guy that was ditching work - newsflash dude, cameras have been around for years. The police have cameras all over the place, satellites have been taking pictures for the longest time, and quite frankly anyone can catch you in the act of anything. It's YOUR fault, don't try to blame Google for doing what everyone else has been doing for years.
I like this view, I just wish it were in more areas. But then I'm not paranoid about its usage; I mean so what? I'm not doing anything criminal and it's not like it's in your house or anything. That's where your privacy begins and ends - INSIDE YOUR PROPERTY. Everything else is fair game unless otherwise stated.
- Like Link Flag
- 1984?
- George Orwell 1984 anyone?
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Domestic Wire Tapping?
- Our current administration is doing a far better job at making our country into an Orwell-inspired state than Google.
- Like Link Flag
- Honest question. Have you read the book?
- The point of Orwell's book wasn't the idea of being watched, but rather the people being linguistically disabled. In 'newspeak', there were no words for concepts like "freedom", so even if it bothered people that they were being watched, they couldn't protest because they had no language for it.
- Like Link Flag
- Google has been doing awefull/evil things for years
- Google has been evil for years, we have just been ignoring it or haven't pieced together the company's history in our collective consciousness.
I first heard about Google when I watch a 60 minute program on privacy and the internet several years ago, way before the IPO.
Google had just acquired the rights to the Usenet. Google them promptly put up every post, without blinking an eye. Not a thought was given about being sensitive to people, for example what about people crying out for help with an abusing spouse? That's recorded forever and on display everywhere...
...No thanks to Google.
Then there was the massive amount of personal information that google proudly displays, no thought at all about peoples privacy. BUT when one of the Google founders was also Googled, and people found his address...and other sensitive information, lawyers were brought in to suppress the information.
...2-faced privacy policies, no thanks to Google
Google introduced sattelite maps. So now every burglar can scope out who's likely rich and who's not. Where's the best escape route... How to get into your house. Not even a thought about privacy,
...Again, no thanks to Google
Google acquires YouTube. YouTube, another company that could care less about privacy or copyright laws. Google only acquires the company because YouTube has the largest customer base, ethics be dammed.
Google gets sued for One Billion dollars by people concerned about the infringement on their copyrights. Only then does Google realize, we could lose Billion or more dollars. So they slowly start a process of digital id'ing material on YouTube.
...Greed without a thought about the consequences, brought to you via Google.
...Organized stealing, brought to you by Google and it's proxies.
So is it any surprize that Google now wants to take a photo of you and post it on the internet?
Why doesn't Google start posting all Medical Records?
Why doesn't Google start posting all credit reports?
Why doesn't Google start posting all driving records?
Oh, don't worry, they already have that information, and they are working on posting it to the Internet as soon as the right government is purchased.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Google provides information already available
- Google provides information already available, but in an easy-to-use format. This is especially true with the Google Maps and Earth:
"...Google introduced sattelite maps. So now every burglar can scope out who's likely rich and who's not. Where's the best escape route... How to get into your house. Not even a thought about privacy..."
Satellite maps have been around for a while, remember TerraServer? You can drive by a house and judge if the occupants are rich, you don't need an aerial shot to do so. And as for scoping out a house via satellite rather than on foot...any criminal doing that is pretty stupid.
Google's mapping interface is one of the most powerful tools...I have found directions (its default function of course), planned vacations, used its API to geolocate blog posts while traveling, projects for classes/studies, for my job...I have never heard of a documented use of Google Maps for criminal purposes.
- Like Link Flag
- So Strange...
- Is it legal to take pictures of a playground or a park? I guess they are public places...just doesn't seem right. Check out this huge list of Google Street View sightings here:
http://streetviewgallery.corank.com
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Out in public
- If you are in a Street View or Google Earth image, then that means you were already outside, in public, and anyone could take a picture of you, or watch what you are doing and report it to someone else. I don't understand why everyone is making a big deal that their picture was taken while they were out in public. Just like how Google's privacy policies are out in public.
Google has very clearly stated that they will keep your information away from anyone else, they just want to use it to better their products and services.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- subpoena
- they will keep it away until some lawyer or gestapo trooper comes along with a writ. Suddenly your ex wife's lawyer can find you in a park with her sister. nothing quotes wrong quotes with that, but now you need a lawyer too. Next year when the committe on unamerican activities comes back in vogue, the photo of you on the street corner talking to the commie suddenly surfaces. Wait till face recognition software becomes cheap enough.
Don't say I didnt tell you so.
- Like Link Flag
- Fired over a cup of coffee?
- Any company who fires a worker for taking 15 mins to get a cup of coffee should take a serious look at its priorities...
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Probably not true
- I doubt thats true at all, Cnet probably made it up. Its just more exaggerated garbage from Cnet. Cnet and Wired magazine make up, exaggerate and flat lie about allot of things to make their stories more interesting so you will come back to the site more often.
- Like Link Flag
- Wasn't fired.
- If you read the article it doesn't say the worker was fired it say
his mother was surprised he wasn't fired. Most companies have
coffee makers in the office so leaving the office could be a
fireable offense if it happens enough. Also what if this guy is in
the habit of taking say eight 15min coffee breaks a day all
before lunch? That sounds like a guy that need to be fired.
Note: I am not saying the guy should be fired I an just trying to
make a point. Getting a cup of coffee is hardly a reason to leave
the office during the work day, unless it is authorized.
- Like Link Flag
- peopleless, carless
- They should remove the people and cars from the maps, like the cloudless earth arial map. It'll be private, and better.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- The Expectation of Privacy
- Unfortunatly, some of the commentary here shows an appalling lack of understanding. Just because cameras have been around for years doesn't mean that everyone in the world has 24 hour access to your life. A hard copy still photograph captures an instance in time and normally has a limited audience, unless it gets posted to the evening news or the papers. And news photographers tend to be readily noticeable and therefor avoidable while in public. Unless you are a public personality, like Paris Hilton or G.W. Bush, you have a justifiable expectation of anonymity even while in public. With ever present web cams and people snapping pictures and posting them on the web, that anonymity is rapidly disappearing, but the expectations still remain.
It's doubtful that we will be able to return to a de facto condition of anonymity; so we will have to either adjust our behaviors, or change our standards of expectations of acceptability. Arthur C. Clarke's novel, "The Light of Other Days", presents a fascinating vision of what a worldwide society would look like with the total absence of privacy; as well as some of the threats people face during the emergence of such a condition.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Expectations
- "Unless you are a public personality, like Paris Hilton or G.W. Bush, you have a justifiable expectation of anonymity even while in public."
Why is the "average" person justified in expecting their privacy, while celebrities are not?
Especially now, in a world where Reality Television and YouTube have blurred the line between public figures and the common man and hordes of people will file lawsuits in order to get their 15 minutes, it is quite apparent that everyone should be prepared to be a possible topic of conversation or at least a minor subject of attention.
- Like Link Flag
- Some people are naughty and do stupid things
- They just don't want the world to know that. It really a moral issue within their own self, not with Goggle.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Not at all
- If you happen to be in a wheat field with your wife and her passion kicks in.
This is open land.
If you show it then it will be seen.
If you don't want it to be shown then why do it?
The only use for google earth is for drunk men looking for nude beaches.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- StreetView - It's like the average joe's Paparazzi!
- Yeah Paris Hilton, we can have it too!!
- Like Reply Link Flag
- The FBI and CIA can do it!
- It's true, we are on camera most of the day. It's just that we haven't been able to see the photos until now. If the FBI and the CIA can view these images, thank God and Google we can see the stuff now too.
Google didn't put the eye in the sky--we did.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Is googling creeping you out?
- I'm more creeped out with microsoft on how they are shoving off if not taking over the competitor with government backed laws. This is one of them. Spreading paranoia is like CIA stuff and thats creepy!
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Most misunderstand "privacy"
- It seems that the comments in this article and the resulting feedback items reflect what is sadly all too common. The last two generations, ?X and Y?, just did not get classes in American History and ?Civics? or failed to pay attention if they did. ?Privacy? ends when we leave the comfort of our home and enter the public areas of the world; which is just about everywhere outside the home, doctor?s office and the confessional. What we do in public is fair game. And do not even begin to bring up the constitution, our found fathers were worried about troops coming into their homes not who might see them at the race track on a work day. So get use to it folks, the same video camera we might complain about today is the one we will want used if we are mugged tonight and the next photo of a cute dog we take might have someone in it that has snuck off from work.
I cannot help but wonder if all of this concern for privacy isn?t just the reflection of a guilty conscience.
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Yah But...
- With this street map thing, you can actually see right in the windows of peoples houses! Now if your in your home, and your walking around naked or entertaining people or something, everyone can see that. I call that invasion of privacy. And don't tell me to keep the curtains closed either. My house is my house and there are laws on the books about people looking into your windows!
- Like (1) Link Flag
- What ever happened to...
- Laws [b][u]AGAINST[/u][/b] [i]Peeping Toms[/i]?????? EH? ?:|
- Like Reply Link Flag
- of course!!! it HAS to be Microsofts fault
- would you mind explaining how Microsoft has anything to do with this article?! They don't own google. Your making no sense, just showing your lack of intelligence and excess of paranoia
- Like Reply Link Flag
- medical center pictures
- Why the pictures of the UCSF Medical Center Parnassus Campus
that provides emergency medicine, reproductive medicine, HIV
treatment, domestic violence counseling, etc.? Pictures of people
coming and going from there are not really needed and certainly
not very sensitive to patients who may not want their faces
shown to the world. Indeed, the idea that google vans are going
to photograph people coming and going from a medical center
may discourage some from seeking needed care.
This is a medical center near Google's home, they should know
what it is and be sensitive to patients. This should be an obvious
place not to take pictures. (Also, as a top 10 medical center it is
considered a likely terrorist target which is another reason a
responsible company would not want to post pictures of it, but I
guess if they'll post pictures of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel they
just don't give a <bleep> about anybody but themselves).
Hey let's all go to the Google campuses and photograph
everybody coming and going and create a website filled with
pictures of every googler!
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Remember when...
- It doesn't seem so long ago that the new kid on the block, Google was seen as the good guy. And now here he is with all his delinquent mates camped out in your living room.
There must be a critical mass of turnover which turns a company from "best kept secret" into a paria to be avoided at all cost. I don't have a problem with what Google do and as a search engine it certainly seems to work reasonably well.
Maybe it's our fault? We always expect growth and developement. Any company which does something well but doesn't move on from there is seen as going backwards.
As for "considered a likely terrorist target..." How often is the paranoid card going to come out of the pack? If you let these "terrorists" change your life - they've won!
Posting pictures of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel -- how dare they!? They'll steal it's soul
- Like Link Flag
- Medical Center Pictures - Certainly a Problem!
- wylbur said Google was taking pictures of people going in to and out of a medical center. This is definitely not right. If I'm going to a medical office, I do not want Google taking my picture. Think about women who want an abortion. Will they feel comfortable going into an abortion clinic when Google might take their picture? How about a mental health center? Will people be willing to seek help for various mental illnesses if their picture might be shown by Google? What about men getting a vastectomy? Do you want your colleagues teasing you the next day about your manhood after seeing you go into the vastectomy clinic?
Many people have said that we should not consider that we have privacy outside of our homes. Why not? I'm not out doing anything wrong. However, I don't think it's right that Google takes my picture and makes it available to anyone on the Internet. It's none of your business. I am not being paranoid. I just think we need to be more careful and more vocal about groups and governments doing this type of thing. Let one group do one thing ... then the next group will take it a little farther ... then the next. Is this how we, as a society, want to live? I think not.
- Like (1) Link Flag
- Free software, free beer and free lunch...
- If people want privacy, they are going to move away from "free" services to low-cost private networks; see
http://www.kerika.com/2007/06/free-software-free-beer-and-free-lunch.html
- Like Reply Link Flag
- Google has an odd attitude
- Their attitude is basically "we can do what we want with your copyrighted works, pictures, and habit".
What is astounding is that they have a overall positive public perception.
Well it took many years for people to clue in that MS is evil. Hopefully it won't take that long with Google, else they will own all of us.
What is almost as amazing is that people trust them to store emails of every kind, and they don't mind Google creeping around their computers.
Google is a company that abuses the privacy of countless millions, most of whom don't even realize they are under surveillance. Google is not a benevolent company. They are the new Microsoft, and in some ways even worse then that vile, worthless blood sucking company.
- Like (1) Reply Link Flag
- In bed with China
- Hey, they love this big brother thing. Have you seen its blocking management for google.cn? No surprise if they blocked this site?
My dad showed me his Google Earth after I read 1984 in my sophomore year. I saw my mom's van parked right in front of Kinko's, obviously a morning snapshot. Dad said, "If they give those technologies, imagine how much content they have to themselves, and others.
Why else would stocks jump 400 points? It's a search engine...Ad space is meager profit.
- Like (1) Reply Link Flag


text:
There are 19,460 names matching your criteria. This is page 21.
FERDINAND m German, French, Dutch, English, Czech, Slovene, Finnish, Ancient Germanic
From Ferdinando, the old Spanish form of a Germanic name composed of the elements fardi "journey" and nand "daring, brave"... [more]
FERDINANDA f Italian, German
Feminine form of FERDINAND
FERDINANDO m Italian
Italian form of FERDINAND
FEREYDOUN m Persian, Persian Mythology
Means "the third" in Persian... [more]
FERGUS m Irish, Scottish, Irish Mythology
Anglicized form of FEARGHAS
FERID m Azerbaijani, Bosnian
Azerbaijani and Bosnian form of FARID
FERNANDA f Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
Spanish, Portuguese and Italian feminine form of FERDINAND
FERNANDO m Spanish, Portuguese
Spanish and Portuguese form of FERDINAND
FERNÃO m Portuguese
Portuguese form of FERDINAND... [more]
FERRUCCIO m Italian
Derived from the Late Latin name Ferrutius, a derivative of ferrum meaning "iron, sword"... [more]
FERRUTIUS m Late Roman
Latin form of FERRUCCIO
FESTER m Low German
Low German short form of SILVESTER
FESTUS m Ancient Roman, Biblical Latin, Biblical
Roman cognomen which possibly meant "festival, holiday" in Latin... [more]
FIACHRA m Irish, Irish Mythology
Derived from Gaelic fiach meaning "raven"... [more]
FİDAN f Turkish, Azerbaijani
Means "sapling" in Turkish and Azerbaijani.
FIDELIA f Spanish (Rare)
Feminine form of FIDEL
FIDELIS m Late Roman
Original form of FIDEL
FIFE m Scottish
From a Scottish place name which was formerly the name of a kingdom in Scotland... [more]
FIGARO m Literature
Created by playwright Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais for the central character in his plays 'The Barber of Seville' (1775), 'The Marriage of Figaro' (1784) and 'The Guilty Mother' (1792)... [more]
FILIBERT m German, Dutch, Ancient Germanic
Means "much brightness" from the Germanic elements filu "much" and beraht "bright".
FILIMENA f Macedonian
Macedonian form of PHILOMENA
FILIP m Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Polish, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Finnish
Cognate of PHILIP
FILIPE m Portuguese
Portuguese form of PHILIP
FILIPPA f Russian, Greek, Swedish, Italian
Russian, Greek, Swedish and Italian feminine form of PHILIP
FILIPPU m Old Church Slavic
Old Slavic form of PHILIP
FILIPPUS m Dutch
Official Dutch form of PHILIP, used on birth certificates but not commonly in daily life.
FILOMENA f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch form of PHILOMENA
FINBAR m Irish
Variant of FIONNBHARR
FINBARR m Irish
Variant of FIONNBHARR
FINEES m Biblical Latin
Form of PHINEHAS used in the Latin Old Testament.
FINGAL m Scottish
From Scottish Gaelic Fionnghall meaning "white stranger", derived from fionn "white, fair" and gall "stranger"... [more]
FINN (1) m Irish Mythology, Irish
Older Irish form of FIONN... [more]
FINN (2) m Danish, Norwegian, Swedish
From the Old Norse name Finnr which meant "Sámi, person from Finland".
FINNBAR m Irish
Variant of FIONNBHARR
FINNBARR m Irish
Old Irish form of FIONNBHARR
FINNEGAN m Irish, English (Modern)
From an Irish surname, an Anglicized form of Ó Fionnagáin meaning "descendent of Fionnagán"... [more]
FINNGUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Older form of FIONNUALA
FINNR m Ancient Scandinavian
Old Norse form of FINN (2)
FINNUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FIONNUALA
FINTAN m Irish, Irish Mythology
Possibly means either "white fire" or "white bull" in Irish... [more]
FIONN m Irish, Irish Mythology
From Irish fionn (older Irish finn) meaning "fair" or "white"... [more]
FIONNBARRA m Irish
Variant of FIONNBHARR
FIONNBHARR m Irish
Means "fair hair", derived from Irish fionn "white, fair" and barr "head"... [more]
FIONNGHALL m Scottish
Scottish Gaelic form of FINGAL
FIONNGHUALA f Irish, Scottish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FIONNUALA
FIONNLAGH m Irish, Scottish
Means "white warrior" from Gaelic fionn "white, fair" and laogh "warrior".
FIONNUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Means "white shoulder" from Irish fionn "white, fair" and guala "shoulder"... [more]
FIRAT m Turkish
From the Turkish name of the Euphrates River, which was derived from Old Persian Ufratu, itself derived from Elamite or Sumerian.
FIRDAUS m Arabic, Persian
Derived from the Arabic word فردوس (firdaws) meaning "paradise", ultimately derived from Avestan pairidaeza meaning "garden, enclosure"... [more]
FIRMINUS m Late Roman
Latin form of FIRMIN
FIRUZA f Azerbaijani, Tajik, Uzbek
Azerbaijani, Tajik and Uzbek form of FIRUZEH
FITZ m English (Rare)
Short form of various given names which are derived from surnames beginning with Norman French fitz meaning "son of" (for example FITZROY).
FITZROY m English (Rare)
From an English surname meaning "son of the king" in Old French, originally given to illegitimate sons of monarchs.
FLANAGAN m English (Rare)
From an Irish surname which was derived from Ó Flannagáin meaning "descendent of Flannagán"... [more]
FLANNERY f & m English (Rare)
From an Irish surname which was derived from Ó Flannghaile meaning "descendent of Flannghal"... [more]
FLÁVIA f Portuguese
Portuguese feminine form of FLAVIUS
FLAVIANUS m Ancient Roman
Latin form of FLAVIAN
FLÁVIO m Portuguese
Portuguese form of FLAVIUS
FLAVIUS m Ancient Roman
Roman family name which meant "golden" or "yellow-haired" from Latin flavus "yellow, golden"... [more]
FLETCHER m English
From a surname meaning "maker of arrows" in Middle English, ultimately from Old French flechier.
FLEUR f French, Dutch, English (Rare)
Means "flower" in French... [more]
FLEURETTE f French (Rare), Dutch (Rare), English (Rare)
Diminutive of FLEUR
FLOELLA f English (Rare)
Elaborated form of FLO
FLORENCE f & m English, French
From the Latin name Florentius or the feminine form Florentia, which were derived from florens "prosperous, flourishing"... [more]
FLORENCIO m Spanish, Portuguese
Spanish and Portuguese form of Florentius (see FLORENCE).
FLORENTIA f Late Roman
Original feminine form of FLORENCE
FLORENTIN m French
French form of FLORENTINUS
FLORENTINA f Spanish, Late Roman
Feminine form FLORENTINUS
FLORENTINE f French
French form of FLORENTINA
FLORENTINO m Spanish
Spanish form of FLORENTINUS
FLORENTINUS m Late Roman
Latin name which was a derivative of Florentius (see FLORENCE).
FLORENTIUS m Late Roman
Original masculine form of FLORENCE
FLORETTA f English, German (Rare)
Latinate diminutive of FLORA
FLORETTE f French (Rare)
French diminutive of FLORA
FLORIANA f Italian, Ancient Roman
Italian feminine form of FLORIAN
FLORIANUS m Ancient Roman
Latin form of FLORIAN
FLORINDA f Spanish, Portuguese
Elaborated form of Spanish or Portuguese flor meaning "flower".
FLORINUS m Late Roman
Latin name which was a derivative of FLORUS... [more]
FLORUS m Ancient Roman
Roman cognomen which was derived from Latin flos meaning "flower".
FLOWER f English (Rare)
Simply from the English word flower for the blossoming plant... [more]
FLYNN m English (Rare)
From an Irish surname, an Anglicized form of Ó Floinn meaning "descendent of FLANN".
FOLAMI m & f Western African, Yoruba
Means "respect and honour me" in Yoruba.
FOLANT m Welsh
Welsh form of VALENTINE (1)
FOLCHER m Ancient Germanic
Old Germanic form of VOLKER
FOLKE m Swedish, Norwegian, Danish
Short form of various Old Norse names that contain the element folk meaning "people", and thus a cognate of FULK.
FÓLKI m Ancient Scandinavian
Old Norse form of FOLKE
FORBES m Scottish
From a surname which was originally taken from a Scottish place name meaning "field" in Gaelic.
FORD m English
From a surname which was derived from a place name meaning "ford" in Old English... [more]
FORREST m English
From an English surname meaning "forest", originally belonging to a person who lived near a forest... [more]
FORTUNATA f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Late Roman
Feminine form of FORTUNATO
FORTUNATO m Italian, Spanish, Portuguese
Italian, Spanish and Portuguese form of the Late Latin name Fortunatus meaning "fortunate, blessed, happy"... [more]
FORTUNATUS m Late Roman
Latin form of FORTUNATO
FORTUNE f English (Rare)
Simply from the English word fortune, ultimately from Latin fortuna, a derivative of fors "luck".
FOSTER m English
From an English surname which has several different origins: see FOSTER (1), FOSTER (2), FOSTER (3) and FOSTER (4).
FOX m English (Rare)
Either from the English word fox or the surname Fox, which originally given as a nickname... [more]
FRANCE f French
From the name of the country, sometimes considered a feminine form of FRANK (1) or short form of FRANÇOISE, both of which are ultimately related to the name of the country.
FRANCENE f English (Rare)
English variant of FRANCINE
FRANCIS m & f English, French
English form of the Late Latin name Franciscus which meant "Frenchman"... [more]
FRANCISCA f Spanish, Portuguese, Late Roman
Spanish and Portuguese feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANCISCO m Spanish, Portuguese
Spanish and Portuguese form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS)... [more]
FRANCISCUS m Late Roman, Dutch
Original form of FRANCIS
FRANCISQUE m French
French variant of Franciscus (see FRANCIS), now somewhat archaic.
FRANCISZEK m Polish
Polish form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANCISZKA f Polish
Polish feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANCO (1) m Ancient Germanic
Old Germanic form of FRANK (1)
FRANCO (2) m Italian
Contracted form of FRANCESCO
FRANK (1) m English, German, Dutch, French
From a Germanic name which referred to a member of the Germanic tribe, the Franks... [more]
FRANKA (1) f German, Dutch
German and Dutch feminine form of FRANK (1)
FRANKA (2) f Croatian
Croatian form of FRANCA
FRANKLIN m English
From an English surname which was derived from Middle English frankelin "freeman"... [more]
FRANKO m Croatian
Croatian form of FRANCO (2)
FRANS m Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish
Dutch, Scandinavian and Finnish form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANTZISKA f Basque
Basque feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANTZISKO m Basque
Basque form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRASER m Scottish, English (Rare)
From a Scottish surname which is of unknown meaning... [more]
FREA f Norse Mythology
Variant of FREYA
FRED m English, Dutch, German, French, Portuguese
Short form of FREDERICK or other names containing the same element... [more]
Aabraham ⇔ Aenor
Aeolus ⇔ Aldo
Aldona ⇔ Amar
Amar ⇔ Angra Mainyu
Angus ⇔ Argyros
Ari ⇔ Atiya
Atlas ⇔ Baptista
Baptiste ⇔ Bertha
Berthe ⇔ Braeden
Braelyn ⇔ Callista
Callisto ⇔ Chandana
Chander ⇔ Claudette
Cláudia ⇔ Cuthbert
Cveta ⇔ Debdan
Debi ⇔ Dionysius
Dionysodoros ⇔ Dyson
Dzhabrail ⇔ Eleonora
Eléonore ⇔ Enrico
Enrique ⇔ Euthymios
Euthymius ⇔ Feofilakt
Ferapont ⇔ Freda
Freddie ⇔ Genoveffa
Genoveva ⇔ Gobán
Gobind ⇔ Guto
Gutxi ⇔ Hasib
Haşim ⇔ Hildur
Hilja ⇔ Iekika
Iephthae ⇔ Irit
Irja ⇔ Jaida
Jaiden ⇔ Jernej
Jerneja ⇔ Józef
Jožef ⇔ Karim
Karima ⇔ Kevan
Kevin ⇔ Kristeen
Kristel ⇔ Laverne
Lavi ⇔ Lilija
Lilijana ⇔ Lucília
Lucilia ⇔ Mahaut
Mahavir ⇔ Maricruz
Marie ⇔ Mave
Maverick ⇔ Michela
Michelangela ⇔ Momchil
Momi ⇔ Nanna
Nanna ⇔ Nicolaas
Nicolae ⇔ Obadiah
Obdulia ⇔ Oskari
Oskars ⇔ Pearl
Pearle ⇔ Polly
Pollyanna ⇔ Ragnhildr
Ragnhildur ⇔ Reşit
Retha ⇔ Rosalynne
Rosamond ⇔ Salah al-Din
Salambek ⇔ Selig
Selim ⇔ Sheridan
Sherie ⇔ Sky
Skye ⇔ Süheyl
Süheyla ⇔ Tancred
Tancredi ⇔ Theresia
Theron ⇔ Torger
Torgils ⇔ Ural
Urania ⇔ Veselko
Veslemøy ⇔ Walther
Walton ⇔ Yama
Yamanu ⇔ Zalman
Zalmon ⇔ Zyta

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Spinach Rice
|Chopped spinach
|4 Cup (64 tbs)
|Cooked rice
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Thinly sliced onions
|1 Medium
|Chopped garlic
|Slit green chilies
|Turmeric powder
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Jeera powder
|1⁄2 Teaspoon, cumin powder
|Sambar powder
|1 Teaspoon
|Garam masala powder
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Chilly powder
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|2 Tablespoon
|Mustard seeds
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
1. Cook 2 cups of rice and keep aside. Make sure it is not overcooked.
2. Heat oil/butter in a wok and splutter mustard seeds.
3. Add onions, green chillies, garlic and saute till the onions begin to brown.
4. Add the cleaned and chopped spinach along with some salt and saute till the spinach becomes tender and all the water has evaporated. You can cover and cook the spinach on low flame.
5. Next, add 1/4 tsp tuermeric powder, 1/2 tsp cumin powder, 1 tsp Sambar Powder, 1/2 tsp Garam Masala Powder and 1/2 tsp Chilly Powder and saute for 2 minutes. Add more salt if required.
6. Stir in rice to the above spinach mixture stirring carefully.
7. Serve along with Raitha and Pappad.
Visit my website http://malayali.me for more such recipes!


text:
Playing with my brain- brick orientation
Just in the interest of making someones head explode.
All of the ovens are being built with horizontal rings of bricks. What if the rings were oriented verically ?
In my mind, doing this would create a series of arches. If you build the center arch first ( keystone problem solved) and alternately build to the right and the left you would have a very strong dome. Or you could build the second arch accross the middle at right angles. However, with the right angle approach the cuts might get tricky.
Downside is probably the vertical lines in the dome, however, since each row is an independent arch I don't really see a problem. The current horizontal rings have horizontal lines in the dome.
Any thoughts
Someone else want to take thier brains for a walk ?
Re: Playing with my brain- brick orientation
I believe the dome strength is a result of overlapping the brick in the horizontal axis. If I follow your thinking, all the vertical arches would just be butted up against each other - correct? If that's the case, and we have proof that cracks happen, it seems to me that it would be pretty weak.
Just my thoughts - I try to stay away from the left side of my brain :)
Re: Playing with my brain- brick orientation
Hey - with my last post I turned into a "Master Builder". How is that possible if my oven isn't completed? :confused:
Re: Playing with my brain- brick orientation
:D... well you'd better get on with building then., hadn't you ;)
Actually I started thinking you were a master builder somewhere half way through the soldier row...
Re: Playing with my brain- brick orientation
Well Bruce,
Can of worms opened. Are you going to eat them?
I have no idea how you woud tie all the vertical arches together at the top. I say - go for it! Let us know how it works! You got your bricks for free. Innovate! (or not)
Re: Playing with my brain- brick orientation
[QUOTE=gjbingham;34164]Well Bruce,
Can of worms opened. Are you going to eat them?
What..... are you nuts!!!!! My job is not to innovate, but to inspire others to take risks and make mistakes. Then I can take advantage of all their mistakes and cruise thru my build.
Side by side arches should be veritcally very strong. Staggering the brick joints should help prevent horizontal cracking. So I guess the question might be in which direction does the oven need to be the strongest ?
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text:
by edn.com:
In a bid to bring affordable solar technology to the market by 2017, IBM Research and Airlight Energy (Switzerland) have partnered to produce a solar parabolic dish that can concentrate the sun's radiation by 2,000 times and convert 80% of it into useful energy. The system is said to be able to generate 12 kW of electrical power and 20 kW of heat under sunny conditions, and will be capable of providing both power and hot water/air conditioning to several homes.
IBM 'sunflower' solar concentrator produces energy and hot water – [Link]
One thing IBM emphasizes about its neurosynaptic chip is that it works like the "right" brain, which means intuition and jumping to conclusions, whereas the "left" brain works more like a traditional computer: R. Colin Johnson
IBM Builds World's Biggest Brain-Chip – [Link]
What's inside a 1991 vintage IBM PS/2 L40SX 80386SX laptop?
EEVblog #639 – IBM L40SX Retro Laptop Teardown – [Link]
IBM has given itself a deadline of 2020 to perfect the nanotube transistor, for which there are significant technological hurdles: R. Colin Johnson @NextGenLog
IBM Will Produce Nanotube Transistors by 2020 or Give Up – [Link]
In a paper published in Nature Communications researchers at IBM describe how they have built a silicon-based receiver chip incorporating GFETs or Graphene Field Effect Transistors (the purple structure in the photo) into the circuit. The multi-stage receiver integrated circuit consists of 3 graphene transistors, 4 inductors, 2 capacitors, and 2 resistors.
"This is the first time that someone has shown graphene devices and circuits to perform modern wireless communication functions comparable to silicon technology,"
said Supratik Guha, Director of Physical Sciences at IBM Research. In a test the team successfully used the graphene-based receiver to process a digital transmission on 4.3GHz. The binary sequence received was 01001001 01000010 01001101, which represents ASCII coding of the letters IBM.
IBM Chip uses Graphene FETs – [Link]
IBM Research – Almaden physicist Andreas Heinrich explains the industry-wide need to examine the future of storage at the atomic scale and how he and his teammates started with 1 atom and a scanning tunneling microscope and eventually succeeded in storing one bit of magnetic information reliably in 12 atoms.
IBM researchers store one bit of magnetic information in just 12 atoms – [Link]
3M and IBM announced that the two companies plan to jointly develop the first adhesives that can be used to package semiconductors into densely stacked silicon "towers." Processors could be tightly packed with memory and networking, for example, into a "brick" of silicon that would create a computer chip 1,000 times faster than today's fastest microprocessor enabling more powerful smartphones, tablets, computers and gaming devices.
Adhesives for semiconductors – [Link]
Using the Bus Pirate to read the SVP supervisor power on password off an IBM T30 Thinkpad: [via]
A friend of mine recently came upon an old IBM T30 Thinkpad at an auction for $40. Bringing it home, he found that there was a power-on supervisor password. This can't be reset by removing the battery, as the pswd is stored on an EEPROM on the motherboard….. So it came to me!
I recently purchased a Bus Pirate v3 from Seeedstudio, and decided to give it a quick test run..
IBM Thinkpad T30 Bios password reset with the Bus Pirate – [Link]
As detailed in this report, IBM has announced their first graphene integrated circuit. Graphene's structure of one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice make it one of the thinnest semiconductor materials.
Further development using graphene should open the door to greater practicality of flexible electronics. While this technology is not expected to begin displacing conventional silicon circuits for a few years, when it does it should lead to bendable, transparent circuit boards revolutionizing the integration of embedded systems into common everyday items. [via]
IBM unveils graphene chip – [Link]


text:
Wheelchair user 'prisoner in own home' after four falls on potholes near Cambridge home
Posted: June 16, 2014|
A wheelchair user has been left a "prisoner in his own home" after pothole-ridden pavements caused him to fall to the ground – on four occasions.
Former chef Richard Youngs, 46, says he has suffered a twisted hip, ankle injuries and strains in tumbles near his home in Ditton Fields, Abbey.
He told the News he had reported the problems to the authorities – but that nothing had been done.
Mr Youngs said: "My wife quite often does a bit of running around in the morning but, because it's so hard to push me on these pavements and because of the danger, it's made me stay at home on my own most mornings.
"I am trying to get as mobile as I can, I was a person who was up and fit most of my life, and now I feel like I'm a prisoner in my own home."
My Youngs, who has osteoarthritis and hypermobile joints, said the worst danger spot was the alleyway between Wadloes Road and Ditton Fields, where he has fallen out twice.
He said Ditton Fields, Ekin Road and Ditton Walk were also trouble spots.
Mr Youngs said poor lighting in the alleyway made it a struggle for him and his wife Samantha, 40.
He said: "We have had to memorise where the potholes are to avoid them but it isn't easy because the path isn't that big.
"Even normal health people walking down there could twist their ankle.
"But every time I go over, it's uncomfortable because the vibration causes me trouble with my spine and neck."
Mr Youngs explained his plight to Cllr George Pippas, Cambridge's former deputy mayor, who raised the issue with the county council.
A council spokesman said there was no record of Mr Youngs contacting the authority but that staff were happy to meet with him.
The spokesman added: "A highways inspector will go out as a matter of urgency and look at the roads that have been highlighted and the area as a whole.
"We will then take any appropriate action but we will also consider whether a larger scheme or 'patching' needs to be done as well. The safety of residents is a priority for us."


text:
IoT Influencers Summit Presented by APPNATION
- Business & Professional
- 4900 Marie P. DeBartolo Way, SANTA CLARA, CA, 95054
Wearable Wednesday NY - Wearables in a Connected World
Wearable Media | @WearableMedia
Wednesday, August 6, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 8:30 PM (EDT)
Wearable Wednesday NY presents: Wearables in a Connected World
Our next Wearable Wednesday NY event will be a R/GA Techstars exploring wearables in a connected world.
We will also be featuring the R/GA Techstars Connected Device Accelerator. http://www.rga.com/about/featured/rga-connected-devices-accelerator/
Event Agenda:
600-630p: check-in
630-730p: thought-leader panel
730-830p: networking, cocktails and appetizers
Hosted and Organized by Paul Farkas, Wearable Wednesday NY
Welcome Remarks and Intro, Paul Farkas, Founder/Organizer, Wearable Wednesday NY
R/GA Techstars Connected Device Accelerator Feature, Jenny Fielding, MD
Moderator: Tim Stenovec, Technology Reporter, The Huffington Post
Drew Austin, Co-Founder/COO, Augmate http://augmate.com/
Puneet Mehta, Co-Founder/CEO, MobileROI http://mobileroi.com
Mitchell Golner, Venture Partner, DreamIT Ventures NY http://www.dreamitventures.com/, NYC IOT http://meetup.com/nyciot/
Linda Drabik, founder/organizer, IOT NY http://meetup.com/iot-ny/
Billie Whitehouse, co-founder, Wearable Experiments http://wearableexperiments.com/
Join our Wearable Wednesday NY meetup page to get info on upcoming events:
Wearable Wednesday NY is organized by Paul Farkas, co-founder, Accessory2. Wearable Day is a global day to recognize, feature, shop, and discover. After Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday, discover, shop, and celebrate Wearable Wednesday on 12.3.14. http://wearablewednesday.com/
In association with, Wearable World. Wearable World connects businesses to the social fabric of the Internet of Wearable Things. Our goal is to provide an innovation platform to foster the blend of technology, art and humanity. Through news content, incubator and accelerator programs, and events, Wearable World acts as the catalyst for future Wearable Technology innovation. The Wearable World platform addresses the need for entrepreneurs to connect, learn, and engage the wider Wearable Technology global ecosystem. http://wearableworld.co
Wearable Media; Accessory2
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
- Horoscopes
- Dear Abby
- Games & Puzzles
- Lifestyle
- Events & Exhibits
- Food & Drink
- Arts & Music
- Movies & TV
Saturday 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm
The Mystic Seaport Chantey Blast and Pub Sing will be held 1 to 5 p.m. Saturday at Frohsinn Hall of the German Club at 54 Greenmanville Ave. across from the museum�s main entrance. Admission is free, but donations are welcome to support the 36th annual Sea Music Festival which will be hosted at Mystic Seaport June 11-14.
Join in as Mystic Seaport chantey staff and many of the finest chantey singers in the Northeast sing maritime ballads and songs of the sea.
This fundraising event is co-sponsored by the Pinewoods Folk Music Club and is organized as part of the Friends of the Festival program. For more information about Friends of the Festival, contact the museum�s advancement department at (860) 572-5365.
Frohsinn Hall
54 Greenmanville Ave.
Mystic, CT 06355
Free (Donations accepted)
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text:
Dolby Surround Sound Audio Processor USB Decoding DAC Pre Amp USB Sound Card
Color: Black + Silver Brand: LINE5 Model: A992 Quantity: 1Piece Material: Aluminum Interface: RCA , USB 2.0 Output Interface: RCA , 3.5mm Audio Sample Rate: 100dB
free shipping
(0 Review)
» Sound Cards
Add To Cart
LINE5 A990 Stereo 5.1-CH Surround Sound Card for PC / Laptop - Black
Color: Black + White Brand: LINE5 Model: A990 Quantity: 1Set Material: Aluminum Interface: RCA 6.5mm , 3.5mm , USB 2.0 Output Interface: RCA 6.5mm , 3.5mm Audio Sample
(1 Review)
USB 2.0 HD Hi-Fi 96kHz / 24-Bit Asynchronous Audio DAC Sound Card - Silver
: RCA, stereo headset; LPF OPAMP: TI LM4562 x 1; Main OPAMP: TI LM4562 x 1; Digital output:: S PDIF; Sampling rate: 24 bit 96kHz Max. ; Power supply: DC 5V USB powered
(2 Reviews)
UVC Audio Video USB Capture Card (PAL / NTSC)
capture high-quality video and audio file direct by USB 2.0 interface without sound card. However, the installation is very simple and the external is unnecessary. Packing List
» DVR Cards & Systems
USB 2.0 Video & Audio Grabber Capture for Apple Mac OS - White
- System Requirements:
- PowerPC G4, G5 or Intel Core Processor
- VGA card with 32MB memory
- One available USB 2.0 port
- Compatible Windows-sound card
- Apple Mac
» USB Gadgets
BL-715 7.0" Touch Screen Car DVD Player w/ Bluetooth / FM / AM / Analog TV - Black + Silver Gra
- Sound effect: EQ Bass Treble Loudness etc.
- 4 x 60W stereo speaker output can connect to iPod
- 4-CH RCA 2-CH AUX 1-CH TV and 1-CH
» Car DVD Players
Creative SB0910 Sound Blaster X-Fi Karaoke USB Sound Card - White
- Supports Creative self test program
- Package includes:
- 1 x RCA cable 25cm
- 1 x USB cable 90cm
- 1 x Chinese manual
- 1 x Software CD
EasyCAP DC168P USB 2.0 Single Channel Video Capture Card
System: PAL , NTSC Audio Compression Format: AVI MPEG-1 JPG BMP Audio Input: Left and right sound tracks stereo RCA Audio Output: 1CH Operating System: Windows 2000 XP
DVB-T2 Mini HD Terrestrial Digital Television Receiver w/ HDMI / USB / PVR - Black + Silver
- Various channel editing function favorite,move,lock,skip,delete,rename,find,sort
- Parental control channels
- Software upgrades through USB card reader
- Support logic
» TV Receivers
JL-BT-02 Convenient USB Bluetooth V2.1 Audio Receiver for Car - White + Green
compatible with 3.5mm-to-RCA and 3.5mm-to-3.5mm audio cable; supports A2DP stereo, music play, phone call; with USB sound card and echo cancellation functions.
» Bluetooth Car Kits
1080P Full HD Media Player with HDMI/Dual-USB Host/SD/MS/MMC/AV/Optical
card reader to the two USB hosts, or the HDMI and Optical plug to the A V RCA outputs, this machine can connect with virtual any device you wish to play your media on.
» HDD Media Players
BL-709 7.0" Touch Screen Car DVD Player w/ Bluetooth / FM / AM / Analog TV / USB / SD Slot
Supports SD card up to 16GB
- Other features: Calendar games
- Package Includes:
- 1 x Car DVD player
- 1 x Remote control 1 x CR2025 included
- 1 x Stylus
- 1 x USB OTG cable
Hi-Def 3.5" HDD USB 2.0 PMP Enclosure with SD+Remote+LCD+1080i Component+HDMI (100V~240V AC)
sound - 1080i max video output resolution - PAL NTSC supported - Outputs: Composite RCA, S-video, Comonent, VGA, and HDMI - USB 2.0 data interface - Built-in hard disk
BL-710 7.0" Touch Screen Car DVD Player w/GPS / Bluetooth / FM / AM / Analog TV / USB / Dual SD Slot
- Sound effect: EQ Bass Treble Loudness
- AM Frequency Range: 522~1710KHz Worldwide
- FM Tuning Range: 87.5~108.0MHz Worldwide
- Stores up to 30 radio and 100
Guigi AK9 Android 4.2 Dual-Core Mini PC TV Box w/ Wi-Fi, 2.0MP Cam, 1GB RAM, 8GB ROM - White + Green
format HDMI: HDMI V1.4 Audio Output: RCA L+R, HDMI Video Output: HDMI V1.4, CVBS USB: USB 2.0 Other Interface: RJ45 10 100M bps Power Supply: Input : AC 100 ~ 240V 50 60Hz 0.3
» Smart TV Players
Guigi AK9 Android 4.2 Dual-Core Mini PC w/ Wi-Fi, 2.0MP Cam, 1GB RAM, 8GB ROM - Black + Orange
-ray original disc format HDMI: HDMI V1.4 Audio Output: RCA L+R, HDMI Video Output: HDMI V1.4, CVBS USB: USB 2.0 Other Interface: RJ45 10 100M bps Power Supply: Input : AC
6.2" Touch Screen 2 Din Car DVD Player w/ GPS Navigator / Bluetooth / FM / AM / Analog TV - Black
Formats: DVD VCD CD WMA MP3 MP4 AVI CD-R CD-RW DVD-R DVD-RW
- Sound effect: EQ Bass Treble Loudness
- OSD Language: Simplified Chinese English
- Supports TF card up to 16GB
7.0" Folding Touch Screen Car DVD Player w/ FM / AM / Analog TV - Black
-CH RCA 2-CH AUX 1-CH TV and 1-CH radio output
- Other features: Calendar games
- Package includes:
- 1 x Car DVD player
- 1 x USB adapter cable 285mm
- 1 x Control
Hi-Def 1080i DVB-T HDD Multimedia Player + Recorder with HDD Enclosure Function
card slot
- RJ45 Ethernet for Networking
- SPDIF Out Coax Digital Sound
- Optical Sound Out
- ANT for DVB-T
- Systems:
- Windows 2000, XP, Vista
- Linux
- Note
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text:
Originally published on Mon July 7, 2014 4:22 pm
Many music lovers know Juan de Marcos González as the man who teamed up with guitarist Ry Cooder to create Buena Vista Social Club. But González was busy celebrating the history of Cuban music long before Cooder arrived on the scene.
Concurrently with the Buena Vista project, González was recording an album with his own band, The Afro-Cuban All Stars. The orchestra now contains expatriate Cuban musicians, young and old alike, from around the world.
Originally published on Fri March 1, 2013 11:42 am
Over the past few years, Take Five's theme-based jazz lists have covered a wide variety of subjects. We've covered the careers of legends, the cutting-edge work of up-and-coming artists, styles, periods, holidays, regional scenes and more. Today, Take Five goes "meta" and presents a list of songs about... lists.
The lyrical conceits of these five songs are simply to list things. And, of course, feel free to suggest your favorite songs about lists that weren't included here. ("What, no 'Route 66'? Really?")
Originally published on Mon July 7, 2014 5:30 pm
Graham Dechter is a 26-year-old jazz guitarist who's been living his dream. Dechter was invited to join the world-famous Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra at 19, and now, seven years later, he's leading his own group — and just released his second album, Takin It There. Here's a clip of the Graham Dechter Quartet performing the title track in the Jazz24/KPLU studios.


text:
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Putrescine-N-Methyltransferase promoters, particularly promoters isolated from tobacco, are disclosed, along with recombinant nucleic acids containing the same, expression vectors containing the same, and transgenic plants produced therewith. Methods of use thereof are also disclosed.
1. An isolated DNA molecule which directs root specific transcription in a plant cell, said isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NQ:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO:11.
2. The DNA molecule of
3. The DNA molecule of
4. The DNA molecule of
5. The DNA molecule of
6. The DNA molecule of
7. The DNA molecule of
8. The DNA molecule of
9. The DNA molecule of
10. The DNA molecule of
11. The DNA molecule of
12. The DNA molecule of
13. A DNA construct comprising, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, a root specific promoter and a heterologous DNA sequence downstream from said promoter and operatively associated therewith, wherein said root specific promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, and SEQ ID NO: 11.
14. The DNA construct according to
15. The DNA construct according to
16. The DNA construct according to
17. A plant cell transformed with the DNA construct according to
18. A method of making a transformed plant, comprising regenerating a plant from the plant cell according to
19. A cell containing the DNA construct according to
20. A method of making a transformed plant, comprising infecting a plant cell with the construct according to
21. A microparticle carrying the DNA construct according to
22. A method of making a transformed plant, comprising propelling the microparticle according to
23. A plant cell protoplast comprising the DNA construct according to
24. A method of making a transformed plant, comprising regenerating a plant from the plant cell protoplast according to
25. A transformed plant comprising transformed plant cells, said transformed plant cells comprising a heterologous DNA construct, which construct comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction, a root specific promoter and a heterologous DNA sequence downstream from said promoter and operatively associated therewith, said promoter directing root specific transcription of said heterologous DNA sequence and wherein said promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO: 11.
26. The transformed plant according to
27. The transformed plant according to
28. The transformed plant according to
29. An isolated DNA molecule consisting essentially of a promoter which directs root specific transcription in a plant cell and, wherein said promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1–11.
30. A DNA construct comprising an expression cassette, wherein said construct comprises, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the DNA molecule according to
31. A transformed plant comprising transformed plant cells, said transformed plant cells containing the DNA construct according to
This application is a 35 U.S.C. � 371 national phase application of PCT Application No. PCT/US01/47371, filed in English on Nov. 7, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/246,448, filed on Nov. 7, 2000, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
The present invention concerns root-specific promoters useful in plants, along with methods of use thereof, constructs containing the same, and transgenic plants produced with such promoters.
A promoter is generally defined as a nucleic acid sequence upsteam or downstream from a transcribed gene, and to which RNA polymerase must bind if it is to transcribe the flanking gene into messenger RNA. A promoter may consist of a number of different regulatory elements that affect a structural gene operationally associated with the promoter in different ways. For example, a regulatory element may enhance or repress expression of an associated structural gene, subject that gene to developmental regulation, or contribute to the tissue-specific regulation of that gene. Modifications to promoters can make possible optional patterns of gene expression, using recombinant DNA procedures. See, e.g., Old and Primrose, Principles of Gene Manipulation (4th Ed., 1989).
Transgenic plants expressing peptides that inhibit or kill a particular pest or pathogen provide a method for decreasing crop damage and loss. For example, expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein in transgenic corn provides resistance to the European corn borer. However, transgene expression in all tissues of a plant (constitutive expression) can be disadvantageous as it can expose non-target organisms to the transgenic protein and can increase the selective pressure for the development of pathogens and pests which are resistant to the transgenic protein. High levels of transgene expression throughout a plant may also negatively affect growth and yield of the plant. An alternative strategy is to express a toxic peptide only in the organ or tissue affected by a particular pest or pathogen. Implementation of this strategy against pests and pathogens that attack plant roots has been hampered by the lack of characterized root-specific promoters.
Transcription of a gene is initiated when a stable complex is formed between RNA polymerase enzyme and a gene promoter. Promoters generally occur at the beginning of all transcription units, are typically about 100 base pairs in length, and generally are located immediately upstream from the start site of transcription. See e.g., Maniatis et al., Science 236:1238 (1987). Promoters vary in their "strength"; that is, in their ability to accurately and efficiently initiate transcription. The RNA polymerase holoenzyme is thought to cover a region of about 50 bases immediately upstream of the transcribed region. In some cases the strength of transcription initiation may be enhanced by auxiliary proteins that bind adjacent to the region of the promoter which is immediately upstream from the transcribed DNA. See, e.g., Singer & Berg, Genes and Genomes, 140–145, University Science Books, Mill Valley, Cailf. (1991).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,252 to Conkling and Yamamoto describes the RB7 root promoter.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,876 to Conkling, Mendu and Song describes the RD2 root cortex specific promoter, also known as the NtQPT1 promoter.
A first aspect of the present invention is an isolated DNA molecule which directs root specific transcription of a downstream heterologous DNA segment in a plant cell. The promoter is a putrescine-N-methyltransferase (PMT) promoter, such as the tobacco PMT promoter or NtPMT1 promoter. Examples of promoters of the present invention include isolated DNA molecules having a sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NOs:1–11 provided herein, and (b) DNA sequences which hybridize to any of SEQ ID NOS:1–11 or the complement thereof (preferably under stringent conditions), and which direct root specific transcription of a downstream heterologous DNA segment in a plant cell.
A further aspect of the present invention is an expression cassette comprising a tobacco PMT promoter and a heterologous DNA segment positioned downstream from, and operatively associated with, the promoter.
A further aspect of the present invention is an expression cassette comprising a root specific promoter and a heterologous DNA segment, the sequence of the root specific promoter as described herein
Further aspects of the present invention are plant cells comprising the above described expression cassettes, methods of making transformed plants from such plant cells, and the transformed plants comprising such transformed plant cells.
Nucleotide sequences are presented herein by single strand only, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, from left to right. Nucleotides are represented herein in the manner recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.
Specific examples of root specific promoters of the present invention are DNA molecules which have a sequence corresponding to any one of those shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1–11, all of which are discussed in greater detail below. It will be apparent that other sequence fragments from the Tobacco PMT 5′ flanking region, longer or shorter than the foregoing sequences, or with minor additions, deletions, or substitutions made thereto, can be prepared which will also carry the TobPMT root specific promoter, all of which are included within the present invention. A further aspect of the present invention includes promoters isolated from other tobacco genes, or from plants other than tobacco as set forth below, which are homologous to the tobacco PMT promoter and are capable of directing root specific transcription of a downstream heterologous DNA segment in a plant cell.
As used herein, a TobPMT promoter refers to a DNA molecule having a sequence identical to, or substantially homologous to, a continuous segment of the DNA found 5′ to the transcribed region of the tobacco PMT gene. SEQ ID NO:1 given herein provides the sequence of the region found immediately 5′ to the transcription start site in the TobPMT gene. TobPMT promoters include the at least 100 base pair region, the 150 base pair region, or preferably the 200 base pair region immediately 5′ to the TobPMT transcribed region, and direct root specific expression. As used herein, regions that are "substantially homologous" are at least 75%, and more preferably are 80%, 85%, 90% or even 95% homologous to the nucleic acid sequence.
As used herein, a root specific promoter is a promoter that preferentially directs expression of an operatively associated DNA, nucleic acid or gene in root tissue, as compared to expression in leaf or stem tissue, or other tissues of the plant.
Root specific promoter sequences from other plants include those which are at least about 75 percent homologous (and more preferably 80%, 85%, 90% or even 95% homologous) to the approximately 100 base segment of the Tobacco PMT promoter immediately upstream of the transcribed DNA region, and which are capable of directing root specific transcription of a downstream heterologous DNA segment in a plant cell. Root specific promoters from other plants include those which are at least about 75 percent homologous (and more preferably 80%, 85%, 90% or even 95% homologous) to the continuous portions of the TobPMT promoter as defined herein by SEQ ID NOS: 1–11, and which are capable of directing root specific transcription of a downstream heterologous DNA segment in a plant cell. Percent homology may be determined by comparing the reference sequence, such as SEQ ID NO: 1 to 11, with another test sequence by the use of a suitable comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. In one embodiment, the substantial identity exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 20 to 50 residues in length. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l . Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally Ausubel et al., supra). One example of a useful algorithm is PILEUP. PILEUP creates a multiple sequence alignment from a group of related sequences using progressive, pairwise alignments to show relationship and percent sequence identity. It also plots a tree or dendogram showing the clustering relationships used to create the alignment. PILEUP uses a simplification of the progressive alignment method of Feng & Doolittle, J. Mol. Evol. 35:351–360 (1987). The method used is similar to the method described by Higgins & Sharp, CABIOS 5:151–153 (1989). The program can align up to 300 sequences, each of a maximum length of 5,000 nucleotides or amino acids. The multiple alignment procedure begins with the pairwise alignment of the two most similar sequences, producing a cluster of two aligned sequences. This cluster is then aligned to the next most related sequence or cluster of aligned sequences. Two clusters of sequences are aligned by a simple extension of the pairwise alignment of two individual sequences. The final alignment is achieved by a series of progressive, pairwise alignments. The program is run by designating specific sequences and their amino acid or nucleotide coordinates for regions of sequence comparison and by designating the program parameters. For example, a reference sequence can be compared to other test sequences to determine the percent sequence identity relationship using the following parameters: default gap weight (3.00), default gap length weight (0.10), and weighted end gaps. Another example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403–410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always>0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always<0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 (1989)).
High stringency hybridization conditions which will permit homologous DNA sequences to hybridize to a DNA sequence as given herein are well known in the art. For example, hybridization of such sequences to DNA disclosed herein may be carried out in 25% formamide, 5�SSC, 5�Denhardt's solution, with 100 ug/ml of single stranded DNA and 5% dextran sulfate at 42� C., with wash conditions of 25% formamide, 5�SSC, 0.1% SDS at 42� C. for 15 minutes, to allow hybridization of sequences of about 60% homology. More stringent conditions are represented by a wash stringency of 0.3 M NaCl, 0.03 M sodium citrate, 0.1% SDS at 60� or even 70� C. using a standard in situ hybridization assay. (See Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2d Ed. 1989)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)). In general, plant DNA sequences which code for root specific promoters and which hybridize to the DNA sequence encoding the tobacco PMT root specific promoters disclosed herein will be at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or even 95% homologous or more with the sequences of the DNA encoding the tobacco PMT root specific promoters disclosed herein.
Root specific promoters of the present invention are useful in directing tissue specific expression of transgenes in transformed plants. Such tissue-specific transgene expression is useful in providing resistance against damage caused by pests and pathogens which attack plant roots. In addition, as the root is a major sink organ for photosynthate storage, expression of transgenes designed to alter the stored carbohydrates may be directed by such promoters. Exogenous genes of particular interest for root specific expression include those that code for proteins that bind heavy metals (such as metallothionein); proteins that give resistance to soil borne pests and pathogens; proteins that confer resistance to heat, salt (salinity) and drought; proteins for desalinization; and proteins that metabolize plant storage compounds into alternative preferred products or forms.
The root specific promoters of the invention may be used to express proteins or peptides in "molecular farming" applications. Such proteins or peptides include but are not limited to industrial enzymes, antibodies, therapeutic agents, and nutritional products. Such root-specific expression is particularly useful when the plant is a root crop plant such as a sugar beet.
Root specific promoters of the invention are also useful for expressing an oligonucleotide that will decrease or inhibit expression of a native gene in the plant. Such oligonucleotides may be from 4, 6 or 8 nucleotides to 40, 80 or 100 nucleotides in length, or more, and may encode antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, sense suppression agents, or other products that inhibit the expression of a native gene.
Tissue specific promoters may also be used to convert pro-pesticides to active forms in selected tissue sites. Hsu et al. Pestic. Sci., 44, 9 (1995) report the use of a chimeric gene comprising the root-specific promoter TobRB7 and the B-glucuronidase enzyme gene, to preferentially convert a pro-pesticide to an active form in roots. The inactive pro-pesticide (a glucuronide of hydroxymethyloxamyl) was applied to foliage and was then transported through plant pbloem to roots, where it was converted to an active nematocidal form by glucuronidase.
Additionally, root-cortex specific promoters are useful for histological purposes, to identify or stain root-cortex tissue using a reporter gene such as B-glucurodinase.
The term "operatively associated," as used herein, refers to DNA sequences contained within a single DNA molecule which are associated so that the function of one is affected by the other. Thus, a promoter is operatively associated with a gene when it is capable of affecting the expression of that gene (i.e., the gene is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). The promoter is said to be "upstream" from the gene, which is in turn said to be "downstream" from the promoter.
DNA constructs, or "expression cassettes," of the present invention include, 5′–3′ in the direction of transcription, a promoter of the present invention, a heterologous DNA segment operatively associated with the promoter, and, optionally, transcriptional and translational termination regions such as a termination signal and/or a polyadenylation region. These regulatory regions are preferably capable of operating in the transformed cells. The 3′ termination region may be derived from the same gene as the transcriptional initiation region or from a different gene.
Plants may be divided into those lacking chlorophyll (such as fungi) and those containing chlorophyll (such as green algae, mosses); and further divided into those containing chlorophyll and having vascular tissue (such as ferns, gymnosperms, conifers, monocots and dicots). The latter group of plants includes those in which roots, stems and leaves may be present. As used herein, the term 'plant' encompasses all such organisms described above. As used herein, the 'term natural plant DNA' means DNA isolated from non-genetically altered, or untransformed, plants (for example, plant varieties which are produced by selective breeding).
As used herein, the term heterologous gene or heterologous DNA segment means a gene (or DNA segment) which is used to transform a cell by genetic engineering techniques, and which may not occur naturally in the cell. Structural genes are those portions of genes which comprise a DNA segment coding for a protein, polypeptide, or portion thereof, possibly including a ribosome binding site and/or a translational start codon, but lacking a promoter. The term can also refer to copies of a structural gene naturally found within a cell but artificially introduced. Structural genes may encode a protein not normally found in the plant cell in which the gene is introduced or in combination with the promoter to which it is operationally associated. Genes which may be operationally associated with a promoter of the present invention for expression in a plant species may be derived from a chromosomal gene, cDNA, a synthetic gene, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term heterologous DNA segment also includes DNA segments coding for non-protein products, such as ribozymes or anti-sense RNAs. Antisense RNAs are well known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,540 (Calgene, Inc.)).
Genes of interest for use with the present invention in plants include those affecting a wide variety of phenotypic and non-phenotypic properties. Among the phenotypic properties are proteins, such as enzymes, which provide resistance to various environmental stresses, including but not limited to stress caused by dehydration (resulting from heat, salinity or drought), herbicides, toxic metals, trace elements, pests and pathogens. Resistance may be due to a change in the target site, enhancement of the amount of a target protein in the host cell, increased amounts of one or more enzymes involved with the biosynthetic pathway of a product which protects the host against the stress, and the like. Structural genes may be obtained from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, bacteria, fungi, (e.g., from yeast, viruses, plants, and mammals) or may be synthesized in whole or in part. Illustrative genes include glyphosphate resistant 3-enolpyruvylphosphoshikinate synthase gene, nitrilase, genes in the proline and glutamine biosynthetic pathway, and metallothioneins.
Structural genes operatively associated with the promoter of the present invention may be those which code for a protein toxic to insects, such as a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein toxic to insects. A DNA sequence encoding a B. thuringiensis toxin toxic to Coleoptera, and variations of this sequence wherein the toxicity is retained, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,331 (see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,918,006 and 4,910,136) (the disclosures of all U.S. Patent references cited herein are to be incorporated herein in their entirety by reference). A gene sequence from B. thuringiensis which renders plant species toxic to Lepidoptera is disclosed in PCT Application WO 90/02804. PCT Application WO 89/04868 discloses transgenic plants transformed with a vector which promotes the expression of a B. thuringiensis crystal protein, the sequence of which may be employed in connection with the present invention. PCT Application WO 90/06999 discloses DNA encoding a B. thuringiensis crystal protein toxin active against Lepidoptera. Another gene sequence encoding an insecticidal crystal protein is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,006. Exemplary of gene sequences encoding other insect toxins are gene sequences encoding a chitinase (e.g., EC-126.96.36.199), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,840 and PCT Appln. No. WO 90/07001. A gene coding for a nematode-inducible pore protein useful in producing transgenic plants resistant to root nematodes is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/007,998. Strains of B. thuringiensis which produce polypeptide toxins active against nematodes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,948,734 and 5,093,120.
Where the expression product of the gene is to be located in a cellular compartment other than the cytoplasm, the structural gene may be constructed to include regions which code for particular amino acid sequences which result in translocation of the product to a particular site, such as the cell plasma membrane, or secretion into the periplasmic space or into the external environment of the cell. Various secretory leaders, membrane integration sequences, and translocation sequences for directing the peptide expression product to a particular site are described in the literature. See, for example, Cashmore et al., Biotechnology (1985) 3:803–808, Wickner and Lodish, Science (1985) 230:400–407.
The expression cassette may be provided in a DNA construct which also has at least one replication system. For convenience, it is common to have a replication system functional in Escherichia coli, such as ColE1, pSC101, pACYC184, or the like. In this manner, at each stage after each manipulation, the resulting construct may be cloned, sequenced, and the correctness of the manipulation determined. In addition, or in place of the E. coli replication system, a broad host range replication system may be employed, such as the replication systems of the P-1 incompatibility plasmids, e.g., pRK290. In addition to the replication system, there may be at least one marker present, which may be useful in one or more hosts, or different markers for individual hosts. That is, one marker may be employed for selection in a prokaryotic host while another marker may be employed for selection in a eukaryotic host, particularly the plant host. The markers may provide protection against a biocide, such as antibiotics, toxins, heavy metals, or the like; may provide complementation by imparting prototrophy to an auxotrophic host; or may provide a visible phenotype through the production of a novel compound in the plant. Exemplary genes which may be employed include neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), nitrilase, and the gentamicin resistance gene. For plant host selection, non-limiting examples of suitable markers are beta-glucuronidase (GUS) (providing indigo production), luciferase (providing visible light production), NPTII (providing kanamycin resistance or G418 resistance), HPT (providing hygromycin resistance), and the mutated aroA gene (providing glyphosate resistance).
The various fragments comprising the various constructs, expression cassettes, markers, and the like may be introduced consecutively by restriction enzyme cleavage of an appropriate replication system and insertion of the particular construct or fragment into the available site. After ligation and cloning, the DNA construct may be isolated for further manipulation. All of these techniques are amply exemplified in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982).
A vector is a replicable DNA construct. Vectors which may be used to transform plant tissue with DNA constructs of the present invention include both Agrobacterium vectors and ballistic vectors, as well as vectors suitable for DNA-mediated transformation. Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells containing a DNA construct of the present invention, wherein the DNA construct comprises a Ti plasmid, are useful in methods of making transformed plants. Plant cells are infected with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens to produce a transformed plant cell, and then a plant is regenerated from the transformed plant cell.
Numerous Agrobacterium vector systems useful in carrying out the present invention are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,355 discloses a method for transforming susceptible plants, including dicots, with an Agrobacterium strain containing the Ti plasmid. The transformation of woody plants with an Agrobacterium vector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,855. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,838 to Schilperoort et al. discloses a binary Agrobacterium vector (i.e., one in which the Agrobacterium contains one plasmid having the vir region of a Ti plasmid but no T-DNA region, and a second plasmid having a T-DNA region but no vir region) useful in carrying out the present invention.
Microparticles carrying a DNA construct of the present invention, which microparticle is suitable for the ballistic transformation of a plant cell, are also useful for making transformed plants of the present invention. The microparticle is propelled into a plant cell to produce a transformed plant cell and a plant is regenerated from the transformed plant cell. Any suitable ballistic cell transformation methodology and apparatus can be used in practicing the present invention. Exemplary apparatus and procedures are disclosed in Sanford and Wolf, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050, and in Agracetus European Patent Application Publication No. 0 270 356, titled "Pollen-mediated Plant Transformation". When using ballistic transformation procedures, the expression cassette may be incorporated into a plasmid capable of replicating in the cell to be transformed. Examples of microparticles suitable for use in such systems include 1 to 5 .mu.m gold spheres. The DNA construct may be deposited on the microparticle by any suitable technique, such as by precipitation.
A transformed host cell is a cell which has been transformed or transfected with constructs containing a DNA sequence as disclosed herein using recombinant DNA techniques. Plant species may be transformed with the DNA construct of the present invention by the DNA-mediated transformation of plant cell protoplasts and subsequent regeneration of the plant from the transformed protoplasts in accordance with procedures well known in the art.
The promoter sequences disclosed herein may be used to express a heterologous DNA sequence in any plant species capable of utilizing the promoter (i.e., any plant species the RNA polymerase of which binds to the promoter sequences disclosed herein). Examples of plant species suitable for transformation with the DNA constructs of the present invention include both monocots and dicots, and include but are not limited to tobacco, soybean, potato, cotton, sugarbeet, sunflower, carrot, celery, flax, cabbage and other cruciferous plants, pepper, tomato, citrus trees, bean, strawberry, lettuce, maize, alfalfa, oat, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum and canola. Thus an illustrative category of plants which may be transformed with the DNA constructs of the present invention are the dicots, and a more particular category of plants which may be transformed using the DNA constructs of the present invention are members of the family Solanacae.
Any plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a vector of the present invention. The term "organogenesis," as used herein, means a process by which shoots and roots are developed sequentially from meristematic centers; the term "embryogenesis," as used herein, means a process by which shoots and roots develop together in a concerted fashion (not sequentially), whether from somatic cells or gametes. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristems, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem).
The examples which follow are provided to illustrate various specific embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Using the PMT cDNA sequence published by N. Hibi et al., Plant Cell 6, 723–725 (1994) we designed nested, divergent PCR primers for Inverse-PCR. Tobacco genomic DNA was cut with a variety of restriction endonucleases, ligated at low DNA concentrations (to promote circularization), and then used as a template for Inverse-PCR. The longest amplification product was obtained from genomic DNA that had been digested with NdeI. This fragment was cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparisons to the PMT cDNA showed sequence identity in the known regions, illustrating that the amplified DNA product was, indeed, the 5′ flanking region of the PMT gene. The DNA sequence of the NtPMT promoter is as follows:
The sequence corresponding to the PMT cDNA published by Hibi et al. supra, is underlined. The initiating ATG is in bold. The sequence used as a primer for inverse-PCR is in italics.
The NtPMTI promoter set forth in Example 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) was fused to the GUS gene in pBI101 and transformed into tobacco in accordance with standard techniques. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,876 at Examples 4–6. Transgenic tobacco was stained for GUS activity using X-Gluc. Transgenic roots stained for GUS activity.
Additional examples of PMT promoters of the present invention include deletion mutants of the promoter set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 above. These include mutants with 5′ regions deleted, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2–6 below, as follows:
All of the foregoing SEQ ID Nos: 2–11 may be operatively associated with a heterologous nucleic acid or DNA of interest as described above to produce a recombinant nucleic acid which can be inserted into a vector, and in turn into a plant cell and transgenic plants as described above, to cause expression of the heterologous nucleic acid or DNA in the plant.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
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text: I've actually stayed here twice, because of the price. However, I won't be returning to this particular Extended Stay, as the rooms were dirty both times and the staff acted haughty both times for some unknown reason. The last straw is that I forgot my Chromecast dongle on the TV (which didn't work with their WiFi configuration) and when I... More


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Only slightly less forceful is shredded pork with garlic ($6.35), which substitutes serene water chestnuts and willow tree fungus for the raucous hot peppers and adds a splash of vinegar for clearheadedness.
"My nose is running," said the spicehound emeritus to my left. He found himself confronting the seafood soup noodle ($6.35), a sea of spicy broth clogged with shrimp, calamari, scallops, and napa cabbage — something like an East Asian answer to cioppino. His longing gaze drifted across the table to the seaweed noodle soup ($6.35), a kind of giant egg-drop soup fortified with seaweed and spinach, peas, mushrooms, and shrimp. The flavor of the broth was deep but beatifically mild, like the blue of a lovely sunset at the end of a windless and warm — but not hot — day.
The social experience of So is nearly as intense as the peppery food. We found the place packed early on a Sunday evening; tablefuls of young folk mounted a steady roar of conversation while others waited on the sidewalk, barking into cell phones of many colors until tables opened up. The service at dinnertime is friendly and efficient but forever teetering on the brink of being overwhelmed. During a noontime visit, on the other hand, I found a rather startling calm and was able to notice that a "help wanted" sign was posted on the front door — a clue that business is quite a bit better than so-so. SFBG
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If approved on Tuesday at city council, a new street project will save the city of Wichita Falls time and money.
City councilors approved funds on Tuesday morning for the 2015 Asphalt Street Project, and this year's project will be a bit different.
After a year of different repairs the 2013 Street Rehab Project is about to be finished.