text:
Methods for fabricating solar cells without the need to perform gasification of metallurgical-grade silicon are disclosed. Consequently, the costs and health and environmental hazards involved in fabricating the solar or silicon grade silicon are being avoided. A solar cell structure comprises a metallurgical grade doped silicon substrate and a thin-film structure formed over the substrate to form a p-i-n junction with the substrate. The substrate may be doped p-type, and the thin film structure may be an intrinsic amorphous layer formed over the substrate and an n-type amorphous layer formed over the intrinsic layer.
1. A solar cell comprising:
a multi-crystalline substrate consisting essentially of a metallurgical grade silicon of 99.9%-99.999% purity doped as one of a p-type or n-type, the substrate having an upper side for facing light and an underside;
a thin-film structure formed directly on and in direct contact with the upper side of the substrate, thereby forming a p-i-n junction with the substrate; wherein the thin-film structure comprises an intrinsic layer formed directly on and in direct contact with the upper side of the substrate and a doped thin layer of opposite polarity of the substrate formed directly on and in direct contact with the intrinsic layer;
a top conductive contact formed above the thin-film structure;
a bottom conductive contact formed on the underside of the substrate.
2. The solar cell of
3. The solar cell of
4. The solar cell of
5. The solar cell of
6. The solar cell of
7. The solar cell of
8. A solar cell comprising:
a multi-crystalline substrate consisting essentially of a p-type boron-doped metallurgical grade silicon of 99.9%-99.999% purity and having a front surface facing light and a back surface;
an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer formed directly on and in direct contact with the front surface of the substrate;
an n-type amorphous silicon layer formed directly on and in direct contact with the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer;
a transparent conductive layer formed over and in contact with the n-type amorphous silicon layer;
contacts formed over the transparent conductive layer; and,
a bottom conductive contact formed over the back surface of the substrate.
9. The solar cell of
10. The solar cell of
11. The solar cell of
12. The solar cell of
13. A solar cell comprising:
a polycrystalline substrate consisting essentially of a p-type metallurgical grade silicon of 99.9%-99.999% purity and a resistivity of about 1.0 Ωcm and having a front surface for facing the sun and a back surface;
an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer formed directly on and in direct contact with the front surface of the substrate;
an n-type amorphous silicon layer formed directly on and in direct contact with the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer;
a transparent conductive layer formed over and in contact with the n-type amorphous silicon layer.
14. The solar cell of
contacts formed over the transparent conductive layer; and,
a bottom conductive contact formed over the back surface of the substrate.
15. The solar cell of
a p-type layer formed directly over and in contact with the back surface of the substrate, and an aluminum layer formed over the p-type layer.
16. The solar cell of
17. The solar cell of
18. The solar cell of
This application claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/986,996, Filed on Nov. 9, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates to solar photovoltaic cells and, more specifically, to method for manufacturing low cost base material for such cells and method for manufacturing low cost cells and the resulting cell device structure.
2. Related Art
Conventional energy generation from fossil fuels represents the greatest threat since the last ice age to the planet's well being. Among all of the alternative energy sources, next to conservation, solar photovoltaic cells are arguably the cleanest, ubiquitous and potentially most reliable alternative compared to other approaches such as ethanol, hydropower and wind power. The concept is a simple solid-state p-n junction that converts light into a small dc voltage. The cells may be stacked to charge an automobile battery or feed a power grid via a DC/AC inverter. Of various semiconductor materials available for this purpose, silicon commands 99% of the photovoltaic solar cell production. Compared to other compound semiconductor based solar cells, which do have higher conversion efficiencies, especially in small area cells, silicon is much more abundant in the earth's crust and provides proven reliability of up to 30 years on a weather-beaten roof in various climates around the world. Moreover, large-scale commercial fabrication techniques using silicon have been employed for tens of years and are well developed and understood. Consequently, silicon is likely to remain the dominant base material for solar cells.
However, despite over thirty years of work, silicon-based solar cells have not performed up to their potential for large-scale power generation. A major barrier to such acceptance is the cost associated with fabricating solar cells, and especially the cost of raw, base material (substrates) used to fabricate the solar cells. The material accounts for over half the total cost of solar cell fabrication, as compared to only about 10% in case of semiconductor microchips. Ironically, because of enormous demand and high production costs, the price of the silicon material for solar cells actually increases in tandem with the price of oil. For example, over the past few years the cost per kg of polysilicon material used to produce solar silicon wafers has increased dramatically, and for thin-film solar cells the cost of Silane gas used to deposit the film as well as that of NF3 gas to clean up the reactors following deposition have similarly increased. In contrast, semiconductor chip prices (i.e., per unit of memory or logic function) have decreased exponentially over the past thirty years, following Moore's law. This difference in learning curves can be related to major differences in the technology and relative cost contributions of materials versus process and design for ever increasing device density per unit area.
According to the current state of the art, polysilicon-based solar cell production is done in three major stages. First, large quantities of silicon wafers are produced for the substrate—typically a million wafers per month for a rather modest 25 MW capacity factory. Second, these wafers are processed into solar cells by forming a p-n junction and metallization. Third, these wafers are then "packaged" into a module for installation into the users' facilities.
The base silicon wafers for the solar cells are made by thermally decomposing hazardous gases containing Si—H—Cl, such a di-chlorosilane and tri-chlorosilane, to produce ultra-high purity polysilicon, generally referred to as nine nines, i.e., 99.9999999% pure. These gases are both highly flammable and toxic. However, due to the environmental and health hazards in the gasification of silicon, few factories operate in the world, thereby causing a bottleneck for the semiconductor and solar cell industry. Newly proposed silicon gasification factories face resistance from local communities based on environmental and safety concerns. These factories also require large capital investments and long lead times. Consequently, there is always an imbalance between demand and supply of bare silicon wafers.
The pure silicon (called polysilicon, following gasification and decomposition of the silane-based compounds) is generally provided in the form of pellets fit for semiconductor and solar cell applications. The pellets are then melted and, using a seed, a single crystal boule or multi-crystalline ribbons are pulled. Alternatively, the polysilicon is cast into cylindrical shape. The pulled cylinder is-saw cut, shaped and polished into 5-6 inch round wafers, which thereafter may be cut into square wafers. Wet chemical etch in an alkaline chemical such as KOH is then applied for texture. The p-n junctions are formed with POCl3 furnace diffusion. Anti-reflective coating passivation is then applied with PECVD SiON. Screen printing silver paste is applied to n-type surface and aluminum paste is applied to the p-type surface. The paste is then sintered to form electrical contacts. Finally, the cells are tested and sorted according to their characteristics, e.g., their I-V curve.
The above processes are well known and have been practiced in the industries for many years. However, while in semiconductor the majority of the cost (i.e., the value) is in the processes that transform the polished silicon wafer into a functioning integrated circuit, in solar cell fabrication the processes that transform the polished wafer into a functioning solar cell are less costly than the processes to produce the polished wafers themselves. That is, in commercial terms, the process of transforming a silicon wafer into solar cells is not a high-value added step in the overall chain of solar panel fabrication. Therefore, any improvement or reduction in costs for manufacturing the starting wafers—as opposed to improvement in cell-fabrication technology—would enable drastic reduction in the price of the finished solar panels.
To overcome the problem of Silicon raw material for solar cells, there have been aggressive efforts along two main approaches to reduce the amount of Silicon consumed per watt of the solar cell. These are:
Among various thin-film solar cell materials, again Silicon is the most cost effective materials. In the solar structure, the thickness is reduced to about 1-10 μm from 300-500 μm for wafers. Of this 1-10 μm, most of the deposited film thickness typically consists of an undoped intrinsic amorphous layer of Si—H polymer, abbreviated as i a-Si:H layer. This i aSi:H layer, which is sandwiched between the doped n-type a-Si:H and p-type a-Si:H films, provides the volume needed for the absorption of the incident sunlight, whereby electron-hole pairs are created. These carriers then diffuse to the n- and p-electrodes of the solar cell to create a photovoltaic voltage and current for power generation. However, because the infra-red wavelengths of the solar spectrum have long transmission depths through silicon, a significant amount of solar radiation is lost, thereby reducing the efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion. That is, quantum efficiency of conversion is lost, particularly for the longer wavelengths in the infra-red range. Another intrinsic limitation of thin film structures is that the minority carrier diffusion lengths are limited by the thickness of the film to much less than 10 um. This is a figure of merit for predicting the solar cell efficiency of the finished product. For pure crystalline silicon based solar cells, the diffusion lengths are typically about 80 um.
There are other fundamental limitations to thin-film solar cell structures, which have so far limited the thin-film solar cell production to about 5% of the total solar panel market, compared to over 80% for the silicon wafer-based solar cells. Some of these limitations are as follows:
As can be understood from the above, the solar cell industry has been bifurcated into two camps: the silicon wafer-based solar cell camp that seeks to utilize highly pure silicon wafers to obtain high cell efficiency, and thin-film camp that shy away from using silicon wafer substrates in order to reduce costs. Consequently, the silicon wafer-based camp is constrained by the availability of pure silicon wafers, while the thin-film camp is constrained by conversion efficiency, mainly due to insufficient absorption of light in the glass substrate, as well as by the cost of SiH4 gas needed to produce relatively thick absorbing layer of intrinsic hydrogenated silicon.
The following summary of the invention is included in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects and features of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention and as such it is not intended to particularly identify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented below.
Various embodiments of the subject invention provide methods for fabricating silicon substrates without the need to perform gasification of silicon. Consequently, the costs and health and environmental hazards involved in fabricating the nine-nines grade silicon are being avoided. The substrates may be used for fabrication of solar cells with efficiency that is comparable and even surpasses thin-film solar cells.
Features of the invention address one or more of the following critical issues facing the solar cell industry:
Features of the invention enable achieving a production-worthy solution to the abovementioned problems, by, among others, fabricating a solar cell structure that capitalizes on the conversion efficiency of bulk silicon wafers and the benefits of thin film cell structures. According to aspects of the invention, the solar cell is fabricated by utilizing silicon wafers made of very low cost metallurgical-grade silicon as the substrate, and fabricating a thin-film solar cell on the substrate. According to features of the invention, the cells are fabricated by depositing thin films of very small thicknesses (e.g., 10%) compared to conventional thin-film solar cells. Besides reducing the cost of both substrate and film material, the proposed structure promises an increased conversion efficiency over conventional thin film solar cells. That is, by utilizing metallurgical-grade silicon wafers the fabrication of substrates becomes less hazardous and more environmentally friendly, while also reducing the cost of the substrates. Moreover, the utilization of metallurgical-grade silicon wafers as the substrate, the conversion efficiency is increased as compared to thin-film structures formed on glass.
Other aspects and features of the invention would be apparent from the detailed description, which is made with reference to the following drawings. It should be appreciated that the detailed description and the drawings provides various non-limiting examples of various embodiments of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the invention. The drawings are intended to illustrate features of the exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale.
Embodiments of the subject invention provide methods for manufacturing solar cells at reduced costs, while reducing the health and environmental hazards involved in conventional solar cell manufacturing. As noted on the Solar Energy website of the U.S. Department of Energy: "to be useful as a semiconductor material in solar cells, silicon must be refined to a purity of 99.9999%." (Available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/silicon.html.) This is generally referred to as 6N, or solar grade silicon, SoG Si. In contrast to conventional wisdom, the subject invention provides methods for producing substrates and solar cells using metallurgical grade silicon, MG Si, of purity of 3N-5N. Various embodiments disclosed combine the benefits of silicon based solar cells with those of thin-film based solar cells to provide cells having conversion efficiency of about 14%.
In the next step, 200, the powder is melted into 5 in., 6 in., 8 in., etc., square or round molds and the liquid is allowed to slowly solidify into a cylinder with large silicon grains. Optionally, the solidified cylinder is re-melted and then solidified in sections, so as to move impurities to one side of the cylinder. In this process the cooling rate and temperature gradient is controlled in horizontal direction so as to cause impurities to move to the surface of the cylinder and in the vertical direction to cause the impurities to concentrate at the silicon grain boundaries. In step 200 the melted silicon is optionally doped with a small amount of boron to produce p-Si with 1E17-1E18 cm−3 of boron. Alternatively a p-type single crystal may be pulled from the melt using the conventional Czochralsky process. In step 300 the surface of the solid cylinders are machined to a polished state. In step 400 the cylinder is cut into Si wafers, about 20 mils, i.e., 0.020 in. thick, using, e.g., diamond or wire saw, and then the surface is polished on one side, while the other side is chemically etched to a smooth finish. The scrap may be collected for reuse in the melt. Once the solar cell fabrication is completed (with all of the processes described below completed) if desired the wafer may be thinned down further, so that the p-layer is about 0.007 in.
The backside of the wafer is then etched or CMP (chemically—mechanically polished) at Step 300 to remove any Phosphorous doped glass. Next, in Step 400, plasma is used to deposit SiN anti-reflective coating on the front (n-type) side of the wafer. In Step 500 contacts are formed, e.g., laser may be used to drill holes for contacts. At Step 600 the conductive electrodes are made, e.g., silkscreen or other methodology may be used to deposit metal paste on both front and backside to define the electrode. The wafer is then sintered at 600 C˜700 C to form the contacts. The higher temperature is used to enable silver to penetrate through the entire SiN layer in the case when silk-screened silver is deposited on the SiN anti-reflective coating without any laser drilled contact holes through this layer.
According to yet another embodiment, a dirty silicon wafer is first etched to provide texture on its top surface. The wafer is then treated in a POCl3 furnace to form the p-n junction of the wafer. The top surface of the wafer is covered with a plasma deposited SiN layer. The wafer is then re-expose to POCl3 to getter all of the metal impurities into the backside, and harden the junction from leakage. The glass on the backside of the wafer is then removed by, e.g., backside etch. Contact holes are then formed using, e.g., laser drilling or contact etch. Metal contacts are then formed using conventional technology. Or else, screened silver paste is formed directly on top of the plasma deposited nitride layer and then annealed at ˜700 C to diffuse the Silver into the Phosphorus doped layer near the top of the wafer, without the use of any contact holes.
Notably, once the metallurgical Si p-n junction is formed, it is quite leaky due to metallic impurities in the junction interface. One effect of POCL3 is to form the n-layer is to pull the impurities near the surface where the junction is formed. Therefore, in this embodiment a second POCl3 step is performed, while protecting the active front side with SiN, in order to remove the metal impurities from the front junction into the backside of the wafer. The metals may be accumulated in a low-temperature melted glass on the backside of the wafer, and then removed by chemical etching or CMP.
Instead of silicon substrate, one may use a substrate made of stainless steel or glass coated with sublimed Si, and form a p-n junction therein by diffusion from a spun-in B,P glass. This is different from amorphous PECVD Silicon deposited for thin film transistor flat panel applications in that the sublimed films do not have any trapped hydrogen. Consequently, they should not degrade upon subsequent high-temperature diffusion steps. The PECVD films lose efficiency with time, probably because of composition changes associated with H-desorption.
The substrate 500 is subjected to a pre-deposition clean, typically involving 100:1 HF to remove any native oxides, NH4OH/H2O2 to remove organic contamination, and then HCl to remove any metallic contaminants. It is then coated with a very thin (10-1000 Å) layer, typically below 100 Å, 505 of intrinsic, undoped amorphous Si:H in a standard PECVD equipment utilizing a plasma generated in SiH4 and H2 with no dopant gases present. Next, the active part of the junction is formed by depositing a layer 510 of n-doped a-Si:H, which may conveniently be performed in the same apparatus, but with a plasma containing PH3 in addition to SiH4 and H2. This is followed by successive layers of a transparent conductive oxide 520, such as ZnO2 or InSnO and, if needed, an anti reflective coating 515 consisting of SiOxNy. These form the top electrode through which sunlight can be transmitted into the bulk silicon absorbing layer. For additional charge collection efficiency, a series of electrodes typically consisting of silver paste may be formed over the transparent conductive oxide layer 520. For a low-resistance contact to the back of the cell structure, the bottom side of the wafer is coated with a layer 525 of Al, either deposited through a PVD process or a silk-screened paste containing Al, and then sintered to form a low-resistance contact.
The resulting solar cell structure then contains at least the following novel features. A p-n junction formed by depositing an n-layer of amorphous Si:H thin film on and absorbing wafer made of a p-type, multi-crystalline metallurgical-grade silicon wafer, costing about ten times less than conventional silicon wafers made using solar or semiconductor grade polysilicon. A light absorbing layer of metallurgical p-type multicrystalline silicon of thickness 250-500 um, made by casting metallurgical Silicon powder with B dopant instead of using a much more expensive solar-grade polysilicon. An optional intermediate layer of intrinsic (undoped) Si:H film is inserted between the p-type metallurgical substrate and the a n-Si:H film to passivate the surface of metallurgical silicon that will typically have broken (dangling) bonds due to its multi-crystalline nature and impurities in the material, and thereby improve photo-voltaic conversion efficiency. The ARC layer 515 may be omitted for cost saving, and instead the surface of the metallurgical grade silicon can be roughened up through etching it in KOH to expose (111) facets in the mainly (100) oriented grains. This roughening minimizes light reflection, so that the ARC layer may be unnecessary.
As can be appreciated, the embodiments of
The intent relating to the embodiments of
Metallurgical grade silicon of three nines was produced by inductively melting silicon pellets of two nines in a graphite crucible of about 1.5 m�1.5 m, and then slowly cooling into a cylindrical shape over 24 hrs. The carbon-rich surface crust was removed, and the cylinder crushed into grains or pellets. The resulting material contained both B and P, but was generally p-type with resistivity in the range 0.1-1 ohmcm. The resulting material was then cast into metallurgical grade silicon ingot of about 0.5 m�1 m, with controlled cooling and dopant adjustment. Metallurgical grade silicon wafers were fabricated by machining 6 in. cores out from the ingot, the cylinder surface was smoothed and then 500 μm thick wafers were sawed off the cylinders. One surface was mechanically polished, and both surfaces were lightly etched to reveal the large polygonal grain structure on the back of the wafer. This resulted in about 500 metallurgical grade silicon wafers of four nines and five nines purity. The wafers were binned into two groups using 4-point probe measurements—a majority group with resistivity of 0.3-0.5 ohmcm, and the remainder at ˜1 ohmcm. SIMS composition profile of both 4N and 5N material was similar, with transition metal impurity levels of 1E14 atoms cm−3. The metal impurities were typically those associated with metallurgical silicon, namely Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu. In addition, a substantial level of carbon at 1E15 atoms cm−3 was present.
Samples of the wafers were used to fabricate solar cells. A PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) tool was used for depositing thin films of i type a-Si:H, p type a-Si:H and n type a-Si:H films using an rf plasma in SiH4, H2 with appropriate dopant gases—PH3 and B2H6. A PVD (Plasma Vapor Deposition) sputtering tool was used to deposit about 1000 Å of InxSnyOz to use as a transparent conducting oxide for both top and bottom electrodes. An etch equipment was used to etch about 10 μm deep silicon mesas to create diodes isolated from rest of the wafer. With this process, starting with a 0.1 Ωcm p-type (100) metallurgical-grade silicon wafer, a single hetrojunction with an intrinsic passivation layer structure with diffused p+ back-contact was created and measured for diode I-V and quantum efficiency across the spectral range. With a plot of 1/QE vs λ, the wavelength, the slope provided the diffusion length L in μm. The length L and IDsat are well-known predictors of PV conversion efficiency. This structure provided an IDsat of 400 mA and a length L of 80 μm, which corresponds to a PV conversion efficiency of about 20%. A structure formed on a 0.4 Ωcm p-type metallurgical-grade silicon wafer also worked quite well with a minority carrier (electron) diffusion length, Le of 7 μm which corresponds to a PV conversion efficiency of 12˜13%, assuming a structure with well controlled series resistance. A structure formed on a 1.0 Ωcm p-type metallurgical-grade silicon wafer also worked quite well with a minority carrier (electron) diffusion length, Le of 8 μm which corresponds to a PV conversion efficiency of 14%, assuming a structure with well controlled series resistance.
A single hetrojunction with an intrinsic passivation layer device structure is formed on low-cost metallurgical-grade substrates by depositing a nano-scale Si:H film stack on the front, i.e., "device" side, and an oppositely doped a-Si:H film on the back "contact" side. The metallurgical-grade substrates obviates the need and expense of aggressively thinning the substrate from 500 to 250 μm as is done for crystalline Si substrates. The thicker wafers provide more robust handling in automated process lines. This material also avoids the cost, cycle time and complexity of polysilicon based gasification, solidification, melt-and-pull process, since the active device is created by a thin Si:H film just outside of the metallurgical-grade substrates surface that is passivated by a nano-scale intrinsic a-Si:H film.
The metallurgical-grade substrates may be formed in standard, e.g., 6-in, 8-in, 12-in, sizes, which can be processed in standard semiconductor PECVD processing equipment. In contrast, conventional thin-film based solar cells are created on large area (generally, 4�6 ft or 6�7 ft) glass, which requires specially built chambers having large internal volume, which causes difficulties in pumping to low pressure and causes waste in the reactive gases used for forming the thin film layers. Consequently, these PECVD reactors are expensive to purchase and expensive to operate due to high cost of consumables (i.e., wasted reactive gases). The high internal volume of these specially built chambers also poses abatement difficulties and costs. Conversely, forming thin-film on standard size wafers can be done in standard reactors having small internal volume, so that operation and abatement issues are minimized. The resulting thin film device structure on the metallurgical silicon substrate has a PV efficiency that is about twice greater than that for conventional thin-film solar cells, thanks to an order of magnitude longer minority carrier diffusion lengths in the metallurgical silicon substrate.
The sorted nuggets of MG silicon are cast in step 915. The melt is allowed to solidify into an ingot, which in step 920 is machined, cut into wafers, and the wafers are polished. In step 925 a PECVD chamber is used to form a thin layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon, i-a-Si:H, to passivate the surface of the MG-Si substrate. In step 930 a PECVD chamber is used to form an n-type layer, n-a-Si:H over the passivation layer. At this point, a "SmartSi" wafer 935 has been created that enables forming a PV solar cell industry practically anywhere in the world with a very small investment, relatively small number of simple machines, and with very little technical knowledge. That is, as can be appreciated, all that is required in order to convert the SmartSi wafer into a solar cell is to make front and back contacts, and perhaps an anti reflective and protective layer. This can be done easily using current silk-screen or printing technology. Also, as shown by the callout, another step of PECVD 930′ may be performed to form a p-type later 935′ at the backside of the substrate, so as to improve the contact to the conductive layer that would follow.
An alternative to metallic grid contacts is a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer, such as tin oxide (SnO2) or indium tin oxide, generally known as ITO. The advantage of TCOs is that they are nearly invisible to incoming light, and they form a good bridge from the semiconductor material to the external electrical circuit. The embodiment shown in
In all of the above described embodiments, prior to forming any of the layers the MG Si substrate may be texturized on one or both sides by, e.g., etching in alkaline solution, such as potassium hydroxide solution. The substrate may be then rinsed and dried, e.g., by heating the substrate. Furthermore, plasma discharge of hydrogen gas may be used to reduce the amount of carbon on the surface of the substrate. The intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film layer may be formed in a PECVD chamber using silane gas (SiH4) mixed with hydrogen gas (H2). The n-type amorphous silicon thin layer may be formed in a PECVD chamber using silane, hydrogen, and phosphine gas (PH3). The p-type amorphous silicon thin layer may be formed in a PECVD chamber using silane, hydrogen, and diborane gas (B2H6).
As shown in
To increase the conversion efficiency of the SmartSi solar cell, a conventional thin film solar cell p-i-n structure is now formed on top of the SmartSi solar cell. First, a thin-film p-type amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 1120 is formed over the SmartSi solar cell. Then a thin-film intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 1125 is formed over the p-type layer 1120 and a thin-film n-type amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer 1130 is formed over the intrinsic layer 1125. The intrinsic layer 1125 functions as another light absorber and generates electron-hole pairs to thereby convert light to electrical energy. To collect the electrical energy a top transparent electrode ITO 1135 is formed over the n-type layer 1130, and then metallic contacts 1140 are formed over the ITO 1135. Here the metallic contacts 1140 are made of silver, e.g. using silver paste and then sintering the structure to form good ohmic contact. Additionally, a metallic electrode 1145 is formed at the bottom of the substrate 1100. Here contacts 1145 are made of aluminum.
It should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention.
The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention. Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
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Sahadev Sharma: Sorting Out the Chicago Cubs' Draft Options and Preferences
The Cubs may not be considering every name you've heard, and they continue to winnow the top of their board.
The Cubs may not be considering every name you've heard, and they continue to winnow the top of their board.
There are some ugly numbers, but, when you provide a little context, it's easy to step back from the ledge.
Power is becoming harder to find in the big league game, but the Cubs are doing exceedingly well there.
The Cubs' minor league pitcher of the year in 2013 works to stay ahead of hitters, and prepares for a transition to the bigs.
Is there a reason Grimm seemed to struggle after April last year with the Rangers? And is he primed to break out?
After dealing with a unique health problem, Olt says he feels like himself again. Can he be the Cubs' answer at third?
Sure, Tanaka might be a nice piece for the Cubs. But actually adding him would say a whole lot about the future.
Last week's Hall of Fame results honored one of the best hitters in recent memory.
When you really break it down, the question is much more difficult than we may have previously thought.
Sahadev Sharma writes about extending or trading Samardzija, and whether a trade necessarily signals a longer rebuild.
As young pitchers step up in the playoffs, it's fair to wonder: who might that guy be for the Cubs? Pierce Johnson? C.J. Edwards? Paul Blackburn?
We've become inundated by false premises as the managerial search unfolds.
Some of the biggest ticket items don't make sense, but Tanaka certainly does. How does the Cubs' financial situation play a role in his pursuit?
A personal take on a guy who deserves a lot of credit.
Samardzija emerged last year as one of the better starters in the National League, but was it all a mirage? Spoiler Alert: No. It wasn't.
The Cubs' 2012 Minor League Player of the Year can contribute all over the field, but his gastronomical leanings leave a lot to be desired.
What seemed impossible three months ago now seems merely very unlikely. But there's an interesting comparison to be made.
Forget 2013 – what are the Cubs going to do about the rotation in 2014? Garza? Lincecum? Hughes? Johnson? … Price? Hernandez?
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INDIAN LAND – The housing market bubble may have burst last year, but sales have remained strong in one Indian Land location – Sun City Carolina Lakes, which has continued to attract new homeowners.
Developed by Del Webb, the Sun City development off U.S. 521 includes hundreds of homes, most ranging between almost $200,000 to over $400,000 each.
Jon Hardy, president of Pulte Homes' Charlotte market, said the development is progressing according to plan. Pulte Homes is Del Webb's parent company.
Elaine Boone had no idea she was going to be nominated for Lancaster County's Employee of the Quarter award.
Boone, who works in Lancaster County's planning department, said it wasn't until she opened her paycheck last month that she saw the award ballot inside with her name on it. Employees are nominated mainly by their own colleagues, with the final decision made by the county's human resources department.
Boone's coworker, Penelope Karagounis, nominated her for the award, and the HR department revealed she won in late January.
The Van Wyck Community Development Club is under new management. After 10 years with the same leadership, the club voted in new office holders in January.
New officers are Ollie Bass, president; Chris Madden, vice president; Eloise Williams, secretary; and Kelly Bishop, treasurer.
Retiring club secretary Betty Broome said she is excited about the change, adding that new people bring new ideas and energy.
For 20 years, Broome has been a member of the club, which was formed in the 1940s. The club is responsible for the upkeep of the Van Wyck Community Center.
Kenny Lancaster quarterbacked for the Lancaster High School Bruins football team from his sophomore to senior seasons.
He played golf, wrestled and ran track for the Bruins. He graduated from Lancaster High in 1985.
After high school, he followed in the footsteps of his father, Ken Lancaster, a 30-year veteran of the S.C. Highway Patrol.
Lancaster is a 20-year veteran of the S.C. Highway Patrol. His most recent assignment was major in charge of field operations for the lower state.
Lancaster County's unemployment rate increased by more than 1 percent in December.
The unemployment rate for the county rose to 13.9 percent, up from 12.5 percent in November, according to the S.C. Employment Security Commission.
Lynda Burke, area director for the S.C. Employment Security Commission, said this translates to more than 4,000 unemployed workers in the county, out of a labor force of almost 30,000 workers.
That warm sun has melted away the last traces of snow.
Mama said the pear tree is starting to bud and the yellow belle bushes are showing some color.
Why, even the ice man has a little hitch in his giddy-up from making more deliveries in our neighborhood.
Given this little glimmer of warm weather, I had already been given orders to hose down the wooden lawn chairs stored in the plunder house and to rinse out the bird baths.
There's one thing for sure, I thought, as I lugged the chairs outside.
Fran Knight remembers hearing chilling words from her husband Ray's doctor after he was shot in the face last June.
"He said, 'Mr. Knight, you're going to have some major medical problems from this,'" Fran Knight said. "He went downhill really fast."
Slave stories of bondage, struggle and dreams of freedom will jump out of the history books and onto the stage as a local Black History Month celebration gets under way.
Kitty Wilson-Evans, a local slave interpreter and storyteller, will be honored during a special event Sunday at the Carole Ray Dowling Center at the University of South Carolina at Lancaster.
The event begins with a reception at 3 p.m.
Paintings of Wilson-Evans playing the slave woman Kessie will be on display.
Home Depot announced it was reducing 7,000 jobs at its high-end decor stores, but there are no plans to close Lancaster's Home Depot.
Home Depot in Lancaster opened Jan. 29, 2004, and the store is celebrating its fifth anniversary here with several promotions.
Daisy Prosser, expeditor for the Lancaster store, said 12 employees who were there on Day 1 still work at the store. Prosser, a South Carolina native, is one of them. The store has 102 employees.
Besides Sunday's performance by interpreter and storyteller Kitty Wilson-Evans, there are a few other events going on at the University of South Carolina at Lancaster to celebrate Black History Month.
They are sponsored by the campus' Black Awareness Group, or BAG.
Soul Food Luncheon
In what has become a tradition at USCL, the Soul Food Luncheon will be held Feb. 18 from noon to 2:30 p.m. at the Bradley Arts and Sciences Building multipurpose room.
Copyright © 2015
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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text:
Which celebrity is this species named after?
June 30, 2015, 4:17 p.m. by Jaymi Heimbuch
Sometimes scientists infuse some pop culture into their species names. Can you match the celeb to the critter?
Creepy armored spiky worm had 30 legs
June 30, 2015, 10:46 a.m. by Laura Geggel, LiveScience
The ancient worm is a distant relative of squishy worms that live in tropical forests today.
6 scientists who play dress-up for animals
June 29, 2015, 3:30 p.m. by Ali Berman
Infiltrating animal groups often requires clever disguises.
This tiny chip could end animal testing
June 26, 2015, 2:54 p.m. by Laura Moss
Harvard scientists have developed microchips that mimic human organs.
Florida sea turtle recovery astonishes scientists
June 26, 2015, 2:16 p.m. by Starre Vartan
Sometimes, you just need to give nature a fighting chance.
Scientists find spiny 'smiling' worm's head
June 26, 2015, 11:38 a.m. by Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience
By identifying the worm's mouth, scientists can now fill in some evolutionary gaps for spiders.
Newly discovered yeti crabs pile on to survive
June 25, 2015, 3:41 p.m. by Ali Berman
The hairy crabs live 'like beans in a jar' on Antarctica's hydrothermal vents.
Research chimps find new home in Chattanooga
June 24, 2015, 3:15 p.m. by Mary Jo DiLonardo
More than a dozen primates will leave the lab this summer for a more leisurely life.
Almost all kangaroos are left-handed
June 19, 2015, 3:26 p.m. by Ali Berman
New study finds that humans and primates aren't unique in favoring one hand over another.
Hawk-moths are capable of slowing their brains to stay in rhythm with their environment
June 19, 2015, 3:44 a.m. by Bryan Nelson
Slowing brain activity gives them better night vision and lets them stay in sync with swaying flowers.
Why the largest dinosaurs skipped the tropics
June 16, 2015, 10:13 a.m. by Charles Q. Choi, LiveScience
Researchers studied plant fossils to determine why dinosaurs steered clear of the warm environment.
U.S. grants new protections for captive chimpanzees
June 12, 2015, 2:54 p.m. by Russell McLendon
The U.S. has officially reclassified all chimpanzees — both in the wild and in captivity — as an endangered species.


text:
Richard Burn's Rally screens
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Registered User
Join Date: Mar 2004
Posts: 402
Richard Burn's Rally screens
I've had this game just over a week now, and it is by far the best driving game i've ever played, and i've played a lot! It's quite a hardcore rally sim, but it's so rewarding when you master the cars. This game deserves any driving game fan's attention, i usually prefer the more forgiving arcade style racers, but this has really converted me.
I don't know if that "Photorealism my arse!" chap is still around here, but maybe he'd be inclined to agree for this game. Here's a few pics, 1280x1024 2xAA 8xAF as i play at, but resized to 1024x768 jpeg quality 5 for the sake of the 56k'ers. It's my replay from the UK harwood stage for anyone who knows the game.
and by far my favourite of the set -
Core2Duo E6400 (email@example.com) | Gigabyte 965P-DS3 | 2x 1024MB Elixir PC6400 (Dual-Channel firstname.lastname@example.com) | 3x Spinpoint SATA 80GB | Gainward GeForce 8800GTS (@600/1900) | Mitsubishi DiamondPlus 93SB 19" (1600x1200@75Hz)
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The University of Alabama and ESPN announced Friday that the 2014 A-Day Spring Football Game will be televised by ESPNU on Saturday, April 19. Kickoff at Bryant-Denny Stadium has been moved up to 1 p.m. (CDT).
Click here for the original story.
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A-Day Televised by ESPNU with Kickoff Moved to 1 p.m.
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text:
Shia LaBeouf Won't Drop Beef With Frankie Muniz
"While that's flattering as hell, you could have put Frankie Muniz into any of the movies I've been in and it would've still been No.1," the 'Transformers' actor snidely remarked.
The feud between the young actors began back in 2003 when Muniz was hitting his stride as the lead in 'Malcolm and the Middle,' and LaBeouf told EW about his feelings about the star child at the time.
"I used to see him at premieres and stuff and it would always be like he was looking down on me, and then it turned into we're equal, and then it turned into 'Oh Frankie, I know that guy,'" LaBeouf said in the interview.
The DJ then asked if LaBeouf was concerned that Muniz might hear this and come up to him at a party, and then it got nastier.
"I don't go to many parties and I don't really hang out in Frankie Muniz-type zones," LaBeouf said.
Muniz punched back the best way to do it these days -- through Twitter.
"Dear Shia LaBeouf, it's getting creepy the fact that you can't stop talking about me," Muniz tweeted. "It's been 12 years now. I don't know you. Thanks."
Clearly these little boys will never learn how to play nice.
- Filed under:
- Celebrity Fights -
- Movie News -
- TV News -
- Shia LaBeouf
- Friday 01 OctoberBy Sin D
Ya know that "reowww" sound ya make when two females are being catty and acting like they are in 7th grade? What sound do we use for males that act this way? Just wondering?
- Saturday 02 OctoberBy BTDT
Freud would say that Shia has a crush.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy Sin D
Oh yea it's...."wahhhhh"
- Friday 01 OctoberBy kneewhite
People tend to castigate others for things they do themselves
- Friday 01 OctoberBy justathought
Shia always gave me the creeps. Why is he trying to start a fight. Makes me think even less of him!
- Friday 01 OctoberBy JeffLowest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
The Beefmaster's need to dump on other people to make himself feel better can be boiled down to the three letters: J-E-W. He's a giant case of Just Envy Walking.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy Apostate
"When Idiots Clash II: Petulant Child Stars"
- Friday 01 OctoberBy themeeker
Shia's a yawn. Can't we replace him with someone interesting?
- Friday 01 OctoberBy KRHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
THANK YOU! Shania's name sounds like a European way to cook roast beef. If you like your roast beef with an attitude that is.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy Jocko
It must be another slow news day? Both of these dudes are zeros.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy dks64High Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Shia was cool once... for a 44 minute episode of X-Files. Ever since the unlawful smoking a while back, I've thought differently of him.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy FilmBoi
"'While that's flattering as hell, you could have put Frankie Muniz into any of the movies I've been in and it would've still been No.1,' the "Transformers" actor snidely remarked.'"
He couldn't have chosen truer words! Shia lends absolutely nothing to his movies. Hell, Gilbert Gottfried could take his place and the movies would still be #1; not because the movies are that good, but because the audiences are that stupid and easy to please.
Shia LaBeouf has no more talent than a . . . "Shia Pet"!
- Friday 01 OctoberBy crutch
how about a celebrity boxing match for charity?
- Friday 01 OctoberBy georgie
Time to man-up and shut-up, as well as, mature a little, Shia. Frankie always seemed like a nice guy! You should be humble and thankful for where you are in Hollywood, and not be a smart a**.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy heidihi
Didn't Shia say he something to the effect that his mother turns him on? He may be a little weird. Frankie obviously hurt Shia's pride or feelings, but please Shia, you are living large now so don't be jealous.
- Friday 01 OctoberBy Donna
I loved Frankie on Malcolm In The Middle, he was hilarious.
Shia must be jealous of Frankie.
Frankie has alot more going for him than Shia ever will.
They need to let this go, and move on.
- Friday 15 October
"Frankie has alot more going for him than Shia ever will."
Like what exactly? I seriously cannot think of a single thing that Muniz has going for him that beats Shia. Seriously.. Shia has already worked with Caruso, BBT, Spielberg, Ford, Hurt, Blanchette, Palminteri, Weist, Christie, Stone, Douglas, and has been lauded by all of them as the next big thing. Muniz has starred in Agent Cody Banks and may have a future as the youngest spokesperson for Hair Club for Men.
- Saturday 02 OctoberBy lanie
Shia says--"While that's flattering as hell, you could have put Frankie Muniz into any of the movies I've been in and it would've still been No.1,"
Maybe I am seeing this differently but this sounds like Shia is deminishing his OWN impact on the success of his films. So it was like he was saying the film would have been a success anyway without him. Doesn't sound so bad....but he should just stop talking about Frankie Muniz already anyway
- Friday 01 OctoberBy SiastaEg
Another arrogant actor, no surprise here. Move along folks.
- Saturday 02 OctoberBy Michael
Speaking as a heterosexual male. One of them is much prettier than the other and a lot less annoying as an adult actor and the other one will be on Dancing With the Stars and wearing a toupee in the next ten years. I mean honestly one of them is obviously the winner and the other is obviously a has been before he reached the age of 30.
MORE ABOUT Shia LaBeouf
Find the latest stories, biography, photos, videos, and more.Read more about Shia LaBeouf Li
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text:
Updated 02/10/2015
This has long been the rockin' spot for the young and young at heart who love to party. There's rock or reggae by DJs or live bands, but only big-name merengue bands require a cover charge. On Saturday night there might be a Latin fiesta, and generally on Thursday the mike is taken over by karaoke singers. The kitchen, which doesn't close until 2 am, serves American-style fun food that includes good burgers, with fajitas a specialty.
Playa Dorada Plaza, Puerto Plata, 57000, Dominican Republic
Updated 02/10/2015
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34 year old man | Carson, CA, USA | Seeking women 25-36 within 30 miles
I wanna melt when I kiss you...
Lately in my free time I've been marking things off my bucket list, but if you don't see anything you like in my list of interests, don't worry. What I'm doing isn't nearly as important as whom I'm doing it with. Other people have told me I'm a giving person, sometimes to a fault. While I'd like to think they're right, I'd prefer you discover that on your own. What I can tell you is that I'm a dependable and stable person who would find those same qualities very attractive. As with most parents, my daughters are the joy of my life, but I can make time to devote to the right person. I'm here to make a genuine connection with someone whose personality complements my own. If I could talk to you for hours without running out of things to say. That would be my ideal match.
Alumni connections , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Inline skating, Other types of exercise, Soccer, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Dogs
Lily is my eight year old Chow/Lab mix. I'm considering finding a playmate for her
Middle of the Road
My goal is to get out of town at least once a year for a nice vacation. Weekend road trips are always fun and I've been known to hit up Vegas, Northern California, San Diego, Arizona, and the Colorado River on a whim's notice.
Not a picky eater, I like sushi, Ramen, Pho, and Korean BBQ. Late night taco spots are a favorite, and I'm a big Tech geek. I work out in my home gym and sing in the car, especially with my kids
If I could, you'd find me zip-lining every day in the woods. You also might find me skydiving, hiking, playing basketball or skateboarding. Other times I may be river rafting, dining out, traveling, and I'd like to go rock climbing!
Most of my reading is of current events rather than novels. The last movies I saw were Skyfall and End of Watch. Musically I'm all over the board from 90's hip hop and R&B, to Red Hot Chili Peppers, Foo Fighters and Dance music to make a drive fun.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'6" (167cms)
|4'10" (147cms) to 5'5" (165cms)
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Lead for a team that provides computer support for our company's workers across the country, I've been with them for 14 years and work from home on occasion.
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Born and raised in the South Bay area of Los Angeles, my mother is from the Philippines and my father from Thailand.
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Although religion isn't important to my relationship, I was raised both Catholic and Buddhist and my personal philosophy aligns more with Buddhism.
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My Associate's Degree in Computers was earned at the Computer Learning Center in downtown Los Angeles, and I have several computer related certifications.


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text: I ask this question in anticipation as part of a project. I have experience of developing and consuming web services in the past and am au fait with those. However I have been told that as part of this next project I will need to use "secure" web services. Can you provide some insight into what additional development tasks there will be to implement these as opposed to standard dare i say it insecure web services?


text:
Country Chicken Stew With Celery Seed Dumplings
|Chicken broth
|4 Cup (64 tbs)
|3 Pound
|4 Medium
|Celery rib with leaves
|4 Medium
|1 Small
|Bay leaf
|Dried summer savory
|1 Teaspoon
|Freshly ground black pepper
|To Taste
|To Taste
|1 1⁄4 Cup (20 tbs)
|Yellow cornmeal
|2 Tablespoon
|Baking powder
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Celery seeds
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Vegetable shortening
|3 Tablespoon
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|To Taste
1. Combine broth and chicken in a large Dutch oven. Simmer over medium heat, uncovered, 10 minutes, skimming off any foam that rises to surface. Add carrots, celery, onion, bay leaf, and savory. Simmer, partially covered, 15 minutes. Skim fat off surface of broth. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
2. In a large bowl, whisk together flour, cornmeal, baking powder, celery seeds, and 1/2 teaspoon salt. Cut shortening into small pieces and use your fingers to rub it in until mixture resembles coarse meal. Add milk and stir just until a sticky dough forms.
3. Dip a spoon into simmering stew, then spoon out generous tablespoons of dough and drop into stew to make about 12 dumplings. Cover pan and simmer over medium-low heat until dumplings are cooked through, about 20 minutes. Remove and discard bay leaf before serving.


text:
KDL Recommends > Staff Picks > September 2013
KDL Recommends
Power Moves: Livin' the American Dream, USA Style
Title: Power Moves: Livin' the American Dream, USA Style
Author: Karl Welzein
KDL Description:
"Karl the main character of this farce would describe this book as being just packed full of bold flavors, and I have to agree. I could not put down this book as I was so aghast with how Karl lived his life and infatuated to see what he would do next. Karl is a middle aged man from Michigan who is determined to live his version of the American dream to the fullest, which usually means being super cool at all times and eating tasty treats that are full of bold flavors. He is so cool he had to write this instruction manual for the rest of us lame wads."—Craig at KDL's Cascade Township branch
Amazon Description:
Meet Karl Welzein, aka Captain Karl, aka @DadBoner on Twitter—the Midwest's most beautiful loser
Karl Welzein is really lookin' forward to the weekend, you guys.
His job is a drag and his wife kicked him out, but that's okay. She wears granny panties and is constantly dropping wads of cash at Target, and his son cries all the time. Now his "temporary" roommate, Dave, ate all the Totino's pizza rolls. Again. Karl Welzein is sick of this. So sick of this.
Power Moves chronicles the hilarious decline of Karl Welzein on his journey from life as a Dockers-and-golfshirt-wearing dad to a ponytailed party maniac who spits out his life philosophies like a modern-day Charles Bukowski (if he preferred to get drunk at Applebee's).
A middle-aged Michigan native, Karl may be overweight, prone to questionable fashion and culinary choices, oblivious to his drinking problem, a poor excuse for an employee, obsessed with the restroom, and a terrible husband, father, and friend . . . but in his heart he means well. He's just like a lot of us—he loves the USA, Guy Fieri, bold flavors, Bob Seger, and thinking he looks jacked in a tight tee and Maui Jim sunglasses. Karl is an everyman and like no other man on the planet all at once.
Inspired by the Twitter feed @DadBoner, Karl finally tells his full story. He shares his wisdom on fitness (1. Look at a pic of Stone Cold Steve Austin. 2. Do 'shups 'til you look like Stone Cold. 3. Cut off your sleeves), diet (Eat only the filling of the Taco Bell Beefy Melts for maximum flavor and low-carb health), fashion (Wearin' boots with jean shorts says "I like to keep cool, but I'm ready if the action gets hot"), work life (If you don't have a job that makes you want to kill yourself, you don't deserve to drink until you want to die), and the bliss of the perfect weekend (beers, brats, and babes' chest beefers).
But above all, this is a story about America—the real red, white, and blue America of today. Welcome to Karl's world. Reading this book is the ultimate Power Move.


text:
Learn more about ChannelPlus WPW-D7.1: Home Theater Wallplate - 2-gang - White:
The Model WPW-D7.1 Home Theater Wallplate provides the finishing touch to home theater or multi-room speaker connections. Terminate speakers for Dolby® 5.1, 6.1 or 7.1 systems with this double-gang wall plate. Eighteen gold-plated, color-coded binding posts accept up to 6 AWG wire, spade lugs or banana plugs. Two gold-plated RCA barrels make connecting dual powered subwoofers easy.
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Customer Reviews of ChannelPlus WPW-D7.1: Home Theater Wallplate - 2-gang - White
7.1 wallplate review3/19/2007
I was wiring a home theater in my bonus room and needed to have a 7.1 wallplate that would fit in a dual gang low voltage box. After doing some searching, most of the wallplates needed a triple gang box. I was able to find this one and the Buy.com price and my prior order satisfaction with them sealed the deal.<p> The only drawback is that due to the compact size of the unit, the terminals are fairly close together, but I was able to attach all my speaker wires OK while holding the plate in one hand. There are several ways to wire the terminals. I used the nut method of screwing the terminal onto the wire. I did not use all of the terminals since I am wiring my subwoofer directly to the receiver.<p> I like the wallplate since it is marked as to what each terminal does, position and polarity. My other altenative would have been to construct a dual gang wallplate using inserts and terminals, but this would have been more expensive and not had the terminals labeled as this wallplate does.<p> The item was received within a few days of ordering and the shipping cost was very low. I would buy another one if I needed to do this setup again.


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I'm glad to see good things come from my inspiration! Nice haiku!
Carrying crack in your crack is whack.
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10 months ago
23784 Comments
Take care and I trust you will have a terrific rest of the week.
. We got some much needed rain here yesterday.Cloudy and some cooler but no rain today.You have a great Friday and enjoy the weekend.As always...Take care!
12 months ago
29442 Comments
Just a hearty hello and I hope your week is a good one.Take care!
12 months ago
43114 Comments
Saw you were on line so just wanted to stop by and say "Howdy".
God Bless
Have a safe up coming holiday.Take care!
Hope your week is going OK
Just stopping by to wish you a restful weekend.
God Bless
Hope your Tuesday is going well so far.Cloudy here but at least it's not raining.Got enough rain yesterday.Take care and stay in touch.
Wishing you and yours a pleasant Easter Day.
Have a peaceful and blessed Sunday.Take care and stay safe.
I remember someone driving away from one of these with the speaker.Lol. Have a terrific week and take care friend.
Hey the weekend is almost here.Hope you have a great one!Looks like some more of that falling white stuff for us.Take care.


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Once-a-week vegan and mostly organic menu provided by a kitchen collective. Requests a donation. Price: Inexpensive more-less
Vegan, Organic, Western, International
Burgerstrasse 41
Gottingen, Germany 37073
Gottingen, Germany 37073
Closed Time
Tue 8:00pm-10:00pmmore-less
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Kaley Cuoco Shows Off Her Tennis Skills
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David From 'Real World' Is Doing WHAT?!


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Constructed of heavy-duty steel and black powder coat paint. Features 2-1/2" hard rubber swivel casters (not cheap plastic furniture casters). 4 wheels per each ski and 3 wheels for track.
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Woodys Wearrod Dooly 4 6580 - 4In Carbide 2-7/16 Bar
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Hdjh, Inc. filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida and is no longer active. This corporate entity was filed approximately twenty-six years ago on Wednesday, May 24, 1989 as recorded in documents filed with Florida Department of State.
Harry Hahamovitch served as the President and has interests in other corporate entities including Csl Holdings, Inc., Boca-Jax, Inc. and sixteen more corporations. Harry's past corporate affiliations include G.P. Six Gun, Inc., Ticen, Inc. and twenty-two others.
The registered agent for the company is Harry Hahamouitch. Also known as a statutory or resident agent, the registered agent is responsible for receiving legal notifications regarding court summons, lawsuits, and other legal actions involving the corporate entity.
Key roles for Hdjh, Inc.
Harry H. Hahamovitch
President, Director, Secretary
|Filing Type:
|Domestic for Profit Corporation
|State ID:
|Date Filed:
|Wednesday, May 24, 1989
|Registered Agent
|Harry Hahamouitch
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
|Learn More
|The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for Hdjh, Inc. combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report.
US Company Profile Report
|Learn More
|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for Hdjh, Inc..


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Blazing Angels: Squadrons of WWII (NA)
Third party DRM: OtherPlayfire Client required to download and play.
In Blazing Angels Squadrons of WWII for the PC, players test their air-combat skills as they experience the most famous battles of World War II. As squadron leaders, players can fly up to 39 WWII aircraft in both single-player and multiplayer missions. Advancing a great line of graphical and technological features along with a very intuitive interface, Blazing Angels Squadrons of WWII for the PC provides a combat experience from the entire breadth of World War II. Battle sites include locations from Western Europe and the Pacific, including England, Morocco, Pearl Harbor, Midway, Pacific, France, Norway and Germany.
- Heart-pounding single-player campaigns: Over 18 missions grouped into a compelling historical battle campaign. Over 40 missions in standalone modes (Mini-Campaign, Arcade and Ace Duel).
- Thrilling multiplayer combat: Sixteen-player online and LAN play in 10 game types (Dogfight, Aces High, Seek and Destroy, Onslaught, Bombing Run, Kamikaze, Historical Battles and Capture the Base) in three multiplayer modes (Solo, Co-op and Squadron).
- Innovative graphical features: Amazingly detailed terrain including a variety of high-resolution specular maps. Photorealistic recreations of iconic cityscapes and locations including the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame, the London Bridge and the ships in port at Pearl Harbor.
- Over 39 flyable high-definition, authentic-looking planes: High-resolution plane models (8,000-10,000 polygons per plane) and usage of large textures for the planes (1024x1024 = 4 Mb of texture per plane). Other aircraft features include multiple plane skins and nose-art, and destruction details for each plane model. Over 70 planes can be seen in the sky at once.
- Detailed vehicles and 3D-modeled people: High-resolution and 3D detail for over 40 vehicle models, and all vehicle models have damage levels. Each 3D-modeled person has over 10 animated movements.
- Impressive sound features: Hear all the combat excitement with the 48 KHz high-quality sampled sound and up to 64 3D sound sources 5.1 compatible.
Customer reviews
Amazing game!andreacdc98 | Feb. 13, 2015 | See all andreacdc98's reviews »
Blazing Angels is a game which takes place in the World War II, and you get to play as the pilot of a military aircraft to defeat the enemies and try to win the war. The game has really good graphics and amazing sounds, both with great qualities. But the best part of it is the gameplay, that is very user friendly, making it really cool and fun to the players. Overall the developers made a great work on producing this game. I recommend this game to the fans of aviation and those who enjoy World War's games, because this has the best of both worlds, giving a great experience to all!


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See Foreign Fields perform in our studio
Brian Holl, left, and Eric Hillman, center, are West Bend natives who perform as the band Foreign Fields. Along with touring cello player Hitoshi Yamaguchi, right, and two other touring musicians, Foreign Fields performed at the Journal Sentinel offices Friday for the Tap Pre-Show music video series. Photo by John Klein. »Read Full Blog Post
Present Music ends season with delicious fun
No one closes out a concert season quite like Present Music.
Milwaukee's new-music ensemble mixed art installations, solo and ensemble performances of music by the likes of Elliott Carter and Ted Hearne in Turner Hall Ballroom Friday evening. An after party, with food, drinks and live music from rock-ska band Something to Do, followed. »Read Full Article


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Advice/discussion - GTX 260
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Registered User
Join Date: Nov 2007
Location: UK
Posts: 1,970
Re: Advice/discussion - GTX 260
Originally Posted by
I heard some companies were just going to switch to the 55nm versions from the 65nm without saying anything because the 55nm version is cheaper to make.But you would have thought that they would at least say it is a 216 version .They probally still have a bunch of boxes that just say what it did when they first came out,and just trying to get rid of the extra boxes.Well at least if you thought you were getting the 192 version or the 65nm version ,you got a better deal.
Nay, it does mention the 216 cores on the side of the box. As far as a better deal, I guess so - at least it turned out to be the 216/55nm version as there was not anything too descriptive in the description of it. I queried scan.co.uk a few times though and they appear to have made it a bit more clear, thankfully!
So now I just want to know what is up with the model number... it appears on some "obscure" computer stores, mainly in Europe. Saw one in a Russian language store too.
I want a rig that can play Crysis the way I can play Far Cry now.
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