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Clean distillate useful as a diesel fuel or diesel blending stock is produced from Fischer-Tropsch wax by separating wax into heavier and lighter fractions; further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction below about 500° F. The isomerized product is blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction.
1. A distillate faction useful as a fuel heavier than gasoline or as a blending component for a distillate fuel comprising:
a 250-700° F. distillate fraction derived from a Fischer-Tropsch catalytic process and containing
at least 95 wt. % paraffins
a cetane number of at least 60
≦50 ppm (wt) each of sulfur and nitrogen
less than about 0.5 wt. % unsaturates, and
about 0.0025 to less than 0.3 wt. % linear C12-C24 primary alcohol oxygenates as oxygen on a water free basis.
2. The material of
3. The material of
4. A process for producing a distillate fuel heavier than gasoline comprising:
(a) separating the wax-containing product of a Fischer-Tropsch process into a heavier fraction containing 700° F.+ hydrocarbons and a lighter fraction containing 700° F.− hydrocarbons;
(b) further separating the lighter fraction into at least two other fractions, (i) one of which contains primary C12+ alcohols; and (ii) one of which does not contain said alcohols;
(c) hydroisomerizing at least a portion of the heavier fraction of step (a) and at least a portion of the (b)(ii) fraction at hydroisomerization conditions and recovering a 700° F.− fraction; and
(d) blending at least a portion of the fraction of (b)(i) with at least a portion of the 700° F.− fractions of step (c) and recovering a product boiling in the range of 250-700° F. which contains 0.0025 to 0.3 wt. % C12-C24 primary linear alcohol oxygenate, as oxygen on a water free basis.
5. The product of
6. The process of
7. The process of
8. The process of
9. A blended fuel, useful as a diesel fuel, comprising;
(a) a 250-700° F. of distillate fraction derived from the Fischer-Tropsch process which contains;
at least 95 wt. % paraffins
a cetane number of at least 60
≦50 ppm (wt) each of sulfur and nitrogen less than about 0.5 wt. % unsaturates, and
about 0.0025 to less than 0.3 wt. % linear C12-C24 primary alcohol oxygenates as oxygen on a water free basis, blended with
(b) a hydrocarbon faction.
10. A blended fuel according to
11. A blended fuel according to
12. A blended fuel according to
13. A blended fuel according to
14. A distillate fraction adding to
15. A distillate fraction according to
16. A heavier than gasoline distillate fraction useful as a fuel composition or a blending component therefor, comprising a C5-500° F. boiling range fraction recovered from a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reactor wherein said fraction contains less than or equal to 50 ppm (wt) sulfur; less than or equal to 50 ppm (wt) nitrogen; virtually no aromatics; less than or equal to 0.5 wt. % olefins; and at least 0.001 wt. % oxygenate as oxygen as determined on a water free basis.
17. The composition of
18. The composition of
19. A blended fuel, useful as a diesel fuel comprising a 500°-700° F.+ boiling range fraction recovered from a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis reactor blended with a hydroisomerized 700° F.+ Fischer-Tropsch derived reactor product wherein said blend boils in the range of 250°-700° F., and wherein at least a portion of said 700° F.+ Fischer-Tropsch derived reactor product is combined with a lighter C5-500° F. boiling range Fischer-Tropsch derived reactor product prior to hydroisomerization.
20. The blended fuel of
21. The blend of
22. The blend of
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/544,345 filed Oct. 17, 1995 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,031 on Nov. 18, 1997.
This invention relates to a distillate material having a high cetane number and useful as a diesel fuel or as a blending stock therefor, as well as the process for preparing the distillate. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for preparing distillate from a Fischer-Tropsch wax.
Clean distillates that contain no or nil sulfur, nitrogen, or aromatics, are, or will likely be in great demand as diesel fuel or in blending diesel fuel. Clean distillates having relatively high cetane number are particularly valuable. Typical petroleum derived distillates are not clean, in that they typically contain significant amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics, and they have relatively low octane numbers. Clean distillates can be produced from petroleum based distillates through severe hydrotreating at great expense. Such severe hydrotreating imparts relatively little improvement in cetane number and also adversely impacts the fuels lubricity. Fuel lubricity, required for the efficient operation of fuel delivery system, can be improved by the use of costly additive packages. The production of clean, high cetane number distillates from Fischer-Tropsch waxes has been discussed in the open literature, but the processes disclosed for preparing such distillates also leave the distillate lacking in one or more important properties, e.g., lubricity. The Fischer-Tropsch distillates disclosed, therefore, require blending with other less desirable stocks or the use of costly additives. These earlier schemes disclose hydrotreating the total Fischer-Tropsch product, including the entire 700° F.−fraction. This hydro-treating results in the elimination of oxygenates from the distillate.
By virtue of this present invention small amounts of oxygenates are retained, the resulting product having both very high cetane number and high lubricity. This product is useful as a diesel fuel as such, or as a blending stock for preparing diesel fuels from other lower grade material.
In accordance with this invention, a clean distillate useful as a diesel fuel or as a diesel fuel blend stock and having a cetane number of at least about 60, preferably at least about 70, more preferably at least about 74, is produced, preferably from a Fischer-Tropsch wax and preferably derived from a cobalt or ruthenium catalyst, by separating the waxy product into a heavier fraction and a lighter fraction; the nominal separation being at about 700° F. Thus, the heavier fraction contains primarily 700° F.+, and the lighter fraction contains primarily 700° F.−.
The distillate is produced by fisher separating the 700° F.− fraction into at least two other fractions: (i) one of which contains primary C12+ alcohols and (ii) one of which does not contain such alcohols. The fraction (ii) is preferably a 500° F.− fraction, more preferably a 600° F.− fraction, and still more preferably a C5-500° F. fraction, or a C5-600° F. fraction. This fraction (ii) and the heavier fraction are subjected to hydroisomerion in the presence of a hydroisomerization catalyst and at hydroisomerization conditions. The hydroisomerization of these fractions may occur separately or in the same reaction zone, preferably in the same zone. In any event at least a portion of the 700° F.+ material is converted to 700° F.− material. Subsequently, at least a portion and preferably all of the 700° F.− material from hydroisomerization is combined with at least a portion and preferably all of the fraction (ii) which is preferably a 500-700° F. fraction, and more preferably a 600-700° F. fraction, and is further preferably characterized by the absence of any hydrotreating, e.g, hydroisomerization. From the combined product a diesel fuel or diesel blending stock boiling in the range 250-700° F. is recovered and has the properties described below.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a process in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a plot of peroxide number (ordinate), test time in days (abscissa) for the 250-500° F. fraction (upper curve) and a 500-700° F. fraction (lower curve).
A more detailed description of this invention may be had by referring to the drawing. Synthesis gas, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. in an appropriate ratio, contained in line1 is fed to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor 2, preferably a slurry reactor and product is recovered in lines 3 and 4, 700° F.+ and 700° F.− respectively. The lighter fraction goes through hot separator 6 and a 500-700° F. fraction is recovered in line 8, while a 500° F.+ fraction is recovered in line 7. The 500° F.− material goes through cold separator 9 from which C4-gases are recovered in line 10. A C5-500° F. fraction is recovered in line 11 and is combined with the 700° F.+ fraction in line 3. At least a portion and preferably most, more preferably essentially all of the 500° F. -700° F. fraction is blended with the hydroisomerized product in line 12.
The heavier, e.g., 700° F.+ fraction, in line 3 together with the lighter, e.g., C5-500° F. fraction from line 11 is sent to hydroisomerization unit 5. The reactor of the hydroisomerization unit operates at typical conditions shown in the table below:
The hydroisomerization process is well known and the table below lists some broad and preferred conditions for this step.
While virtually any catalyst useful in hydroisomerization or selective hydrocracking may be satisfactory for this step, some catalysts perform better than others and are preferred For example, catalysts containing a supported Group VM noble metal, e.g., platinum or palladium, are useful as are catalysts containing one or more Group VIII base metal e.g., nickel, cobalt, in amounts of 0.5-20 Wt % which may or may not also include a Group VI metal, e.g., molybdenum, in amounts of 1.0-20 wt %. The support for the metals can be any refractory oxide or zeolite or mixtures thereof. Preferred supports include silica, alumina, silica-alumina. silica-alumina phosphates, titania, zirconia, vanadia and other Group III, IV, or VA or VI oxides, as well as Y sieves, such as ultrastable Y sieves. Preferred supports include alumina and silica-alumina where the silica concentration of the bulk support is less than about 50 wt %, preferably less than about 35 wt %.
A preferred catalyst has a surface area in the range of about 200-500 m2/gm, preferably 0.35 to 0.80 ml/mg, as determined by water adsorption. and a bulk density of about 0.05-1.0 g/ml.
This catalyst comprises a non-noble Group VIII metal, eg., iron, nickel, in conjunction with a Group IB metal, e.g., copper, supported on an acidic support The support is preferably an amorphous silica-alumina where the alumina is present in amounts of less than about 30 wt %, preferably 5-30 wt %, more preferably 10-20 wt %. Also, the support may contain small amounts , e.g., 20-30 wt %, of a binder, e.g., alumina, silica, Group IVA metal oxides, and various types of clays, magnesia, etc., preferably alumina.
The preparation of amorphous silica-alumina microspheres has been described in Ryland, Lloyd B., Tamele, M. W., and Wilson, J. N., Cracking Catalysts, Catalysis: volume VII, Ed. Paul H. Emmett, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1960, pp. 5-9.
The catalyst is prepared by coimpregnating the metals from solutions onto the support, drying at 100-150° C., and calcining in air at 200-550° C.
The Group VIII metal is present in amounts of about 15 wt % or less, preferably 1-12 wt %, while the Group IB metal is usually present in lesser amounts, e.g, 1:2 to about 1:20 ratio respecting the Group VIII metal. A typical catalyst is shown below:
The 700° F.+ conversion to 700° F.− ranges from about 20-80%, preferably 20-50(%, more preferably about 30-500%. During hydroisomerization, essentially all olefins and oxygen containing materials are hydrogenated.
The hydroisomerization product is recovered in line 12 into which the 500-700° F. stream of line 8 is blended. The blended stream is fractionated in tower 13, from which 700° F.− is, optionally, recycled in line 14 back to line 3, C5- is recovered in line 16, and may be mixed with light gases from the cold separator 9 in line 10 to form stream 17. A clean distillate boiling in the range of 250-700° F. is recovered in line 15. This distillate has unique properties and may be used as a diesel fuel or as a blending component for diesel fuel.
Passing the C5-500° F. fraction through the hydroisomerization unit has the effect of further lowering the olefin concentration in the product streams 12 and 15, thereby further improving the oxidative stability of the product. Olefin concentration in the product is less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt %. Thus, the olefin concentration is sufficiently low as to make olefin recovery unnecessary; and further treatment of the fraction for olefins is avoided.
The separation of the 700° F.− stream into a C5-500° F. stream and a 500-700° F. stream and the hydroisomerization of C5-500° F. stream leads, as mentioned, to lower olefin concentrations in the product. Additionally, however, the oxygen containing compounds in the C5-500° F. have the effect of lowering the methane yield from hydroisomerization. Ideally, a hydroisomerization reaction involves little or no cracking of the Fischer-Tropsch paraffins. Ideal conditions are not often achieved and some cracking to gases, particularly CH4, always accompanies this reaction. By virtue of the processing scheme disclosed herein methane yields from hydroisomerion the 700° F.+ fraction with the C5-500° F. fraction allows reductions in methane yields on the order of at least 50%, preferably at least 75%.
The diesel material recovered from the fractionator has the properties shown in the following table:
The iso-paraffins are normally mono-methyl branched, and since the process utilizes Fischer-Tropsch wax, the product contains nil cyclic paraffins, e.g., no cyclohexane.
The oxygenates are contained essentially, e.g., ≧95% of oxygenates, in the lighter fraction, e.g., the 700° F.− fraction.
The preferred Fischer-Tropsch process is one that utilizes a nonshifting (that is, no water gas shift capability) catalyst, such as cobalt or ruthenium or mixtures thereof, preferably cobalt, and preferably a promoted cobalt, the promoter being zirconium or rhenium, preferably rhenium Such catalysts are well known and a preferred catalyst is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,663 as well as European Patent 0 266 898.
The products of the Fischer-Tropsch process are primarily paraffinic hydrocarbons. Ruthenium produces paraffins primarily boiling in the distillate range, i.e., C10-C20; while cobalt catalysts generally produce more of heavier hydrocarbons, e.g., C20+, and cobalt is a preferred Fischer-Tropsch catalytic metal.
Good diesel fuels generally have the properties of high cetane number, usually 50 or higher, preferably 60,more preferably at least about 65, or higher lubricity, oxidative stability, and physical properties compatible with diesel pipeline specifications.
The product of this invention can be used as a diesel fuel, per se, or blended with other less desirable petroleum or hydrocarbon containing feeds of about the same boiling range. When used as a blend, the product of this invention can be used in relatively minor amounts, e.g., 10% or more, for significantly improving the final blended diesel product Although, the product of this invention will improve almost any diesel product, it is especially desirable to blend this product with refinery diesel streams of low quality. Typical streams are raw or hydrogenated catalytic or thermally cracked distillates and gas oils.
By virtue of using the Fischer-Tropsch process, the recovered distillate has essentially nil sulfur and nitrogen. These hereto-atom compounds are poisons for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts and are removed from the methane containing natural gas that is a convenient feed for the Fischer-Tropsch process. (Sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds are, in any event, in exceedingly low concentrations in natural gas. Further, the process does not make aromatics, or as usually operated virtually no aromatics are produced Some olefins are produced since one of the proposed pathways for the production of paraffins is through an olefinic intermediate. Nevertheless, olefin concentration is usually quite low.
Oxygenated compounds including alcohols and some acids are produced during Fischer-Tropsch processing, but in at least one well known process, oxygenates and unsaturates are completely eliminated from the product by hydrotreating. See, for example, the Shell Middle Distillate Process, Eiler, J., Posthuma, S. A., Sic, S. T., Catalysis Letters, 1990, 7, 253-270.
We have found, however, hat small amounts of oxygenates, preferably alcohols, usually concentrated in the 500-700° F. fraction provide exceptional lubricity for diesel fuels. For example, as illustrations will show a highly paraffinic diesel fuel with small amounts of oxygenates has excellent lubricity as shown by the BOCLE test (ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator). However, the oxygenates were removed, for example, by extraction, absorption over molecular sieves, hydroprocessing, etc., to a level of less than 10 ppm wt % oxygen (water free basis) in the fraction being tested, the lubricity was quite poor.
By virtue of the processing scheme disclosed in this invention a part of the lighter, 700° F.− fraction i.e., the 500° F.-700° F. fraction is not subjected to any hydrotreating In the absence of hydrotreating of this fraction, the small amount of oxygenates, primarily linear alcohols, in this fraction are preserved, while oxygenates in the heavier fraction are eliminated during the hydro-isomerization step. Some oxygenates contained in the C5-500° F. fraction will be converted to pars during hydroisomerization. However, the valuable oxygen containing compounds, for lubricity purposes most preferably C12-C18 primary alcohols are in the untreated 500-700° F. fraction. Hydroisomerization also serves to increase the amount of iso paraffins in the distillate fuel and helps the fuel to meet pour point and cloud point specifications, although additives may be employed for these purposes.
The oxygen compounds that are believed to promote lubricity may be described as having a hydrogen bonding energy greater than the bonding energy of hydrocarbons (these energy measurements for various compounds are available in standard references); the greater the difference, the greater the lubricity effect The oxygen compounds also have a lipophilic end and a hydrophilic end to allow wetting of the fuel.
Preferred oxygen compounds, primarily alcohols, have a relatively long chain, i.e., C12+, more preferably C12-C24 primary linear alcohols.
While acids are oxygen containing compounds, acids are corrosive and are produced in quite small amounts during Fischer-Tropsch processing at non-shift conditions. Acids are also di-oxygenates as opposed to the preferred mono-oxygenates illustrated by the linear alcohols. Thus, di- or poly-oxygenates are usually undetectable by infra red measurements and are, e.g., less than about 15 wppm oxygen as oxygen.
Non-shifting Fischer-Tropsch reactions are well known to those skilled in the art and may be characterized by conditions that minimize the formation of CO2 by products These conditions can be achieved by a variety of methods, including one or more of the following: operating at relatively low CO partial pressures, that is, operating at hydrogen to CO ratios of at least about 1.7/1,preferably about 1.7/1 to about 2.5/1, more preferably at least about 1.9/1, and in the range 1.9/1 to about 2.3/1, all with an alpha of at least about 0.88, preferably at least about 0.91; temperatures of about 175-225° C. preferably 180-210° C; using catalysts comprising cobalt or ruthenium as the primary Fischer-Tropsch catalysts agent.
The amount of oxygenates present, as oxygen on a water free basis is relatively small to achieve the desired lubricity, i.e., at least about 0.001 wt % oxygen (water free basis), preferably 0.001-0.3 wt % oxygen (water free basis), more preferably 0.0025-0.3 wt % oxygen (water free basis).
The following examples will serve to illustrate, but not limit this invention.
Hydrogen and carbon monoxide synthesis gas (H2:CO 2.11-2.16) were converted to heavy paraffins in a slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor. The catalyst utilized for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction was a titania supported cobalt/rhenium catalyst previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,663. The reaction conditions were 422428° F., 287-289 psig, and a linear velocity of 12 to 17.5 cm/sec. The alpha of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis step was 0.92. The paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch product was then isolated in three nominally different boiling streams, separated utilizing a rough flash The three approximate boiling fractions were: 1) the C5-500° F. boiling fraction, designated below as F-T Cold separator Liquids; 2) the 500-700° F. boiling faction designated below as F-T Hot Separator Liquids; and 3) the 700° F.+ boiling fraction designated below at F-T Reactor Wax.
Seventy wt % of a Hydroisomerized F-T Reactor Wax, 16.8 wt % Hydrotreated F-T Cold Separator Liquids and 13.2 wt % Hydrotreated F-T Hot Separator Liquids were combined and rigorously mixed. Diesel Fuel A was the 260-700° FF. boiling fraction of this blend, as isolated by distillation, and was prepared as follows: the hydroisomerized F-T Reactor Wax was prepared in flow through, fixed bed unit using a cobalt and molybdenum promoted amorphous silica-alumina catalyst, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5.292,989 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,348. Hydroisomerization conditions were 708° F., 750 psig H2, 2500 SCF/B H2, and a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.74.8. Hydro-isomerization was conducted with recycle of unreacted 7000F.+ reactor wax. The Combined Feed Ratio (Fresh Feed+Recycle Feed)/Fresh Feed equaled 1.5. Hydrotreated F-T Cold and Hot Separator Liquid were prepared using a flow through fixed bed reactor and commercial massive nickel catalyst. Hydrotreating conditions were 450° F., 430 psig H2, 1000 SCF/B H2, and 3.0 LHSV. Fuel A is representative of a typical of a completely hydrotreated cobalt derived Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel, well known in the art.
Seventy Eight wt % of a Hydroisomerized F-T Reactor Wax, 12 wt % Unhydrotreated F-T Cold Separator Liquids, and 10 wt % F-T Hot Separator Liquids were combined and mixed. Diesel Fuel B was the 250-700° F. boiling fraction of this blend, as isolated by distillation, and was prepared as follows: the Hydroisomerized F-T Reactor Wax was prepared in flow through, fixed bed unit using a cobalt and molybdenum promoted amorphous silica-alumina catalyst, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,989 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,348. Hydroisomerization conditions were 690° F., 725 psig H2, 2500 SCF/B H2, and a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of0.6-0.7. Fuel B is a representative example of this invention.
Diesel Fuels C and D were prepared by distilling Fuel B into two fractions. Diesel Fuel C represents the 250° F. to 500° F. fraction of Diesel Fuel B. Diesel Fuel D represents the 500-700° F. fraction of Diesel Fuel B.
100.81 grams of Diesel Fuel B was contacted with 33.11 grams of Grace Silico-aluminate zeolite:13X Grade 544, 812 mesh beads. Diesel Fuel E is the filtrated liquid resulting from this treatment This treatment effectively removes alcohols and other oxygenates from the fuel.
Oxygenate, dioxygenate, and alcohol composition of Diesel Fuels A, B, and E were measured using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). 1H-NMR experiments were done using a Brucker MSL-500 Spectrometer. Quantitative data were obtained by measuring the samples, dissolved in CDCl3, at ambient temperature, using a frequency of 500.13 MHz. pulse width of 2.9 s (45 degree tip angle), delay of 60 s, and 64 scans. Tetramethylsilane was used as an internal reference in each case and dioxane was used as an internal standard. Levels of primary alcohols secondary alcohols, esters and acids were estimated directly by comparing integrals for peaks at 3.6 (2H), 3.4 (I H), 4.1 (2H) and 2.4 (2H) ppm respectively, with that of the internal standard. IR Spectroscopy was done using a Nicolet 800 spectrometer. Samples were prepared by placing them in a KBr fixed path length cell (nominally 1.0 mm) and acquisition was done by adding 4096 scans a 0.3 cm−1 resolution. Levels of dioxygenates, such as carboxylic acids and esters, were measured using the absorbance at 1720 and 1738 cm−1, respectively. GC/MS were performed using either a Hewlett-Packard 5980/Hewlett-Packard 5970B Mass Selective Detector Combination (MSD) or Kratos Model MS-890 GC/MS. Selected ion monitoring of m/z 31 (CH3O+) was used to quantify the primary alcohols. An external standard was made by weighing C2-C14, C16 and C18 primary alcohols into mixture of C8-C16 normal paraffins. Olefins were determined using Bromine Index, as described in ASTSM D 2710. Results from these analyses are presented in Table 1. Diesel Fuel B which contains the unhydro-treated hot and cold separator liquids contains a significant amount of oxygenates as linear, primary alcohols. A significant fraction of these are the important C12-C18 primary alcohols. It is these alcohols that impart superior performance in diesel lubricity. Hydrotreating (Diesel Fuel A) is extremely effective at removing essentially all of the oxygenates and olefins. Mole sieve treatment (Diesel Fuel E) also is effective at removing the alcohol contaminants without the use of process hydrogen. None of these fuels contain significant levels of dioxygenates, such as carboxylic acids or esters.
Diesel Fuels A-E were all tested using a standard Ball on Cylinder Lubricity Evaluation (BOCLE), further described as Lacey, P. I . "The U.S. Army Scuffing Load Wear Test", Jan. 1, 1994. This test is based on ASTM D 5001. Results are reported in Table 2 as percents of Reference Fuel 2, described in Lacey.
The completely hydrotreated Diesel Fuel A, exhibits very low lubricity typical of an all paraffin diesel fuel. Diesel Fuel B, which contains a high level of oxygenates as linear, C5C24 primary alcohols, exhibits significantly superior lubricity properties. Diesel Fuel E was prepared by separating the oxygenates away from Diesel Fuel B through adsorption by 13× molecular sieves. Diesel Fuel E exhibits very poor lubricity indicating the linear C5-C24 primary alcohols are responsible for the high lubricity of Diesel Fuel B. Diesel Fuels C and D represent the 250-500° F. and the 500-700° F. boiling fractions of Diesel Fuel B, respectively. Diesel Fuel C contains the linear C5-C11 primary alcohols that boil below 500° F., and Diesel Fuel D contains the C12-C24 primary alcohols that boil between 500-700° F. Diesel Fuel D exhibits superior lubricity properties compared to Diesel Fuel C. and is in fact superior in performance to Diesel Fuel B from which it is derived. This clearly indicates that the C12-C24 primary alcohols that boil between 500-700° F. are important to producing a high lubricity saturated fuel. The fact that Diesel Fuel B exhibits lower lubricity than Diesel Fuel D also indicates that the light oxygenates contained in 250-500F. fraction of Diesel Fuel B adversely limit the beneficial impact of the C12C24 primary alcohols, contained in the 500-700° F. of Diesel Fuel B. It is therefore desirable produce a Diesel Fuel with a minimum amount of the undesirable C5-C 11light primary alcohols, but with maximum amounts of the beneficial C12-C24 primary alcohols. This can be accomplished by selectively hydrotreating the 2O500° F. boiling cold separator liquids, and not the 500-700° F. boiling hot separator liquids.
The oxidative stability of Diesel Fuels C and D were tested by observing the buildup of hydroperoxides over time. Diesel Fuel C and D represent the 250-500° F. and 500-700° F. boiling fractions of Diesel Fuel B, respectively. This test is fully described in ASTM D3703. More stable fuels will exhibit a slower rate of increase in the titrimetric hydroperoxide number. The peroxide level of each sample is determined by iodometric titration, at the start and at periodic intervals during the test. Due to the inherent stability both of these fuels, both were aged at 25° C. (room temperature) for 7 weeks before starting the peroxide. FIG. 2 shows the buildup over time for both Diesel Fuels C and D. It can be seen clearly that the 250-500° F. boiling Diesel Fuel C is much less stable than the 500-700° F. boiling Diesel Fuel D. The relative instability of Diesel Fuel C results from the fact that it contains greater than 90% of the olefins found in Diesel Fuel B. Olefins are well known in the art to cause oxidative instability. This saturation of these relatively unstable light olefins is an additional reason for hydrotreating and 250-500° F. cold separator liquids.
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2004 Lincoln LS Q&A
2004 Lincoln LS Question: Iginition coil, spark plug and window regulator
Hi, can you please tell me an estimate to get replace all spark plugs and ignition coils plus the drivers side window regulator with labor at $60/hour? Also is a coil pack and ignition coil the same or is the "pack" all 6 coils? - jamie2483
Answer 1
Your 3.0L V6 has a single coil for each cylinder, and the coil needs to be removed to replace the spark plugs, so there would be little if no extra labor to replace the coils when replacing the spark plugs. The time to replace the plugs is about 2.5 hours. $60.00 an hour seems low for your area, you must be getting or giving a good deal! Mind if I ask, why are all the coils being replaced? This is not common and normally not necessary. - Bret Bodas
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- IDEALS Home
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Browse Graduate Dissertations and Theses at Illinois by Title
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(1964)The optical bleaching of the U band in potassium bromide crystals at 78°K has been investigated. The nature of the secondary bands, the U' and the Ul bands, was studied. The U' band consisted of component bands, including ...
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(1980)Changing political and social goals complicate attempts to achieve the compromises needed for consistent national agricultural policy. In this light, it would be futile to propose the "best" grain storage program. ...
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u.s. Dairy Cooperative Service Behavior: An Overview of the North Central Region and a Case Study of the Chicago Market (1979)
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(1983)This study has three main goals: (1) to evaluate whether major United States immigration legislation has been used as a means of alleviating domestic labor shortages; (2) to assess the effect of emigration on the economic ...
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Udt Candidate Attrition, United States Navy: The Influence of Exercise and Diet Supplement (Wheat Germ Oil) on Fitness Changes During Training (1959)
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(2014-05-30)This dissertation explores some of the most pressing issues confronting Jews in the newly-liberated Ukraine to reveal how Soviet citizens attempted to articulate, reconstruct, and police the boundaries of their communities ...
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Ukraine's civil society development past and present: a comparative analysis of 19th and 21st century voluntary association in Kiev (2011-05-25)The late imperial period saw the development of a significant and substantial, although somewhat small, civil society in Kiev. After 100 years, the fall of communism gave way to increasing growth of the public sphere again. ...
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(2010-05-19)This dissertation presents an alternative route to achieve ultralow thermal conductivity in a dense solid. Thin films of disordered layered crystalline materials were deposited using Modulated Elemental Reactants (MER) ...
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Ultra thin micro solar cells with concentration optics: fabrication, modeling and characterization (2013-02-03)By directly converting sun light to electricity, photovoltaic technology is of great importance as part of a sustainable energy solution. Currently the challenge for utility scale photovoltaic power generation is the cost ...
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(1993)Surface Analytical Techniques have been used to probe the structure and surface chemistry of model boundary layer lubricants adsorbed onto single-crystal metal surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Chapter 3 presents ...
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(2010-08-20)Phase change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate for the next-generation non-volatile data storage, though its high programming current has been a major concern. By utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as interconnects to ...
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(2014-01-16)This thesis describes the construction of an experimental apparatus to study disorder physics using ultracold fermionic atomic gases. We use this apparatus to realize 3D Anderson localization for the first time for quantum ...
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(2014-01-16)The miniaturization of devices places stringent demands on materials processing techniques. As device dimensions decrease, the aspect ratios (AR) of features tend to increase. Uniform coating of these features is required, ...
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Ultrafast chemical reaction in a glass: Caged geminate ligand rebinding to protoheme, myoglobin ( pH = 3), and heme octapeptide (1990)Ultrafast flash photolysis is used to investigate the rebinding of carbon monoxide to protoheme (PH), myoglobin at pH = 3 (Mb3), and heme octapeptide (HO) in a glycerol:water (75:25) glass. A new laser system was constructed, ...
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Ultrafast dynamics in complex molecular solids: Ultrafast imaging of laser ablation of PMMA and theory of mechanical energy flow in ultrahot crystalline naphthalene (1990)In a molecular solid, there is an ultrafast transfer of energy between the internal molecular vibrations and the external modes or lattice vibrations. Two interesting examples involving this energy transfer are presented ...
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Full CoverageBreaking News
WISN 12 holds phone bank for Hunger Task ForceUPDATED 12:27 PM CST Nov 19, 2012
WISN 12 is holding a phone bank this week to help the Hunger Task Force feed the hungry.
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New Baja Designs Squadron LED Motorcycle Light
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Baja Designs
Baja Designs
Joined: Jan 2012
Location: san marcos, ca
Oddometer: 679
Originally Posted by
A bit of a hijack but BD offers a 2+2 setup (2 ea. Double Stryk) but it would cost another $150 over a single Squadron for the same light output.
Trent or Diego,
How do you think a Double Stryk would work as a booster high beam for a dual-sport bike? It appears the light output is half of the larger Squadron but I really like the idea of being able to switch it between my motorcycle and mtn bike.
I am running a 35 W HID H4 hi/lo conversion kit from another vendor in one of your standard lens/reflectors (BD#60-0002) and it works quite well. It would be nice to get a little more light on high beam though. I could run both the 35 W HID and a Double Stryk and still draw less current than the stock 65 W halogen. The trick would be figuring out a mount but that shouldn't be too hard. Using it as a helmet-mounted light is another interesting option for trail use.
From what I have been able to gather, a standard halogen H4 bulb is good for about 1,500 lumens on high (65 W) and a 35 W HID bulb runs about 2,800 lumens. Both lose lumens in the reflector and lens before becoming useful light. The Double Stryk has a legitimate 1,800 lumens with a good pattern so it wouldn't double the amount of light I already have but should be a noticeable addition.
Any thoughts?
Hey guys, I think that the Double Stryk would work great as a high beam booster on a dual sport bike. I've mountain biked with all of our mountain bike lights and the Double Stryk is insanely bright.
We've had a lot of customers asking about mounting options on the vehicle kit so this is something our engineers will be working on sometime in the near future. The Double Stryk and Squadron use the same optics and LED circuitry so the beam pattern on the Double Stryk is literally half of a Squadron. It would definitely be a noticeable addition. Here is a link to a video you have to see
, this is the Las Vegas Enduro cross Baja Designs night race. This rider won and he only has two Double Stryk's mounted to his helmet; nothing on the bike itself. Also as a note the hot spot you see on the video are not there, the light is actually distributed evenly, but unfortunately the camera caught the bright light and did't know how to process it. Hope this helps, let me know if you have any other questions.
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The Logan Square Beer Fest returns for a second year, expanding to two tasting sessions in response to last year's sold out event. In addition to more than 50 different suds for sampling, attendees will be treated to live music, food from a local restaurant and a brewery swag raffle.
Logan Square Beer Fest
|Event website:


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Now a timeout from all the hate and the madness. Time for a few snaps of charity and a couple of downs of hope from Bengals right end Michael Johnson as he continues his rush to make a difference. So step right into the Michael D. Johnson Technology Center in his hometown of Selma, Ala.
From 1 to slightly more than 1,000 in a numbers game gone wild as we offer Bengaldom a rash of digits to peruse for the upcoming season. Andy Dalton eyes Johnny Unitas, A.J. Green chases down Isaac Curtis, Leon Hall tries to jump over Leapin' Lemar Parrish, and Andrew Whitworth and Domata Peko (above) close in on the ironmen.
The Bengals signed former Ravens QB Keith Wenning Wednesday in an effort to find a young, developmental quarterback...William and Mary is an unlikely NFL pipeline, but the Bengals have two of the school's 10 NFL coaches and scouts on staff...
Andy Dalton and AJ McCarron are on the minds of Bengaldom after spring workouts.


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Originally written on Ted's Army | Last updated 11/27/12
On a day dominated by the Yankees bringing back old guys, the Red Sox have their own bit of gossip, as Buster Olney tweets of Andrew Bailey's availability. I would say this one ranks even lower in likelihood than the Lester-for-Myers rumor, mainly because Bailey's value is so low it's incomprehensible that the team would pawn him off. Last year, the Red Sox acquired Bailey along with Ryan Sweeney for Josh Reddick. Reddick blew up, smacking 32 homers and 29 doubles as an unlikely key cog on an unlikely successful run by the A's. Bailey was hurt, and then pretty bad, compiling a 7+ ERA over 15 innings. Now, we all know the team subscribes to the theory that a sunk cost is a sunk cost, but there's also public perception. The Red Sox are not going to send off Bailey for a middling prospect or two when the year before they gave up a 30-home run hitter for him. And no one's going to trade anything more than a middling prospect, so look forward to Bailey as the closer at the start of 2013. At the deadline, assuming we're well out of contention? Then you might have a different story.
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34 year old man | Silverdale, WA, USA | Seeking women 25-31 within 50 miles
Looking for the one to be my best friend for the rest of my life.
Like to be spontaneous I will have some set plans if needed. I enjoy golfing being out in nature hiking and camping. I am rather laid back and soft spoken witch is something that catches most people off guard since they think I am not interested in them or listening when I am quiet and watching and listening but I will talk if it's a subject that I want to talk about. I am rather inquisitive when learning about people and I find more joy in making other people happy then in doing things only for myself now I do take care of my self but I like to help people if I can. I grew up on a dairy farm so my values are more of the old world I hate people that I can't trust if there is no trust then there can not be a good foundation for a friendship or relationship. I value my friends and family and I would do anything for them. Family Is very important to me as well as having some one that wants to be apart of my family and wants me to be apart of there's some day. I am looking for some one the is serious about building a close friendship and relationship. One that is founded on trust and mutual respect for each other both our likes and dislikes and willing to work in a relationship.
Alumni connections , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Music and concerts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
I don't have any pets but if I could I would have a lab or something that I can play fetch with.
I don't have one to this time but I am open for ideas of places to go and hang out. I am very inquisitive and enjoy learning.
Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths, NY
A relaxing glass of wine and a good book or a good conversation with friends. Being out doors is my favorite place to be I don't like being cooped up inside there is to many things to do and to learn. Learning is also some thing that I enjoy.
Working on my golf game is rather relaxing to me. Rock climbing is great fun but there are few places around here that I have found to climb. Reading about history woriking in the wood shop I enjoy. Handing out with friends and family.
One of the cook books that I got from my Great Grandmother it is fun to read something that has a recipe and not just instructions on how to add things from a box.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark blonde
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Law enforcement / Security / Military
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
I enjoy going to the Saturday night mass and hope to find someone that enjoys going to church as well.
|Bachelors degree
|Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I have my BS in Natural Resources Environmental Science.


text:
Read analysis and interact with data visualizations about the New York City charter school sector. If you have a question about these analyses, please contact Monica Wawrzyniak by email.
UPDATE: We posted our in-depth analysis of charter school test scores. View it here.
Out of the 159 New York City charter schools currently enrolling students for 2012-13, 130 (82%) responded to the New York City Charter School Center's survey about their lottery application rates. Based on survey data, the Charter Center estimates that New York City charter schools received a total of 133,000 applications for 14,600 new seats.
Drawing nearly 600 parents, the first-ever Brooklyn Charter School Fair gave parents the opportunity to speak directly with charter school representatives and learn about all of their public school options.
The results are out from the 2011-12 state tests for Math and English Language Arts (ELA) in grades 3-8, and New York City charter schools once again have reason to feel proud and hopeful, though by no means content.
Today, the NYC Department of Education (NYC DOE) released its 2011-12 Progress Reports for public schools serving grades K-8, including charter schools. Overall, charter schools' grades are improved from the previous year. Close to half (46%) of all charter schools received an A grade, compared to 25% of public schools citywide.


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44 year old man | Hilliard, OH, USA | Seeking women 34-42 within 25 miles
Hi There....
So far in my life I've learned that I love challenging conversation with intelligent people; a great cup of coffee on a cool spring morning; listening to an acoustic folk singer in an old pub with a good beer; riding my road bike as fast and as far as I can; an empty midnight European street after an autumn rain; the golden hue of the Catalonian coast; Bloody Marys and friends on Football Sunday; endless desert highways; the stars over Silverton, Colorado; the carefree playfulness of my niece; a great book that has something important to say; live music in loud bars; dancing with someone who doesn't care that I look like a fool; writing stories that no one will read much less publish; and quiet times with someone who understands me. More than anything, I'd love to meet someone who can get me, and I her. So if you're looking for something similar, I'd love to hear from you.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Cycling, Other types of exercise, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
Don't display my sign
I have Cats
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses
Some other viewpoint
I haven't been able to get out to the bars much lately, but always liked Zeno's on the north side of town and Gresso's on the south side. For my last vacation, I went to the coast of Spain and am definitely planning on going back soon.
Capital University, Columbus, OH
I've only recently begun to have free time again, so I'm in the process of rediscovering all the things I like to do.
Penpal by Dathan Auerbach. I highly recommend this book. It's probably the most emotionally affecting books I've ever read.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|4'11" (149cms) to 5'9" (175cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Moderately
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
According to the Myers-Briggs Personality Test, I am an INFP. Look that up and it will tell you a lot about me. For good or bad, it's pretty right on. They had us take the test for the MBA program.
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|No preference
I have an MBA from Capital University.


text:
British DVD Reviews
All the latest British DVD reviews
Jack The Ripper (Miniseries) Saturday 10th May 2003 22:57 Bear witness to Michael Caine's Emmy-award winning performance as investigator Frederick Abbeline on the trail of the most terrifying killer London has ever known... DVD Add a Comment
Jackass : The Movie Thursday 3rd July 2003 23:30 A group of lads joking about and generally causing mayhem doesn't seem like a particularly exciting idea for a movie, however the movie became a success in the cinema. Now it is time for Jackass the Movie on DVD! DVD Comments (1)
Jacob's Ladder Friday 4th July 2003 20:29 This cult 90's film has finally made its way to DVD, but has it aged? DVD Comments (2)
Jam Films Wednesday 2nd March 2005 11:22 We take a look at this unique collection of shorts by some of Japan's most innovative and enthusiastic directors, such as Ryuhei Kitamura (Versus, Azumi) and Shunji Iwai (All About Lily Chou Chou, Swallowtail & Butterfly). However is it worth importing th DVD Add a Comment
Jam Films 2 Monday 21st March 2005 21:47 We have taken a look at the follow-up to the spectacular Jam Films; this time the directors are all newcomers who share a common history of being established music video directors. How will these first time directors do? Is the Japanese disc worth importi DVD Comments (1)
Jason X (Rental) Monday 27th January 2003 11:25 If lacerations with a two foot "knife" and decapitations aplenty make a film great for you, then you might be interested in checking out the region two rental release of Jason X from EiV. DVD Comments (3)
Java Head/Tiger Bay Wednesday 29th June 2011 23:08 Marcus may very well be all Ealing'd out after three of their classics in a week.... DVD Add a Comment
Jaws: 25th Anniversary Edition Thursday 9th August 2001 21:20 Chris was recently spotted swimming around the shore of his local beach wearing a pretend fin and scaring the wits out of passing pensioners. It can mean only one thing, he has just reviewed the special edition of Jaws! DVD Comments (1)
Jaws: 30th Anniversary Edition Sunday 14th August 2005 20:22 Chris Gould tentatively dips a toe into the water and tackles the new Jaws release DVD Comments (23)
Jeepers Creepers 2 Sunday 1st February 2004 17:41 Even the director said that originally he had not wanted to make a sequel, and he even tried to construct the film in such a way that one could not be made. However there was a loophole in his planning and with a bit of a push from Francis Ford Coppola, d DVD Comments (3)
Jet Li Collection, The Thursday 28th July 2005 1:56 Hong Kong Legends have struck again, and this time they have delivered a collection of Jet Li films into our laps; Hitman and The Master. While perhaps not the two greatest films from Jet Li's career, they are certainly two entertaining action flicks that DVD Comments (1)
Jo Brand - Barely Live Monday 24th November 2003 22:15 Jo Brand is no stranger to controversy and even having been around the stand-up circuit for many years she still seems to be an easy target for critics. Broadening her horizons, this year sees her debut in the world of DVD. DVD Add a Comment
John Carpenter Collection, The Sunday 5th October 2008 20:00 Our Leigh Riding reviews Optimum's mammoth 7 disc Carpenter blow out DVD Comments (15)
John Q Wednesday 30th October 2002 10:05 If you have no money, and your child is dying, what do you do? This film follows the story of John Q, played by Oscar winner Denzel Washington, whose son's heart fails and requires an expensive operation. A parent would do anything to save their own flesh DVD Add a Comment
John Q Friday 18th April 2003 22:38 Whilst it won't win any awards, it is still a worthwhile rental, and even purchase for some viewers, due to a good all-round package. Recommended. DVD Add a Comment
John Williams - Star Wars: A Musical Journey Sunday 15th May 2005 22:15 John Williams and Star Wars go hand in hand. They are the perfect marriage of splendiferous visual chemistry and robust musical opera. They go together like bread and butter, like Laurel and Hardy… I think you get the picture. But put simply, one wouldn't DVD Comments (20)
Johnny English Tuesday 12th August 2003 21:24 Johnny English is a surprisingly entertaining spy spoof that doesn't always hit the targets it aims at but still manages to stay afloat thanks to the comical genius of Mr Rowan Atkinson. The supporting players also help to keep the film fresh with Ben Mil DVD Comments (1)
Johnny Vegas: 18 Stone of Idiot - Unseen and Uncut Thursday 10th November 2005 13:21 Johnny Vegas' six-part show contains anything any everything he could possibly get away with on TV and more in this uncut compilation of the best bits... DVD Add a Comment
Josie and the Pussycats Tuesday 6th November 2001 15:56 When we asked Chris Gould to review Josie and the Pussycats he was sceptical. Then we read him the cast list... DVD Add a Comment
Ju-On: The Grudge - Special Collector's Edition Monday 8th November 2004 10:55 An original and terrifying J-horror that any remake will have to try hard to surpass... DVD Comments (9)
Jumper Wednesday 14th May 2008 11:17 Scott McKenzie checks out the DVD release of this recent sci-fi action movie DVD Comments (3)
World DVD Reviews
All the latest DVD reviews from around the world
Jackass Number Two: Unrated Sunday 31st December 2006 4:14 Injured idiots aren't really Gabe's thing, but he respects idiocy for what it is... US - DVD R1 Comments (9)
Jackboots on Whitehall Sunday 31st July 2011 3:15 Gabe witness the filmic result of grown men who love history playing with toys... US - DVD R1 Comments (3)
Japanese Story: Special Edition Tuesday 7th September 2004 6:47 Japanese Story ranks up there with some of the finest Australian dramas of recent times. Sure, there's not too much competition coming out of the local film industry at the moment but to put this production in the same category as Lantana is a tribute to AU - DVD R4 Add a Comment
Jarhead Friday 9th June 2006 5:48 Are you listening to me, soldier? Read the review of this war movie, ricky tick! US - DVD R1 Comments (21)
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Thursday 14th March 2002 16:24 In the latest in my series of View Askew reviews I'm breaking with tradition and skipping to the final instalment in the New Jersey series, the litigiously titled Jay And Silent Bob Strike Back. The film, the last to feature the characters of Jay and Sile US - DVD R1 Add a Comment
Jeepers Creepers Wednesday 14th August 2002 22:33 These days it is becoming increasingly common to watch movies which cannot decide what genre they belong to. Sometimes this is intentional and the decision proves to be successful, but more often then not they simply don't work. Read any review on Jeepers AU - DVD R4 Comments (2)
Jimeoin, The: All Over The Shop Wednesday 26th March 2003 10:20 For a good, clean laugh you can't go past this disc. It may not be the most re-watchable disc in town but for sheer diversity of your DVD collections and something different to throw on in the background when you do your ironing this disc is the perfect f AU - DVD R4 Comments (1)
Joe Dirt Tuesday 11th September 2001 20:59 David Spade stars a white trash country hick who goes searching for his parents and love in Joe Dirt US - DVD R1 Comments (1)
Joe Dirt Friday 4th January 2002 0:13 As a fan of David Spade, I was really looking forward to watching David Spade play Joe Dirt, a wig wearing, rock and roll fan who is searching for his parents. However, fellow DVD viewers, there isn't any reason you should try to search this film out. US - DVD R1 Add a Comment
British Blu-ray Reviews
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Jack and the Cuckoo Clock Heart Monday 3rd November 2014 4:15 Gabe tick-tocks his way through this charming French animated feature... BD Add a Comment
Jackie Brown Monday 24th October 2011 22:32 Chris takes a belated look at Tarantino's often-overlooked classic on Blu-ray Disc BD Add a Comment
Jane Eyre Monday 19th March 2012 22:01 Marcus is mean to Jane Eyre but she keeps coming back for more in HD... BD Add a Comment
Jennifer's Body Monday 22nd February 2010 15:21 Our Marcus tries to concentrate on the movie as he watches Megan Fox in HD BD Comments (5)
Julia's Eyes Tuesday 13th September 2011 13:16 Marcus thinks there's an invisible man in the corner while he writes this review BD Add a Comment
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All the latest Blu-ray reviews from around the world
J. Edgar Wednesday 29th February 2012 23:53 Matt takes a look at the recent biopic film from Warner Home Video on Blu-ray... US - BD Comments (1)
Jack and the Cuckoo Clock Heart Monday 3rd November 2014 4:15 Gabe tick-tocks his way through this charming French animated feature... BD RA Add a Comment
Jack Hill Double Feature Tuesday 23rd June 2015 20:20 Gabe checks out Arrow Video's Spider Baby and Pit Stop Blu-rays... US - BD RA/B Add a Comment
Jack Reacher Monday 6th May 2013 22:30 Gabe adequately reviews this categorically adequate polticial thriller... US - BD RA Comments (1)
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit Tuesday 10th June 2014 10:51 Gabe can't quite get on board with the second Jack Ryan franchise reboot... US - BD RA Comments (1)
Jack the Giant Slayer Tuesday 18th June 2013 17:09 Matt checks out the recent release of director Bryan Singer's latest on Blu-ray. US - BD Add a Comment
Jackass 3.5 Tuesday 14th June 2011 19:46 Jonathan straps on his safety goggles for this all-new unrated Jackass movie... US - BD Comments (7)
Jackie Brown Thursday 6th October 2011 22:33 Gabe revisits the Tarantino classic, complete with Blu-ray/DVD comp caps... US - BD RA Comments (4)
James and the Giant Peach: Special Edition Wednesday 4th August 2010 2:03 Gabe revisits Henry Selick's film version of Roald Dahl's beloved children's book... US - BD Comments (1)
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28-17985 - 5V 2.2A Micro USB Switch Mode Power Adapter
5V 2.2A AC Switching Power Supply
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Micro USB male connector
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21-10115 - 60W Compact Digital Soldering Station
This compact soldering station features a digital
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96-1760 - WES51 Electronic Soldering Station
A powerful and economical continuous production soldering station, this unit has temperature lockout and automatic power-down features to keep you in control. The WES51 was designed for continuous production, rework, and repair of through hole, SMT boards, most gr...
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28-11104 - 6" Extension Cord with Flat Rotating Plug
Make your installation as clean and professional as possible with these extension cords featuring a flat 360° rotating plug.
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21-1590 - Temperature Controlled Digital Soldering Station
Temperature Controlled Soldering Station
There is a reason this workhorse has been in the Tenma line for over 25 years. It is the most reliable station we've ever offered. Several years ago, we discontinued this to make room for a "new improved" model. The outcry...
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28-11161 - 8 Switched Outlet Rack Mount Outlet Strip
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28-11311 - 2 Outlet Extension Cord
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21-8240 - Vacuum Desoldering Iron
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82-18150 - 4-Channel D1 DVR w/ P2P Network/Remote Access Setup
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Innovative heater and sensor combination gives you quick heat-up and rapid temperature recovery
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50-13422 - Dual Infrared Emitter with 3.5mm Plug
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58-17240 - 6' 18GA Polarized C7-style Power Cord
6' 18GA Polarized C8-style Power Cord
Popular 18AWG power cord used by many manufacturers including Hitachi, Sony, Sharp and Magnavox. Two 18 gauge conductors in a SPT-2 type weather resistant PVC jacket rated for 600V with IEC C7 polarized plug. Length:...
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35-10545 - Lavalier Microphone with 4 Pin Mini XLR Connector
Lavalier Microphone
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An excellent place to purchase items at a great price. Thank you!


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October 4, 2011
4H Horse Club Youth Leader, Maresa Hargrove, gives Leroy a much needed break during a morning with horses at 4H day camp earlier this year.
Stories this photo appears in:
4-H'ers focus on club with special week
This week, more than 700 Dougherty County students are celebrating their 4-H Club.
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The process of buying a new Lexus car or truck can seem overwhelming if you don't know where to begin. Edmunds.com can get you started on the right track with a convenient directory of Lexus car dealerships in and around Startup, Washington. Compare online price quotes on the new or used car, truck, SUV, minivan, or wagon of your choice to locate the best deals. Edmunds.com makes it easy to find trusted Lexus car dealers in Startup, saving car buyers time and money on what will be an important purchase.
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Rx drug information, pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, news, and more
EMBEDA contains pellets of an extended-release oral
formulation of morphine sulfate, an opioid receptor agonist, surrounding an
inner core of naltrexone hydrochloride, an opioid receptor antagonist indicated
for the management of moderate to severe pain when a continuous,
around-the-clock opioid analgesic is needed for an extended period of
EMBEDA is NOT intended for use as a prn analgesic.
EMBEDA 100 mg/4 mg IS FOR USE IN OPIOID-TOLERANT PATIENTS
ONLY. Ingestion of these capsules or the pellets within the capsules may cause
fatal respiratory depression when administered to patients not already tolerant
to high doses of opioids.
Patients should not consume alcoholic beverages while on
EMBEDA therapy. Additionally, patients must not use prescription or
non-prescription medications containing alcohol while on EMBEDA therapy. The
co-ingestion of alcohol with EMBEDA may result in an increase of plasma levels
and potentially fatal overdose of morphine. EMBEDA is to be swallowed whole or
the contents of the capsules sprinkled on apple sauce. The pellets in the
capsules are not to be crushed, dissolved, or chewed due to the risk of rapid
release and absorption of a potentially fatal dose of morphine.
Crushing, chewing, or dissolving EMBEDA will also result in
the release of naltrexone which may precipitate withdrawal in opioid-tolerant
EMBEDA capsules contain pellets of morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride at a ratio of 100:4. Morphine sulfate is an agonist and naltrexone hydrochloride is an antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor.
EMBEDA is an extended-release oral formulation of morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride indicated for the management of moderate to severe pain when a continuous, around-the-clock opioid analgesic is needed for an extended period of time.
EMBEDA is NOT intended for use as a prn analgesic.
EMBEDA is not indicated for acute/postoperative pain or if the pain is mild or not expected to persist for an extended period of time. EMBEDA is only indicated for postoperative use if the patient is already receiving chronic opioid therapy prior to surgery or if the postoperative pain is expected to be moderate to severe and persist for an extended period of time. Physicians should individualize treatment, moving from parenteral to oral analgesics as appropriate
Osteopathic manipulative therapy significantly improves low back pain in postpartum women Source: Bones / Orthopedics News From Medical News Today [2015.07.01]German researchers found osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMTh) decreased postpartum low back pain by over 70 percent in women who had given birth at least three months before beginning treatment...
Aching Foot Makes OA-Related Knee Pain Worse (CME/CE) Source: MedPage Today Neurology [2015.07.01](MedPage Today) -- Clinicians should consider evaluating the foot and ankle of osteoarthritis patients
Gender difference in pain transmission, reports new study Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today [2015.06.30]A mouse study has found that different immune cells in males and females are responsible for the transmission of pain, raising questions about human pain drug development.
TIVORBEX now available in U.S. pharmacies for the treatment of acute pain Source: Pain / Anesthetics News From Medical News Today [2015.06.29]Iroko Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a global specialty pharmaceutical company dedicated to advancing the science of analgesia, has announced that TIVORBEX® (indomethacin) capsules, a nonsteroidal...
Many Doctors Underestimate Risks of Prescription Painkillers: Survey Source: MedicineNet Chronic Pain Specialty [2015.06.29]Title: Many Doctors Underestimate Risks of Prescription Painkillers: SurveyCategory: Health NewsCreated: 6/26/2015 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 6/29/2015 12:00:00 AM
Impact of intravenous naltrexone on intravenous morphine-induced high, drug
liking, and euphoric effects in experienced, nondependent male opioid users. [2011]naltrexone in a clinical simulation of intravenous abuse of crushed MS-sNT... CONCLUSIONS: Results in this study population suggest that naltrexone added to
Morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride extended release capsules in patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain. [2010.07]OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride extended release capsules (EMBEDA; MS-sNT), which contain morphine sulfate pellets with a sequestered naltrexone core, in treating patients with chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis (hip or knee) pain... CONCLUSION: MS-sNT provided effective analgesia in patients with chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain, with a safety profile typical of morphine-containing products. Naltrexone sequestered in MS-sNT had no clinically relevant effect when MS-sNT was taken as directed.
ALO-01 (morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride) extended-release capsules in the treatment of chronic pain of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. [2010.04]ALO-01 (EMBEDA [morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride] extended-release capsules [King Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bridgewater, NJ]), indicated for chronic moderate-to-severe pain, is designed to release naltrexone upon tampering (eg, by crushing), reducing morphine-induced subjective effects.
Morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride extended release capsules in
patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain. [2010]chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis (hip or knee) pain... CONCLUSION: MS-sNT provided effective analgesia in patients with chronic,
ALO-01 (morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride) extended-release capsules
in the treatment of chronic pain of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee:
pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. [2010]ALO-01 (EMBEDA [morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride] extended-release
capsules [King Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bridgewater, NJ]), indicated for chronic
moderate-to-severe pain, is designed to release naltrexone upon tampering (eg, by
crushing), reducing morphine-induced subjective effects.Results highlight the potential for
morphine in ALO-01 to manage moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain, while the
sequestered naltrexone does not interfere with efficacy.
Conversion to Embeda With Rescue Trial [Recruiting]
The purpose of the research study is to find out if opioid dependent chronic pain patients
who are judged by their physician to be eligible to change their current opioid medicine and
to participate in this study can be successfully adjusted to a stable dose of EMBEDA®
(morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride). The study will also assess each patient's
risk for prescription opioid abuse, misuse and diversion.
Self Medication With Oral Morphine After Total Knee Arthroplasty. [Recruiting]
The study aims to compare two post operative pain management strategy's, traditional nurse
dispensed pain control versus patient self medication. The investigators aim to establish if
patients who self medicate have differing pain levels than those who take nurse dispensed
oral morphine.
Comparison for Pethidine Requirement in Patients Received Spinal Morphine 0.2 and 0.3 mg for Post Lobectomy Analgesia [Recruiting]
Extended-release Epidural Morphine for Acute Post-operative Analgesia Following Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy in Children [Recruiting]
The purpose of this proposal is to improve the investigators' current Selective Dorsal
Rhizotomy (SDR) analgesia protocol by eliminating or minimizing the use of fentanyl in the
post-operative period.
Children undergoing SDR for spastic cerebral palsy have significant post-operative pain.
The procedure requires dissection of the lumbar back musculature and removal of the L1
lamina (the bony posterior part of the vertebra). The majority of the operation is
intradural, and a water-tight dural closure at the termination of the operation is critical
in order to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the wound. In fact, these
children must remain flat on their back for 48 hours to allow the dural incision to heal
prior to mobilization. Thus, adequate pain control is essential not only for patient
comfort, but also to prevent agitation and additional stress on the dural closure.
Currently, the investigators' patients undergoing SDR are treated for 48 hours with
scheduled intravenous (IV) narcotic (continuous fentanyl infusion at 0. 5-2. 0 μg/kg/hour) in
addition to the sedative/muscle relaxant Valium (0. 2 mg/kg IV every 4 hours for 24 hours,
then every 6 hours for 24 hours). The IV fentanyl, and to a lesser degree Valium, carries a
real risk of hypotension and respiratory depression and requires frequent dose adjustments
to achieve adequate analgesia.
By improving the current SDR analgesia protocol, the investigators hope to maximize patient
safety and comfort while maintaining the effectiveness of the operation by minimizing the
risk of CSF leak.
Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacogenetic of Morphine After Surgery [Recruiting]
The main objective of this study is to improve our knowledge on the pharmacodynamic,
pharmacokinetic, and pharmacogenetic relationships of morphine administered to relief severe
postoperative pain. The analysis will encompass the efficacy (acute during titration and
subacute during the first 24 hours) and adverse effects of morphine. Our purpose is also to
better characterize the age- and sex-related differences which probably markedly differ
between the two periods (acute vs sub acute).
Intentional Overdose (4),
Migraine (4),
Drug Ineffective (3),
Pain (3),
Convulsion (3),
Pruritus (2),
Lymphoma Operation (2),
Speech Disorder (2),
Completed Suicide (2),
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (2), more >>
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5 Areas Kansas City Chiefs Must Improve Upon During Training Camp
5 Areas Kansas City Chiefs Must Improve Upon During Training Camp
What happened? The 2012 Kansas City Chiefs were supposed to be competitive. They were a legitimate dark horse candidate. In the offseason, they added OT Eric Winston, CB Stanford Routt and RB Peyton Hillis to an already talented roster. How did they end up as the laughing stock of the league with a 2-14 record?
Well first off, those three signings turned out to be busts. Hillis matched career lows with 3.6 yards per carry and one touchdown, Routt was cut midseason, and Winston made national news bashing the Kansas City fans in a post-game rant.
However, a much bigger factor to the failure was the abysmal quarterback play. Together, Matt Cassel and Brady Quinn combined for 27 turnovers while managing just eight touchdowns.
Despite these setbacks, the Chiefs still had six players selected to the Pro Bowl. The number of a team's Pro Bowlers should never triple their win total. When a team underperforms to that magnitude, an overhaul in leadership is inevitable.
Kansas City had arguably the busiest offseason in 2013, cutting ties with GM Scott Pioli and head coach Romeo Crennel, and hiring John Dorsey and Andy Reid in their place. Dorsey and Reid kept the changes going with a laundry list of free agent signings, most notably replacing Cassel with Alex Smith.
With so many major changes, there is a lot to get excited about in Kansas City. However, with big change comes big question marks. Last season's worst team in the league have plenty to improve upon in training camp. Here are the five areas where they need to step up the most.
5. Defensive Line
Former first-round picks Tyson Jackson (third overall) and Dontari Poe (11th overall) need to fulfill their potential. Free-agent DE Mike Devito was a decent pickup, but Poe and Jackson must take big steps forward for any success up front.
Poe has shed some weight and has had a nice training camp so far. He has the most potential and seems determined to fulfill it.
4. Wide Receiver
After Dwayne Bowe, last season's next best receiving yard total on the team was 453 by tight end Tony Moeaki. Coach Reid loves to throw the ball and will work to improve upon that. Dexter McCluster, Donnie Avery and Jon Baldwin will be the breakout candidates.
Avery and Baldwin need to fix their problem with drops. McCluster has been lining up all over the place and getting the ball often in training camp. Hopefully, his 5-foot-7, 170-pound body can take a beating, because it looks like his workload will be increasing significantly.
3. Secondary
Free agents Sean Smith and Dunta Robinson bring good talent, but also some inconsistency to a solid secondary. At 6-foot-3, Smith brings some nice size to the cornerback position and has looked good in training camp thus far.
Defensive coordinator Bob Sutton will employ some very aggressive defensive schemes this season. He has Eric Berry lining up all over the field and is using him in a lot of blitz packages. The rest of the secondary holding up will be vital for the team to prevent the big plays.
2. Leadership
This team is in dire need of discipline and focus. Reid is replacing a player's coach in Crennel, which is a term that doesn't get the negative connotation it deserves. A player's coach is essentially the cool parent that lets their kids do what they want and has very little control over them.
Reid has a lot of experience working with less-than-focused players, most notably DeSean Jackson and Terrell Owens. Hopefully, this experience will work to his benefit in Kansas City.
1. Quarterback
With a career 79.1 quarterback rating and just one 3,000 passing yard season in seven tries, Smith's career has been underwhelming. On the bright side, his quarterback rating has improved every season since 2007.
Reid and Offensive Coordinator Doug Pederson do not plan on using Smith as a game manager like they did in San Francisco. They are getting very creative in using the tight ends heavily in the passing game, utilizing McCluster's versatile skill set and even trying out some QB option packages.
Smith will be relied upon much more heavily than he has been in the past. Kansas City has a great rushing attack and plenty of talent. If Smith keeps improving as he has been in recent years, the Chiefs could have one of the best offenses in the NFL.
Bengals' Cornerback Play Will Be Key In 5 Games
The Cincinnati Bengals will be relying on solid play from their corners in at least five games. Read More
Saints Player Profile: OT Andrus Peat
Andrus Peat was a high first-round draft pick for the New Orleans Saints. Find out what type of impact will he have during his first season. Read More
5 Bengals Who Will Bounce Back In 2015
These five Cincinnati Bengals players will bounce back in 2015. Read More
Arizona Cardinals Training Camp Profile: Josh Brown
The Arizona Cardinals could have the next top slot receiver in the NFL, but can he produce the same numbers last year? Read More
Seattle Seahawks Training Camp: Richard Sherman
If there is one player to lead the charge into training camp for the Seattle Seahawks, look no further then Richard Sherman. Read More
Report: Green Bay Packers' player charged with firing a gun in Miami
Green Bay Packers' Andrew Quarless was involved in a scuffle that saw him Read More
Arizona Cardinals on the 2015 All-NFL team, fans deserve to win Super Bowl 50, more
The best stories from the cover32 world the last week. Read More


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Current LSU News
Dr. Gazi Zibari & Team Continue Medical Mission Work in Iraq
Dr. Gazi Zibari & Team Continue Medical Mission Work in Iraq
Posted Date: 4/18/2012
Dr. Gazi B. Zibari, Professor of Surgery and Director of WK/LSU Regional Transplant Center and Malcolm Feist Chair in Transplantation (pictured), and a multidisciplinary team of physicians and nurses have been doing medical charity work in Kurdistan of Iraq since the first Gulf War. This year, a team sponsored by the International College of Surgeons (ICS), World Surgical Foundation and American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (AHPBA) organized and presented "A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Surgical and Medical Symposium" in Kurdistan, Iraq on March 14, 2012.
Team members included: Drs. Gazi B. Zibari (transplantation), Michael Moore (hematology/oncology), Guthikonda Bharat (neurosurgery), Arielle DuBose (PGY2), and Debbie Ross (registered nurse) from LSU Health Shreveport; Drs. Lou Smith (trauma and critical care), Blaine Enderson (emergency and trauma) and Cathy Reed (anesthesiology) from Knoxville, Tenn. The U.S. team along with local physicians spoke on a variety of topics ranging from cancer prevalence in Kurdistan to pediatric anesthesia.
After the symposium, team members treated patients in both the operating room and clinic as well as organized a Trauma and Critical Care Workshop which focused on handling trauma and emergencies in rural areas.
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Updated 08/05/2014
Set in a tranquil neighborhood, surrounded by a garden, and vaulted and shimmering-white in archetypal Cycladic fashion, this is a nifty option (built in 2002) and one that is open all year. Although just a block or so from the main business square, the immediate precinct is a quiet, domestic neighborhood. Most guest rooms have a tiny balcony overlooking the garden or with an eastern sea view; "family" rooms (which anyone can book) are most spacious, thanks to their impressive double-height loft ceilings. A bit of luxury: some rooms have a Jacuzzi, and breakfast (included) lasts all day.
Along road leading to camping grounds, Fira, Santorini, 84700, Greece
Website: www.costamarina.gr
Hotel Details:
Updated 08/05/2014
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Scoliosis can be accompanied by
kyphosis, a rounding
of the upper spine that causes the person to have a
hunched back. This condition can be painful. The cause is usually unknown, but
the condition may be present at birth or may be the result of injury, infection (such
as tuberculosis) or disease (such as Scheuermann's disease or osteoporosis), paralysis, or
Swayback (abnormal lordosis in the low back) may also accompany scoliosis.
Abnormal lordosis is an excessive
curve in the neck or lower back.
Last Revised:
July 21, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Robert B. Keller, MD - Orthopedics
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Thomas C. Cochran, Jr., M.D.
About Thomas C. Cochran, Jr., M.D.
Show More Thomas C. Cochran, Jr., M.D. practices in Boston at The Boston Center as a Plastic Surgeon, board certified by American Board of Plastic Surgery. and is a member of American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), Fellow, American College of Surgeons (FACS) and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS).
Treatments offered at The Boston Center
Education / Training
Medical: MD, New York University School of Medicine
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- Remember, fireworks are dangerous
- Wallace asks citizens to fight cuts
- Dispute over state payroll rolls on
- Why fight over free trade confounds partisan divide
- Still no state budget
- Crime control is not the responsibility of landlords
- Fly over to the Poplar Grove Wings and Wheels Museum benefit
- Local leaders warn of budget deadlock's impact
- SHUTDOWN: Illinois preps for the worst
- TRRT Online Edition | July 1-7
New restaurant to open in former Paragon space in early summer
Staff Report
A new restaurant is scheduled to open early this summer in the former Paragon restaurant space at 205 W. State St., downtown Rockford.
The management team that owns and operates Onyx Bar & Grill, 1001 W. Lane Road, Machesney Park, and R.B.I.'s Bar and Restaurant, 3870 N. Perryville Road, plans to develop a family-friendly sports bar and restaurant inside the 8,000-square-foot space.
Sunil Puri, president of First Rockford Group, which owns the property, said: "This group of talented individuals has already created two of the top five locally-owned bar and grill locations in the Rock River Valley. We are excited to bring that kind of energy to this former fine dining restaurant. People say there is nothing to do in downtown, so we are trying to give more people a reason to come to Rockford's center."
The facility has easy access to parking and all of the major arts venues in downtown Rockford — the BMO Harris Bank Center, Davis Park and the Coronado Performing Arts Center — and is expected to employ an additional 50 to 60 people.
"This restaurant will have a unique menu and fast, efficient lunch service," Puri said. "They are hoping to draw primarily from the people who are already coming downtown for live entertainment at the BMO Harris Bank Center or Coronado, as well as those who are coming out to the City Market, Friday Night Flix and all of the fantastic programming at Davis Park."
The restaurant will feature a brick pizza oven, meeting room and catering menu.
From the April 4-10, 2012, issue


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