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Editorial: Vero Beach residents should have say on proposed sale of electric utility to FPL
There is a bit of revisionist history taking place in the city of Vero Beach.
You get the impression listening to some elected officials that voters OK'd the proposed sale of the city's electric utility in November 2011, when city residents approved a referendum — by an almost 2 to 1 ratio — authorizing the city to lease the power plant site north of the 17th Street Bridge "for the purpose of selling the city electric utility if the City Council finds that such sale is beneficial to the citizens of Vero Beach."
Mayor Pilar Turner was asked recently if she supported a referendum on the sale of the utility.
"We'll, we've had one referendum," Turner said. "Certainly, if we are legally required to have a referendum we should have a referendum."
There is no legal requirement for citizens to vote on the sale.
Turner then proceeded to explain why another referendum, in her opinion, was unnecessary.
"I don't understand what (another referendum) would accomplish," she said.
To be clear, the referendum last year did not ask voters if the city should sell its utility system, which FPL has offered to purchase. It asked — as required by the city charter — if the city should lease the power plant site as part of a possible sale of the utility.
These are two separate issues. Which is why City Council needs to put another referendum before the voters, asking whether the city should sell the electric utility to FPL.
Recently, City Councilman Richard Winger attempted to get such a referendum before the voters. His logic? The electric utility, like waterfront property, is one of the city's largest assets and residents should have a right to vote on the issue.
City Council voted, 3-2, to reject Winger's proposal.
To his credit, Winger says he plans to revisit the issue after the general election Nov. 6, when city voters will seat three of seven candidates on council. Winger needs to follow through on his stated plan.
A final sale of the electric utility may not be ready before January 2014, according to City Manager Jim O'Connor. Consequently, there is plenty of time to hold public forums, educate city residents on the details of the proposal and put a referendum on the ballot.
The sale of the utility will have major consequences for city residents — not the least of which is how city officials will replace an estimated $5 million in operating revenue the electric utility generates annually for the city budget.
Vero Beach residents should have the opportunity to vote "yea" or "nay" on the proposed sale. And some city officials need to stop intimating that voters already have spoken on this issue.
Bob Brunjes, president and CEO of Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers and a member of its editorial board, is married to an FPL executive. He excuses himself from discussions involving FPL
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The Wisconsin Badgers are the best team in the Big Ten. They are the talk of the town and are in the top tier of the BCS rankings. The Michigan State Spartans are playing very well, but going relatively unnoticed. They have a chance to change all of that if they can pull off the upset in week eight when they get a visit from the Badgers.
FREE PICKS: Visit Bookie Blitz often as picks are always updated and check out the links below for more free previews
The opening college football spread for this game started with Wisconsin as six point favorites and has jumped considerably since the opening. With the majority of the public (87%) putting their money on the Badgers this line is now up to as high as nine points in many offshore sportsbooks. This line could approach the key number of ten as kickoff approaches.
The Michigan State Spartans took a step in the right direction with a big win over their rivals when they defeated the Michigan Wolverines. The Spartans are led by a very tough defense that is holding opponents in check. In fact they are holding the opposition to less than two touchdowns per contest. On offense they have a combination of skill and experience, led by Kirk Cousins under center. Cousins will have his hands full against a talented Badgers team that is looking to make a statement with this win.
Quarterback Russell Wilson has made an immediate impact on this Badger team and is directly responsible for the week-to-week explosive output. The Badgers own the number one scoring offense and have crushed the opposition with ease. Montee Ball and James White make up one of the fiercest backfields in the country, complete with two runners that can carry the load.
The Badgers are not too shabby on defense, as they rank in the top of the country with great performances on a weekly basis. On paper the Badgers, may have the edge, but games aren't played on paper. The Spartans have a slew of sports betting trends in their favor.
The Spartans are 7-2 against the spread (ATS) against a team with a winning record, 7-3 ATS in their last 10 conference games, and -2-1 ATS in their last 8 games after allowing less than 275 total yards in their previous game.
The Spartans defense will rise to the occasion and keep this game closer than the experts think. The Spartans, plus the points, is the way to play this game, and don't be surprised if they pull off the upset of the week.
College Football Upsets Week 8: Michigan State Spartans +9
College Football Week Eight
Florida International vs. Arkansas State
BCS Rankings 2011: Mistakes in the Rankings

subset: commoncrawl


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iPhone, Android apps now available for chron.com
So, I hear you guys wanted a chron.com app for your iPhones and Android phones. Ask, and you shall receive. They're here! Get the iPhone app in the iTunes App Store, and the Android version from the Android Market. Both are free. The apps have content from the chron.com website, and then some. You'll find […] [Read More]


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What does WKV stand for?
What does WKV mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: WKV.
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Wasserkraft Volk, A. G.
Watkinsville, Georgia
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"WKV." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 5 Jul 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/WKV>.


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Owner Reviews
ATIV Book 9 Plus (13.3" QHD+ Touch / Core™ i7)NP940X3G-K05US
Rated 4.2 out of 5Â by 6 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by BirdJanitor This is the coolest computer I've ever owned I'm impressed. This little beast has all the power and features that I could possibly ask for. Samsung did a solid with the design: ⢠Super lightweight ⢠Incredible graphics employing the embedded Intel HD Graphics ⢠Touch screen ⢠Super quiet ⢠Impressive battery life ⢠Ample solid state storage ⢠8GB RAM ⢠No bloated pre-installed application bundle. In essence: All the features I need and none of the junk I don't need. I was up and running, with all the custom settings I prefer, in under an hour. I've only had one issue, Applications using a fixed-pixel installation window with a scaled font don't work with the default display settings. To be able to see and read the entire installation dialog it's necessary to reduce the resolution to 1024 x 768 AND lower the text size magnification from 250% to 100% in the Display Properties. Samsung support is aware of this issue. January 16, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5Â by JorgeBSME This product is simply amazing I am really delighted with the quality and beauty of this Ultrabook, performance has is incredible, considering it is such a slim ultrabook and light, just an excellent device for me, I am a student of mechatronics engineering and the size of the device allows me to carry it with me every day and it has a respectable battery autonomy. December 1, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by jclimb excellent Excellent build, speed, screen. I have very little bad to say although a bit expensive. August 27, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5Â by DenisA What a nice laptop The screen is amazing like most Samsung screens, and the design is very nice. If it were to come with Iris Pro graphics and 16GB RAM I'd buy it right now. Come on Samsung, it's almost the same price and the rest of the specs are the same. Also, a fingerprint reader would be a big plus too. November 12, 2014
1-4 of 6


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Home > Academics > Colleges > Education and Educational Technology > Developmental Studies > News
Department of Developmental Studies
Dr. Danhua Wang, of the Department of Developmental Studies, published a research article in the Journal of College Reading and Learning, a referred journal.
Dr. Wang's article is titled "Factors Affecting the Comprehension of the Global Main Idea."
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2015 Formula One British Grand Prix Weather... Racing
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July 2, 2015
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Coinciding with auto shows taking place in Los Angeles and Tokyo this week was yet another event, China's Guangzhou Auto Show, whose doors opened today. One of the main attractions of the show is an updated version of the Lexus CT 200h, which goes on sale in the coming months as a 2014 model... read more
After losing its sales crown in the crucial U.S. luxury auto market to BMW and Mercedes-Benz for the first time in 11 years, Lexus is now eyeing an expansion of its fleet... read more January 16, 2012 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
With the winter months now upon us in the northern hemisphere it's now more important than ever for readers experiencing sub-zero temperatures to ensure their vehicles... read more December 12, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
While most of Lexus' range is a carry-over of a carry-over, to boost its appeal Lexus today announced three new special-edition models, available for the 2012 LS 460, ES 350... read more September 30, 2011 by Nelson Ireson
The Lexus CT 200h was introduced as a brand new model only last year so for 2012 the updates have been kept to a minimum. However, we're glad to report that the F Sport range... read more August 12, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
You might not think your jeans have the capacity for causing much damage unless you're one of the unlucky souls to have once caught part of their anatomy in the zipper, but... read more June 8, 2011 by Antony Ingram
The high-mileage Lexus CT 200h hybrid has been named an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Top Safety Pick. The CT 200h was among a group of 13 small cars the... read more May 26, 2011 by Bengt Halvorson
Lexus is out to prove the performance credentials of its latest CT 200h by entering the upmarket hybrid hatchback in the competitive VLN race series that runs on the... read more May 15, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Back at the 2011 Chicago Auto Show Lexus unveiled a modified version of its new CT 200h that was prepared by the guys at tuning firm Five Axis. Now, just a few weeks out from... read more March 29, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Toyota has resumed production of the Lexus CT 200h and HS 250h hybrids following a shutdown after the massive earthquake and subsequent tsunami that rocked the northern part... read more March 28, 2011 by Keith Buglewicz
First Kylie Minogue comes onboard as a spokesperson for the Lexus CT 200h, and now point guard for the LA Clippers, Baron Davis, is hosting a charity race in the luxury... read more February 11, 2011 by Richard Read
Lexus has taken the wraps off one of its CT 200h hybrid vehicles that has been customized by longtime tuning partner Five Axis. The vehicle made its debut this week at the... read more February 10, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Lexus is certainly going to great lengths to emphasize the sportiness of its upcoming hybrid hatchback, the all-new 2011 Lexus CT 200h. After previewing an F-Sport endowed... read more February 1, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
So, Kylie Minogue is shilling the Lexus CT 200h. Let's discuss: PRO: This could mean that Lexus has finally given its confusing "Darker Side of Green" campaign the Old Yeller... read more January 28, 2011 by Richard Read
Each year, in the days prior to the Australian GP in Melbourne, there is a demonstration race known as the Celebrity Challenge. The event pits a group of Aussie celebs in a... read more January 18, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Earlier today we saw news of a configurator for the Bugatti Veyron supercar and its Grand Sport open-top sibling, and on a separate note we also found out that pricing for... read more December 15, 2010 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran


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1969 Saab 95 Station WagonTo be OFFERED AT AUCTION at Auctions America's California event, July 17-18, 2015. Click here to view this listing on... More
2003 Saab 93 SE Runs and drives Great!... More
2001 Saab 9-5 AERO wagon, Very good conditon wagon for sailor hauling gear or family wih big dogs. 16" alloys, good tires, all power options, everything... More
CLEAN CARFAX. The 9-5 sedan and wagon will please buyers wanting the style and personality of a classic Saab car. This 9-5 is equipped... More
FREE 1 YEAR WARRANTY; CLEAN CARFAX; LOW MILES. There is no other feeling comparable to being able to drive with the top down and... More
~CALL US FOR A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CAR! WE DO A 150+ POINT CHECK ON EACH VEHICLE AND ARE HAPPY TO SHARE... More
This stunning GLACIER SILVER METALLIC over JET BLACK 2011 SAAB 9-5 TURBO6 XWD has everything you could ever ask for in an ALL-WHEEL DRIVE... More


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Now that I think back on it, I know theres been some updates to info, such as some new images, but igi never told anyone when he did that update.
Updated character pics for: Sai, Aoi, Pein, Midare, Jiroubou, Sakon And Ukon, Rin, Ibiki, Izumo, Karin, Shodaime Hokage.
We're working on info and content renewal so expect updates accordingly.
EDIT: I just decided to turn news comments back on. For the heck of it. Having it disabled seemed too dull.


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Physical Therapy and Athletic Training > Athletic Training > Faculty and Staff > Anthony Breitbach
Director and Associate Professor
Head Athletic Trainer, Saint Louis University, 2000-2007; Director, Athletic Training Education Program, Clarke College, Dubuque, Iowa, 1999-2000; Head Athletic Trainer, Medical Associates Clinic/Clarke College, Dubuque, Iowa, 1989-1999; Athletic Trainer, Sinai Samaritan Medical Center, 1987-88, 1989; Athletic Trainer, Scottish Rite Childrens Hospital, Atlanta, GA, 1988-89; Graduate Assistant Athletic Trainer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 1985-87.
Athletic Training Pedagogy, Interprofessional Education
Breitbach, AP and Brown, S. (2011) The Institutional and Professional Benefits of Housing Athletic Training Education Programs in Schools of Health Professions. Journal of Allied Health. (1st ed., vol. 40, pp. 39-42). Breitbach, AP (2010) Creating Effective Multiple Choice Items. Athletic Therapy Today. Volume 15(3), pp. 18-22. May 2010.


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The Greene County Democratic Party is organized with the Greene County Democratic Central Committee, whose members are representatives to the political divisions of Wards and Townships throughout the county. There is one Committeeman and one Committeewoman for each Ward or Township.
We are involved in community education initiatives, and in efforts to increase voter participation in every election cycle. We also work to recruit and support candidates.
Chair - Christopher L Brown
Vice-Chair - Mary Faucet
Secretary - Marla Marantz
Treasurer - Wes Zongker
Executive Director – C. Skyler Johnston
Volunteer Coordinator – Vicky Trippe
In 2005, Greene County became a trend-setter in Missouri when we decided to have a full-time executive director. The counties of Boone and Jackson & the City of St. Louis followed suit in subsequent years. We purchased our Springfield headquarters at 1764 S Fremont Ave. in June, 2007.
We raise our money locally, and rely on it to pay for our executive director and to keep our headquarters open year round. We hope you will take the time to come by, say hello, and get involved with the Democratic Party here in Greene County.


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An intersubband quantum cascade laser structure includes multiple coupled laser stages, wherein each stage has a multilayer structure including an electron injector, an active region with at least one quantum well, and an electron reflector. Electrons injected from the injector into the active region at a high energy level relax to a lower energy level with the emission of a photon at, for example, mid-infrared wavelengths. The reflector reflects electrons at the higher energy level at which they were injected and transmits electrons from the lower energy level after emission of a photon. Multiple layers of semiconductor are formed on each side of the multistage structure to provide conduction across the device and to provide optical confinement of the photons emitted.
1. A semiconductor laser comprising a plurality of coupled laser stages, each stage comprising a multiple semiconductor layer structure including an electron injector, an active region coupled to the electron injector and an electron reflector coupled to the active region opposite the electron injector, wherein:
(a) the electron injector has an upper miniband, a lower miniband, and a minigap;
(b) the active region comprises at least one quantum well having associated therewith an upper energy level and a lower energy level, characterized in that electrons injected into the upper energy level of the active region from the lower miniband of the electron injector undergo a radiative transition to emit a photon as they decay from the upper energy level to the lower energy level; and
(c) the electron reflector comprises an upper miniband, a lower minband, and a minigap, characterized in that the minigap acts as a reflector for electrons in the upper energy level of the active region and the lower miniband acts as a transmitter of the electrons that have decayed to the lower energy level of the active region to the lower miniband of the injector in the adjacent laser stage;
wherein the electron injectors and electron reflectors between active regions are of different structure.
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This invention pertains generally to the field of semiconductor lasers and, particularly, to quantum cascade lasers.
Semiconductor lasers are formed of multiple layers of semiconductor materials. The conventional semiconductor diode laser typically includes an n-type layer, a p-type layer and an undoped layered active structure between them such that when the diode is forward biased electrons and holes recombine within the active structure with the resulting emission of light. The layers adjacent to the active structure typically have a lower index of refraction than the active structure and form cladding layers that confine the emitted light to the active structure and sometimes to adjacent layers. Semiconductor lasers may be constructed to be either edge-emitting or surface-emitting.
A semiconductor laser that emits photons as electrons from within a given quantized energy band, wherein the electrons relax within that band by decaying from one quantized energy level to another, rather than emitting photons from the recombination of electrons and holes, has been reported. Since the radiative transitions are very inefficient the electrons are recycled by using multiple stages. See, J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, Science, Vol. 264, pp. 553, et seq., 1994. This device, referred to as a quantum cascade laser (QCL), is the first reported implementation of an intersubband semiconductor laser. The basic light-generation mechanism for this device involves the use of 25 active regions composed of 3 quantum wells each. Injection by resonant tunneling occurs in the energy level (level 3) of the first, narrow quantum well. A radiative transition occurs from level 3, in the first well, to level 2, the upper state of the doublet made by two coupled quantum wells. Quick phonon-assisted relaxation from level 2 to 1 insures that level 2 is depleted so that population inversion between levels 3 and 2 can be maintained, Electrons from level 1 then tunnel through the passive region between active regions, which is designed such that, under bias, it allows such tunneling to act as injection into the next active region. Further developments of this type of device are reported in F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L; Hutchinson, S. N. G. Chu, and A. Y. Cho, Conf. Dig. 14th IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference, pp. 71-72, Maui, Hi. (Sep. 19-23, 1994); J. Faist, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 538, (1995); J. Faist, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, S. N. G. Chu, and A. Y. Cho, "Continuous wave quantum cascade lasers in the 4-10 μm wavelength region," SPIE, Vol. 2682, San Jose, pp. 198-204, 1996; and J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y, Cho, "Room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Electron. Lett., Vol. 32, pp. 560-561, 1996. More recently continuous wave (CW) operation has been achieved at 300 K, but with very low power conversion efficiency (<2.5%) and only at wavelengths between 4.8 and 9 μm. See M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, Science, Vol. 295, pp. 301-305, 2002; and A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "Continuous-wave operation at λ˜4.8 μm quantum-cascade lasers at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 85, pp. 2166-2168, 2004. Despite this rapid improvement in the performance capabilities of GaInAs/InP-based quantum cascade lasers, it is unlikely that they will ever be able to operate CW at 300 K with high power-conversion efficiency (>10%) at wavelengths of interest in the mid-infrared (3 to 5 μm) and far-infrared (8 to 12 μm) wavelength ranges due primarily to the fact that their electro-optical characteristics are extremely temperature sensitive near and at 300 K. One approach to obtaining efficient room temperature CW operation of intersubband semiconductor lasers in the mid-infrared (3 to 5 μm) and far-infrared (8 to 12 μm) ranges involves the use of two-dimensional arrays of quantum boxes, with each quantum box incorporating a single-stage, intersubband transition structure. See C-F Hsu, J-S. O, P. Zory and D. Botez, "Intersubband Quantum-Box Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., Vol. 6, 2000, pp. 491-503; U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,356 entitled "Intersubband Quantum Box Semiconductor Laser."
Room temperature intersubband emission has been reported for single-stage, unipolar devices only from InP-based structures at wavelengths as short as 7.7 μm. C. Gmachl, et al. "; Non-Cascaded Intersubband Injection Lasers at λ=7.7 μm" Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 73, 1998, pp 3822-3830. For 30- to 40-stages, GaAs—AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers at room temperature, intersubband emission wavelengths shorter than 8 μm cannot be achieved, since at higher transmission energies, the active-region upper level is apparently depopulated via resonant tunneling between the X valleys of the surrounding AlGaAs barriers. C. Sirtori, et al., "(GaAs—AlGaAs Quantum Cascade Lasers: Physics, Technology and Prospects," IEEE J, Quantum Electron., Vol. 38, 2002, pp. 547-558. Optimization studies of GaAs-based devices have shown that for thin barriers between the injector region and the active region, two effects occur which cause significant decreases in the upper level injection efficiency: (1) a diagonal radiative transition from injector-region ground level, g, to an active region lower level, and (2) severe carrier leakage from the level g to the continuum. S. Barbieri, et al., "Design Strategies for GaAs-based unipolar lasers: optimum injector-active region coupling via resonant tunneling," Appl, Phys. Lett., Vol. 78, 2001, pp. 282-284. In addition to these limitations, quantum cascade lasers are conventionally formed of three regions, a superlattice injector, an active region, and a superlattice reflector/transmitter, functioning as an electron Bragg reflector, which is identical in structure to the superlattice injector. This fact severely restricts the device design. Furthermore, for such devices the necessary impurity doping in the superlattice injectors causes a significant increase in the room-temperature threshold-current density due to excited carriers from the doped injector region that fill the lower levels of prior active regions, thus reducing the population inversion. This phenomenon, called carrier backfilling, is the main cause for the extreme temperature sensitivity of the devices characteristics which leads to thermal runaway and very low power-conversion efficiencies.
In accordance with the present invention, semiconductor lasers are formed to provide highly efficient emission at selected wavelengths, which may lie in the mid- to far-infrared range. Such semiconductor lasers constructed to emit in the infrared range provide efficient conversion of electrical energy to electromagnetic energy at infrared wavelengths, and thus may be used as compact, efficient infrared sources for a variety of applications, such as spectroscopy, measurement of gases and liquids for process control and pollution monitoring, infrared signaling, and the like.
In the quantum cascade lasers of the present invention, the optical gain required for laser action is provided by the radiative transition of electrons within a given energy band from a higher to a lower energy level. These transitions take place in a plurality of coupled laser stages, each of which has an internal active region in which electrons make a transition from a higher to a lower energy level with the consequent emission of photons at a wavelength related to the change in energy. Depending on the particular materials and dimensions of the laser stages, a range of emission wavelengths of may be achieved using the present devices. For example, in some embodiments emission wavelengths from 3 to 5 μm (e.g., 4.8 μm) may be produced. In other embodiments emission wavelengths from 6 to 12 (e.g., 8 to 12 μm) may be produced.
Each stage of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) of the present invention has a multiple layer structure that includes an electron injector, an active region coupled to the electron injector, and an electron reflector coupled to the active region, opposite the electron injector. As used herein, the phrase "coupled to" is used broadly to indicate that at least some electrons are able to pass from one section (e.g., electron injector active region or electron reflector) of the structure to another. In some instances the coupled sections will be directly adjacent.
In sharp contrast to conventional QCL devices the QCL of the present invention has the electron injector separated from the electron reflector. The electron injector, which may be comprised of multiple semiconductor layers, has two minibands, the lower of which allows for the transmission of electrons into an upper energy level of the active region. The active region includes at least one quantum well, having associated therewith an upper energy level and a lower energy level, characterized in that electrons injected into the upper energy level from the miniband of the preceding electron injector undergo a radiative transition to emit a photon as they decay from the upper energy level to the lower energy level. The electron reflector, which may be comprised of multiple semiconductor layers, has a minigap that acts as a reflector for electrons in the upper energy level of the preceding active region and a lower miniband that acts as a transmitter of electrons that have decayed to the lower energy level of the preceding active region into the miniband of an adjacent electron injector. It should be understood that the electrons may undergo one or more phonon-assisted transitions to energy levels lower than the "lower energy level" of the active region subsequent to their initial radiative decay to that lower energy level. Thus, the electrons referred to in the phrase "electrons that have decayed to the lower energy level" include electrons that have undergone phonon-assisted transitions to lower energy levels subsequent to a radiative transition from the upper to the lower energy level in the active region. For typical semiconductor material systems, each one of the laser stages will have transverse dimensions no greater than about 800 angstroms (Å) and preferably no greater than about 600 (Å). Typically, the quantum cascade lasers will include at least ten adjacent laser stages (e.g., 25 or more stages).
In the quantum cascade lasers the electron reflector of a first stage (the "up-stream stage") is adjacent to the electron injector of a the following stage (the "down-stream stage"). This, design is advantageous because it allows for increased separation between the injector of the down-stream stage and the active region of the up-stream stage, resulting in significantly decreased electron backfilling and substantially improved power-conversion efficiency. In addition, this design allows the structures of the electron injector and the electron reflector to be optimized independently for improved performance.
The active region of each stage has multiple semiconductor layers, including at least one, and desirably more than one, quantum well defined by a semiconductor well layer sandwiched between two semiconductor barrier layers. The quantum wells in the active region are desirably "deep" quantum wells. A deep quantum well in an active region is defined as a quantum well having a well bottom that is lower in energy than the bottoms of the quantum wells in the adjacent electron injector.
The quantum wells of the active region and/or the injection barrier of the electron injector may be composite structures. For example, a composite injector barrier layer may comprise two semiconductor layers, the second semiconductor layer having a higher bandgap than the first. The second semiconductor layer of the composite injector barrier being sufficiently thin to prevent scattering to the X valleys during tunneling. A composite quantum well may comprise two adjacent semiconductor well layers, the second semiconductor well layer providing a deeper well than the first. This combination of a composite injector barrier layer and a composite well layer provides for good wavefunction overlap between the E3 and E2 levels in the active region and poor wavefunction overlap between the ground state of the electron-injector miniband and the E2 level in the active region, resulting in improved toweling efficiency.
By way of illustration only, the active region of a laser stage may include a quantum well (or multiple wells, if desired) formed of a layer of InGaAs between layers of AlGaAs, the electron injector may be formed of a superlattice composed of alternating layers of GaAs and AlGaAs, and the reflector may be a Bragg mirror formed from a superlattice composed of alternating layers of GaAsP and InGaAs.
The semiconductor structure of the quantum cascade laser of the invention includes layers on each side of the plurality of adjacent laser stages (the "laser core") to provide conduction across the structure, and a transverse optical waveguide composed of optical-confinement layers and cladding layers on either side of the laser core to provide optical wvaveguiding of the photons generated in the structure. Electrodes may be formed on the top and bottom surfaces of the multistage structure to allow connection to an external circuit to provide current flow across the structure. For example, for structures based on GaAs material systems, layers adjacent to the multistage structure and the cladding layers may be GaAs layers. Alternatively, the cladding layers may be AlGaAs layers.
The semiconductor laser of the invention can be formed of material systems, and on substrates, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), that are compatible with further semiconductor circuit processing. The semiconductor lasers may be formed on the (100) crystal face of GaAs, but may also be grown on other miscut faces, including the (111) face and the (411) face.
A variety of material systems in addition to GaAs, such an indium phosphide (InP), may also be utilized which can similarly be formed to have appropriate intersubband transitions.
The semiconductor lasers of the invention are also well suited to being produced using production techniques compatible with a large scale processing, such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
With reference to the drawings, an example of an implementation of the intersubband quantum cascade laser of the present invention is illustrated generally at 20 in
A cross-sectional view of a particular stage 30 of a quantum cascade laser, with exemplary compositions (first column) and thicknesses (second column) of the various layers, is shown in
As shown in
In order to achieve efficient lasing for each laser stage in a quantum cascade laser, it is desirable to optimize the tunneling injection efficiency from the ground state of the miniband of the electron injector and the upper energy level (E3) of the active region to close to 100% (e.g., about 90-95%), and minimize incoherent tunneling from the ground state of the miniband of the injector to the lower energy level, E2, of the active region. In accordance with these principles, the active region 35 of
The electron injector 34, allows for high injection efficiency into the upper energy level of the active region. In the illustrative embodiment shown in
The electron reflector 36, a superlattice formed of multiple alternating layers of GaAsP and InGaAs, acts as a Bragg reflector for electrons being reflected at energy level E3 from the active region, and acts as a resonant tunneling structure for electrons escaping from energy level E1 into the electron injector of an adjacent stage. Similar Bragg reflectors are used for the embodiments shown in
In some embodiments of the laser stages, including the embodiment depicted in
Like the structure shown in
In the laser stage shown in
It is noted that for prior QCL devices, a single multi-quantum well (MQW) structure is used as both an electron injector and an electron reflector (Bragg mirror). In the present invention, because the electron injector and the electron reflector are separate elements, the electron injector 34 and the electron reflector 36 can be designed independently for improved efficiency. For example the electron reflector may be composed of undoped semiconductor layers, thus significantly reducing electron backfilling into the preceding active region.
The following summarizes the actions of the single-phonon resonance structure of
In the illustrative laser stage of
The following summarizes the actions of the double-phonon resonance structure of
In the illustrative laser stage of
In some embodiments, the active region includes at least one deep quantum well that includes a semiconductor well layer having a high indium content. For example, such deep quantum wells may comprise a semiconductor well layer containing at least 30 atomic percent indium. This includes semiconductor well layers comprising at least about 50 percent indium (e.g., about 50 to about 60 atomic percent indium). For example the at least one deep quantum well may include a well layer of In0.5Ga0.5As. This well layer may be disposed between barrier layers composed of, for example, AlGaAs (e.g., Al0.7Ga0.3As). Due to the increased strain in the high indium content well, structures that contain the high indium content semiconductors should be grown at lower temperatures (e.g., ≦550� C.). Alternatively, the at least one deep quantum well may include a semiconductor well layer comprising a nitrogen-containing semiconductor, such as InGaAsN (e.g., In0.4Ga0.6As0.995N0.005). This well layer may be disposed between two barrier layers of, for example, AlGaAs (e.g., Al0.8Ga0.2As) or GaAsP.
The high-indium content deep quantum wells and the nitrogen-containing deep quantum wells, described above, are under compressive strain. Therefore it is desirable to provide strain compensation. One way to achieve strain compensation is by employing an electron reflector composed of a superlattice with tensilely-strained quantum wells adjacent to and down-stream from active regions that incorporate such deep quantum wells. One example of a suitable strain-compensating superlattice includes alternating layers of AlGaAs and GaAsN. Another example of a suitable strain-compensating superlattice includes alternating layers of InGaAs and GaAsP.
As shown in
Another aspect of the invention provides a buried heterostructure semiconductor laser. These lasers are grown on GaAs substrates and use semi-insulating AlGaAs as a burying material. This laser includes a laser core comprising at least one laser stage having an active region containing at least one quantum well. The laser core is sandwiched between upper and lower optical-confinement layers. The upper and lower optical-confinement layers are themselves sandwiched between upper and lower cladding layers. Suitable substrates, cladding layers, confinement layers and active regions are described herein. In one illustrative embodiment, shown in
The semiconductor structures represented in the figures may be produced by conventional semiconductor processing techniques, and do not require the use of molecular beam epitaxy for crystal growth. For example, by utilizing a state-of-the-art MOCVD reactor, high-quality semiconductor multi layers can be fabricated.
Various semiconductor material systems may be utilized in the present invention. In general, GaAs-based structures grown on GaAs substrates are preferred. Nonetheless, the invention maw, be implemented using the InP-based material system as well as others.
It is understood that the invention is not confined to the particular embodiments set forth herein as illustrative, but embraces all such modified forms thereof as come within the scope of the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Battle for Enugu Chime holds his breath
Tension, uncertainty have enveloped the politics of Enugu State ahead tomorrow's court ruling on the last controversial PDP governorship primaries, reports Sam Egburonu
Tomorrow, Monday, April 23, 2012 has emerged a very important date in the political calendar of Enugu State. It is the day Abuja Federal High Court will give its much-awaited judgment on a suit challenging the legality of the governorship primaries of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in the state, which produced Governor Sullivan Iheanacho Chime as candidate of the party for the April 16 general election.
The primary issue for determination in the suit is whether there was a valid special congress or primary held in Enugu State on January 11 or 12, 2011 in which Chime was nominated as the PDP governorship candidate.
Considering the choking political tension and high wired intrigues that have enveloped the political heartbeat of Enugu State in the past 15 months, over Chime's successor, it is believed that the court ruling will either consolidate Chime's government, which some insiders admitted has been largely unsettled, or terminate it and create a new political climate in the state.
For Chime and many powerful political Lords angling to grab political power in the state, the hands of the clock, unemotionally ticking close to judgment time, is rather threatening. Afraid that the court's ruling may alter previous permutations both for the governor and his opponents, everyone is holding his breath.
Justice Adamu Bello had fixed tomorrow's date after the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) dramatically joined forces with the plaintiff, Chief Alexander Chukwuemeka Obiechina, a PDP governorship aspirant, to fault the controversial primaries, alleging that it did not comply with provisions of the Electoral Act.
According to the Commission, "with respect to primary elections said to be conducted on January 11 and 12, 2011, it can be said that what was passed as the "Notice' was the plaintiff's exhibit addresses to the Resident Electoral Commissioner at Enugu, which most certainly is not the same as the 1st defendant, who by the clear terms of section 85(1) of the Electoral Act, 2010 must be the Commission itself. This apart, the letter is dated January 10, 2011 and apparently was received on January 11, 2011, the very next day. It gave notice of primaries scheduled for the same day. Certainly no one should be left in doubt that the envisaged notice of 21 days was not complied with in obvious violation of section 85(1]). Added to the foregoing is the fact that the resident Electoral Commissioner cannot be regarded as the Commission, which presents a further violation."
"It stands to reason that a notice of primary election dated January 10, 2011 for the events to be held on January 11 and 12, 2011 has the potential of violating the right to equal opportunity to be voted for. Be that as it may, what really transpired within the party ca n best be considered intra party, which must be ventilated by affected members of the party."
It would be recalled that Obiechina, through his counsel, Oba Maduabuchi, had asked the court to declare that the primaries held on January 12, which produced Chime as the governorship candidate of PDP in Enugu State did not comply with the Electoral Act 2011 as amended.
Arguing that the condition precedent for nominating a candidate for the governorship position in sections 85(1) and 87(1)(4)(b) of the Electoral Act 2010 (as amended) was not fulfilled, he submitted that the only date set for the governorship primaries in Enugu State was January 9, 2011 as per exhibit ACO 9 and that whoever won that governorship primaries is the valid candidate for the 2011 governorship election in Enugu State.
According to Obiechina, he was cleared to contest the primaries alongside the governor and other aspirants. But, while he was still campaigning, he heard on the state radio that Chime had won the same gubernatorial ticket to fly the party's flag in the election.
He alleged that he later discovered that the party did not fix any primaries for January 11 or 12 and that it did not also notify INEC at least 21 days to the primaries as required by section 85 (1) of the Electoral Act before such primaries could hold.
He therefore claimed that Chime conducted "a jamboree with his commissioners and town's men on January 12, 2011, and it was on the basis of this that he had been parading himself as the candidate of the PDP for the April 2011 poll."
Chime and PDP however urged the court to strike out the suit on the ground that it lacks the jurisdiction to entertain it.
Power blocs and Chime's seat
Although Chime's swearing-in as governor for a second term seemed to have marked the end of an era of an explosive political rivalry that characterised the build up to the April 2011 general elections, The Nation investigation shows that the various stakeholders, including Chime's political machinery and other power blocs in the state, never went to sleep.
For example, as soon as Chime was sworn in, some politicians who thought they could be settled began a frenzy alignment with the administration in the state.
That move, rather than nailing the opposition, fired it to action. In fact, a top PDP official in the state, who refused to be named, said Chime-led faction of the party got it wrong as it has failed to reconcile with the Dr. Okwesilieze Nwodo political bloc, a powerful PDP faction in the state, which enjoys unalloyed loyalty of both Onwuamegbu and Obiechina PDP groups.
As a result of this reality, there are two bitterly opposed factions of PDP in the state, with Chief Vita Abbah, leading Chime's faction and Chief Ceaser Ogbonna, leading Nwodo's. Recent moves made in Abuja to counter these factions and possibly advance the alleged ambition of Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu, suggest a possible emergence of the third faction of PDP in the state.
It would be recalled that the political battle between Chime's group and Okwesilieze loyalists has been traced to pre-2011 elections, when Chime and his estranged political godfather and former governor of the state, Senator Chimaroke Nnamani, battled for the control of political power in the state.
It was at the peak of that skirmish that the opposition political parties in the state allegedly teamed up with the former PDP National Chairman, Nwodo, who felt Chime had not accorded him the deserved respect.
The governor, in his desperate bid for a second term suddenly found himself fighting formidable opponents, including, but not limited to Nnamani, Nwodo, Anayo Onwuegbu, Okey Ezea of Labour Party and later, Obiechina, who instituted the current suit.
Besides the allegation that Chime failed to accord Nwodo the respect he demands and the alleged betrayal of his estranged political godfather, Nnamani, some loyalists of Nwodo, including Onwuegbu, have also claimed that the governor breached the agreement they had with him over the duration of his tenure.
Added to this bitterness is the issue of the senatorial zone that should produce the next governor of the state, after Chime.
Powerful political Lords from Nsukka zone, believed to be the zone to get the next shot at the governorship, are said to be suspicious of Chime's alleged plot to install a stooge. So, such forces, including the Nwodo Dynasty, which Chime allegedly disabled, are not taking chances.
Ekweremadu's factor
Insiders to Enugu Government House said one of the most worrisome headaches of the governor is the inevitable emergence of the third PDP faction in the state, led by the Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu, who has allegedly flexed muscles with Chime over the control power in Enugu State.
Our source said Chime's worry stemmed from the fact that the new group is believed to have reached an agreement with Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani.
A close associate of the governor however said over the weekend that all these alleged headaches "are non issues as the governor is only interested in delivering dividends of democracy to the people of Enugu State." On tomorrow's court ruling, the associate, who is also a top government official said "there is no fear in Government House over the impending court ruling as we all expect the court to give a fair judgment."
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What Boko Haram and NADECO have in common
As we watched troubled President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan in his black kaftan with black cap behind the distraught emir of Kano last week, it was ... Full story


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Thanks for welcoming me... i have read a little over the last year or so, but never really had any questions to ask or wondered if what is starting to work for me has worked for others.
In terms of anal contractions, the only ones that I experienced that night were involantary in that i was pushing the aneros into myself with my hand... is that what people are calling 'an involantary' on here?


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The decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, hot off the press, is 103 pages long, but here it is. Some instant analysis:
*The due process and Equal Protection clauses of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution compel states to recognize same-sex marriages.
*The First Amendment will continue to protect those who object to same-sex marriage for religious reasons.
The decision was 5-4, majority opinion by Justice Kennedy, joined by Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Kagan, and Sotomayor. There were lots of dissenting opinions, and the dissenters were Chief Justice Roberts, and Justices Alito, Scalia, and Thomas.
I'll have something more in-depth on the implications for employers after I've had a chance to analyze the decision.


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Jun. 25, 2013, 7:22 AMMore on gold (previous): The sell side is bailing fast. Deutsche Bank cuts metals forecasts across the board, including gold and silver (SLV), citing the slowdown in China and the turn in the U.S. interest rate cycle. Reading the same newspapers, Credit Suisse follows suit. Having already slashed gold, Goldman moves on to copper (JJC), lowering both its near-term and longer-term outlooks on China growth worries. | 18 Comments
Jun. 12, 2013, 11:18 AMCopper futures rise (JJC) after Freeport McMoRan (FCX +1.8%) declared force majeure at Indonesia's Grasberg mine, underscoring the potential for tighter supplies this year. Still, gains are muted as traders anticipate new copper supply to come on line as the massive Oyu Tolgoi mine in Mongolia ramps up output to commercial levels. | Comment!
Jun. 11, 2013, 8:24 AMRio Tinto (RIO) plans to start exporting copper from the $6.2B Oyu Tolgoi mine in Mongolia on Friday, Reuters reports, marking the opening of a mine that will eventually make up one-third of the country's economy. For Rio, it is particularly important now as its Bingham Canyon mine in Utah was shut by a landslide in April and its 40%-owned Grasberg mine in Indonesia has been shut following an accident in May. | Comment!
Jun. 4, 2013, 2:28 PMCopper rallies (JJC +1%) on expectations of tighter supplies, as the potential rises for an extended shutdown at Freeport McMoRan's (FCX -2.5%) Grasberg copper and gold mining operation in Indonesia. If FCX were to declare force majeure, the shutdown could remove 100K-150K metric tons of copper supply from the market, a sizable chunk out of estimates of 600K-800K metric tons. | Comment!
Jun. 3, 2013, 8:05 AMBeijing returns to metals. Maybe taking advantage of tumbling prices, or maybe showing confidence about the future, China's State Reserves Bureau has purchased base metals on the international market for the first time since the global financial crisis. The agency bought about 30K tons of nickel (JJN) - about one-sixth of LME stockpiles - according to sources, and has been making inquiries about copper (JJC). Other ETFs of note: LD, JJT. | 3 Comments
May 30, 2013, 3:42 PMLeaders of Indonesia's miners union say they will call on workers not to return to Freeport McMoRan's (FCX +2.3%) Grasberg complex until an investigation behind the tunnel collapse that killed 28 people is completed. The news means copper production could be sidelined for several more weeks, increasing pressure on an already tight market. | Comment!
May 28, 2013, 6:58 AMJPMorgan's commodities team slashes its price forecasts for most metals, lowering the 2013 estimate for gold to $1,595 from $1,745. The 2015 estimate is cut 5% to $1,650. Silver's 2013 outlook is cut to $27.89 from $30.01. Copper (JJC) to $3.50 to $3.64. GLD -0.1%, SLV -0.3% premarket. | 7 Comments
May 22, 2013, 9:06 AMFreeport Indonesia (FCX) remains uncertain when it will restart operations following last week's mining accident, news that has helped push copper prices up 2% in global markets. FCX says it is losing production of ~220K metric tons/day of concentrated ore since the tunnel collapse that killed 28 people. | 1 Comment
May 15, 2013, 12:23 PMThe tunnel collapse that killed four miners should barely impact global copper supply (JJC) but may spark long-term issues for Freeport McMoRan (FCX +1%), Goldman Sachs says. The shut area represents ~1% of FCX's Indonesian production, but the tragedy could mean strained relationships with unions, tighter government regulation, and questions about a transition of the Grasberg mine from open pit to underground. | Comment!
May 15, 2013, 10:36 AMChina has temporarily halted 1M metric tons/year of primary aluminum (JJC) capacity YTD and could cut another 300K tons capacity before year-end if metal prices remain low, but it won't solve the global glut, CRU consultants say. China is producing at a rate of 24M tons/year of aluminum; its share of global production will exceed 50% by the end of the decade, when it could reach 42M tons - "quite scary," CRU says. (earlier) | Comment!
May 9, 2013, 3:06 PMThe dollar (UUP +1%) is soaring across the board (not just against the yen, where it's now spiked through ¥100 to ¥100.56). The greenback is threatening parity vs. the aussie (FXA -1.1%) for the first time since last summer, and the euro (FXE -1.1%), swissie (FXF -1.4%), loonie (FXC -0.5%), and pound (FXB -0.6%) are seeing sizable declines as well. Commodities? Red. Gold (GLD -1.1%), Silver (SLV -1.2%), Oil (USO -0.6%), Copper (JJC -0.8%). | 5 Comments
May 3, 2013, 5:53 PMToday's jobs report helped juice copper (JJC) prices, which soared 6.8% to stage their biggest single-day gain in 18 months. But copper is still ~10% lower YTD, and perma-bear Al Edwards continues to trust in its ability to serve as an economic indicator. The metal is giving "an early warning that liquidity will not save risk assets: it's time to get out of equities," he warns. | 3 Comments
May 1, 2013, 10:41 AMCommodities are lit up bright red as weak economic data (here and in China) is a good excuse to end the bounce of the last few sessions. Gold (GLD -1.8%), Silver (SLV -3.6%), WTI Crude (USO -2.6%). Copper (JJC -3.3%) moves to its lowest level in about 18 months at $3.08/lb. The metal hasn't had a 2-handle since the start of 2011. Broad commodity gauge (DBC -1.8%). | 5 Comments
Apr. 30, 2013, 3:18 PMThe fundamentals remain in place to support copper prices, Southern Copper (SCCO +0.4%) says in its earnings conference call. After its Q1 average price for copper fell ~4.5% Y/Y, SCCO expects a recovery in copper prices on stronger demand, particularly from Asia, in upcoming quarters; it maintains its full-year production guidance of 650K tons of copper. | Comment!
Apr. 26, 2013, 12:06 PMA sharp reversal in commodities over the last hour has brought the entire sector into the red. Gold (GLD -0.6%) - looking like it was set to challenge $1,500/oz. an hour ago - is back to $1,452/oz. Silver (SLV -2.3%). WTI crude (USO -1.2%) falls to $92.46. Copper (JJC -1.9%) dives back to $3.18/lb. | 13 Comments
Apr. 22, 2013, 1:52 PMGoldman Sachs cuts its forecast for copper prices this year, citing rising global stocks and mounting worries regarding China's growth outlook, but says the selloff in Freeport McMoRan (FCX -0.4%) looks overdone. The firm maintains its Buy rating for FCX but lowers its 2013 and 2014 EPS estimates to $3.35 from $4.53 and to $3 from $3.20, respectively. | Comment!
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PRLog - Aug. 13, 2012 - Many of the events described in the astounding novel Blue Steel are a matter of historical fact.
Blue Steel
In 1963, an RAF V-Bomber went missing on a delivery flight to the atomic test range in Australia's Outback. The Blue Steel nuclear stand-off weapon that the bomber is carrying falls into the hands of Indonesian President Sukarno, who threatens to sell it to Russia if Great Britain interferes with his plan to dominate Southeast Asia. Britain asks Australia for help to defuse this delicate situation.
Brad Grant and Tony Martin are Intelligence field officers on assignment from the RAAF to a secret agency known as AFIS (Air Force Intelligence Service.) The two are sent to Indonesia with orders to recover or destroy Blue Steel, but first they must locate it within the 3,000 islands of the sprawling archipelago nation! What they discover is a far cry from their original mission and the basis for this fact-inspired story.
Watch the video on the attached pdf or at: http://www.youtube.com/
About the Author: Anthony Roberts served as a member of #1 Commando Company, City of Sydney Regiment (Green Beret) when he began writing Blue Steel. Always into water sports, he became a professional spear fisherman on the Great Barrier Reef after completing his national service. He ran his own construction company flying his own corporate aircraft for over 20 years. After spending 10 years practicing skiing in Lake Tahoe, Nevada, the author returned to Sydney, where he is a full-time writer and is raising his 8-year-old daughter, Tanya.
Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Co, LLC
www.AuthorMarketingIdeas.com www.PublishOnDemandGlobal.com www.StrategicBookClub.com
ABOUT: Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Co, LLC provides book publishing, book marketing, and e-Book services to over 10,000 writers around the world, employing 150 people who live throughout the US and work virtually through telecommunication. Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Co, LLC is experiencing over 30% growth per year, having published approximately 3000 authors with almost 100 new releases per month. Our books are available through Ingram, the largest book distributor in the world, as well as in bookstores, through Amazon, Barnes & Noble and all online channels. Strategic Book Publishing and Rights, Co, LLC attends and exhibits at the major book expositions in London, New York, China, and Germany each year.
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They came for different reasons but the people who showed up at the Sacramento Horsemen's Association corrals Saturday looking to adopt a wild horse or burro agreed on one thing – there is an element about horses that casts a spell of tranquillity and happiness on those around them.
Ranging from black to tan to gray, 14 wild horses and five burros trotted in pens at the North Highlands facility for the Bureau of Land Management's adoption program, which featured a silent auction in the morning and an open adoption in the afternoon. Horses that didn't receive morning bids were available for $125 in the afternoon.
One of the oldest horses available, a 6-year-old black mustang that had already been "gentled" – or halter trained – caught the eyes of many.
Cariel Hollmer, a 19-year-old Sierra College student, won the horse with a $440 bid. She said she's loved horses for longer than she can remember and she likes mustangs for their sturdiness and dependability.
"You've got horse in your blood," she said about her attraction to the animals. "You can't get it out."
Others said mustangs have grit and beauty because of their wild nature.
"I really think it's the mystique of them and the mane and the tail," said Beverly Moss, who attended the adoption program with her daughter and grandchildren. "And when they run, it's like flowing wind. It's mesmerizing."
The horses mostly hailed from Nevada. The burros were mostly from Twin Peaks, near Lake Arrowhead. Until last fall, all of the horses were living in the wild, according to Amy Dumas, manager of the wild horse program for BLM in California.
She said they had been gathered in a roundup, a BLM tactic used to maintain the growing population of wild horses. She likened the process to a helicopter acting as a sheepdog and herding horses into pens.
Roundups are controversial – on Tuesday, about 15 people from throughout California and Nevada protested BLM's roundup program outside of Sacramento's federal courthouse. The protesters said horses are a national symbol of freedom and roundups are abusive.
Dumas said most people who protest roundups don't understand them. Moss agreed and said she has watched a BLM roundup.
"I did not see abuse at all," she said. "I felt like they really cared about the horses."
Moss' daughter, Bonnie Anderson of Auburn, said she adopted a palomino from a BLM program in Chico nine years ago. She said the horse, named Apache, is one of four she owns and has been "absolutely wonderful" and that he follows her children everywhere.
Anderson said she was initially concerned about adopting a wild horse since she didn't know what to expect, but she said Apache is intelligent, gentle and forgiving. Dumas said the "blank slate" of a wild horse can be a positive attribute because owners don't have to retrain horses from previous owners' mistakes.
BLM volunteer Sandy Davitt and her husband, Mark, of Placerville said the gentling and training process, which BLM offered to help with for those who bought horses Saturday, is their favorite part of being with the animals. Sandy Davitt said she has five horses, but she gentles other people's horses as well.
"Every single time you get that first touch, it's just as big a thrill to me as it was the first time," she said about the training process. "I get a smile on my face that doesn't go away for hours."
Before the horses and burros enter the BLM adoption program, they are dewormed and vaccinated against diseases like rabies and West Nile virus. Horse adopters had to be older than 18 and have proper corrals where the animals could be kept.
Some people said they were looking for work horses, others said they wanted pets and some hoped for a new horse because their older horses no longer could move the same way. Dumas said regardless of the reason for adoption, horses are great companions who give back to and teach their owners.
"When (my daughter) and I were sad or depressed or having a bad day, our best therapy was to get on the horse and ride," Moss said. "All our cares went away."


text: The big banks of the Fortune 500 that keep getting bigger by Stephen Gandel @FortuneMagazine June 16, 2015, 8:19 AM EDT E-mail Tweet Facebook Google Plus Linkedin Share icons Maybe we should call them the way-too-big to fail. After the financial crisis, there was a lot of focus on the overwhelming size of the nation's largest banks. Nearly seven years later, some of them are even bigger. Granted, for the industry in general lately, growth has been harder to come by. On average sales at the big banks in the Fortune 500 fell nearly 2% last year. Increased regulation since the financial markets tanked has reduced the big Wall Street banks' trading businesses and revenue. Banks that are focused on lending are doing better, but not by much. Lending to corporations is up, but consumer lending is still down following the mortgage bust, and low interest rates have reduced loan revenue. Now that rates are starting to rise that should boost profits, but it will also lower consumers' and businesses desire to refinance existing loans. Nonetheless, a number of large banks have been able to find a way to grow. There are a number of ways to measure the big banks (many people look at assets). But since we recently published the Fortune 500, we decided to look at which of the biggest banks have increased their revenue the most in the past year. (To see which Fortune 500 companies were the biggest revenue growers in 2014, go to our new, searchable list and sort by "Rev Change.")


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Christ to the Jesus, the Jeanius came back as a Phoenix
from Jean Grae – The Jam Lyrics on Genius
Jean — who had just released an album called Jeanius — was around this time working on a never-released album called Phoenix. The title was a nod to the comic book character from whom she took her rap name
The X-Men's Jean Grey dies and and is reborn as Phoenix
The name is a nod to the ancient mythologies around the legendary bird of the same name. In one version of the myth:
[The phoenix] has a 500 to 1000 year life-cycle, near the end of which it builds itself a nest of twigs that then ignites; both nest and bird burn fiercely and are reduced to ashes, from which a new, young phoenix or phoenix egg arises, reborn anew to live again. The new phoenix is destined to live as long as its old self.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Jean Grae – The Jam Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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Ashland University, which has been ranked in the top 200 colleges and universities in U.S. News and World Report's National Universities category, is a mid-sized, private university conveniently located a short distance from Akron, Cleveland and ...
Kelsea Brown of Newark, OH, has been accepted to Ashland University for the fall semester of 2014. Brown, who is a senior at Newark High School, will receive the Director's Scholarship for $7,000 ... moreFall 2014 Verified by Ashland University
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Location: The Land of Green or Red
Oddometer: 1,994
Monument Valley - Valley of the Gods - Muley Point
CONDITIONS AND INFORMATION: The roads within Monument Valley, Valley of the Gods and Moki Dugway have all been graded and are in good shape. Not many washboard sections.
There is a very active Deputy Sheriff working the Mexican Hat area. He has either a Recruit or ride along with him and every time I passed through he had someone stopped.
The Story of this trip:
The snows of winter recede, wild flowers burst from the ground, time for an adventure. My friend, Ara, was on the other side of Utah. I made up my mind to find him. I did this without any planning, or even checking to see if he was still in the Monument Valley region.
Ara has a Blog http://www.theoasisofmysoul.com and a spot satellite device. I thought I could track him to Valley of the Gods. I was wrong.
I had a great ride through Zion to Kanab to Page. The ride past Page is on to the Navajo Nation and there aren't many places to stop. The miles slipped by, time stood still. The asphalt ribbon allows time for thinking. On this trip I recall all of the best things of my life. Memories of the past crashed inside my helmet. Humble Pie was rockin' the Fillmore once again. My chest swelled to the point it was difficult to breath, tears streamed from my eyes, I smiled and twisted the throttle. I reflect on the fortunate nature of my life. Happiness surrounds me.
This is the same feeling I always experience at the beginning of a new challenge or adventure. I recommend it highly.
I didn't leave the house till after 10am, I made a slow pace crossing the 350 miles of southwestern desert to seek out my friend in the land we both love. I arrive at Valley of the Gods as the sun slips towards the red rock horizon. Warm breezes follow me. The scent of sage fill the air. A raven screams into the sky.
These are roads worthy of seeking, places of discovery and awe. Giant sun dials of time tower above me. That is "Woman in the bathtub" ahead, I think.
There are many free camping places along this 17 mile gravel road, however none of them contained Ara.
I had stopped in Mexican Hat and bought some water and dinner snacks. As I gave up my search of Ara, for this day, I looked back at my pack and discovered that my water was missing. I hadn't properly secured it and now was to pay the price. I had a decision to make. I could turn up Moki Dugway and camp at one of my favorite places in the World, Muley Point (and hope on finding another human being with extra water) or turn back towards Mexican Hat and get a shitty motel room. I chanced camping without water.
Time to set camp. Not another person for miles, or water for that matter. I skipped a dinner of salty snacks and stale donuts to conserve my 2 drinks of water.
A night so quiet my mind invented insects sounds to fill the nothingness.
Sunrise at Muley Point and things were about to get interesting, but first this reminds me of a conversation I would later have with Ara. The issue of money came up and it's value. I told Ara that money is a terrible way to gauge the quality of one's life. I proposed a better method, sunrises and sunsets. A life measured this way gauges true quality. My friend Ara is a tycoon of sunsets.
Before we leave this photograph note the cliff edge (white rock over black pack - about 6 feet away). I wasn't able to stake my tent because it sat on a thin layer of gravel over solid rock. I was very careful during my one nighttime pee break.
Now the interesting part. As I strike camp, my throat so parched that I can't spit, my tent blows over the cliffside. I felt just the brush of air and my tent took one full roll and over the side it went. I raced towards it for a step and decided not to run towards a cliff edge, in motorcycle boots on gravel.
I peeked over the side and discovered my tent had caught on a ledge about 30 feet below. After that the cliff dropped straight down 1,000 feet. I evaluated my water situation and weighted that against my love for this Kelty tent. I allowed myself an hour to try to find a way down to the tent ledge or some other solution. After half an hour I realized that finding a way down that didn't involve life threatening risk wasn't possible. I go McGyver and pull out my cheap survival kit. Inside I find fishing line and 2 hooks. I stand on the cliff edge and tie a rock to my hooks and chuck the mess over the side just hoping to hit the tent. I did hit it on the first try but it didn't bite, second attempt resulted in a knot and on the third the string broke. I need water and don't want to die for a tent. I mounted for Bluff, breakfast, and a continuing search for a friend.
Time for a few parting shots looking from Muley Point into the Navajo Nation and Monument Valley. The lands of John Wayne and John Ford, two men that knew the beauty of this place.
I will always know this place as Lost Tent Rock.
I made it to Bluff and had an average breakfast and great water at the Twin Rocks. In the mean time I had located Ara and arrangements were made to meet later for dinner.
I had the day to myself Aaahhhhh..........
No plans, a full tank of gas and a fine German machine. I rode Valley of the Gods (again) as a bypass to Goosenecks.
My belly was full of breakfast and about a gallon of water. I laid on top of the picnic table, under a sun shade and napped. Every now and then I would rise up and growl, just to scare the tourists. I was left alone.
The San Juan started life as a meandering river, like the Mississippi, until the Colorado Uplift caused this. Another time monument.
I rode on to the Monument Valley, which is a Tribal Park. They changed the visitor center. The old one was better.
I spent freely upon native lands. For $5.00 you get this porch view and the right to drive the loop road.
I visited with the couple on the right. They were from Australia. It was one of those quick but meaniful conversations. I reminded them that it was a Tuesday morning, most people were working, and many could only dream of being here. A few minutes later we parted with meaty handshakes hiding real emotion.
The sun was just heating the dust into small tornadoes as I struck out. The light too harsh and direct for photography. I lazed the day away.
A happy indian dog. They were everywhere I would go.
Before I left the visitor's center I picked up another large bottle of water. I stuck it between my bedroll and pack, where I've put water bottles for 60,000 miles. You probably guess by now that I found myself without water AGAIN. I wear ATGATT and it was about 90 degrees. I'm as far from the visitor's center as possible too.
These guys sold pony rides but not water.
For the second time in my life I drink from a horse trough.
I made it to the visitors center and another great cold bottle of water. I have come to appreciate water on this trip. At about 5pm I set out towards a meeting in Bluff with Ara.
This is Ara's motorcycle
We had a great conversation and dinner at this place. I slept under the stars that night at Ara's camp.
Ara and I parted ways yet again, each setting out for adventure. I would retrace my route through Monument Valley, Kayenta, Kaibeto, Shonto and Page.
This is where Forrest Gump turned around, after all that runnin...
As I neared Kayenta the Weather Service indicated severe winds of 50 MPH with gusts over 100 MPH in my path. An easy 350 mile ride just got interesting. I have never ridden in such winds.
I sought shelter for some time in the canyon of Shonto.
I sat in the cottonwoods and watched the lives of others unfold. The slow and easy rythym that is native life.
Checkerboard Mesa looms overhead as I near home. The hardest part of the ride was between Page and Kanab with sustained headwinds of over 50 MPH. I was getting tired.
One last break and then home. Mosquito Cove provided a respite from the howling wind.
Three days, 876 miles and one tent later I ride the last leg home.
Again I am stronger for what has passed.
rat734 screwed with this post 12-24-2010 at 07:31 AM
Scared of the dark..
Joined: Nov 2007
Location: Currently in Canada.
Oddometer: 837
Amazing shots, great report!
Curbsyde Productions
One Man Wolf Pack
Joined: Jul 2008
Location: Transplanted in North Padre Island, Tejas
Oddometer: 974
Great pictures!!!! I just went through there last Friday...
90 degree temps??? When I was there it was a low of 38 and a high of 50.
Big change a week can make. Nicely done.
Chopper Rider
Joined: Jan 2005
Location: On a set of 50,000 mile tires.
Oddometer: 15,224
Really nice stuff!!
Sorry about your tent.
Be sure the safest rule is that we should not dare to live in any scene in which we dare not die. ~Lewis Carroll~
Bike till u Die
Joined: May 2008
Location: Cooler than yours,NW Wyoming
Oddometer: 178
To bad about the tent & water losses, Monument Valley truly is special. nice pics. Thanks, Joe
Sherpa-ing around
Joined: Oct 2008
Location: Lone Pine, ON, Canada
Oddometer: 1,206
Enjoyed the RR.................
I'd rather die living than live dying.
Road Captain
Joined: Jun 2003
Location: Durango, Colorado, USA
Oddometer: 10,601
BTW, when out in the desert, I always throw a couple 10lb rocks in the corners inside of my tent "just in case" a zephyr blows through. Tent stakes just don't hold in the sand on Muley Point.
You put your tent within about 20 feet of where I always put mine on the other side of the same tree:
Here is another look at your "lost tent" rock in one of your pictures:
Great RR! I'll be back up at Muley Point in less than 2 weeks and will see if I can find and retrieve your tent...
Pain in the Butte Ranch
Durango, Colorado
- Calculated risk or forbidden fruit?
FatChance screwed with this post 04-30-2010 at 01:03 PM
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: Virginia
Oddometer: 212
Dang it man! I was there in a rental cage a year and half ago and was wishing I was on the bike. Of course I have a cruiser and not a DS, so would need to change that too. I am going to have to get back out west on a suitable bike.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2007
Location: Granbury Texas
Oddometer: 2,816
One of my favorite places on this awesome planet is the area you just reported on. I will be back there in about a month. Cannot wait and I have been there at least 10 times. Never enough.
Great Images.
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2007
Location: North Vancouver, BC (right beside the forest)
Oddometer: 992
Looks like a great little trip other than the tent piece! I was just going through my pictures last night from a trip to that area that I took last May/June... great memories! Thanks. Since I'll probably head to Antelope Canyon this year, maybe we'll make another side trip...
Current - Wee strom K7
Previous - DRZ400SK4
Joined: Sep 2004
Location: Maryville, TN
Oddometer: 1,141
Beautiful photos! It might be time to invest in a Camelbak, at least you'll know where your water is.
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2008
Oddometer: 817
Beautiful shots. I rode through the same places last June. Rode through Valley of the Gods, my goodness, that place is spectacular. Also liked the river along Mexican Hat. Fun place.
Michael 3 Lives
Joined: Mar 2006
Location: The Land of Green or Red
Oddometer: 1,994
To encourage others to visit this awesome point I'll gladly donate the Kelty. Everybody head for Muley for TENT FISHING DAYS, the newest adventure sport. The fly is still attached and I'll send the winner the stuff I still have....
Adventure Boy®
Joined: Oct 2005
Location: 4 8 15 16 23 42
Oddometer: 1,743
Great story. Wonderful photos of an area we know and love. Thanks.
out riding
Joined: Jun 2006
Location: Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
Oddometer: 542
thank you, this was excellent.
along with the other blessings you referred to and enjoy you are so very lucky to be within easy reach of such magnificent country (and so many other prime DS locations too). I've been to the region several times but riding there has not been possible so far, I have a plan, though, and should accomplish this long-held dream next year.
Thanks for providing more fuel to the fire
Spring 2013 Ride to the Southeastern US slideshow
Maritime ADV/NBDSC meetup ride Sep '12
Trans Lab, Solo and without a plan 2012
14 Tiger 800XC, 07 G650 X-Ch, a couple KLR650s, '71 CT70.
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Nursing Testimony - Today's Christian Videos
Liberty University Aviation: A Word From Capt. Ernie Rogers. - @libertyuniversity-owner
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Notes for a Theology of Struggle
Last night, at the opening of the art exhibit at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, I had a bits and pieces of conversations with viewers about the two art pieces I contributed. Here are some about the painting "Notes for a Theology of Struggle."
Why did you choose that title for your painting?
Just before my second imprisonment, Christians in the revolutionary movement were asking what kind of theological basis we had for our involvement.
Is it not the Latin American theology of liberation?
To some extent, yes. But not quite. We told ourselves, "In the Philippines, our focus is on the struggle. Liberation is still in a distant future." At some point, Fr. Louie Hechanova said: " Let the name of our theology reflect that. Let's call it a theology of struggle."
So you set out to paint this theology?
No, I wasn't thinking of something that ambitious! I started the painting in my prison cell in Bago Bantay simply wanting to portray the tension between our understanding of Christianity as a call to struggle for justice and the more dominant interpretation of Christianity as a consolation for the poor and oppressed who bear their suffering patiently.
So I painted a Christ figure with the right hand stretched out in resignation, even unto death, while the left hand is a clenched fist of resistance.
What about the leaves on the left arm of the cross? Why did you add those? What do they mean?
I was painting inside my cell, and there was not enough space to stretch the whole canvas. So I was painting it section by section. After finishing the central Christ figure, there was extra space beyond the arms of the cross.
So I had to find something to fill the remaining space on both ends of the canvas.
I decided to add leaves sprouting from the left arm of the cross, beyond the fist of resistance. Although the theology of struggle focuses on resistance, we do not need end there. We believe that new life will rise, like the leaves, from the dead wood of the cross. It adds the perspective of hope.
To balance the leaves on the left, I filled the space beyond the right arm of the cross with leaf-like patterns on jungle uniforms of the military, and the face of a frightened child.
You included some quotations. Why?
Again, there was still space to fill! I must have run out of additional images, or energy… So I thought of adding some texts, in the tradition of Chinese paintings that add calligraphy.
In the same spirit of acknowledging a tension within Christianity about struggle, I chose two biblical texts about struggle that seem contradictory. One says, "I have come, not to bring peace, but the sword." The other says, "Those who live by the sword, shall die by the sword."
But I also included a Filipino saying: "Ang taong nagigipit, sa patalim ay kakapit."
The painting does not try to achieve a resolution of the tension. That's also why I left unfilled spaces. it is not a theology of struggle. Only some "notes" for a theology of struggle.
Renewing our spirit, Theology of struggle
2 Comments on "Notes for a Theology of Struggle"
July 16, 2012 at 2:41 am
Hola Don Edicio. My name is Ricardo. I'm from El Salvador and living in Canada, and your beautiful painting and its message are something you would find on murals from Chiapas to San Salvador. It really speaks of home for me. I'm not sure if you speak much Spanish but I'll post a short poem I wrote below:
Cuando vengo donde tengo y recuerdo donde falta, me pregunto: ¿Dónde esta?
¿Dónde esta el aliento del coco fresco y el choque de lengua que da el tamarindo?
¿Dónde están los días sin sombra cuando no te puedes esconder?
Me hacen falta las arrugas de mi abuela que cada noche se bañan en oliva.
Me hacen falta los campos floridos con izote que cuelga su cabeza pensativa…
cabeza linda que talvez se fue prendida en el pecho de un soldado americano.
Aquí no existe la pasión/desesperación que hace nacer las guerrilleras…
ni los tambores de esclavos que las hace renacer.
En esta paz pálida del sueño Canadiense me pregunto:
¿Dónde estas Romero? Con tus palabras tan suaves que caen como bombas…
Y nos enseñan como ser Salvadoreños…como ser Humanos.
Thank you for your wonderful work. I think we might know someone in common. My partner, Chaya Go, is the daughter of Deanie Ocampo…a wonderful educator in Manila. I had a chance to visit Pinas last summer and see the parallel histories with Latin America.
Let me know if you would like a translation of the poem.
Ingat po.
July 24, 2012 at 12:58 pm
Hello Don Edicio,
The translation to my poem appears in the mini-book below, which was created by Chaya. You also make a brief appearance in the book. Enjoy!


text:
I want to be a famous singer and novelist. But my biggest goal is to find and marry a man that loves the true me down the road. Then raise a family of kids who never give up
Encourage people, be good to people.
I think the simple pleasures of life makes it worth it. Your family,friends, beauty in all creation.
I think the most basic purpose is... to live for someone else.
not sure, im still trying to figure that out
The alternative is worse.
Take care of my peeps and have fun.
Eh I'll figure it out tomorrow.
Mathematics :D
Right now? To go to college and do what I'm striving to do. That's all.
My spirituality, my spiritual angel/connection, God, my children. I don't like "earthly" but being able to show love to those who need it in this world including my higher self. Great question!
still trying to figure it out...
To go on liveing till One day I die of natural causes or have a pre mature death who knows
The Thing That keeps me going IS the unknown of whats going happen The next day
Plus I been threw the whole suicidal thing I dont wana do that I have a will to live now anyway
It sounds weird but Im a very no bullshit person I like things up front and no covering
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Characters in GTA IV
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This category lists all characters that have appeared or have been mentioned in Grand Theft Auto IV.
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" Jerry Kapowitz is a character in the Grand Theft Auto series who appears as a minor character in...
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Maureen McReary


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Hans Klok
Dutch Actor
Born Feb 22, 1969
Age 46
Nationality Netherlands
Other Names Johannes Francisc...
Johannes Franciscus Catharinus "Hans" Klok is a Dutch illusionist and actor.
View newly released photos of Hans Klok.
Check out the latest love interests for Hans Klok.
News + Updates
Browse recent news and stories about Hans Klok.
Big Magic On The London Stage An Interview With Hans KlokThe Huffington Post - USA - Feb 10, 2012
John De Mol: 'Hans Klok Gepolst Voor Songfestival' Telegraaf.NlGoogle News - Sep 09, 2011
Hans Klok Met Circus Hurricane In Martiniplaza Groninger GezinsbodeGoogle News - Sep 07, 2011
Hans Klok Verbreekt Eigen Wereldrecord Telegraaf.NlGoogle News - Sep 05, 2011
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Hans Klok.
1969 Birth Born on February 22, 1969.
1990 21 Years Old Hans Klok is one of the world's best illusionists and is known as "The fastest magician in the World". In 1990, Hans and his assistant Sittah won the "Grand Prix" of the Netherlands and the "Henk Vermeijden Cup" with "the fastest metamorphosis in the world". … Read More
1992 23 Years Old In 1992, he was the opening act for the F.I.S.M. in Lausanne – a professional convention for magicians and illusionists, where Hans got the opportunity to present his own show. … Read More
1993 24 Years Old In 1993, Hans performed as a 'special guest' in the André van Duin Revue. … Read More
1994 25 Years Old 1 More Event
In 1994, he performed for the first time on the Las Vegas Strip, as part of NBC's The World's Greatest Magic, broadcast live from Caesars Palace to an audience of 60 million people. … Read More
1996 27 Years Old In August of 1996, Hans received an invitation from NBC for a show at the 'Caesar's Palace' in Las Vegas as part of 'The World Greatest Magic' television show.
1997 28 Years Old In 1997, Hans and his team got second place in the "illusionism" category during the Magic world championship in Dresden. … Read More
1998 29 Years Old In 1998, Hans had a second theatre show, 'Magic Live on Stage', followed by 'Magic Impossible'. … Read More
2002 33 Years Old 1 More Event
In the summer of 2002, Hans Klok performed in the Wondrous Efteling Show in the new theatre with 1,200 seats in the Efteling.
2005 36 Years Old 1 More Event
At the start of 2005, Hans Klok performed in Ahoy for three nights, all tickets were sold out. … Read More
2006 37 Years Old 1 More Event
In August 2006, Hans took a tour of all the locations of Holland Casino.
2010 41 Years Old After their first joint Dutch theatre show "Hurricane", his own Christmas show followed at the close of 2010, which Hans performed in the big cities of Germany and Austria. … Read More
2012 43 Years Old 5 More Events
During a 2012 visit to the UK with his stage show The Houdini Experience, Hans made a guest appearance on the BBC TV show The Magicians, during which he broke his own world record for the number of illusions performed in a five minute period.
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klok.
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


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