text:
The invention relates to a process for preparing a silicate of an element chosen from alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths, comprising a reaction between silica and a sulfate of said element in a reactor equipped with at least one submerged burner within a molten mass, said submerged burner being fed with a gas containing oxygen, an excess of fuel/reducing agent being introduced into the reactor relative to the oxygen effectively consumed. The process allows the reaction to be carried out satisfactorily and at relatively low temperature.
1. A process for preparing a silicate of an element chosen from alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths, comprising reacting silica and a sulfate of said element in a reactor equipped with at least one submerged burner within a molten mass, said submerged burner being supplied with an oxygen-containing gas, an excess of reducing fuel being introduced into the reactor relative to the effectively consumed oxygen,
wherein the silicate does not contain sulfate inclusion.
2. The process of
3. The process as claimed in
4. A process for preparing a silicate of an element chosen from alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths, comprising reacting silica and a sulfate of said element in a reactor equipped with at least one submerged burner within a molten mass, said submerged burner being supplied with an oxygen-containing gas, an excess of reducing fuel being introduced into the reactor relative to the effectively consumed oxygen,
wherein the excess fuel represents from 0.1 to 2 mol of carbon equivalent and/or sulfur equivalent per mole of sulfate.
5. The process as claimed in
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19. The process as claimed in
20. The process as claimed in
21. A process for preparing a precipitated silica, comprising:
a) preparing a silicate as claimed in
b) acid treating the silicate produced in a) with the sulfuric acid produced in a), resulting in a precipitated silica and the sulfate of said element, said sulfate being recycled in a).
22. The process as claimed in
This application is the national state application of the international application PCT/FR04/50416 filed Sep. 7, 2004 (WO 2005/028364), the text of which is hereby incorporated by reference and this application claims priority to the French application no. 0311006 filed Sep. 19, 2003, the French application no. 0312383 filed on Oct. 23, 2003 and the French application no. 0313272 filed Nov. 13, 2002.
The present invention relates to a process for preparing glass or a silicate, such as sodium silicate, that can be used to manufacture glass or silica in the form of particles (precipitated silica).
Within the context of the present invention, the term "batch materials" is understood to mean all materials, vitrifiable substances, natural ores or synthesized products, materials resulting from cullet recycling, etc. that can be incorporated into the composition feeding a glass furnace. The term "glass" is understood to mean glass in the broad sense, that is to say encompassing any material with a glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic matrix, the main constituent of which is silica. The term "manufacture" includes the indispensable step of melting the batch materials and possibly all the subsequent/supplementary steps for the purpose of refining/conditioning the molten glass for the purpose of its final forming operation, especially in the form of flat glass (glazing), hollow-ware (flasks, bottles), glass in the form of mineral (glass or rock) wool used for its thermal or acoustic insulation properties, or even possibly glass in the form of yarns referred to as textile yarns used in reinforcement.
The invention relates most particularly to the batch materials needed to manufacture glasses having a significant content of alkali metals, especially sodium, for example glasses of the silica-soda-lime type used to make flat glass. The batch material currently used most often for providing sodium or potassium is sodium carbonate Na2CO3 or potassium carbonate K2CO3, which choice is not without its drawbacks since, on the one hand, this compound provides only sodium as constituent element of the glass, the entire carbonate part decomposing in the form of evolution of CO2 during melting. On the other hand, this is an expensive batch material, compared with the others, since it is a synthetic product obtained by the Solvay process from sodium chloride and lime, which process involves a number of manufacturing steps and consumes a great deal of energy.
This is the reason why it has been proposed to use as sodium source not a carbonate but a silicate, possibly in the form of a mixed alkali metal (Na)/alkaline-earth metal (Ca) silicate prepared beforehand. The use of this type of intermediate product has the advantage of jointly providing several of the constituents of the glass, of eliminating the decarbonatization phase and of reducing CO2 emissions from the melting furnace. It also makes it possible to speed up the melting of the batch materials in their entirety and of favoring their homogenization during melting as indicated, for example, in the patents FR 1 211 098 and FR 1 469 109. However, this approach poses the problem of the manufacture of this silicate.
A first method of synthesis was described in the patent WO 00/46161: this involves the conversion of a halide, for example NaCl, and silica into a silicate at high temperature, the heat supply being provided by submerged burners. Combustion by submerged burners is already known, for example from the U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,504, U.S. Pat. No. 3,260,587 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,034, for melting vitrifiable materials to make glass. To use this technology in a context different from the synthesis of silicates, and therefore upstream of the actual glass manufacture, indeed offers many advantages: this method of combustion causes, within the materials undergoing reaction, strong turbulence and vigorous convection motion around the gas jets or flames from the submerged burners. This promotes very effective stirring of the reactants. Furthermore, submerged burners provide the heat directly at the point where it is needed, into the mass of the products undergoing reaction. It is also an environmentally friendly method of combustion. Direct conversion of NaCl and silica carried out in this way is therefore very attractive for more than one reason. However, it turns out that this direct conversion is not easy to implement on a large scale.
WO 03/031357 teaches the manufacture of a silicate in two separate steps, the overall reaction involving a halide (such as NaCl) and silica in order to make a silicate, this overall reaction passing via the manufacture of a sulfate. The above document teaches that carbon or sulfur may be used as solid fuel.
The object of the invention is firstly to develop a method of manufacturing a silicate that is particularly productive and easy to use on an industrial scale. Furthermore, this novel type of manufacture may also be environmentally friendly insofar as all the reaction products involved can be utilized or recycled.
The term "submerged burners" is understood to mean burners configured so that the "flames" that they generate or the combustion gases emanating from these flames develop in the reactor where the conversion takes place, within the very mass of the materials being converted (the reaction mass). Generally speaking, the burners are placed so as to be flush with or slightly proud of the side walls or the floor of the reactor used.
The subject of the invention is firstly a method of manufacturing compounds based on one or more silicates of alkali metals, such as Na and K, and/or of alkaline-earth metals, such as Ca and Mg, and/or of rare earths, such as Ce, possibly in the form of mixed silicates combining at least two of these elements. This method involves a conversion reaction in which said sulfates with silica are converted into the corresponding silicates, the heat supply needed for this conversion being provided, at least in part, by a combustion reaction using one or more submerged burners. Thermal energy is injected into the submerged-burner furnace sufficient to form the silicate and for the latter to remain liquid and of low enough viscosity to flow sufficiently rapidly out of the furnace. The advantage of submerged burners is that they inject the necessary heat directly into the liquid reaction mass, this injection also causing effective stirring of the various materials in the furnace owing to the turbulence generated by the gases stirring them. According to the invention, it is preferable to inject most of the energy via the submerged burners, but it is not excluded either to inject some of this by another means, such as resistance heating elements, although the coexistence of resistance heating elements and submerged burners is not recommended (corrosion of the resistance elements). In general, a heat supply of between 500 and 2500 kWh per ton of silicate produced is suitable.
Combustion by submerged burners requires an injection of oxygen, either in the form of pure oxygen or in the form of a mixture of oxygen with at least one other gas, such as air. This oxygen is intended to react with the fuel in order to generate the necessary heat. Depending on the nature of the fuel and the way it is introduced, the fuel can react relatively rapidly with the oxygen. Thus, if the fuel is a gas (a hydrocarbon, such as methane, propane or butane, or a sulfur-containing gas, such as H2S) fed directly into the submerged burner already supplied with oxygen, the combustion is rapid and estimated to be complete (it should be understood here, of course, that the fuel and the oxygen arrive at the same point in the submerged burner, for example via a premixing cell. This means that if the submerged burner is supplied stoichiometrically with oxygen and with combustible gas, all the combustible gas and all the oxygen react together. On the other hand, if the oxygen is in excess relative to this stoichiometry, a measurable amount of oxygen will escape with the flue gases. If the combustible gas is in excess with respect to this stoichiometry, this fuel will also have a tendency to escape, but there will be a risk of relatively explosive postcombustion, a situation that cannot therefore be recommended.
It is also possible to introduce solid fuel such as, for example, solid sulfur or solid carbon (coal). In this case, the solid fuel is generally introduced into the reaction vessel as batch materials, that is to say independently of the submerged burners, but in any case as close as possible to said burners if it is desired for the solid fuel to react effectively with the oxygen flowing in via said burners. However, even if this solid fuel is introduced very close to the submerged burners, it is difficult to have perfect combustion efficiency, which means that oxygen may generally pass through the reaction mass without completely reacting with the fuel and be found (in measurable amount) in the flue gases, even if the fuel is in stoichiometry or even in excess with respect to oxygen.
According to the invention, an excess of fuel (or reducing agent) is introduced relative to the oxygen actually consumed (and not relative to the oxygen only introduced). This is because the Applicant has discovered that if the reaction medium has excess fuel, the silicate formation reaction is activated and can even be carried out at a lower temperature than in the absence of this excess, which also amounts to stating that the silicate formation reaction is activated at lower temperatures than in the absence of this excess. It seems that the excess fuel, not consumed by the oxygen from the submerged burners, plays in fact in this case a direct role in the silicate formation reaction, this role being of the reducing type. Without the present explanation being in any way limiting, at least one of the following reactions might then be involved:
According to the invention, the situation may therefore be especially as in one of the following
a) submerged burners supplied with oxygen (which may include air) and with combustible gas, the combustible gas being in short supply relative to the oxygen and being completely consumed by the oxygen, a solid or liquid fuel being also added to the reaction mass, which partially reacts with the oxygen but is present in a sufficiently large amount not to be completely consumed by the oxygen and to act as a reducing agent within the meaning of the invention in order to promote silicate formation, it being possible for some oxygen to escape with the flue gases;
b) submerged burners supplied with oxygen (which may include air) and with combustible gas, the combustible gas and the oxygen being in stoichiometric ratio, the oxygen and the combustible gas reacting completely together, a solid or liquid fuel or gaseous fuel (such as H2S) also being added to the reaction mass, and acting as a reducing agent within the meaning of the invention in order to promote silicate formation;
c) submerged burners supplied with oxygen (which may include air) without combustible gas, a solid or liquid fuel also being added to the reaction mixture, reacting with at least part of the oxygen but being present in a sufficiently large amount to also act as a reducing agent within the meaning of the invention in order to promote silicate formation, some of the oxygen generally escaping with the flue gases; and
d) submerged burners supplied with oxygen (which may include air) and with combustible H2S gas, the combustible gas being in excess relative to the oxygen and acting as a reducing agent relative to the sulfate, promoting silicate formation.
In all these situations, it may be seen that there is excess fuel in the reaction mixture relative to the effectively reacting oxygen. The effectively reacting oxygen can be easily determined by measuring the oxygen escaping in the flue gases. A person skilled in the art is able, by routine tests, knowing the amounts of oxygen not reacting, to determine the necessary amounts of fuel to be introduced in order to be in excess fuel mode within the context of the invention.
It should be pointed out that the "fuel" materials or the "reducing" materials are merely the same and can fulfill both roles—the fuel role being played by reaction with the oxygen, the reducing role being played in the silicate formation reaction. Within the context of the invention, the excess fuel allows this combustible material to play a larger reducing role.
Thus, the subject of the invention is firstly a process for preparing a silicate of an element chosen from alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths, comprising a reaction between silica and a sulfate of said element in a reactor equipped with at least one submerged burner within a molten mass, said submerged burner being supplied with an oxygen-containing gas, an excess of reducing fuel being introduced into the reactor relative to the effectively consumed oxygen.
Within the context of the present invention, the excess fuel plays a reducing role thanks to the carbon or sulfur that it contains and it combines with the sodium sulfate. For each fuel, it is possible to define a carbon equivalent or a sulfur equivalent corresponding to the mass of pure carbon or sulfur that the fuel in fact provides as reducing agent. To give an example, a hydrocarbon polymer has a higher mass than the carbon that it contains and it actually acts as a reducing agent. Within the context of the present invention, the excess fuel preferably represents 0.1 to 2 mol, and more preferably 0.3 to 1 mol, of carbon or sulfur equivalent per mole of sulfate. Thus, the excess reducing fuel may be a solid or a liquid acting as a source of carbon or sulfur, or both as a source of carbon and sulfur. The following materials may be mentioned as examples of solid or liquid fuel supplying sulfur and/or carbon: vulcanized rubbers, tires, wood, board, paper, animal flour, crude oil-contaminated sand (the latter material being both a source of fuel/reducing agent and of silica) and fuel oil. The fuel that can be in excess may also be a sulfur-containing gas such as H2S.
A silica/sulfate molar ratio is used that corresponds to the silicate that it is desired to obtain. This silicate may be represented by the formula MxOy.n(SiO2), in which M represents an alkali or alkaline-earth metal or a rare earth, x and y represent positive integers or non-integers, and n represents a positive integer or non-integer. MxOy can in particular be Na2O, K2O, CeO2. In general, n (the SiO2/MxOy molar ratio) is between 1 and 4 and more particularly between 1.3 and 4, especially when M represents an alkali or alkaline-earth metal. For the case in which M is Na, n is more particularly between 1.5 and 3.8. For the case in which M is a rare earth, such as Ce, n may generally be greater than 5 and generally less than 1000.
In the reaction mass there are at least the following separate phases:
The reaction medium therefore contains many separate phases and the submerged-burner technology is particularly effective for vigorously stirring them and for making the reaction proceed.
The liquid sulfate and the liquid silicate form two separate phases. Reaction conditions (temperature, stirring induced by the submerged burners, residence time, excess reducing agent) are sought such that the liquid sulfate phase disappears before exit from the reactor, and in any case is present in the smallest amount possible during manufacture. This residual amount of sulfate is usually expressed as the amount of SO3. The absence of sulfate at the exit of the reactor shows that the sulfate has indeed reacted. If this is not the case, undesirable sulfate inclusions may be seen with the naked eye in the final silicate. In addition, when hot, there may be splashes of relatively explosive liquid sulfate downstream of manufacture. In general, this drawback may be remedied by increasing the excess amount of reducing agent. The minimum amount of excess reducing agent can therefore be determined by the disappearance of the sulfate phase in the final silicate. It is unnecessary to introduce an excessively large excess amount of reducing agent as this may lead to a yellow-brown coloration (due to the formation of sulfide ions S2−) visible to the naked eye in the final silicate, which coloration is undesirable. In general, the excess reducing agent is between one and two times the excess amount necessary for disappearance of the sulfate phase. Thus, it is preferred to introduce an excess of fuel in an amount sufficient for the silicate to contain no sulfate inclusion.
A sufficiently high temperature is chosen in order to make the reaction proceed, resulting in a suitable viscosity of the reaction mixture. This is because, if the viscosity is too high, the reaction mass solidifies and the reaction does not proceed. If the viscosity is too low, there will be excessive splashing, which tends to erode the walls and the roof and can therefore result in undesirable foreign particles in the product of manufacture. In addition, material going onto the walls and the roof is no longer available to react with the material introduced. In fact, these two extremes both result in particularly insufficient stirring of the reactants, thereby reducing the efficiency. Correct stirring of the mixture also results in temperature uniformity throughout the reaction mass. The aim is for the silicate phase to have a viscosity of between 50 and 3000 poise, and more particularly between 100 and 1000 poise, at the temperature of the reaction mixture. In general, a temperature between 1000 and 1500� C., and more particularly between 1200 and 1400� C., is suitable.
The final silicate is a solid translucent at room temperature. Preferably, it contains no batch stones, that is to say particles of the initial silica that have not participated in the reaction. The presence of batch stones may be remedied by increasing the residence time in the reactor.
Preferably, the reactor for preparing the silicate is followed by a refining vessel. This vessel is separate from the reactor so as to prevent any silicate from the vessel slipping back into the reactor and to prevent the silicate undergoing refining from being contaminated by raw silicate from the reactor. This refining operation affords the following advantages:
The refining vessel is generally equipped with heating means, such as at least one submerged burner. Such a burner generates a flame of greater or lesser oxidizing power depending on the intended redox at exit. Such burners may be supplied with combustible gas and with air or with oxygen with oxygen being in excess relative to the combustible gas. During this refining operation, the raw silicate becomes clearer, even becoming colorless and translucent. The temperature of the silicate in the refining vessel is generally between the same temperature as in the reactor and 150� C. below the temperature in the reactor, and preferably between 50� C. below the temperature in the reactor and 150� C. below the temperature in the reactor.
The separation between the melting reactor and the refining vessel may be a channel or a spillway or partitions along the sides.
The "silica" may be introduced into the reaction mixture as any compound containing predominantly silica (silicon oxide) SiO2, even if it may also contain other elements or other minority compounds, which is very particularly the case when natural materials, such as sand, are used.
The effectiveness of the burners in all aspects (quality of the mixing, excellent heat transfer) means that the conversion via the reaction is greatly favored, and is so without there being a need to attain extremely high temperatures.
Another advantage of submerged burners is the following: they allow the introduction of liquid/solid fuels in the same way as the vitrifiable batch materials. This consequently results in varied redox ratios of the molten silicate, in the reactor, possibly ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 depending on the residence time (a longer residence time results in a lower redox ratio). In fact, at the inlet of the reactor, at the point where the various batch materials are charged, it is necessary for the redox ratio to be relatively high (between 0.35 and 0.9), this being favorable to the sulfate decomposition reaction. After the refining vessel, the redox ratio is generally in the 0.1 to 0.9 range.
The chosen oxidizer for feeding the submerged burner(s) (reactor or refining vessel) may simply be air. However, it is preferential to use an oxidizer in the form of oxygen-enriched air, and even an oxidizer substantially in the form of oxygen alone. A high oxygen concentration is advantageous for various reasons: the volume of combustion flue gas is thus reduced, this being favorable from the energy standpoint and avoids any risk of excessive fluidization of the materials undergoing the reaction, that may cause splashing against the superstructures, especially the roof of the reactor where the conversion takes place. Furthermore, the "flames" obtained are shorter and more emissive, thereby allowing their energy to be transferred more rapidly to the materials undergoing melting/conversion. In addition, where appropriate, the sulfur oxide concentration in the flue gases is higher, facilitating the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid.
As regards the choice of fuel for the submerged burner(s), three approaches are possible, as alternatives or in combination: it is possible to choose a liquid fuel, a gaseous fuel or a fuel in solid form.
If it is at least partly in gaseous form, it may feed the submerged burners directly. If it is in liquid or solid form, it may be injected close to the submerged burners.
As gaseous fuel, mention may be made of natural gas (predominantly methane), propane, hydrogen or any other hydrocarbon compound and/or sulfur compound, especially H2S (the advantage of H2S is there is no discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere).
As solid or liquid fuel, mention may be made of any compound predominantly in carbon compound and/or hydrocarbon compound and/or sulfur compound (including sulfur and carbon): as in the previous case, these may be byproducts of the oil industry (heavy fuel oil, asphalt, etc.). They may be polymer-based materials that can thus be recycled (any plastics, tires, vulcanized rubber, etc.), and even hydrocarbon-contaminated sand, which will also provide both the silica and the fuel, which is an ingenious way of dealing with the problem of decontaminating beaches after an oil spillage for example.
According to the invention, it is especially possible to use sulfur-containing fuels such as sulfur compounds, like worn tires (which may contain, for example, 0.5 to 4% sulfur), or even pure sulfur. There are traces of sulfur in all vulcanized polymers (tires) and sulfur is also found in byproducts of the oil industry, and the invention allows them to be beneficially utilized: this is because the sulfur contained in the fuel provided for carrying out combustion reaction will be oxidized. Specifically, these sulfur oxides (SO2 and/or SO3) can be converted into sulfuric acid, by recovering them from the flue gases and treating them appropriately. There are therefore two choices (alternative or cumulative in fact, especially depending on the quantity of H2SO4 manufactured, which depends intimately on the chosen S content of the fuel): either the H2SO4 is utilized, as a reactant widely used in the chemical industry, independently of the process according to the invention, or it is reused in a variant of the process of the invention. Specifically, the combustion product of the silicate formation reaction is used, in a "feedback" process, as reactant for reacting with the silicate and resulting in precipitated silica. Thus, the invention also relates to a process for preparing a precipitated silica, comprising a step a) of preparing a silicate as claimed in one of the preceding claims, the reactor being equipped with a stack, this being fitted with a system for recovering the sulfur oxide, resulting in sulfuric acid, a step b) for the acid treatment of the silicate produced at a) with the sulfuric acid produced at a), resulting in, on the one hand, precipitated silica, and on the other hand, the sulfate of said element being recycled at a).
There is another way, as an alternative to or in combination with the previous one, of manufacturing H2SO4 from the process according to the invention: the reaction of converting sulfate to silicate itself produces sulfur oxides SO2 and/or SO3. Here again, these sulfur oxides may therefore be recovered and made to undergo a conversion reaction, converting them to sulfuric acid. As in the previous case, this sulfuric acid may be reused as reactant with silicate and/or it may be utilized as a reactant for the chemical industry.
As a result, if the fuel contains a significant amount of sulfur, these two reactions of converting sulfur oxides to sulfuric acid may produce more, and even significantly more, sulfuric acid than is needed for reaction of converting the halides to sulfates, resulting in the beneficiation of the process according to the invention in its entirety.
A first outlet for the silicates manufactured according to the invention is in the glass industry: they may substitute, at least in part, for the conventional batch materials that provide alkali metals or rare earths, with, very particularly as regards sodium, at least partial substitution of Na2CO3 and of sand with the silicate. The silicates of the invention can therefore be employed for feeding a glass furnace. Before subsequent conversion, for example in a glass furnace, the silicate may be converted into granules, for temporary storage. The glass furnace may be of conventional design (for example, an electric melting furnace using submerged electrodes, a crown-fired furnace operating with lateral regenerators, a horseshoe-fired furnace and any type of furnace known in the glass industry thus including submerged-burner furnaces), possibly with a design and an operating method that are slightly modified so as to be suitable for a melting process with no carbonate or with less carbonate than for standard melting operations.
It should be noted that certain silicates other than sodium silicate are also very useful to manufacture according to the invention. Thus, the invention allows potassium silicate to be manufactured from K2SO4, which is, at least economically, very advantageous as batch material containing Si and K for the manufacture of what is referred to as "mixed-alkali" glass, that is to say glass containing both Na and K. Such glass is used especially for producing tactile screens, glass for television screens and glass for plasma display panels.
Likewise, the invention allows more economical manufacture of special glasses containing additives, for which chlorides are less expensive than oxides. This is the case with rare earths such as cerium—the presence of cerium oxide giving the glasses UV-screening properties—and rare earths of this type are also found in the composition of special glasses of high elastic modulus for hard disks. The invention thus makes it possible to have a batch material containing Si and Ce, namely cerium silicate, for a moderate cost.
A second outlet for the silicates manufactured according to the invention (apart from those used as batch materials for a glass furnace), more particularly sodium silicate, is in the detergents industry, sodium silicate frequently being incorporated into the composition of washing powders/detergents.
A third outlet for the silicates formed according to the invention is in the preparation of special silicas commonly referred to as "precipitated silicas" that are incorporated for example in the composition of concretes. This is because the silicates formed according to the invention may undergo acid attack, advantageously by sulfuric acid, so as to precipitate silica in the form of particles having a particular particle size: the intended particles are generally of nanoscale dimensions (0.5 to 300 nm and 1 to 100 nm for example).
To carry out the reaction of converting the sulfates to silicates, it is possible to use, as described in the patent WO-00/46161, a reactor equipped with one or more submerged burners and with at least one means of introducing the silica and/or the sulfates below the level of the molten materials, especially in the form of one or more feed-screw batch chargers. Preferably, the same applies in the case of the solid or liquid fuels possibly used, such as the carbon and/or hydrocarbon and/or sulfur compounds (including solid sulfur and solid carbon) mentioned above. It is thus possible to introduce, directly into the mass of products undergoing melting/reaction, at least those of the starting reactants that can vaporize before having the time to react.
The process according to the invention described above therefore has many advantages, among which:
A melting furnace equipped with a submerged burner followed by a refining vessel equipped with a submerged burner were used. The furnace and the vessel were both cylindrical (of vertical axis) and both had a floor area of 0.07 m2. The submerged burners (furnace and vessel) both operated stoichiometrically with methane and pure oxygen (the oxygen was therefore entirely consumed in each burner flame). Sand and sodium sulfate were introduced into the furnace in a ratio allowing a sodium silicate to be obtained having an SiO2/Na2O molar ratio of 3.5. Also introduced was coke, acting as excess fuel/reducing agent, in an amount of 0.5 mol of carbon per mole of sulfate introduced. The output was 3 metric tons per day per m2. The furnace and the vessel both operated at 1300� C. The redox ratio (weight ratio of FeO to total Fe2O3) on exiting the furnace was 0.7 and the residual SO3 (SO3 dissolved by the silicate) was 0.42% by weight (measured by X-ray fluorescence or by carbon/sulfur analysis), indicating that the efficiency of the reaction in the furnace was around 98%. In the refining vessel, the residual sulfate reacted with the residual reducing agent. Obtained at the exit of the vessel was a silicate of formula Na2O.3.5(SiO2) which was translucent and colorless, the residual SO3 (SO3 evolution from the residual sulfate) was less than 0.05%. The redox ratio here was 0.20.
This example is the same as the previous one, except that the submerged burner of the refining vessel operated with an insufficiency of oxygen (reducing flame with an oxygen flow rate 15% below stoichiometry). Obtained at the exit of the vessel was a translucent and colorless silicate of formula Na2O.3.5(SiO2), the residual SO3 content of which was less than 0.05%. In this case redox ratio was 0.55.
This example is as in Example 1 except that there was no excess addition in the form of coke. Inclusions of sodium sulfate visible to the naked eye were found in the final silicate. The residual SO3 was greater than 1%. This indicates a reaction efficiency much lower than that of Example 1. The sulfate introduced did not decompose sufficiently. Enrichment with silica is too great, the reaction mass rapidly becoming too viscose, and the reactor had to be stopped.
This example is as in Example 1 except that the excess reducing agent in the form of coke was replaced with an excess of reducing agent in the form of spent tires, the composition of which was approximately 2% sulfur by weight, 80% carbon by weight and 18% hydrogen by weight. This reducing agent was introduced in an amount representing 5% of the mass of sodium sulfate introduced. A silicate containing 0.1% residual SO3 was obtained, the redox ratio of which was 0.5. The presence of sulfur in the reducing agent allowed additional sulfuric acid to be produced.
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Located on the Corner of East Bay Street and North Market Street across from the Downtown Charleston Market.
A fillet of salmon broiled in a citrus reduction, served over a bed of spinach with roma tomato, cucumber and red onion, toasted almonds and feta cheese, tossed with a citrus mango vinaigrette.
Served with a honey-dijon dipping sauce
A frozen delight of orange juice, pineapple juice and grenadine garnished with fresh fruit
Located off Rivers Avenue in the same shopping center as Toys R' Us.
Served steamed or raw.
Served with butter and lemon wedge 1 lb.-1-1/2 lbs
Made with Cruzan Estate Light Rum, fresh mint, lime juice and club soda.
Half pina colada and half strawberry daiquiri made with Cruzan Estate Light Rum


text: It certainly sound like it could be right, but again, it still does not explain why the unprocessed leader would not clear, when other leaders thru the same fixer did, as they should - why would it not clear, as it had not ben developed it should behave like any film leader when checking clearance time. For light to have got in, the only thing I can think of is that somehow the elastic bands around the arms did not seal in my changing bag, but again, I always check this prior to starting and check the lid for correct fit before removing my arms. This is certainly a first for me and does no good for confidence when handling valuable exposures (thankfully these were not of any commervial value!), whatever the cause of the fault. Thanks all for your great efforts to save the day, but all I can say is perhaps several factors cause this as the positive image would suit a light leak, but does not explain why the leader will not clear - even in Hypam 1+1!


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Columbus – This coming Tuesday, Senate Minority Leader Joe Schiavoni (D-Boardman) will join state and local officials to dedicate a portion of I-80 in Austintown in honor of two local Vietnam Veterans. The portion of I-80 between 1-76 and I-680 in Mahoning County will be renamed, "Marine Sergeant James Prommersberger and Army Second Lieutenant Charles W. Brown Memorial Highway."
Sergeant Prommersberger died in the line of duty fighting off 200 Vietnamese soldiers while saving a fellow soldier. Lieutenant Brown was killed as he fought off an infiltration of 4,000 Vietnamese soldiers. Both Prommersberger and Brown received Silver Star and Purple Heart medals for their outstanding service to our country. The public and media are invited to join Senator Schiavoni in honoring these two heroic soldiers.
When: 12:00 pm EST
Tuesday,July 7, 2015
Where: Quaker Steak & Lube
5800 Interstate Blvd
Austintown, OH 44515
COLUMBUS–Today, Senate Bill 117, legislation jointly sponsored by State Senators Kenny Yuko (D-Richmond Heights) and Jim Hughes (R-Columbus), passed the Ohio Senate with unanimous, bipartisan support. Senate Bill 117 would designate the month of October as "Rett Syndrome Awareness Month."
"Rett Syndrome is a devastating disease that affects families all across this state," said Senator Yuko. "Although much still needs to be done in the fight against Rett Syndrome, SB 117 is a small but necessary step in changing the lives of thousands of girls."
Rett Syndrome is a postnatal neurological disorder that affects females almost exclusively and currently has no cure. One out of every 10,000 female births is diagnosed with Rett Syndrome, which equates to a girl being born with the disorder every 2 hours. Those affected normally have no verbal skills or purposeful hand use, and on average about half are unable to walk.
"Help us win this fight by dedicating the month of October to these girls and to those who have yet to be diagnosed. Let us strive for a world in which no child or family has to suffer from this devastating disorder," stated Yuko.
Senate Bill 117 moves to the Ohio House for further consideration.
Columbus – Today, State Senator Charleta B. Tavares (D – Columbus) praised the United States Supreme Court for their decision to extend marriage equality to all states.
"America has always been a nation that strives for justice and liberty," Tavares said. "Today, we once again practice what we preach."
Senator Tavares firmly believes we must uphold American values and ensure these values are reflected throughout our legal system. Equality of opportunity for all citizens is among the most basic tenets of American society. For far too long, our marriage laws had not reflected our nation's core beliefs. That changed today.
"It is our duty to do what is fair, what is right, and what is just. After years of waiting, millions of Americans have finally received the justice they so greatly deserve. This is a beautiful day."
The senator celebrates with everyone who worked tirelessly over the years to bring about this historic moment. Though our highest court decided this case, it was decades of work by thousands of dedicated citizens that changed the course of history.
COLUMBUS, OH—Today, Senate Minority Leader Joe Schiavoni (D-Boardman) released the following statement after the United States Supreme Court struck down Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage:
"Today the United States Supreme Court confirmed what we have known all along: that all families are equal and all families deserve to be treated equally under the law. This is a day to celebrate an historic victory for love and equality. I call upon Governor Kasich and Attorney General DeWine to respect the court's decision and to act swiftly to make sure every Ohioan can marry the person they love."
Columbus—Today, the Ohio Senate unanimously passed Senate Bill 116, which designates October 16 as George Washington Williams Day in honor of Ohio's first African American state legislator. State Senator Cecil Thomas sponsored the legislation, along with State Senator Charleta Tavares (D-Columbus). The bill encourages schools in Ohio to observe the day by discussing the life of George Washington Williams
"George Washington Williams was a trailblazer for African American public servants in the State of Ohio and an inspiration for people everywhere," said Senator Thomas. "I am humbled to walk in his footsteps from Cincinnati to Columbus. Passing this legislation will be an important and long overdue salute to a man who has opened doors for me, Senator Tavares, and a long list of our predecessors in the Ohio Legislature."
George Washington Williams was an accomplished historian, theologian, Civil War veteran, and the first African American elected to the Ohio Legislature. He was elected to represent Cincinnati and served one term in the Ohio House of Representatives. Williams was universally respected in his community and among political elites. Following his time in Columbus, Williams was appointed Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti by President Chester A. Arthur, though he was never allowed to serve. He was also among the first whistleblowers on the European abuses of colonialism in the Congo.
Senate Bill 116 will now proceed to the Ohio House of Representatives to go through the committee process there.
COLUMBUS—Today, "The Ohio Worker's Rights Act", Senate Bill 25, received its first hearing in the Senate Transportation, Labor, and Commerce Committee, during which State Senator Kenny Yuko (D-Richmond Heights), the bill's sponsor, gave testimony. The bill is a multi-pronged approach to improving worker's rights in Ohio and a priority for the Ohio Senate Democratic Caucus for the 131st General Assembly.
"This bill takes a dramatic, but necessary, step forward in ensuring hardworking Ohioans are paid and treated fairly," said Senator Yuko. "The protections provided in Senate Bill 25 will lift Ohioans out of poverty, provide an incentive for hiring of additional middle class workers, and allow salaried workers to better balance work and family."
The main components of this legislation include a raise in the minimum wage and increased overtime protection, as well as measures that would prevent employee misclassification. More specifically, the bill would raise Ohio's minimum wage from $8.10 to $10.10 an hour, adjusting to changes in inflation each year. It also increases overtime protection compensation from $23,000 to $50,000 in the first year, then to $69,000 in the following years. Lastly, it creates a more uniform definition of what constitutes an employee and provides further protections against employers benefiting, at the expense of the employees, off of the misclassification of their workers.
"These are not new ideas- these are ideas that have been implemented in other states, and they are seeing results. States that protect their workers protect themselves," said Yuko. "As it has been said many times before: 'People working 40 hours a week should not live in poverty.' It's that simple. We are doing a disservice to our working low and middle class families, who are without a doubt the ones most in need. It's an absolute shame."
Senate Bill 25 is co-sponsored by all members of the Ohio Senate Democratic Caucus.
Columbus –Today, members of the Ohio Senate Democratic Caucus voted against the state budget (HB 64) because the legislation fails to invest enough resources in our schools and communities and places new restrictions on collective bargaining and reproductive rights. Following the vote, Democratic Senators released the following statements on why this budget is a bad deal for Ohio:
Sen. Joe Schiavoni (D-Boardman)
"When the budget arrived in the Senate our members were committed to working in a bipartisan manner to make the bill more helpful to all Ohioans. We requested a modest package of investments to provide much needed support for our schools, communities and Ohioans who need assistance. Unfortunately, our reasonable proposal was rejected and we were left with a budget that caters to the rich and largely ignores the poor and middle class. Last minute amendments made the budget even worse by placing more restrictions on reproductive rights. This budget deserved a 'no' vote."
Sen. Charleta Tavares (D-Columbus)
"As a whole, the operating budget fails to address the needs of our most vulnerable populations. The poor and working class pay taxes like everyone else yet instead of using their tax dollars to fund targeted programs to assist them, we keep doing whatever we can to ensure the rich become richer. We need to put our money where our rhetoric is; it is time for Ohio to focus on children, lifting people up, and investing in communities."
Sen. Edna Brown (D-Toledo)
"As Ohio continues to recover and state revenues increase, it is important to focus on policies which help all Ohioans. This budget is a missed opportunity to invest in our communities and schools in ways that benefit every family. Instead, the focus has been placed on tax breaks which hand our hard earned gains to a select few and leave the rest of the state feeling like they are still in a recession."
Sen. Capri S. Cafaro (D-Hubbard)
"I am disappointed that we could not come to a mutual agreement on the best ways to assist our most vulnerable citizens in Ohio. This budget does not properly invest in programs to help keep Ohioans healthy, improve our infant mortality rates, or protect our aging population. These are not populations that can help themselves. These populations need our help, and we should and could do more."
Sen. Tom Sawyer (D-Akron)
"I am disappointed today in the outcome of the Senate's state budget. This is a lost opportunity to make real investments in Ohio students and the long-term health of the state's economy. The Senate budget bill follows the lead of the Governor and the Ohio House by focusing on the wrong priorities. This budget bill slashes taxes to benefit a few and neglects our obligations to students and middle-class families. This budget does not properly address urgent needs or long-term problems. This budget settles on the short term and short-sighted priorities instead of long-term investments. The Ohio Senate can do better and the people of Ohio certainly deserve better."
Sen. Kenny Yuko (D-Richmond Heights)
"I stand in opposition of this budget as a testament to all of those who time and time again are over looked and forgotten. I cannot support a budget that does not support the most vulnerable populations in our state, a budget that leaves out our children, our seniors, our disabled, and so many more hard working individuals and communities that deserve so much more than what has been proposed here today."
Sen. Cecil Thomas (D-Cincinnati)
"This budget falls short of adequate investment in the areas vital to Ohio's continued success. Cuts to schools and local governments are particularly unacceptable when presented in the same proposal that contains a massive tax shift, and a huge increase to the Rainy Day Fund. We are capable of investing our tax dollars more equitably to support the future of our children and the services and infrastructure relied on by all Ohioans.
Columbus- Today, State Senator Capri S. Cafaro (D-Hubbard) announced that amendments she submitted to the state operating budget (HB 64) have been included in the Senate version of the legislation. The amendments will be beneficial to the residents of the 32nd Senate District that includes Trumbull, Ashtabula and portions of Geauga counties.
Amendments accepted into the budget include the following:
"I am pleased to see that my district will benefit from certain measures proposed in Substitute House Bill 64," said Senator Cafaro. "Trumbull County saw a major victory as their nursing homes will be changed from a peer group 3 to a peer group 2, and will help all nursing homes in the county with higher reimbursements rates. This is an issue I have worked on since my first budget, and I am happy to see it finally resolved in my last. I am also pleased to see the additional money go towards Chardon's Pilot Program for the continuum of care for mental health and addiction services. It is my hope that this program further proves to be successful and can be a model for the entire state. The provision regarding sewer tie-ins will greatly help all in my district with functioning septic tanks. The additional money could also provide some much needed relief to local governments extending sanitary sewer access for rural residents, but cannot afford the great cost associated with the procedure."
Senator Cafaro also submitted amendments to add additional dollars to the Alzheimer's line item. While the proposed funds were less than originally requested, Senator Cafaro is pleased that $500,000 was added. Senator Cafaro's amendment to restore Medicaid funding for pregnant women up to 200% of the federal poverty line and funding for breast and cervical cancer screenings was also accepted.
"I was also happy to see that this version of the budget prioritized women and children by restoring funding for pregnant women on Medicaid up to 200% of the federal poverty level," Senator Cafaro stated. "This is essential to showing that the General Assembly cares about our abysmal infant mortality rate, and not just says it, I feel like this is a step in the right direction for our Medicaid program."
Senator Cafaro calls it a victory that a proposed closure commission for developmental disabilities facilities has remained in the budget. The Senate altered the proposal by adding a family member or caregiver of a resident at a developmental center to the commission and by extending the deadline for the commission to issue a report from 30 to 90 days. Many families worked with Senator Cafaro's office to coordinate testimony for this vital commission proposal, which could keep the doors of Youngstown Developmental Center open if the commission saw necessary.
"After many hours of public testimony, I am glad to see our efforts ensured that the Developmental Disabilities Closure Commission language was retained," Senator Cafaro said. "The families' heart wrenching stories were heard, and not only was the commission retained, but the Senate also added provisions that were asked for by many in my district."
The Senate is scheduled to vote on the budget bill next week followed by a conference committee to work out differences between the House and Senate versions of the legislation.
Columbus –Today, Senate Minority Leader Joe Schiavoni (D-Boardman) issued the following statement regarding Ohio's Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit, which is a vital redevelopment tool for municipalities across the state:
"Today the Senate Democratic Caucus submitted an amendment to the state budget to restore the Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit. The tax credit has been instrumental for community efforts to revitalize neighborhoods and preserve landmark buildings that define our state's history. The proposal by Senate Republicans to abruptly end the tax credit through a provision in the state budget would kill jobs and scuttle important projects. Community leaders from across Ohio agree with us that ending the tax credit program would be a mistake."
COLUMBUS—State Senator Sandra Williams (D-Cleveland) testified Wednesday in the Senate Transportation, Commerce and Labor committee on Senate Bill 81, legislation that would create a license plate honoring women veterans. The Senator was approached by the Women Veterans Advisory Committee earlier this year and asked to sponsor a bill that would recognize the contributions and sacrifices made by women in our U.S armed forces.
"Women veterans deserve recognition for revolutionizing and changing the landscape of the United States' military," said Senator Williams. "With every passing day, there is a new and enthusiastic group of young women who enlist with the same determination and courage that our current women veterans possess along with those who severed before them."
As a veteran herself, Senator Williams strongly supports the creation of a license plate that would simply read 'Women Veteran" across the bottom the license plate.
"Women who have served and those currently serving in our armed forces have been met with all types of obstacles and barriers, but we continue to overcome adversity," Senator Williams said. "This license plate designation is a way to honor the legacy, as well as the proud and distinguished service of women."
The bill will allow any woman who is a retired or honorably discharged veteran of any branch of the armed forces of the United States to apply to the registrar for the registration of any vehicle the woman owns or leases and the issuance of "Women Veterans" license plates.
The number of women veterans serving our country has grown significantly over the last several years. Today, women are estimated to comprise 20 percent of new recruits, 14 percent of the current military, and approximately 8 percent of the entire veteran population according to the United States Department of Labor.
Columbus—Next week, Assistant Senate Democratic Leader Charleta B. Tavares (D-Columbus) will introduce legislation aimed at protecting citizens who record law enforcement and civilian involved incidents. The Eyewitness Protection Act will give a person the right to lawfully record any incident involving law enforcement or the public and to maintain custody and control of that recording and the device used to record the incident.
Columbus—Today, members of the Ohio Senate Democratic Caucus submitted more than 500 amendments to House Bill 64, the biennial state budget. The amendments represent the commitment of Senate Democrats to help Ohio families, grow our communities through targeted investments and increase opportunities for everyone.
Columbus—Today, State Senator Cecil Thomas (D-Cincinnati) testified before members of the State and Local Government Committee on Senate Concurrent Resolution 4 to urge Commissioner Robert Manfred to reinstate Pete Rose to Major League Baseball. The resolution also encourages the Baseball Writers' Association to consider Pete Rose for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Cleveland—Today, Senator Sandra Williams (D-Cleveland) released the following statement calling for accountability after Judge John O'Donnell found Officer Michael Brelo not guilty of voluntary manslaughter charges in the deaths of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams:


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SparkFun Electronics will be closed on July 3rd, 2015 in observance of Independence Day. Any orders placed after 2:00pm MT on July 2nd will be shipped out after the weekend. Thanks!
Member Since: August 14, 2008
Country: United States
All of my tracks are sounding "wavy" when I try to play them back. Another description would be that they sound like they are "pulsing". They trigger fine and play all the way through but just sound wrong. I have tried exporting MP3's from itunes and audacity at bitrates 128K, 160K, 192K. All sound the same. Fine on the computer but wavy on the module. Tried two different sets of speakers too.
Any ideas? Thanks!
No public wish lists :(


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When your bragging rights include a line like 'the best view of Manhattan,' you better believe I was excited to capture this wedding at the Maritime Parc. Olga and Tom were such a pleasure to work with. Fun, generous and excessively charming (yes, and very good looking). Their engagement session (coming soon to the blog) gave me some insight into who these two are. I really can't say enough about them. I felt, and I know my second shooter will echo this sentiment, completely at home with them as hosts. There were not too many dry eyes during toasts. I cried… Even though my French and Russian is very rusty, I'm kind of an expert in non verbal communication
I often wonder why couple select certain venues – whats the predominant factor. Is it the view, the food, style and decor? The Maritime Parc sits right next to Liberty State Park which I had visited many times before but… And this is a HUGE but.. I have never see a more beautiful night at the park. Yes, it rained, yes I'm sure the couple and bridal party was concerned… but the temperamental clouds hiding parts of the skyline made for photo magic like I have never seen and I am so excited to share today. In the end, Olga and Tom remind me why I love what I do so much. I get why they are so loved and respected by their friends and family and truly honored to have captured their special day.


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Angus T. Jones
Angus T. Jones, 'Two and a Half Men' actor, apologizesComment
Speaking to religious media outlets, the 19-year-old Jones has called the CBS comedy "filth" and "very inappropriate" and talked about how his religious awakening has affected his attitude toward life and work.
'Two and a Half Men' co-star: show is 'filth,' don't watch itComment
Today's visit to the pop-culture pulpit finds an apparently "born again" actor, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie talking marriage, a stunned Lindsay Lohan, other things, and the mystery music video.
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Bowling Grn Jobs
Looking for jobs in Bowling Grn? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Bowling Grn jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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Joe Walsh and The Eagles - Joe Walsh from rock band 'The Eagles', Kent, England - at the Hop Farm Festival 2011 - Day 1 Saturday 2nd July 2011
The 'Luther' actor is one of the hot favourites to take over from Daniel Craig.
Perry made more than any other musician this year including rival Taylor Swift and boyband One Direction.
Seth MacFarlane confesses how he wanted to do something completely different with the new movie.
Mumford and Sons launch their video for newest single 'The Wolf', featuring footage from Bonnaroo.
Filming has begun on the all-female reboot of the classic comedy and now we've been given a sneak peek at the ladies' uniforms.
Bully have just unveiled their debut album 'Feels Like' and now the four-piece have launched an audio for their first single 'Milkman'.
Iggy made her feelings about 'Pretty Girls' clear on Sunday, but has Britney Spears fired back?


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Edible Handmade Bird Decorations
To encourage birds into your yard, hang homemade birdseed balls from trees and shrubs. The birds rely on these additional sources of nutrients if natural foods are scarce and in severe winter weather.
From: DK Books - Greener
Materials Needed:
- 18 oz. lard
- 3 1/2 oz. coarse oats
- 3 1/2 oz. nuts — peanuts are a good choice
- 3 1/2 oz. dried fruits
- 3 1/2 oz. seeds — sunflower seeds are the best choice
- garden wire
- garden string
- old tennis ball or similar, sliced in half and with a small round hole cut out of the top, then resealed by wrapping a length of wire around the ball and twisting the wire ends together securely
Step 1
Put the lard into a saucepan and melt it gently over a low heat. While the lard is melting, mix the dry ingredients together.
Step 2
Add handfuls of the dry food to the melted lard and mix them together. The dry ingredients should all be well coated in the lard.
Step 3
Insert a piece of wire, which is a little longer than the mold, down through the center of the mold. Pack the seed mix in around the wire. Tip: Use a recycled glass tumbler as a mold if you don't have an old tennis ball.
Step 4
Leave the seed mix in the molds to cool completely, then remove the molds, attach string to the wires, and hang the decorations up high.
A Greener Christmas © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited
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VIEWS: 2 PAGES: 2 CATEGORY: Company Agreements POSTED ON: 1/8/2010 Public Domain
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) and (c) Registration No. 333-147717 PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 DATED FEBRUARY 8, 2008 TO PROSPECTUS DATED DECEMBER 14, 2007 Akeena Solar, Inc. 4,755,217 Shares of Common Stock and Common Stock Underlying Warrants to Purchase Common Stock This prospectus supplement updates the prospectus dated December 14, 2007 of Akeena Solar, Inc. relating to the offering and sale of up to 4,755,217 shares of our common stock, including 3,728,572 shares issued in a private placement and 1,026,645 shares of our co mmon stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants (the " Prospectus ") by selling stockholders identified in the Prospectus and this prospectus supplement, and any of their donees, pledges, transferees or other successors-in-interest. This prospectus supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, and this prospectus supplement is qualified by reference to the Prospectus, except to the extent that the information provided by this prospectus supplement supersedes the information contained in the Prospectus. This prospectus supplement does not affect the total number of shares originally offered under the Prospectus. _________________ INVESTING IN THE COMMON STOCK COVERED BY THE PROSPECTUS INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE "RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 2 OF THE PROSPECTUS. Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. _________________ SELLING STOCKHOLDERS The purpose of this prospectus supplement is to amend the "Selling Stockholders" section beginning on page 10 of the Prospectus in order to reflect the correct names of six selling stockholders originally identified as Winslow Management Company, LLC. Specifically and as further shown in the table below, the six selling stockholders originally identified in the Prospectus as Winslow Management Company, LLC should be replaced with the following six selling stockholders: 1) UBS Securities LLC FBO Winslow Hedge Fund LP, 2) Hare & Co FBO Scenic Hudson, 3) Emp + Co FBO Great Lakes Protection Fund, 4) State Street Bank FBO Jessie Smith Nates Foundation, 5) State Street Bank FBO Farrell Distributing Corporation Pension Plan, and 6) Gerlach & Co. FBO Winslow Green Growth Fund. We may amend or supplement the information in this prospectus supplement from time to time in the future to update or change the information with respect to the selling stockholders in the table below and the shares which may be resold. In addition, we may further amend or supplement the Prospectus from time to time in the future to update or change the information with respect to other selling stockholders. Beneficial Owner Shares of Common Stock Owned Prior to Offering # Shares of Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants Owned Prior to Offering # Shares of Common Stock Offered (1) # Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Following Offering # (2) % (3) UBS Securities LLC FBO Winslow Hedge Fund LP Hare & Co FBO Scenic Hudson Emp + Co FBO Great Lakes Protection Fund State Street Bank FBO Jessie Smith Nates Foundation State Street Bank FBO Farrell Distributing Corporation Pension Plan Gerlach & Co. FBO Winslow Green Growth Fund 57,140 21,431 14,290 14,290 35,710 285,710 11,428 4,286 2,858 2,858 7,142 57,142 68,568 25,717 17,148 17,148 42,852 342,852 -0-0-0-0-0-0- * * * * * * * (1) (2) (3) Less than one percent. Reflects an aggregate number of shares of Common Stock held plus shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of Warrants. Assumes all shares offered hereby are sold by the selling stockholders. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and generally includes securities held by persons who have sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities, and includes securities that are or will become exercisable within 60 days after February 7, 2008. Calculated on the basis of 27,891,478 shares of common stock, which is the number of shares of Akeena Solar common stock outstanding as of November 8, 2007. _________________ This prospectus supplement is not complete without the Prospectus dated December 14, 2007, and we have not authorized anyone to deliver or use this prospectus supplement without the Prospectus. The date of this prospectus supplement is February 8, 2008.
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Portable renewable energy is the wave of the future for the U.S. military. The U.S. The U.S. marines are field-testing solar power backpack kits, the Army is looking into shippable, micro-mini renewable energy grids, and the Air Force is getting solar power in shipping containers – and that's just for starters. In one of the latest efforts, a company called SkyBuilt is providing $2.1 million worth of portable solar and wind power equipment for NAVAIR, the Naval Systems Air Command. So…does this mean we'll see more support for clean energy funding from the majority party in the U.S. House of Representatives?Source: Clean Technica (http://s.tt/13zVs)
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A.R.T. artist Judy ThompsonPosted Friday, March 23, 2012, at 4:40 PM
March/April, 2012 issue Nebraska Life Magazine cover art © Judy Thompson
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Blogger Bio - Bruce Morrison is an artist of the Tallgrass Prairie (Painter/Photographer/Print Maker). He and his wife Georgeann live on a small Tallgrass Prairie remnant where he works as a full-time artist throughout the year. Bruce takes his inspiration from the Tallgrass itself and the natural and cultural heritage of the tallgrass prairie region. Morrison graduated from the School of Art at the University of Iowa. His work can be found in public, corporate and private collections across the United States, Canada and overseas. Blog description - Bruce writes the blog for northwest Iowa's Artisans Road Trip and will share the daily process and ventures taken by area artists participating in each year's A.R.T. event. We'll look into the studio, the shows, the individual medium, and even the thought process of individual artists!
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Original recipe yields 4 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
I was disappointed with this recipe, maybe it was user error. The oil and sugar separated despite having stirred it contantly to combine and not burn the sugar, so instead of pouring the separa...
I had the same problem with the suger beging to seperate but i found out if i kept stirring and cooked a little bit longer that it did dislove but this was a fun recipe to try
I added 1/2 teaspoon of salt into the spice mix, and these came out great. The spice isn't too strong for me, but enough to be a nice change from plain salted pumpkin seeds. With the salt added,...


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New Android malware spreads via hacked websites
Android is being plagued by malware once again. The security firm Lookout has warned users about a new Android trojan that spreads itself via compromised websites. The trojan can potentially break into government and corporate networks if left unchecked. Right now the trojan seems fairly innocuous, posing as a software update to the user and residing on the system once installed.


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28 years of experience
28 years of experience
Hidden Canyon
932 Forest Glen Dr
Desoto, TX 75115 Phone number & directions
932 Forest Glen Dr
Desoto, TX 75115 Phone number & directions
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Dr. Charnock graduated from The University of Texas at Galveston.
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FAWLTY TOWERS: Best British Sitcom Ever. Starring John Cleese.
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nooo, that was a very long time ago. much much funnier stuff has been written since then
fawlty towers has become one of those british memes, or brands, that jonny foreigner likes to quote when they think of the 'the british sense of humour'
some of it was pretty funny but i always found basil to be stupid to the point of disbelief and annoyance
sybil, on the other hand was brilliant
Anonymous Coward 25816768
Pretty funny?'Pretty funny?? You must be one of O'Reilleys men! Agreed though that sybil was brilliant.
And I loved Terry the chef and his cockney accent.
'Karate, hey?'
'Well, it's a kinda karate innit?'
The Kipper and the Corpse (a.k.a. Death) (series 2)
Basil : Good morning, good morning.
Miss Gatsby: Oh you're very cheerful this morning, Mr Fawlty.
Basil : Yes, well one of the guests has just died.
And possibly my all time favourite...
Communication Problems (a.k.a. Theft) (series 2)
Mrs Richards: And another thing. I expect to be able to see the sea.
Basil : [whispering to Manuel] Deaf, Mad and Blind. [To Mrs Richards] Yes, this is the view as far as I can remember... yes, yes it is.
Mrs Richards: When I pay for a view, I expect something more interesting than that.
Basil : But that is Torquay, madam.
Mrs Richards: Well it's not good enough.
Basil : Well may I ask what you expected to see out of a Torquay hotel bedroom window? Sydney Opera House perhaps? The
Hanging Gardens of Babylon? Herds of wildebeest sweeping majestically across the plain...
Mrs Richards: [interrupting] Don't be silly. I expect to be able to see the sea.
Basil : You CAN see the sea! It's over there between the land and the sky!
Mrs Richards: I'd need a telescope to see that.
Basil : Well might I suggest you move to a hotel closer to the sea. Or preferably in it.
Mrs Richards: Now listen to me. I'm not satisified but I've decided to stay. HOWEVER, I shall expect a deduction.
Basil : Why, because Krakatoa isn't erupting at the moment?
Mrs Richards: Because the room is cold, the bath is too small, the view is invisible and the raio doesn't work.
Basil : No, the radio works. You don't.
Anonymous Coward 1368041
honestly, i think the british dont rate it as highly as others do. we have such a rich catalogue of comedy here. we churn it out like second nature
of course it IS highly rated here but it is a classic
like the beatles though, its another one of those british things that springs to mind as a british band, and yet there are soooo many bands that have contributed just as much, if not more
it seems that only a tiny % of our creative talent seems to exported
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Teen Mom
What Are Leah Messer's Kids' Names?
If you're new to Teen Mom 2, it may be difficult to keep track of who's who, especially when one of the young moms has two babies. In her episode of 16 and Pregnant, West Virginia native Leah Messer gave birth to twin girls named … Aliannah and Aleeah!
While it's fun to see Aliannah ("Ali") and Aleeah grow up on the show, it hasn't always been easy to watch, as Ali has struggled with developmental delays that require medical tests and doctor visits. She even has an adorable pair of pink baby glasses to help correct her vision. But good news, Ali is doing better than ever now, and even started walking this summer.
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small dips were very large. great ice cream. The music sucked really bad though, made you want to get out of there. While we were there two families came to get their kids ice cream. The kids really enjoyed their treats.
It's not really cheap eats compared to some of the other local ice cream parlors BUT it is open until 10pm on weeknights; that's important when you need ice cream after a sushi dinner. The ice cream is always good. I especially like chunky monkey and chocolate chip cookie dough. My wife goes for the more exotic flavors like butter...
After shopping at the mall across the street today we decided to have some dessert. My friend ordered the Banana Split- with three scoops of ice cream atop a split banana, hot fudge, caramel, fresh whipped cream, with strawberries, hot fudge-It's was a boatload!
I had ordered the Cookie Cookie Sundae-with two fresh-baked cookies with coffee Ice cream, hot fudge...
Stopped by with the family as we were next door at the Container Store. Straight forward B & J ice cream... good seating... friendly staff that was very accommodating, didn't wince once when my son asked for tastes of 3 ice creams before deciding.
The 7 layer coconut was delicious, and the kids cone is certainly ample for an adult as it provides one large scoop. Service was prompt and efficient. There are several tables where you can enjoy your ice cream in the store.
There aren't many good ice cream shops in the Route 9 Framingham/Natick area. This one serves a need. Kids love this place so always a pleaser for them. I prefer the product at more local high end spots like Kimball's, Toscanini's, Ron's, Uhlman's and such but Ben & Jerry's is still excellent.
Fabulous real ice cream but pricey, tucked into a strip mall adjacent to Natick Mall. Great flavors. No sugar added vanilla too.
The restaurant was clean and there was no wait. Staff was friendly. The restaurant is located right next to the mall.
I love Ben & Jerry's. This store is never too busy, and while I wouldn't necessarily want to go here with a group to sit and eat ice cream, the employees are always helpful and grabbing a cone or a pint to go has always turned out well. Of particular interest right now, I also enjoy liquor in my desserts.......
Never having been to a ben and jerry this was a great first experience. Warm inviting atmosphere seem like a great place to hang out. Staff was so helpful! Love how they let you try the ice cream! Very genourse portion sizes. Highly recommend! Great unique flavours!
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Christmas with an Aussie accent
Give the traditional Christmas menu an Australian twist, with a spiced-up prawn cocktail, a roast that won't keep you in the kitchen all day, and a mango-flavoured pudding.
Menu for 8
Chicken liver pates
Serve this creamy chicken liver pate with little toasts as an elegant finger food.
Chicken liver pates
- 100g speck* or pancetta, chopped
- 1 small onion, finely chopped
- 1 garlic clove, crushed
- 2 tablespoons sunflower oil
- 500g chicken livers, cleaned
- 2 tablespoons brandy
- 225g cream cheese
- 2 tablespoons chopped sage
- 2 tablespoons chopped thyme
- 8 water crackers, crumbled
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 175g unsalted butter
- 1/2 bunch sage, leaves picked
- Mini toasts, to serve
Spicy prawn cocktails
Haven't settled on a starter for Christmas yet? This new twist on an old favourite is much-loved by many Taste.com.au members.
Spicy prawn cocktails
- 1 cup (300g) good-quality mayonnaise
- 2 tablespoons sweet chilli sauce
- 1 tablespoon tomato sauce (ketchup)
- Juice of 1 lime, plus wedges to serve
- 2 kaffir lime leaves, finely shredded
- 1/2 iceberg lettuce, shredded
- 3 avocados, flesh diced
- 32 cooked prawns, peeled, deveined
Glazed ham
Make two meals at once with this sweet and tasty glaze.
Glazed ham
- 1 whole leg ham
- 2 tbs blood plum paste or quince paste
- Juice of 1 lemon
- 100ml water
- 40g unsalted butter
- Cloves
Roasted spatchcocks with blood-plum glaze
- 2 tablespoons blood-plum paste* or quince paste*
- Juice of 1 lemon
- 40g unsalted butter
- 8 spatchcocks*
- 8 rosemary sprigs, plus 8 small extra sprigs
- 16 slices flat pancetta or streaky bacon
- 8 baby apples * (optional)
- Baby green vegetables, kumara crumble and cranberry sauce (recipes follow), to serve
Kumara crumble
This crunchy crumble makes a delicious side dish on Christmas day.
Kumara crumble
- 5 kumaras (about 2kg total)
- Olive oil, to brush
- 240g chilled unsalted butter, plus 50g extra at room temperature
- 3/4 cup lightly packed (120g) brown sugar
- 1/4 cup (3 tablespoons) honey
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
- 2 eggs
- 1 cup (250ml) hot milk
- 2 cups (300g) plain flour, sifted
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 cup pecan nuts, chopped
Baby green vegetables with lemon pepper butter
Get excited about your greens with this vibrant side dish.
Baby green vegetables with lemon pepper butter
- 300g baby green beans, trimmed
- 300g sugar snap peas, trimmed
- 300g baby frozen peas
- 50g unsalted butter
- Zest of 1 lemon and juice of 1/2 lemon
Cranberry sauce
Roast spatchcock is taken to a whole new flavour intensity with a dollop of this sweet cranberry sauce over the top.
Cranberry sauce
- 1 1/2 cups (375ml) dry red wine
- 1 cup (220g) caster sugar
- 6 cloves
- 6 allspice berries*
- 2 cinnamon sticks
- 1 strip orange peel
- 275g jar whole-berry cranberry sauce
- 300g frozen cranberries, thawed
Tropical Christmas pudding
Get ahead with your Christmas cooking and make this delicious twist on a plum pud today.
Tropical Christmas pudding
- 125g dried mango*
- 125g pitted soft prunes
- 125g dried apricots
- 125g sultanas
- 125g dried cranberries (Craisins)
- 1/4 cup (60ml) brandy
- Zest and juice of 2 oranges
- 75g fresh white breadcrumbs
- 1/2 cup (75g) plain flour
- 2 teaspoons mixed spice
- 50g toasted macadamias, chopped
- 200g light muscovado* or brown sugar
- 100g unsalted butter, softened
- 2 eggs
- Fresh sliced mango, to serve
- 300ml creme fraiche or sour cream
- 5 tablespoons brown sugar
- 1 cup (220g) caster sugar
White chocolate bark
- 250g white chocolate, broken
- 155g toasted chopped walnuts
- 65g dried cherries* or dried cranberries (Craisins)
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Vivid dreams of baby dying ;( is this normal??
I have been having awful scary dreams the whole pregnancy about losing my husband, like I'm in a big building and can't find him, or something happens to him and I'm alone with the baby. And I know this is an anxiety that I really have because I've experienced a lot of loss in my family. It's just an anxiety coming out through your dreams. Just remember, that doesn't make it real or something that will happen, it's just your own internal fears. I'm sure it will go away when the baby is born and hormones calm down
Just remind yourself when you wake up that it was only a dream. It might help to tell someone about your dream first thing in the am so they can reassure you that everything is okay. Good luck!
That's what your stressed about and it's manifesting itself in your dreams. It's completely normal both that you're worried about it and that you dreamt about it.
i think those kind of dreams are worse during pregnancy...maybe bc you feel so vulnerable. with my last pregnancy, i kept having super vivid dreams of dh wanting to divorce me. i think it was a manifest of me feeling more dependent on him than ever since i was leaving my job to be a sahm and we were about to have a new little person to take care of. this time around, i have had some scary dreams about something happening to ds:(
Jaimee (36) andDH (35) SAHM to DS (7/21/09)
2 1/2 yrs TTC#2 3 angels 6 IVFs
IVF#6 - BFP...due 5/13/13!!!
It's the hormones. I've had some pretty messed up disturbing dreams during pregnancy. It's actually a common pregnancy symptom to have more vivid and stranger dreams. You're baby is fine relax!
I haven't had any where she died yet, but the night before my last doctor's appointment I had a dream that my doctor told me my amniotic fluid was dangerously low and I should abort. Obviously I refused.
MiLo man 5-9-13 Y


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If you are following her on Facebook you don't need to buy this book.Published 3 months ago by Cal Brown
There is a WARNING, page in this book. Curious as I am, I did buy the book, and read it. She shares her opinions to those who are willing to free their minds from the chains of... Read morePublished 4 months ago by Doris M. Richardson
Features numerous question about physical relationships on topics that range from groups to addiction, virginity/first time discomfort to cheaters and much more. Insightful. Read morePublished 6 months ago by ellison


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1990 Honda Accord Q&A
1990 Honda Accord Question: Catalytic converter turns red and the cars does not speed up.
I recently purchased a car that I knew had problems and while I was driving it home on the freeway the muffler started shooting flames. I got it home (thank goodness) without any other problems outside of it not wanting to pick up speed. Supposedly the distributor was changed and that is the problem but when I looked under the car I notice the pipes from the engine to the tail pipe was glowing red..Fire RED! Any clues as to where to start? - B-Money
2 Answers
Answer 1
It sounds like there's way too much fuel going into the engine and maybe the ignitiion timing is way off too. You need to tow this car to a Honda specialist for a diagnosis and estimate. Don't drive it, tow it because the catalytic convertor may catch the car on fire. Also, it will ruin the converter if not damaged already. Here is a directory for you: http://repairpal.com/directory?address=75241&car_brand_names=Honda - Superbob
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May 6, 2009
Rivals250 welcomes some new names
Rivals.com recruiting staff
Rivals.com Football Recruiting
MORE: The Rivals250 | Some big moves in Rivals100 | Rivals250 chat | Breaking down the Rivals250
The latest version of the Rivals250 includes 22 prospects that were previously unranked, three of them made the top 100.
We take a closer look at the new faces in the updated Rivals250 and Rivals.com recruiting analyst Barry Every gives his thoughts on why each of them deserves to be ranked among the top 250 prospects in the nation.
Talk about it in the footballrecruiting Message Boards
Rivals.com News
IMG Day 1: Top performers defense
Freak Show: Top performers
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