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Publications (18)4.63 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: Positioning is next to communication the most important field of applications for wireless radio transmissions. This paper considers indoor positioning using wireless signals. Especially in indoor scenarios, multipath reception degrades the accuracy of the positioning device as long as the receiver is based on standard methods. Strategies to mitigate multipath effects on range estimates are in general based on the estimation of the channel impulse response (CIR). All these methods have in common that they determine the CIR in order to remove the influence on the estimate of the line-of-sight path delay. This paper focuses on multipath aided positioning by using the time difference of arrival between multipath components (TDoAbMC). Hence, the paper uses the multipath propagation of the wireless signal to allow positioning in cases of a insufficient number of transmitters or increase the accuracy otherwise. Measurements with a moving receive antenna showed, that multipath components are visible for several meters of receiver movement. To estimate and track the time-variant multipath components of the received signal, the paper uses a Kalman filter which utilizes maximum likelihood estimates as measurements. For positioning, the novel approach treats multipath components as signals from virtual transmitters which are time synchronized to the physical transmitter and fixed in their position. Additionally, using a time difference of arrival approach, the estimation of the user clock bias is not necessary. To use the information of the multipath components, the positioning algorithm has to estimate the user position and the position of the virtual transmitters simultaneously. Furthermore, the new approach does not rely on any prior information such as the room layout or a database for fingerprinting.2013 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN); 10/2013
Article: A novel tracking jitter computation method for delay–locked loops in spread–spectrum systems[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In spread-spectrum navigation systems, the positioning error (or tracking accuracy) is determined from the jitter deviation of delay-locked loops (DLLs). However, jitter simulations are computationally complex, and conventional analytical methods provide only unsatisfactory and incomplete jitter results. Thus, our contribution presents a novel method for the analytical jitter computation by mapping the stochastic differential equation (SDE) of the DLL onto an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) SDE. Its solution is the well-known OU random process, which is a time-variant Gaussian distribution. The expectation value and the variance of the OU random process yield the jitter deviation. Thus, we derive the analytical time-variant jitter function with its transient response, which was to date unavailable. Contrary to previous jitter computations based on a loop transfer function, our method covers DLLs of any order. We obtain the loop parameters that minimise the jitter deviation analytically without computationally complex simulations. Above all, our method based on OU random processes enables for the first time an efficient joint analytical mean time to lose lock (MTLL) and jitter computation. Therefore, both computationally complex MTLL and jitter simulations become obsolete for many kinds of DLLs12/2012; 23(2012-12-8):715-727. DOI:10.1002/ett.2528
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ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel method for the analytical mean time to lose lock (MTLL) computation of coherent second-order Langevin delay-locked loops (DLLs). Analytical MTLL computation is a key task for DLLs, since the computational complexity of numerical MTLL simulations is far too high in many operating ranges of the second-order Langevin DLLs. To obtain the crucial MTLL values analytically without simulations, we rewrite the Langevin stochastic differential equation (SDE) as a vector-valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) SDE. It includes a Gaussian noise term, which yields as a solution of the vector-valued OU SDE a time-variant Gaussian distribution. Thus, the complementary error function yields the loss of lock probability and thereby the MTLL. If we replace the complementary error functions by suitable exponential approximations, we obtain a simple MTLL expression with an exponential function as dominant term. The simple exponential MTLL expression yields the optimum loop parameters corresponding to the maximum MTLL. Simulation results confirm that the optimum loop parameters corresponding to our analytical MTLL computation method and to the simplified exponential approximation coincide. Besides the crucial analytical MTLL results, the OU random processes yield additionally the likewise crucial analytical jitter results.IEEE Transactions on Communications 11/2012; 60(2012-11-11). DOI:10.1109/TCOMM.2012.082812.100629 · 1.98 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: Hybrid Positioning with 3GPP-LTE and GPS Employing Particle Filters[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) can deliver very good position estimates under optimum conditions. However, especially in urban canyons and indoor scenarios with severe multipath propagation and blocking of satellites by buildings the accuracy loss can be very large. Often, positioning with GNSSs is impossible in these scenarios. On the other hand, cellular wireless communication systems such as the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) provide excellent coverage in urban and most indoor environments. Thus, this paper researches timing based positioning algorithms, in this case time difference of arrival (TDoA), using 3GPP-LTE and GPS measurements. This paper considers a particle filter for 3GPP-LTE TDoA positioning and the fusion of 3GPP-LTE signals with GPS measurements. To obtain better positioning results, a 3GPP-LTE TDoA error model is derived, which splits the TDoA errors in slow varying and fast varying errors. The slow varying error model is included in the prediction model and the fast varying error model in the likelihood function of the particle filter. The last part of this paper, evaluates the positioning performances of the developed particle filter in an indoor scenario. These evaluations show clearly the possibility of using 3GPP-LTE measurements for indoor positioning. Additionally, it shows the advantage of fusing 3GPP-LTE with GPS measurements.Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012); 09/2012
Conference Paper: LTE Positioning MethodsNorth American LTE Forum 2012; 04/2012
Conference Paper: Particle Filter Based Positioning with 3GPP-LTE in Indoor Environments[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Services and applications based on accurate knowledge of the mobile terminal (MT) location play a fundamental role in current and future wireless communications systems. In addition, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has stated accuracy requirements on the location determination process of enhanced 911 (E-911) emergency callers. Global navigation satellites systems (GNSSs) based positioning provides a sufficient accuracy in rural and suburban environments, where a sufficient number of satellites are visible in line-of-sight conditions. However, in GNSS critical environments, such as dense urban, urban canyon or even indoors, view to sky is limited. In these environments, low signal power, bad satellite constellations, severe multipath and non-line-of-sight propagation causes erroneous and biased position estimates. Especially in these environments, cellular wireless communication systems provide good coverage and can be used for position determination of the MT. Mobile radio communications systems like GSM, UMTS or the currently deployed 3GPP-LTE primarily target on optimizing communication performance figures such as bandwidth efficiency or data throughput. Availability, signal strength or even signal bandwidths, however, make them interesting for positioning. However, the correlation properties of the synchronization signals of the 3GPP LTE system limit the positioning performances. Moreover, while non-line-of-sight propagation improves the communication performance, it degrades the navigation performance due to the additional distance the signal might travel. Hence, this paper shows an indoor positioning approach with the 3GPP-LTE mobile communication standard, which is currently deployed in many countries. Moreover, it shows the benefit of using the 3GPP-LTE mobile communication system for indoor positioning. Therefore, this paper describes a novel real-time mobile radio based positioning system using time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements. The paper considers an indoor scenario, where the transmitters are located outdoors and the MT is moving in an office building. The position estimation is done by a particle filter. Furthermore, to improve the positioning accuracy, this paper derives a time-variant error model for indoor positioning. Using this time-variant error model, the positioning error of the MT can be decreased significantly. The downlink of 3GPP-LTE is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which allows a spectral efficient and flexible usage of the available frequency spectrum. The 3GPP-LTE standard specifies signal parts, dedicated to time and frequency synchronization. For our investigations we use these synchronization signals for TDOA based position estimation. The 3GPP-LTE signal structure, in particular the properties of the synchronization properties, will be discussed in detail in the final paper. For the 3GPP-LTE positioning we apply a particle filter in order to process TDOA measurements of the 3GPP-LTE base stations. The TDOA measurements are taken from DLR´s 3GPP-LTE positioning test-bed. The test-bed consists of up to four synchronous transmitters. From each transmitter site a predefined 3GPP-LTE OFDM frame can be transmitted periodically. The test-bed operates at 2.4 - 2.5 GHz, providing signal bandwidths of up to 20 MHz. At the receiver we convert the received signal down to base band and sample both the inphase and quadrature component. The sampled signal is stored on a hard disk, which allows both offline and real-time processing. These sampled data are processed by the TDOA estimation algorithm and consists of two steps. The first step estimates the TDOA roughly by correlating the narrow band synchronization signals with the received sequence and the second step performs subsample based estimation with the wideband pilot symbols. These algorithms use a first peak and maximum peak detection algorithms, for detecting the first and maximum arriving signal. However, the 20 MHz bandwidth limits the rough synchronization and allows only a sample based estimation within 15 meters, which hinders accurate positioning in indoor environments. Thus, an oversampling approach is used, to tackle this issue which results in a significant error reduction. However, due to hardware imperfections of the test-bed and channel errors, such as non-line-of-sight and multipath propagation, the TDOA measurements are noisy and biased. Thus, to obtain better positioning results, this bias has to be predicted and mitigated. Several approaches exist to model time of arrival based ranging in indoor environments. All of these statistical models depend on bandwidth, carrier frequency and are time-invariant. However, for navigation applications an evaluation of the multipath and non-line-of-sight error for a moving receiver is essential. Hence, to improve the positioning accuracy, we derive in this paper a time-variant TDOA error model based on a measurement campaign of an outdoor-to-indoor channel. The evaluation of this measurement campaign yields an autoregressive error model which allows us to predict the TDOA error for a moving MT. By using this model within the particle filter yields promising results in terms of error mitigation. Each particle itself models the multipath and non-line-of-sight error according to the obtained time-variant error model. Additionally, we compare these results to the more general approach by assuming an uncorrelated error. In the final paper, we will provide a detailed description of the 3GPP-LTE downlink signal structure, which we use for TDOA based positioning. We will discuss and describe the applied algorithms for timing (pseudo-range) estimation. Furthermore, we will describe the 3GPP-LTE test-bed and the scenario in detail. Additionally, the particle filter used for the positioning estimation will be described in detail. Especially, we will analyze the measurement results and the derived time-variant model to predict and mitigate the multipath and non-line-of-sight error in the particle filter.IEEE/ION PLANS 2012; 01/2012
Conference Paper: Iterative Intercarrier Interference Mitigation for Pilot-Aided OFDM Channel Estimation Based on Channel Linearizations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) became a popular transmission approach since it suppresses intersymbol interference (ISI) due to large channel delays. However, intercarrier interference (ICI) for high mobility receivers yields corrupted channel estimates for pilot-aided OFDM channel estimation. Thus, this paper presents a novel time-variant channel estimation approach to mitigate this system impairment. We linearize the time-variant channel and determine the expansion point by channel estimates corresponding to the current OFDM symbol, and we get the unknown channel slopes by an iterative data and channel estimation. Our algorithm combines a least squares or a minimum norm channel slope estimation and the detection of the channel paths. It sets any channel path power equal zero once the corresponding power estimate is smaller than a given threshold. Our algorithm exploits the large channel correlations between the cyclic prefix and the successive OFDM symbol optimally. These maximum correlations reason the superiority of ICI mitigation with cyclic prefixes compared to channel slope estimation with adjacent OFDM symbols, which needs at least twice the number of pilot symbols. Additionally, our iterative ICI mitigation reduces noise impairments.76th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall); 01/2012
Conference Paper: OFDM Indoor Positioning Based on TDOAs: Performance Analysis and Experimental Results[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) can deliver very good position estimates under optimum conditions. However, in urban and indoor scenarios positioning with GNSS is often impossible. On the other hand, cellular wireless communication systems, e.g., the new, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based third generation partnership project's long-term evolution (3GPP-LTE), provide excellent coverage in urban and most indoor environments. Thus, this paper researches timing based positioning algorithms for OFDM using time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements and the 3GPP-LTE signals. Therefore, it introduces synchronization, TDOA estimation, and signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) estimation algorithms. To solve the navigation equation for TDOA, this paper considers the static Gauss-Newton algorithm, positioning Kalman filter and particle filter. Further, this paper derives new Cram´er-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) to analyze the obtained algorithms. First, new CRLBs are derived for TDOA estimation and pairwise synchronized or fully synchronized transmitters. Afterwards, static and novel dynamic recursive Bayesian CRLBs are derived for position estimation. The CRLBs are compared to real estimated TDOAs and positions. Improvements of the positioning algorithms are still possible compared to the CRLBs. Nevertheless, this paper demonstrates that indoor positioning with TDOAs from OFDM based on 3GPP-LTE is possible.ICL GNSS 2012; 01/2012
Article: An Interpolation Procedure for List Decoding Reed–Solomon Codes Based on Generalized Key Equations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The key step of syndrome-based decoding of Reed-Solomon codes up to half the minimum distance is to solve the so-called Key Equation. List decoding algorithms, capable of decoding beyond half the minimum distance, are based on interpolation and factorization of multivariate polynomials. This article provides a link between syndrome-based decoding approaches based on Key Equations and the interpolation-based list decoding algorithms of Guruswami and Sudan for Reed-Solomon codes. The original interpolation conditions of Guruswami and Sudan for Reed-Solomon codes are reformulated in terms of a set of Key Equations. These equations provide a structured homogeneous linear system of equations of Block-Hankel form, that can be solved by an adaption of the Fundamental Iterative Algorithm. For an (n,k) Reed-Solomon code, a multiplicity s and a list size l , our algorithm has time complexity O(ls4n2).IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 09/2011; 57(2011-09-9):5946-5959. DOI:10.1109/TIT.2011.2162160 · 2.65 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: Joint GNSS and 3GPP-LTE Based Positioning in Outdoor-to-Indoor Environments - Performance Evaluation and Verification[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Indoor positioning is an extremely challenging task for GNSS positioning. Thus, we propose to use terrestrial communications systems such as 3GPP-LTE as a complementary positioning system. We estimate the expected positioning performance of 3GPP-LTE indoor positioning by assessing link budgets and calculating the Cram´er-Rao lower bounds for pseudo-range and 2D position estimation. An experiment shows that the combination of mobile radio based positioning can achieve a positioning accuracy in the range of a few meters, indicating that such technologies are suitable for complementing GNSS indoors.ION GNSS 2011; 09/2011
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ABSTRACT: Time Based (TB) localization in terrestrial mobile radio as an augmentation for global navigation satellite systems has recently gained plenty of interests. As an essential tool to develop suitable algorithms for positioning applications in mobile radios, channel models for wireless transmissions have growing significance. Currently there is a lack of investigations on comparing the propagation characteristics at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz for positioning applications. Therefore, we present a statistic evaluation based on a channel measurement campaign. Several propagation characteristics are researched like the received power and the delay spread. While some measures like the received power is carrier frequency dependent, most of the measures like the non line-of-sight bias or the delay spread are independent of this measurement parameter. Instead they are more influenced by the location and the environment.The 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation; 04/2011
Conference Paper: TDoA Subsample Delay Estimator with Multiple Access Interference Mitigation and Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation for OFDM based Systems[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel maximum likelihood (ML) time difference of arrival (TDoA) estimation algorithm for subsample delays. We introduce a new initial acquisition and cell search algorithm with implicit multiple access interference (MAI) cancelation. A joint carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation and subsample delay estimation is used to compensate Doppler spreads and oscillator drifts. Analytical derivations show how the CFO influences the TDoA subsample delay estimation and vice versa. Furthermore, we show through numerical simulations that the geographic base station mapping and the used synchronization codes influence the estimation accuracy. Additionally, we introduce a new successive interference cancelation (SIC) to improve the overall accuracy.8th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication 2011 (WPNC'11); 04/2011
Conference Paper: Analytical Derivation of the False Alarm and Detection Probability for NLOS Detection[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel analytical derivation of the false alarm probability (FAP) and detection probability (DP) for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) detection of GNSS signals. The NLOS propagation in for example urban environments causes positioning errors in the order of hundreds of meters in navigation systems. Thus, detection and mitigation of NLOS signals is a critical task for high accuracy navigation receivers. In this paper, we derive the FAP and DP on power–scaled detectors based on the multipath signals. The derivation considers frequency–selective fading channels taking sub–chip multipath interference, channel dynamics and initial frequency offsets into account. The results show a simple way to calculate the DP versus FAP. Simulation results verify the analytical probabilities and show the trade–off between temporal non–coherent versus coherent averaging. Clearly, the optimum noise averaging depends on the length of the symbol sequence and channel dynamics. Additionally, the simulations show the improved DP of an antenna array at the receiver. Furthermore we see the influence of sub–chip interference in the simulation results.VTC Spring 2011; 01/2011
Conference Paper: Efficient Intercarrier Interference Mitigation for Pilot-Aided Channel Estimation in OFDM Mobile Systems[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Motivated by the possibility of decreasing the intersymbol interference (ISI) which is due to large delays of a multipath mobile radio channel, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) became very popular. However, the timevariance of the mobile radio channel induces intercarrier interference (ICI) yielding substantial channel estimation errors and thereby tremendous transmission impairments. Contrary to previous algorithms which resort to a linearization of the time-variant channel, we combat the ICI using eigenspaces of time-domain covariance matrices defined by the autocorrelation function of the Doppler spread. We perform a basis expansion using Slepian sequences and determine the basis coefficients of the time-variant channel by channel estimates from previous OFDM symbols. Once we know these basis coefficients, we obtain the necessary time-variant channel estimation by the Slepian sequences. These time-variant channel estimates allow a symbol detection in frequency domain which eliminates the ICI almost completely. Simulation results investigate both the signal to interference ratio (SIR) and the bit error ratio (BER) of our new ICI mitigation methods and reveal the superiority compared to previous algorithms for ICI reduction.VTC Spring 2011; 01/2011
Conference Paper: NLOS Detection and Mitigation Based on Confidence Metric and Adapted EKF[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In global navigation satellite systems, the mobile location is calculated by measuring the line-of-sight (LOS) signal propagation time between the mobile terminal and at least 4 satellites. However, in an urban area, the direct path may be blocked. Thus, the satellite signals propagate an additional distance due to reflection and diffraction. This effect, where no direct path is available, is called non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation and adds a positive bias to the geometric LOS (GLOS) propagation time. This can cause an estimation error in the order of hundreds of meters [1]. If enough measurements to identify the position are available, it is possible to discard the NLOS signals or weight the signal with a lower priority. However it poses a great challenge to mitigate the NLOS impact through processing at the receiver. To handle the NLOS propagation various NLOS mitigation algorithms and methods have been proposed, cf. [1], [2]. The authors of [3] summarize for example the NLOS detection algorithms for ultra wide–band (UWB) systems and compare them to each other. The main contribution of this paper is the detection and mitigation of NLOS scenarios. Most mitigation algorithms try to detect and mitigate the NLOS effects at the same time. Therefore they try to estimate the NLOS error. This paper separates the NLOS detection and mitigation into two parts. The first part describes an algorithm to detect NLOS signals. A lot of approaches have been published in the recent years to detect NLOS paths for example by the received signal strengths (RSS), cf. [1], [2]. These approaches are usable, but the accuracy depends directly on the noise and the fading effects. Therefore we analyze a more robust algorithm to detect such signals. The authors of [3] proposed an algorithm for UWB called confidence metric which considers the multipath propagation effects. Therefore it detects NLOS signals by comparing the power of the first incoming path to the multipath with the highest power under consideration of the each propagation time. This approach is useful for small distance propagation. In case of GNSS this method is not applicable because of the long propagation time and thus almost equivalent measurements. Thus we adapt this algorithm to the case of GNSS. Instead of considering the whole propagation time, we consider only the additionally propagation time of the first incoming signal power and the signal with the highest power. This adapted algorithm is more stable against varying signal to noise ratio and outputs the probability whether the received signal is LOS or NLOS. If we detect a NLOS signal and more than 3 satellites are LOS, we can easily extract the NLOS signals. But for example in urban scenarios, not always 4 LOS GNSS satellite signals are available. Thus we have to use the NLOS signals, mitigate this error or use other sensors. Therefore the second part of this paper adapts the extended Kalman filter by using the NLOS probability information. The EKF is a well-known algorithm for positioning and tracking. This adapted EKF (AEKF) estimates the position by using the probability information of the previous algorithm. For low LOS probabilities, the AEKF either extracts the signals or estimates the position with the highest probability. Additionally we consider in the further simulation the TDOA measurements of the LTE (long time evolution) network. If more than 3 LOS satellite signals are available, the LTE measurements generally cannot improve our position estimate. But if less than 4 LOS satellites are available, the AEKF uses this information to mitigate the NLOS effect. To verify the derived NLOS detection algorithm and the AEKF, we consider a typical urban scenario with high buildings and street canyons. We analyzed this scenario with a raytracing tool for a fixed satellite constellation and fixed LTE base stations. The simulation results compare the position estimation of the AEKF to the EKF and the static method with Gauss-Newton. Additionally we consider different scenarios with GPS only, GPS + Galileo and GPS + Galileo + LTE. Especially the simulations show that if more than 3 LOS GNSS satellite signals are available, we cannot improve the positioning error with additionally using the LTE signals. But in scenarios where less than 4 satellites are LOS we can improve the position estimation. Additionally the simulations show the improvement of the described NLOS detection algorithm compared to general detection algorithms. With a varying signal to noise ratio, we are still able to detect more than 90% of the LOS signals correct. To conclude, this paper shows an algorithm for NLOS detection and mitigation. The NLOS detection algorithm is based on the idea of [3] where the multipath power is compared to the propagation time. Especially this algorithm provides probability information if a received signal is LOS or NLOS. The proximate adapted EKF uses this information, mitigates the NLOS effect or uses the additional LTE network. With these algorithms we are able to obtain a precise position fix even if less than 4 LOS satellites signals are available. In the final paper, we will present the derivation of the NLOS detection algorithm and the AEKF. Additionally we provide information about the false alarm probability, detection probability of NLOS signals versus signal to noise ratio. Furthermore we provide additional the simulation results which show the advantage of using these algorithms compared to EKF and the static method with Gauss-Newton. [1] J. a. Figueiras and S. Frattasi, Mobile positioning and tracking: from conventional to cooperative techniques, ser. New ecologies for the twenty-first century. Wiley, 2010. [2] K. Yu, I. Sharp, and Guo. (2009) Groundbased wireless positioning [3] J. Schroeder, S. Galler, K. Kyamakya, and K. Jobmann, "NLOS detection algorithms for ultra-wideband localization," in Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Commun. (WPNC), Mar. 2007The ION 2011 International Technical Meeting; 01/2011
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ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel analytical derivation of the false alarm probability (FAP) and detection probability (DP) for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) detection based on LTE signals. Position estimation in indoor or urban area with cellular wireless communication systems is getting more and more important. However, especially in these environments NLOS propagation causes positioning errors in the order of hundreds of meters. Thus, detection and mitigation of NLOS signals is a critical task. In this paper, we derive the FAP and DP on power-scaled detectors based on LTE multipath signals. The derivation considers frequency-selective fading channels taking sub-sample multipath interference, channel dynamics and initial frequency offsets into account. The results show a simple way to calculate the DP versus FAP. Simulation results verify the analytical probabilities for the WINNER II C2 channel model. Additionally, the simulations show the improved FAP of an antenna array at the receiver.Multi-Carrier Systems Solutions (MC-SS) 2011; 01/2011
Conference Paper: Efficient List-Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes with the Fundamental Iterative Algorithm[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this paper we propose a new algorithm that solves the Guruswami-Sudan interpolation step for Reed-Solomon codes efficiently. It is a generalization of the Feng-Tzeng approach, the so-called fundamental iterative algorithm. From the interpolation constraints of the Guruswami-Sudan principle it is well known that an improvement of the decoding radius can only be achieved, if the multiplicity parameter s is smaller than the list size l. The code length is n and our proposed algorithm has a complexity (without asymptotic assumptions) of O(ls<sup>4</sup> n<sup>2</sup>).Information Theory Workshop, 2009. ITW 2009. IEEE; 11/2009
Conference Paper: Analytical derivation of the False Alarm Probability and Detection Probability for GNSS NLOS Detection using a Dual Frequency Receiver[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: These days, the global positing system (GPS) is the most common position system in the world. To determine a position, at least 4 satellites are necessary. Therefore it measures the signal propagation time between the mobile terminal and the satellites. However, in indoor or urban area, the direct path may be blocked. Thus, the satellite signals propagate an additional distance due to reflection and diffraction. This effect, where no direct path is available, is called non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation and adds a positive bias to the geometric LOS (GLOS) propagation time. This can cause an estimation error in the order of hundreds of meters, cf. [1], [2]. Therefore to obtain better positioning results it is necessary to identify NLOS signals and mitigate this additional bias by reconstructing the LOS path. If enough measurements to identify the position are available, it is possible to discard the NLOS signals or weight the signal with a lower priority. However it poses a great challenge to mitigate the NLOS impact through processing at the receiver. This paper discusses a novel analytical derivation of the false alarm probability (FAP) and detection probability (DP) for GNSS NLOS detection using a dual frequency receiver. Generally, dual frequency receivers are used to obtain better positioning results by correcting for example the ionosphere errors. We derive in this paper the FAP and DP for power–scaled detectors based on the multipath signals for detecting NLOS signals. The concept of this paper bases on the idea of [3]. The authors in [3] present a derivation of the FAP and DP of detecting pilot bursts of W-CDMA systems. Instead of considering an antenna array where the long-term channel statistics are identical, we consider receiver for simultaneous reception of two GNSS frequency bands. The derivation considers frequency–selective fading channels taking sub–chip multipath interference, channel dynamics and initial frequency offsets into account. Each antenna element consists of a correlator bank with Ns correlators which partitions the received symbol sequence in M non–overlapping subsequences of length Nc. The last part of the receiver normalizes the power and searches for the maximum of all correlator outputs. If the output is above a threshold the signal is considered as LOS or NLOS if blow. Thus the FAP defines the probability that the detection is beyond the threshold whereas no signal is on the GLOS path, which is caused by noise or by strong multipaths. The DP states that the detection is beyond the threshold and the received signal is LOS. To determine DP, we compute either the threshold corresponding to a defined FAP or vice versa and calculate afterwards the corresponding DP. To obtain these probabilities and since the received signal is zero-mean complex Gaussian distributed, the correlator outputs are also zero-mean Gaussian distributed. Therefore the test characteristics can be characterized by its covariance matrix for each frequency. We calculate the cumulative density function (CDF) of the FAP and DP by the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix for each delay and each partitioned sequence. Contrary to [3], the eigenvalues for the FAP are not equivalent. Hence we have to use the lemma of Gil–Pelaez (cf. [4]) to calculate the CDF. We can evaluate this CDF numerically for the FAP to obtain either the FAP for a defined threshold or the threshold for a defined FAP. Afterwards, we can calculate with these values the DP in the same way, also with the lemma of Gil–Pelaez. Especially in this paper we have to calculate both probabilities with the lemma of Gil–Pelaez, because of different eigenvalues. If all eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are identical, the lemma of Gil–Pelaez reduces to the chi–square distribution [3], where the probability computation simplifies. To verify the derived results, we consider the L1 and L5 frequencies of GPS with a chip rate of 1024 kHz which is scrambled by a Gold–code. We consider rectangle pulse–shaped symbols and a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The simulations consider a receiver velocity of 100 km/h and are done for each single frequency and both frequencies together which use the coherent channel knowledge. The simulation results show clearly the advantages of dual frequency receivers. Additionally we see the influence of sub–chip interference to the FAP and DP. Especially it shows also the trade–off between temporal non–coherent versus coherent averaging. Due to the high receiver mobility of 100 km/h, the symbol partitioning into more blocks performs best, since the number of chips of coherent correlation is smallest. To conclude, the results of this paper show a simple way to calculate the DP versus FAP. Simulation results verify the analytical probabilities and show the trade–off between temporal non–coherent versus coherent averaging. Clearly, the optimum noise averaging depends on the length of the symbol sequence and channel dynamics. Additionally, the simulations show the improved DP of dual frequency receiver. Furthermore we see the influence of sub–chip interference in the simulation results. Thus the final paper will present the derivation of the FAP and the DP in more detail. Especially we state the covariance matrix and the derivation of the eigenvalues where the influence of the sub–chip interference and the dual frequencies are obvious. Furthermore we will provide additional simulation results which show the FAP/DP versus SIR and like in [3] the optimal partitioning of the symbol sequence depending on the velocity. [1] J. a. Figueiras and S. Frattasi, Mobile positioning and tracking: from conventional to cooperative techniques, ser. New ecologies for the twenty-first century. Wiley, 2010. [2] K. Yu, I. Sharp, and Guo. (2009) Groundbasedwireless positioning. [3] L. Schmitt, V. Simon, T. Grundler, C. Schreyoegg, and H. Meyr, "Initial Synchronization of W-CDMA Systems Using a Power-Scaled Detector with Antenna Diversity in Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels," in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2003), San Francisco, USA, December 2003. [4] J. P. Imhof, "Computing the distribution of quadratic forms in normal variables," Biometrika, vol. 48, no. 3/4, pp. 419–426, 1961.The ION 2011 International Technical Meeting; 01/2001
Top Journals
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Köln, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Institute of Communications and Navigation
Universität Ulm
Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute of Communications Engineering


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Kevin Gregg has officially filed for free agency. The Chicago Cubs are not expected to re-sign him, or even offer him arbitration despite his Type A designation. Carlos Marmol is[Read More…]
Obviously moving outfielder Milton Bradley is the Chicago Cubs' top offseason priority. You might even say, it's an obsessive priority (ha – self referential!). But we all know there are[Read More…]
In the hot stove season, you will be confronted with many rumors. Many are plausible, many are not. Many lead to movement, many do not. You will have to judge[Read More…]
The Chicago Cubs will be looking for a few pieces this offseason, but a utility player is not expected to be one of them. So what is this quote all[Read More…]
The Arizona Fall League's Rising Stars game was played yesterday – think of it as an All Star game, with the players selected out of a crop of very good[Read More…]
One of the worst kept secrets of Jim Hendry's tenure as the general manager of the Chicago Cubs is his lust for outfielder Austin Kearns. Hendry repeatedly – and publicly[Read More…]
It certainly didn't take long for Chicago Cubs pitcher Rich Harden and reserve outfielder Reed Johnson to file for free agency. Thursday, the day after the World Series concluded, was[Read More…]
The free agency classifications are out, and there are no surprises. Relievers John Grabow and Kevin Gregg are Type A free agents (first round compensation) and Rich Harden is a[Read More…]
Apparently having your name attached to the Chicago Cubs as a possible offseason target is the kiss of death. First, Mark Teahen was dealt from the Kansas City Royals to[Read More…]
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subset: commoncrawl


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Alan Jackon's Hollywood Star, Shania Wins Big- Today In Country History
The Music and Memories of April 16
The Music and Memories of April 16
When Alan Jackson parted ways with his record label a few months ago, many people wondered what would happen with his recording career?
The Music and Memoies of February 27
The Music and Memories of February 20
Every artist will get to the point in their career when the relationship with their major record label comes to an end. For some artists, it happens after a few singles, for others it may come after a few albums, and for the very lucky, like Alan Jackson, the end of the line comes after 22 years of hit albums and 34 Number One hits.
G.E. is having a "Good Time" country line dancing to Alan Jackson's hit song!
This is the time of year for countdowns and best of lists for the years end so i thought i would give my top 10 country shows that came to the area this year.
As we get closer and closer to Christmas, some are having difficulty with a few of those last minute gifts of uncertainty.


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Healthcare Providers and Services
Company Overview of O'Mara Scientific Inc.
Company Overview
3025 Sangra Avenue
Grandville, MI 49418
United States
Founded in 1998
Key Executives for O'Mara Scientific Inc.
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text:
Things to see and do - Palermo
Leaving for Italy
Nearby hotels
Hotel Regina from25 €Book
Hotel Moderno from40 €Book
Quintocanto Hotel & Spa from83 €Book
Things to do nearby
- 99 €
- Book
Palermo Shore Excursion: Palermo, Monreale and Mondello Day Trip
- 100 €
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4-Night Western Sicily Tour from Palermo: Segesta, Marsala, Monreale and Corleone
- 611 €
- Book
Hotel Palazzo Sitano :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby Restaurants
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : creative
Osteria dei Vespri
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : modern
Lo Scudiero
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : fish and seafood
Hotel Palazzo Sitano
Hotel Palazzo Sitano
Address : Via Vittorio Emanuele 114 I - 90133 Palermo
from : 55.80 EURBook
This elegant 18th century Baroque town house lies in the historic centre of Palermo. Its contemporary rooms offer flat-screen satellite TV, just 150 metres from Piazza Marina. Featuring 1 free hour in the spa, all rooms at Palazzo Sitano feature parquet floors and a minibar. Each room has a private bathroom complete with hairdryer and a luxury toiletry set. Some rooms offer a balcony. Fresh fruit, salads and cheeses form part of the varied buffet breakfast. Guests can enjoy free WiFi throughout the property. Buses stop right outside Palazzo Sitano Hotel and connect you to Palermo Railway Station. The harbour is a 15-minute walk away. A valet parking service is available on request.
Useful Information
- Address : Via Vittorio Emanuele 114 I - 90133 Palermo90133Palermo
Main services
- Air conditioning
- Disabled access
- Non-smoking rooms
- Internet
- Animals allowed


text:
Abandoned Places That Look Truly Beautiful
The World's 10 Hairiest People
The 11 Most Disgusting Fair Foods of All-Time
Woman Removes Makeup, Reveals Stunning Transformation
25 Things You Probably Google When You're All Alone
Celebrities with Diseases: You'll Be Surprised by Who Has Been Diagnosed
This Girl's Fake Pregnancy Prank Totally Backfired
Super Strong Grandpa - See How He Builds Lean Muscle
Things That Will Make You Feel Very Uncomfortable
These Mars Rover Photos Will Make You Think Twice About Alien Life
Brutal Female Bodyguards Training in China
15 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in the World
This Extreme Water Slide Will Make You Realize How Boring Your Summer Is
Mystical Underwater Pyramid Discovered in Paradise
Daily Dose of Cute: 10 Most Squeal-Worthy Baby Animals
14 Most Bizarre Medical Conditions on Earth
The Hairiest Girl in the World
Man Skips Rocks on Frozen Lake & Gets the Surprise of a Lifetime!
Mystery of the Turquoise Cat: What Caused This Color Change?
Abandoned Village Shows You What Life Would Look Like without People
27 Russian Dating Site Members You Don't Want to Mail Order
12 Dining Table Comparisons Between The World's Rich and Poor
5 Photos that Can't Be Explained
10 Crazy Myths That are Actually True
How to Break Free from Zip Ties
Disney Princesses + Jurassic World = Pure Happiness
10 Cats Who Live Better Than You
30 Convenient Ideas You Never Knew You Wanted
When Terrible Customers Threatened a Bad Yelp Review, This Restaurant Owner Took a Stand
17 Extraordinary Facts About The Universe


text:
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Executive Education
Alumni HUB,
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Recruiting, Partnerships,
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Our Philosophy &
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Get to know Pittsburgh from Mapquest's "Key to the City" series showcasing the city from the point of view of a Major League...
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Face-ism: How first impressions from faces bias our choices
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Our success, as individuals...
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33 year old man | Pittsburgh, PA, USA | Seeking women 23-42 within 50 miles
Active within 24 hours
Hoping to meet someone special and see where things go. I'm pretty laid back guy who doesn't take things to serious. Looking to meet someone that likes to laugh and just have fun. My family is important to me and hopefully have a family of my own someday. Doesn't take much to make me happy could be hanging out at home or up at seven springs. As long as you are with the right people anything can be exciting. I believe in staying in shape just started crossfit about 2 months ago and really like it so far if you never tried I would def recommend
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Football, Running, Skiing
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
I have a dog named Tanner.. he's my buddy
Middle of the Road
the waterfront is fun used to live down that way so i would go to the improv or rock bottom... sing sing is a blast to but you have to be there on a good nite
Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics, Pittsburgh, PA
Going out to eat is always good like to try new restaurants and then talk smack on them
I usually up for just about anything like to do the outdoors stuff i always thought white water rafting would be fun went sydiving when i was younger i love playing sports and writing in incomplete sentences
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'7" (170cms)
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i work at a steel mill its hot and dirty but i like it
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Articles tagged megan krizmanich
30 Jul 2008 // 2:00 AM
In American Teen, Hannah is charismatic, bright, and entertainingly acerbic concerning her classmates' struggles with the high school's "total caste system."READ more
29 Apr 2008 // 11:00 PM
And it just doesn't stop. If part two in this three-ring play was packed with well hyped product, July just keeps the receipt treats coming.READ more
//Mixed media
The Dolomites "Wakannai" (video) (premiere) // Music
Totó La Momposina "La Candela Viva" (video) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
'Sugar Hill' Breaks Out the Old-School Zombies
// Short Ends and Leader
"Sugar Hill was made in a world before ordinary shuffling, Romero-type zombies took over the cinema world.READ the article


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|Reviews for Unravel Me
| jk chapter 1 . 6/2
wow reading about Tanya and him it just feels soooooo wrong
| Maplestyle chapter 1 . 10/6/2014
Was it wrong that I was kind of hoping that Edward would kill James and Tanya?
| Guest chapter 1 . 9/3/2014
His one night stand with Victoria will prolly result in her becoming pregnant, or she's already pregnant to James but didn't realize it, Edward will find out after he has only begun to move on and met someone else who is now deeply in love with, possibly Bella? Who knows LOL, anyways, he will see Victoria pregnant, or with a baby and then freak the fuck out thinking that his new love will leave him if he has a child with someone else...One huge clusterfuck of drama! Oh snap, I think someone done wrote about something like this already lmao.
Thanks for sharing, I enjoyed this immensely 3
| divyvicki chapter 1 . 7/24/2014
Always hated Tanya and James. Great way to make them both the villains.
| blb1000 chapter 1 . 7/20/2013
He & Vic did not use protection so he could be a daddy after all. :-(
| Nannyjojo chapter 1 . 5/29/2013
It wasn't until he had left the house and was at the bar asking how could he ever trust again, that I realised that this is the story of Tanya and Edward before Elusively Yours.
Loved getting a full insight into what happened.
| Twiolic chapter 1 . 12/11/2012
Glad you continued thus story! Sounds like a good one!
| kstar0330 chapter 1 . 12/1/2012
Wow that was really good. Poor guy I guess this will be the downfall of what started his assuming bad behavior in EY. :(
| GrudgeJude chapter 1 . 4/24/2012
awesome start...can't wait for more.
| middlewife chapter 1 . 4/15/2012
There is no way a lying, cheating, unfaithful woman is the best thing Edward ever had. If he thinks that, his standards are incredibly low.
I'm on to read the partner of this story, hoping better things are in store for him.
| phoebelicious chapter 1 . 11/27/2011
Wow. How do you recover from betrayal like that?
| CommaQueen2 chapter 1 . 11/19/2011
Wow. Saw a rec for Elusively Yours (on the Lemonade Stand FB page) and thought I'd start here. This was heartbreaking! I'm headed over to the continuation now to immediately add you to my favorites.
| marveecorp chapter 1 . 9/7/2011
very sad. Next, Elusively Yours.
| newmommyak chapter 1 . 8/5/2011
Such a sad story, and so beautifully written.
| TeamAllTwilight chapter 1 . 2/4/2011
This was fantastic and not somethign I woudl normally read...I am a HEA h00r and I tend to read cannon pairing stories more often then not...But I wanted to read this since I am starting your story that is a continuation of this Edward. I seriously look forward to reading it if this one shot is anythign to go by! Really well written. Thank you for sharing!


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The Leading eBooks Store Online
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Orlando FuriosoReadHowYouWant 2009; US$ 4.99
This is the most celebrated work of Italian Renaissance that took its poet almost sixteen years to complete, before it was published in 1532. The narrative poem is an account of the conflicts between the Moors and Christians, and narrates how Marsilio returned to Spain after the conflict ends. A captivating poem that enthrals the readers by its picturesque... more...
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton BellReadHowYouWant 2009; US$ 4.99
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (1846) is a collection of poems published by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne. They used genderless first names for the publication of their work to avoid the contemporary prejudice against female writers. With themes drawn from real life, the poems reflect Brontë sisters views... more...
Late Lyrics and EarlierReadHowYouWant 2009; US$ 4.99
In Late Lyrics and Earlier, Hardy's dream is "an alliance between religion, which must be retained unless the world is to perish, and complete rationality, which must come, unless also the world is to perish, by means of the interfusing effect of poetry." more...
AtlantisHarperCollins 2009; US$ 10.99
The poignant, accomplished new collection of poetry from the author of My Alexandria --1993 winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award, Los Angeles Times Book Award, 1993 National Book Award Finalist. more...
The Best American Poetry 2009Scribner 2009; US$ 16.00
David Wagoner writes about regular lives with plain grace and transcendent humanity, and the seventy-five poems he has chosen for the 2009 edition of The Best American Poetry grapple with life, celebrate freedom, and teem with imaginative energy. With engaging notes from the poets, Wagoner's superb introductory essay, series editor David Lehman's... more...
Ranking the WishesPenguin Publishing Group 1997; US$ 14.95
In his seventh book, Carl Dennis explores the ways in which our wishes - those in our power to fulfill at any moment and those that have no chance of ever being realized - define who we are. While some of the poems view wishing as a failure to do justice to the world we have, others regard it as a recognition that no present, however rich, can satisfy... more...
Good PoemsPenguin Publishing Group 2003; US$ 21.00
Every day people tune in to The Writer's Almanac on public radio and hear Garrison Keillor read them a poem. And here, for the first time, is an anthology of poems from the show, chosen by the narrator for their wit, their frankness, their passion, their "utter clarity in the face of everything else a person has to deal with at 7 a.m." The title... more...
Blind RainLSU Press 2008; US$ 16.95
In his newest collection, Blind Rain, Bruce Bond transforms the known and the familiar into something surreal and new. With spare, unadorned language, he complicates what it is to be both bound to the world and yet free within that world, the way in which the imagination deepens our engagements and yet offers some measure of distance at the same time.... more...
Poems That Touch the HeartKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2012; US$ 24.00
With over 650,000 copies in print, Poems That Touch The Heart is America's most popular collection of inspirational verse. From the Hardcover edition. more...
Random House Treasury of Year-Round PoemsDiversified Publishing 2010; US$ 11.95
Celebrate each season of the year with this collection of more than 100 poems commemorating a broad scope of holidays such as Christmas, Easter, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Cinco de Mayo, and Valentine's Day, as well as birthdays, anniversaries, the seasons, and the general passage of time. ? Featuring 100-plus favorites from e.e. cummings, Emily Dickinson,... more...


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Causeway Bay Hong Kong Dim Sum 铜锣湾 香港点心June 14, 2014Dim Sum • Johor Bahru, Malaysia
The service level @ this F&B outlet is tough...
The service level @ this F&B outlet is tough...
Flight to subang subject to frequent cancellation, be mindful!
Can the mayor go check if this "staircase" is safe & appropriate to use at arrival gate!
If u with to rely on the free wifi to log on to your office... Think twice..
Not outside drinks (including plain water) allowed.
Come early to avoid the long long queue...
Remember to request to grind your own coffee beans!
Try the kids menu here! My daughter love it!
Shall we name this roti canai store?
Open on Saturday this month!
They don't even know what's their workplace name keke
Rm1.40 for normal cendol... Not so cheap for a snack.


text:
Jim Cook will be responsible for channel partner sales and business development of AUDIT-BUDDY from Maine to Florida. AUDIT-BUDDY captures both real-time and long-term scans of the environmental conditions of a data center, without the need for any infrastructure modifications or downtime.
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Latest | Highest rated
Morgan Stanley in talks to settle mortgage bond probe [View news story]Apr 20, 2015. 10:08 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Questcor - The Deal Of A Lifetime [View article]
sdMar 3, 2014. 09:22 AM | 5 Likes |Link to Comment
Questcor falls; Citron claims Acthar at risk of being pulled [View news story]Feb 27, 2014. 10:42 AM | 13 Likes |Link to Comment
The Idiot's Guide To Why Questcor Is Suspicious [View article]
"No MD I know is willing to try some other drug when Acthar gel works so well" Now, if you actually were a doctor, you would already know that Acthar Gel is the Rx of LAST resort and therefore all doctors have already tried other treatments, making your statement moot and borderline lie. After reading your statement, I prefer to move on to more educated reply's.Dec 20, 2013. 03:54 PM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Questcor -4.6% AH on Retrophin synthetic ACTH development candidate news [View news story]Dec 17, 2013. 05:55 PM | 2 Likes |Link to Comment
The Curious Case Of Questcor Pharmaceuticals [View article]
After reading your reply, I must say it reveals nothing new either and sounds very much like Andrew Left's articles which reveal nothing except half truths, out right lies, and innuendos.
If you don't think the 10% figure is correct, supply one that you know is correct or just don't mention that you know nothing and like to write crap with nothing to back it up.
QCOR supplies people with medication that is very helpful for them, and for that they make piles of money and that is why the stock is moving in the right direction in spite of trash articles written by your lord, Andrew Left, felon.Dec 16, 2013. 08:27 PM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Affymax: Putting The Pieces Together [View article]
sdAug 24, 2013. 10:14 AM | 5 Likes |Link to Comment
Ebix: Better Timely Than Good [View article]Jun 24, 2013. 01:21 PM | 4 Likes |Link to Comment
Ebix Worth No More Than $8, Likely Headed To $0 [View article]
Were your other 182 posts just bashing someone else?
sdJun 22, 2013. 11:21 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Ebix Worth No More Than $8, Likely Headed To $0 [View article]
sdJun 21, 2013. 10:20 AM | 14 Likes |Link to Comment
Was The Aetna News Overblown? Blue Cross Blue Shield Supports Questcor's H.P. Acthar Gel [View article]Jun 1, 2013. 12:18 PM | 4 Likes |Link to Comment
Questcor's (QCOR -7.3%) early drubbing was apparently due to a mistaken headline stating that a synthetic version of Acthar had been approved by the FDA, rather than the Orphan Drug Designation it had actually been given, according to a Seeking Alpha contributor. The errant headline has since been pulled and refiled to reflect the correction, but the hangover in the shares continues in mid-day trading nontheless. [View news story]Nov 2, 2012. 04:06 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Questcor III: After The Earnings [View article]Oct 30, 2012. 10:17 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
Insurers are taking an even more cautious stance on Questcor's (QCOR -4.1%) Acthar, according to a Citron Research report. The short seller is now claiming that Humana (HUM -1.5%) has issued a new Commercial Preauthorization document containing a new, specifically asterisked preauthorization for reimbursement for Acthar, which it contends is part of a pattern of insurers taking a more restrictive stance on authorization policy with regard to the drug's reimbursement. [View news story]
surferdanOct 20, 2012. 03:24 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Amazon (AMZN) roundup: 1) Bloomberg reports Amazon is in talks to buy Brazilian bookseller Saraiva. Saraiva, which currently has a market cap of $356M, is both a publisher and retailer of books (online and via physical stores). The report appears to be pressuring MercadoLibre (MELI -3.5%), which has already fallen on worries Amazon will enter Brazil. 2) The WSJ observes Amazon is struggling to make its publishing efforts a success in the face of boycotts from many booksellers. (earlier: I, II) [View news story]
surferdanOct 18, 2012. 02:06 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment


text:
Select Local Merchants
The Venue at Horseshoe CasinoRead MoreThe Venue at Horseshoe Casino offers big city entertainment from just outside the big city. Revelers pile into the casino's complimentary shuttles and set off for Hammond, where penny slots and game tables await before they file into The Venue. The acts taking the stage could land anywhere on the live spectacle spectrum: Penn & Teller might combine comedy and magic with the sound of only one person talking, MMA fighters could get adrenaline pumping, or Huey Lewis and the News could inspire audience sing-alongs.777 Casino Center DriveHammond, IN US
FieldCrest School of Performing ArtsRead MoreAt FieldCrest School of Performing Arts, students ascend through three levels of stardom?I'm a Star (for toddlers through preteens), Fashion Plate (for toddlers through preteens), and Camera Ready (for teens)?through bundles of acting, modeling, and dance classes that build a solid foundation of arts education. Acting classes build upon pantomime and improv before moving into performance and technique, and modeling sessions teach students how to prowl and pose like a pro on the catwalk. Ballet, jazz, tap, and hip-hop lessons give pupils the grace and moves they need to perform classical and contemporary routines. Since its founding in 1977, FieldCrest has cultivated a motivational environment that encourages self-expression and poise. Besides arts classes, it also offers etiquette courses that can convert even the most slovenly kids and adults into Miss Manners devotees.201 Main StreetPark Forest, IL US
Crown Point Family Fun CenterRead MoreGetting stuck in traffic is rarely a good thing, but for the Ernst family, it sparked an idea: instead of traveling to another town for activities, they decided to open their own family fun center right in Crown Point. They found an 8.5-acre plot of land with a sufficient amount of gravity, and soon thereafter, Crown Point Family Fun Center was born. Here, visitors putt their way across the rolling terrain of two 18-hole mini golf courses, race around a go-kart track, and take mighty swings like their favorite baseball player or lumberjack in batting cages. Guests can also hone their goal-scoring skills in soccer cages, or they can work on their hand-eye coordination in the arcade.1301 Merrillville Rd.Crown Point, IN US
Origins Dance AcademyRead MoreThe instructors of Origins Dance Academy have traveled far and wide to learn and practice their craft, from choreographing in Los Angeles to dancing in prestigious European and Canadian ballet companies to appearing in area musicals. That wide range of experience allows them to teach youngsters in a wide variety of classes, including tap, ballet, and hip-hop. Origins also occasionally presents its students in performances and sends them to competitions judged by technique, difficulty, and how well the dancers perform sequences from Swan Lake while partnered with real swans.120 W Clark St.Crown Point, IN US
Arthur Murray Dance StudioRead MoreThe studio offers all new students one complimentary private lesson, so this Groupon covers the subsequent lessons.1205 W Lincoln HwyMerrillville, IN US
The Venue ScottsdaleRead MoreThe Venue Scottsdale is a chameleon of a building, as ready to effortlessly host an elegant wedding reception as it is to present a comedy show or concert. The 29,000 square-foot, multi-level confines feature an indoor cobblestone courtyard and leaf-covered balconies, offering an outdoorsy ambience without the worry of inclement weather. Upstairs, a ballroom and a VIP lounge welcome private event goers, while a comedy club inspires knock-knock jokes with its own private entrance.777 E 3rd Ave.Scottsdale, AZ US


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October 25, 2011
Jason A. Smith covers government and politics for the Henry Daily Herald. He can be reached via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Stories this photo appears in:
An unexpected connection — Jason A. Smith
I have developed a strong connection with Henry County, but this connection took on a new level of significance, recently, in light of a discovery made by my wife a few weeks ago.
A father's message to the birthday girl — Jason A. Smith
I have a hard time imagining a more life-changing year than the one which just ended.
Gladly adjusting to the new normal — Jason A. Smith
For years now, I've been a creature of habit. I've grown accustomed to doing things a certain way, and rarely do I ever voluntarily stray from my routines. But, recent events have reminded me that, sometimes, shaking up my sense of normalcy is exactly what I need.
Television and dads - Jason A. Smith
Once upon a time, fictional fathers were seen as men to be respected, revered, even feared at times. Now, however, female lead characters are the ones who appear to be strong and in control, while men are depicted as buffoons. What once was called "Father Knows Best" has turned into "father knows nothing."
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They feel bad, so they found you these other deals to make up for it.
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Westlink Ag Cooperative Co.Read MoreJennifer Parker knows what it?s like to suffer through chronic pain. When she found relief through massage therapy, she felt inspired to study at the Apollo College massage-therapy program. There, she honed the skills that she practices while presiding at Body Harmony Massage. As a clinic rather than a spa, Body Harmony Massage focuses on massage as a path to health less tedious than eating an apple a day. Despite being a clinic, they still offer pampering services in a soothing and comforting environment. Its licensed practitioners treat a wide array of conditions, such as headaches, sciatica, and back pain. They tackle these complaints with massage modalities including the gliding effleurage of Swedish kneading and the resistive stretching of PNF?proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation?which can rehabilitate weakened muscles.100 W Overland RdMeridian, ID US
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Deval Patrick PAC aids Dems in distress
Deval Patrick PAC aids Dems in distress
Gov. Deval Patrick's federal PAC has been spreading the love to vulnerable Democrats in New England and beyond, lending help to New Hampshire U.S. Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, Georgia Senate candidate Michelle Nunn and North Shore U.S. Rep. John Tierney, among others, according to campaign finance records and advisers.
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ABC's THE BACHELOR Hits Season High!
Up over the prior week in viewers (+5%) and young adults (+14%), ABC took second place on Monday night, beating FOX and NBC. The Net won Monday in Adults 18-34, Women 18-49 and Women 18-34 (5th consecutive week). In Adults 18-49, ABC posted its top Monday with regular programming since May 21, 2012.
Hitting season highs, ABC's The Bachelor beat out NBC's The Biggest Loser 14 in Adults 18-49 for the 4th week straight week, leading by a best-yet 35% (up from 14% the prior week). The ABC unscripted series won its 2-hour time slot for the 4th time in its last 5 telecasts in Adults 18-34, Women 18-34 and Women 18-49. Building week to week in Total Viewers (+6%) and Adults 18-49 (+13%), The Bachelor posted its strongest numbers this season, and excluding only season finales marked the show's top telecast since March 2011 - since 3/7/11. In addition, the program tied the Net's best Adult 18-49 number in the time period since April 30, 2012.
ABC's Castle finished a strong second in the 10 o'clock hour in Total Viewers and Adults 18-49, while holding the #1 position against its drama competition on CBS (Hawaii Five-0) and NBC (Deception) in Adults 18-34 and across all key Women. Gaining 11% in Adults 18-49, Castle equaled its highest rating since October 29, 2012. The ABC drama earned season highs with Adults 18-34 and Women 18-34.
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- CNBC to Air THE MAKING OF DIG, the USA Network Event Series, 3/1
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- Telemundo to Present FUTBOL ESTELAR: LEON VS SANTOS, Today
- Telemundo to Give Viewers Sneak Peek at Upcoming Programming on LO NUEVO, Today


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The relation of formal education to ethnic prejudice: Its reliability, validity and explanation
Article first published online: 22 FEB 2006
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420250105
Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
European Journal of Social Psychology
Volume 25, Issue 1, pages 41–56, January/February 1995
Additional Information
How to Cite
Wagner, U. and Zick, A. (1995), The relation of formal education to ethnic prejudice: Its reliability, validity and explanation. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 25: 41–56. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420250105
Publication History
- Issue published online: 22 FEB 2006
- Article first published online: 22 FEB 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 10 OCT 1993
- Manuscript Received: 19 OCT 1992
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
This paper examines three issues concerning the frequently documented negative correlation between formal education and ethnic prejudice, namely its reliability, its validity and the manner in which it is mediated. Reliability is demonstrated across three indices of ethnic attitudes in seven representative samples drawn from four European countries (West Germany, Netherlands, France, Great Britain; total N=3788). The hypothesis that this correlation reflects only the tendency of more highly educated respondents to give more socially desirable answers and not true attitude differences was inconsistent with the finding from the survey data that educational level also correlated negatively with responses to an index of subtle prejudice. Results from an experiment employing the bogus pipeline procedure similarly refute this hypothesis, indicating that significant education-related differences in expressed prejudice remain under conditions in which the tendency to give socially desirable responses is reduced. Finally, path analysis based on the survey data show that part but not all of the association between low education and ethnic prejudice is mediated by social psychological variables, particularly group relative deprivation, perceived belief incongruency, political conservatism, and acceptance of inter-ethnic contact.


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"I have tried raising money by asking for it, and by not asking for it. I always got more by asking for it."
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Stopping Armour - more ill than ever!
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Horse Racing Article
Guaranteed Tip Sheet Horse Betting TipsJune 05, 2012 3:01 AM by Chris ORorke
VIP: Guaranteed Tip Sheet is providing today's horse racing betting tips from Prax Racing.
Click here to login or sign up for V.I.P. or GT V.I.P.+ membership so you can get access to V.I.P. Betting Tips, Premium GT Articles and GamingToday Online.
Sports Betting, Gambling Tips
Westgate SuperBook sets fall mood
When you start seeing numbers pop up on the sportsbook wall boards, it kind of says football is close as July approaches. Over the weekend, the Westgate Las Vegas SuperBook set the fall mood for us all by posting odds to win on eight conference championship games. At 1:30 p.m. this Friday, the Golden Nugget sportsbook will be releasing pointspreads on their college football "games of the year."


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Can anyone help me on my issue on this rom....
Sent from my SM-G900F using Tapatalk
its just transparent ui bro n see my htc rom same oly icons r different
Please help me I had installed this rom it is awesome but while installing google play service it's says incompatible device so I can't use apps which require play service help me please
Screenshots & Features
Can i flash this in Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT s7582...
android version is 4.2.2 .. help me sir
XDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.
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Hogs Offseason Preview: UTEP Miners
Arkansas News
One of the most successful calendar years in University of Arkansas athletics history finished with a bang after the Razorbacks made the College World Series earlier this month. Before that, the men's track team finished third in the country at the ...
and more »
KVIA El Paso
Former Miners Julian Washburn, C.J. Cooper ready to be drafted by NBA team
KVIA El Paso
Vince Hunter isn't the only former Miner that could be picked in Thursday's NBA Draft or sign with a team as a free agent. Julian Washburn and C.J. Cooper just finished their senior years at UTEP. Washburn, who just finished his senior year at UTEP, ...
and more »
Dominic Artis was the missing piece in UTEP's backcourt puzzle
Miner Rush (blog)
The well-built, 6'1 guard gives UTEP something it hasn't had since Tim Floyd took over, a guard who can pass and score at a high-consistent level, and change the game with draw dropping quickness/ball handling with a point guard mentality of play ...
and more »
UTEP's season opener against Arkansas to be televised
KVIA El Paso
This is the first regular season game to be broadcast by the network since 2013 when UTEP played against nationally ranked Texas A&M. The Miners are set to report for fall camp on Aug. 5 and will begin practice on Aug. 6 in Ruidoso, New Mexico.
Air Alamo
San Antonio Spurs 2nd Round Draft Prospect: Vince Hunter
Air Alamo
Quick Season Review: The UTEP Miners were one of the teams that were just left out of the NCAA Tournament, as they finished 22-11. Instead they played in the National Invitational Tournament, where they lost in the first round against Murray State ...
and more »
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2005 Honda Accord Q&A
2005 Honda Accord Question: commen problem
while the engine is cold and in gear, the car may move faster than expected when the accelerator is not pressed. A soft ware update from honda will fix this concern. My question is is the soft ware update under warrenty? - ryanbrito
Answer 1
As a general rule if your Honda is within 3 years and 36K of the delivery date then warranty will pay for it. The updates don't take that long and at my dealer I usually update the customers vehicle with either a minimum charge or no charge at all. This of course will vary from dealer to dealer. - rdude135
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they now believe it's the distributor. everything else checks out. trouble began a week ago tues. up til then everything was great.
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Compensation for Litigation Attorneys in the United States is generous, with average pay surpassing six figures annually ($98K). Including potential for bonuses and profit sharing — peaking near $20K and $49K, respectively — total cash payment to Litigation Attorneys can bottom out near $60K or peak near $174K depending on individual performance. Career duration and the particular city each impact pay for this group, with the former having the largest influence. Medical benefits are awarded to a large number, and more than two-fifths earn dental coverage. Work is enjoyable for Litigation Attorneys, who typically claim high levels of job satisfaction. Men make up a slight majority of Litigation Attorneys (53 percent) who responded to the survey.
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A litigation attorney is a lawyer who specializes in dealing with lawsuits and representing either plaintiffs or defendants in cases. Often simply called a litigator, they oversee the entire process of taking a lawsuit to court. This process is quite often lengthy, and it is necessary for the litigation attorney to be patient and detail-oriented.Read More...
To start the process, the litigation attorney must investigate the case to find out whether enough evidence exists to create a potential lawsuit (in the case of their client suing somebody else); if the client is being sued, the litigator will investigate evidence pertaining to the case. There are two types of litigation attorneys: civil and criminal. Criminal litigators focus on state or federal prosecutions, and civil litigators have a broad range of case types they may work on. Often, a litigator chooses to specialize in a particular area such as business, real estate, or personal injury. The lawsuits that litigators work on may vary widely in scope, and they may require the litigator to have a team of co-attorneys and other legal staff.
The required credentials for a litigator are a juris doctorate from an accredited law school and pass the bar exam in the state in which they want to practice, the same requirements as for any other lawyer. Usually, litigators can be classed by their experience in dealing with lawsuits, measured in years. A junior litigator has zero to three years, a mid-level litigator has three to four, and a senior litigator has four or more.
Typical Litigation Attorneys report a focused set of job skills. Most notably, skills in Complex Litigation Case Management, trial, Litigation Case Management, and Legal Research are correlated to pay that is above average. Those listing Legal Research and Litigation Case Management as skills, on the other hand, should be prepared for drastically lower pay. It is often found that people who know Legal Research are also skilled in Complex Litigation Case Management.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
In general, experience and pay appear to be strongly linked; those with more experience usually bring in higher incomes. Respondents with less than five years' experience take home $74K on average. In contrast, those who have been around for five to 10 years earn a noticeably higher average of $106K. Litigation Attorneys with one to two decades of relevant experience report an average salary of approximately $123K. Average wages for folks with more than 20 years of experience come out to around $147K.
Home to some of the best pay for Litigation Attorneys, San Francisco offers exceptional salaries, 43 percent above the national average. Litigation Attorneys will also find cushy salaries in Washington (+38 percent), Los Angeles (+20 percent), Houston (+20 percent), and New York (+17 percent). The smallest paychecks in the market, 19 percent south of the national average, can be found in Boston. Employers also pay below the national average in Miami (15 percent lower) and Chicago (11 percent lower).
|Highly satisfied
Rated 4 out of 5
based on 45 votes.
47 %
53 %
|Medical: 80%
|Dental: 45%
|Vision: 35%
|None: 19%


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text: You break it You break it by Simon StratfordMarch 25, 2012You break it, you buy it. hell no. I break it, slowly leave it there & awkwardly walk away….Peter Griffin. Tweet 0 Share 0 +1 Pinterest Sign upLike what your read? Join other designers subscribe to my irregular newsletter.As a bonus, you get 10% off your first order. Further reading Older post Newer post


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Home game
OPM suggests that federal employees stay home during next week's NFL kickoff celebration.
President moves to limit 2004 federal pay raise
President Bush issued a plan Wednesday designed to limit the pay increase for white-collar federal employees to an average of 2 percent in 2004.
GAO faults delay in charging feds for TSP overhaul
The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board erred when it chose not to charge TSP members two years ago for millions of dollars paid to American Management Systems Inc. for a failed systems modernization project, according to the General Accounting Office.
Snowball effect
Glitches in the TSP's new record keeping system have had unpleasant consequences for some feds.
Senator launches probe into TSP contract
Concerned that millions of taxpayer and federal employee dollars were wasted, Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, Wednesday launched an inquiry into a failed contract to modernize the Thrift Savings Plan's computer system.


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EDI launches the EDI-Drive powertrain a new type of Plug-in hybrid experience, fusing the best of electric vehicle capabilities with the advantages of Series drivetrains and the sophistication of Parallel architectures.
EDI utility work truck solutions offer more power than conventional work vehicles, providing 100% OEM performance, while reducing emissions by up to 80%.
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The world's first open architecture all-in-one EV enhanced Series-Parallel PHEV drivetrain. Boasting a generous all electric range and subsequent high fuel efficiency in both Parallel and Series modes. The performance you need and the features you'll want.
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EDI solutions provide cost and efficiency advantages—increasing range and reducing fuel use and emissions.
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