text: 2015-07-06T04:52:45Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1172015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Music's Silver Sound Wescoe, W. Clarke Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/117 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.117 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1212015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Change and Permanence Schneider, Erwin H. Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.121 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1242015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Orchestration of the New Mental Hospital Theme Stanford, George A Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.124 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1292015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Adaptive Behavior as Related to the Treatment of the Mentally Retarded Leland, Henry Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.129 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1322015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Music Therapy as a Means of Changing the Adaptive Behavior Level of Retarded Children Lathom, Wanda Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/132 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.132 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1352015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Music and Creative Arts Therapy for an Autistic Child Goldstein, Carol Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.135 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1392015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Music in Special Education Betty, Isern Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.139 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1432015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Music Therapy from Auditory Ink Blots Bean, Kenneth L. Moore, Jack R. Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/143 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.143 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1482015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Developments in the Training of Music Therapists Gaston, E. Thayer Articles Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.148 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1512015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Report on the Fifteenth Annual Conference Report on the Fifteenth Annual Conference Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.151 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1532015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Announcements Departments Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/153 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.153 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1542015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Professional Opportunities Departments Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/154 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.154 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/1562015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 The Authors Departments Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/156 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.156 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/4/156-a2015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:4 Index to Volume 1-1964 Index to Volume 1 Oxford University Press 1964-12-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/4/156-a http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.4.156-a en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/12015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Oviposition, development and survivorship of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci on soybean, Glycine max, and the garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris Mansaray, Augustine Sundufu, Abu James Papers Oviposition, development and survivorship of <it>Bemisia tabaci</it> (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were evaluated on soybean and garden bean under laboratory conditions of 26.0 ± 0.5 oC, 70 – 80% RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). <it>B. tabaci</it> deposited more eggs and survivorship of nymphs was significantly greater in a choice-test on soybean, <it>Glycine max</it> L. (Merr.) (Fabeles: Fabaceae), compared to the garden bean, <it>Phaseolus vulgaris</it> L. Overall developmental time from egg to adult eclosion was longer on garden bean than on soybean. Also, <it>B. tabaci</it> was more fecund and long-lived on soybean compared to garden bean. Demographic parameters calculated from life tables on the two bean species indicate that soybean is a better host plant for <it>B. tabaci</it> than garden bean. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/102015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Seasonal patterns of the insect community structure in urban rain pools of temperate Argentina Fontanarrosa, M. Soledad Collantes, Marta B. Bachmann, Axel O. Papers Temporary aquatic environments are widespread in the world, and although there are considerable regional differences in their type and method of formation they have many physical, chemical and biological properties in common. With the aim to increase knowledge of urban temporary pool fauna, the objectives of this work were to assess the seasonal patterns of species composition, richness, and diversity of the aquatic insect community inhabiting rain pools in urban temperate Argentina, and to identify the environmental variables associated to these patterns. Four temporary pools of an urban green space in Buenos Aires City were studied throughout a 1-year period. Eleven flood cycles with very varied hydroperiods and dry periods, mainly associated with rainfall, were identified. Insect species richness in these temporary urban pools, 86 taxa were documented, was found to be within the range reported for wild temporary water bodies of other regions of the world. The present results provide evidence for the existence of a clear link between habitat and community variability. Hydroperiod and seasonality were the main environmental factors involved in structuring the insect communities of the studied water bodies. Urban pools in green spaces have the potential to act to its dwellers like corridors through the urban matrix. Taking into account these characteristics and their accessibility, urban temporary pools can be considered as promising habitats for the study of ecological processes involving the insect community. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/112015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Initiation of absconding-swarm emigration in the social wasp Polybia occidentalis Sonnentag, Peter J. Jeanne, Robert L. Papers When a colony of the swarm-founding social wasp <it>Polybia occidentalis</it> loses its nest to severe weather or predation, the adult population evacuates and temporarily clusters on nearby foliage. Most of the adults remain inactive in the cluster, while foragers bring in nectar and scout wasps search the surrounding area for a new nesting site. After several hours, the scouts stimulate the rest of the swarm to leave the cluster and follow their pheromone trail to the chosen site. How scouts communicate to their swarm-mates that a site has been chosen and how they induce the swarm to depart are unknown. Video records of six Costa Rican swarms were used to quantitatively document changes in the frequencies of social behaviors leading to swarm departure. This was accomplished by going backward through the video record and following the behavior of individuals prior to their departure. Analysis of the behavior of scouts and inactive wasps indicated an increase in the frequency with which scouts bump into inactive wasps prior to swarm departure, as well as a shift in the behavior of inactive wasps from primarily receiving bumps to bumping others before departure. Thus, bumping is propagated by recently activated individuals before they take off. These observations suggest that not only is bumping an activation stimulus that causes swarm members to depart for the new nest site, but it is contagious, leading to its amplification throughout the swarm. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/122015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Ground dwelling ants as surrogates for establishing conservation priorities in the Australian wet tropics Yek, Sze Huei Willliams, Stephen E Burwell, Chris J. Robson, Simon K.A. Crozier, Ross H. Papers This study aims to identify a set of areas with high biodiversity value over a small spatial scale within the Australian Wet Tropics. We identified sites of high biodiversity value across an altitudinal gradient of ground dwelling ant communities using three measures of biodiversity. The three measures considered were estimated species richness, complementarity between sites and evolutionary history. The latter measure was derived using the systematic nomenclature of the ants to infer a surrogate phylogeny. The goal of conservation assessments could then be achieved by choosing the most diverse site combinations. This approach was found to be valuable for identifying the most diverse site combinations across an altitudinal gradient that could ensure the preservation of terrestrial ground dwelling invertebrates in the Australian Wet Tropics. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/132015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Entomopathogenic activity of a variety of the fungus, Colletotrichum acutatum, recovered from the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Marcelino, José A. P. Gouli, Svetlana Parker, Bruce L. Skinner, Margaret Giordano, Rosanna Papers A fungal epizootic in populations of <it>Fiorinia externa</it> Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infesting hemlock trees, <it>Tsuga canadensis</it> (L.) Carrière (Pinales: Pinaceae) in forests of the Northeastern US has been recently detected. The current known distribution of the epizootic spans 36 sites in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Connecticut. <it>Colletotrichum acutatum</it> Simmonds var. <it>fioriniae</it> Marcelino and Gouli var. nov. inedit. (Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae) was the most prevalent fungus recovered from infected scales. Bioassays indicated that this <it>C. acutatum</it> variety is highly pathogenic to <it>F. externa</it>. Mortality rates of >90 and >55% were obtained for <it>F. externa</it> crawlers and settlers, respectively. Significantly lower mortality levels, ≤ 22%, were obtained when three other species of insects were assayed. <it>C. gleosporioides</it> has also been shown to have pathogenic activity towards a scale insect. The data suggest that <it>C. acutatum</it> var. <it>fioriniae</it> from <it>F. externa</it> epizootics in the US, and the previously reported <it>C. gloeosporioides</it> f. sp. <it>ortheziidae</it> causing <it>Orthezia praelonga</it> epizootics in Brazil, may constitute distinct biotypes of <it>Colletotrichum</it> that have attained the ability to infect insects in addition to the commonly reported plant hosts. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/13 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/142015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The influence of temperature on the behavior of burrowing in larvae of the blowflies, Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia cuprina, under controlled conditions Gomes, Leonardo Gomes, Guilherme Von Zuben, Claudio J. Papers Blowflies use discrete, ephemeral substrates for larval development. After exhaustion of the food supply, larvae will disperse in search of sites to burrow and pupate or will seek other sources of food in a process known as post-feeding larval dispersal. In this study, the effect of temperature was investigated as it is one of the most important aspects of the environmental variables in this process. 800 larvae of the blowflies <it>Chrysomya albiceps</it> (Wiedemann 1819) and <it>Lucilia cuprina</it> (Wiedemann 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were incubated in tubes covered with vermiculite at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. For each pupa, the body weight, sex and depth of burrowing were determined. Statistical tests were used to examine the relationship of depth of burrowing and body weight to the temperature at which burrowing occurred. Depth of burrowing was affected differently by temperature for both of the species studied; <it>L. cuprina</it> larvae burrowed deeper at lower and higher temperatures while <it>C. albiceps</it> larvae burrowed less at extreme temperatures. Additionally, temperature had a significant effect on the body weight of <it>L. cuprina</it> larvae as body weight decreased as temperature increased, whereas for <it>C. albiceps</it>, pupal weight increased up to 25°C and then decreased abruptly at a higher temperatures. The maximum body weight was also differently affected in the two species; in <it>L. cuprina</it>, the maximal weight was at 15°C and for <it>C. albiceps</it> weight was maximal at 20°C. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/152015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants are as toxic as Imidacloprid to the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Ateyyat, Mazen A. Al-Mazraawi, Mohammad Abu-Rjai, Talal Shatnawi, Mohamad A. Papers Aqueous extracts of nine plants, known to have medicinal activity, were tested for their toxicity against the sweet potato whitefly, <it>Bemisia tabaci</it> Genn. (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) compared to the toxicity of the insecticide, Imidacloprid. Extracts of <it>Lepidiuim sativum</it> L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) killed 71 % of early stage nymphs, which was not significantly different from mortality caused by Imidacloprid. Treatment of pupae with three plant extracts, <it>L. sativum, Achillea biebersteinii</it> L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)<it>,</it> or <it>Retama raetam</it> (Forssk.) Webb and Berthel (Fabales: Fabaceae) prevented adult development, and treatment with <it>R. raetam</it> extract killed adults, at levels that were not significantly different from Imidacloprid. None of the other plants showed significant toxicity. However extracts of four plants, <it>Pimpinella anisum</it> L. (Apiales: Apiaceae)<it>, Galium longifolium</it> (Sibth. and SM.) (Gentianales: Rubiaceae)<it>, R. raetam</it> and <it>Ballota undulata</it> Bentham (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) had a repellent effect. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/15 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/162015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Resource utilization and environmental and spatio-temporal overlap of a hilltopping Lycaenid butterfly community in the Colombian Andes Prieto, Carlos Dahners, Hans W. Papers Coexistence by a great number of species could reflect niche segregation at several resource axes. Differences in the use of a hilltop as mating site for a Eumaeini (Lycaenidae) community were measured to test whether niche segregation exists within this group. Specimens were collected throughout 21 samplings between July-October of 2004 and July-October of 2005. Two environmental variables and three temporal-spacial variables were analyzed utilizing null models with three randomization algorithms. Significant differences were found among the species with respect to utilization of vertical space, horizontal space, temporary distribution and environmental temperature. The species did not show significant differences with respect to light intensity. For all samplings, the niche overlap observed in the two environmental variables were higher or significantly higher than expected by chance, suggesting that niche segregation does not exist due to competition within these variables. Similar results were observed for temporal distribution. Some evidence of niche segregation was found in vertical space and horizontal space variables where some samples presented lower overlap than expected by chance. The results pointed out that community's assemblage could be mainly shaped in two ways. The first is that species with determined habitat requirements fit into unoccupied niche spaces. The second is by niche segregation in the vertical space distribution variable. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/172015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Molecular and functional characterization of a c-type lysozyme from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis Wang, Wen-Xian Wang, Yi-Peng Deng, Xiao-Juan Dang, Xiang-Li Tian, Jin-Huan Yi, Hui-Yu Li, Yi-Feng He, Xiao-Fang Cao, Yang Xia, Qing-You Lai, Ren Wen, Shuo-Yang Papers Some lepidopteran lysozymes have been reported to display activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to most lysozymes that are active only against Gram-positive bacteria. OstrinLysC, a c-type lysozyme, was purified from the Asian corn borer, <it>Ostrinia furnacalis</it> Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and shows activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The NH<inf>2</inf>-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation and used in a homology cloning strategy. The gene coding for OstrinLysC contains three exons and two introns. The expression profile of the <it>OstrinlysC</it> gene was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Following injection of the larvae with bacteria, the <it>OstrinlysC</it> gene is strongly up-regulated in immune tissues. Transcripts were also detected in gut tissue. After feeding the larvae with bacteria, <it>OstrinlysC</it> transcripts increased in immune tissues. A very low level of transcript abundance was also detected in gut tissue. These results suggested that the <it>OstrinlysC</it> gene is involved in immune responses. The three dimensional structure of OstrinLysC was predicted. Based on comparison of the 3-D structure of OstrinLysC with that of silkworm lysozyme and chicken lysozyme, we hypothesize that the positive charge-rich surface and the short loop-2, which is close to the cluster of hydrophobic residues, may play important roles in the interaction with the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/182015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The insect chemoreceptor superfamily in Drosophila pseudoobscura: Molecular evolution of ecologically-relevant genes over 25 million years Robertson, Hugh M. Papers The insect chemoreceptor superfamily, consisting of the odorant receptor (Or) and gustatory receptor (Gr) families, exhibits patterns of evolution ranging from highly conserved proteins to lineage-specific gene subfamily expansions when compared across insect suborders and orders. Here their evolution across the timespan of 25 million years is examined which yield orthologous divergences ranging from 5–50%. They also reveal the beginnings of lineage-specific gene subfamilies as multiple duplications of particular gene lineages in either or both <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it> and <it>D. pseudoobscura</it> (Frolova and Astaurov) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Gene losses and pseudogenes are similarly evident in both lineages, and even in closer comparisons of <it>D. melanogaster</it> with <it>D. yakuba</it>, leaving these species with roughly similar numbers of chemoreceptors despite considerable gene turnover. The large range of divergences and gene duplications provide abundant raw material for studies of structure and function in this novel superfamily, which contains proteins that evolved to bind specific ligands that mediate much of the ecology and mating behavior of insects. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/192015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Evolution of the gene lineage encoding the carbon dioxide receptor in insects Robertson, Hugh M. Kent, Lauren B. Papers A heterodimer of the insect chemoreceptors Gr21a and Gr63a has been shown to be the carbon dioxide receptor in <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it> (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Comparison of the genes encoding these two proteins across the 12 available drosophilid fly genomes allows refined definition of their N-termini. These genes are highly conserved, along with a paralog of Gr21a, in the <it>Anopheles gambiae</it>, <it>Aedes aegypti</it>, and <it>Culex pipiens</it> mosquitoes, as well as in the silk moth <it>Bombyx mori</it> and the red flour beetle <it>Tribolium castaneum</it>. In the latter four species we name these three proteins Gr1, Gr2, and Gr3. Intron evolution within this distinctive three gene lineage is considerable, with at least 13 inferred gains and 39 losses. Surprisingly, this entire ancient gene lineage is absent from all other available more basal insect and related arthropod genomes, specifically the honey bee, parasitoid wasp, human louse, pea aphid, waterflea, and blacklegged tick genomes. At least two of these species can detect carbon dioxide, suggesting that they evolved other means to do so. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/19 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.1901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/22015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The seasonal natural history of the ant, Dolichoderus mariae, in northern Florida Laskis, Kristina O. Tschinkel, Walter R. Papers <it>Dolichoderus mariae</it> Forel, (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is an uncommon, monomorphic but locally abundant, reddish-brown ant of peculiar nesting habits, whose range includes most of the eastern USA. In north Florida the ant excavates soil under wiregrass clumps or other plants with fibrous roots to form a single, large, shallow, conical or ovoid chamber broadly open to the surface around the plant base. Colonies are highly polygyne and, during the warm season, inhabit multiple nests connected only by above ground trails, over which nests exchange workers. Although monomorphic, worker size may differ significantly between colonies. The colony cycle is dominated by strong seasonal polydomy. From one or two over-wintering nests, the colonies expanded to occupy up to 60 nests by late summer, then retract once more to one or two nests by mid-winter. The worker-to-queen ratio changed greatly during this cycle, with over two thousand workers per queen during fall and winter, dropping to a low of about 300 during midsummer. Most of these summer queens probably die during the fall. Colonies reoccupy roughly the same area year to year even though they contract down to one or two nests in winter. Observation of fights in the contact zone between colonies suggested that the colonies are territorial. The ants subsist by tending aphids and scale insects for honeydew and scavenging for dead insects within their territories. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/202015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina Murúa, M. Gabriela Molina-Ochoa, Jaime Fidalgo, Patricio Papers To develop a better understanding of the natural distribution of the fall armyworm, <it>Spodoptera frugiperda</it> (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and to update the knowledge of the incidence of its complex of parasitoids. <it>S. frugiperda</it>, samplings in whorl-stage corn were carried out in provinces of Argentina from 1999 to 2003. <it>S. frugiperda</it> larvae were collected from corn in localities of the provinces of Tucumán, Salta, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, La Rioja, Córdoba, San Luis, Chaco and Misiones. In each locality 30 corn plants were sampled and only larvae located in those plants were collected. The parasitoids that emerged from <it>S. frugiperda</it> larvae were identified and counted. The abundance of the parasitoids and the parasitism rate were estimated. The <it>S. frugiperda</it> parasitoids collected were <it>Campoletis grioti</it> (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), <it>Chelonus insularis</it> (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), <it>Archytas marmoratus</it> (Townsend) (Diptera Tachinidae) and/or <it>A. incertus</it> (Macquart), <it>Ophion</it> sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), <it>Euplectrus platyhypenae</it> Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and <it>Incamyia chilensis</it> (Aldrich) (Diptera Tachinidae). <it>C. grioti</it> was the most abundant and frequent during the five-year survey. Similar diversity of parasitoids was obtained in all the provinces, with the exception of <it>I. chilensis</it> and <it>E. platyhypenae</it> that were recovered only in the province of Salta. In the Northwestern region, in Tucumán, <it>C. grioti</it> and species of <it>Archytas</it> were the most abundant and frequent parasitoids. On the contrary, in Salta and Jujuy <it>Ch. insularis</it> was the parasitoid most abundant and frequently recovered. The parasitism rate obtained in Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy provinces were 21.96%, 17.87% and 6.63% respectively with an average of 18.93%. These results demonstrate that hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids of <it>S. frugiperda</it> occurred differentially throughout the Argentinian provinces and played an important role on the natural control of the <it>S. frugiperda</it> larval population. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/20 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/212015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags from the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis Hunter, Wayne B. Smith, Michael T. Hunnicutt, Laura E. Papers The Asian longhorned beetle, <it>Anoplophora glabripennis</it> (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is one of the most economically and ecologically devastating forest insects to invade North America in recent years. Despite its substantial impact, limited effort has been expended to define the genetic and molecular make-up of this species. Considering the significant role played by late-stadia larvae in host tree decimation, a small-scale EST sequencing project was done using a cDNA library constructed from 5th-instar <it>A. glabripennis</it>. The resultant dataset consisted of 599 high quality ESTs that, upon assembly, yielded 381 potentially unique transcripts. Each of these transcripts was catalogued as to putative molecular function, biological process, and associated cellular component according to the Gene Ontology classification system. Using this annotated dataset, a subset of assembled sequences was identified that are putatively associated with <it>A. glabripennis</it> development and metamorphosis. This work will contribute to understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that underlie coleopteran morphogenesis and enable the future development of novel control strategies for management of this insect pest. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/21 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/222015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 A primer for using transgenic insecticidal cotton in developing countries Showalter, Ann M. Heuberger, Shannon Tabashnik, Bruce E. Carrière, Yves Papers Many developing countries face the decision of whether to approve the testing and commercial use of insecticidal transgenic cotton and the task of developing adequate regulations for its use. In this review, we outline concepts and provide information to assist farmers, regulators and scientists in making decisions concerning this technology. We address seven critical topics: 1) molecular and breeding techniques used for the development of transgenic cotton cultivars, 2) properties of transgenic cotton cultivars and their efficacy against major insect pests, 3) agronomic performance of transgenic cotton in developing countries, 4) factors affecting transgene expression, 5) impact of gene flow between transgenic and non-transgenic cotton, 6) non-target effects of transgenic cotton, and 7) management of pest resistance to transgenic cotton. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/22 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/232015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Evaluation of yeasts and yeast products in larval and adult diets for the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, and adult diets for the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and the melon fly, Bactrocera curcurbitae Chang, Chiou Ling Papers Several yeasts and yeast products were tested in adult diets for the medfly <it>Ceratitis capitata</it> (Wiedemann), oriental fruit fly <it>Bactrocera dorsalis</it> (Hendel), and melon fly, <it>Bactrocera curcurbitae</it> (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and in larval liquid diet for mass-rearing <it>B. dorsalis</it>. Three hydrolyzed brewer's yeasts (FNILS65, FNI200 and FNI210), one glutamine enriched yeast (GSH), one vitamin-enriched yeast (RDA500), Korea yeast, whole cell yeasts, and combinations of them were evaluated. Adult flies fed on a diet with FNI210FNI210 + GSH and RDA500 produced the highest number of eggs in all three tested fruit fly species. However, no significant difference was seen in egg hatch from flies fed on these diets with yeast in comparison to the control standard diet. When these yeasts were incorporated into a larval liquid diet with wheat germ oil, FNI200 and FNIL65 showed significantly higher pupal recovery than those from FNI210 and better adult flying and mating than those from Korea yeast. Glutamine enriched yeast enhanced fly performance, especially with FNI200 + GSH and FNILS65 + GSH, but not vitamin enriched yeast. Among the larvae reared with FNI200 + GSH, FNILS65 + GSH and torula yeast, those reared in FNILS65 + GSH diet with wheat germ oil developed the best. In order to select the most cost-effective yeast for liquid diet, FNILS65 + GSH and wheat germ oil was combined with whole cell yeast (LBI2240 series) and compared to the control diet (conventional mill feed diet currently used in the rearing facility). A ratio of 3:1 of LBI2240 and FNILS65 + wheat germ oil was selected as the most effective yeast for oriental fruit fly liquid larval diet based on cost and performance parameters. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/23 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/242015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Novel pink bollworm resistance to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac: Effects on mating, oviposition, larval development and survival Fabrick, J.A. Jech, L. Forlow Henneberry, T. J. Papers Bt cotton plants are genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from the <it>Bacillus thuringiensis</it> (Bt) Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) bacterium and target key lepidopteran pests. In all previous strains of pink bollworm, <it>Pectinophora gossypiella</it> (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) selected in the laboratory for resistance to insecticidal Cry1Ac toxin using an artificial diet containing the toxin, resistance to Cry1Ac and to Bt cotton is linked to three cadherin alleles (<it>r1</it>, <it>r2</it>, and <it>r3</it>). In contrast, the BG(4) pink bollworm strain was selected for resistance to Bt cotton by feeding larvae for four days in each of 42 generations on bolls of 'NuCOTN33B®' that expressed Cry1Ac toxin. After additional selection for eleven generations on Cry1Ac-incorporated diet, the susceptibility to Cry1Ac, fecundity, egg viability, and mating of this strain (Bt4R) was compared with the unselected Cry1Ac-susceptible parent strain. Some larvae of the Bt4R strain survived on diet containing ≥10 μg Cry1Ac per milliliter artificial diet, but none survived on transgenic cotton bolls. In contrast to strains selected exclusively on Cry1Ac diet, some survival of progeny of reciprocal moth crosses of Bt4R resistant and Bt-susceptible strains occurred on Cry1Ac-treated diet, suggesting differences in levels of dominance. The Bt4R resistant strain does not have the <it>r1</it>, <it>r2</it>, or <it>r3</it> mutant cadherin genes as do all previous strains of pink bollworm selected on Cry1Ac-treated artificial diet. The combined results suggest a mechanism of resistance to Cry1Ac that is different from previously described cadherin mutations. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/24 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/252015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Host plant associations of an entomopathogenic variety of the fungus, Colletotrichum acutatum, recovered from the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Marcelino, José A. P. Gouli, Svetlana Parker, Bruce L. Skinner, Margaret Schwarzberg, Lora Giordano, Rosanna Papers A fungal epizootic has been detected in populations of the scale <it>Fiorinia externa</it> Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the eastern hemlock, <it>Tsuga canadensis</it> (L.) Carrière (Pinales: Pinaceae), of several northeastern states. <it>Colletotrichum acutatum</it> Simmonds var. <it>fioriniae</it> Marcelino and Gouli var. nov. inedit (Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae), a well-known plant pathogen, was the most commonly recovered fungus from these infected scales. This is the second report of a <it>Colletotrichum</it> sp. infecting scale insects. In Brazil <it>C. gloeosporioides</it> f. sp. <it>ortheziidae</it> recovered from <it>Orthezia praelonga</it> is under development as a biopesticide for citrus production. <it>C. acutatum</it> was detected growing endophytically in 28 species of plants within the epizootic areas. DNA sequences of the High Mobility Box at the MAT1-2, mating type gene indicate that <it>Colletotrichum</it> sp. isolates recovered from scale insects and plants within epizootic areas were identical. Results from plant bioassays showed that this entomopathogenic <it>Colletotrichum</it> variety grew endophytically in all of the plants tested without causing external symptoms or signs of infection, with the exception of strawberry plants where mild symptoms of infection were observed. The implications of these findings with respect to the use of this fungus as a biological control agent are discussed. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/262015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Special Feature: Diversity of insect-plant interactions in the eastern Andes of Ecuador Miller, James S. Dyer, Lee Papers Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/26 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/272015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Characterizing the cauline domatia of two newly discovered Ecuadorian ant plants in Piper: an example of convergent evolution Tepe, Eric J. Kelley, Walter A. Rodriguez-Castañeda, Genoveva Dyer, Lee A. Papers The stems of some myrmecophytes in <it>Piper</it> are used as domatia by resident ant colonies. Hollow, ant-occupied stems were previously known only in four species of southern Central American <it>Piper</it>, all members of Section <it>Macrostachys</it>. Here we present two additional, unrelated, hollow-stemmed myrmecophytes from Ecuador: <it>P. immutatum</it> and <it>P. pterocladum</it> (members of sections <it>Radula</it> and <it>Peltobryon</it>, respectively). Although similar superficially, stem cavities of the Ecuadorian <it>Piper</it> species differ morphologically and developmentally from those of Central American taxa. The stem cavities of <it>P. immutatum</it>, and possibly <it>P. pterocladum</it>, are formed during stem development, and begin forming only a few millimeters behind the apical meristem. This mode of cavity formation differs markedly from myrmecophytes in section <it>Macrostachys</it>, where the stems remain solid unless excavated by the specialized ant partner <it>Pheidole bicornis</it>. The stems of <it>P. immutatum</it> and <it>P. pterocladum</it> do not produce wound-response tissue around the cavity, unlike the stems in section <it>Macrostachys</it>. The entrance holes in stems of <it>P. immutatum</it> are formed through apoptotic processes and are located at each node below the petiole, whereas those in section <it>Macrostachys</it> are excavated by the ants in the leaf axil. This study documents convergent evolution of ant-plant associations in <it>Piper</it>, and emphasizes the need for careful comparison of apparently homologous, ant-associated structures in specialized myrmecophytes. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/27 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/282015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Geographic variation in host-specificity and parasitoid pressure of an herbivore (Geometridae) associated with the tropical genus Piper (Piperaceae) Connahs, Heidi Rodríguez-Castañeda, Genoveva Walters, Toni Walla, Thomas Dyer, Lee Papers The extraordinary diversity of tropical herbivores may be linked to hostplant specialization driven in part by variation in pressure from natural enemies. We quantified levels of host-specificity and parasitoid attack for the specialist herbivore, <it>Eois</it> (Geometridae). The goals of this research were to examine: 1) whether <it>Eois</it> are specialized on the genus <it>Piper</it> (Piperaceae) and if hostplant specialization varies geographically; 2) whether <it>Eois</it> are equally vulnerable to parasitoid attack across different geographic regions and by the same parasitoid families; and 3) whether parasitism levels vary with precipitation and elevation. Based on over 15,000 rearings, we found <it>Eois</it> caterpillars feeding exclusively on <it>Piper.</it> However, we did not detect geographic differences in host-specificity; each <it>Eois</it> species fed on an average of two <it>Piper</it> species. Parasitism levels of <it>Eois</it> varied significantly with climate and topography; <it>Eois</it> were most vulnerable to parasitoid attack in moist versus dry and wet forests and at low versus high elevations. The diversity of parasitoid families reared from <it>Eois</it> was greater in Ecuador and Costa Rica than in Panama, where parasitoids were primarily in the family Braconidae. The quantitative evidence for host-specificity provides support for the hypothesis that <it>Eois</it> are specialized on <it>Piper.</it> Our results also reveal that <it>Eois</it> are exposed to a mosaic of potential selective pressures due to variation in parasitoid attack over a large spatial scale. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/28 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/292015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 A key to New World Distatrix Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with descriptions of six new reared Neotropical species Grinter, Christopher C. Whitfield, James B. Connahs, Heidi Dyer, Lee A. Hallwachs, Winifred Janzen, Daniel H. Papers Six new species of the genus <it>Distatrix</it> Mason from Central and South America, <it>D. loretta, D. xanadon, D. vigilis, D. pitillaensis, D. pandora</it> Grinter, n. sp., and <it>D. antirrheae</it> Whitfield & Grinter, n. sp., are described from large-scale caterpillar inventory endeavors, mostly from the larvae of geometrid moths. Biological information and diagnostic features that distinguish these species from other previously described <it>Distatrix</it>, especially those from the Neotropical region, are provided; and the first key to New World species is presented. The new discoveries expand our knowledge of the World's widespread <it>Distatrix</it> fauna by about a third, suggesting that similar survey efforts in other poorly sampled regions will reveal numerous additional undescribed species. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/29 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.2901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/32015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Collembola are unlikely to cause human dermatitis CSH, Lim SL, Lim FT, Chew TC, Ong L, Deharveng Papers There have been several unconfirmed case reports of dermatitis caused by Collembola (springtails). We recently investigated two nurses with dermatitis suspected to be caused by <it>Drepanura</it> Schött (Collembola: Entomobryidae). IgE antibodies to Collembola proteins were not detected in sera from the nurses and skin tests with the Collembola extract and crushed whole Collembola were negative in both the nurses and volunteers. This study suggests that the springtail <it>Drepanura</it> may not cause human dermatitis and that other organisms and organic matter that are also found in the moist environment inhabited by Collembola might instead be responsible. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/302015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The early stages and natural history of Antirrhea adoptiva porphyrosticta (Watkins, 1928) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Morphinae) Greeney, Harold F. DeVries, Philip J. Penz, Carla M. Granizo-T, Rafael B. Connahs, Heidi Stireman, John O. Walla, Thomas R. Dyer, Lee A. Papers Here we describe the immature stages and ecological associations of <it>Antirrhea adoptiva porphyrosticta</it> Watkins, 1928 (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae:Morphinae). The cloud forest bamboo, <it>Chusquea scandens</it> Kunth (Bambusoidea: Poaceae), serves as the larval food plant for this butterfly in eastern Ecuador, the first hostplant record for <it>Antirrhea</it> outside the family Arecaceae. The larvae of <it>A. adoptiva porphyrosticta</it> are superficially similar to those of other <it>Antirrhea</it> species. We also provide observations on adult and larval behavior. Caterpillars of this butterfly species are parasitized by tachinid flies, as well as by Ichneumonidae and a newly described braconid wasp. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/30 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/312015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Reared microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Yanayacu Biological Station and environs (Napo Province, Ecuador): Diversity and host specialization Whitfield, James B. Rodriguez, Josephine J. Masonick, Paul K. Papers The microgastrine braconid wasps recovered up through 2007 by the NSF-sponsored rearing project "Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador" are summarized in terms of their host specialization and faunistic uniqueness. Two hundred fifty eight rearings of caterpillars resulted in records of Microgastrinae, distributed among 14 genera (<it>Apanteles</it> Förster, <it>Choeras</it> Mason, <it>Cotesia</it> Cameron, <it>Diolcogaster</it> Ashmead, <it>Distatrix</it> Mason, <it>Dolichogenidea</it> Viereck, <it>Exix</it> Mason, <it>Glyptapanteles</it> Ashmead, <it>Hypomicrogaster</it> Ashmead, <it>Papanteles</it> Mason, <it>Parapanteles</it> Ashmead, <it>Protapanteles</it> Ashmead, <it>Sathon</it> Mason and <it>Venanus</it> Mason<it>)</it>. Eleven records of hyperparasitoids of Microgastrinae are also summarized; <it>Mesochorus</it> Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampidae are both recorded. The results are compared to those recovered by surveys in other parts of the world, especially by the Janzen-Hallwachs survey of the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. An annotated list of microgastrine genera not yet recorded at Yanayacu, but which we expect to eventually find there based on extrapolation from their known geographic distributions, is provided. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/31 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/322015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The life history and shelter building behavior of Vettius coryna coryna Hewitson, 1866 in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) Greeney, Harold F. Warren, Andrew D. Papers We describe all life-stages of <it>Vettius coryna coryna</it> Hewitson, 1866 in eastern Ecuador. The details of larval shelter structure and associated shelter building behavior are described and illustrated, as observed on two grass species (Poaceae). We provide brief observations on <it>V. coryna</it> adult behavior and a review of known life history information for other species of <it>Vettius</it> Godman, 1901. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/332015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The immature stages and shelter building behavior of Falga jeconia ombra Evans, 1955 in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) Greeney, Harold F. Warren, Andrew D. Papers We describe the immature stages and shelter building behavior of <it>Falga jeconia ombra</it> <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R11">Evans, 1955</cross-ref> from eastern Ecuador. <it>Chusquea scandens</it> (Poaceae, Bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. Larvae in all stadia build shelters and forcibly eject frass with the aid of an anal comb. Later instars possess an eversible prothoracic "neck" gland. Larvae are associated with moving water. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/33 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/342015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 A new species of solitary Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from caterpillars of toxic butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Ecuador Shaw, Scott R. Jones, Guinevere Z. Papers A new species of parasitoid wasp, <it>Meteorus rugonasus</it> Shaw and Jones (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is described from the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo Province, Ecuador. The new species is diagnosed and compared to other species in the genus. It was reared from larvae of <it>Pteronymia zerlina</it> (Hewitson, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Ithomiinae) found feeding on leaves of Solanum (Solanaceae). The parasitoid is solitary. This is the first record of a <it>Meteorus</it> species attacking ithomiine Nymphalidae. A new species of parasitoid wasp, <it>Meteorus rugonasus</it> Shaw and Jones (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is described from the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo Province, Ecuador. The new species is diagnosed and compared to other species in the genus. It was reared from larvae of <it>Pteronymia zerlina</it> (Hewitson, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Ithomiinae) found feeding on leaves of <it>Solanum</it> (Solanaceae). The parasitoid is solitary. This is the first record of a <it>Meteorus</it> species attacking ithomiine Nymphalidae. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/34 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/352015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The immature stages and natural history of Veladyris pardalis (Salvin, 1869) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) Greeney, Harold F. Hill, Ryan I. Simbaña, Wilmer Rosendo Gentry, Grant Papers We describe the immature stages and oviposition behavior of <it>Veladyris pardalis</it> (Salvin, 1869) from northeastern Ecuador. An unidentified species of <it>Solanum</it> (Solanaceae) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly on leaves, stems or epiphytes growing on the host. <it>Veladyris pardalis</it> has four larval stadia, and takes 64–70 days to mature from oviposition to adult. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/35 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/362015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 A new species of Andesipolis Whitfield & Choi from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with notes on biology and classification (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rhysipolinae) Townsend, Andrew C. Shaw, Scott R. Papers A new species of braconid wasp, <it>Andesipolis yanayacu,</it> is described from the eastern Andes of Ecuador. <it>Andesipolis yanayacu</it> was reared as a gregarious koinobiont parasitoid of shelter building Pyralidae (Lepidoptera) larvae feeding on Urticaceae (<it>Phenax rugosus</it> and <it>Boehmeria bullata</it>). These are the first biological observations for the genus <it>Andesipolis</it> and the first species recorded from Ecuador. This is also the northern-most record for the genus as previously described species are from Chile. Based on morphological attributes and the newly discovered biology, <it>Andesipolis</it> is re-classified from the subfamily Mesostoinae into the subfamily Rhysipolinae. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/36 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/372015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Nine new species of Aleiodes Wesmael reared at Yanayacu Biological Station (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) in eastern Ecuador Townsend, Andrew C. Shaw, Scott R. Papers Nine new species of <it>Aleiodes</it> (Braconidae: Rogadinae) are described and illustrated: <it>A. aclydis</it>, <it>A. albiterminus</it>, <it>A. arbitrium</it>, <it>A. atripileatus</it>, <it>A. capillosus</it>, <it>A. greeneyi</it>, <it>A. nebulosus</it>, <it>A. speciosus</it> and <it>A. stilpnos</it>. Because of the difficulties in distinguishing Neotropical species that belong to the <it>circumscriptus</it> and <it>gastritor</it> species-groups, a larger species-group combining the two, termed the <it>circumscriptus/gastritor</it> species-group, is created. The new species described in this study belonged to the <it>seriatus</it>, <it>albitibia</it>, <it>gressitti</it>, and <it>circumscriptus/gastritor</it> species-groups, respectively. <it>Aleiodes capillosus</it> represents the first Neotropical species belonging to the gressitti species-group. Of the 34 previously described Neotropical species in <it>Aleiodes</it>, only 13 have known biologies. The <it>Aleiodes</it> species in this study were reared from the families Geometridae and Noctuidae, two of the most common host families of other <it>Aleiodes</it> species worldwide. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/37 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/382015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The early stages of Pedaliodes poesia (Hewitson, 1862) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Pronophilina) Greeney, Harold F. Pyrcz, Tomasz W. DeVries, Philip J. Dyer, Lee A. Papers We describe the immature stages <it>Pedaliodes poesia</it><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R12">Hewitson, 1862</cross-ref> from northeastern Ecuador. <it>Chusquea scandens</it> (Poaceae, Bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly or in pairs on the bottom side of host plant leaves. The duration of the egg, larval, and pupal stages, combined, is 99–107 days. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/38 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/392015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Species richness and host associations of Lepidoptera-attacking Tachinidae in the northeast Ecuadorian Andes Stireman, John O. Greeney, Harold F. Dyer, Lee A. Papers Most of the unknown biological diversity of macro-organisms remaining to be discovered and described lies in the tropical regions of the world and consists primarily of insects. Those insects with parasitoid lifestyles constitute a significant portion of insect diversity, yet parasitoids are among the most poorly known of major insect guilds in the humid tropics. Here we describe and analyze the richness of one diverse taxon of parasitoids, flies in the family Tachinidae, reared from Lepidoptera as part of a biological survey of Lepidoptera and their parasitoids in one mid-elevation (2000 m) area in the northeast Ecuadorian Andes. One hundred fifty-seven separable tachinid "morpho-species" were reared from approximately 160 species of Lepidoptera in 16 families. These tachinid flies were recovered from a sample of over 12,800 successful caterpillar rearing events that resulted in either adult Lepidoptera or parasitoids. Tachinid species accumulation and rarefaction curves exhibit no sign of reaching an asymptote and richness estimators indicate that the community likely consists of nearly twice this number of species (at minimum). Most tachinid species were reared infrequently, with 50% being represented by a single individual. The majority of species appeared to be relatively specialized on one or a few related hosts, but sampling was insufficient to make strong inferences regarding host range. The tribes Blondeliini and Goniini were the best represented, but some tribes that were expected to be common such as Tachinini and Winthemiini were poorly represented. The estimates of tachinid species richness derived here are suggestive of a far more diverse tachinid community than in temperate localities in North America. Additional rearing of Lepidoptera, as well as other herbivorous insect taxa, along with the use of additional collecting methods will be necessary to achieve a more accurate understanding of the richness of tropical Tachinidae and their contribution to broader patterns of tropical biodiversity. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/39 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.3901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/42015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Purification and biochemical characterization of a specific {beta}-glucosidase from the digestive fluid of larvae of the palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum Yapi, Désiré Yapi Assoi Gnakri, Dago Niamke, Sebastien Lamine Kouame, Lucien Patrice Papers A β-glucosidase was purified from the digestive fluid of the palm weevil <it>Rhynchophorus palmarum</it> L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by chromatography on anion-exchange, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction columns. The preparation was shown to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels. β-glucosidase is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa based on its mobility in SDS-PAGE and 60 kDa based on gel filtration. Maximal β-glucosidase activity occurred at 55°C and pH 5.0. The purified β-glucosidase was stable at 37°C and its pH stability was in the range of 5.0–6.0. The enzyme readily hydrolyzed <it>p</it>-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside, cellobiose, cellodextrins and required strictly β-gluco configuration for activity. It cleaved glucose-glucose beta-(1–4) linkages better than β-(1–2), β-(1–3) and β-(1–6) linkages. The catalytic efficiency (K<inf>cat</inf>/K<inf>M</inf>) values for <it>p</it>-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside and cellobiose were respectively 240.48 mM−1s−1 and 134.80 mM−1s−1. Beta-glucosidase was capable of catalysing transglucosylation reactions. The yield of glucosylation of 2-phenylethanol (20 %), catalysed by the beta-glucosidase in the presence of cellobiose as glucosyl donor, is lower than those reported previously with conventional sources of beta-glucosidases. In addition, the optimum pH is different for the hydrolysis (pH 5.0) and transglucosylation reactions (pH 6.6). Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/402015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Economic injury level of the psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, on pistachio, Pistacia vera cv. Ohadi Hassani, Mohammad Reza Nouri-Ganbalani, Gadir Izadi, Hamzeh Shojai, Mahmoud Basirat, Mehdi Papers The pistachio psylla, <it>Agonoscena pistaciae</it> Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a major pest of pistachio trees, <it>Pistacia vera</it> L. (Sapindalis: Anacardiaceae) throughout pistachio-producing regions in Iran. Different density levels of <it>A. pistaciae</it> nymphs were maintained on pistachio trees by different insecticide dosages to evaluate the relationship between nymph density and yield loss (weight of 1000 nuts). Psylla nymph densities were monitored weekly by counting nymphs on pistachio terminal leaflets. There was a significant reduction in weight of 1000 nuts as seasonal averages of nymphs increased. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between nymph density and weight of 1000 nuts. The economic injury levels varied as a function of market values, management costs, insecticide efficiency and yield loss rate and ranged from 7.7 to 30.7 nymphal days per terminal leaflet, based on weight of 1000 nuts. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/40 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/412015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Detection of predation using qPCR: Effect of prey quantity, elapsed time, chaser diet, and sample preservation on detectable quantity of prey DNA Weber, Donald C. Lundgren, Jonathan G. Papers Using quantitative PCR that amplified a prey-specific mtDNA 214 bp amplicon from the COI mitochondrial gene of the Colorado potato beetle, <it>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</it> (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), prey eggs of known age and number were fed to larvae of the generalist predator lady beetle <it>Coleomegilla maculata</it> (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to elucidate the effects of time and diet since consumption, number of prey eggs, and methods for sample fixation and preservation, on the quantity of target DNA detected . Signal was strongly attenuated directly after cessation of feeding, even when predators were immediately frozen at −20°C. However, the quantity of target detected was significantly related to the number of eggs consumed and the time elapsed time since eating. Decrease in detected prey DNA was consistent with a negative exponential model. The target DNA sequence disappeared from starved predators (quantitative half-life estimate of 59 min) more slowly than those fed potato aphids after consuming the target prey eggs (half-life estimate 16 min), whereas those fed <it>C. maculata</it> eggs as a chaser were intermediate in the rate at which they degraded the target prey DNA sequence. Fixative protocols are of critical importance in proper use of the qPCR technique. Among seven methods tested, storing the predator immediately in 70% ethanol prechilled to 20°C yielded the highest amount of target sequence, 22.8% of that recovered directly from a single intact prey egg. Samples frozen without solvent at −80°C and −20°C yielded only 6.0% and 2.3% of the target DNA respectively, and room temperature ethanol and ethylene glycol-based antifreeze averaged below 1% recovery of target DNA. Nevertheless, target prey was detected in more than 80% of antifreeze-stored predators. Predators killed and held at room temperature for 4 h or 5 days yielded no target prey DNA in 18 of 20 cases. These results emphasize both the value and the complexities of application of the qPCR technique to field predation studies. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/41 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/422015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Scaling of individual phosphorus flux by caterpillars of the whitemarked tussock moth, Orygia leucostigma Meehan, T. D. Lindroth, R. L. Papers We conducted a laboratory study to evaluate the effects of body mass, environmental temperature, and food quality on phosphorus (P) efflux by caterpillars of the whitemarked tussock moth, <it>Orygia leucostigma</it>, J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). We found that individual phosphorus efflux rate (<it>Q</it>, the rate at which excreted and unassimilated P was egested in frass, mg P/day) was related to larval mass (<it>M</it>, mg dry) and environmental temperature (<it>T</it>, K) as <it>Q</it> = <it>e</it>14.69<it>M</it>1.00<it>e</it>−0.54/<it>kT</it>, where <it>k</it> is Boltzmann's constant (8.62 × 10−5 eV/K, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J). We also found that P efflux was not related to food phosphorous concentration, and suggest that this result was due to compensatory feeding by larvae eating low quality leaves. The P efflux model resulting from this analysis was simple and powerful. Thus, it appears that this type of model can be used to scale P flux from individual larvae to the population level and link species of insect herbivores to ecosystem processes. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/432015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Digestion of starch granules from maize, potato and wheat by larvae of the the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor and the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus Meireles, Elaine A. Carneiro, Cíntia N. B. DaMatta, Renato A. Samuels, Richard I. Silva, Carlos P. Papers Scanning electron microscopy images were taken of starch granules from different sources following exposure <it>in vivo</it> and <it>in vitro</it> to gut α-amylases isolated from <it>Tenebrio molitor</it> L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and <it>Zabrotes subfasciatus</it> Boheman (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). One α-amylase was isolated from whole larval midguts of <it>T. molitor</it> using non-denaturing SDS-PAGE, while two other α-amylase fractions were isolated from whole larval midguts of <it>Z. subfasciatus</it> using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. , Digested starch granules from larvae fed on maize, potato or wheat were isolated from midgut contents. Combinations of starch granules with isolated α-amylases from both species showed similar patterns of granule degradation. <it>In vitro</it> enzymatic degradation of maize starch granules by the three different α-amylase fractions began by creating small holes and crater-like areas on the surface of the granules. Over time, these holes increased in number and area resulting in extensive degradation of the granule structure. Granules from potato did not show formation of pits and craters on their surface, but presented extensive erosion in their interior. For all types of starch, as soon as the interior of the starch granule was reached, the inner layers of amylose and amylopectin were differentially hydrolyzed, resulting in a striated pattern. These data support the hypothesis that the pattern of starch degradation depends more on the granule type than on the α-amylase involved. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/43 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/442015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Future fitness of female insect pests in temporally stable and unstable habitats and its impact on habitat utility as refuges for insect resistance management Caprio, Michael A. Parker, C. D. Schneider, John C. Papers The long-term fitness of individuals is examined in complex and temporally dynamic ecosystems. We call this multi-generation fitness measure "future fitness". <it>Helicoverpa zea</it> (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect that feeds on many wild and cultivated hosts. While four generations of <it>H. zea</it> occur during the cropping season in the U.S. Mid Southern agroecosysem, the latter two generations were of most interest, as corn (which has been largely non-transgenic in the Mid-South) dominates the first two generations in the cropping system. In simulations of the evolution of resistance to Bt-transgenic crops, cotton refuge areas were found to be significantly more effective than similar soybean acreages at delaying the evolution of resistance. Cotton is a suitable host for <it>H. zea</it> during two late summer generations, while a soybean field is suitable for only one of these generations, therefore soybean fields of other maturity groups were simulated as being attractive during the alternative generation. A hypothetical soybean variety was tested in which a single field would be attractive over both generations and it was found to be significantly more effective at delaying resistance than simulated conventional soybean varieties. Finally, the placement of individuals emerging at the start of the 3rd (first without corn) generation was simulated in either refuge cotton, conventional soybean and the hypothetical long attractive soybean and the mean number of offspring produced was measured at the end of the season. Although females in conventional and long soybean crops had the same expected fecundity, because of differences in temporal stability of the two crops, the long soybean simulations had significantly more <it>H. zea</it> individuals at the end of the season than the conventional soybean simulations. These simulations demonstrate that the long-term fecundity associated with an individual is dependent not only on the fecundity of that individual in its current habitat, but also the temporal stability of habitats, the ecosystem at large and the likelihood that the individual's offspring will move into different habitats. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/44 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/452015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Field and laboratory responses of male leaf roller moths, Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis pyrusana, to pheromone concentrations in an attracticide paste formulation Curkovic, Tomislav Brunner, Jay F. Landolt, Peter J. Papers Male leafroller moths, <it>Choristoneura rosaceana</it> (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and <it>Pandemis pyrusana</it> (Kearfott), were evaluated for responses to a paste formulation loaded with a range of concentrations of the two species' pheromone blends and evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel and in the field. Response criteria were flight, flight towards the pheromone source, and contact with the pheromone source for the wind tunnel assays, and capture of moths in traps for the field tests. In the wind tunnel and field, responses of males of both species to the paste generally increased as the pheromone concentration in the paste was increased. There was little response by either species to paste with less than 0.16% pheromone. The relationship between pheromone concentration and response for <it>P. pyrusana</it> was linear and for <it>C. rosaceana</it> was sinusoidal over the range of pheromone concentrations tested. These patterns were seen both in the wind tunnel and in the field. Initial release rates from the paste of (<it>Z</it>)<it>-</it>11-tetradecenyl acetate, the main component of the pheromone blends of both species was 3.6–3.8 ng/h. Inhibitory thresholds for responses were not reached for either species, using pheromone concentrations as high as 16%, in either the wind tunnel or the field. For both species, response of males to rubber septa with one mg pheromone loads was similar to the response to the paste with pheromone at concentrations greater than 3–4%. For <it>C. rosaceana</it>, rates of contact with the paste in the wind tunnel were statistically similar to rates of contact in response to conspecific females, with paste pheromone concentrations above 1.6%. Response rates for males of <it>P. pyrusana</it> were significantly lower to the paste than to conspecific females at all paste pheromone concentrations tested. Overall, the optimum pheromone concentration in the paste for moth attraction to contact was 3.2 % for <it>C. rosaceana</it> and 8% for <it>P. pyrusana.</it> Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/462015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Seasonality of litter insects and relationship with rainfall in a wet evergreen forest in south Western Ghats Anu, Anto Sabu, Thomas K PJ, Vineesh Papers The seasonality of litter insect abundance and its relationship with rainfall was analyzed in a wet evergreen forest on the windward side of south Western Ghats. Monthly litter samples were collected using Berlese funnels during 4 seasons of a year: southwest monsoon season (June–August), northeast monsoon season (September–November), summer (March –May) and pre-summer season (December–February). Insect fauna as a whole showed no seasonal variation in abundance, however, some individual insect orders showed significant seasonal variation. Overall insect fauna and individual orders were distributed independently relative to rainfall. All insect orders with the exception of Psocoptera were present during all four seasons. Coleoptera (42%) was the dominant group in all seasons followed by Formicidae (12.3%), insect larvae (10.1%), Collembola (9.2%) and Thysanoptera (8.9%). Exceptionally high abundance of Ptiliidae contributed to the unprecedented abundance of litter Coleoptera. The aseasonality of litter insect fauna as a whole is attributed to year-round availability of rainfall and the absence of severe summer conditions. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/46 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/472015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa Walton, Vaughn M. Krüger, Kerstin Saccaggi, Davina L. Millar, Ian M. Papers Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were <it>Planococcus ficus</it> (Signoret)<it>, Pseudococcus longispinus</it> (Targioni Tozzetti)<it>, Coccus hesperidum</it> L. and <it>Nipaecoccus viridis</it> (Newstead). With the exception of <it>Pl. ficus</it>, which has only been collected from <it>Vitis vinifera</it> (Vitaceae) and <it>Ficus carica</it> (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for <it>Ferrisia malvastra</it> (McDaniel) and <it>N. viridis</it> that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/47 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/482015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Distribution and abundance of parasites of the rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis: Reassessment of a classic example of biological control in the southeastern United States Chantos, Jillian M. Vinson, S. Bradleigh Helms, Ken R. Papers Control of the rhodesgrass mealybug, <it>Antonina graminis</it> Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), by the encyrtid wasp <it>Neodusmetia sangwani</it> is considered a textbook example of classical biological control. However, recent evidence suggests that <it>A. graminis</it> is abundant in the southeastern United States and no recent surveys have been conducted to determine the status of <it>N. sangwani</it> or other <it>A. graminis</it> parasites. A survey was conducted and it was found that <it>N. sangwani</it> was uncommon overall, occurring at only 20 percent of survey sites. In addition, <it>N. sangwani</it> exhibited a patchy geographic distribution. Possible causes for these results are that <it>N. sangwani</it> has not dispersed widely since its introduction, or that the imported fire ant, <it>Solenopsis invicta,</it> is interfering with biological control. These results suggest that a reevaluation of the efficacy of biological control may be necessary. The survey also found two other encyrtid wasps utilizing <it>A. graminis</it> as a host. One, <it>Acerophagus</it> sp., is apparently native and was nearly as frequent as <it>N. sangwani</it>, while the other, <it>Pseudectroma</it> sp., is apparently introduced and relatively rare. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/48 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/492015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Impact of darker, intermediate and lighter phenotypes of body melanization on desiccation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster Parkash, Ravi Rajpurohit, Subhash Ramniwas, Seema Papers A possible link between melanization and desiccation resistance can be inferred if within population differences in melanization find significant correlations with desiccation resistance and its mechanistic basis i.e. rate of water loss/hr. Accordingly, darker, intermediate and lighter phenotypes of body melanization were analyzed in wild and laboratory reared <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it> L. (Diptera: Clyclorrapha) populations from highland and lowland sites located in close proximity at five different latitudinal locations (11.15 °N to 31.06°N) within the Indian subcontinent. In large population samples, occurrence of significant within population variability made it possible to assort non-overlapping phenotypes of body coloration (i.e. lighter (< 25%), intermediate (30 to 40%) and darker (> 45%)) for all the populations which were further investigated for desiccation resistance and rate of water loss/hr. Significantly, higher desiccation resistance but much reduced rate of water loss/hr were observed in darker and intermediate phenotypes in all the populations. By contrast, lighter phenotypes exhibited lower desiccation tolerance but higher rate of water loss/hr. A regression analysis between traits provided similar slope values for wild and laboratory populations. For all three physiological traits, predicted trait values from multiple regression analysis as a simultaneous function of annual average temperature and relative humidity, matched the observed values. We infer that parallel changes in melanization and desiccation resistance may result from decreasing annual average temperature and relative humidity along increasing latitude as well as altitude on the Indian subcontinent. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/49 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.4901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/52015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Egg parasitoids of Proconiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in northwestern Mexico, with description of a new species of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Triapitsyn, Serguei V. Bernal, Julio S. Papers Nine species of Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae parasitic on eggs of Proconiini sharpshooters (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) were collected in northwestern Mexico in relation to neoclassical biological control efforts against glassy-winged sharpshooter, <it>Homalodisca vitripennis</it> (Germar), in California. <it>Gonatocerus chula</it> Triapitsyn and Bernal sp. n., which belongs to the <it>ater</it> species group of <it>Gonatocerus</it> Nees (Mymaridae), is described. Specimens of <it>G. chula</it> sp. n. were reared from eggs of the smoke-tree sharpshooter, <it>Homalodisca liturata</it> Ball, on jojoba [<it>Simmondsia chinensis</it> (Link) C. K. Schneider] leaves collected in central Sonora state, Mexico. Also given are new data on other egg parasitoids of <it>Homalodisca</it> spp. and <it>Oncometopia</it> spp. in Sinaloa and Sonora states, Mexico, including <it>Gonatocerus atriclavus</it> Girault, <it>G. morrilli</it> (Howard), and <it>G. novifasciatus</it> Girault, and the Trichogrammatidae <it>Burksiella</it> sp(p)., <it>Ittys</it> sp., <it>Pseudoligosita</it> sp., <it>Ufens ceratus</it> Owen, and <it>U. principalis</it> Owen. For the first time, a species of <it>Ittys</it> is recorded from eggs of Proconiini, and <it>U. principalis</it> from Mexico. Colonies of <it>G. atriclavus</it>, <it>G. novifasciatus</it> and <it>Pseudoligosita</it> sp. were successfully established in a quarantine laboratory at University of California, Riverside, on eggs of the glassy-winged sharpshooter. These three parasitoid species had never been reared under laboratory conditions. In addition, seven species of Proconiini were collected in central and northwestern Mexico: <it>Cyrtodisca major</it> (Signoret), <it>Homalodisca insolita</it> (Walker), <it>H. liturata</it> Ball, <it>Oncometopia</it> sp. cf. <it>clarior</it> (Walker), <it>O.</it> sp. cf. <it>trilobata</it> Melichar, <it>O.</it> (<it>Similitopia</it>) sp., and <it>Phera centrolineata</it> (Signoret). <it>Oncometopia</it> sp. cf. <it>clarior</it>, <it>O.</it> sp. cf. <it>trilobata</it>, and <it>O.</it> (<it>Similitopia</it>) sp. appeared to be undescribed species. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/502015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Egg formation in Lepidoptera Telfer, William H. Papers Reproductive biology in the Twentieth Century produced comprehensive descriptions of the mechanisms of egg formation in most of the major orders of insects. While many general principles of ovarian development and physiology emerged, every order turned out to have a set of its own special motifs. Discovery of the lepidopteran motifs is summarized in this essay. The emphasis is on developmental mechanisms, beginning with the early growth and differentiation of female germ cells and ending, after many turns in morphogenesis, physiology and biosynthesis, with eggs that are filled with yolk and encased in chorions. Examples of uniquely lepidopteran traits include the cellular composition of ovarian follicles, the number of tubular ovarioles in which they mature, the functions of cell-to-cell junctional complexes in their maturation, their use of glycosaminoglycans to maintain intercellular patency during vitellogenesis, the role of proton and calcium pumps in their ion physiology, a separate postvitellogenic period of water and inorganic ion uptake, and the fine structure and protein composition of their chorions. Discovery of this combination of idiosyncracies was based on advances in the general concepts and techniques of cell and molecular biology and on insights borrowed from studies on other insects. The lepidopteran ovary in turn has contributed much to the understanding of egg formation in insects generally. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/50 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/512015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Demography and life history of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae, on two moths Anagasta kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella in the laboratory S, Iranipour A, Farazmand M, Saber Mashhadi, Jafarloo M Papers The egg parasitoid, <it>Trichogramma brassicae</it> Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is the most important and widely distributed species of <it>Trichogramma</it> in Iran. It attacks eggs of several lepidopterous pests, and is a major biological control agent. Rearing parasitoids is necessary for experimental work, and, potentially, for mass release in the field. Selecting a suitable host is critical for developing a successful rearing method. If other conditions are the same, the rate of population increase will be a suitable indicator of parasitoid performance on different hosts. However, conclusions based on a single generation can be misleading because of the learning ability of parasitoids. Life history parameters of <it>T. brassicae</it> were studied on two hosts easily reared in the laboratory, <it>Anagasta kuehniella</it> Zeller, and <it>Plodia interpunctella</it> Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). All the experiments were carried out at 24 ± 1°C, 65±10% RH, and 16:8 L:D photoperiod. Eight parameters including gross and net reproductive rates (GRR and R<inf>0</inf> respectively), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r<inf>m</inf>), finite rate of population increase (λ), intrinsic birth and death rates (b and d respectively), cohort generation time (T), and doubling time (DT) were compared between two hosts for two generations. All parameters showed a highly significant difference (α = 0.01) between hosts. GRR, R<inf>0</inf>, r<inf>m</inf>, λ, and b were higher, while d, T, and DT were lower in <it>Anagasta</it> than <it>Plodia</it>. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.2912 and 0.2145 female/female/day and net replacement rate was 45.51 and 19.26 female/female/generation in <it>Anagasta</it> and <it>Plodia</it> respectively. Differences between generations were significant except for r<inf>m</inf>, λ, and d. The net replacement rate was 28.56 and 39 in the 1st and 2nd generations respectively. These results showed that <it>A. kuehniella</it> was a better host than <it>P. interpunctella</it>. Higher reproduction occurred in the second generation that may be due to increased adaptation to experimental conditions. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/522015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Response of the cutworm Spodoptera litura to sesame leaves or crude extracts in diet Sintim, Henry Ofosuhene Tashiro, Toru Motoyama, Naoki Papers The effects of extracts of sesame, <it>Sesamum indicum</it> L. (Liamiales: Pedaliaceae), and whole leaves of some selected cultivars of sesame were tested using a natural host <it>Spodoptera litura</it> (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indices taken using the immature stages include; diet utilization, growth and development and induction of detoxification enzymes. The results indicate that <it>S. litura</it> generally selects its food amongst cultivars within 6 hours after food presentation. Growth and development of the insect is controlled also by plant acceptability and quality. Although all the cultivars tested significantly limit insect growth and development the variety 56S-radiatum did not allow a complete life cycle as pupation from first instar stage was 0%. Generally the crucial period for immature <it>S. litura</it> was the larval period, especially the first two instars where the weight of an insect fed on an experimental diet was three times lower than that of a control diet. The larval developmental period was greater than 40 days as compared to 17 days for insects fed a control diet. <it>S. litura</it> also had lowered efficiency in utilizing ingested food, from a low of 13% in a sesame cultivar to 45% in the control diet. The key detoxification enzyme was a glutathione s-transferase that was confirmed by a 6-fold increase between <it>S. litura</it> fed a plant cultivar vs. a control diet towards the substrate 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. First and second instars of <it>S. litura</it> have a relatively reduced detoxification of enzymes in response to plant cultivar diets leading to low survival. A 3% v/w crude extract of the cultivars increased enzyme induction towards all the tested substrates. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/52 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/532015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Pathogenicity of the fungus, Aspergillus clavatus, isolated from the locust, Oedaleus senegalensis, against larvae of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus Seye, Fawrou Faye, Oumar Ndiaye, Mady Njie, Ebrima Afoutou, José Marie Papers The use of insect pathogenic fungi is a promising alternative to chemical control against mosquitoes. Among the Hyphomycetes isolated from insects for mosquito control, the genus <it>Aspergillus</it> remains the least studied. In September 2005, four fungi were isolated from the Senegalese locust, <it>Oedaleus senegalensis</it> Kraus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), collected in Dakar, Senegal. One of these fungi, identified as <it>Aspergillus clavatus,</it> Desmazières (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae) was highly pathogenic against larvae of the mosquitoes <it>Aedes aegypti</it> L.<it>, Anopheles gambiae</it> s.l. Giles and <it>Culex quinquefasciatus</it> Say (Diptera: Culicidae). An application of 1.2 mg/ml dry conidia yielded 100% mortality after 24 hours against both <it>Ae. aegypti</it> and <it>Cx. quinquefasciatus</it> while with <it>An. gambiae</it> it was 95%. With unidentified species in the genus <it>Aspergillus</it>, mortality after 24 h was <5% against all the larval species. Application of <it>A. clavatus</it> produced in a wheat powder medium using doses ranging between 4.3 to 21x107 spores/ml, caused 11 to 68% mortality against <it>Cx. quinquefasciatus</it> at 24h, and 37 to 100% against <it>Ae. aegypti</it>. Microscopic observations showed fungal germination on both <it>Ae. aegypti</it> and <it>Cx. quinquefasciatus</it> larvae. Histological studies revealed that <it>A. clavatus</it> penetrated the cuticle, invaded the gut and disintegrated its cells. Some <it>Cx. quinquefasciatus</it> larvae, treated with <it>A. clavatus</it> reached the pupal stage and produced infected adults. However, the infection was mainly located on the extremity of their abdomen. These results suggest that <it>A. clavatus</it> could be an effective tool to manage mosquito proliferation. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/542015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Daily activity patterns of two co-occurring tropical satyrine butterflies Peixoto, Paulo Enrique Cardoso Benson, Woodruff W. Papers Adult males and females of many insect species are expected to adjust their daily activity pattern in order to avoid stressful climatic conditions and increase the chances to encounter sexual partners. Using scan sampling methods associated with focal individual observations it was found that two satyrine butterflies of similar size and morphology, <it>Hermeuptychia hermes</it> (Fabricius) (Leptidoptera: Nymphalidae) and <it>Paryphthimoides phronius</it> (Godart), show completely different daily activity patterns on forest edges in southeastern Brazil. <it>Hermeuptychia hermes</it> presents one abundance peak in the morning and another in the late afternoon, while <it>P. phronius</it> abundance peaks in the mid-day, remaining stable until 1700 h. This difference is probably due to the occurrence of territorial behavior in the later species. The beginning of territorial defense by <it>P. phronius</it> males coincided with the time of new-born female activity. However, newly hatched females were not sexually receptive. The afternoon territoriality in male <it>P. phronius</it> may be in part related to mate acquisition. However, why the abundance of <it>H. hermes</it> decreases when the abundance of <it>P. phronius</it> increases is less clear. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/54 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/552015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut Ray, Kathryn Mercedes, Maria Chan, Doris Choi, Chi Yan Nishiura, James T. Papers Factors affecting larval growth and nutrition have consequences on adult fecundity. Since the mosquito larval midgut is the primary organ of digestion and nutrient absorption, factors that affect the growth and development of the midgut may have potential consequences on the reproductive potential of the adult. To gain a better understanding of mosquito midgut development the growth and metamorphic remodeling of the <it>Aedes aegypti</it> L. and <it>Culex pipiens</it> L. (Diptera: Culicidae) midguts were investigated. Cytological evidence was obtained suggesting that, in both the anterior and posterior <it>Ae. aegypti</it> larval midgut, diploid regenerative cells give rise to new endoreplicating cells that significantly contribute to the growth and metabolism of the midgut. This hypothesis was supported by BrdU incorporation studies showing that diploid cells, as well as large and small endoreplicating cells, synthesize DNA during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars. Cytological studies of the <it>Cx. pipiens</it> larval midgut suggest that anterior midgut growth in this species is primarily by cell enlargement. To study metamorphic remodeling of the midgut, DNA synthesis in <it>Ae. aegypti</it> 4th instar midguts was followed by using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. During the 24 hr period after the last larval-larval molt both endoreplicating and diploid cells incorporate BrdU. After the critical weight is achieved, endoreplicating cell BrdU incorporation gradually ceases while diploid cells continue to replicate. The period of maximum diploid cell incorporation correlated with the period of maximum ecdysone titer. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/55 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/562015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Population dynamics of the rubber plantation litter beetle Luprops tristis, in relation to annual cycle of foliage phenology of its host, the para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis Sabu, Thomas K. Vinod, K.V. Papers The population dynamics of the rubber plantation litter beetle, <it>Luprops tristis</it> Fabricius 1801 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was assessed in relation to the phenology of leaf shedding and defoliation pattern of para rubber trees, <it>Hevea brasiliensis</it> Müll. Arg (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), during a two year study period. The abundance of adults, larvae and pupae per 1m2 of litter sample was recorded. Post dormancy beetles appeared in leaf litter following annual leaf shedding, whereas larvae, pupae and teneral adults were present after leaf flush. No stages were recorded from plantations following the summer rains until the annual litter fall in the next season. Parental adults peaked at the time of leaf sprouting and tender leaf fall. Larvae and teneral adults peaked at the time of premature fall of green leaves and flowers. Teneral adults of six age classes were recorded and all entered dormancy irrespective of the feeding time available to each age class. Females outnumbered males in the parent generation, while the sex ratio of new generation adults was not biased towards either sex. The phenological stages of rubber trees included leaf fall in late December and early January, leaf sprouting and new leaf production in January and flowering in February. All feeding stages of <it>L. tristis</it> peaked in abundance when premature leaves are most abundant in the leaf litter. Prediction of the timing of appearance of various developmental stages of <it>L. tristis</it> in plantations, invasion into buildings and intensity of population build up in rubber belts is possible by tracking the phenology of leaf fall in rubber plantations, time of return of post dormancy adults and the onset of summer rainfall. Perfect synchrony was recorded between the field return of parental adults with annual leaf shedding, the oviposition phase of parental adults with tender leaf fall at the time of leaf sprouting, and larval and teneral adult stages with premature fall of leaves. Premature leaf availability is suggested as contributing to the reproductive efficiency of parental adults, the survival of early developmental stages and of new generation adults during dormancy. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/56 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/572015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Physiological activity of neuropeptide F on the hindgut of the blood-feeding hemipteran, Rhodnius prolixus Gonzalez, Ronald Orchard, Ian Papers Current hypotheses propose that, in the invertebrates, neuropeptide F (NPF), the vertebrate NPY homologue, may be capable of regulating responses to diverse cues related to nutritional status and feeding. An investigation into the effects of <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it> NPF (DrmNPF) and <it>Anopheles gambiae</it> NPF (AngNPF) on hindgut physiology of <it>Rhodnius prolixus</it> Stal (Heimptera: Reduviidae) suggests a myoinhibitory role for these peptides and the <it>R. prolixus</it> native peptide. Extracts of the central nervous system of <it>R. prolixus</it> were processed and several HPLC-fractions revealed NPF-like activity within the nanomolar equivalent range when tested using the hindgut contraction assay. Although NPF has been shown to decrease epithelial membrane potential in <it>Aedes aegypti</it> larval midgut preparations, NPF does not appear to play a role in epithelial transport of potassium in the hindgut. While the function of NPF has yet to be established, NPF-like effects suggest multiple physiological roles for NPF among invertebrates. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/57 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/582015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Preliminary results on evaluation of chickpea, Cicer arietinum, genotypes for resistance to the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Erler, F. Ceylan, F. Erdemir, T. Toker, C. Papers The chickpea, <it>Cicer arietinum</it> L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), seeds are vulnerable, both in the field and in storage, to attack by seed-beetles. Beetles of the genus <it>Callosobruchus</it> are major storage pests of chickpea crops and cause considerable economic losses. In the present study, a total of 11 chickpea genotypes including five '<it>kabuli</it>' (Mexican white, Diyar, CA 2969, ILC 8617 and ACC 245) and six '<it>desi</it>' chickpeas (ICC 1069, ICC 12422, ICC 14336, ICC 4957, ICC 4969 and ICC 7509) were evaluated for resistance to the pulse beetle <it>Callosobruchus maculatus</it> F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Resistance was evaluated by measuring percent damage to seeds. Damage to seeds by <it>C. maculatus</it> was manifested by the round exit holes with the 'flap' of seed coat made by emerging adults. Of the 11 genotypes tested, only one (ICC 4969) exhibited a complete resistance to <it>C. maculatus</it> in both free-choice and no-choice tests; no seed damage was found over the test period. In general, the '<it>desi</it>' chickpeas were more resistant to <it>C. maculatus</it> than the '<it>kabuli</it>' chickpeas. Among the tested chickpea genotypes, only ICC 4969 can be used as a source of <it>C. maculatus</it> resistance in breeding programmes that could then be grown in organic cultivation free from pesticides. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/58 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/592015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Soybean flour and wheat germ proportions in artificial diet and their effect on the growth rates of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens Blanco, Carlos A. Portilla, Maribel Abel, Craig A. Winters, Henry Ford, Rosie Streett, Doug Papers Soybean flour and wheat germ are the two most important protein components of wheat germ-based insect artificial diets. The effect of modifying the proportion of these two ingredients in a Noctuidae-specific diet was investigated utilizing the tobacco budworm <it>Heliothis virescens</it> (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with the goal of developing a suboptimal diet that, without drastically affecting this insect's growth and reproductive rates, could manifest subtle negative effects in this insect. The original diet formula contained 2.51% protein. When the proportions of soybean flour and wheat germ were changed to 2.15% protein the net reproductive rate of the first generation was significantly lower. In the second generation, the net reproductive rate, development time, percent female survivorship, fertility, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and female longevity were significantly lower in both the 2.15% and 2.26% protein diets. The survival rate of immatures to the adult stage was 1% in the 2.05% protein diet in the first generation. Interestingly, females exposed to these suboptimal diets produced a significantly higher number of eggs but the survival of their larvae was significantly reduced. It is evident from these results that modifications to the protein content and the nutrient composition profile of the original wheat germ-based insect artificial formula can be used to produce subtle negative effects on the growth of tobacco budworm. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/59 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/62015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 The role of antennae in removing entomopathogenic fungi from cuticle of the termite, Coptotermes formosanus Yanagawa, Aya Yokohari, Fumio Shimizu, Susumu Papers Our previous research has shown that the termite, <it>Coptotermes formosanus</it> Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), protects itself from entomopathogenic fungi by mutual grooming behavior. The termite removes and discards foreign organisms, such as fungal conidia, from the body surface of its nestmates by mutual grooming behavior. The role of the antennae in detecting the condia was examind here. Three entomopathogenic fungi were used, <it>Beauveria brongniartii</it> 782 (Saccardo) (Hypocreales), <it>Paecilomyces fumosoroseus</it> K3 (Wize) (Hyphomycetes), and <it>Metarhizium anisopliae</it> 455 Sorokin (Hyphomycetes). Termites with antennae removed conidia more efficiently than termites without antennae. There were differences between termites with and without antennae in selection of sites to be groomed on nestmates, in the length of grooming and in occurrence of grooming. Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from termite antennae and the waveforms were rather specific to the kinds of fungi used as odor sources. Termites were able to distinguish between the tested fungi in feeding tests. These results show that the antennae play important roles in the mutual grooming behavior of the termite. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/602015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Distributional patterns of Pseudacteon associated with the Solenopsis saevissima complex in South America Patrock, Richard J. W. Porter, Sanford D. Gilbert, Lawrence E. Folgarait, Patricia J. Papers Classical biological control efforts against imported fire ants have largely involved the use of <it>Pseudacteon</it> parasitoids. To facilitate further exploration for species and population biotypes a database of collection records for <it>Pseudacteon</it> species was organized, including those from the literature and other sources. These data were then used to map the geographical ranges of species associated with the imported fire ants in their native range in South America. In addition, we found geographical range metrics for all species in the genus and related these metrics to latitude and host use. Approximately equal numbers of <it>Pseudacteon</it> species were found in temperate and tropical regions, though the majority of taxa found only in temperate areas were found in the Northern Hemisphere. No significant differences in sizes of geographical ranges were found between <it>Pseudacteon</it> associated with the different host complexes of fire ants despite the much larger and systemic collection effort associated with the <it>S. saevissima</it> host group. The geographical range of the flies was loosely associated with both the number of hosts and the geographical range of their hosts. <it>Pseudacteon</it> with the most extensive ranges had either multiple hosts or hosts with broad distributions. Mean species richnesses of <it>Pseudacteon</it> in locality species assemblages associated with <it>S. saevissima</it> complex ants was 2.8 species, but intensively sampled locations were usually much higher. Possible factors are discussed related to variation in the size of geographical range, and areas in southern South America are outlined that are likely to have been under-explored for <it>Pseudacteon</it> associated with imported fire ants. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/612015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Southern Plant Diagnostic Network Invasive Arthropod Workshop May 7-9, 2007, Clemson, South Carolina, USA Hodges, Amanda C. Morse, John C. Castro, Boris A. Way, M. O. Mathis, Wayne N. Zatwarnicki, Tadeus Brambila, Julieta Cavey, Joseph Petrillo, Michael D. Cavey, Joseph Clement, Gary L. Diffie, Stan Funderburk, Joe Funderburk, Joe Diffie, Stan Gilrein, Daniel Halbert, Susan Halbert, Susan Hale, Frank A. Harmon, Carrie L. Thomas, Carla Hodges, Greg S. Hodges, Greg S. Hodges, Greg S. Williams, Michael L. Hodges, Amanda C. Hunsberger, Adrian G. B. Klein, Michael G. Kopper, Brian J. LaForest, Joseph H. Douce, G. Keith Bargeron, Chuck Hodges, Amanda Harmon, Carrie Lapaire Mayfield, Albert E. Fraedrich, Stephen W. Johnson, James Reid, Laurie S. Smith, Jason A. OBrien, Charles W. Passoa, Steven Poland, Therese M. Pureswaran, Deepa de Groot, Peter Grant, Gary McCullough, Deborah G. Rabaglia, Bob Welbourn, Cal Wolff, Robert J. Papers Southern Plant Diagnostic Network Entomology Workshop Planning Committee • Steve Bambara, North Carolina State University • Carlos Bográn, Texas A&M University • Eric Day, Virginia Tech • Keith Douce, University of Georgia • Frank Hale, University of Tennessee • Blake Layton, Mississippi State University • Catharine Mannion, University of Florida • Blake Newton, University of Kentucky • Dale Pollet, Louisiana State University • Charles Ray, Auburn University <b>Meeting Website</b> Oral presentations and image galleries of species discussed are located at: <inter-ref locator="http://www.ipmimages.org/spdn/invasive/" locator-type="url">http://www.ipmimages.org/spdn/invasive/</inter-ref> Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/61 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/622015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Spitting performance parameters and their biomechanical implications in the spitting spider, Scytodes thoracica Suter, Robert B. Stratton, Gail E. Papers Spitting spiders <it>Scytodes</it> spp. subdue prey by entangling them at a distance with a mixture of silk, glue, and venom. Using high-speed videography and differential interference contrast microscopy, the performance parameters involved in spit ejection by <it>Scytodes thoracica</it> (Araneae, Scytodidae) were measured. These will ultimately need to be explained in biomechanical and fluid dynamic terms. It was found that the ejection of "spit" from the opening of the venom duct (near the proximal end of the fang) was orderly. It resulted in a pattern that scanned along a lateral-medial axis (due to fang oscillations) while traversing from ventral to dorsal (due to cheliceral elevation). Each lateral-to-medial sweep of a fang produced silk-borne beads of glue that were not present during each subsequent medial-to-lateral sweep. The ejection of "spit" was very rapid. A full scan (5–57 fang cycles, one upsweep of a chelicera) typically occupied less than 30 ms and involved fang oscillations at 278–1781 Hz. Ejection velocities were measured as high as 28.8 m/s. The "spit" was contractile. During the 0.2 s following ejection, silk shortened by 40–60% and the product of a full scan by both of the chelicerae could exert an aggregate contractile force of 0.1 – 0.3 mN. Based on these parameters, hypotheses are described concerning the biomechanical and fluid dynamic processes that could enable this kind of material ejection. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/62 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/632015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Hygienic behavior, liquid-foraging, and trophallaxis in the leaf-cutting ants, Acromyrmex subterraneus and Acromyrmex octospinosus Richard, Freddie-Jeanne Errard, Christine Papers Neotropical leaf-cutting ants (tribe Attini) live in obligate symbiosis with fungus they culture for food. To protect themselves and their fungus garden from pathogens, they minimize the entry of microorganisms through mechanical and chemical means. In this study, focusing on the species <it>Acromyrmex subterraneus</it> and <it>A. octospinosus,</it> (Hymeoptera: Formicidae). Self- and allo-grooming behavior were quantified and it was found that <it>A. octospinosus</it> workers spend less time in self-grooming than <it>A. subterraneus</it>. In the experimental absence of fungus in <it>A. subterraneus</it>, the times spent in these two behaviors are not affected; however workers spend significantly more time immobile. Hygienic and trophallaxis behaviors were examined as well as the possibility that workers exchange food, and the grooming behavior of foraging and non-foraging workers were compared. Behavioral observations revealed that large workers spent more time grooming than small workers, and more than 62% of replete foragers passed collected liquid food via trophallaxis to a nestmate. However, trophallaxis was rarely observed between non-forager workers. These results suggest that trophallaxis permits the exchange of alimentary liquid between colony members, but it is not important for spreading the colony odor signature. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6301 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/642015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Toxicity, tunneling and feeding behavior of the termite, Coptotermes vastator, in sand treated with oil of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas Acda, Menandro N. Papers Oil of the physic nut, <it>Jatropha curcas</it> L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), was evaluated in the laboratory for its barrier and repellent activity against the Philippine milk termite <it>Coptotermes vastator</it> Light (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The study showed that <it>J. curcas</it> oil had anti-feeding effect, induced reduction in tunneling activity and increased mortality in <it>C. vastator</it>. Behavior of termites exposed to sand treated with <it>J. curcas</it> oil indicated that it is toxic or repellent to <it>C. vastator</it>. Toxicity and repellent thresholds, were higher than those reported for other naturally occurring compounds tested against the Formosan subterranean termite. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/64 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6401 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/652015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Evaluation of the susceptibility of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, to a selection of novel biorational insecticides using an artificial diet Sadeghi, Amin Van Damme, Els J.M. Smagghe, Guy Papers An improved technique was developed to assay the toxicity of insecticides against aphids using an artificial diet. The susceptibility of the pea aphid <it>Acyrthosiphon pisum</it> (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) was determined for a selection of novel biorational insecticides, each representing a novel mode of action. Flonicamid, a novel systemic insecticide with selective activity as feeding blocker against sucking insects, showed high toxicity against first-instar <it>A. pisum</it> nymphs with an LC<inf>50</inf> of 20.4 μg/ml after 24 h, and of 0.24 μg/ml after 72 h. The toxicity was compared with another feeding blocker, pymetrozine, and the neonicotinoid, imidacloprid. In addition, four insect growth regulators were tested. The chitin synthesis inhibitor flufenoxuron, the juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen, and the azadirachtin compound Neem Azal-T/S showed strong effects and reduced the aphid population by 50% after 3 days of treatment at a concentration of 7–9 μg/ml. The ecdysone agonist tested, halofenozide, was less potent. In conclusion, the improved aphid feeding apparatus can be useful as a miniature screening device for insecticides against different aphid pests. The present study demonstrated rapid and strong toxicity of flonicamid, and other biorational insecticides towards <it>A. pisum</it>. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/65 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6501 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/662015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Longevity and developmental stability in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea, as affected by the ectoparasitic mite, Pediculoides mesembrinae Martin, Oliver Y. Hosken, David J. Papers Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a widely employed measure of developmental stability. It has been found to increase with many stressors including parasite infection. Associations between parasites and FA may exist for several reasons in addition to parasites being the direct cause of increased FA. Developmentally stable individuals may have superior immune systems, and be less susceptible to parasite infection, and/or may be less exposed to parasites than developmentally unstable ones. Mites negatively impact host fitness in a number of insects, and if FA is a reflection of general genetic quality, as has been proposed, associations between mite number and FA are predicted. Potential relationships were investigated between an ectoparasitic mite, <it>Pediculoides mesembrinae</it> (Canestrini) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) and FA in the common dung fly <it>Sepsis cynipsea</it> (L.) (Diptera: Sepsidae). While it was found that mite infested flies died much faster than flies without mites, indicating that mites indeed stress their hosts, counter to expectations, no associations between mites and FA were found in any analyses. Additionally, FA in mite-infected flies generally did not differ from previously published FA data from uninfected <it>S. cynipsea</it>. Nevertheless, parasitized males tended to be somewhat less asymmetrical than non-parasitized males, but based on our data, it does not appear that mite infestation is generally associated with developmental stability in <it>S. cynipsea</it>. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/66 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6601 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/672015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Olfactory perception of oviposition-deterring fatty acids and their methyl esters by the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis Guo, Lei Li, Guo Qing Papers Olfactory perception of myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids and their corresponding methyl esters by Asian corn borer moths, <it>Ostrinia furnacalis</it> (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was investigated. It was found that mated females with both antennae amputated, in contrast to intact females and females with one antenna removed, could not discriminate between simultaneously provided control filter papers and filters treated with a blend of oviposition-deterring fatty acids. Oviposition by mated females exhibited a very marked periodicity, with all egg masses deposited during the scotophase and most egg masses laid before midnight. According to the peak and trough period of oviposition, electroantennogram (EAG) responses from both mated females and males to the four fatty acids and four methyl esters were tested within two two-hour periods from 3 to 5 hours after the start of darkness and from 1 to 3 hours after light onset, respectively. Significant EAG responses above solvent and background were elicited by all test chemicals from females, and by most of the test compounds from males. EAG values of all test chemicals from mated females were not statistically different between the two test periods except for methyl myristate. Conversely, EAG responses from mated males to myristic acid, stearic acid and their methyl esters significantly differed between the two test periods. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/67 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/682015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 High temperature effects on water loss and survival examining the hardiness of female adults of the spider beetles, Mezium affine and Gibbium aequinoctiale Yoder, Jay A. Chambers, Michael J. Tank, Justin L. Keeney, George D. Papers A remarkable ability to tolerate temperatures as high as 52°C for <it>Mezium affine</it> Boieldieu and 56°C for <it>Gibbium aequinoctiale</it> Boieldieu (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) was discovered as part of a water balance study that was conducted to determine whether desiccation-resistance (xerophilic water balance classification) is linked to survival at high temperature. Characteristics of the heat shock response were an intermediate, reversible level of injury, appearing as though dead; greater recovery from heat shock by <it>G. aequinoctiale</it> (57%) than <it>M. affine</it> (30%) that supplemented higher temperature survival by <it>G. aequinoctiale</it>; and lack of protection generated by conditioning at sublethal temperature. Heat-induced mortality is attributed to an abrupt, accelerated water loss at 50°C for <it>M. affine</it> and 54°C for <it>G. aequinoctiale</it>, not to the species (<it>M. affine</it>) that loses water the slowest and has the lower activation energy, <it>E</it><inf>a</inf>, as a measure of cuticular boundary effectiveness. These temperatures where water loss increases sharply are not critical transition temperatures because Arrhenius analysis causes them to be erased (uninterrupted Boltzmann function) and <it>E</it><inf>a</inf> fails to change when cuticular lipid from these beetles is removed. Our conclusion is that the temperature thresholds for survival and accelerated water loss closely match, and the key survival element in hot and dry environments contributing to wide distribution of <it>G. aequinoctiale</it> and <it>M. affine</it> derives from rising temperature prompting entry into quiescence and a resistance in cuticular lipid fluidity. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/68 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/692015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Genetic differentiation between resistance phenotypes in the phytophagous flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum de Jong, Peter W. Breuker, Casper J. de Vos, Helene Vermeer, Kim M.C.A. Oku, Keiko Verbaarschot, Patrick Nielsen, Jens Kvist Brakefield, Paul M. Papers The flea beetle <it>Phyllotreta nemorum</it> L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is genetically polymorphic for resistance against the defences of one of its host plants, <it>Barbarea vulgaris</it> R.Br. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae). Whereas resistant flea beetles are able to use <it>B. vulgaris</it> as well as other cruciferous plants as food, non-resistant beetles cannot survive on <it>B. vulgaris</it>. This limitation to host plant use of non-resistant beetles could potentially lead to asymmetric gene flow and some degree of genetic isolation between the different resistance-genotypes. Therefore, we studied the extent of genetic differentiation at neutral allozyme loci between samples of flea beetles that were collected at different locations and first tested for resistance phenotype. Since earlier work has shown a weak, but significant, effect of geographical distance between the samples on their genetic differentiation, in the present study variation at the neutral allozyme loci in <it>P. nemorum</it> was partitioned between geographical distance and resistance-phenotype. Both sources independently contributed statistically significantly to population differentiation. Thus, there appears to be a limitation to genetic exchange between the resistant and non-resistant flea beetles when corrections are made for their geographic differentiation. This is consistent with the presence of some degree of host race formation in this flea beetle. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/69 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.6901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/72015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Responses of descending visually-sensitive neurons in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, to three-dimensional flower-like stimuli. Sprayberry, Jordanna D. H. Papers Hawkmoths rely on vision to track moving flowers during hovering-feeding bouts. Visually guided flight behaviors require a sensorimotor transformation, where motion information processed by the optic ganglia ultimately modifies motor axon activity. While a great deal is known about motion processing in the optic lobes of insects, there has been far less exploration into the visual information available to flight motor axons. Visual information recorded at this stage has likely arisen from multiple visual pathways, and has potentially been modified by outside sensory information. As a first step, understanding the sensorimotor transformation from transduction of moving flower signals to active flower tracking behavior requires that the visual information available to the thoracic flight control centers be assayed. This paper investigated the response of descending visually sensitive neurons in the cervical connectives of the hawkmoth, <it>Manduca sexta</it> L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), to flower-like stimuli. Because flower structure lends itself to oscillatory (vibratory) motion, the stimuli used in these experiments were discs oscillating in each axis of motion (horizontal, vertical, and looming). Object-sensitive descending-neurons (OSDNs) respond to multiple directions of object motion and do not clearly sort into classes of directional tuning. The broad spatial distribution of directional sensitivities exhibited by OSDNs indicates that the direction of object motion may be encoded on a population scale. Although OSDNs exhibit broad frequency response curves, over the range of frequencies that <it>M. sexta</it> are able to track (0–2 Hz) OSDNs exhibit monotonically increasing response. Additionally, OSDNs respond to discs oscillating at frequencies as high at 6 Hz, indicating that the visual information being sent to thoracic motor control centers is not likely the limiting factor in flower tracking ability. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0701 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/702015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Digestive proteolytic activity in the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Hosseininaveh, Vahid Bandani, Alireza Hosseininaveh, Fatemeh Papers The Sunn pest, <it>Eurygaster integriceps</it> Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), is one of the most important pests of wheat and causes considerable damage to this valuable crop annually. Digestive proteinase activity of adult insects was investigated using general and specific substrates and inhibitors. Proteolytic activity was low when the common conventional substrates, azoalbumin, azocasein and hemoglobin were used to assay salivary glands and midguts. Using the fluorescent casein substrate (BODIPY FL casein), total proteolytic activity was measured at different pH. Maximum proteolytic activity was detected at pH 7 (100%) and 8(65 %) which suggested the presence of serine proteinases in the salivary glands. There was no detectable proteolytic activity in midgut extracts. The inhibitors; PMSF (inhibitor of serine proteinases) and TPCK (a specific chymotrypsin inhibitor) showed greater than 50% inhibitory effect on total proteolytic activity, however, TLCK (specific trypsin inhibitor) and E-64(specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor) did not inhibit total proteolytic activity. Using fluorescent specific substrates for serine and cysteine proteinases (Z-Arg-AMC, Z-Arg-Arg-AMC, Z-Arg-Phe-AMC and Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-AMZ) revealed the presence of tryptic and chymotryptic activity in the salivary gland extract. Zymogram analysis under non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions and using the substrate APNE showed at least 8 tryptic and chymotryptic activity bands in salivary gland extracts. A single high molecular weight band with tryptic activity (165 kDa) was detected using the substrate BApNA in a zymogram analysis uisng native-PAGE. Kinetic studies showed a k<inf>m</inf> value of 0.6 mM for this enzyme against the substrate BApNA .The inhibitor TLCK decreased activity of the trypsin-like enzyme up to 73% and almost completely eliminated the only band related to this proteinase in the zymogram. Soybean Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor showed no effect on proteolytic activity of the trypsin-like serine proteinase. In general, the results revealed the presence of chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like serine proteinases in the salivary gland of <it>E. integriceps</it>, and it seems that the major total proteolytic activity is due to chymotrypsin proteinases. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/70 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.7001 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/712015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Comparison of similarity coefficients used for cluster analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers in the silkworm, Bombyx mori Dalirsefat, Seyed Benyamin da Silva Meyer, Andréia Mirhoseini, Seyed Ziyaeddin Papers Establishing accurate genetic similarity and dissimilarity between individuals is an essential and decisive point for clustering and analyzing inter and intra population diversity because different similarity and dissimilarity indices may yield contradictory outcomes. We assessed the variations caused by three commonly used similarity coefficients including Jaccard, Sorensen-Dice and Simple matching in the clustering and ordination of seven Iranian native silkworm, <it>Bombyx mori</it> L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), strains analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Comparisons among the similarity coefficients were made using the Spearman correlation analysis, dendrogram evaluation (visual inspection and consensus fork index - <it>CI</it><it><inf>C</inf></it>), projection efficiency in a two-dimensional space, and groups formed by the Tocher optimization procedure. The results demonstrated that for almost all methodologies, the Jaccard and Sorensen-Dice coefficients revealed extremely close results, because both of them exclude negative co-occurrences. Due to the fact that there is no guarantee that the DNA regions with negative co-occurrences between two strains are indeed identical, the use of coefficients such as Jaccard and Sorensen-Dice that do not include negative co-occurrences was imperative for closely related organisms. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/71 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.7101 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/722015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Food preferences of the rubber plantation litter beetle, Luprops tristis, a nuisance pest in rubber tree plantations Sabu, Thomas K. Vinod, K.V. Papers Massive invasion of the litter dwelling beetle, <it>Luprops tristis</it> Fabricius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), numbering about 0.5 to 4 million per residential building following summer showers, and their prolonged stay in a state of dormancy, make them an extreme nuisance in rubber tree plantation belts of the Western Ghats in south India. Food preference of post-dormancy adults, larvae and teneral adults stages towards tender, mature and senescent leaves were assessed in three choice and no choice leaf disc tests. All stages have strong preference towards fallen tender leaves and lowest preference towards senescent leaves indicating that leaf age is a major attribute determining food selection and food preference of <it>L. tristis</it>. Ready availability of the preferred, prematurely fallen, tender rubber tree leaves as a food resource is suggested as being responsible for the exceptionally high abundance of <it>L. tristis</it> in rubber tree plantation belts. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/72 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.7201 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/82015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Supplemental control of lepidopterous pests on Bt transgenic sweet corn with biologically-based spray treatments Farrar, Robert R. Shepard, B. Merle Shapiro, Martin Hassell, Richard. L. Schaffer, Mark. L. Smith, Chad. M. Papers Biologically-based spray treatments, including nucleopolyhedroviruses, neem, and spinosad, were evaluated as supplemental controls for the fall armyworm, <it>Spodoptera frugiperda</it> (J. E. Smith), and corn earworm, <it>Helicoverpa zea</it> (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on transgenic sweet corn, <it>Zea mays</it> (L.) (Poales: Poaceae), expressing a Cry1Ab toxin from <it>Bacillus thuringiensis</it> Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt). Overall, transgenic corn supported lower densities of both pests than did nontransgenic corn. Control of the fall armyworm was improved in both whorl-stage and tassel-stage corn by the use of either a nucleopolyhedrovirus or neem, but the greatest improvement was seen with spinosad. Only spinosad consistently reduced damage to ears, which was caused by both pest species. In general, efficacy of the spray materials did not differ greatly between transgenic and nontransgenic corn. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0801 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jis:9/1/92015-05-20HighWireOUPjis:9:1 Seasonal changes in the genetic structure of an aphid-ant mutualism as revealed using microsatellite analysis of the aphid Tuberculatus quercicola and the ant Formica yessensis Yao, Izumi Akimoto, Shin-Ichi Papers The present study examined whether the mutualistic relationship between the aphid <it>Tuberculatus quercicola</it> (Matsumura) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the attending ant <it>Formica yessensis</it> Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has had any mutual effects on the microgeographical genetic population structure of both partner species. The aphids and the attending ants were collected in June, August, and October 2004 from six trees of the Daimyo oak <it>Quercus dentata</it> Thunberg (Fagales: Fagaceae) and were genotyped using microsatellite loci. Significant genetic differentiation was detected among <it>T. quercicola</it> populations on the respective trees across seasons (an average of pairwise <it>F</it><inf>ST</inf> = 0.183). Similarly, significant genetic differentiation was found among populations of <it>F. yessensis</it> that attended aphid colonies on the respective host trees, though the averages of pairwise <it>F</it><inf>ST</inf> were lower (an average of pairwise <it>F</it><inf>ST</inf> = 0.070). An analysis of molecular variance and two-way ANOVA detected a significantly large genetic difference between spring and summer samples in <it>F. yessensis</it> but not in <it>T. quercicola</it>, indicating that changes in genetic composition occurred in the <it>F. yessensis</it> colony. In spite of a drastic seasonal change in the genetic difference in <it>F. yessensis</it>, principle coordinate analysis showed that the relative position among the six populations was maintained from spring to summer, suggesting that the tree where honeydew was available for a long time was occupied by <it>F. yessensis</it> over the same period and that the honeydew sources were inherited at the level of the ant colony. It is hypothesized that the suitability of host trees for the aphid <it>T. quercicola</it> may have an affect on the genetic structure of the attending ant <it>F. yessensis</it>. Within a colony of aphids, clonal diversity decreased significantly as the season progressed. The reduction in clonal diversity may be due to an increase in identical genotypes by parthenogenesis or selective pressure from host plant deterioration. Oxford University Press 2009-01-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/1/9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.009.0901 en Copyright (C) 2009, Oxford University Press oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/2/332015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:2 Abstracts of Research in Music Therapy Sears, Margaret L. Sears, William W. Articles Oxford University Press 1964-06-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/2/33 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.2.33 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/3/1122015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:3 Announcements Departments Oxford University Press 1964-09-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/3/112 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.3.112 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/3/1152015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:3 Professional Opportunities Departments Oxford University Press 1964-09-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/3/115 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.3.115 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/3/732015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:3 Therapeutic Values of Instrumental Performance for Severely Handicapped Children Josepha, M. Articles Oxford University Press 1964-09-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/3/73 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.3.73 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/3/802015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:3 Fifteenth Annual Conference of the National Association for Music Therapy Program Oxford University Press 1964-09-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/3/80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.3.80 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/3/832015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:3 Selected Articles and Research Studies Relating to Music Therapy Schneider, Erwin H. Special Feature Oxford University Press 1964-09-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/3/83 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.3.83 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/12015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 The Aesthetic Experience and Biological Man Gaston, E. Thayer Articles Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.1 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/102015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Announcements Departments Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.10 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/112015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 The Aesthetic Experience and Sociological Man Mueller, John H. Articles Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.11 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/152015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Professional Opportunities Departments Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/15 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.15 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/162015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Special Education for the Emotionally Disturbed Child Wilson, Annamary Articles Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.16 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/192015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Chamber Music--Proposed as a Therapeutic Medium Lewis, Delight Notes and Comments Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/19 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.19 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/212015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Membership Directory 1963-1964 Membership Directory 1963-1964 Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/21 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.21 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmt:1/1/302015-05-20HighWireOUPjmt:1:1 Association Activities Departments Oxford University Press 1964-03-01 00:00:00.0 TEXT text/html http://jmt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/30 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/1.1.30 en Copyright (C) 1964, American Music Therapy Association 1436158365950!2006-05-01!9999-12-31!OUP!100!oai_dc