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In a computer system, a parallel, distributed function lookaside buffer (TLB) includes a small, fast TLB and a second larger, but slower TLB. The two TLBs operate in parallel, with the small TLB receiving integer load data and the large TLB receiving other virtual address information. By distributing functions, such as load and store instructions, and integer and floating point instructions, between the two TLBs, the small TLB can operate with a low latency and avoid thrashing and similar problems while the larger TLB provides high bandwidth for memory intensive operations. This mechanism also provides a parallel store update and invalidation mechanism which is particularly useful for prevalidated cache tag designs.
1. A computer micro-architecture, comprising:
a first translation lookaside buffer (TLB), the first TLB adapted to receive first data; and
a second TLB in parallel with the first TLB, the second TLB adapted to receive the first data and to receive second data in parallel with receipt of the first data in the first TLB, wherein the first TLB is accessed by a first and a second memory port, and wherein the second TLB is accessed by the first and the second memory ports and by a third and a fourth memory port.
2. The computer micro-architecture of
3. The computer micro-architecture of
4. The computer micro-architecture of
5. The computer micro-architecture of
6. The computer micro-architecture of
7. The computer micro-architecture of
8. The computer architecture of
9. In a computer micro-architecture having a prevalidated tag cache, a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) structure, comprising:
an integer load TLB;
a master TLB operating in parallel with the integer load TLB, wherein integer loads are supplied to the integer load TLB and loads and stores are provided to the master TLB;
an integer load data cache that receives an output from the integer load TLB; and
a data cache that receives an output from the master TLB, wherein the integer load TLB provides TLB hit information based on a virtual address and the integer load data cache stores the TLB hit information, and wherein the master TLB provides physical addresses to the data cache and the data cache holds the physical address.
10. The TLB structure of
11. The TLB structure of
12. The TLB structure of
The technical field encompasses computer systems employing translation lookaside buffers for prevalidated cache tag designs.
Computer systems may employ a multi-level hierarchy of memory systems, with relatively fast, expensive but limited-capacity memory at the highest level of the hierarchy and proceeding to relatively slower, lower cost but higher-capacity memory at the lowest level of the hierarchy. The hierarchy may include a small fast memory called a cache, either physically integrated within a processor or mounted physically close to the processor for speed. The computer system may employ separate instruction caches and data caches. In addition, the computer system may use multiple levels of caches. The use of a cache is transparent to a computer program at the instruction level and can thus be added to a computer architecture without changing the instruction set or requiring modification to existing programs.
A cache hit occurs when a processor requests an item from a cache and the item is present in the cache. A cache miss occurs when a processor requests an item from a cache and the item is not present in the cache. In the event of a cache miss, the processor retrieves the requested item from a lower level of the memory hierarchy. In many processor designs, the time required to access an item for a cache hit is one of the primary limiters for the clock rate of the processor if the designer is seeking a single cycle cache access time. In other designs, the cache access time may be multiple cycles, but the performance of a processor can be improved in most cases when the cache access time in cycles is reduced. Therefore, optimization of access time for cache hits is critical for the performance of the computer system.
Associated with cache design is a concept of virtual storage. Virtual storage systems permit a computer programmer to think of memory as one uniform single-level storage unit but actually provide a dynamic address-translation unit that automatically moves program blocks on pages between auxiliary storage and the high speed storage (cache) on demand.
Also associated with cache design is the concept of a fully associative or content addressable memory (CAM). Content-addressable memory is a random access memory that in addition to having a conventional wired-in addressing mechanism also has wired-in logic that makes possible a comparison of desired bit locations for a specified match for all entries simultaneously during one memory-cycle time. Thus, the specific address of a desired entry need not be known since a portion of its contents can be used to access the entry. All entries that match the specified bit locations are flagged and can be addressed on the current or subsequent memory cycles.
Memory may be organized into words (for example, 32 bits or 64 bits per word). The minimum amount of memory that can be transferred between a cache and the next lower level of memory hierarchy is called a line or a block. A line may be multiple words (for example, 16 words per line). Memory may also be divided into pages or segments with many lines per page. In some computer systems page size may be variable.
In modern computer memory architectures, a central processing unit (CPU) produces virtual addresses that are translated by a combination of hardware and software to physical addresses. The physical addresses are used to access physical main memory. A group of virtual addresses may be dynamically assigned to each page. Virtual memory requires a data structure, sometimes called a page table, that translates the virtual address to the physical address. To reduce address translation time, computers may use a specialized associative cache dedicated to address location, called a translation lookaside buffer (TLB).
A cache may include many segments, or ways. If a cache stores an entire line address along with the data and any line can be placed anywhere in the cache, the cache is said to be fully associative. For a large cache in which any line can be placed anywhere, the hardware required to rapidly determine if and where an item is in the cache may be very large and expensive. For larger caches a faster, space saving alternative is to use a subset of an address (called an index) to designate a line position within the cache, and then store the remaining set of the more significant bits of each physical address, called a tag, along with the data. In a cache with indexing, an item with a particular address can be placed only within a set of lines designated by the index. If the cache is arranged so that the index for a given address maps exactly to one line in the subset, or ways, the cache is said to be direct mapped. If the index maps to more than one line in the subset, or ways, the cache is said to be set-associative. All or part of an address may be hashed to provide a set index that partitions the address space into sets.
With direct mapping, when a line is requested, only one line in the cache has matching index bits. Therefore, the data can be retrieved immediately and driven onto a data bus before the computer system determines whether the rest of the address matches. The data may or may not be valid, but in the usual case where the data is valid, the data bits are available on the data bus before the computer system determines validity. With set associative caches, the computer system cannot know which line corresponds to an address until the full address is compared. That is, in set-associative caches, the result of a tag comparison is used to select which line of data bits within a set of lines is presented to the processor.
In a cache with a TLB, the critical timing path for a hit requires a sequence of four operations: 1) a virtual tag must be presented to a CAM in the TLB to determine the location of a corresponding physical tag in random access memory (RAM) in the TLB; 2) the physical tag must then be retrieved from the TLB random access memory; 3) the physical tag from the TLB RAM must then be compared to the physical tag's access from the tag section of the cache; and 4) the appropriate data line must be selected. The sequence of four operations is required to read the cache and can be a limiter to processor frequency and processor performance.
A prevalidated tag cache holds hit information from a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) instead of address information, as is the conventional practice. That is, when a virtual address is provided to the TLB, instead of a physical address being provided as an output from the TLB, TLB hit bits are provided. The TLB hit bits are then compared to the prevalidated cache tag (which holds the TLB hit information) to determine if a cache hit or a cache miss has occurred. The TLB may be small, for example 32 entries, to enhance processing speed. The TLB may be used for operations requiring lower latency, such as integer load operations.
The small TLB presents a potential problem of thrashing, i.e., swapping out pages, or TLB entries, for example, which will degrade the performance of the cache. Because the TLB is small, TLB entries may be removed very quickly, which effectively results in loss of data out of the cache. That is, the prevalidated cache tags include hit information of the TLB, and not physical addresses so that when a TLB entry changes, the hit information is no longer valid, and any data associated with the old TLB entry is lost.
In this micro-architecture, to keep the TLB entries small, and to prevent thrashing of the TLB, a separate and larger TLB may be added to process operations that can be handled with a higher latency, such as store operations. The larger TLB can also provide higher bandwidth for floating point operations, for example. TLB entries required to be in the small TLB may be restricted, for example to the TLB entries required for integer loads, while all other TLB entries are diverted to the larger TLB. The TLBs operate in parallel. Further, all exception and privilege checking may be performed in the large TLB, which also acts to reduce integer load access time. Use of this parallel TLB architecture has the added benefit of reducing pipeline stalls that might otherwise occur if the small and the large TLB were accessed in a series fashion.
As a further consequence of the cache tags having only TLB hit information instead of physical addresses, a mechanism may be provided to update and invalidate cache lines. For that mechanism, a parallel structure can be provided to lookup, update and/or invalidate cache lines separate form the mechanism of the small TLB and the integer load data path. In addition, in some situations, a data cache will be provided with just a physical address. To find the proper cache line, based on the physical address only, a control is provided that includes a tag having the physical address and physical address bypassing around the large TLB.
The parallel, distributed function translation lookaside buffer will be described with reference to following drawings in which like numerals refer to like elements, and in which:
FIGS. 1 and 2 show prior art cache structures;
FIG. 3 illustrates a computer system having a prevalidated tag cache; and
FIG. 4 shows a parallel distributed translation lookaside buffer structure for use with the prevalidated tag cache of FIG. 3.
A cache having a TLB in which physical tags do not need to be retrieved from the TLB may improve the overall time for the critical path for accessing caches with TLBs. In such a design, instead of storing physical tags in a cache, the cache stores a location within the TLB where the physical tag is stored. The TLB may include two or more CAMs. For a cache hit, one of the CAMs in the TLB may generate a vector that specifies a location within the TLB where the physical address is stored. The vector may be compared to a location vector stored in the cache. The comparison of location vectors provides sufficient information to enable selection of one data line within a set without having to actually retrieve the physical address. As a result, a substantial time consuming operation (physical address retrieval) is removed from the critical time path of a cache hit. In addition, comparing location vectors rather than physical tags enables use of comparison logic that is faster and simpler than convention digital comparators.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a prior art cache. The system 10 includes a virtual address 12, a random access memory array 14, a comparator 16 and a physical address register 18. The system 10 employs set associative logic. The random access array 14 includes a total of 128 (four) entries requiring two virtual page address bits. Each set of four is part of one physical word (horizontal) of the random access array, so that there are 128 such words, requiring seven address index bits. The total virtual page number address n=9 must be used in the address translation to determine if and where the cache page resides. Lower order bits n, which represent the byte within the page, need not be translated. Seven virtual bits are used to select directly one of the 128 sets. Words read out of the set are compared simultaneously with the virtual addresses, using the comparator 16. If one of the comparisons gives a "yes," then the correct real or physical address of the page in the cache, which resides in the random access array, is gated to the physical cache-address register 18. The physical address is used on a subsequent cycle to obtain the correct information from the cache array (not shown).
FIG. 2 illustrates another prior art cache. Four-way set-associative caches are used for illustration. A virtual address 100 comprises lower order index bits 102 and upper order (virtual) tag bits 104. The index bits 102 are typically the same for the virtual address and the physical address. The index bits 102 are used to select one set of lines of data in a data section 106 of the cache. The output of the data section 106 is four lines of data 108. The index bits 102 are also used to select a set of physical tags in a tag section 110 of the cache. The output of the tag section 110 is four physical tags 112, each corresponding to one data line 108. The virtual tag bits 104 are used to select one entry in a CAM 116 within a TLB 114. The TLB 114 stores both virtual and physical tags. If the virtual tag bits 104 do not find a match in the CAM 116, a TLB miss occurs. In the system shown in FIG. 2, multiple virtual tags may map to one physical tag. For a TLB hit, the selected CAM entry designates an address in a TLB RAM 118 for a physical tag corresponding to a virtual tag 104. A physical tag is then retrieved from the TLB RAM 118. Each of four digital comparators 120 then compares the physical tag from the TLB RAM 118 to a physical tag 112 from the tag section 110. A matching pair of physical tags indicates through logic 122 which of four lines of data is selected by a multiplexer 124. For a particular index bit, there may not be a matching pair of physical tags, in which case a cache miss occurs.
FIG. 3 illustrates a computer micro-architecture having a four-way set-associative cache 200. The cache 200 includes index bits 202, a data section 203 and multiplexer 205. A cache tag section 204 includes physical TLB hit tags corresponding to data lines. When a new line of data is placed in the cache 200, instead of the physical address tag being stored in the cache tag section 204, a vector 212 (called a physical TLB hit vector) is stored in the cache tag section 204.
Additional details related to prevalidated cache architectures are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,732, entitled CACHE MEMORY WITH REDUCED ACCESS TIME, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In the cache 200, a TLB 210 has two CAMs, a physical CAM 206 containing physical tags and a virtual CAM 208 containing virtual tags. When a new virtual tag 207 is stored in the virtual CAM 208, a corresponding physical tag 209 is also available using the computer operating system and the corresponding physical tag 209 is stored in the physical CAM 206. A physical TLB hit vector 212 has a binary "1" corresponding to each location in the physical CAM 206 that has the physical tag 209. Upon entry of a new line into the cache 200, the physical TLB hit vector 212, indicating the location of all the instances in the physical CAM 206 of the physical tag 209 of the new line, is generated by the physical CAM 206 and stored into the cache tag section 204, at a row location determined by the index bits 202 and at a column location determined by a set placement algorithm.
For a cache access, a virtual tag 207 is used by the virtual CAM 208 to generate a virtual TLB hit vector 214. If there is a TLB miss, the virtual TLB hit vector 214 is all binary "0s." If there is a TLB hit, the virtual TLB hit vector 214 has a single binary "1" indicating the location of the virtual tag 207 in the virtual CAM 208. Each virtual tag 207 in the TLB 210 must be unique.
For cache access, the index bits 202 select a set of four physical TLB hit vectors 212 in the cache tag section 204. Each of the four physical TLB hit vectors 212 in the cache tag section 204 is compared, using one of four comparators 216, to the virtual TLB hit vector 214 from the virtual CAM 208. For any given set of index bits 202, only one of the four selected physical tags in the cache tag section 204 matches the virtual TLB hit vector 214 from the TLB 210 for a fixed page size. For a fixed page size, a single pair of matching "1s" in the four physical TLB hit vectors 212 then determines which data line is selected by the multiplexer 205. For a given set of index bits 202, if there are no matching "1s" in the compared four physical TLB hit vectors 212, a cache miss occurs.
In the cache 200, the physical tag from the TLB 210 is not retrieved for cache access. Eliminating the operation of retrieving the physical tag from the TLB 210 substantially reduces the amount of time in the critical time path for the cache access. Because the cache 200 looks for a pair of matching logical "1s" to determine a match, the comparators 216 may be simple AND gates followed by a large fan-in OR gate.
The micro-architecture illustrated in FIG. 3 includes a prevalidated tag cache. The prevalidation imposes restrictions on how the TLBs in the micro-architecture work if the computer micro-architecture designer wants to maximize overall bandwidth while minimizing cache load latency. The prevalidated tag cache, for example, provides very fast access time for certain loads but the micro-architecture designer may choose to restrict the translations between virtual and physical addresses and restrict the distribution of processing among the different cache levels. The micro-architecture may provide for fast integer loads and a high bandwidth for floating point loads, for example. That is, integer load data needs to have fast access timing but its working set size is generally small. To optimize integer load latency, some processors provide a small but fast first level cache. To provide virtual address translation and avoid address aliasing problems, some processors must access the TLB to provide a physical address for checking with the cache tags to determine if the data is present in the cache or not. To decrease the memory latency for fast integer data access, TLB size may be limited to a small number of entries (such as 16 to 32). This conflicts with the large number of entries required on processors with large cache structures that could require 256 or more TLB entries.
In a prevalidated cache tag system, such as that shown in FIG. 3, the TLB entries are logically used in the cache tag to identify the cache lines. When a TLB entry is removed, control is normally used to invalidate all the data in the prevalidated cache tag that is associated with the removed TLB entry. However, this action may slow processing since one TLB entry may map to much or all of the data cache. The TLB may then be continually swapping pages in and out of memory (i.e., thrashing) instead of supporting program execution.
Floating point data processing performance is usually limited by the memory bandwidth in and out of the floating point execution units. As opposed to integer load data accesses, which need a low latency, floating point accesses can usually be scheduled and can therefore endure a longer latency period. Likewise, while the integer data size is usually small, floating point data sets are usually very large. Ideally, TLB operations for floating point load/store operations will provide both high bandwidth and large data space translations (large number of TLB entries accessed). One design provides full bandwidth for all memory ports and a large but slower TLB for translation of floating point requests. In addition, memory port use may be unrestricted, allowing more load and store combinations.
The storing to or invalidating of a prevalidated integer load data cache may be difficult because the physical address of the cache line is not available in the cache tag, since the cache tag only holds prevalidated TLB hit information. In addition, since the TLB by its need for fast latency is small (e.g., 16 or 32 entries), the small integer load data cache TLB may not be used for store translations. One option is to separate out the store TLB access to a larger and slower TLB and provide a mechanism to invalidate the prevalidated integer load cache for store operations that may not be done in the first level cache (such as floating point stores) and for other invalidation actions such as flush caches and bus snoops.
Many computer instructions, such as floating point loads and stores, TLB support instructions, including purges, inserts and probes, and integer stores, do not need to immediately access a fast integer data cache. Some of the computer instructions may not have data residing in the fast integer load cache, to avoid thrashing of the smaller cache. To support better use of the fast integer data cache, mechanisms may be provided to prevent this type of data from loading the integer data cache. To allow these instructions to bypass the integer cache, all exception information may be stored only in a large TLB so that the large TLB need only be accessed on, for example, all store operations, floating point loads, or TLB support instructions, including TLB reference (read) and update instructions.
Finally, forcing all instructions through a first level TLB, which must be small to be fast, may cause pipeline stalls in the processor due to a higher TLB miss rate. Therefore, the micro-architecture shown in FIG. 3 may be adapted to use a parallel TLB structure that reduces the TLB miss rate and pipeline stalls.
FIG. 4 illustrates a computer micro-architecture 250 employing a parallel, distributed function TLB structure. The computer micro-architecture 250 provides efficient use of a small TLB for fast integer load data access by not thrashing the small TLB with entries needed by instructions that are not integer load instructions. The micro-architecture 250 reduces cache data invalidation for prevalidated cache tag designs by reducing thrashing in the small TLB and provides a reduced memory port bandwidth to make the design smaller and faster for the small (integer load data) TLB. The micro-architecture 250 provides a larger TLB to handle large data structures, such as floating point applications, which reside in larger caches, and provides a high bandwidth TLB to handle high bandwidth needs of floating point applications. The micro-architecture 250 also provides a way to process store and invalidation request translations without disrupting the fast integer data caches. Finally, the micro-architecture 250 provides a single location for exception and protection control for addressing, which is separate from the small TLB in the integer load data cache.
The LOTLB 254 receives physical tags 209 from memory ports 0 and 1, and outputs TLB hit information and physical address information 212 to the LOD 264. The DTLB 254 receives physical tags 209 from memory ports 0-3, and outputs TLB hit information and physical address information 212 to the L1 data cache 266.
The computer micro-architecture 250 includes parallel TLBs, an integer load data TLB (LOTLB) 252 and a master TLB (DTLB) 254. The micro-architecture 250 also includes an integer load data cache (LOD) 264, a L1 data cache 266 and a store/invalidate with parallel physical tag look up control 262. As shown in FIG. 4, the TLBs are accessed through four memory ports 0-3. However, the micro-architecture 250 is not limited to this configuration, and any number of memory ports may access the TLBs.
The LOTLB 252 is designed to provide a short latency for integer load data. To accomplish this, several restrictions are placed on the LOTLB 252. In the example shown in FIG. 4, only two of the four memory ports are allowed to access the LOTLB 252 in order to reduce the size and complexity of the LOTLB 252 and therefore increase its speed. The reduction is possible by assigning integer loads only to two of the four memory ports. Furthermore, integer store instructions do not access the LOTLB 252, but are handled in the DTLB 254. This arrangement allows the micro-architecture 250 to allocate load-only TLB entries in the LOTLB 252, reducing thrashing of TLB entries, and has, in a prevalidated tag cache design, the side effect of invalidating cache lines.
Next, floating point loads and stores and other miscellaneous TLB access instructions may not access the LOTLB 252, reducing thrashing of TLB entries in the LOTLB 252. Floating point accesses are handled by the L1 data cache 266 and are translated through the DTLB 254.
Exceptions and protection information is not included in the LOTLB 252, allowing a smaller and faster design. An integer load instruction may have an entry in both the LOTLB 252 and the DTLB 254 for a valid cache hit to be processed, due to the exception and protection information residing only in the DTLB 254. Finally, a path is provided from the LOTLB 252 to the LOD 264 to look up all integer load instructions to determine cache hits.
The DTLB 254 is designed to provide a large number of TLB entries and high bandwidth with a higher latency than in the LOTLB 252. The DTLB 254 provides parallel ports for all TLB accesses to provide high bandwidth to support the execution of four memory operations per cycle. However, as noted above, the micro-architecture 250 is not limited to four memory ports. The DTLB 254 also provides general memory ports so that each memory port can service either loads or stores. Because the LOD 264 may be restricted to two loads or two stores per cycle to provide fast latency, the DTLB 254 allows execution of up to four floating point loads or four floating point stores per cycle.
The DTLB 254 provides exception and protection information for all four memory ports. This allows the LOTLB 252 to be constructed without this information so that the LOTLB 252 can be smaller and faster. The DTLB 254 provides a translation path to the integer data path for store address updates and cache line invalidation functions. Finally, the DTLB 254 provides a path to the L1 data cache 266 to perform cache lookups for all floating point load and store operations.
In the micro-architecture 250, integer store update addresses and invalidation addresses may be provided to the LOD 264. The control 262 allows the micro-architecture 250 to store physical addresses of a cache line in parallel with a prevalidated cache tag entry. In addition, a path 261 is provided from the DTLB 254 to the integer data path for store updates and store invalidations. The DTLB 254 address is compared to all ways of associativity in the physical address cache tag structure to detect which ways of associativity match the current store or invalidation request. The control 262 allows the prevalidated tag cache LOD 264 valid status to be updated for invalidation requests and updates the integer load data cache for integer store operations. Finally, an exception information module 268 receives exception information from the DTLB 254 for all four memory ports 0-3.
The foregoing description of the parallel, distributed function translation lookaside buffer is presented for purposes of illustration and description. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The description explains the principles of the parallel, distributed function translation lookaside buffer and its practical application to allow others skilled in the art to best use it in various embodiments and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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Utahn on 'The Biggest Loser' meets baby son
Trae Patton, NBC
Utahn Hap Holmstead got to hold his baby son for the first time when his Blue Team won a challenge on NBC's "The Biggest Loser: Second Chances," but his team lost the weigh-in, sending a team member home.
When the 26-year-old Pleasant Grove, Utah, resident came on "The Biggest Loser," his wife was 8½ months pregnant with their third child. He got to see his son via video chat during the second episode, which aired Oct. 22.
This week's challenge was filling trucks with boxes of food donated by the Biggest Loser resorts for Thanksgiving dinner, and the members of the winning team each got a visit from a family member.
There were 40 boxes for each team member. Some were 15 pounds and others 30 pounds.
All three teams were just about even as they picked up boxes of turkey, yams, green beans and cranberries and raced to put them in the trucks to benefit people in Moore, Okla., where a tornado ripped through earlier this year, leveling homes.
The Blue Team put the heavier boxes in first.
"The strategy is that if you get the heavy stuff first, you can sprint really quickly doing the small stuff at the end," said Olympic weightlifter Holley Mangold of Columbus, Ohio.
And the strategy paid off.
Each of the five team members got a visit from family members.
"Thanksgiving is one of my favorite holidays," Holmstead said. "I am so thrilled to see them. I sends chills through my body."
And then as a surprise, his young daughters were there, too.
"My daughters are super active, so for me to be able to play with them and run around with them is going to be a big change in my life," Holmstead said. "That's the best thing about this second chance is that it's going to give me a better life with my kids, and that's all I really want."
Holmstead played baseball for American Fork High School and has since competed in powerlifting. Holmstead, of the Garden LDS 5th Ward, Pleasant Grove Utah Garden Stake, also served a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ohio.
Mangold's mother visited along with 28-year-old Bobby Saleem's parents and 38-year-old Matt Hooper's fiancée. Hooper postponed his wedding to come to the Biggest Loser Ranch.
At the weigh-in, the Red Team won and the Blue Team narrowly lost, sending a team member home.
Holmstead started at 403 pounds and was at 340 pounds going into the weigh-in. He lost 6 pounds, or 1.76 percent this week.
"Him having a 6 is pretty baffling to me," trainer Bob Harper said.
Mangold lost three pounds, or 1.03 percent, and fell below the red line on her team. She started at 351 pounds and her ending weight was 288.
She was eliminated Tuesday night.
But the eliminations weren't over as the show teased to another elimination at the beginning of next week's episode.
"It's going to be a brutal week," trainer Jillian Michaels said.
The winner of "The Biggest Loser" gets a $250,000 prize and eliminated contestants are also in a competition for an at-home weight loss prize.
"The Biggest Loser: Second Chances" airs Tuesday evenings on NBC.
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Graybird AirsportsRead MoreHeadquartered at the Dunnellon airport, Graybird Airsports sends clients airborne with a number of exhilarating activities. Folks take to the sky in one of their ultralight aircrafts, which beginners can pilot with an instructor by their side during tandem training rides. The center also offers hanggliding and paragliding, both led by trained and certified instructors. Paragliders can enjoy the thrill of a smooth progression into weightlessness with specially designed parachutes that lift gliders up into the air with the grace and ease of Superman in an evening gown.15070 SW 111 StDunnellon, FL US
SportationsRead MoreSportations connects amateur adrenaline jockeys to certified professional adventurers, drawing from a nationwide network of aeronauts and speed demons to introduce habitual pedestrians to the wonders of skydiving, ballooning, hang gliding, and stock-car racing. Thrill seekers can zipline across a forest canopy, hollering like Tarzan or taunting nearby birds until they agree to race. Helicopter tours ferry patrons skyward over landmarks and cityscapes, whereas paragliding adventures get up close and personal with blue skies and clouds. For most sports, Sportations accommodates groups of any size, from physics classes empirically proving gravity's existence to solo ballooning supervillains declaring dominion over all they see.6548 Groveland Airport Rd.Groveland, FL US
Orlando Balloon RidesRead MoreDuring 29 years of drifting through the Florida skies, Orlando Balloon Rides had already amassed an impressive fleet of gargantuan flying inflatables when a new balloon arrived. The product of an ambitious factory in Spain, the newcomer holds more than 400,000 cubic feet of hot air and stands as tall as an 11-story building. Four times the size of the average hot air inflatable, it's among the most massive hot air balloons currently flown in the United States. Now reigning as a popular vessel for the company's sunrise tours, the mammoth balloon can fly away with a basket of 24 passengers as it commands the skies, dwarfing most clouds and giving the Goodyear Blimp an identity crisis. From any of Orlando Balloon Rides' baskets, passengers take in high-altitude views of Walt Disney World and the city's skyline, sights visitors rarely get to see from above. Each of the company's hot air balloons is piloted by an FAA-certified pilot who also serves as a knowledgeable narrator of the scenery below.1615 E Ridgewood StOrlando, FL US
Orlando Balloon RidesRead MoreYou could say that Orlando Balloon Rides' crew of FAA-certified pilots is impressive, but that would probably be an understatement. One has flown across the English Channel three times, another trained stunt pilots for the Bond movie The World Is Not Enough, and a third manned a balloon up to the stratosphere. It's a good thing they're so talented?and have an unblemished safety record among them?as they fly one of the largest balloons in the Western Hemisphere. The 11-story, 425,000-cubic-foot behemoth can carry up to 24 people in its 1,600-pound basket, which is made of aircraft-grade steel and basket-grade wicker. Or put more simply, an average balloon can fit inside this balloon. Whether choosing to ride in this or a traditional-size balloon, passengers are treated to expansive views of orange groves, swampland, Orange County mansions, and sometimes, a certain magical kingdom on the horizon's distance, which actually isn't a mirage. After any flight, a champagne toast contributes to what USA Today called a "spectacular sunrise adventure" and one of Orlando's 10 most romantic attractions.P.O. Box 560572Orlando, FL US
AerophileRead MoreIn 1993, two 25-year-old engineers, Matthieu Gobbi and Jerome Giacomoni, pursued mankind?s dream to evolve into kites when they reinvented the tethered gas balloon, which enables faster rides than the typical gas balloon. With several models to choose from, their balloons have established themselves as attractions in more than 60 places around the world, including Paris, Berlin, and Angkor Wat Temple. Renowned amusement parks, such as the Walt Disney World? Resort and Disneyland Paris? Resort, use Aerophile?s innovative balloons to introduce their visitors to the clouds. With enough space to seat up to 29 passengers, the tethered aircrafts climb up to 400 feet into the sky with the help of up to 210,000 cubic feet of helium, providing breathtaking views of the surrounding attractions and landscape.1501 E Buena Vista Dr.Orlando, FL US
Central Florida Balloon RidesRead MoreAs the sun begins to rise, an experienced pilot from Central Florida Balloon Rides meets passengers to take them on a floating tour of the sky. Excitement mounts as passengers watch a giant hot air balloon inflate and slowly take shape. Then, after a series of safety checks, pilots will usher passengers aboard the balloon for a ride that lasts about one hour. Along the way, the balloon will surf on the wind, reaching heights of up to 2,000 feet to give passengers a bird's-eye-view of the picturesque landscape unfolding below them.UnknownSpring Hill, FL US


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Health & Safety Companies in Alabama
Category: Health & Safety ×
Employees number: 101-1000 ×
Industry: University / Academia / Research ×
Location: USA ×
Location: Alabama ×
Waterlogic International Ltd
based in Basingstoke, UNITED KINGDOM
Waterlogic is the leading global manufacturer and distributor of top quality mains attached "Point of Use" (POU) water purifying and dispensing systems. These incorporate Firewall™ purification technology, carbon multi-filtration systems, In Tank UV technology and BioCote® antimicrobial protected parts to guarantee the highest levels of hygiene and quality. As end-user ...
Ecotech Pty Ltd
based in Knoxfield, AUSTRALIA
Ecotech is an Australian owned company with more than 35 years experience in servicing, maintaining, designing, manufacturing, installing and commissioning ambient air and emission monitoring systems around the world. Ecotech is ISO17025 accredited for the operation and maintenance of ambient air and continuous emission monitoring systems and was first accredited in 1999. ...
based in Limonest, FRANCE
ACOEM helps customers in the industrial, environmental and defence sectors make the right decisions and take the right actions. To ensure the productivity and reliability of industrial machines. To prevent noise and vibration pollution. To protect personnel, sites and vehicles in military theaters of operation. To contribute to the development of effective, robust & ...
Woodard & Curran
based in Portland, MAINE (USA)
Woodard & Curran is an 800-person, integrated, engineering, science, and operations company. Privately held and steadily growing, we serve public and private clients locally and nationwide. From our environmental roots to the range of consulting, engineering, and operations expertise we provide today, we work for a diverse clientele—including municipalities, industry, ...
USA Environment, LP
based in Houston, TEXAS (USA)
USA Environment, LP (USA) provides a full range of high end environmental services. To compliment our primary resource of personnel, USA owns the equipment required for the construction technologies utilized in the environmental service industry. USA also owns and operates a transportation fleet licensed to haul both hazardous and radioactive materials in 48 states. This ...
Crowcon Detection Instruments Ltd - a Halma company
based in Milton Park, UNITED KINGDOM
Crowcon Detection Instruments develop, manufacture and market a complete range of portable and fixed gas detection products you can trust to protect people and plant against gas hazards. Established over 40 years the company has strong regional centres in North America, Singapore, The Netherlands and India, with a mature network of trained distributors covering almost ...
Environnement S.A
based in Poissy, FRANCE
Environnement S.A is the leading company in the field of instrumentation for the environment. Ever since its creation in 1978, Environnement S.A has been dedicated to the study, development, manufacture and supply of advanced on-line gas, particulate and water analyzers, using the most recent technologies. Environnement S.A proposes a comprehensive range of continuous ...
NILU - The Norwegian Institute for Air Research
based in Kjeller, NORWAY
NILU is an independent research institute founded in 1969. NILU`s environmental building on Kjeller, the outskirt of Lillestrøm and Oslo, became the permanent headquarter in 1994. The institute conducts environmental research with emphasis on the sources of airborne pollution, atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition and is also involved in the ...
Ashtead Technology Ltd
based in Letchworth, UNITED KINGDOM
Ashtead Technology was formed in 1985 when Ashtead Group plc acquired SubSpek Limited, which at the time provided underwater positioning, survey and inspection equipment rental from a base in Aberdeen. In 1994 the Singapore base was opened, focussing on the offshore oil and gas industry and the subsea telecommunications cable market in Asia Pacific. The first US ...
LECO Corporation
based in St. Joseph, MICHIGAN (USA)
LECO provides innovative, time-saving instrumentation for analyzing and identifying hundreds of known and emerging environmental threats in soils, plants, fertilizers, grains, pesticides, and feeds.
Need help finding the right suppliers?
Let the XPRTs do the work for you


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Height: 4'5"
Weapon(s): Corona Chakrams
Gender: Genderless
Gender Pronoun: She/Her
Gemstone: Heliodor (Golden/Yellow Beryl)
Personality: Cheerful, playful, outgoing, caring, hyperactive, self-assured, optimistic, honest, zealous, intuitive, open-minded, docile, inquisitive, over-trusting
Likes: Sunbathing, watching sunsets, belly dancing, performing cartwheels and handsprings and various other acrobatic feats, taking part in gymnastics, free-running, exploring, going for walks and jogs, having fun, making friends, being with friends, pleasing and cheering up her friends, being helpful, ginger along with the smell of it, ginger beer, yogurt, rice, sushi, bananas, cheese, corn, honey mangoes, banana milk, mustard, fire salt
Dislikes: Staying still for too long, loneliness, being judged and criticised, feeling like she's dead-weight, offending/upsetting others when she didn't mean to, tight spaces, being imprisoned, the Homeworld Gems taking over and hollowing out planets and getting involved with them in doing those things
Dory was born/created on Gem Homeworld. While on Homeworld, Dory would spend lots of time playing outside.
5000 years ago, two armies made entirely of Gems, the Homeworld Gems and the Crystal Gems, fought against each other on Earth. Jasper of the Homeworld Gems held a private meeting with Dory, asking the latter to fight with her in the Gem war on Earth. Jasper felt that Dory could be an asset to the Homeworld Gems due of her fighting prowess. Dory couldn't bring herself to become a war participant who destroyed members of her own race and refused. Angered, Jasper threatened Dory with indefinite solitary confinement as punishment if the latter didn't fight in the war. Dory was horrified by Jasper's threat and felt she had no choice but to comply so she and Jasper went to Earth to participate in the war of the Gems.
In the war, when Dory got into a fight with a Crystal Gem, she discreetly asked them why they were fighting against the Homeworld Gems. The Crystal Gem's answer was to protect Earth and all its living creatures from being destroyed by the plans of the Homeworld Gems. While the two continued their fight, Dory shared a plan with the Crystal Gem that would allow the former to leave the war. The Crystal Gem suggested to Dory that they could both pay visits to the battlefield they battled on after the Gem war ended until they met again and Dory agreed.
Dory absorbed lots of solar energy and allowed the Crystal Gem to attack her. The Crystal Gem's attack sent Dory flying and upon landing between the Homeworld and Crystal Gems, she released a giant and bright explosion of light. While all the Gems were temporarily blinded, Dory shape-shifted into a bird and flew away, leaving the rest of the Gems to fight.
As Dory flew, she began to succumb to her injuries sustained from absorbing and expending such a large amount of solar energy and held off retreating into her gemstone to heal with her sheer force of will. She looked for a safe spot to retreat into her gemstone and came across a volcano. Dory flew above it and allowed herself to retreat into her gemstone, causing it to fall into the volcano along with its lava. Inside her gemstone, Dory went into a deep slumber as she healed.
5000 years later, in the present day, Dory finally woke up from her eon-long slumber, causing the volcano she was into to erupt, ejecting her gemstone from it in the process. After her gemstone generated her body, Dory explored Earth to see if there were any surviving Crystal Gems while paying visits to the battlefield of the Gem war with the hope of eventually rendezvousing with the Crystal Gem she met there...
Dory possesses agility and athleticism, allowing her to move quickly and gymnastically.
She can wall-jump.
She is a skilled hand-to-hand combatant who throws swift kicks and punches and can also fight with capoeira.
Dory can summon up to two Corona Chakrams from her gemstone. Apart from being able to throw them as projectiles, she can also use them as hand blades.
Dory can use pyrokinesis and is immune to fire, heat and lava.
Only during daytime, Dory can absorb solar energy to heal her gem if it's cracked and her own injuries as long as they're not too severe but she has to be standing still in order to do those things.
Sunrise Jump: A graceful arching leap that has Dory twisting around in mid-air and provides a balance of vertical and horizontal momentum.
Sunset Dropkick: A 45 degree angle kick that can be performed after the arch of a Sunrise Jump has been completed.
Solaser: Dory absorbs solar energy to fire beams of light from her body. She can even fire Solasers from the soles of her feet to fly.
Fire Gem: Dory charges up before sending herself flying in a direction of her choice while engulfed in flames.
Helicopter Kick: Dory throws a series of quick kicks at a roughly 135 degree angle in a circular motion that make her float upwards.
Vulnerability to water and earth-based attacks.
Hello ladies and gentleman, or whatever!
I am a university student who is studying at the University of Greenwich and a gamer who is a big fan of the Pokémon and Kirby series. I was an on-and-off artist for as long as I could remember and got into drawing seriously back in 2011, which was the year I joined deviantART. I aim to work in the videogames industry in the future.
I have an unhealthy obsession with reptilian troll-like creatures known as Zeti and my appetite for drawing them is HUGE.
As an artist, I dabble in photography and costume making and specialise in character designing, usually working alongside my good friend on his game projects. Here's my still growing character design portfolio. If you're working on a game or animation project and you like what you see of my character design portfolio, don't hesitate to ask me if I'd like to do character designs for your project.
Thanks for reading and stopping by!
Deviants to check out:
Official Nintendo Magazine (ONM)|YouTube|Tumblr|Twitter|Spring.me
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
What Eevee Evolution Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
What Soul Eater Character Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
What Dungeons And Dragons Class Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
What House of Hogwarts did the Sorting Hat Place You In?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
Which Pokemon Villain Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
Which Batman Villain Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
What Sonic Character Are You?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime
What Kirby Hat Do You Wear?
Hosted By theOtaku.com: Anime


text:
I recently had the privilege of traveling to Israel on a solidarity mission, arranged by Stand With Us, a prominent Israel advocacy group. This amazing program was put together in a matter of days and was intended to show our unwavering stance with the people of Israel. Our trip...
Michael Oren responds to 'Ally' backlash at local event
Israel OKs larger Egyptian force to fight jihadis
Hamas terror cell planning attack arrested in West Bank
Hebrew word of the week: Artsot ha-brit (The United States)
Anti-Israel tweeting prof. hired by American University of Beirut
Professional tips on clearing clutter and getting organized
Mexican TV anchor Zabludovsky, symbol of government spin, dies at 87
Young Jewish life is alive and well in revamped Downtown L.A.
Tag: Stand With Us
View the most popular tags overall?
Witness the Resilience, Resolve and Valiance of a Nation
August 27, 2014 | 10:33 am
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July 26, 2014 | 8:29 pm
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July 16, 2014 | 11:11 am
A message to the world – an interview with Michael Dickson, Israel Director of StandWithUs
June 18, 2013 | 12:37 pm
Israeli Soldiers Stories- touring the States, spreading the truth
April 3, 2013 | 12:14 pm
Jewish groups react swiftly to escalation of Gaza rocket attacks on Israel
November 15, 2012 | 11:45 am
Israel in HD- the photo album
October 10, 2012 | 10:21 am
After spending eight days in Israel, as a part of the Once in a Lifetime program of the Stand With Us Fellowship organization, ten influential Instagram users from all over the world returned to their homes, carrying memories of an unforgetable trip from north to south (including a...
Israel in HD
August 29, 2012 | 11:00 am
Three top Jewish women activists endorse Obama
June 5, 2012 | 10:21 am
What Deportation List? Dueling LA Times Ads Skew Story of Refugee Children in Israel
March 10, 2011 | 10:01 am
"STOP Israel's deportation of 400 children," the advertisement in the Saturday, Mar. 5, edition of the Los Angeles Times called out in large type.
The half-page ad, taken out by the Middle East Children's Alliance (MECA), announced that Israel was...
Calendar Girls Picks and Clicks Dec. 13- 19: Chanukah, Heeb, Israel, Yiddish
December 12, 2008 | 12:07 am


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What Will Show on Camera?
For interview or documentary-style shots, what you wear below the waist isn't as important, since it won't get as much time on screen.
For interview or documentary-style shots, what you wear below the waist isn't as important, since it won't get as much time on screen.
Your business isn't boring. Why should your commercial or video campaign be boring?
The Orion Systems product reaches across the globe. Some of the biggest corporations in the world rely on their pre-employment system.
With a 50-year reputation for honesty, integrity, and amazing service, Southwestern Payroll has a proud history to celebrate. They deserved a website as unique as their company to help differentiate them from the faceless corporate competition.
We continue to receive great feedback on the new look from our clients.
"You guys are awesome to work with."
- Samantha Hartanovich, Southwestern Payroll
Continue reading
With a history stretching back to 1945, and energy projects including every major US space mission, EaglePicher's reputation speaks for itself.
Entering new energy markets in New York, they needed materials to showcase their credibility to new prospects.
You are on-point with NYC! Great job!
- Callie Hudson, Marketing
"I thought you'd like to see just how forward you all are. This is my view from our table.
Note the color of choice for this meeting. We match everything."
Thanks so much for getting this stuff delivered in time for this event. Couldn't be happier.
- Callie Hudson, Marketing
EaglePicher has done incredible things over the course of their history. But they had never given a professional designer the privilege of working on their stuff.
So as we began to dig into the company, we discovered things they were very modest about, but we thought were incredible: doing business for over 100 years, providing batteries for the first US satellite launch, sustaining 2 billion battery cell hours in space. Really impressive stuff.
Re-discovering these stories also inspired newer staff members who didn't know about them. It was fun to see their staff getting excited about their history all over again, right before the trade show.
The best part for us: seeing the team go to a trade show in NYC and be on-target with design for that event.
As a company who works in a digital medium, we enjoyed working with a business that helps other companies to make good use of their energy resources. They support innovative technology combinations, including sustainable tech like wind, solar, and hydraulic power.
It was an honor to work with a company who has been around for over 100 years and bring their products forward into a new era.
Sturdy, business-card-sized tri-fold design
Full-size tri-fold
Responsive landing page: mobile, desktop & tablet friendly
Harmonious use of new logo, colors & fonts
Engineered look and feel
Incorporated circuit details for the "deep concept" vibe


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Get Stronger at Gold's Gym
A New You Is Waiting The Gold's Gym Challenge is a 12-week body transformation contest exclusively available to Gold's Gym members. Not only will the Challenge help you get fit, exceed your goals and improve your overall health, you will also have a chance to win $75,000 in cash prizes!Learn More
Classes and Schedules
Workout Builder
Get a custom fitness plan designed around your body type and fitness level.
Spotter App
Download the Spotter App to track your progress, set goals, view class schedules and get instant motivation.
Group Membership Program
Find strength in numbers.
Corporate Wellness Program
Keep your entire company strong.


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The Plus Project: Desirre Andrews
Today I've selected Desirre Andrews for the Plus Project. Desirre is a birthing professional and advocate living in Colorado. She is the owner of Preparing For Birth, LLC.; through which she provides Doula and Midwife services, as well as public speaking and education. On the site she also blogs fairly regularly about many topics relating to pregnancy and childbirth, and posts a wide variety of helpful information for expecting women and new mothers (as well as those who love them). She also tweets frequently @preparing4birth about many of the same topics. She supports many varieties of traditional and holistic healthcare, and addresses challenging topics from a straightforward yet positive perspective. She has a number of photos of newborns and proud mamas at facebook.com/PreparingForBirth (some may be considered graphic and/or NSFW), which offer a fascinating insight into the moments surrounding childbirth. Desirre has a clear love for infants and their mothers, and her tenderness easily shines through. You should definitely check her out!
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The Double: And, The Gambler
Everyman's Library, 2005 - Fiction - 336 pages
(Book Jacket Status: Jacketed)
The two strikingly original short novels brought together here–in new translations by award-winning translators–were both literary gambles of a sort for Dostoevsky.
The Double, written in Dostoevsky's youth, was a sharp turn away from the realism of his first novel,Poor Folk.The first real expression of his genius,The Doubleis a surprisingly modern hallucinatory nightmare in which a minor official named Goliadkin becomes aware of a mysterious doppelgänger–a man who has his name and his face and who gradually and relentlessly begins to displace him with his friends and colleagues. In the dilemma of this increasingly paranoid hero, Dostoevsky makes vividly concrete the inner disintegration of consciousness that would become a major theme of his work.
The Gamblerwas written twenty years later, under the pressure of crushing debt. It is a stunning psychological portrait of a young man's exhilarating and destructive addiction, a compulsion that Dostoevsky–who once gambled away his young wife's wedding ring–knew intimately from his own experience. In the disastrous love affairs and gambling adventures of his character, Alexei Ivanovich, Dostoevsky explores the irresistible temptation to look into the abyss of ultimate risk that he believed was an essential part of the Russian national character.
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Review: The Double and The GamblerUser Review - Genevieve - Goodreads
These are two of my fave Dostoevsky stories. Read full review
All 32 reviews »
Review: The Double and The GamblerUser Review - Christian Kiefer - Goodreads
Only read The Double, which was a not very funny farce. Just so-so, especially for FD. Read full review
Selected pages
Common terms and phrases
Alcxci Ivanovich already Andrei Filippovich Anton Antonovich Antonida asked Astlcy baron began carriage clerks Comingcs councillor course cried croupier dear sir dinner door Douh droshky everything excellency eyes felt finally Frenchman fricdrichs d'or Fyodor Dostoevski Gambler gambling gaze give glance Goliadkin Jr grandmother guest guldens hand happened head heart hero Klara Olsufycvna Krcstyan Ivanovich lady laughed listen look lost louis d'or mean Mile Blanche Miss Polina never Notes from Underground noticed numbers Olsufy Ivanovich's once overcoat Pctrushka Potapych precisely replied roubles roulette rushed Russian seemed shouted sitting smile somehow sort speak stairs stake Stellovsky stood stopped story strange stupid suddenly tailcoat talking tell terrible there's thing thought thousand florins thousand francs took trembling turned understand vauxhall voice waiting what's whispered whole Yakov Pctrovich yesterday zero


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One year deals an incentive - Jervis
Plymouth Argyle striker Jake Jervis says the one-year contracts given to the club's new signings are an extra incentive.BBC Sport » 21m
Plymouth Argyle striker Jake Jervis says the one-year contracts given to the club's new signings are an extra incentive.BBC Sport » 21m
National League side Braintree Town sign Cambridge United goalkeeper Will Norris on a season-long loan deal.BBC Sport » 1h
Notts County sign winger Genaro Snijders, ex-Newcastle striker Adam Campbell and attacking midfielder Kyle Da Silva.BBC Sport » 15h
Notts County have signed Adam Campbell and Kyle De Silva. Former Newcastle forward Campbell has agreed a two-year contract after impressing on trial last week.SkySports.com » 15h
Plymouth Argyle sign midfielder Josh Simpson on a one-year deal after he rejected a new contract at Crawley Town.BBC Sport » 16h
New-signing Matt Taylor could lead Newport County next season, says manager Tarry Butcher.BBC Sport » 16h
Plymouth have signed midfielder Josh Simpson from Crawley. The 28-year-old, who rejected the offer of a new contract with the Reds, has agreed a one-year deal at Home Park.SkySports.com » 16h
Burton have signed rookie Norwich goalkeeper Remi Matthews on loan until January.EatSleepSport » 18h
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Original recipe yields 10 servings
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This was very easy to make and it came out great! I did make one change, however. Instead of using all white flour, I used half white flour and half whole wheat flour. This gave it more fiber...
Hi All, I submitted this recipe a couple years ago and am just now checking back. We still go through a loaf a day (the kids even fight over the crusts!), but we do use 2 1/3 cups of flour not t...
I really liked this recipe - the bread was very tasty and had a good texture. My only problem is that I don't like bread from a bread machine in general - the crust is too thick. So the second...


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Pro Comp Helper Spring. Improves the strength or a rear spring against fatigue. Can be used with a lift block kit. Not for use with fiberglass... Read more
SuperSprings Leaf Spring Stabilizer. This SuperSprings Leaf Spring Stabilizer is made from premium grade materials for accurate fitment... Read more
Fabtech Helper Spring. This high-performance helper spring is used to keep the main spring tight between the perches, when the vehicle... Read more
SUPERSPRINGS. Boost load capacity, cornering and towing without hardening the ride! No more sway and sag-levels load to prevent bottoming... Read more
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Archive: November, 2009
We told you on Thursday that Republicans and some Democrats were slamming Recovery.gov for being full of errors. In a story published Friday, U.S. Rep. Joe Sestak expressed his own frustration with the stimulus. Sestak, who is running for the Democratic nomination for Senate against Sen. Arlen Specter, told the political website Politico that Democrats may have promised too much, too quickly. Says Politico:
According to Sestak, moderate and conservative-leaning independents are particularly unnerved by a sense that Washington's plans for economic recovery seem to be working slowly, if at all.
"There's no such thing as a shovel-ready job. We oversold things," Sestak said in a phone interview from York County, where he was participating in an event with veterans over the weekend.
The cynical take on Gov. Rendell's announcement that he wants to spend his last year in Harrisburg pursuing governmental reforms is that the plan is all talk. Basically, the argument goes, you've got a lame duck executive making promises he can't keep so that when he leaves office he can say, "hey, I tried."
But check out the DN's take on this today: Not this time. Not with all the recent scandals in Harrisburg.
Whether the governor expects his plan to work or not, the public should get behind him. We should make the governor take his own agenda seriously -- and enable him to move it forward.
A few weeks ago, in the inaugural (and thus far only -- but not for long!) installment of our "Follow the (lack of) money" series, Anthony detailed the circumstances and potential ramifications of a reduction in funding for Philly's Housing Trust Fund.
To oversimplify the matter: Mayor Nutter came in to office and committed $15 million over five years to the fund, which leverages the money to bring in state and federal grants that finance affordable housing work (both rehab and new construction). When the city's finances went south, Nutter reduced that commitment, and then reduced it again. The projected five-year city commitment now stands at $6 million.
This reduction is exacerbated by the fact that the fund's other source of revenue, real estate transfer taxes, are also way down.
Yesterday, we reported that the GOP was slamming President Obama for mistakes on Recovery.gov, the website where the public can track $787 billion in stimulus funding. The site lists projects in non-existent congressional districts. Today, the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review has a response from the Obama Administration.
According to Ed Pound, a spokesman for the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board, the problem didn't originate with the federal government.
Pound said recipients of the money are to blame for the misreporting.
Thanks to the indictment of state Rep. John Perzel (R-Pa.), we've been hearing a lot lately about shady government use of computer systems.
Well, today Bob Warner writes about a longstanding effort by the city's Board of Ethics to use computing technology to give voters more information.
The board settled a battle between Municipal Court Judge Thomas N. Nocella and contractor Ernesto DeNofa over their failure in 2007 to submit computerized reports of campaign contributions and expenditures.
At least one elected official thinks this week's charges against State Rep. John Perzel should lead to sweeping reforms. Gov. Ed Rendell announced yesterday that he will spend the remainder of his time in office pursuing major changes in Harrisburg.
Rendell, who will be out of the office at the end of 2010, said the culture of corruption has hurt his policy agenda and must change.
"We've done great things legislatively [but] get virtually no credit for it because we have a process that's broken," Rendell told reporters at a press conference. "Special interests still dominate the scene here in Harrisburg."
Why is the Pennsylvania Republican Party criticizing the Obama adminstration for $12 million in recovery funds that came to this state?
The stimulus projects being tracked on the federal government's recovery.gov include a total of $12 million for the 00th, 96th, 21st and 65th congressional district.
The problem? These don't exist in Pennsylvania.
"While many Pennsylvania are still waiting for something positive to come of the stimulus, I guess those living in the 00th congressional district can be proud [of] President Obama, Senator Specter, and Democratic congressional members for 'creating' so many jobs," said GOP chairman Rob Cleason. "Obama needs to let Pennsylvanias know if and how stimulus money was spent in congressional districts that don't exist."
The problem is not confined to Pennsylvania. Numerous mistakes in the stimulus progress reports submitted to Congress last month generated similar charges in other parts of the country. For example, Rep. Rob Bishop (R - Utah) mocked the Obama Administration in the the Salt Lake City Tribune for listing $1.1 million in a non-existent congressional district.
A significant dynamic of the SEPTA strike that didn't get resolved in contract negotiations was the union's accusation that SEPTA had mismanaged its pension fund. Rather than just making the size of pension contributions a contract issue, the TWU complained about the health of its pension. But the strike ended without SEPTA agreeing to the forensic audit the union had at one point demanded.
It looks like the TWU hasn't forgotten the matter, however. The Philadelphia Weekly reports today that the TWU is considering suing SEPTA:
Local 234, which ended a six-day strike on November 8, has retained the law firm of Kaufman, Coren & Ress, P.C. The issue at hand: Workers want to know what firm the money is being invested with, what the rate of return is and what fees investors are being paid.


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Jul 11
Aug 28
Oct 16
Opening direct support for Progressive Metal icons "Fates Warning"Save
Scott Thompson
Bryan Paxton
Pat DeLeon
Sounds Like: Devin Townsend Project, King's X, Meshuggah, Porcupine Tree, Dream Theater
Label: FC Records
Manager: John Kotzian
Bio: Imminent Sonic Destruction is the brainchild of Detroit-based guitarist, vocalist and metal innovator Tony Piccoli. Influenced by the raw power of bands such as Strapping Young Lad, Meshuggah and Pantera , as well as the disciplined complexities of progressive groups like Dream Theater and Genesi...See Full Bio
Imminent Sonic Destruction has a show on 05/01/2015 at 08:00 PM @ THE TOKEN... in Westland, MI http://www.reverbnation.com/q/5sjv81 #concert
"Recurring Themes is pretty impressive from start to finish, and you have to love the way Imminent Sonic Destruction have put together material that will surely please the prog crowd, the progressive metal lovers, and the extreme metal scene. I can't see this band being unsigned for much longer, as there is some superior talent on display here. Highly recommended!"


text:
A tractor includes a cab mounted analysis/display unit (1) connected to a number of on-board sensors for detecting speed, fuel flow, etc and also capable of receiving data input manually or via a data carrier. The unit (1) is also connected to an on-board GPS navigation system (24), and includes means for generating maps of tractor-related parameters and/or parameters derived therefrom. The math usefulness of the system is in derby "on the go" maps of cost related data for a given field operation. Cost maps for cumulative operations and maps of gross profit margin are possible by adding "on the go" generated cost data to previously generated cost and/or yield data as the tractor performs an operation in a field.
1. An apparatus for mapping the performance of an agricultural tractor during operation in an agricultural field comprising:
a sensor that generates a signal that is representative of an operating characteristic of the agricultural tractor; and
a controller that is responsive to said signal from said sensor and that generates a performance map of the performance of the agricultural tractor as a function of an area in the agricultural field in which the agricultural tractor is operated.
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This application is a continuation of 09/043982 filed Mar. 19, 1999 and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,195,604 which is a 371 PCT/GB96/02216 filed September 1996.
The present invention relates to a tractor with a monitoring system and means for locating the tractor.
It is known to display sensed parameters on an electronic tractor monitoring system. It is also known to provide a location system, eg a GPS satellite location system, in a combine harvester and to combine information from such a system with, for example, a continuous signal representative of the rate of flow of grain entering the harvester, thereby to produce a "yield map" showing grain yield as a map over an area where the combine harvester has travelled.
The object of the present invention is to provide a tractor with an improved monitoring system.
Further features and details of the present invention will be apparent from the following specific description given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side sectional view of a tractor in accordance with the invention, and
FIG. 2 is an example map produced in accordance with the invention.
Referring firstly to FIG. 1, a tractor in accordance with the invention comprises the standard elements of an engine E, gearbox G/B, PTO output shaft P, and three point linkage L.
Situated in the tractor cab is an electronic monitoring system analasys/display unit 1 into which run lines from a number of electronic sensors an the tractor.
A fuel tank 2 is housed at the rear of tractor and a fuel line 3 passes from the tank to the engine E via a fuel flow sensor 4. An electronic output from the fuel flow sensor 4 is connected via line 5 to the display unit 1.
A further sensor 6 for detecting engine speed, is of the magnetic inductance type and is mounted adjacent a gear 7 which drives the engine oil pump. The electronic output of the sensor 6 is connected via a line 9 to the display unit 1.
A radar speed sensor 10 is mounted underneath the tractor for detecting actual speed over the ground. The sensor 10 is connected via a line 11 to the display unit 1.
A further magnetic inductance sensor 12 is associated with the crown wheel 13 on the rear axle of the tractor for detecting "theoretical" forward speed (ie forward speed with no wheel slip). The electronic output of the inductance sensor 12 is connected via a line 14 to the display unit 1.
A further magnetic inductance sensor 15 is associated with the power take off gearbox 16 and detects the PTO speed. The electronic output of the sensor 15 is connected via a line 17 to the display unit 1.
The three point linkage L has both draft force and position sensors associated with the top link joint, the sensors being commonly shown in FIG. 1 by the numeral 18. The force sensor is of known type, taking the form of a joint pin incorporating strain gauges. The electronic output from the force sensor is connected via a signal line 19 to the display unit 1. The position of the linkage, that is to say its height, is measured by a rotary potentiometer associated with the top link joint. The potentiometer is connected via a line 20 to the display unit 1.
Situated in the tractor cab is an electronic linkage control unit 21 of known type, which includes a linkage lift/lower control 22. The electronic linkage control unit is connected via a line 23 to the display unit 1.
The tractor is fitted with a GPS satellite navigation system 24 which is connected via signal line or lines 25 to the display unit 1.
Finally, a socket 26 is provided for receive an input signal from an implement connected to the tractor, and this is connected via a line 27 to the display unit 1.
The display unit 1 includes a touch sensitive screen 28 via which a number of functions connected with monitoring/displaying tractor parameters may be selected and controlled. The unit 1 also allows the various parameters as sensed on the tractor, as well as information derived therefrom, to be displayed on the screen 28, or alternatively output on to a data carrier inserted into a slot 29, or alternatively output in printed form on a paper tape output from slot 30.
The display unit 1 is essentially also a data processing unit, as will be appreciated from what has been said above. The unit includes an integral clock, a microprocessor and electronic memory. Software to enable the functions described above to be performed, is stored and implemented by the unit 1. The unit 1 is programmed to accept the input of certain parameters either manually via the touch screen or via a data carrier, such as a magnetic disk or PCMIA card inserted in to the slot 29. The unit 1 is also programmed to receive information from the GPS navigation system 24 and combine this with any of the parameters sensed by the various sensors around the tractor together with any relevant data input manually or via a data carrier. In this way, the unit produces maps of tractor speed information which may be combined with manually input information.
At its simplest level, the system may be used to generate, for example, a map of fuel used per hectare when performing an operation with a soil penetrating implement. To generate such a map, the unit 1 would employ information from the GPS unit 24, from the fuel flow sensor 4, from the tractor speed sensor 10 and from a manual input representative of the width of the implement being used, and thus the width of the strip of field processed on any given run of the tractor. The unit 1 would also use the input from the electronic linkage control 21, which includes an indication of whether the implement is in a raised or lowered condition and therefore out of work or in work. Lastly, the unit 1 would use information from its integral clock.
A realistic map of fuel used per hectare may then be generated by continuously sensing the fuel flow data from the sensor 4 and continuously calculating the rate at which area is being covered (derived from speed and implement width), and sampling these parameters repeatedly at known positions of the tractor (from the GPS). At each sampling point, a value for fuel used since the last sample is divided by hectares covered since the last sample and this fuel/hectare value correlated to tractor position. At the end of each run, the linkage will of course be raised to bring the implement out of work and this fact will be recognised by the unit 1 from the signal on line 23 from the electronic linkage control 21 The amount of fuel used from the time the implement is lifted out of work until the time it is returned into work at the start of the next run can be retrospectively added to the series of fuel/hectare values for the previous run, being apportioned equally over all the readings. Alternatively, the value for fuel used can be stored and then apportioned equally over the readings for the next run. Either way, the fuel used per hectare figure for a narrow portion of field with very short runs will reflect the fact that the tractor spends a relatively large percentage of its time turning on headlands.
In a simple modification of the above process, the fuel used per hectare figure can be amended to a fuel cost per hectare figure by the simple incorporation of a manually input unit fuel cost figure.
It will be appreciated that the operation described above involves automatic sensing of lifting and lowering of the tractor linkage at each end of a run (simply by noting the position of the lift/lower switch 22). Alternatively, in an operation where the linkage is not lifted and lowered at the end/start of each run (eg spreading fertiliser), a further manual input can be provided in the form of an icon on the touch screen which is touched at the end and the start of each run. Alternatively, this information could be input directly from the implement via the socket 26 and line 27. There could also be some form of connection between the unit 1 and a cab mounted implement control unit to achieve the same result.
The above described operation is a novel and relatively simple way of providing an indication of the cost of performing a process on a field, showing how that cost is distributed across the field. A more useful way of doing this is to combine all or at least most of the sensed tractor parameters described above with data input manually or via a data carrier as follows:
1 cost of tractor driver per hour;
2 depreciation of tractor per hour;
3 maintenance cost of tractor per hour;
4 a parameter representative of tractor tire cost per hour;
5 a parameter representative of soil type.
The cost of a driver's wages, depreciation and maintenance need no explanation; their effect on the cost of the tractor operation is self-explanatory. Actual tractor tire wear is influenced by a number of factors, so a basic tire cost parameter is used representing purchase cost depreciated over an average tyre lifetime. This is then modified by the unit 1 according to the soil type parameter, since certain types of soil will wear a tire quicker than others. Other factors used to calculate actual tyre wear, and therefore cost, are wheel slip, which is directly calculated from the actual speed sensor 10 and theoretical speed sensor 12, draft force from the draft force sensor 18 assuming a soil penetrating implement is attached, and forward speed from the sensor 10.
A possibility with this system is the generation of cumulative treatment cost maps. A previously generated cost map for a given treatment, eg ploughing a field, may be inserted into the unit 1, and then information relating to the cost of a second process added as the second process is performed. If this is done for every treatment applied to the field, a reasonably true indication of the cost of growing that crop, as mapped across the fields may be produced. In addition, the previous year's yield in the form of a map on a data carrier may be input into the unit 1 together with a manually input figure representative of the value of the crop per tonne. In this way, a "gross margin" map can be produced which gives a direct indication of which parts of the field are more profitable than others and which may show that some parts of the field are actually making a loss.
For some field operations, the cost is going to be relatively uniform and mapping, therefore, not really worthwhile. In this case, a manually input constant value of cost/hectare may be used for one or more of the field processes, when generating a cumulative cost map as described above.
A useful variation of the above is to produce a map of "field efficiency", that is to say the percentage of time spent working the field as opposed to turning on headlands, combined with a constant value for cost/hour. Cost/hectare is then calculated "on the go" during a run, based on speed and implement width, and sampled at intervals for mapping as with the previously described mapping processes. At the and of each run, the cost of the time spent turning before starting the next run is calculated and averaged over the sampled values (or alternatively stored and then averaged over the sampled values for the next run). A refinement of this would be to have different constant cost/hour values for "in work" and "out of work".
A map of field efficiency alone can also be very useful, ie a map simply showing an efficiency value for each tractor run. Such a map may be used to design field shapes and/or the direction of ploughing etc.
It should be noted that field efficiency will vary between processes; the time spent on headlands will generally be much more significant for a fast process than a slow one.
For any map of cost related data, field efficiency is one of the major factors contributing to cost and may be used in many different ways.
Although mapping cost related parameters is very useful, this invention is not restricted to the mapping of cost related parameters. A map showing one of the tractor sensed parameters mentioned above as distributed over a field during a given treatment process can be useful in its own right. For example, the variation of PTO speed during a fertiliser spreading process can be useful to monitor since the map may show that PTO speed dropped to an unacceptable level for part of the time, in which case the spread of fertiliser may have been inadequate and may require subsequent treatment to ensure that sufficient fertiliser is applied. Such a map could be derived using data either from the PTO speed senior or engine speed sensor, since the PTO gear ratio will be a known constant.
Another parameter which could usefully be mapped during, say, a ploughing operation, is linkage height. If the linkage control is in draft control mode, as is conventional for a ploughing operation, the linkage height will be automatically adjusted to maintain draft force constant. Consequently, a map of linkage height gives an indication of where areas of difficult soil are.
For any of the types of map described above, the presentation of the map will be most useful if a certain shading or colour is given to each area of the field map where the mapped parameter falls in a given range. An example of this is shown in FIG. 2 where three ranges of mapped parameter are used, A, B and C. The actual parameter shown on this map is unimportant—it could be any of those described above or any number of other possibilities.
The software with which the unit 1 is programmed has the facility to allow selection of ranges for creating a map of the form shown in FIG. 2.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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#Been doing this for the last few years. This is a list of games that I have gotten the platinum for in the last year and other games that I enjoyed and spent some time playing.
6 platinums this year and 30 total.
January - Assassins Creed IV: Black Flag (PS3)
April - Beyond: Two Souls (PS3)
April - Grand Theft Auto V (PS3)
June - The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (PS3)
July - The Wolf Among Us (PS3)
October - DC Universe Online (PS4)
Other Games Played:
The Walking Dead Season 2 (PS3) - great game, I love these telltale games.
The Last of Us (PS3) - One of the best games that I have played this year.
Destiny (PS4) - bought the White PS4 Destiny Bundle in September. the game was alright, but not what I was hoping for.
Dragon Age Inquisition (PS4) - Played through about half of this game, I am enjoying it hope to come back to it after playing some other games.
Assassins Creed Rogue (PS3) - got this on Black Friday, I have finished the story and it was really great. Yea the game play feels like black flag but is that a bad thing? This should be my first plat in 2015
That's everything Happy New Years and have a great 2015


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
42 year old woman | Fort Collins, CO, USA | Seeking men 34-50 within 20 miles
Active within 24 hours
Love is to recognize yourself in another- Eckhart
I grew up in Colorado, but I won't hold it against you if you didn't. I live a pretty balanced life between work and play. I'm very compassionate and do my best to live my life in line with my beliefs and values. I feel most grounded when I am doing something active outdoors, listening to live music, and spending time with good friends. My work is also grounding, but it can be pretty intense so play time is essential. My greatest passion is riding horses, which is something I just back into after a 20 year hiatus. I love the connection between myself and the horse, and they teach me lessons about myself all the time. I also really enjoy being in the mountains- hiking, snowboarding, hot springs among other activities. I lived in the mountains for 14 years before I moved back to Fort Collins four years ago. I like being around people because they fascinate me, but I also value and need my alone time. I want a partner who makes me laugh, will face the challenges and joys of being in a relationship, and lives a healthy and fulfilling life. It's not necessary that my partner enjoys all the same activities as me, but I would like some overlap and that he has an appreciation for nature and animals. Also, you would have to tolerate me smelling like a horse on a pretty regular basis. For me, sexual chemistry and a solid friendship are necessary. I think interdependence is key in any relationship. Ultimately, I want to be with someone who is genuine, compassionate, and is willing to communicate their feelings. On a more superficial note, I love a guy who turns me on to new music and drives a Toyota, but these aren't deal breakers :) If you are interested in getting to know more about me shoot me an email, and we will see where it goes from there.
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Political interests , Travel/Sightseeing
Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Other types of exercise, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats, Dogs
I adopted a puppy, Patsy Cline, about a month ago. She's an incredible dog and simply adorable. I lease a horse, Sox, that I ride 3-4 times a week and I have a cat, Mokey, who rules the neighborhood.
I prefer hole-in-the-wall bars to something fancy. Apres ski is always a good time. The Belly Up in Apsen. Any hot springs.
Dark mint chocolate, Northern Wisconsin, Montana, powder days, a good belly laugh, when I'm so into a book I can't put it down, my pets, stimulating conversation, riding a horse bareback at a full gallop, the smell of a barn, music and many others.
I love seeing live music, especially festivals. I have great friends to hang out with. I usually spend most of time doing outdoor activities. I also enjoy tapping into my creative side, and from time to time I do a type of art journaling.
I'm currently reading the Tao of Equus by Linda Kohanov.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'9" (175cms) to 6'7" (200cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Salt and pepper
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Other profession
|No preference
I'm a therapist and love my work. It's always an honor and privilege to help someone work through their pain and struggles.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Probably not
|Not sure, Probably not
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|Graduate degree
|No preference
Undergrad at CSU and graduate school at Montana State University in Bozeman.


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