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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin Berlin Berlin - Urban - Metro Other information GDP/ Nominal Postal codes Area codes Licence plate code ISO region Website Flag Coat of arms € 81.7 billion (2007) 10001–14199 030 B DE-BE berlin.de / 3D Berlin 3,700,000 5,000,000 Details Details Location within European Union and Germany Time zone Administration Country NUTS Region City subdivisions Governing Mayor Governing parties Votes in Bundesrat Basic statistics Area Elevation Population - Density CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Germany DE3 12 boroughs Klaus Wowereit (SPD) SPD / Left 4 (of 69) 892 km² (344 sq mi) 34 - 115m 3,429,300 (09/2008)[1] 3,845 /km² (9,959 / sq mi) Coordinates: 52°30′N 13°24′E / 52.5°N 13.4°E / 52.5; 13.4 Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union.[2] Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations.[3] First documented in the thirteenth century, Berlin was successively the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918), the German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and the Third Reich (1933-1945).[4] After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a Western exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961-1989, and Bonn instead becoming the capital of West Germany.[5] Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of all Germany hosting 147 foreign embassies. [6][7] Berlin is a major center of culture, politics, media, and science in Europe.[8][9] Its economy is primarily based on the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, media corporations, environmental services, congress and convention venues. The city serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport,[10][11] and is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the EU.[12] Other industries include traffic engineering, optoelectronics, information technology, vehicle manufacturing, biomedical engineering, and biotechnology. 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The metropolis is home to world-renowned universities, research institutes, sporting events, orchestras, museums and personalities.[13] Berlin's urban landscape and historical legacy has made it a popular setting for international film productions.[14] The city is recognized for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts and a high quality of living.[15] Berlin has evolved into a global focal point for young individuals and artists attracted by a liberal lifestyle and modern zeitgeist.[16] Berlin II, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and finally as German emperors. In 1448 citizens rebelled in the "Berlin Indignation" against the construction of a new royal palace by Elector Frederick II Irontooth. This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became Lutheran.[21] History The name Berlin, which is pronounced /bɚˈlɪn/ in English and /bɛɐˈliːn/ in German, is of unknown origin, but may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl- "swamp".[17] Seventeenth to nineteenth centuries Map of Berlin in 1688 The earliest evidence of settlements in today's Berlin central areas is a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192.[18] The first written mention of towns in the area of present-day Berlin dates from the late twelfth century. The settlement of Spandau is first mentioned in 1197, and Köpenick in 1209, though these areas did not join Berlin until 1920.[19] The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called the Nikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244.[18] The former is considered to be the "founding date". From the beginning, the two cities formed an economic and social unit. In 1307, the two cities were united politically. Over time, the twin cities came to be known simply as Berlin. In 1435, Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440.[20] His successor, Frederick Frederick the Great was one of Europe's enlightened monarchs. The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 had devastating consequences for Berlin. A third of the houses were damaged and the city lost half of its population.[22] Frederick William, known as the "Great Elector", who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French Huguenots. More than 15,000 Huguenots went to 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Brandenburg, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately twenty percent of Berlin's residents were French, and their cultural influence on the city was immense. Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg. Berlin Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945). Berlin into a greatly expanded city at the expense of Brandenburg. After this expansion, Berlin had a population of around four million. On 30 January 1933 (Machtergreifung), Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 170,000 before 1933. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, thousands of the city's German Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz. During the war, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943–45 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.[23] All four allies retained shared responsibility for Berlin. However, the growing political differences between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union led the latter, which controlled the territory surrounding Berlin, to impose the Berlin Blockade, an economic blockade of West Berlin. The allies successfully overcame the Blockade by airlifting food and other supplies into the city from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949.[24] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and consisted of the American, British and French zones, but excluded those three countries' zones of Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in 1900) With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king (in Königsberg), Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1740 Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great (1740-1786) came to power. Berlin became, under the rule of the philosophically oriented Frederick II, a center of the Enlightenment. Following France's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city. In 1815 the city became part of the new Province of Brandenburg. The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the nineteenth century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main rail hub and economic center of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin. In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire. On 1 April 1881 it became a city district separate from Brandenburg. Twentieth century At the end of World War I in 1918, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed in Berlin. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act united dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called "death strip" on the eastern side were at risk of being shot. Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin remained a free city that was separate from the Federal Republic of Germany, and issued its own postage stamps. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines. The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory. East Germany, however, proclaimed East Berlin (which it described only as "Berlin") as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the Western powers. Although half the size and population of West Berlin, it included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government, meanwhile, established itself provisionally in Bonn.[25] The tensions between east and west culminated in the construction of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin and other barriers around West Berlin by East Germany on 13 August 1961 and were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. Berlin was completely separated. It was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other only through strictly controlled checkpoints. For most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was no longer possible. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access across East Germany to West Berlin and ended the potential for harassment or closure of the routes.[26] The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In 1989, pressure from the East German population broke free across the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, which was subsequently mostly demolished. Not much is left of it today; the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrücke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall. Democracy and market economy changed East Germany and East Berlin. On 3 October 1990 the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin became the German capital according to the unification treaty. In June 1991 the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the (West) German capital back from Bonn to Berlin. In 1999, the German parliament and government began their work in Berlin. Geography Natural and built environment. Berlin is located in eastern Germany, about 70 kilometers (44 miles) west of the border 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia with Poland in an area with marshy terrain. The Berlin-Warsaw Urstromtal (ancient river valley), between the low Barnim plateau to the north and the Teltow plateau to the south, was formed by water flowing from melting ice sheets at the end of the last ice age. The Spree follows this valley now. In Spandau, Berlin's westernmost borough, the Spree meets the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and Großer Wannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Großer Müggelsee in eastern Berlin.[27] Berlin The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings. Temperatures can be 4°C (7.2°F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.[28] Annual precipitation is 22.4 inches (571 mm) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through March, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. [29] Cityscape View over central Berlin. Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim plateau, while most of the boroughs Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, SteglitzZehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Neukölln lie on the Teltow plateau. The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Urstromtal and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations in Berlin are the Teufelsberg and the Müggelberge. Both hills have an elevation of about 115 meters (377 ft). The Teufelsberg is in fact an artificial pile of rubble from the ruins of World War II. Berlin along the Spree river and the TV tower by night. The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the twentieth century. Each of the national governments based in Berlin — the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany — initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World War II and many of the old buildings that escaped the bombs were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East. Much of this destruction was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. Climate Berlin has a temperate/mesothermal climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm with average high temperatures of 22 - 25°C (mid 70s) and lows of 12 - 14°C (mid 50s). Winters are cold with average high temperatures of 4°C (upper 30s) and lows of -2 to 0°C (upper 20s and low 30s). Spring and Autumn are generally chilly 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the eastern part, many Plattenbauten can be found, reminders of Eastern Bloc ambitions to create complete residential areas with fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools. The design of little red and green men on pedestrian crossing lights, the Ampelmännchen, are also rather spread in Eastern parts. Berlin's unique recent history has left the city with a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings. Berlin Architecture The Brandenburg Gate. by British architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city. The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin whose name dates back to the Napoleonic occupation of the city, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the French Cathedral with its observation platform and the German Cathedral. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals. "Haus des Lehrers" and Congress Hall at Alexanderplatz. The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte is the second-tallest structure in the European Union at 368 meters (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its 204 meter (669 ft) high observation floor. Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the Socialist Classicism Style of the Stalin era. Adjacent to this area is the Rotes Rathaus (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. The previously built-up part in front of it is the Neptunbrunnen, a fountain featuring a mythological scene. The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. It has recently undergone a restoration. The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany. It also appears on German euro coins (10 cent, 20 cent, and 50 cent). The Reichstag building is the traditional seat of the German Parliament, renovated in the 1950s after severe World War II damage. The building was again remodeled Potsdamer Platz at dusk. The Berliner Dom, a Protestant cathedral and the third church on this site, is located on the Spree Island across from the site of the Berliner Stadtschloss and adjacent to the Lustgarten. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. Like many other buildings, it suffered extensive damage during the Second World War. The Cathedral of St. Hedwig is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral. Unter den Linden is a tree lined east-west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street and part of Humboldt University is located there. Friedrichstraße was Berlin's legendary street during the Roaring Twenties. It combines twentieth century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin. Berlin Schloss Charlottenburg is the largest existing palace in Berlin. Breitscheidplatz. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Near by on Tauentzienstraße is KaDeWe, claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The Rathaus Schöneberg, where John F. Kennedy made his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech, is situated in Tempelhof-Schöneberg. West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence of the German President. Schloss Charlottenburg, which was burnt out in the Second World War and largely destroyed, has been rebuilt and is the largest surviving historical palace in Berlin. The Funkturm Berlin is a 150 meter (492 ft) tall lattice radio tower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators, and has a restaurant 55 meters (180 ft) and an observation deck 126 meters (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator. The glass dome adorning the roof of the Reichstag. Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 after the Wall came down.[30] To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gemäldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Philharmonic. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, is situated to the north.[31] The area around Hackescher Markt is home to the fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche Höfe, a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. Oranienburger Straße and the nearby New Synagogue were the center of Jewish culture before 1933, and regains being it today. The Straße des 17. Juni, connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as central East-West-Axis. Its name commemorates the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. Approximately half-way from the Brandenburg Gate is the Großer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the Siegessäule (Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag. The site is annually used as the center stage for the Love Parade. The Kurfürstendamm is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at its eastern end on Government Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany and is the seat of the President of Germany, whose official residence is Schloss Bellevue.[32] Since German reunification on 3 October 1990, it has been one of the three city states, together with Hamburg and Bremen, among the present sixteen states of Germany. The Bundesrat ("federal council") is the representation of the Federal States (Bundesländer) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian Herrenhaus (House of Lords). Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin Governing Mayor (Regierender Bürgermeister) and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the official title "Mayor" (Bürgermeister) as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the 2001 state election and won another term in the 2006 state election.[34] The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the city (Oberbürgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minister of the Federal State (Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes). The office of Berlin's Governing Mayor is in the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). Since 2001 this office has been held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD.[35] The city's government is based on a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and The Left. The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded €20.5 ($28.7) billion including a budget surplus of €80 ($112) million. The figures indicate the first surplus in the history of the city state.[36] Due to increasing growth rates and tax revenues, the Senate of Berlin calculates an increasing budget surplus in 2008. The total budget includes an estimated amount of €5.5 ($7.7) bn, which is directly financed by either the German government or the German Bundesländer.[37] Mainly due to reunification-related expenditures, Berlin as a German state has accumulated more debt than any other city in Germany, with the most current estimate being €60 ($84)bn in December 2007.[38] The Reichstag building is the site of the German parliament. the former capital of West Germany. The European Union invests in several projects within the city of Berlin. Infrastructure, education and social programs are co-financed with budgets taken from EU cohesion funds.[33] City state Boroughs Governing Mayor since 2001, Klaus Wowereit The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus), which currently has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). The Senate of Berlin consists of the Map of Berlin's twelve boroughs and their localities. 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke), but before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform there were 23. Each borough is subdivided into a number of localities (Ortsteile), which represent the traditional urbanized areas that inhabitants identify with. Some of these have been rearranged several times over the years. At present the city of Berlin consists of 95 such localities. The localities often consist of a number of city neighborhoods (usually called Kiez in the Berlin dialect) representing small residential areas. Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (Bezirksamt) consisting of five Councilors (Bezirksstadträte) and a Borough Mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The Borough Council is elected by the Borough Assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities. The power of borough governments is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form the Council of Mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister), led by the city's Governing Mayor, which advises the Senate. The localities have no government bodies of their own, even though most of the localities have historic roots in older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. The subsequent position of locality representative (Ortsvorsteher) was discontinued in favor of borough mayors. Berlin Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, Conference of the World's Capital Cities. • 1967 Los Angeles, United States. • 1987 Paris, France. • 1991 Budapest, Hungary. • 1992 Brussels, Belgium. • 1994 Tokyo, Japan. • 1994 Buenos Aires, Argentina. • 1993 Jakarta, • 1995 Indonesia. • 1988 Prague, Madrid, • 1993 Czech Tashkent, Spain. Republic. Uzbekistan. • 2000 • 1989 Istanbul, • 1993 Windhoek, Mexico Turkey. Namibia. City, • 2000 • 1990 Mexico. London, Moscow, • 1994 United Russia. Beijing, Kingdom. • 1991 China. • 2006 Warsaw, Poland. Antakya ,Turkey. Demographics See also: Berlin population statistics Sister cities Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.[39] Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification and later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the Warsaw Pact and its allies. There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as Copenhagen, Helsinki, Johannesburg, Shanghai, Seoul, Sofia, Sydney, and Vienna. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Berlin's population 1880-2007. As of December 2007, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,416,300 (an increase of 12,000 from 2006) registered inhabitants in an area of 891.82 km² (344.31 sq mi).[40] The city's population density was 3,831 inhabitants per km² (9,921/sq mi). The urban area of Berlin stretches beyond the city limits and comprises about 3.7 million people while the metropolitan area of the Berlin-Brandenburg region is home to about 4.3 million in an area of 5,370 square kilometers (2,073 sq mi). The Larger Urban Zone comprised about five 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia million people in an area of 17,385 km² in the year 2004.[3][3] Berlin People's Republic of China (6,013), Bulgaria (6,621), and Thailand (5,878). Religion Crowd in Kreuzberg National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France, the city responded with the Edict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedom and a tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 square kilometers (25.5 square miles) to 883 square kilometers (341 sq mi) and the population from 1.9 million to 4 million. Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin have initiated waves of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze made immigration from the former Soviet Union possible. The current decade experiences an increasing influx from various Western countries. Especially young EU-Europeans are settling in the city. In June 2008, 473,117 residents (14.0% of the population) were of foreign nationality, hailing from 195 different countries.[41] Another 394,000 citizens (11.7%) are descendants of international migrants and have either become naturalized German citizens or obtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany.[42] The largest groups of foreign national are those from Turkey (113,779), Poland (44,400), Serbia (23,370), Russia (14,615), Italy (14,446), the United States (13,761), France (12,611), Vietnam (12,165), Croatia (11,029), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,576), the United Kingdom (9,797), Greece (9,749), Austria (8,813), Ukraine (8,709), Lebanon (7,691), Spain (6,637), the Berlin's largest church is the Berliner Dom, a Protestant cathedral. A majority of Berlin residents (60%) have no registered religious affiliation. The largest religious groups are Protestants (mostly belonging to the Evangelical Church in Germany) at 23% of the population (757,000), Roman Catholics (9%, or 312,000 people), members of other Christian churches (2.7%) Muslims (6%, or 213,000), and Jews (0.4%, or 12,000).[43] Berlin is seat of both a Roman Catholic bishop (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin) and a Protestant bishop (Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia). The Independent EvangelicalLutheran Church (former name: Old Lutherans) has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin.[44] There are 36 Baptist congregations, 29 New Apostolic Churches, 15 United Methodist churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, an Old Catholic church, and an Anglican church in Berlin.[45] Berlin has eleven synagogues, two Buddhist temples, and 76 mosques. There are also a number of humanist and atheist groups in the city. Economy In 2008, the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin experienced a growth rate of 1.6% (1.3% in Germany) and totaled €83.0 ($108) billion.[46] After Germany´s reunification, significant de-industrialization changed Berlin´s economy which is today dominated by the service sector. The unemployment rate 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2006 Area EUROSTAT[51] Berlin 892 km2 344 sq mi 11,382 sq mi 137,858 sq mi Population Nominal GDP in billion 3,410,000 2,540,000 82,100,000 € 81 / ~$105 € 50 / ~$65 € 2,322 / ~$3,032 Berlin Nominal GDP per capita € 23,700 / ~$30,810 € 19,700 / ~$25,610 € 28,200 / ~$36,660 € 23,600 / ~$30,680 Brandenburg 29,478 km2 Germany EU27 357,050 km2 4,325,675 km2 1,670,152 sq mi 496,000,000 € 11,671 / ~$15,172 The economy of the city is mainly based on the service sector. The ICC and the Funkturm are part of the city's exhibition and congress center. steadily decreased and reached a 13 year-low with 13.3% in September 2008 (German average: 7.4%/September/2008).[47] Among the Forbes Global 2000 and the 30 German DAX companies, Siemens and Deutsche Bahn control headquarters in Berlin. A multitude of German and international companies established secondary departments or service offices in the city. Among the 20 largest employers in Berlin are the railway company Deutsche Bahn AG, the hospital company Charité, the local public transport company BVG, the service provider Dussmann and the Piepenbrock Group. Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcycles in Berlin. BayerSchering Pharma and Berlin Chemie are major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the city. The German airline Air Berlin and the rail company Deutsche Bahn are headquartered in Berlin.[48][49] Fast-growing sectors are communications, life sciences, mobility and services with information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology and environmental services, transportation and medical engineering.[50] The Science and Business Park of BerlinAdlershof is among the 15 largest technology parks worldwide. Research and development have established economic significance, and the Berlin Brandenburg region ranks among the top three innovative regions in the EU.[9][43] Berlin is among the top three convention cities in the world and is home to Europe's biggest convention center in the form of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC).[10] It contributes to the rapidly increasing tourism sector encompassing 659 hotels with 97,400 beds and numbered 17.8 million overnight stays and 7.9 million hotel guests in 2008.[12] Berlin has established itself as the third most-visited city destination in the European Union. Education See also: Universities, colleges, and research institutions in Berlin and Education in Germany The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the European Union. The city has four universities and numerous private, professional and technical colleges (Fachhochschulen), offering students a wide range of disciplines.[52] Around 130,000 students attend the universities and professional or technical colleges.[40] The three largest universities account for around 100,000 students. These are the Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin) with around 35,000 students, the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin with 35,000 students, and the Technische Universität Berlin with 30,000 students. 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin Canisius-Kolleg Berlin foreign language, starting in grammar school and later in secondary school. Throughout nearly all boroughs, a range of 9 major European languages in 29 schools can be chosen.[53] The Französisches Gymnasium Berlin which was founded in 1689 for the benefit of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction.[54] The John F. Kennedy School, a bilingual German-American public school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly popular with children of Diplomats and the expat community. There are also four schools ("Humanistische Gymnasien") teaching Latin and Classical Greek, which are traditionally renowned for highest academic standards. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium in Wilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf) and one Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the "Embassy Quarter" in Tiergarten). Statue of Alexander von Humboldt outside the Humboldt University The Universität der Künste has about 4,300 students. The city has a high concentration of research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities. A total number of 62,000 scientists are working in research and development.[43] In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a major research library. It has two main locations: one near Potsdamer Platz on Potsdamer Straße and one on Unter den Linden. There are 108 public libraries to be found in the city.[43] Berlin has 878 schools teaching 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere.[43] The city has a six-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students progress to one of the four types of secondary schools for six further years: Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium, or Gesamtschule. Berlin has a unique bilingual school program embedded in the "Europaschule". At these schools children get taught the curriculum in German and a Culture See also: 1920s Berlin The Museum Island is a World Heritage Site. 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin is noted for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.[13][55] The diversity and vivacity of the Zeitgeist Metropolis led to an everchanging and trendsetting image among major cities.[56] The city has a very diverse art scene, and is home to around 420 art galleries.[57] Young Germans and international artists continue to settle in the city, and Berlin has established itself as a center of youth and popular culture in Europe.[58] Signs of this expanding role was the 2003 announcement that the annual Popkomm, Europe's largest music industry convention, would move to Berlin after 15 years in Cologne.[59] Shortly thereafter, the Universal Music Group and MTV also decided to move their European headquarters and main studios to the banks of the River Spree in Friedrichshain.[60] Since 2005, Berlin has been listed as a UNESCO City of Design.[11] Berlin tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as Die Welt, Junge Welt, Neues Deutschland, and Die Tageszeitung. The Exberliner, a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical focusing on arts and entertainment. Berlin is also the headquarters of two major German-language publishing houses: Walter de Gruyter and Springer, each of which publishes books, periodicals, and multimedia products. Berlin is an important center in the European and German film industry.[62] It is home to more than one thousand film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year.[43] The venerable Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam. The city is also home of the European Film Academy and the German Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin Film Festival. Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With over 430,000 admissions it is the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.[63] Media See also: List of films featuring Berlin Nightlife, festivals The prestigious Berlin Film Festival is annually held in February. It is considered the largest publicly attended film festival worldwide. Berlin is the home of many television and radio stations; international, national as well as regional.[61] The public broadcaster RBB has its headquarters there as well as the commercial broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, TVB, FAB, N24 and Sat.1. German international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its TV production unit in Berlin. Additionally, most national broadcasters have a studio in the city. Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (Berliner Morgenpost, Berliner Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel), and three major Karneval der Kulturen. Berlin has one of the most diverse and vibrant nightlife scenes in Europe.[64] 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Throughout the 1990s, twentysomethings from surrounding countries, particularly those in Eastern and Central Europe, made Berlin's club scene the premier nightlife destination of Europe. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many buildings in Mitte, the former city center of East Berlin, were renovated. Many had not been rebuilt since the Second World War. Illegally occupied by young people, they became a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counter-culture gatherings. It is also home to many nightclubs, including Kunst Haus Tacheles, techno clubs Tresor, WMF, Ufo, E-Werk, the infamous Kitkatclub and Berghain. The Linientreu, near the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, has been well known since the 1990s for techno music. The LaBelle discothèque in Friedenau became famous as the location of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing.[65] Berlin and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress. Museums, galleries See also: List of museums and galleries in Berlin The city is a center for nightlife and DJ-culture in Europe. SO36 in Kreuzberg originally focused largely on punk music but today has become a popular venue for dances and parties of all kinds. SOUND, located from 1971 to 1988 in Tiergarten and today in Charlottenburg, gained notoriety in the late 1970s for its popularity with heroin users and other drug addicts as described in Christiane F.'s book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo.[66] The Karneval der Kulturen, a multi-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecost weekend,[67] and the Christopher Street Day, which is Central Europe's largest gay-lesbian pride event and is celebrated the last weekend of June, are openly supported by the city's government.[68] Berlin is also well known for the techno carnival Love Parade, club transmediale and the cultural festival Berliner Festspiele, which include the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Several technology The Jewish Museum presents a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history. Berlin is home to 153 museums.[43] The ensemble on the Museum Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben.[13] As early as 1841 it was designated a "district dedicated to art and antiquities" by a royal decree. Subsequently, the Altes Museum (Old Museum) in the Lustgarten displaying the bust of Queen Nefertiti,[69] and the Neues Museum (New Museum), Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), Pergamon Museum, and Bode Museum were built there. While these buildings once housed distinct collections, the names of the buildings no longer necessarily correspond to the names of the collections they house. Apart from the Museum Island, there is a wide variety of museums. The Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia of the "old masters" from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, while the Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) specializes in twentieth century European painting. The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Moabit, exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. In spring 2006, the expanded Deutsches Historisches Museum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The Bauhaus-Archive is an architecture museum. Berlin Uhse Erotic Museum near Zoo Station claims to be the world's largest erotic museum.[72] Performing arts See also: Music in Berlin Sir Simon Rattle conducting the renowned Berlin Philharmonic. Berlin is home to more than 50 theaters.[43] The Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 1849–50 and has operated continuously since then, except for a one-year break (1944–45) due to the Second World War. The Volksbühne on Rosa Luxemburg Platz was built in 1913–14, though the company had been founded already in 1890. The Berliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works of Bertolt Brecht, was established in 1949, not far from the Deutsches Theater. The Schaubühne was founded in 1962 in a building in Kreuzberg, but moved in 1981 to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfürstendamm. The reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon at the Pergamon Museum. The Jewish Museum has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history.[70] The German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The Museum für Naturkunde exhibits natural history near Berlin Hauptbahnhof. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a brachiosaurus), and a preserved specimen of the early bird Archaeopteryx.[71] In Dahlem, there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the Museum of Indian Art, the Museum of East Asian Art, the Ethnological Museum, the Museum of European Cultures, as well as the Allied Museum (a museum of the Cold War), the Brücke Museum (an art museum). In Lichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi), is the Stasi Museum. The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of the renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved and also has a museum. The museum, which is a private venture, exhibits a comprehensive array of material about people who devised ingenious plans to flee the East. The Beate German Cathedral and Concert Hall at the Gendarmenmarkt. Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper, the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. The Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden is the oldest; it opened 15 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in 1742. Its current musical director is Daniel Barenboim. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in operettas and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg. During the division of the city from 1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in West Berlin. There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;[73] it is housed in the Berliner Philharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, Herbert von Karajan.[74] The current principal conductor is Simon Rattle.[75] The Konzerthausorchester Berlin was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Philharmonic was based in West Berlin. Its current principal conductor is Lothar Zagrosek. The Haus der Kulturen der Welt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.[76] Berlin 43 hectares (106 acres) and around 22,000 different plant species it is one of the largest and most diverse gardens in the world. Cafés are part of the city's bohemian and hipster lifestyle. The Tiergarten is Berlin's largest park located in Mitte and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenné.[80] In Kreuzberg the Viktoriapark provides a good viewing point over the southern part of inner city Berlin. Treptower Park beside the Spree in Treptow has a monument honoring the Soviet soldiers killed in the 1945 Battle of Berlin. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain, which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city. Its summit is manmade and covers a Second World War bunker and rubble from the ruins of the city; at its foot is Germany's main memorial to Polish soldiers. Berlin is known for its numerous beach bars along the river Spree. Together with the countless cafés, restaurants and green spaces in all districts, they create an important source of recreation and leisure time.[81] Recreation Sports The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world. Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844, and presents the most diverse range of species in the world.[77] It is the home of the captiveborn celebrity polar bear Knut,[78] born in December 2006.[79] Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, founded in 1955 in the grounds of Schloss Friedrichsfelde in the Borough of Lichtenberg, is Europe's largest zoo in terms of square meters. Berlin's Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of The Olympiastadion hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 2006 FIFA World Cup final. 16 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Club Hertha BSC[87] ALBA Berlin[88] Eisbären Berlin[89] Sport Football Ice hockey Founded League 1892 1954 1891 BBL DEL Venue O2 World O2 World Berlin Head Coach Lucien Favre Luka Pavicevic Don Jackson Jörn Uwe Lommel Michael Warm Bundesliga Olympiastadion Basketball 1991 Füchse Berlin[90] Handball SCC Berlin[91] Bundesliga Max-Schmeling-Halle DVB Sporthalle Charlottenburg Volleyball 1911 Several major clubs representing the most popular spectator sports in Germany have their base in Berlin. Infrastructure Transportation The annual Berlin Marathon is known as a flat and fast course. Berlin has established a high profile reputation as a host city of international sporting events.[82] Berlin hosted the 1936 Olympics and was the host city for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final.[83] The IAAF World Championships in Athletics will be held in the Olympiastadion in 2009.[84] The annual Berlin Marathon and the annual ÅF Golden League event ISTAF for athletics are also held here.[85] The WTA Tour holds the Qatar Total German Open annually in the city. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest tennis tournaments for women. The FIVB World Tour has chosen an inner-city site near Alexanderplatz to present a beach volleyball Grand Slam every year. Open Air gatherings of several hundred thousands spectators have become popular during international football competitions like the World Cup or the UEFA European Football Championship. Fans of the respective national football squads are coming together to watch the match on huge videoscreens. The event is known as the Fan Mile and takes place at the Brandenburg Gate every two years.[86] Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest crossing station in Europe and has operated since 2006. Berlin has developed a highly complex transportation infrastructure providing very diverse modes of urban mobility.[92] 979 bridges cross 197 kilometers of innercity waterways, 5,334 kilometers (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 73 kilometers (45 mi) are motorways.[43] In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles, were registered in the city. With 416 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (587/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.[93] Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest crossing station in Europe.[94] Deutsche Bahn runs trains to regional destinations like Nuremberg, 17 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia System Stations/ Lines/ Net length S-Bahn 166 / 15 / 331 km U-Bahn 170 / 9 / 145 km Tram Bus Ferry 398 / 22 / 192 km 2627 / 147 / 1,626 km 6 lines Passengers per year 376 million 457 million 171 million 407 million Operator/ Notes Berlin DB/ Mainly overground rail system. Some suburban stops. BVG/ Mainly underground rail system. 24hourservice on weekends. BVG/ Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs. BVG/ Extensive services in all boroughs. 46 Night Lines BVG/ All modes of transport can be accessed with the same ticket.[40] Schönefeld handles mainly low-cost-aviation and is situated just outside Berlin's southeastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Berlin's airport authority aims to transfer all of Berlin's air traffic in November 2011 to a newly built airport at Schönefeld, to be renamed Berlin Brandenburg International Airport.[99] City authorities aim to establish a European aviation hub with a gateway to Asia. Hamburg, Freiburg and more. It also runs the Airport express, as well as trains to international destinations like Moscow, Vienna, and Salzburg. Berlin is known for its highly developed bike lane system.[95] Around 400,000 daily riders accounting for 12% of total traffic in 2007. The Senate of Berlin aims to increase the number to 15% of city traffic by the year 2010. Riders have access to 620 km of bike paths including approx. 150 km mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km off-road bicycle routes, 60 km of bike lanes on the roads, 70 km of shared bus lanes which are also open to bicyclists, 100 km of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km of marked bike lanes on the sidewalks.[96] The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe and the Deutsche Bahn manage several dense urban public transport systems.[97] Utilities Tegel International Airport Berlin has two commercial airports. Tegel International Airport (TXL), the busier, and Schönefeld International Airport (SXF) handled more than 21 million passengers in 2008. Together they serve more than 170 destinations – 127 of them in Europe.[98] Tegel lies within the city limits, whereas Heizkraftwerk Mitte. Berlin's power supply is mainly provided by the Swedish firm Vattenfall and relies more 18 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia heavily than other electricity producers in Germany on lignite as an energy source. Because burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vattenfall has announced a commitment to shift towards reliance on cleaner, renewable energy sources.[100] Former West Berlin's electricity supply was provided by thermal power stations. To facilitate buffering during load peaks, accumulators were installed during the 1980s at some of these power stations. These were connected by static inverters to the power grid and were loaded during times of low power consumption and unloaded during times of high consumption. In 1993 the power connections to the surrounding areas, which had been capped in 1951, were restored. In the western districts of Berlin, nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380 kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. The Berlin 380-kV electric line was constructed when West Berlin's electrical system was a totally independent system and not connected to those of East or West Germany. This has now become the backbone of the whole city's power system. Carmaker Daimler AG and utility RWE AG are going to begin a joint electric car and charging station test project in Berlin called "E-Mobility Berlin."[101] Berlin Robert Koch, discovered the anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis bacillus.[103] The Charité hospital complex is today the largest university hospital in Europe tracing back its origins to the year 1710. The Charité is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300 beds, around 14,000 staff, 8,000 students, over 60 operating theatres with an annual turnover of over one billion euros.[104] It is a joint institution of the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes and medical competence centers. Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the MaxDelbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. Scientific research is complemented by many industry research departments of companies such as Siemens, Schering or debis. Quotations See also: List of quotes featuring Berlin Health system Marlene Dietrich was born in Berlin-Schöneberg. • "Berlin ist arm, aber sexy." ("Berlin is poor, but sexy.") (Klaus Wowereit, Governing Mayor, in a press interview, 2003)[105] The Charité main building. Berlin has a long tradition as a city of medicine and medical technology.[102] The history of medicine has been widely influenced by scientists from Berlin. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while • "Berlin wird leben und die Mauer wird fallen." ("Berlin will live and the wall will fall.") (Willy Brandt, Former Governing Mayor of West Berlin and chancellor of Germany, 10 November 1989)[106] • "The greatest cultural extravaganza that one could imagine.." (David Bowie, singer, on 1970s Berlin)[107] 19 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • "Ihr Völker der Welt ... Schaut auf diese Stadt und erkennt, dass ihr diese Stadt und dieses Volk nicht preisgeben dürft, nicht preisgeben könnt!" ("People of this world… look upon this city and see that you should not and cannot abandon this city and this people") (Ernst Reuter, Governing Mayor during the Berlin blockade, speech from September 9, 1948 (German)[108]) Berlin • "Ich bin ein Berliner." ("I am a citizen of Berlin") (John F. Kennedy, President of the United States, 1963 while visiting Berlin) • "Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin" ("I still have a suitcase in Berlin") (Marlene Dietrich, 1951 song by the actress and singer born in Berlin-Schöneberg.)[109] • ""Berlin ist eine Stadt, verdammt dazu, ewig zu werden, niemals zu sein" ("Berlin is a city condemned to be eternally becoming, never to be.") (Karl Scheffler, author of Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 1910)[110] References [1] Berlin-Brandenburg, Amt fuer Statistik (2008-09-30). "Bevölkerungsstand in Berlin am 30. September 2008 nach Bezirken" (in German). Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. http://www.statistik-berlinbrandenburg.de/Publikationen/Otab/ 2009/ot_a01-01-00_124_200809_be.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-09. [2] INSEE. "Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union européenne". http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/ tableau.asp?ref_id=cmptef01103&id=18. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. [3] ^ "City Profiles Berlin". Urban Audit. http://www.urbanaudit.org/ CityProfiles.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-08-20. [4] "Documents of German Unification, 1848-1871". Modern History Sourcebook. http://www.fordham.edu/ halsall/mod/germanunification.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [5] "Berlin Wall". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/62202/Berlin-Wall. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [6] "Berlin – Capital of Germany". German Embassy in Washington. http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/ archives/background/berlin.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [7] "Diplomatic Berlin". Deutschland Online. http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/en/ artikel-en/article/article/dasdiplomatische-berlin.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-07. [8] "Berlin, the big canvas". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/ articles/2008/06/22/travel/22berlin.php. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. See also: "Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural globalisations/Media". GaWC Research Bulletin 146. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/ rb146.html#t5. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [9] ^ "News analysis: innovation index November 2006". http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/ ;art271,2149415. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. (German) [10] ^ "ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007". ICCA. http://www.iccaworld.com/npps/ story.cfm?ID=1577. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [11] ^ "Berlin City of Design Press Release". UNESCO. http://portal.unesco.org/ culture/en/ev.phpURL_ID=29376&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTIO Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [12] ^ "Touristen strömen weiter in Rekordzahl nach Berlin". Berliner Morgenpost. http://www.morgenpost.de/ berlin/article1040633/ Touristen_stroemen_weiter_in_Rekordzahl_nach_Ber Retrieved on 2009-02-23. (German) [13] ^ "World Heritage Site Museumsinsel". UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ 896. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [14] "Hollywood Helps Revive Berlin's Former Movie Glory". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/ 0,2144,3549403,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [15] "The Club Scene, on the Edge". New York Times. http://travel2.nytimes.com/ 2004/12/12/travel/ 12surf.html?ex=1150862400&en=f2c1cc6c507fea18 Retrieved on 2008-08-18. See also: "Ranking of best cities in the world". City mayors. http://www.citymayors.com/ 20 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin features/quality_survey.html. Retrieved [26] "Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement on 2008-08-18. and "The Monocle of September 3, 1971". US Berlin Quality Of Life Survey" (PDF). Embassy. http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ www.denmark.dk. ga5-710903.htm. Retrieved on http://www.denmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/ 2008-08-18. 60B9101D-B656-438E[27] "Satellite Image Berlin". Google Maps. A755-E441D41E0AA7/0/ http://maps.google.com/ top_20_cities.pdf. Retrieved on maps?ll=52.5333,13.38000&spn=0.060339,0.085316 2008-08-18. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [16] "For Young Artists, All Roads Now Lead [28] www.weather.com to a Happening Berlin". New York Times. [29] "Climate figures". World Weather http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/03/13/ Information Service. travel/ http://www.worldweather.org/016/ 13berlin.html?ex=1150862400&en=aa7cfc51a1aa6cbc&ei=5070. c00059.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. See also: [30] "Construction and redevelopment since "Poor But Sexy". Newsweek. 1990". Senate Department of Urban http://www.newsweek.com/id/45590. Development. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ [17] Berger, Dieter (1999). 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Der http://www.smp-protein.de/ Landeswahlleiter für Berlin. SMPConference/berlin.htm. Retrieved on http://www.statistik-berlin.de/wahlen/. 2008-08-18. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. (German) [22] "Brandenburg during the 30 Years War". [35] "The Glamor Guy". Time Europe. WHKMLA. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/ http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/ region/germany/bra30.html. Retrieved 050516/wowereit.html. Retrieved on on 2008-08-18. 2008-08-17. See also: "Berlin Mayor, [23] "Agreement to divide Berlin". FDRSymbol of Openness, Has National Library. Appeal". New York Times. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/ box31/t297c01.html. Retrieved on world/europe/ 2008-08-18. 23wowereit.html?ex=1161489600&en=2129daf9965 [24] "Berlin Airlift / Blockade". Western Allies Retrieved on 2008-08-17. Berlin. http://www.western-allies[36] Berlin schafft erstes Etatplus seit dem berlin.com/historic-events/detail/airliftKrieg(German), SpiegelOnline, Accessed blockade. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. February, 2008 [25] "Berlin official website; History after [37] "Ab 2008 keine neuen Schulden mehr". 1945". City of Berlin. Berliner Morgenpost. http://www.berlin.de/berlin-imhttp://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/ ueberblick/geschichte/1945.en.html. berlin/article199345/ Retrieved on 2009-04-08. Sarrazin_Keine_neuen_Schulden_mehr_ab_2008.htm Retrieved on 2008-08-17. 21 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin [38] Debt-Laden Berlin Goes to Court For [49] "Deutsche Bahn AG at a glance." Federal Aid, Deutsche Welle, Accessed Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved on 12 May 20 October 2006. 2009. [39] "Berlin's international city relations". [50] "Poor but sexy". The Economist. Berlin Mayor's Office. http://www.economist.com/ http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/ displayStory.cfm?story_id=7953479. staedteverbindungen/index.en.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. [51] "Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU [40] ^ "Berlin statistical figures". 27" (PDF). Eurostat. Statistisches Landesamt Berlin. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ http://www.statistik-berlin.de/. Retrieved ITY_PUBLIC/1-19022009-AP/EN/ on 2008-08-19. (German) 1-19022009-AP-EN.PDF. Retrieved on [41] "Foreign residents of Berlin" (PDF). Amt 2009-05-02. für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. [52] "Metropolis of Sciences". Berlin Partner http://www.statistik-berlinGmbH. http://www.berlin-partner.de/ brandenburg.de/pms/2008/08-09-02.pdf. 622/?L=1. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. (German) [53] "Jahrgangsstufe Null". Der Tagesspiegel. [42] "Jeder vierte Berliner ist ausländischer http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/ Herkunft". Der Tagesspiegel. ;art270,2185300. Retrieved on http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/ 2008-08-19. (German) ;art270,2563533. Retrieved on [54] "Geschichte des Französischen 2008-08-19. (German) Gymnasiums". Französisches Gymnasium [43] ^ "Berlin fact sheet" (PDF). berlin.de. Lycée Français Berlin. http://www.fghttp://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/ berlin.de/WebObjects/FranzGym.woa/wa/ content/rbm-skzl/fifawm/ CMSshow/1064384. Retrieved on factsheetwmenglisch.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. (German) 2008-08-19. [55] "World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks [44] "Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg". of Potsdam and Berlin". UNESCO. Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532. Kirche. http://www.selk-berlin.de/. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. [56] "Hub Culture's 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking". [45] "Gemeindeübersicht nach Postleitzahl". Hub Culture. Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche. http://www.hubculture.com/groups/ http://www.atlas.emk.de/ hubnews/news/162/. Retrieved on emk_gemeindeatlas_1.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-30. 2008-08-19. See also: "Gemeindeliste A[57] "Sprung in die Wolken". Zitty. C: FeG Deutschland". Bund Freier http://kunst.zitty.de/14539/berlinerevangelischer Gemeinden Deutschland. galerien.html. Retrieved on http://www.feg.de/ 2008-08-19. (German) index.php?id=299&no_cache=1. [58] "A New Williamsburg! Berlin's Expats Go Retrieved on 2008-08-19. Bezirk". New York Observer. [46] "Exporteinbruch stürzt deutsche http://www.observer.com/node/39370. Wirtschaft in die Krise". Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. See also: "Die http://de.reuters.com/article/topNews/ Kunstszene". Deutschland Online. idDEBEE51O0CG20090225. Retrieved http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/ on 2008-08-19. magazin/J-Kunstszene_2-05.php. [47] "Arbeitslosenzahl in Berlin gesunken: Retrieved on 2008-08-19. (German) and 224 558 ohne Job". Welt online. "Culture of Berlin". Metropolis. http://newsticker.welt.de/ http://www.metropolis2005.org/en/ index.php?channel=wir&module=dpa&id=19079886. berlin/kultur.html. Retrieved on Retrieved on 2008-09-30. See also: 2008-08-19. "Eurozone jobless marks record low". [59] "Saucy Berlin transforms itself into a BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/ 'music city'". Taipei Times. 7023728.stm. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/ [48] "Contact." Air Berlin. Retrieved on 12 archives/2005/09/05/2003270493. May 2009. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. 22 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin [60] "Berlin's music business booms". [78] Moore, Tristana (23 March 2007). "Baby Expatica. bear becomes media star". BBC. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/ bauen/bueroflaechen/en/ 6486993.stm. Retrieved on 2008-08-17. friedrichshain.shtml. Retrieved on [79] "Berlin Zoo culls creator of the cult of 2008-08-19. Knut". The Times. 13 December 2007. [61] "Media Companies in Berlin and http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/ Potsdam". medienboard. world/europe/article3042791.ece. http://www.medienboard.de/WebObjects/ Retrieved on 2008-08-17. Medienboard.woa/1/wa/CMSshow/ [80] Peter Joseph Lenné, Senate Department 1004207?wosid=hiEOPTbF9prwo7TP5bvOt0. of Urban Development, accessed 18 Retrieved on 2008-08-19. November 2006. [62] Wall-to-wall culture, The Age, accessed [81] 36 Hours in Berlin, NYT, Accessed 29 30 November 2007 May 2007. [63] European Film Academy, [82] Melbourne above Berlin, Sydney, www.europeanfilmacademy.org, ABCNews, Accessed 1 July 2008. Accessed 19 December 2006. See also: [83] Berlin 1936 Games of the XI Olympiad, Berlin Film Festival, www.berlinale.de, www.olympic.org, Accessed 18 Accessed 12 November 2006 November 2006. See also: "Italy conquer [64] Losing your mind in Berlin, metrotimes, the world as Germany wins friends". Accessed 18 November 2006 http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/ [65] Compensating Victims of the La Belle germany2006/overview.html. Attack, German Embassy, Washington [84] 12. IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009, D.C., Accessed 18 November 2006 www.berlin2009.org, accessed 1 July [66] Christiane F.-Page, christianef, Accessed 2008. 18 November 2006. [85] Berlin Marathon, www.scc-events.com, [67] ENGLISH SUMMARY, www.karnevalAccessed 12 November 2006. berlin.de, , Accessed 10 August 2008. [86] 500,000 spectators to watch the game [68] Berlin for Gays and Lesbians, Berlin together, SABAH Newspaper, accessed 1 Tourismus Marketing GmbH, Accessed July 2008. 20 October 2006. [87] Hertha BSC, www.herthabsc.de/, [69] A 3,000-year-old smile, Expatica.Com, accessed 1 July 2008 Accessed 1 November 2006 [88] ALBA Berlin, www.albaberlin.de, [70] Exhibitions, Jewish Museum Berlin, accessed 1 July 2008 Accessed 10 August 2008 [89] Eisbären Berlin, www.eisbaeren.de, [71] The World of Dinosaurs, Museum für Accessed 1 July 2008 Naturkunde, Accessed 10 August 2008. 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Tabellen/Content75/ RBB online. http://web.archive.org/web/ Fahrzeugbestand,templateId=renderPrint.psml. 20061007155448/http://www.rbbRetrieved on 2008-08-19. online.de/_/nachrichten/vermischtes/ [94] "Berlin Hauptbahnhof". DB. beitrag_jsp/key=news4382800.html. http://www.hbf-berlin.de/site/ Retrieved on 2008-08-17. berlin__hauptbahnhof/en/start.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-02. 23 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin [95] "Bike City Berlin". Treehugger. nov/11/berlinwall.germany3. Retrieved http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/ on 2008-08-18. 07/bike_city_berli.php. Retrieved on [107]David Bowie's golden years in Berlin". " 2008-08-19. Expatica. http://www.expatica.com/de/ [96] "Bicycle Routes and Facilities Bicycle life_in/feature/david-bowies-goldenPaths". Senate Department of urban years-in-berlin-31468.html. Retrieved on development. 2008-08-18. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ [108]1] [ verkehr/radverkehrsanlagen/en/ [109]Citysongs". The New Colonist. " radwege.shtml. Retrieved on http://www.newcolonist.com/cs2008-09-19. berlin.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [97] Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, [110] cheffler, Karl. Berlin: Ein S Die kleine Berlin-Statistik. (German) Stadtschicksal. Fannei & Walz. ISBN Accessed 2009-01-06. 3927574023. [98] "Berlin Airports: the best connections for the German capital region". Airports Berlin. http://www.berlin-airport.de/EN/ • Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Presse/Basisinfo/BerlinerFlughaefen/ Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Uebersicht.html. Retrieved on Census. Edwin Mellen Pr. ISBN 2009-05-11. 0889462070. [99] "Airport Berlin Brandenburg • Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between International". Airports Berlin. Flames: Berlin Between The Wars. John http://www.berlin-airport.de/EN/BBI/. Murray. ISBN 0719549868. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. • Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in [100]Abgase tiefer gelegt". taz. " Berlin. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN http://www.taz.de/ 0786706872. index.php?id=archivseite&dig=2006/05/ • Gwertzman, Bernard; Michael Kaufman 30/a0166. Retrieved on (1991). The Collapse of Communism. 2008-08-18. (German) Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0812919416. [101] ttp://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/ h • Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic articles/apwire/ Books. ISBN 046502632X. 3e8bc7ee811bd771be83c3bf1960bbbc.htm • Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). [102]German)"Berlin leuchtet". Der ( Berlin Rising: Biography of a City. W.W. Tagesspiegel. Norton. ISBN 0393036065. http://www.tagesspiegel.de/magazin/ • Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte wissen/ElitewettbewerbBerlins. Bwv - Berliner WissenschaftsUniversitaeten;art304,2400973. Verlag. ISBN 3830501668. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. • Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: [103]History of the Charité of Berlin". " 13 August 1961 - 9 November 1989. Charite. http://www.charite.de/ch/neuro/ Bloomsbury. ISBN 0060786140. lokales/charite/geschichte.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. [104]Customer company profile". Ansell " Healthcare. • Official Website Berlin.de http://www.anselleurope.com/medical/ • Freedom Without Walls: German Missions index.cfm?Include=testimonials&lang=EN&I=4166. in the United States Looking Back at the Retrieved on 2008-08-18. Fall of the Berlin Wall - official homepage [105]"Arm, aber sexy"". Focus Online. " in English http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/ • Berlin Tourist Information wowereits-berlin• Official Website of the Metropolitan Area slogan_aid_117712.html. Retrieved on "Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg" 2008-08-18. (German) • Berlin travel guide from Wikitravel [106]Kohl: We are one nation". The Guardian. " Bibliography External links http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1989/ Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" 24 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Berlin Categories: Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games, Berlin, Capitals in Europe, German state capitals, Members of the Hanseatic League, Settlements established in the 13th century, States of Germany This page was last modified on 18 May 2009, at 14:14 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 25
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HOUSTON – Charles Smith sees art in just about everything – especially kids. The Brandon artist hosted his second showing in Houston recently as part of the Regional Global Network Holiday Gala. He plans to come back to Houston and teach the finer points of art to youth in the community. "My art means […]
Tag Archives | Regional Global Network
Helping kids find their art
By Floyd Ingram | 7:05 AM | January 21, 2014 | Business, Living, News
Regional Global Network opens its doors
By Floyd Ingram | 6:05 AM | July 10, 2013 | Business, Living, News
HOUSTON – They are new to the community but they hope to improve the quality of life in Houston and Chickasaw County for years to come. Regional Global Network held an open house recently to showcase the people who staff the organization and get the word out on what their plans are in Houston. "RGN […]
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Message about The Lady can't have you over for Her birthday...
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Unless something equally serious occurs, we WILL be having a belated birthday party for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi this Thursday, June 26th at my house at 7pm. My house is at 1009 Walter St Austin TX 78702.
Please come! Again, I'm asking everyone to donate 5-10 dollars to the US Campaign for Burma at my party, but please don't NOT come because you can't or don't want to donate. I want you there anyway!
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Drink between: 2011 - 2014 (Add My Dates)
Stands up well to grilled rack of lamb. Nice fruit underneath partly hidden by a modest cloak of oak. I prefer the 2102 Domaine Faury St. Joseph we had last night.
- Crimsom color - Big wine, but balanced. Extremely dark color, almost black, with black cherry taste predominant. Needed to be served w meat such as lamb or steak. Overwhelmed chicken and salmon.
Tasted at the winery. Tasted alongside the '10 Syrah/Grenache. Color was extremely clear with some bricking. This clearly had some age on it with dusty fruit and dusty tannins.
A Tasting at Ridge (Ridge Vineyards Lytton Springs Estate): Deep core with a light meniscus. Aromas of wood, cedar and red fruit, cinnamon and meat. Medium-bodied with flavors of dried earth, red fruit and spice. Still quite tannic and even a bit austere.
With Country ham, scalloped potato, and carrots.
Medium garnet, dry, great body, good depth of flavor and length. Perfectly mature right now.


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"I am a little surprised they did not think the networks were decimated in 2012," he said.
Yet the notion that Barak "decimated the Israeli peace camp" is ahistorical at best.
In Colorado, he decimated his Republican challenger 87 percent to 10 percent.
c.1600, in reference to the practice of punishing mutinous military units by capital execution of one in every 10, by lot; from Latin decimatus, past participle of decimare (see decimation). Killing one in ten, chosen by lots, from a rebellious city or a mutinous army was a common punishment in classical times. The word has been used (incorrectly, to the irritation of pedants) since 1660s for "destroy a large portion of." Related: Decimated; decimating.


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American Urological Association
National Kidney Foundation
BC Health Guide
The Kidney Foundation of Canada: British Columbia Branch
DynaMed Editorial Team. Vesicoureteral reflux. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated July 2010. Accessed July 13, 2010.
Children's Hospital Boston. Vesicoureteral reflux. Children's Hospital Boston website. Available at:
. Accessed June 29, 2010.
Cincinnati Children's. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Cincinnati Children's website. Available at:
. Accessed June 29, 2010.
Lyons S. Vesicoureteral reflux. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at:
. Updated November 30, 2009. Accessed June 29, 2010.
Valla JS, Steyaert H, Griffin SJ, et al. Transvesicoscopic Cohen ureteric reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux in children: a single-centre 5-year experience.
J Pediatr Urol
. 2009;5(6):466-71.
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The Truth Will Set You Free .....
Celery is your Online Wallet for Bitcoin, Litecoin & Dogecoin. Celery is the easy, fast and low‑fee way to purchase digital currency. Click Below to get your Free Wallet.
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text: I am in my early 50s, single and live in Connecticut. I am a lifelong very, very avid reader and am a freelance book reviewer with my own blog (http://www.deadtreesreview.blogspot.com). Please visit. It emphasizes small press and self-published books. Why not major publisher books? I certainly have nothing against them, but I do it to give the … more


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About This Listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
On a private or professional journey, for one night, one weekend, one week or more, we propose an apartment to you 2 parts entirely renovated in 2013, close station and Tram. Kitchen equipped, bathroom, a room (bed into 160), living room with settee reads (into 140) and WC independent in small building giving on common interior court. Possibility room bicycles. Cloths and provided bathroom linen. With proximity: bakery, mini-market, tobacco press, hairdresser… but also walk of the ouche, garden of the Arquebus and future Quoted of Gastrnomie within walking distance. Calm district (email hidden) of walk of the historic center, the trade of Dijon. Do not hesitate to contact us for more information
83 Reviews
We stayed for just one night on our way to Noyers. It worked very well for us being close to the train station. Anne met us on arrival and helped us find out everything we needed to know. The apartment was tastefully decorated and the bed was large and comfortable.
Anne was very welcoming. She met us at the apartment which is a very close walk from the train station in Dijon. She showed us around the apartment and made herself available to ask for any sort of recommendations.
J'ai passé un court mais très agréable séjour dans "l'appartement d'Emilie", un petit havre de paix aménagé et décoré avec soin, proche de toutes commodités et où l'on se sent comme à la maison grâce à l'accueil attentionné et chaleureux d'Anne.
Aucun bémol, j'espère y séjourner à nouveau lors d'une prochaine virée dijonnaise.
appart derrière la gare, à 7 min à pied du centre ville
très agréable
Anne a été très accommodante pour le check-in et check-out
We really enjoyed our brief stay in Anne's apartment. Located just 5 minutes from the train station, and additional 5 minutes to the centre of town. Her apartment was very clean and Anne was a great host!
This was our first AirBNB experience and Anne put us at ease very quickly (even answering a couple of our newby questions.) We arrived by train and rented a car in order to drive around the following day. Anne advised us to park on the street and when we got there, her husband was in his car saving us a very convenient space. We really, really appreciated this extra bit of help, which we did not expect. (Merci Anne!) The apartment is as it appears in the pictures and seems to be quite recently and nicely renovated. It's not huge, but it is bright and didn't feel cramped. Our kids found the bed in the fold-out couch to be quite comfortable and we found the other bed to be the same. The apartment is in a residential neighborhood, which makes it very quiet, and there is a small market and a nice little patisserie right down the street and around the corner. The major tourist destinations are just a short walk (15 minutes?) from the apartment, which we found very convenient. The train station is even closer. Overall, we found this apartment to be very comfortable and convenient and Anne was a superb host. We would happily stay here again.
Anne est très accueillante et arrangeante. L'appartement est confortable et bien équipé. Il est situé à 5min à pied de la gare.
Nous avons passés un séjour très agréable.
About the Host, Anne
Bienvenue à Dijon.


text:
Ryan Lochte Dabbles in Fashion Design: The swimmer and 11-time Olympic medalist's fashion design career is gaining steam.
How well does a swimmer swim when they are irritated, I wondered, and how differently does one swim when one is in love?
Christina was an A student; she was a dancer; she was a gymnast; she was a swimmer.
Old English swimman "to move in or on the water, float" (class III strong verb; past tense swamm, past participle swummen), from Proto-Germanic *swemjanan (cf. Old Saxon and Old High German swimman, Old Norse svimma, Dutch zwemmen, German schwimmen), from PIE root *swem- "to be in motion."
The root is sometimes said to be restricted to Germanic, but possible cognates are Welsh chwyf "motion," Old Irish do-sennaim "I hunt," Lithuanian sundyti "to chase." For the usual Indo-European word, see natatorium. Sense of "reel or move unsteadily" first recorded 1670s; of the head or brain, from 1702. Figurative phrase sink or swim is attested from mid-15c., often with reference to ordeals of suspected witches.
1540s, "the clear part of any liquid" (above the sediment), from swim (v.). Meaning "part of a river or stream frequented by fish" (and hence fishermen) is from 1828, and is probably the source of the figurative meaning "the current of the latest affairs or events" (1869).


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Theincident itself shows the risks of using large quantities of powerful forms of tear gas -- reprehensible, but hardly the scale of crime that will turn the tide against Israel. The IDF's response(s) do much to confirm the theory that they lie casually, unscrupulously, and continually. After all, most of the statements they made were obviously false. That did far more harm than the actual death.
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.


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And too few insights gleaned from them
Detailing Color Vision
December 6, 2012|
Scientists engineer a spectrum of artificial pigments to understand how animals see in color.
December 6, 2012|
Scientists engineer a spectrum of artificial pigments to understand how animals see in color.
December 5, 2012|
A bill that would increase visas for foreign-born, US-trained science and engineering graduates passes in the House, but is unlikely to get through Senate.
December 4, 2012|
Elderly people are worse at spotting untrustworthy faces, possibly due to decreased activity in the brain region associated with such perceptions.
December 3, 2012|
The Supreme Court agrees to hear a case deciding if two cancer genes should continue to be protected by patent.
December 1, 2012|
Certain immune cells keep adipose tissue in check by helping to define normal and abnormal physiological states.
December 1, 2012|
A hormone called jasmonate mediates plants' responses to touch and can boost defenses against pests.
December 1, 2012|
A precision microfluidic system enables single-cell analysis of growth and division.
December 1, 2012|
December 2012's selection of notable quotes
November 30, 2012|
Laurent Descarries, well known for his research on the brain's axon terminals, has passed away at the age of 73.
November 29, 2012|
The Kyoto agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions was flawed, but it provides useful lessons for upcoming climate regulation negotiations.