text:
Chełmno extermination camp
|Extermination camp
Monument to victims of Nazi extermination camp Kulmhof (Chełmno) in occupied Poland, unveiled in 1990 at the site of the camp
Chełmno on the map of Nazi extermination camps marked with black and white skulls, Poland's borders before World War II
|Known for
|Genocide during the Holocaust
|Near Chełmno nad Nerem, General Government (German-occupied Poland)
|Original use
|December 8, 1941 – April 11, 1943 (1st period),[1]
June 23, 1944 [2] – January 18, 1945 [3]
|Number of gas chambers
|3 gas vans
|mainly Jews
|est. 152,000–340,000
|Liberated by
|Soviet Union, January 20, 1945
|Notable inmates
|Mordechaï Podchlebnik, Simon Srebnik, Yakov Grojanowski
Chełmno extermination camp (German: Vernichtungslager Kulmhof) built during World War II, was a Nazi German extermination camp situated 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the metropolitan city of Łódź, near the Polish village of Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof an der Nehr in German). Following the invasion of Poland in 1939 Germany annexed the area into the new territory of Reichsgau Wartheland aiming at its complete "Germanization"; the camp was set up specifically to carry out ethnic cleansing through mass killings. It operated from December 8, 1941 parallel to Operation Reinhard during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, and again from June 23, 1944 to January 18, 1945 during the Soviet counter-offensive. Polish Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the local inhabitants of Reichsgau Wartheland (Warthegau) were exterminated there.[4] In 1943 modifications were made to the camp's killing methods because the reception building was already dismantled.[5]
At a very minimum 152,000 people (Bohn) were killed in the camp,[3] though the West German prosecution, citing Nazi figures during the Chełmno trials of 1962–65, laid charges for at least 180,000 victims.[6] The Polish official estimates, in the early postwar period, have suggested much higher numbers, up to a total of 340,000 men, women, and children. The vast majority of them were Jews of west-central Poland,[4] along with Romani from the region, as well as foreign Jews from Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Germany, Luxemburg, and Austria transported to Chełmno via the Łódź Ghetto, on top of the Soviet prisoners of war. The victims were killed with the use of gas vans. Chełmno was a place of early experimentation in the development of Nazi extermination programme, continued in subsequent phases of the Holocaust.[7]
Russian troops captured the town of Chełmno on January 17, 1945. By then, the Nazis had already destroyed evidence of the camp's existence leaving no prisoners behind.[8] One of the camp survivors who was fifteen years old at the time testified that only three Jewish males had escaped successfully from Chełmno.[9] The Holocaust Encyclopedia counted seven Jews who escaped during the early 1940s; among them, the author of the Grojanowski Report written under an assumed name by Szlama Ber Winer,[10] prisoner from the Jewish Sonderkommando who escaped only to perish at Bełżec during the liquidation of yet another Jewish ghetto in German-occupied Poland.[3] In June 1945 two survivors testified at the trial of camp personnel in Łódź. The three best-known survivors testified about Chełmno at the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Two survivors testified also at the camp personnel trials conducted in 1962–65 by West Germany.[9]
Chełmno (Kulmhof) was set up by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange,[11] following his gas van experiments in the murder of 1,558 Polish prisoners of the Soldau concentration camp northeast of Chełmno.[11] In October 1941, Lange toured the area looking for a suitable site for an extermination centre, and chose Chełmno (Kulmhof) because of the estate, with a large manor house similar to Sonnenstein, which could be used for prisoner' admissions with only minor modifications.[12] Staff for the facility was selected personally by Ernst Damzog, Commander of Security Police and SD from headquarters in occupied Poznań (Posen).[13] Damzog formed the SS-Sonderkommando Lange (special detachment),[13] and appointed Herbert Lange the first camp commandant because of his experience in the mass killing of Poles from Wartheland (Wielkopolska). Lange served with Einsatzgruppe VI during Operation Tannenberg.[14] Already by mid-1940, his men were responsible for the murder of about 1,100 patients in Owińska, 2,750 patients at Kościan, 1,558 patients and 300 Poles at Działdowo, and hundreds of Poles at Fort VII where the mobile gas-chamber (Einsatzwagen) was invented. Their earlier hospital victims were usually shot out of town in the back of the neck.[12] The two so-called Kaisers-Kaffe vans, manufactured by the Gaubschat factory in Berlin, were delivered in November.[15] Chełmno began mass gassing operations on December 8, 1941 using vehicles approved by Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich from RSHA.[15] Two months later, on January 20, 1942 Heydrich, who has already confirmed the effectiveness of industrial killing by exhaust fumes, called a secret meeting of German officials to undertake the European-wide Final Solution to the Jewish Question under the pretext of "resettlement".[2]
The use of the killing centre at Chełmno for the mass murder of rapidly growing number of Jews deported to the Łódź Ghetto ("Special Handling", the Sonderbehandlung) was initiated by Arthur Greiser,[16] the Governor of Reichsgau Wartheland. In a letter to Himmler dated May 30, 1942 Greiser referred to an authorization he had received from him and Reinhard Heydrich;[17] stating that the clandestine program of killing 100,000 Polish Jews, about one-third of the total Jewish population of Wartheland, was expected to be carried out soon. Greiser's plan was based on the German government's decision of October 1941 to deport German Jews to the Łódź Ghetto. Greiser and the SS decided to create space for the incoming Jews by annihilating the existing Polish-Jewish population in his district.[17]
According to post-war testimony of Wilhelm Koppe, Higher SS and Police Leader for Reichsgau Wartheland, Koppe received an order from Himmler to liaise with Greiser regarding the Sonderbehandlung requested by the latter. Koppe entrusted the extermination operation to SS-Standartenführer Ernst Damzog from Security Police in Poznań. Damzog supervised the camp's daily operations thereafter.[13]
The killing center consisted of a vacated manorial estate in the town of Chełmno on the Ner river, and a large forest clearing about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Chełmno, off the road to Koło town with sizable Jewish population previously ghettoized.[18] The two sites were known respectively as the Schlosslager (manor-house camp) and the Waldlager (forest camp).[19] On the grounds of the estate was a large two-story brick country house called "the palace."[20] Its rooms were adapted to use as the reception offices, including space for the victims to undress and to give up their valuables. The SS and police staff and guards were housed in other buildings in the town. The Germans had a high wooden fence built around the manor house and the grounds. The clearing in the forest camp, which contained large mass graves, was likewise fenced off. The camp consisted of three separate zones: an administration section with nearby barracks and storage for plundered goods; and the more distant burial and cremation site to which victims were delivered in hermetically proofed superstructures.[15][21]
The SS-Sonderkommando "Lange" was supplied with two vans initially, each carrying about 50 Jews gassed en route to the forest.[15] Later on, Lange was given three gas vans by the RSHA in Berlin for the killing of greater numbers of victims. The vehicles had been converted to mobile gas-chambers by the Gaubschat company in Berlin which, by June 1942, produced twenty of them in accordance with the SS purchase order. The sealed compartments (also called superstructures) installed on the chassis had floor openings – about 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in diameter – with metal pipes welded below, into which the engine exhaust was directed.[15] The exhaust gases causing death by asphyxia were tested by a chemist from T-4 to make sure they contained large enough amounts of carbon monoxide (or 1% concentration), to form carboxyhaemoglobin, a deadly blood agent in combining with haemoglobin in the cells. The victims were thereby deprived internally of life-giving oxygen.[15]
The SS had first used pure carbon monoxide from steel cylinders to murder mental patients in extermination hospitals of Action T4, therefore had considerable knowledge of its efficacy. For all practical purposes, the extermination by mobile gas vans proved equally efficient following Operation Barbarossa of 1941. In the newly occupied territories the gas vans were used to kill mental patients as well as Jews in the extermination ghettos. By employing just three vans on the Eastern Front (the Opel-Blitz and the larger Saurerwagen), without any faults occurring in the vehicles, the Einsatzgruppen were able to "process" 97,000 captives in less than six months between December 1941 and June 1942; and relayed urgent requests to Berlin for more vans.[7]
The rank and file of the so-called SS Special Detachment Lange was made up of Gestapo, Criminal Police, and Order Police personnel, under the leadership of Security Police and SD officers. Herbert Lange was replaced as camp commandant in March (or April) 1942 by Schultze. He was succeeded by SS-Captain Hans Bothmann, who formed and led the Special Detachment Bothmann. The maximum strength of each Special Detachment was just under 100 men, of whom around 80 belonged to the Order Police. The local SS also maintained a "paper command" of the camps Allgemeine-SS inspectorate, to which most of the Chełmno camp staff were attached for administrative purposes. Historians do not believe members of the 120th SS-Standarte office established in Chełmno performed any duties at the camp.[7][23]
Deportations begin[edit]
The SS and police began killing operations at Chełmno on December 8, 1941.[24] The first people transported to the camp were the Jewish and Romany populations of Koło, Dąbie, Sompolno, Kłodawa, Babiak, Izbica Kujawska, Bugaj, Nowiny Brdowskie and Kowale Pańskie.[3][25] A total of 3,830 Jews and around 4,000 Gypsies were killed by gas before February 1942.[23] First, the victims were brought from all over Landkreis Warthbrücken to Powiercie by rail. Using whips, the Nazis marched them toward the river near Zawadki, where they were locked overnight in a mill, without food or water. The next morning, they were loaded onto lorries and taken to Chełmno. They were transferred to vans and gassed to death with the exhaust fumes on the way to the burial pits in the forest. The daily average for the camp was about 6 to 9 van-loads of the dead. The drivers used gas-masks.[23][24] From January 1942 the transports included hundreds of Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. In addition, they included Jews from Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Luxemburg, who had first been deported to the ghetto in Łódź, a railroad hub, where they had been subsiding for some time.[3] One of the sisters of author Franz Kafka, Valeria Pollakova (born 1890) was sent to the Łódź Ghetto from Prague on September 10, 1942, her last known destination. She may have been gassed at Chełmno or died in the ghetto before that.[26]
In late February 1942, the secretary of the local Polish council in Chełmno, Stanisław Kaszyński (b. 1903), was arrested for trying to bring public attention to what was being perpetrated at the camp. He was interrogated and executed three days later on February 28, 1942 by the church along with his wife. His secret communiqué was intercepted by the SS-Sonderkommando.[27] Today, there is an obelisk to his memory at Chełmno, erected on August 7, 1991.[28]
Killing process[edit]
During the first five weeks, the murder victims came from the nearby areas.[3] They were transported to the manor house (Schlosslager) in Chełmno under the guard of Special Detachment called SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof commanded by Herbert Lange. The victims, mostly Jews, disembarked at the courtyard and entered the manor house, where the SS men, wearing white coats and pretending to be medics, waited for them with a translator released from the Gestapo prison in Poznań.[1] The deportees were told to undress for bathing, and to have their clothes disinfected before transport to Germany and Austria. Occasionally they were met by a German officer dressed as a local squire with a feather hat, announcing that some of them would remain there.[29]
The Jews were led to a special room to strip and hand over their valuables.[3] They were told that all hidden banknotes would be destroyed during steaming and needed to be taken out and handed over for safe-keeping. Wearing just underwear, with the women allowed to keep slips on,[25] they were taken to the cellar and across the ramp into the back of a gas van holding from 50-70 people each (Opel Blitz) and up to 150 (Magirus). When the van was full, the doors were shut and the engine started, pumping fumes into the rear compartment.[22] After about 5–10 minutes, the victims were killed by asphyxiation. Witnesses heard their screams as they were dying. The vans full of corpses were driven 4 km (2.5 mi) to the forest Waldlager camp, to previously excavated mass graves. The vans were unloaded and cleaned by the Waldkommando, and then returned to the loading dock at the manor house.[3]
Murder of Jews from the Łódź ghetto[edit]
On January 16, 1942, the SS and police began deportations from the Łódź Ghetto lasting for two weeks.[30] The German officials with the aid of Ordnungspolizei transported 10,000 Polish Jews from the Radegast train station in Łódź, to Koło railway station, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of Chełmno. There, the SS and police personnel supervised transfer of the Jews from the freight as well as passenger trains,[31] to smaller-size cargo trains running on narrow gauge tracks, which took them from Koło to a much smaller Powiercie station,[32] just outside of Chełmno.[33]
As round-ups in Łódź normally took place in the morning, it was usually late afternoon by the time Jews disembarked from the Holocaust trains in Powiercie. Therefore they were marched to a disused mill at Zawadki some two kilometres distance where they spent the night. The mill building continued to be used after the railway repairs, if transports arrived late.[34] The following morning the Jews were transported from Zawadki by truck, in numbers which could be easily controlled at their destination point. They were "processed" immediately upon arrival at the manor-house.[35] Beginning in late July 1942, the victims were brought to the camp directly from Powiercie after the regular railway line linking Koło with Dąbie was restored; and the bridge over the Rgilewka River had been repaired.[33]
German staff selected young Jewish prisoners from incoming transports to join the camp Sonderkommando, a special unit of 50 to 60 men deployed at the forest burial camp. They removed corpses from the gas-vans and placed them in mass graves. The large trenches were quickly filled, but the smell of decomposing bodies began to permeate the surrounding countryside including nearby villages. In the spring of 1942, the SS ordered burning of the bodies in the forest. The bodies were cremated on open air grids constructed of concrete slabs and rail tracks; pipes were used for air ducts, and long ash pans were built below the grid.[36] Later, the Jewish Sonderkommando had to exhume the mass graves and burn the previously interred bodies. In addition, they sorted the clothing of the victims, and cleaned the excrement and blood from the vans.[3]
A small detachment of about 15 Jews worked at the manor house, sorting and packing the belongings of the victims. Between eight and ten skilled craftsmen worked there to produce or repair goods for the SS Special Detachment.[5][37]
Periodically, the SS executed the members of the Jewish special detachment and replaced them with workers selected from recent transports. The SS held jumping contests and races among the prisoners, who were shackled with chains on their ankles, to deem who was fit to continue working. The losers of such contests were shot.[5]
Stages of camp operation[edit]
The early killing process carried out by the SS from December 8, 1941 until mid January 1942, was intended to kill Jews and Poles from all nearby towns and villages, which were slated for German colonization (Lebensraum). From mid-January 1942, the SS and Order Police began transporting Jews in crowded freight and passenger trains from Łódź.[31] By then, Jews had also been deported to Łódź from Germany, Bohemia-Moravia, and Luxembourg, and were included in the transports at that time. The transports included most of the 5,000 Roma (Gypsies) who had been deported from Austria. Throughout 1942, the Jews from Wartheland were still being processed; in March 1943 the SS declared the district judenfrei. Other victims murdered at the killing center included several hundred Poles, and Soviet prisoners of war.[38]
During the summer of 1942, the new commandant Bothmann made substantial changes to the camp's killing methods. The change was prompted by two incidents in March and April of that year. First, the gas-van broke down on the highway while full of living victims. Many passers-by heard their loud cries. Soon after that, the Saurer van exploded while the driver was revving its engine at the loading ramp; the gassing compartment was full of living Jews. The explosion blew off the locked back door, and badly burned the victims inside. Drivers were replaced. Bothmann's modifications to the killing methods included adding poison to gasoline. There is evidence that some red powder and a fluid were delivered from Germany by Maks Sado freight company, in order to kill the victims more quickly. Another major change involved parking the gas vans while prisoners were killed. They were no longer driven en route to the forest cremation area with living victims inside.[39]
After having annihilated almost all Jews of Wartheland District, in March 1943 the Germans closed the Chełmno killing centre, while Operation Reinhard was still underway elsewhere. Other death camps had faster methods of killing and incinerating people. Chełmno was not a part of Reinhard. The SS ordered complete demolition of Schlosslager, along with the manor house, which was levelled. To hide the evidence of the SS-committed war crimes, from 1943 onward, the Germans ordered the exhumation of all remains and burning of bodies in open-air cremation pits by a unit of Sonderkommando 1005.[2][38] The bones were crushed on cement with mallets and added to the ashes. These were transported every night in sacks made of blankets to river Warta (or to the Ner River) on the other side of Zawadka, where they were dumped into the water from a bridge and from a flat-bottomed boat.[40] Eventually, the camp authorities bought a bone-crushing machine (Knochenmühle) from Schriever and Co. in Hamburg to speed up the process.[41]
The final extermination phase[edit]
On June 23, 1944,[2] in spite of earlier demolition of the palace, the SS renewed gassing operations at Chełmno in order to complete the annihilation of the remaining 70,000 Jewish prisoners of the ghetto in Łódź,[42] the last ghetto in occupied Poland to produce war supplies for the Germans.[2] The Special Detachment "Bothmann" returned to the forest and resumed killing operations at a smaller camp, consisting of brand new wooden barracks along with new crematory pyres.[43]
First, the victims were taken to the desecrated church in Chełmno where they spent the night if necessary, and left their bundles behind on the way to the reception area. They were driven to the forest, where the camp authorities had constructed two fenced-out barracks for undressing before "shower", and two new open-air cremation pits, further up. The SS and police guarded the victims as they took off their clothes and gave up valuables before entering gas-vans. In this final phase of the camp operation, some 25,000 Jews were murdered. Their bodies were burned immediately after death. From mid-July 1944, the SS and police began deporting the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau.[43]
In September 1944, the SS brought in a new Commando 1005 of Jewish prisoners from outside the Wartheland District to exhume and cremate remaining corpses and to remove evidence of the mass murder operations. A month later, the SS executed about half of the 80-man detachment after most of the work was done. The gas vans were sent back to Berlin. The remaining Jewish workers were executed just before the German retreat from the Chełmno killing center on January 18, 1945, as the Soviet army approached (it reached the camp two days later). The 15-year-old Jewish prisoner Simon Srebnik was the only one to survive the last executions with a gunshot wound to the head.[3] Historians estimate that the SS killed at least 152,000–180,000 people at Chełmno between December 1941 and March 1943, and from June 23, 1944 until the Soviet advance.[3] Note: a 1946–47 report by the Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (IPN) placed the number closer to 340,000 based on a statistical approach, as the camp authorities had destroyed all waybills in an effort to hide their actions.[4]
After the war, some Chełmno extermination camp personnel were tried in Poland as well as in other court cases spanning a period of about 20 years. The first judicial trial of the former members of the SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof took place in 1945 at the District Court in Łódź. The subsequent four trials, held in Bonn, began in 1962 and concluded three years later in 1965 in Cologne.[39]
Adolf Eichmann testified about the camp during his 1961 war-crimes trial in Jerusalem. He visited it once in late 1942. Simon Srebnik, from the burial Sonderkommando, testified in both the Chelmno Guard and Eichmann trials. Nicknamed Spinnefix at the camp, Srebnik was recognised by the Chelmno Guards only by this moniker. Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver (not to be confused with the camp's SS-Unterscharfuehrer Walter Burmeister), testified in Bonn in 1967.[44]
As soon as the ramp had been erected in the castle, people started arriving in Kulmhof from Litzmannstadt (Łódź) in lorries... The people were told that they had to take a bath, that their clothes had to be disinfected and that they could hand in any valuable items beforehand to be registered...
When they had undressed they were sent to the cellar of the castle and then along a passageway on to the ramp and from there into the gas-van. In the castle there were signs marked "to the baths". The gas vans were large vans, about 4-5 metres [13-16 ft] long, 2.2 metres [7.2 ft] wide and 2 metres [6.5 ft] high. The interior walls were lined with sheet metal. A wooden grille was set into the floor. The floor of the van had an opening which could be connected to the exhaust by means of a removable metal pipe. When the lorries were full of people, the double doors at the back were closed and the exhaust connected to the interior of the van...The commando member detailed as driver started the engine right away so that the people inside the lorry were suffocated by the exhaust gases. Once this had taken place, the union between the exhaust and the inside of the lorry was disconnected and the van was driven to the camp in the woods where the bodies were unloaded. In the early days they were initially buried in mass graves, later incinerated... I then drove the van back to the castle and parked it there. Here it would be cleaned of the excretions of the people that had died in it. Afterwards it would once again be used for gassing.—Walter Burmeister, The Good Old Days [45]
According to the Holocaust Encyclopedia, a total of seven Jews from the burial Sonderkommando escaped from the Waldlager.[3] Determining the identities of the few survivors of Chełmno had presented ambiguity because records use different versions of their names. One survivor may not have been recorded in the early postwar years because he did not testify at trials of camp personnel. Five escaped during the winter of 1942, including Mordechaï Podchlebnik, Milnak Meyer, Abraham Tauber, Abram Roj and Szlama Ber Winer (Szlamek Bajler) whose identity was recognized also as Yakov or Jacob Grojanowski.[10] Mordechaï Zurawski and Simon Srebnik escaped later.[3] Srebnik was among Jews shot by the Germans two days before the Russians entered Chełmno, but he survived.[46] Yakov or Jacob Grojanowski wrote under pseudonym about the operations of the camp in his Grojanowski Report. But Grojanowski was captured and murdered in the gas chamber of Bełżec extermination camp before the end of the war.[9]
In June 1945, both Podchlebnik and Srebnik, then age fifteen, testified at the Chełmno trials of camp personnel in Łódź, Poland. In addition to being included in the Holocaust Encyclopedia, Mordechaï Zurawski is included as survivor in three other sources,[9][47][48] each of which documents his testifying, along with Srebnik and Podchlebnik about his experience at Chełmno, at the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. In addition, Srebnik testified in the Chelmno Guard Trials of 1962–63.[49] The French director Claude Lanzmann included interviews with Srebnik and Podchlebnik in his documentary Shoah, referring to them as the only two Jewish survivors of Chełmno, but he was in error. Some sources repeat that only Simon Srebnik and Mordechaï Podchlebnik survived the war but these are also in error.[50][51] Podchlebnik is sometimes referred to as Michał (or Michael), in Polish and English versions of his name.[51]
Not all escapees have been identified in the postwar period. In 2002 Dr. Sara Roy of Harvard University wrote that her father, Abraham Roy, belonged to the aforementioned survivors.[52][53] She said that her father was the escapee recognized by the Holocaust Encyclopedia as Abram Roj, although she was mistaken about their total number.[53] Two other survivors of Chełmno include Yitzhak Justman and Chaim Yerachmiel Widawski who escaped together from the forest burial commando in the winter of 1942. They arrived at Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto in March 1942 and deposited their testimonies with Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lau.[54] Widawski spoke with Rabbi Lau as well as some members of the prewar Communal Council before he left the ghetto, robbing them of their peace of mind with earth-shattering facts about the extermination process.[55] Widawski saw the bodies of thirteen relatives murdered in gas vans including his own fiancé.[56] Both fugitives, Justman and Widawski, arrived also at the Częstochowa Ghetto and met with Rabbi Chanoch Gad Justman. They headed in various directions and made a tremendous effort to inform and warn the Jewish communities about the fate that awaited them, however, many people refused to believe their stories.[55]
See also[edit]
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
- List of Nazi-German concentration camps
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelmno extermination camp.
- ^ a b Kulmhof 1941-1945. The German Death Camp in Chełmno on the Ner, Chełmno Muzeum of Martyrdom, Poland (Muzeum byłego niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem), 2015
- ^ a b c d e JVL (2013). "Chelmno (Kulmhof)". The Forgotten Camps. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Chelmno" (PERMISSION GRANTED TO BE REUSED, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, ON WIKIPEDIA; OTRS TICKET NO. 2007071910012533 CONFIRMED). Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
Text from USHMM has been released under the GFDL. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.
- ^ a b c Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw: 1946, 1947), Archive of Jewish Gombin Genealogy, with introduction by Leon Zamosc. Note: The Main (or Central) Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (Polish: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce, GKBZNwP) founded in 1945 was the predecessor of the Institute of National Remembrance (see also the Archived February 12, 1997 at the Wayback Machine). Quote: "The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation - The Institute of National Memory... has a fifty years long history (1995). The creation of the Main Commission... was preceded by work done in London since 1943 by the Polish Government in Exile."
- ^ a b c Claude Lanzmann, Shoah (1985) documentary.
- ^ JTA (January 22, 1963). "Jewish Survivors of Chelmno Camp Testify at Trial of Guards". JTA Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
- ^ a b c A secret memorandum of June 5, 1942 written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Rauff at the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles" (see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org) In his postwar testimony Obersturmbannführer August Becker, the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on June 5, 1942 to Walter Rauff in RSHA. See: Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess (1991). The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found. The Good Old Days: The Holocaust As Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders (Konecky Konecky). pp. 69–70. ISBN 1568521332. Retrieved June 29, 2015. Nevertheless, Christopher Browning confirmed in his Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution (2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of RSHA: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871.
- ^ Alpha History textbook and resource centre. "Liberation of the camps". Resources. Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain: Alpha History. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Lefkovits, Etgar (September 18, 2006). "The last survivor". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Jon E. Lewis, Voices from the Holocaust pages 101–102 (Google Books).
- ^ a b Christopher R. Browning (2011). Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp. b (W. W. Norton & Company). pp. 54, 65. ISBN 0393338878. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ a b Holocaust Research Project.org (2007). "Lange, Herbert; SS-Hauptsturmführer". Chelmno Death Camp Dramatis Personae. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
- ^ a b c Catherine Epstein (2010). "Ernst Damzog (Sipo and SD, Posen)". Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0191613843. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ Artur Hojan, Cameron Munro (2015). "Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939-1945". Overview of the liquidation of the mentally ill during actions on the Polish territory (1939-1945). The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association, international centre for the documentation, study and interpretation of Nazi crimes. Nazi Euthanasia in European Perspective conference, Berlin, Kleisthaus, Feb. 28-30, 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Mathias Beer (translated from the German) (2015). "The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews". The Final Solution. Jewish Virtual Library. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden," Miszelle. Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte, 37 (3), pp. 403-417. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ Ian Kershaw (2013). Hitler 1936-1945. Penguin UK. pp. vi. ISBN 0141909595. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung)". The Holocaust History Project. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
- ^ Edward Victor (2006). "Kolo (Muhlental in German), Poland". The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust (2001), p. 647. Judaica Philatelic Resources. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ Alan Heath (Sep 16, 2007), The Nazi Death Camp at Chełmno nad Nerem on YouTube (about razed manor house). Narration by the author. Retrieved May 9, 2013. Alan Heath is a British publisher, writer and Holocaust historian specialising in Nazi death camps. He is the author of a series of video essays about the German killing factories in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz. In March 2007, Heath accompanied Holocaust denier David Irving on a tour of the death camps in Poland.
- ^ H.E.A.R.T (2013). "Chelmno palace - pre war". Chelmno Period Photos. Holocaust Research Project.org. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
- ^ Alan Heath (Sep 20, 2007), Chelmno, the route of death on YouTube (the road through town to forest). Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ a b "SS use of mobile gassing vans". A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland. World War II Today. 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Source: Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression – Washington, U.S Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418.
- ^ a b c WUW (2013). Ringelblum Archives of the Holocaust. Introduction (PDF FILE, DIRECT DOWNLOAD). Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. p. 20 (xx). Retrieved May 13, 2013.
- ^ a b Gilbert, Martin (2002). The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust. Psychology Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-415-28145-4.
- ^ a b H. Waser, Oneg Szabat Group (2013). "Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem". Chełmno nad Nerem. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Virtual Shtetl. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ Grzegorz Gazda, The final journey of Franz Kafka's sisters. Zwoje-Scrolls.com
- ^ UMD (2013). "Stanisław Kaszyński". Niemiecki Oboz Zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem (German death camp in Chełmno). Urząd Miejski w Dąbiu (Dąbie town council). Retrieved 2013-05-09.
- ^ Łucja Pawlicka Nowak, The History of Chełmno Commemoration, Arkadiusz Kamiński (trans.), Museum of the former Extermination Camp in Chełmno on the Ner
- ^ ARC (August 26, 2006). "Chelmno". Occupation of the East, including photos and list of external sources (ARC (www.deathcamps.org)).
- ^ Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007). "Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics". Timeline. JewishGen Home Page. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Source: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.
- ^ a b Archive.is (2013). "Jews at Kolo station - bound for Chelmno" (JPG FILE, DIRECT DOWNLOAD 788X557 PIXELS). Historical image. Holocaust Research Project.org. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- ^ Alan Heath, "Unloading the Victims" on YouTube (deportation photo, 1 minute). Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ a b Alan Heath, "Bridge over Rgilewka" on YouTube. Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ Alan Heath, "Route to Zawadka" on YouTube. Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ Alan Heath, "The Warta at Zawadki" on YouTube, Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ Alan Heath, "The Destruction of Corpses at Chelmno nad Nerem" YouTube video. Narration by Alan Heath.
- ^ See also: Pauline Kael (30 December 1985). "The Current Cinema, "Sacred Monsters": Review of Claude Lanzmann's Shoah" (ARCHIVED BY WEBCITE). The New Yorker. pp. 1 of 3. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
Archived page 2 and page 3 of 1985 article by Kael.Also (in): Michael Meng. "Rethinking Polish-Jewish Relations..." (PDF FILE, DIRECT DOWNLOAD 145 KB). Department of History. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. pp. 1–10. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ a b "SS Sonderkommando". Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie n/Nerem. Obozy zagłady. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ a b Patrick Montague (2012). "The Gas Vans (Appendix I)". Chełmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 206–209. ISBN 0807835277. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
- ^ H.E.A.R.T (2007). "Chelmno Death Camp". Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ Michael Berenbaum (2013). "Chelmno (concentration camp, Poland)". Encyclopedia Britannica. pp. 1 of 3. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library, Łódź. Overview of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto History. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Online Exhibition: "Give Me Your Children." Voices from the Lodz Ghetto. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
- ^ a b Golden, Juliet (2006). "Remembering Chelmno". In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip. Archeological Ethics (2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189. ISBN 075910963X. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ^ Ernst Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess. The Good Old Days. The Free Press, NY, 1988., pp. 219-220.
- ^ E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess, publisher=The Free Press, (1988). "Testimony of gas-van driver Walter Burmeister". The Good Old Days (print). New York: Jewish Virtual Library. pp. 219–220. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ Stuart Jeffries, "Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary Shoah still matters", The Guardian, 9 June 2011, accessed 22 May 2013
- ^ Gouri, Haim. Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Wayne State University Press, 2004. p. 122.
- ^ The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem. Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1992.
- ^ Patrick Montague (Mar 15, 2012). "Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz)". Chelmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 0807869414. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ Rubenstein, Richard L. Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy. Westminster John Knox Press, 1987. p. 197.
- ^ a b Epstein, Julia. Shaping Losses: Cultural Memory and the Holocaust. University of Illinois Press, 2001. p. 58.
- ^ Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors", Journal of Palestine Studies (32):1, 2002
- ^ a b Sara Roy (2008). "The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors" (PDF). Social Questions Bulletin (Methodist Federation for Social Action) 98 (1): 1–2, 14–16. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Lau-Lavie, Naphtali (1998). Balaam's Prophecy: Eyewitness to History, 1939-1989. pp. 66–68. ISBN 0845348604.
- ^ a b Farbstein, Esther (2007). Hidden In Thunder: Perspectives on Faith, Halachah, and Leadership during the Holocaust. Feldheim. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-9657265055. Google Books preview.
- ^ Giladi, Ban (1991). A Tale of one city: Piotrków Trybunalski. pp. 181–182. ISBN 9780884001539. Google Books snippet view.
- This article incorporates data from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL. Wikipedia OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed.
Further reading[edit]
- Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Chełmno" (PERMISSION GRANTED TO BE REUSED, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, ON WIKIPEDIA; OTRS TICKET NO. 2007071910012533 CONFIRMED). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
Text from USHMM has been released under the GFDL. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.
- Alan Heath, The death camp at Chełmno nad Nerem (video essays)
- Montague, Patrick (2012). Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-807-83527-2.
- Yad Vashem, Resources about Chełmno
- Briar Rose, Jane Yolen's interweaving of the fairy tale of Sleeping Beauty with a young girl's grandmother's memories of Chelmno
Coordinates: 52°09′14″N 18°43′23″E / 52.154011°N 18.722978°E


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13 Sep 2009
Our first ESPN MNF feature of the year looks at the Buffalo Bills, who may be starting the most inexperienced offensive line of any team in at least a decade (and that includes expansion teams).
1 comment, Last at 14 Sep 2009, 10:25pm by lechrus2@yahoo com
No doubt Buffalo and Edwards will have a long season but they were pretty entertaining this evening, giving the Patriots defense all they could handle.
No defense generated more pressure last year than Connor Barwin and the Eagles, but did that pressure do them any good?


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Another day, another Jennifer Aniston comedy. She's rumored to be reteaming up with Jason Bateman for a new comedy called Horrible Bosses. This movie has been in the works for years, and now New Line is trying to get some star power.
According to the Hollywood Reporter, the film is about three best friends who, frustrated by their jobs, come to the conclusion the only solution is to kill one another's bosses.
Jen would play an aggressive dentist who hits on a man who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time, played by Charlie Day from It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Bateman is a man who gets down on his luck when he doesn't get a promotion, despite his hard work.
Colin Farrell is also in negotiations to join the film, as well as Jamie Foxx. A source tells JustJared, "There will be at least two other big announcements in the next few weeks regarding other roles."
Jennifer Aniston's Career Criticized
The cast sounds great, and it seems like that was the reason it took so long to get greenlit. Can this finally be the comedy Jen has needed to re-boost her career? Stay tuned!


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Recent Meetups
June 16 · 6:00 PMPost-Conference Gathering and NetworkingHarry Lay, President of Lay Professional Services and CEO Space Faculty Member is our guest speaker, live from Tulsa, OK, for our Post Conference Gathering and... Learn more
April 21 · 6:00 PM*** Reminder *** It's a Celebration: Welcome Back Grads!!The March CEO Space Business Growth Conference was a phenomenal experience. The line up of Super Stars throughout the week delivered beyond expectations. What I heard... Learn more
March 17 · 6:00 PM2015 CEO Space Conference Season Kick OffJoin us as we welcome new CEO Space members and prepare for the first conference of 2015 - March 23 through March 29, 2015 at The Westin Lake Las Vegas resort. Network... Learn more
February 17 · 11:00 AMMr. Berny Dohrmann, Chairman of CEO Space Intl. - 2015 Kick-OffMr. Berny Dorhmann, Chairman and Founder of CEO Space International,makes his first visit in 2015 to Denver in to help us get the new year off to a great start. 2014... Learn more
November 17, 2014 · 11:00 AMHe Is Back: Mr. Berny Dohrmann, Chairman of CEO Space Intl.Mr. Berny Dohrmann, Chairman and Founder of CEO Space International, returns to Denver for another opportunity to coach and mentor you in private sessions that will give... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


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Enola Gay?
This could be her setting out to end the war. Notice the film crew on the right and the cockpit open. A good chance its Tibbits in the cockpit
Discovered by
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Source Information
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Missing Air Crew Reports, WWII
Brady Civil War Photos Free
WWII US Air Force Photos Free
Civil War "Widows' Pensions"
Revolutionary War Pensions Free
Revolutionary War Service Records Free
Civil War Pensions Index Updated
WWII "Old Man's Draft" Registration Cards
War of 1812 Pension Files Free Updated
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Free


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
43 year old woman | Littleton, CO, USA | Seeking men 35-43 within 50 miles
Hoping for the real deal someday.
I am a shy girl at first. I do open up. I am a single mom with 2 kids. I am well established. I do Home Daycare and I also have my own cleaning business. My kids are both teenagers now and are gone alot now. So I think it is time to live for me. I love football and I can watch it any day of the week. I also like to watch Rockies and Avs. Can't follow hockey to well but I enjoy it. I am very laid back and easy going. I don't wear a lot of makeup, like wearing my blue jeans, football hats and flip flops... However I do like to get dressed up and head out for dinner or something. I like to go to the gym but it is not my first priority. Sometimes I think it should be... I do need a gym partner for motivation. I will say that I am not fat BUT I am not skinny not your size 5 women. I have curves. It is what it is. Like I said I need some one to help motivate me. I would love to make it to the gym 3-5 times a weeks so far it's not happening. I am looking for someone who is also well established in life, someone who has a study job and can stand on their own two feet. I am a very independant women and can hold my own. I don't need or want someone to take care of me or my kids. I have that under control. I would love someone who likes to watch movies at home or out. Someone who will take me out occasionally for dinner or a movie. Just the small things that matter. Dating is important. You don't have to always spend money to have a good time. It's all about the company you keep.
Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Religion/Spiritual
Baseball, Dancing, Football, Hockey, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
Big Bang Theory, Friends and CSI
I really love sporting events, football, baseball and hockey. Like movies in or out and Country music is my favorite. Listen to 70, 80 and like classic rock. I love to people watch. Love being by the water lake or pool.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'5" (165cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds, Stocky
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Black, Light brown, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic, Spiritual but not religious, Other
|High school
|No preference


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Overall score
would recommend to a friend.
Reviewer score
Would recommend
Small but comfortable room, good breakfast, good location,friendly and helpful personnel. I'm booked for next week also.
I like Perry's for lunch and Pane e Vino for dinner, both on Union Street.
It's OK for the price and location
wait too long for check in, room is good, bathroom is large.
there is a bus stop beside the building
October Opal Stay
We found the Opal had lots of character (with a couple of antique pianos on the ground floor). Didn't appreciate that there was an extra $30 charge for parking (but all the San Fran hotels seem to do that). It's on the bus line, so getting
around town that way is fine. We enjoyed the room (although some might find it small). Service was fine and the breakfast ordinary. If seeing the homeless makes you uncomfortable, you might not want to hang out right outside the hotel. Overall, we found the Opal to be a good price for sight-seeing the beautiful city of San Francisco!
We highly recommend renting bicycles for getting around the city. There are a number of places to rent bikes for the day (or longer). We biked over the Golden Gate Bridge and through Golden Gate Park and loved it. Be prepared for hills...it is a very hilly city!!! Also, the food next door at the diner was very good and at a reasonable price!
A great value
I was pleasantly surprised - The lobby is exceptional and the facility for the price was an exceptional value.
Good location and a good value
The Opal is an older hotel near the Japantown area that has been updated and offers good service. The room and bathroom were clean with a very comfortable king size bed. The continental breakfast which came with the price of the room offered a
limited but tasteful selection, certainly adequate. The area is relatively safe, my wife and I walked to the Union Square park in the downtown area, about 10 blocks.
Unbeatable location for the price
This hotel had a great centralized location. It was easy to get around to all the sites taking the MUNI. The hotel was clean and had a nice cozy at home feel. The hotel staff was friendly. I would definitely stay there again.
Easy to get around quickly using the MUNI. There are several bus stops right outside the hotel and a cable car is a short walk away.
Central, clean, comfy, and cheap
I was blown away by the price -- for being downtown SF and so well up-kept. The rooms are right-sized, clean, and the staff very real and relatively friendly. ;) We would definitely stay here again.
Great place, great price.
Overall excellent. Would definitely stay again and recommend to others. Only detraction was no curb side service and stairs to climb with suitcase. Taxi arrangements could be more clear. Otherwise super place for a really reasonable price.
Tommy's just across the street. Great deli type food. Old, recognized establishment.
opal hotel
courteous and helpful--inside door to Mel's Diner so that you could dine as desired--breakfast wasn't too great (no protein) but otherwise ok--great location next to movie theater and buses that take you anywhere--overall excellent experience for
the price.
Great transportation system that takes you anywhere for $2. Great city for anything. Excellent convention at Moscone Center.
Would not recommend
Opal Hotel San Francisco
This was a one night stopover in San Fran on our way to Hawaii for our Honeymoon. We thought we would take a day to tour the city. Well for a random Tuesday in September it was IMPOSSIBLE to find a room (there was a conference going on). I booked
a 3 star by the hotel and they called me a couple nights before saying they over booked and could only offer me a 2 star roach motel so I went [...] and LUCKILY found a room here. Granted I spent 2x as much as I originally did with the 3 star by the airport... but it turned out being the best thing for us to stay IN the city to bounce around a bit on our short layover.The room was small and not super clean or up to date but FINE for one night and a place to stay. I was kind of skeeved by the bedding being old/not the cleanest. The hotel definitely has charm - I almost felt like I was staying in Europe, slightly because of the old feel. The staff was relatively friendly, I've seen many reviews they were rude but most were cordial to us. When we checked in our carpet was SOAKING wet so I called down to reception. They said they clean it for their guests, which sounded weird. I figured someone spilled something and they HAD to do it, but again we were lucky to get a room so I let a lot of things slide here. But they were nice and offered to send up a fan, etc.The location is pretty convenient. About 30-40$ to the airport and pretty short cab rides to the piers. The best thing by far about our stay was the free continental breakfast. It was simple, but the coffee, OJ and whole wheat toast were super good.
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Categories » Country Profile
Flames of the Dragon: A Profile of the PRC's Cyber Situation
Since February of last year when the Mandiant Report was released, China has been at the forefront of cyber security news. It has become apparent that the PRC is waging all-out economic warfare through the use of widespread cyber espionage, … Continue reading
Profile of Brazil's Overall Cyber Security Situation
Brazil is often known for its coastal beauty but sadly it should also be recognized for its prolific cyber security concerns. According to Symantec, Brazil is listed as number 7 on their list of countries with the biggest cybercrime problems. … Continue reading


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The Office of Funding Initiatives is seeking an intern to provide research and communications support for the summer and fall 2015 terms. Tasks will include donor/prospect research, database maintenance, mailing support and communications and writing.
Category: Donor and Partner News
Preparing Future Leaders through Partnerships
The latest Clinton Global Initiative University conference in March brought together students and influential world leaders to discuss projects in such areas as reforestation in Haiti, coastal resilience in Florida, mobile food trucks for disadvantaged areas and new mobile apps to address issues of public health.
Earth Institute Annual Fund Update
To date, we have seen an increase in donations of over 100 percent from the entirety of 2013. These gifts have come in from all over the world, spanning 32 countries and representing interest in diverse areas of research. Our donors have shown their passion for and dedication to the work we do here at EI. We are very grateful and can't wait to continue this growth!
Lamont-Doherty Strategic Plan
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory has been a leader in the study of our planet since its founding 65 years ago. Today, Observatory scientists continue the institution's long tradition of addressing important questions in the Earth and planetary sciences.
New Summer Course Tackles Environmental Sustainability in the Middle East
Environmental issues know no boundaries. These problems transcend national borders and the solution to them lies in a collaborative approach to the management of shared natural resources. A clear example can be found in the Middle East and, this summer, a new field study course will take 10 Columbia University students to Jordan and Israel to learn about how these two countries are tackling environmental sustainability.
Record Numbers at the Annual All Ivy Sustainability Career Fair
The Annual All Ivy Environmental and Sustainable Development Career Fair brought in a record number of recruiters and students last Friday, making it the largest and most successful fair in the event's 12-year history.
Donor Communications and Research Internship Opportunity
The Office of Funding Initiatives is seeking an intern to provide research and communications support for the Spring 2015 semester. Tasks will include donor/prospect research, database maintenance, mailing support and communications and writing.
Matching Funds Boost Contributions through Dec. 31
The Earth Institute will benefit this holiday season from a matching gift from dedicated donor Betsee Parker, who will match your contributions dollar for dollar up to $300,000 this holiday season.
Reduce, Reuse and Re-(bi)cycle
Audra Stark plans to pedal 300 miles from New York City to Washington, D.C., from Sept. 20-24 to raise money for The Earth Institute and other organizations working on the issues of climate, environment and transportation. "Too often I've found myself and others complaining about and debating an issue without taking action in our daily lives," she said. "Joining Climate Ride is one more way I can act on my lifelong concern about climate change, and take a further step on my personal road to a low carbon footprint."
Our Fiscal Year Ends June 30: Donate Now to Help Us Finish Strong!
The end of our fiscal year is just one week away and we need your support more than ever. This year, the generosity of Earth Institute supporters allowed our award-winning scientists and researchers to pursue groundbreaking initiatives in the fields of earth and environmental sciences, ecology, engineering and architecture, law, medicine and public health, economics, political science, public policy, ethics and management, and more to advance global sustainable development.


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McQ Alexander McQueen
Panelled Wool and Cashmere-Blend Sweater
Unfortunately, this item will not be back in stock.
If you're looking for a way to modernise your knitwear, McQ Alexander McQueen panelled grey-on-grey sweater is spot on. Crafted from a plush wool and cashmere-blend, this relaxed-fit crew neck piece is a ticket to effortless cool. Balance the proportions with neat black denim jeans. Shown here with an Alexander McQueen T-shirt and bracelet, McQ Alexander McQueen trousers and Maison Martin Margiela sneakers.
- All Clothing
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Blacklight games party ideas?
I need some ideas for a blacklight party I'm having. Do you know and blacklight games, food that glows under a blacklight, and decoration ideas, or... Show More
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Current Standard 03/20/2015 by OutspokenFerret
Bound to the Old, We Cling to the NewJoin Ferret as he analyzes the current Standard and where DTK will fit on the coming meta.
Current Standard 03/16/2015 by OutspokenFerret
A Commander Compulsion #6
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Showdown #36: It's in the starsSagittarius and Capricorn and stuff.
Fluffy FinancesEver see a card spike in price and wonder why? Fluffy takes a look at the rise and decline of certain cards during PTFRF.
Features 02/16/2015 by fluffybunnypants
Showdown #35: Raider's SpoilsPirates would probably be cooler, tbh...
Showdown #34: The RedChevelle, eat your heart out.
Modernized Magic 2.0So what now?????
Features 01/23/2015 by awesomeguy37
A Commander Compulsion #5Featuring Feldon of the Third Path
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Showdown #33: Nestled in TokensMoar Showdown stuff. This time it's Kaveth's turn to pilot the Community deck
Showdown #32: I Need a HeroMore Showdown! Now extra Sultai...


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Brooke Bennett
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Brooke Bennett has an interview at Lagina Burger. When she tells the manager a little bit about herself, she mentions that she loves sucking cock. This throws the manager, Jordan Ash, back into his seat. He then mentions that she would fit in just fine at Legina Burger but she is going to have to prove shes really worth it by getting on her little knees to suck his big dick.
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Changzhi Li, Xin Zhao, Xiang Gao, Quanrui Wang and Zhanting Li Foldamer-Derived Preorganized Bi- and Tri-zinc Porphyrin Tweezers for a Pentafluorobenzene-bearing Pyridine Guest: The Binding Pattern Study Chinese Journal of Chemistry 31
Article first published online: 6 MAR 2013 | DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300009
Although the tweezers bear two and three zinc porphyrin units, respectively, 1:1 and 1:2 binding patterns are favored in which the coordination and stacking interaction promote each other.
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Coral Springs Center for the ArtsRead MoreBelieve it or not, Coral Springs Center for the Arts was once an old gym. But after a 1996 renovation installed a 1,471-seat theatre and deflated every ghost-inhabited basketball, the venue became the culturally rich institution it is today. Every year, approximately 200,00 patrons migrate to its riverside confines for a packed schedule of Broadway shows, comedians, jazz luminaries, and pop stars. In addition to its performing arts, the Center's Coral Springs Museum of Arts showcases both a permanent collection and traveling exhibits.2855 Coral Springs Dr.Coral Springs, FL US
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Here at ecover.com we use cookies to improve your website experience and collect anonymous visitor statistics using Google Analytics. Use of this site confirms your acceptance of these cookies. For more info see our cookie policy.
Ecover's pledge is helping to clean up the planet one bottleat a time.
We pledge to constantly innovate, evaluate and future proof our products; from the ingredients we choose, the processes we use to the bottles in your home.
We're hooked on plastic - future proofing our bottles with the clever mix of Plant-astic, Recycled Plastic and reclaimed Sea Plastic will set new standards in packaging, closing the loop in everyday recycling making it the easy choice for you.
Our pledge to you is that we will never stand still when it comes to sustainability.
Philip Malmberg, Ecover CEO
Why plastic needs more innovation...
And what the future holds.
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The Bee is starting to take wings...Check out our photo album!Find out more >
The humble Bumblebee was the inspiration for our powerful, sustainable and pioneering Eco-Surfactants.Find out more >
Yes, that's right. We're fishing for plastic then turning it into sustainable packaging.
Genius! The seas are cleaner, the fish are healthier, and the plastics can be recycled again and again.
You probably already know that there's lots of plastic in our seas. It's ugly, it's bad for aquatic life and could eventually harm us humans as it breaks down and finds its way into the food chain.
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So how does it work? Through a dedicated combined effort.
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When they return to dry shores, they deliver the plastics they've caught and report any hotspots to HQ. WFO then arranges for a special fishing expedition to trawl the worst areas and clean up as much floating junk as possible. Each participating trawler spends up to 12 days per year fishing for nothing but plastic rubbish, focusing on the hotspots to make the best use of the fishermen's time and resources.
When it gets back to land, it's whizzed away to the nearest recycling and recovery plant where it's sorted into plastics and other waste. We then take the recyclables and work our scientific magic to turn them into not-at-all-fishy recyclable packaging.
Of course, the sea is rather large, which means we've got a big job ahead of us. It's one that we're extremely passionate about and our dream is that more companies will get on board to help make our oceans clean again.
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Watt's steam engine
Science (7) >> Picture 78
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This picture was taken from La vapeur (Steam), by A. Guillemin, Paris, 1876.
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Roll Out Your Own Dropbox Alternative
Productivity Sauce
Dropbox is without doubt an extremely useful service, but it has two major drawbacks: it uses proprietary software and -- as with any cloud-based service -- you leave your data at the mercy of a third party. So why not roll out your own solution that replaces Dropbox and runs on your own server? If you like the idea, then the Fak3r blog provides step-by-step instructions on how to set up your own file synchronization server. The main ingredients in Fak3r's recipe are the OpenSSH server, rsync and lsyncd. If the latter sounds familiar to you, it's because it has been covered on the Productivity Sauce blog before. Rolling out a local synchronization server using Fak3r's instruction is surprisingly easy: set up OpenSSH, install rsync, compile and configure lsyncd, and your server is ready to go.comments powered by Disqus
Issue 177/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


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Complete camo kit for firearms. Includes each color needed for various combinations. Includes hardener. Made by DuraCoat, a leader in the refinishing industry. Stencils are included for the specific camo pattern.Paint and hardener kit for creating distinctive camouflage patterns on firearms. Includes a variety of paint combinations with hardener. Paint comes in 2-4 oz bottles with 1 oz. hardener.
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Billy Jackson Motors LLC located at 27 Nichol St in Section, AL services vehicles for Auto Repair. Call (256) 228-6187 to book an appointment or to hear more about the services of Billy Jackson Motors LLC.
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Movies, TV, Games Randy Newman Choir Music: 1 items found
We Belong Together (from Toy Story 3)
2-Part choir (2-Part)
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Pharmacological Research
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Pharmacological Research provides a rapid information exchange medium for specialists within the discipline of pharmacology. The journal publishes papers on basic and applied pharmacological research and is proud of its rapid publication of accepted papers.
Invited and unsolicited review articles are also featured.
Research Areas are:
• Biochemical and molecular pharmacology
• Cardiovascular pharmacology
• Gastrointestinal pharmacology
• Clinical pharmacology, if addressing novel mechanisms of action
• Respiratory tract pharmacology
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• Pharmacology of tissue repair
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Note that ethnopharmacological studies generally do not fall into the scope of this journal. Exceptions...
This journal supports the following content innovations
- Classical and atypical agonists activate M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors through common mechanismsAlena Randáková | Eva Dolejší | …
- PU-H71: An improvement on nature's solutions to oncogenic Hsp90 addictionMatthew Trendowski
- Erythroid induction of K562 cells treated with mithramycin is associated with inhibition of raptor gene transcription and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) functionsAlessia Finotti | Nicoletta Bianchi | …
- Targeting nanoparticles to cancerM. Wang | M. Thanou | ...
- ERK1/2 MAP kinases: Structure, function, and regulationRobert Roskoski
- From iron oxide nanoparticles towards advanced iron-based inorganic materials designed for biomedical applicationsAlbert Figuerola | Riccardo Di Corato | ...
- Novel therapies in type 1 diabetesVolume 98 (2015)
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- The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancerRobert Roskoski
- ERK1/2 MAP kinases: Structure, function, and regulationRobert Roskoski
- Identification of key residues involved in the activation and signaling properties of dopamine D3 receptor
Kokila Kota | Eldo V. Kuzhikandathil | …
- Molecular mechanism matters: Benefits of mechanistic computational models for drug development
Lindsay E. Clegg | Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Neuronal effects of a nickel-piperazine/NO donor complex in rodents
Maria Domenica Sanna | Martina Monti | …


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Clean, polite, helpful staff. Great AM breakfast included. Across river from Parliament. It was our day 1 and day 11 stay as part of a tour package and was excellent. Pubs less than a block away. We ate at the Rose twice. We were able to walk to all historical sites and river cruises are just down the street. Near Lambreth Tube Station. Great location for Westminster and London eye
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YONKERS, N.Y. – A Yonkers man faces up to 15 years in prison after pleading guilty to his role in a drunken-driving accident that killed a Gorton High School student in 2012.
Waverly Patrick, 53, of 2 Hudson St., pleaded guilty Wednesday to first-degree vehicular manslaughter and leaving the scene of an accident, both felonies, as well as aggravated driving while intoxicated, a misdemeanor.
Patrick was driving west on Valentine Lane at 9:28 p.m. June 22 when his Jeep Cherokee struck 16-year-old Keyairra Price, who was waiting to cross the street with a 15-year-old friend on their way to a store, prosecutors say.
The impact threw Price to the sidewalk while Patrick continued driving toward Riverdale Avenue. Price was taken to Jacobi Medical Center in the Bronx, where she later died.
After the accident, Yonkers police searched for the vehicle and located it several hours later in a parking lot outside Patrick's apartment building. Patrick was taken into custody and questioned.
Patrick's blood alcohol level was later found to be in excess of 0.18, more than twice the legal limit of 0.08, prosecutors say.
Patrick will be sentenced March 27 in White Plains State Supreme Court.
- 1 Yonkers Man, 22, Drowns In Surf Off New Jersey Shore
- 2 22-Year-Old Drowning Victim ID'd; Yonkers Schools Superintendent's Stepson
- 3 Three Hospitalized After Yonkers Crash Involving Car, Tractor-Trailer
- 4 New Scam Showing Up On Facebook Could Cost You Lots Of Money
- 5 Members Of Yonkers Gang Charged With Murder, Other Felonies


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Extreme Sports Map, a visual guide to Skateparks, Skate Spots, Ski Hills, Surf Breaks, Dirt Jumps, Mountain Bike Trails and lots more!
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Qazi Faez Isa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Qazi Faez Isa
قاضی فیض عیسی
|Chief Justice Balochistan High Court
|In office
August 5, 2009 – Present
|Personal details
|October 26, 1959
Quetta, Pakistan
Part of a series on
Qazi Faez Isa is the current Chief Justice of the Balochistan High Court in Pakistan. He was appointed as Chief Justice on August 5, 2009.[1]
Early life[edit]
Qazi Faez Isa completed his school in Quetta and went to Karachi and London for higher education and Honours in Law.[1]
- ^ a b "High Court Of Balochistan". Bhc.gov.pk. Retrieved 2012-05-09.


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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
7/18/2014 (11 months ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Catholics have reason to feel good about themselves, if the results of a new Pew survey are to be believed. According to a survey of Americans, Catholics are rated "warmly" revealing broad public acceptance and favor.
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - According to the latest Pew study, Catholics are rated warmly in the United States. The positive result comes with other surprises as well. The poll asked 3,217 adults how they felt about different religions.
Participants were asked to rate their feelings towards each religious group on a scale of 1 to 100, likened to a thermometer. A 50 represented neutral feelings. Catholics were a balmy 62, just behind Jews who scored the highest at 63.
Live Catholic, Shop Catholic!
Evangelical Christians came in at 61, just behind Catholics.
Hindus were placed in the dead center, at 50. Buddhist were close at 53.
The surprises were in the 40 range where Mormons rated low at 48. This means a majority of Americans hold an unfavorable view of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This result seems surprising because the Mormons are noted for their public outreach.
At the relative bottom of the scale were atheists, who received a chilly score of 41. That's quite low with many Americans viewing atheism as somewhat hostile. The only religion to be ranked below atheism is Islam. Muslims scored a 40, even lower than atheists.
The finding did take into account each respondent's religious beliefs and naturally people ranked their own religion the highest.
Another curious finding was that Evangelicals rate Jews highly, giving them a ranking of 69. Yet, Jews don't share the affinity, ranking them an astounding 34. What's more surprising is that they ranked Muslims a point higher at 35!
Atheists and Evangelicals really dislike each other, with each giving the other scores in the 20s. However, Atheists view Buddhists favorably, giving them a 69. Atheists gave Jews a 61 and Hindus a 58. Christians fared much worse in the eyes of atheists.
The study also found one troubling statistic. Christianity is on the decline in America. It is losing ground to atheism, Islam, and eastern religions. Part of this is the unchecked growth of secularism and the other part is attributable to an influx of peoples from Asian countries.
Younger Americans tend to view various religious groups with disfavor while older Americans are happier with religions people.
The study also examined political affiliations and found that Catholics in particular did well with both parties. This is unusual since religious groups tend to nest under one political banner or another. Catholics tend to side with Republicans on some issues and Democrats on others. Whether a Catholic votes one way or another depends on what issues matter the most to the individual.
This finding makes Catholics extremely influential as they form the single most important swing block in the nation. That means it will continue to be Catholics who elect Presidents, are seated on the Supreme Court, and win local races. With American culture in secular upheaval, this is another bit of good news.
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By CNA/EWTN News
An effort to remove the statue of Bl. Junipero Serra from the U.S. Capitol has been set aside for the time being. Los Angeles (CNA/EWTN News) - A statue of Franciscan missionary and saint-to-be Father Junipero Serra has stood in the U.S. Capitol since 1931. However, a ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith Fournier
The Declaration of Independence was the birth certificate of the United States of America, a Nation often called the American Experiment because of the very fact that it was founded upon principles. The words are still memorized by schoolchildren and can bring a ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith A Fournier
What conclusion, dear brethren, do you come to? Surely it was not by chance that this chosen disciple, was missing in the first place? Or that on his return he heard, that hearing he doubted, that doubting he touched, and that touching he believed? It was by ... continue reading
By Matt Hadro, CNA/EWTN News
As bishops warn of current threats to religious liberty in the United States, Catholics can take heart that such challenges have faced them before, and they have persevered, one Church historian says. Washington D.C. (CNA/EWTN News) - "It's okay to realize that ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
It was bound to happen. After the Supreme Court ruled same-sex unions legal in all 50 states, other proponents of non-traditional arrangements are clamoring for equality under the law. Nathan Collier, along with his wives Victoria and Christine have applied at ... continue reading
By Talia Ramos (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
To kick off the summer break and celebrate Father's day, a family went aboard a cruise that ended with a traumatizing accident. As the cruise started to sail back to the harbor, a group of dolphins started to swim alongside the boat. However, as the passengers started ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Episcopalians voted overwhelmingly this week to allow religious weddings for same-sex couples. The Episcopal Church has long been on the forefront of equal rights for homosexuals, ever since electing it first openly gay bishop 10 years ago. LOS ANGELES, ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
It appears that an important bit of counter-terrorism may have landed into the wrong hands. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI is installing command centers around the nation to prepare for possible terror attacks for the coming Fourth of July holiday ... continue reading
By Linky C. (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
A total of 10,000 American troops remain in Afghanistan. These troops believe they have been forgotten by the Obama administration, as the US Government shifts its attention to ISIS. MUNTINLUPA, PHILIPPINES (Catholic Online) - The US Troops, 10,000 men and women left ... continue reading
By Talia Ramos (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Researchers recently discovered helium leaking from a giant fault in the Earth's crust near Los Angeles, as well as discovering an increase in chance for California to have an 8.0 magnitude earthquake. MUNTINLUPA, PHILIPPINES (Catholic Online) - They did not expect the ... continue reading


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(Reuters) – Google Inc's new Chrome PC may meet with chilly demand from China as tensions between Beijing and the search giant curb the latter's offerings and as netbook sales slowly fall off the cliff in the world's second largest PC market.
"Chrome may be as strong as Android from a technology perspective but from a user behavior standpoint, the adoption of netbooks is losing momentum," said Felix Liu, an IDC analyst based in Beijing.
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