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Improved techniques are provided for improving the environment of hazardous material abatement personnel operating within an enclosed working area while conducting, for example, asbestos removal operations. A negative pressure is established within the working area by a portable air moving unit, which exhausts air from the working area to prevent hazardous material leakage. The exhausted air is filtered, a significant portion of the exhausted air is conditioned by a portable refrigeration, heating and dehumidification system, and the temperature controlled air is returned to the working area. An air diverter is provided for regulating the ratio of the discharged air to the returned and conditioned air in response to the sensed pressure level within the working are. The temperature of the working area is regulated, thereby substantially increasing worker productivity and reducing safety risks. The humidity level within the working are may either be lowered to reduce the curing time for hazardous material final encapsulation operations, or increased to reduce the airborne contaminant level during wet abatement operations. Leakage from the working area is preferably minimized, while the efficiency of the portable conditioning unit is maximized.
1. A method of providing an improved temporary working environment during removal of hazardous particulate material or during the encapsulation of the hazardous particulate material, the method comprising:
defining a working space substantially sealed from space exterior of the working space;
powering a portable air moving unit for exhausting air including hazardous particulate material from the defined working space to maintain a negative pressure within the working space with respect to the space external of the working space;
monitoring the level of negative pressure within the working space:
filtering the exhausted air to remove the hazardous particulate material;
discharging a minority portion of the exhausted air to the space exterior of the working space;
powering a portable conditioning unit to condition a majority portion of the exhausted air, the majority portion of the exhausted air being defined by the exhausted air less the discharged air;
returning the conditioned air to the working space; and
regulating the ratio of the minority portion of the discharged air to the majority portion of the conditioned air in response to the monitored level of negative pressure.
2. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
powering another portable air moving unit to pull air through the portable conditioning unit and discharging conditioned air to the working space.
3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of powering the conditioning unit to condition the air comprises:
powering a portable air cooling unit to cool filtered air; and
dehumidifying the filtered air to remove water and reduce the humidity level within the working space.
4. The method as defined in claim 3, further comprising:
the step of dehumidifying the filtered air includes cooling the filtered air to a temperature below its dew point to generate condensate from water vapor within the air conditioning unit and draining the condensate from the conditioning unit: and
spraying the condensate within the working space against the hazardous particulate material.
5. The method as defined in claim 3, further comprising:
the step of dehumidifying the filtered air includes cooling the filtered air to a temperature below its dew point to generate condensate from water vapor within the air conditioning unit and draining the condensate from the conditioning unit; and
spraying the condensate within the conditioned air to increase the humidity level within the working space.
6. The method as defined in claim 3, further comprising:
monitoring the temperature of air within the enclosed space:
monitoring the humidity level of air within the enclosed space: and
controlling the operation of the portable air conditioning unit in response to the monitored temperature and humidity levels.
7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of regulating the ratio of the discharged air to the conditioned air comprises:
providing a movable air diverter for dividing the exhausted air into a discharged air stream and a conditioned air stream;
powering a drive unit for controlling movement of the diverter; and
automatically regulating operation of the drive unit in response to the monitored level of negative pressure within the working space.
8. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
automatically and continuously comparing the monitored negative pressure level with a predetermined safety pressure level; and
automatically terminating operation of the portable air moving unit if the monitored negative pressure level is greater than the predetermined safety pressure level.
9. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of powering the conditioning unit to condition the air comprises:
heating the filtered air prior to returning the conditioned air to the working space.
10. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of defining the working space comprises:
defining the working space within a portion of a building: and
sealing the working space from other space within the building such that less than 1% of the volume of the working space per minute leaks into the working space from the other space within the building while negative pressure is maintained within the working space.
11. The method as defined in claim 10, further comprising:
filtering the exhausted air at a position upstream from the portable air moving unit, such that both the discharged air and the conditioned air are filtered; and
discharging the minority portion of the exhausted air outside the building.
12. An apparatus for improving the working environment during hazardous particulate material abatement operations, the apparatus comprising:
area sealing means for defining a working space substantially sealed from space external of the working space:
a portable air moving unit for exhausting air including hazardous particulate material from the working space and maintaining a negative pressure within the working space with respect to the space external of the working space;
pressure sensing means for monitoring the level of negative pressure within the working space;
a filter unit for filtering the exhausted air to remove the hazardous particulate material;
a discharge duct for discharging a minority portion of the filtered exhausted air to the space exterior of the working space:
a portable conditioning unit for conditioning a majority portion of the filtered exhausted air, the majority portion of the exhausted air being defined by the exhausted air less the discharged air;
a return duct for returning the conditioned air to the working space: and
air diverter means for regulating the ratio of the minority portion of the discharged air to the majority portion of the conditioned air in response to the pressure sensing means.
13. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
another portable air moving unit downstream of the portable air conditioning unit for pulling air through the air conditioning unit and discharging conditioned air into the working space.
14. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein the portable air conditioning unit comprises:
a refrigeration unit including a refrigerant compressor, and expansion chamber, and an evaporation coil; and
a refrigerant dehumidification unit for lowering the air temperature to below its dew point to generate condensate from the exhausted air.
15. The apparatus as defined in claim 14, further comprising:
spraying means for spraying the condensate within the working space and against the hazardous particulate material.
16. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
a temperature sensing unit for monitoring the temperature of air within the working space;
a humidity sensing unit for monitoring the humidity level of air within the working space; and
a control unit for controlling operation of the portable air conditioning unit in response to the temperature sensing unit and the humidity sensing unit.
17. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
a drive unit for controlling operation of the air diverter means: and
a drive control unit for automatically regulating the operation of the drive unit in response to the pressure sensing means.
18. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
a worker decontamination area external of and adjoining the working area, the decontamination area including wall means for substantially sealing the decontamination area from the environment external of the decontamination area, a shower area, a changing area, an entry door for worker access into the worker decontamination area, and an exit door for worker access from the decontamination area into the working area.
19. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
the area sealing means defines a working space within a building, the working space in part being defined by permanent walls of the building;
one or more permanent air ventilation ducts within the building for normally circulating air within the working space; and
sealing means for preventing air movement between the one or more air ventilation ducts and the working space.
20. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein the portable conditioning unit further comprises:
a heating unit for heating the conditioned air.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems for controlling the workplace environment and, more particularly, relates to improved methods and apparatus for reducing the level of airborne particulate while increasing the comfort level of the working environment maintained at a pressure of slightly less than atmospheric pressure during operations involving the removal of hazardous material, such as asbestos or lead-based paint.
2. Description of the Background
Various systems have been devised to reduce workers' exposure to contaminants in the air while conducting operations which inevitably generate airborne particles. When such operations are part of a manufacturing process, permanent air ventilation, filtration, and exhaust systems are typically provided for efficiently reducing the airborne contaminant exposure to workers or operators. Special problems are presented, however, when high airborne contaminant levels occur in a workplace environment for relatively short periods of time, e.g., for only several days or weeks. As a practical matter, systems designed to reduce worker exposure at such work sites are typically portable, and are designed with little if any consideration to factors commonly considered when designing permanent air filtration installations. In many cases, workers exposed to hazardous airborne contaminants at differing work sites are provided with portable respirators which achieve adequate filtration of particles from the air inhaled by the worker, although the portable respirator may be cumbersome and impede the worker's performance.
A particularly troublesome problem is presented for workers performing operations including the removal or encapsulation of hazardous airborne contaminates, such as asbestos, from existing buildings. Asbestos fibers have long been known to cause significant health risks if inhaled, and accordingly protective equipment must be highly effective. Building asbestos abatement operations obviously are performed at different sites, and the building designs, asbestos containing materials, and the location of asbestos within the buildings widely vary. In spite of these difficulties, billions of dollars are spent annually and will continue to be expended to remove asbestos and similar contaminates from schools, offices, manufacturing plants, etc. in order to reduce the risks to personnel who daily occupy such buildings. Asbestos removal operations necessarily increase significantly the level of airborne asbestos fibers during the removal and cleanup procedure, and a significant amount of research and development has already been expended to devise systems to safeguard asbestos abatement workers. While such systems include protective suits, ventilators with portable air tanks, and other individualized equipment worn or carried by the workers, such safety equipment substantially reduces the dexterity and productivity of the worker and increases overall costs. Less cumbersome individualized safety equipment requires that airborne contamination levels at the workplace be substantially reduced so that any exposure to the workers will satisfy established guidelines. Moreover, such individualized equipment fails to satisfy the desire that hazardous airborne contaminants not leak from the work site.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,111 discloses a system for maintaining negative (less than atmospheric) pressure in an enclosure during asbestos removal operations by exhausting filtered air outside the substantially sealed workplace environment. This negative air system offers the advantage of reducing the likelihood that harmful fibers will escape the substantially sealed enclosure, since any leakage of air is inward toward the lower pressure within the workspace. Accordingly to the '111 patent, a flow path is established to allow outside air to intentionally leak into the substantially enclosed workspace, and this flow path is sealed by a flap seal of plastic sheeting to prevent air from exiting the enclosed space in the event of a loss of negative pressures.
Other systems have been devised which do not use the flap seal design described above. A HEPA-VENT system offered by Global Consumer Services utilizes self-closing solid doors to obtain worker access to an enclosed work area. The system filters makeup air which enters the enclosure, and also filters air from the enclosure if positive pressure were to build up within the enclosed workspace.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,312 discloses a system which establishes uniform airflow through the enclosed workspace to remove airborne particles from the worker's breathing zone. Air from the enclosed workspace is filtered by units positioned midway within the enclosed space, and the flow path between the inlet and outlet of these units remains within the enclosed space.
In spite of the advances made to date, significant problems remain for workers performing asbestos removal and cleanup operations within substantially enclosed workspaces. In most cases, a building in which asbestos abatement operations are conducted has a permanent heating, cooling, and ventilation system. This system cannot be operated during asbestos abatement operations, or the partially operated system must be completely isolated from the workspace where such asbestos abatement operations are occurring. The justified concern is that hazardous airborne particles may enter and contaminate the permanent building ventilation system, which could re-expose cleaned areas to contaminants and subject personnel without protective equipment to asbestos fibers for long periods of time.
Standard practice in the asbestos abatement industry is to define a contaminated working zone and avoid any system which exhausts contaminated air and circulates previously contaminated air back into the working zone. Permanent ventilation and air-conditioning systems typically use at least some outside air makeup, and their use during abatement operations would also defeat the objective of sealing off the enclosed area and maintaining a negative pressure within the enclosed space. A number of filtration and exhaust units are typically used to maintain negative pressure within the enclosed workspace, and the benefit of these units would be reduced by a system which added outside air to the enclosed space and thus tended to create a positive pressure within the defined working space.
Asbestos abatement personnel have long performed removal and cleanup operations under adverse temperature and humidity conditions. For example, personnel frequently are conducting operations in enclosed spaces where the temperature either exceeds 100� F. or is less than 50� F. Adverse environmental conditions substantially reduce the operator's productivity, especially when one considers the added burden on the operator attributable to protective clothing and required respiratory equipment. Moreover, asbestos abatement operations frequently involve water spraying techniques which substantially increase the humidity level in the enclosed space. Asbestos may be removed from pipes, ceilings, etc. by a high pressure water spray to reduce the level of airborne asbestos fibers or friable count compared to many "dry" removal techniques. Asbestos may also be encapsulated rather than removed by spraying a sealant over the asbestos containing material, as explained more fully below. Due to these temperature and humidity conditions, asbestos abatement operators frequently work in the enclosed space for relatively short time periods. As an example, an operator may don his protective clothing and respirator in a special clean changing area, enter the enclosed asbestos removal area, perform removal, cleanup or sealing operations for 20 or 30 minutes, return to a dirty changing area to remove his protective clothing, enter an adjoining shower area to rinse off any asbestos particles, continue to the clean changing area, rest outside the enclosed area for 15 minutes, then repeat the process.
The above described procedure substantially reduces the operator's productivity due to the long time required for operator preparation, cleanup, and rest. A great deal of expense is also incurred in the purchase and proper disposal of the operator's protective equipment, since the equipment is typically discarded after each use. Moreover, the operator's productivity within the work area is relatively poor, even though he is working at his peak output, due to the combination of the protective equipment and the adverse temperature and/or high humidity environment. The rest time required for the operator due to high fatigue when working within the enclosed place is thus only part of the reason for the overall poor productivity and high cost for the asbestos abatement operator. As a result of his poor working environment, frustrated asbestos abatement operations have been known to disregard proper safety procedures, e.g., by removing or short circuiting respiratory equipment to increase their productivity within the enclosed space. This practice not only violates governmental regulations, but more importantly subjects the worker, and indirectly his employer, to substantial safety risks and litigation.
Some asbestos abatement procedures do not require the removal of all the asbestos, but rather may seal or encapsulate some of the remaining asbestos in place with a liquid sealant. After the majority of the asbestos has been removed from a working space, preferably using a wet removal technique to maintain a low friable count of fibers, a "skin layer" of remaining asbestos or asbestos remaining in thin cracks or crevices may be sealed in place using a "lock down" procedure. Typically three or more coatings of sealant or "lock down" must be sprayed on the remaining asbestos containing material, and each coating must cure prior to applying the next coat. The high humidity within the enclosed space results in long curing times, and operators typically return each day to apply a new coat over the coating sprayed the previous day. This long curing time results in increased personnel and equipment costs, which again substantially increases the overall cost of this procedure.
Although the above described problems have long been known in the asbestos abatement industry, no practical solution has heretofore solved these problems. As a result, the productivity of asbestos abatement workers remains very low, and the cost of providing and disposing of protective equipment is high. Building owners are justifiably concerned about asbestos contamination, but are also concerned about asbestos abatement procedures which may contaminate areas in buildings which previously did not contain asbestos. Abatement contractors and building owners are also justifiably concerned about safety shortcuts and litigation.
A related problem concerns the removal or abatement of hazardous particulate material from outdoor structures and components. While the working space within a building is typically partially formed by creating a temporary wall or barrier, the entire working zone may be defined by such temporary barriers while removing asbestos, for example, from outdoor pipes supported on conventional pipe racks. Successive lengths of the pipe lines may be enclosed with plastic sheeting and negative pressure maintained while conducting the asbestos abatement operation, although the adverse temperature and uncontrolled humidity within this working space again lead to low worker productivity and high curing times for lock down operations.
A growing problem concerns the working environment when removing lead-based paint from either indoor or outdoor structures. Lead-based paint can be removed from bridges, tanks, petrochemical towers, and similar structures using blasting operations. The working environment for the blasting operators may be enclosed with a temporary barrier to reduce the contamination of adjoining areas. While this contamination may be at least substantially eliminated by creating a slight negative pressure within the temporary enclosed working space, the elevated temperature and high humidity within the enclosed space, when coupled with the burden of individualised protective equipment and low air flow, inherently creates low worker productivity and the tendency for the blasting operators to avoid proper safety procedures or equipment.
The disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the present invention, and improved techniques are hereinafter disclosed for removing airborne particulate from a workplace area while increasing the worker's comfort level and thus the productivity of the asbestos abatement personnel.
According to a preferred technique, a working space or zone within a portion of a building or an enclosed working zone outside a building is at least substantially sealed in an air-tight manner. Particular care is preferrably taken to minimize air leakage into the enclosed working space. A portable blower and filtration unit is provided for exhausting air from the enclosed space to maintain a negative pressure of about 0.02" of water. Airborne contaminates are filtered from the exhausted air by a high efficiency particulate air filter. A majority, and preferably at least 80%, of the exhausted air is input to a portable conditioning unit, which receives all or substantially all of its incoming air from the blower and filtration unit. The portable conditioning unit may include a refrigeration unit for lowering the temperature of the air, a heating unit for raising the air temperature, and a dehumidification unit for removing moisture from the air. The dehumidification unit preferably operates in conjunction with the refrigeration unit to cool the air to a temperature below its dew point, so that water vapor condenses on the cooling coils and is removed by a drain line. If desired, the cooled air may be reheated by a heating coil. The temperature controlled and dehumidified air is returned to the enclosed working space, preferably at a location substantially opposite the blower and filtration unit.
A pressure sensor is provided for continually monitoring the pressure level within the enclosed space relative to the ambient pressure outside the space. An air diverter or dampener is placed between the blower/filtration unit and the conditioning unit for controlling the amount of filtered air which is exhausted relative to that input to the conditioning unit. The diverter unit is operatively controlled in response to the pressure sensor. If sensed negative pressure drops to a preselective level, e.g., 0.04" of water, the damper increases the air flow to the conditioning unit and reduces exhausted air. Conversely, if sensed air pressure rises above a high set point, e.g, 0.01" of water, more air is exhausted and less air returned to the enclosed space. If the air pressure within the enclosed working space rises above a safety set value, e.g., 0" of water or ambient pressure, the entire system may be automatically shut down. Operation of the refrigeration, dehumidification, and heating unit is controlled by appropriate sensors within the enclosed space. Condensate from the refrigeration unit may be returned to a liquid tank for intermittently conducting water spraying during wet removal pressures, or may be added to the returned air to increase the humidity within the enclosed space. The cool water reduces the heat load added to the enclosed space, and thus reduces the cost of operating the conditioning unit to maintain the desired temperature within the enclosed space.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system for controlling the airborne contamination level and comfort level of workers in a temporary enclosed working space.
It is a further object of this invention to provide improved portable apparatus for maintaining negative air pressure within an enclosed working space while preventing hazardous airborne contaminates from leaking out the enclosed space. The portable apparatus includes means for exhausting air from the enclosed space, conditioning a substantial portion of the exhausted air, and returning the conditioned air to the enclosed space.
It is a feature of the present invention that air exhausted from an enclosed working space for conducting asbestos abatement operations is filtered to remove asbestos fibers, that the temperature and humidity of the filtered air is modified before the air is returned to the enclosed space, and that the ratio of the returned air to the exhausted air is adjusted as a function of the pressure within the enclosed space.
It is another feature of the invention to provide a system including a first blower for withdrawing and filtering air from a temporary asbestos abatement enclosure to maintain a negative air pressure within the enclosure, and a second blower for returning conditioned air to the enclosure which first passed through the first blower.
Yet another feature of the present invention is that the humidity level within the working space may be maintained at a desired level by lowering the temperature of the air below its dew point to remove water vapor from the air. The humidity level may intentionally be raised when conducting wet asbestos removal operations to reduce the friable count of asbestos fibers within the enclosure, and may subsequently be lowered to reduce both the time required to dry out materials after the wet removal operation, and the curing time for sealants applied during lock down operations. Also, the intentional lowering of the humidity level within the working space may increase the worker's comfort when conducting dry asbestos removal operations, and may similarly increase comfort during cleanup and final sealing operations.
A significant advantage of the present invention is that the comfort of abatement personnel working within a substantially enclosed space may be substantially increased without significant consumption of energy to maintain the desired comfort level.
A further advantage of the present invention is that abatement personnel may operate efficiently for extended periods of time within a temporary enclosed space, thereby improving productivity and reducing the cost of protective equipment.
Yet another advantage of this invention is that minor amounts of air leakage into the temporary enclosed working space do not adversely affect the comfort level of asbestos abatement personnel.
Another advantage of the invention is that safety devices are provided to avoid the buildup of positive pressure within the enclosed working space.
It is another advantage of the present invention that the system substantially reduces the curing time for sprayed sealants applied over asbestos containing materials within a temporary enclosed space, thereby reducing labor costs and the time required to conduct asbestos abatement operations.
These and further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, when reference is made to the figures in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simplied pictorial view a particulate abatement and environmental control system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a simplied floor plan illustrating various decontamination areas, personnel and equipment passageways, and the flow path of air through the temporary enclosure and system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the particulate abatement and environmental control system as generally shown on FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 depicts a system according to the present invention for reducing the airborne particulate contaminant level in a working area or zone of an existing building. The system according to the present invention maintains a negative pressure within the working area (with respect to the "ambient" pressure outside the working area), and creates a relatively comfortable working environment for the abatement personnel by regulating the temperature within the working area. By creating this environment, the productivity of the abatement personnel is substantially increased, while the health risks and safety equipment costs are reduced. It should be understood that the working area is a space temporarily established for conducting the particulate abatement operations, and typically will be a portion of the area within an existing building, such as a school, manufacturing plant, office complex, shopping center, etc. The techniques for the present invention are particularly well suited for increasing the productivity of workers conducting asbestos abatement operations, during which asbestos is found along pipes, in the ceiling tile, in wall insulation, etc., is either removed from the working area by a wet or dry process well known in the industry and/or is encapsulated by spraying layers of liquid sealants over the asbestos-containing material. The techniques and apparatus of this invention may also be used to maintain a comfortable and thus productive working environment for blasting operations removing lead-based paint from outdoor structures temporarily enclosed with barrier walls to minimize contamination. Although the invention is hereinafter described for conducting asbestos abatement operations, it should be understood that the concepts and apparatus of the present invention may be used in conjunction with abatement operations which generate various solid airborne contaminants, and particularly hazardous contaminants, within a temporary working area.
The apparatus 10 of the present invention is used to temporarily create a controlled environment within a working area or zone 11 defined by permanent interior walls 12, 14 and 16, permanent floor 17, and ceiling 32 within an existing building. The temporary space 11 is initially formed by the asbestos abatement workers or other contractors, and its form finalized by a temporary wall 18. Temporary wall 18, in turn, is conventionally formed by hanging layers of overlapping polyethylene sheets 20 or "flaps" as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,111, from the ceiling 32. Those skilled in the asbestos abatement art appreciate that asbestos or other particulate which may become airborne within a building may be removed from or permanently sealed within the building to prevent the material from subsequently becoming airborne. This process typically takes place by sequentially creating working areas within the building using, when possible, existing walls, floors, and ceilings. The typical working area or zone for conducting asbestos abatement operations has a volume of from 20,000 to 40,000 cubic feet.
The permanent and temporary walls, floors, and ceiling thus define a substantially sealed area within a portion of the building, which includes an exemplary exterior wall 22. Those skilled in the abatement art appreciate that air ducts which form a part of a permanent ventilation system for the building should be isolated from the working space prior to conducting any asbestos abatement operations. Accordingly, an exemplary ventilation grill 23 is covered with a plastic sheet 24 taped to the wall 16 prior to conducting any abatement operations within the working area 11. The working area may also be defined by one or more permanent access doors 78. As depicted in FIG. 1, one of the access doors has been conveniently removed, and the portable apparatus 10 installed so that its air intake occupies a portion of the door opening. The air intake of the portable unit 10 may be sealed to the wall 12 with duct tape or other conventional sealing material, and any large areas may be sealed by a small piece of plastic sheeting 28. Alternatively, a desired sized hole for the air intake of the unit 10 may be cut or otherwise formed within a temporary or permanent wall which defines the working space. It should be understood that the unit 10 is portable, and is thus provided with casters or rollers 52. This allows the unit 10 to be easily moved within the building between sequentially formed temporary working areas, and also outdoors from one job site to another. Although FIG. 1 depicts the entirety of unit 10 exterior of the working area 11, a portion of the unit 10 may be physically located within the working area 11.
An asbestos worker is shown within the working area 11 in FIG. 1, and has conventional protective clothing and a ventilation hood 42 or other individualized ventilation or respiration device for insuring that the worker inhale air within acceptable safety limits. The illustrated worker is depicted operating a conventional portable spray gun 34 to apply water to the walls and ceiling, which is a process intermittently used during wet asbestos removal operations to reduce the amount of airborne fibers. A flexible hose 36 connects gun 34 to water storage 40. It should also be understood that the gun 34 may be supplied with a mixture of water and a selected sealant from another storage tank (not depicted) for conducting lock-down operations. Also, the space 11 is substantially sealed, although some air may leak into the space 11 between the flaps 20 or through other leak points through the barrier walls due to the slight negative pressure of approximately 0.02" of water which is preferrably maintained within the temporary enclosure 11.
The apparatus 10 includes a filtration unit 44 and a blower unit 46, which together may form a unit similar to a conventional "negative air" unit as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,111. A portion of the air exhausted from the negative air unit may be discharged, as explained subsequently, although most of the exhausted air is input directly to the conditioning unit 50, which preferentially includes a refrigeration, heating and dehumidification system. As illustrated in FIG. 1, exhausted air flows through air duct 48 and may be discharged through the exterior wall 22 to outside the building. Conditioned air is returned by duct 54 to the working area 11 to maintain the temperature within the working area within a comfortable range, and to maintain a desired humidity level within the enclosed space. Unit 10 is portable, reasonably sized, electrically powered, and preferably is of a particular type, as explained subsequently. Unit 10 may be powered by direct connection to a 230 volt outlet within the building, or may be powered by a separate generator (not shown). It should be understood that ducts 48 and 54 are temporary air ducts and are not part of the permanent building ventilation system, and accordingly these ducts may be flexible air ducts.
FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the unit 10 is conditioning the air within the enclosed space 11a defined in part by temporary wall 18a. A connecting duct 30 is provided for establishing fluid-tight communication between the working area and the unit 10 through doorway opening 26. The filter unit 44 is generally depicted, although preferably the filter unit consists of three separate filter media which together comprise a high efficiency particulate air filter, or HEPA filter. The blower unit 46 includes an electrically powered motor for driving a fan or blower, which pulls or draws air through the filter 44.
A transition air duct 56 includes a diverter or baffle 58 which divides the exhausted air from the negative air unit into air discharged through duct 48 and air which flows directly to the conditioning unit 50. The position of the diverter 58 is preferably controlled by a powered controller or motor and a linkage assembly (not depicted in FIG. 2) interconnecting the controller and the diverter, which together regulate the ratio of the discharged air to the conditioned air. According to the present invention, this ratio is at least 1:3, and preferably at least 80% of the air exhausted from the enclosed space is input directly to the air conditioning unit 50. The amount of exhausted air is a function of the amount of air which leaks into the enclosed space, as disclosed hereafter. The conditioning unit 50 includes an evaporation coil 60 which cools the air to a temperature below its dew point, such that the air is cooled and moisture in the air simultaneously condenses on the coil 60 and it is removed via condensate line 61. The conditioning unit 50 may also include an air stream condensor coil 62, which reheats the dehumidified air to a desired temperature utilizing heat recaptured from the dehumidification process.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a condensate line 61 is connected to container 40, so that relatively cool condensate (typically between 35� F. and 55� F.) is input to the spray gun during the "wet" asbestos abatement operation. Alternatively, the cool condensate may be sprayed as a fine mist from atomizer unit 59 within the return air duct 54 to maintain a high humidity level within the working space. This substantially reduces the heat load to the enclosed space compared to systems which use room temperature water for these spraying operations, thereby increasing the ability of the unit 10 to maintain the desired temperature within the working area with reduced power consumption. By maintaining a high humidity level within the enclosure during wet asbestos abatement operations, the friable fiber count may be maintained at a desired low level, thereby reducing worker exposure and loading on the filter units. As another feature of the present invention, a second blower 64 is preferably provided downstream from the coils 60 and 62, and serves to draw or pull air through the coils then discharge the temperature controlled and dehumidified air back to the working area. The utilization of the second air blower substantially increases the efficiency of the first blower. Tests have indicated that a typical negative air unit rated, for example, at 2,000 CFM actually pulls much less than 2,000 CFM through the filter unit and out the discharge duct when conducting asbestos abatement operations. According to the present invention, blower 64 operates in series with blower 46. The back-pressure on the blower 46 is minimized by the blower 64, so that blower 46 working in conjunction with blower unit 64 is able to exhaust substantially the level of its rating from the working area 11.
FIG. 2 also illustrates that the conditioned air may be discharged into the working area 11a through one or more temporary air grills 66, preferably at a position to minimize the airborne contaminant level to the operators, and to establish a uniform air flow through the working area. Typically grills 66 are positioned at the end of the working area opposite the exhaust opening 26, and may be adjusted to direct conditioned air directly toward the operators. As explained subsequently, the operation of the baffle unit 58 is controlled in response to negative air pressure within the working area. Also, the conditioning unit 50 as discussed below is controlled by temperature and humidity sensors within the working area. FIG. 2 thus illustrates a monitoring panel 75 temporarily mounted within the working area at a position which is generally indicative of the environment for the workers. The monitoring panel 75 includes a negative pressure sensor 72, an air temperature sensor 74, and a humidity sensor 76. Preferably the conditioning unit 10 returns a sufficient volume of filtered and conditioned air to the working area to achieve, in conjunction with the air which leaks into the working area, at least four air changes per hour. In other words, if the working area 11a has a volume of 30,000 cubic feet, and the negative air pressure maintained within the enclosure results in 300 CFM leaking into the enclosure, the unit 10 will deliver at least 1,700 CFM (2,000 CFM less 300 CFM) back to the working area.
FIG. 2 also illustrates a worker decontamination area which is adjoining but is external to the working area. The decontamination area 83 is formed by temporary walls 87 which define a clean room area or rest area 77, a shower area 79 including a plurality of showers 85, and a decontamination or changing area 81. A solid door 80 may be provided between each of these areas, so that very little if any air leakage into the working area 11a flows through the decontamination area 83. FIG. 2 also illustrates an alternative worker access into the area 11a, which optionally may be used as an emergency worker egress or used as a pathway for carrying sealed bags of asbestos from the working area. A plurality of temporary chamber 68 are provided for obtaining entry through the temporary wall 18a, and each chamber may include a conventional seal flap 70 to minimize air leakage into the working area, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,111.
The techniques of the present invention are designed to maintain a desired negative pressure within the enclosed working area, while also returning a substantial portion of the exhausted air back to the working area after this air is first filtered and conditioned. All or substantially all conditioned air thus first passes through the filter unit 44. Since negative pressure exists within the working area, some air will inevitably leak from outside into the working area. According to the present invention, however, the amount of air leakage into the working area is substantially minimized, which is dissimilar to prior art asbestos abatement systems which intentionally allowed large amounts of leakage air into the working area. Referring again to FIG. 2, the worker decontamination area 83 may allow little or no air leakage into the working area, so that, if all the barrier walls which define the working area are permanent, or if solid temporary walls are formed from a wooden frame and plastic sheeting which did not allow air entry into the working area, very little leakage (less than about 100 CFM) into the working area is obtained with a negative pressure of about 0.02" of water. Even if a temporary wall 18a is utilized and/or the flap design and worker access through flap seals 70 is used as shown in FIG. 2, the amount of air represented by L in FIG. 2 is minimal, and is desirably less than about 600 CFM, and preferably less than about 300 CFM. According to the present invention, the amount of leakage air into the working area is preferably less than one percent (1%) per minute of the volume of the working area, although a desired negative pressure of 0.02" of water is maintained within the working area. This air leakage is substantially less than that allowed or desired according to prior art asbestos abatement operations, and contributes to the ability of the air conditioning unit 10 to maintain a desirable environment utilizing low energy and a relatively small air conditioning unit.
The amount of air exhausted from the enclosed area 11a by the blower 46 is represented by E in FIG. 2, and the discharged air D and the returned air R are also schematically illustrated. According to the present invention, E=D+R, since preferably no "outside air" is input to the conditioning unit 50. It should be understood that the amount of discharged air D need only be equal to the leakage air L to maintain the working area at a desired negative pressure and yet supply temperature controlled and dehumidified air to the workers. Since L is preferably minimized, D may be less than 20% of E, and the portable conditioning unit 50 may operate at a surprisingly efficient level for environmental conditioning of previously asbestos contaminated air.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram and simplistic pictorial illustration of the apparatus disclosed above for maintaining a negative pressure within the working area 11 while returning conditioned air to the working area. As previously noted, a permanent air supply or exhaust duct 23 is sealed from the working area by plastic sheeting 24. Exhausted air is drawn through filter 44 by blower unit 46, and the exhausted air E is separated by diverter 58 into discharged air D, which preferably is exhausted outside the building, and conditioned and returned air R. The controller 82 regulates the position of diverter 58 in response to negative air sensor 72 within the working area. Controller 82 may include preselected actuation limits for causing incremental movement of the diverter to change the ratio of discharged to returned air. For example, if 0.02" of negative pressure is ideally desired within the working area 11, a lower limit of 0.03" of water and an upper limit of 0.01" of water may be selected. In response to the sensor 72, the controller 82 thus activates a drive unit 57 which incrementally moves the diverter 58 to decrease the amount of discharged air when the lower limit is reached, and similarly increases the amount of discharged air if the upper limit is reached. Alternatively, the controller 82 may automatically operate the diverter continuously to maintain a "steady state" condition of 0.02" of negative pressure within the working area. Also, a safety limit, e.g., 0" of water, may be selected to cause controller 84 to terminate the power to the blower 64 if a negative pressure is not maintained within the working area, so that no air is forced through the duct 54 back into the working area. The ducts 48 and 54 need not be sealed, however, since any air discharged from the working area or returned to the working area first passes through the filter 44.
The conditioner 50 is preferably of a type which utilizes a compression/expansion cooling system, including a compressor 92, expansion valve 86, and an evaporation coil 60F. Air thus flows through the evaporation coil 60F, and is cooled by a refrigerant, such as Freon, which flows in a closed loop from the compressor 92, through the ambient air condenser 88, to the expansion valve 86, and then to the subcooling evaporator coil 60F. The ambient air condensor 88 in turn is cooled by conventional fans 90. The dehumidification system of the conditioner 50 preferably is of the refrigerant dehumidification type, which simultaneously cools the air and lowers the temperature of the air to below its dew point so that water vapor in the air collects on the condenser coils as water droplets (or alternatively as ice crystals), and is removed by condensate line 61. The compressor 92 is regulated by the controller 84 in response to the temperature and humidity sensors 74 and 76. The flow rate of the Freon or other refrigerant through the subcooling evaporator coil 60F may be controlled by the cross-charged expansion valve 86, which in turn is regulated by an air temperature sensor 85 which monitors the outlet air temperature from the evaporator coil 60F.
The refrigerant based dehumidification system may include additional control mechanisms for recapturing and returning heat to the conditioned air which was removed by the evaporator coil 60F. The amount of refrigerant circulated to the reheat coil 62F is thus controlled by the bypass valves 97 and 98. As previously noted, the ambient air condensor 88 acts to reject the residual heat from the refrigerant before it enters the expansion valve. The cooling fan 90 circulate ambient air through the condensor 88 in a conventional manner, and the activation of the fan 90 is controlled by the level of refrigerant pressure to the evaporator coil 60F. Compressor 92 is of the type which can operate either at half or full capacity, and the capacity of the compressor 92 is changed to prevent icing on the evaporator coil and reduce power consumption. If a recapture and reheat system is not provided, a conventional electrical or gas power heating unit 63 may be employed for heating the air prior to its return to the working area. The heating unit 63 may not be necessary for many asbestos removal operations conducted in Southern climates, but will have practical value in Northern climates when asbestos removal operations are conducted in winter months.
The system of the present invention may also include a closed loop glycol/water system separate from the refrigeration system. FIG. 3 thus depicts a precooling evaporator coil 60G and a reheat coil 62G both within a glycol/water closed loop system which is pressurized by pump 96. The glycol/water system further increases the efficiency of the recapture and reheat system. As a further alternative to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the low pressure refrigerant from the evaporating coil 60F may be charged by compressor 92, and may then be passed through a glycol/water heat exchanger (not shown) where excess heat is transferred to the glycol solution, then used to reheat the air prior to reentering the enclosed space.
In a typical application, the controller 84 will operate the air conditioning unit 50 to maintain a dry bulb temperature within the working area in the range of from 60� to 78�, and will maintain a desired humidity level within the working area. By maintaining a high humidity level within the working area during wet abatement operations, the airborne contaminatant level may be minimized. A low humidity level will not only contribute to the comfort of the operator, but will substantially reduce the drying or curing time for aqueous solutions being sprayed within the working area, as previously explained. For an exemplary 30,000 cubic foot working zone, the cooling system of the air conditioning unit 50 is preferably sized to remove from 30,000 to 42,000 BTU of heat from the returned air per hour, while the dehumidification system is preferably sized to remove from 44,000 to 64,000 BTU of heat per hour. From the above, it should thus be apparent that a majority of the energy consumed by the unit 10 is attributable to the dehumidification system, and that a substantially reduced energy level would be required if one planned to cool the filtered air to a desired temperature, but did not intend to reduce the humidity level within the working space. The size of the heating system will largely depend on the location of the unit, but generally the heating system may be sized to input from 15,000 to 30,000 BTU of heat per hour to the working space. It is apparent that larger working zones will require correspondingly larger capacity conditioning units or multiple units operating in parallel.
It should be understood that the various components of the apparatus of the present invention may be selected from a variety of manufactures, and will largely depend upon the anticipated ambient temperature and humidity conditions, the amount of spraying anticipated within the working area, and the selected comfort level for the workers. By way of illustration, the components described above are listed by a suitable model number and manufacture for one embodiment of the present invention.
______________________________________ ManufacturerComponent Model No. Manufacturer Location______________________________________Blower 46 4C252 Dayton Dayton, OHConditioning EA-E1 Enviro-Air Inc. Houston, TXUnit 50Diverter 58 EA-D1 Enviro-Air Inc. Houston, TXBlower 64 4C252 Dayton Dayton, OH(Optionalcomponent ofunit 50)Air Pressure C264 SETRA Acton, MASensor 72Temperature A-72 Johnson Houston, TXSensor 74Humidity 2 E741 Ranco Plain City, OHSensor 76Controller 82 MIC 2000 Partlow New Hartford, NY(Optional M744-S Honeywell Golden Valley, MNcomponentof unit 50)______________________________________
Apart from the selection of suitable components of the apparatus of the present invention, other modifications from the foregoing disclosure should now be apparent. By way of example, a plurality of "negative air units" may be positioned within the enclosed space to maintain a desired air flow within the enclosed space, with the intake and exhaust from each of these units contained within the working space, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,312. Also, a filtration unit and blower of a negative air unit may be separate from the conditioning unit 50. In this case, the filter unit 44 and blower 46 could be regulated to maintain the desired negative pressure within the working space by discharging air outside the building, while the conditioning unit 50, including blower 64, received all its air directly from the working area, with a filter unit or filter and blower unit upstream from the conditioning unit 50. In this latter case, a restricter unit may be provided to restrict the opening of the intake to the air conditioning unit 50, and thereby effectively control the amount of returned air in response to the sensed negative pressure. An employee decontamination unit 83 is preferably utilized to minimize the amount of leakage air into the working area, and all of the walls which define the working area may be permanent walls already within the building. Alternatively, temporary walls may be formed, either from standard buildings materials, such as plywood or sheet rock, or utilizing plastic sheets or flat seals.
As previously noted, the method and apparatus of the present invention may also be used to remove asbestos from outdoor structures. In a typical application, asbestos may be covering an outdoor tank or a series of pipes elevated on a conventional pipe rack. The tank or a section of the pipe lines may be covered with plastic sheeting held in place by a temporary wooden frame to define an enclosed working space which houses the outdoor structure or portion of pipe rack. The temperature and humidity within the defined working space may be controlled in a manner described above by using the portable unit 10.
The techniques of the present invention may also be used to remove lead-based paint from an outdoor structure, such as a bridge. Again, either a section or the entirety of the structure is enclosed by a temporary barrier, and a negative pressure is preferably maintained within the working space to prevent contamination of adjacent equipment, land, buildings, etc. A sand blast operator within the enclosed working space removes the hazardous lead-based paint by a conventional blasting operation, which may either be a wet blasting or dry blasting process. The temperature and the humidity within the working space may be controlled by the system 10 described above. The apparatus 10 may also be used to maintain a controlled working environment for a blasting operator removing lead-based paint from a defined enclosed area within a building.
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are thus illustrative and explanatory of the techniques of the present invention, and various other changes in the equipment as well as the described methods may be made within the scope of the appended claims and without departing from the spirit of the invention.
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text:
Samsung Announces 10 nm-class eMMC for Slim Smartphones and Tablets
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., the world leader in advanced memory technology, today announced a next-generation 64 GB embedded multimedia card (eMMC) using 10 nanometer (nm)-class process technology. The new 64 Gb NAND memory went into production late last month.
Myungho Kim, vice president of Memory marketing, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics noted, "The new high-speed, small form factor eMMC reinforces Samsung's technology leadership in storage memory solutions. We look forward to expanding our line-up of embedded memory solutions in conjunction with the new chip's design, in pursuing a system-level adoption of application processors and other key components that form the foundation for the most advanced mobile platforms. This will allow us to better attend to time-to-market demands enabling the design of more convenient features for next-generation mobile applications."
Embedded memory is the key memory component in popular mobile applications such as smartphones and tablets. Advanced high-performance, high-density eMMCs allow users to access high-density and high-resolution content such as full HD video on their latest mobile devices and provide a better user experience for web browsing, gaming and running rich applications.
Samsung is applying 64 Gb high-performance NAND memory using its 10 nm-class technology to the new 64 GB eMMC Pro Class 2000 memory solution. The new embedded memory solution exceeds the performance levels of the conventional 64 GB eMMC Pro Class 1500 based on an eMMC 4.5 interface.
The new high-speed eMMC will be submitted next year to the industry standards body JEDEC, (Joint Electron Engineering Council) for adoption as an industry standard.
Samsung's next-generation 64 GB eMMC Pro Class 2000 comes just five months after the company introduced its first embedded memory supporting the eMMC 4.5 interface and delivers a 30 percent advantage in performance over that solution.
The 10 nm-class technology based NAND also is process compatible to Samsung's advanced 20 nm-class 64 Gb MLC NAND, which was first available last May, improving manufacturing productivity by 30 percent.
The new memory solution has a random write speed of 2,000 IOPS (input/output per second) and a random read speed of 5,000 IOPS. In addition, sequential read and write speeds are 260 megabytes per second (MB/s) and 50 MB/s respectively, which is up to 10 times faster than a class 10 external memory card that reads at 24 MB/s and writes at 12 MB/s, greatly enhancing the smoothness of multitasking on mobile gadgets.
Current mobile applications show a distinctive trend to slimmer designs and larger display screens, while using advanced multi-core processors and high density (2 Gigabyte) LPDDR2 memory for higher performance, with larger batteries for longer usage on a single charge. This new chip accommodates the increasing size limitations of mobile form factors at the component level.
The 64 GB eMMC Pro Class 2000 measures 11.5 mm by 13 mm, which represents a 20 percent reduction in size over the conventional embedded memory form factor (12 mm by 16 mm).
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text:
Exclusive Tour Presale: Switchfoot in Concert
Southern Wesleyan University • Central, SC
Sunday, February 23
What you get
- One General Admission Ticket or Ticket Package
- Ticket Package Includes Exclusive Signed Poster & Fading West Digital Album
- Hear Songs From Their Latest Album, Fading West, Along with Old Favorites
With a Grammy Award, album sales of more than 5.5 million, and hit singles like "Dare You to Move" and "Meant to Live," Switchfoot is one of the most successful and celebrated rock acts around. Building off the success of their documentary film Fading West, Switchfoot will release an album of the same name on January 14.
Now, they're bringing their must-see live show to Southern Wesleyan University on Sunday, February 23. The band will be playing a number of songs from that release for this concert, as well as all of those familiar favorites. Get your ticket to this concert thanks to this exclusive presale.
Choose from the following ticket offers:
• $30 for one general admission ticket
• $50 for one general admission ticket, one exclusive signed poster, and one Fading West digital album
Fine printREFUND POLICY: This event is nonrefundable. No full or partial refunds are given to customers who miss an event. In the event of a cancellation, your voucher will be fully refunded • Each voucher is good for 1 person • Digital album available starting January 14, 2014. Must redeem voucher for album by February 10, 2014 • The deal is valid only for tickets on the date[s] of the event as listed and may not be exchanged or redeemed for any other dates • Purchaser may change the name of the individual retrieving tickets up to 24 hours in advance of event via the LivingSocial website event details section; no name-changes or alternate pick-ups permitted without notice at venue • Entire value must be used in a single visit
Exclusive Tour Presale: Switchfoot in Concert
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text:
Arizona Wildcats
Fort Wayne orchestra, musicians in tough talks
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (AP) - Negotiations for a new musicians' contract have not been harmonious as the Fort Wayne Philharmonic prepares to open its 70th season this weekend.
Members of the orchestra's musicians union voted unanimously Thursday to authorize a strike if contract talks don't advance toward an agreement, said Dennis Fick, chairman of the union's negotiating committee.
Orchestra management has proposed cutting base salaries from about $27,000 to less than $17,000, raising health insurance premiums and reducing from 44 to 27 the number of full-time musicians, Fick told The Journal Gazette ( http://bit.ly/1h8CA15). The orchestra is facing a more than $2 million budget deficit and in May canceled some concerts for the 2013-14 season.
"We like what we do, we like playing music, we like playing for people who like to come out and listen to us, and we like getting paid," he said.
But, he said, "like any other working person, when facing cuts of 40 to 70 percent, we have to ask ourselves whether this is a fair deal."
J.L. Nave III, president and CEO of the Philharmonic, said he's committed to reaching an agreement and is looking forward to Saturday's opening-night performance.
"I'm really pleased the musicians echoed our sentiments on having a great opening-night concert- this is why we do what we do," Nave said. "We hope people come out and support our orchestra."
Fick said while a musicians strike isn't imminent, he believes the orchestra's management is directing too much of its planned spending cuts toward the musicians rather than administration costs.
The Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra canceled five weekends of performances last fall during a lockout of its musicians before a new contract agreement with pay cuts and fewer concerts was reached.
Information from: The Journal Gazette, http://www.journalgazette.net
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Blab on air Studios
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Love Your Garden
Love of outdoors paved the way for career in horticulture
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Are you Christopher Navas?Claim your profile
Publications (1)9.81 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Maria N. Pavlova[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We describe the construction of a large-scale, orderly assembly of mutant ES cells, generated with retroviral insertions and having mutational coverage in >90% of mouse genes. We also describe a method for isolating ES cell clones with mutations in specific genes of interest from this library. This approach, which combines saturating random mutagenesis with targeted selection of mutations in the genes of interest, was successfully applied to the gene families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and nuclear receptors. Mutant mouse strains in 60 different GPCRs were generated. Applicability of the technique for the GPCR genes, which on average represent fairly small targets for insertional mutagenesis, indicates the general utility of our approach for the rest of the genome. The method also allows for increased scale and automation for the large-scale production of mutant mice, which could substantially expedite the functional characterization of the mouse genome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 09/2007; 104(36):14406-11. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0700608104 · 9.81 Impact Factor


text:
Gallery: Scientist Blames James Bond Villains For Nuclear Power's Lack ...
How many times have you seen a film where the bad guy's plan involves the detonation of some form of nuclear weapon? Hundreds of times, right? In fact, that is the motive of the bad guy in the latest Mission: Impossible film. So, why do you reckon that is? Well, for some of us the word "nuclear" symbolizes the potential armageddon that threatened the world during the Cold War, and for most of us, disasters like that of Chernoybl and Fukushima have revealed that there are very real dangers lurking behind this power source. While the threats may seem obvious, the president of the Royal Society of Chemistry believes otherwise. Rather, he feels that nuclear energy's bad public image comes from one source – James Bond villains.
1 Comment
b January 12, 2012 at 5:16 pm
The issue with nuclear is not only about the actual accidents that have occurred but also in understanding the relativity. The fact is that we get a lot of energy from nuclear power that is not easily replaced with something better in terms of net generating capacity and cost. How many people have died from burning fossil fuels? A lot but its also hard to quantify that. Very few have died from nuclear accidents but even that is a topic for debate. One thing is for sure, which is that we don;t want to abandon nuclear as a whole before we have something better to replace it worth. Germany seems to be grappling with this right now since they've claimed a desire to abandon nuclear only it appears their plan will require them to build more coal plants, which isn't really a step forward but a step backwards.
What we really need is new plants because operating aging, unsafe old plants is not going to benefit anyone. New nuclear plants are inherently safer and more efficient just as new coal plants are. More sustainable resources like wind, solar, CSP, and geothermal would be ideal but theres still a large gap to cross before they truly compete with coal and nuclear on a cost, robustness, and reliability level. So we should built and retire the old. otherwise, we are just standing still. In order to build though, people need to educate themselves on what the real hazards are and keep them in perspective. Many people fear fictional aspects related to nuclear and until that changes, it will remain difficult to have an honest and productive discussion about energy policy. There are no doubt real concerns but its paramount to resolve the unreal ones.
Nothing is perfect and there is no panacea.
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Yuka YonedaNamba Parks was conceived when Osaka Stadium closed down, presenting a great redevelopment opportunity for a new commercial district right next to the Namba Train Station, which is just one stop away from Kansai Airport. Since it's one of the first placesREAD MORE >
Beth BuczynskiTop image: A child is put to work at a militia-run mine in Watsa. © Marcus Bleasdale/National Geographic Captured during a 2004 visit to the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo, Bleasdale's images "tell the story of the country's mineral resourceREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaBANANAS You might have heard that bananas are favored by athletes because they contain potassium and it's that same reason that makes them great hangover cures. When you're hungover, your body has lost a lot of potassium that needs to be replenished, so eatingREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaImages © Graham King "The shopping cart tree symbolizes both generosity and abundance, as well as acknowledging those less fortunate where their whole world may be housed in a cart. We see shopping carts every day and take them for granted. IndividuallyREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherTIP 1: Wrap Your Home in Insulation - "The More, The Better!" Proper insulation is probably the most important factor you can control in creating an energy-efficient home. I always say insulation is like chocolate, the more you have, the better! On average,READ MORE >
Kestrel JenkinsWhile conjuring up comfort in the home seems like a basic principle, it's a far more complex process for architect & remodeling guru Sarah Susanka, who believes that comfort can significantly influence the sustainability of your personal abode. WithREAD MORE >


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Luke Bonello tearing the bag at a local reef. Watch in HD.
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Orlando, FLUSA
Hometown: Queens, NY
September 3, 2012
37 live in Avalon Park Area with my wife and kids.
Hobbies are Music, Biking, Outdoor Sports, and Video Games. I just expect the group to plan various events (not all the same) based on members interest and create an environment where we can all network and learn about each other on more than a professional level.
Hi, I'm a IT Project Manager for Disney new to the area (1 yr). I also produce music as a hobby.
I didn't just make good friends here, I made great friends!
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5 days ago
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text: Politics PoliticsConflictAfricaLillian Rizzo on Jan 19, 2012 @ 12:18 PMJan 19, 2012 @ 12:18 PM PublishedSomalia: MSF closes two major medical centersFood is distributed by the Somali Relief, Rehabilitation Development Organization (SORRDO) at a site in Mogadishu on December 13, 2011. While three areas of Somalia are no longer considered to be famine zones, 250,000 people in the country still face imminent starvation and millions more still need urgent relief. The capital, Mogadishu, remains classified as a famine zone by the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit for Somalia (FSNAU).Medecins Sans Frontieres has closed two of the largest medical centers Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, the BBC reported.The charity organization decided to close the doors of the centers after two MSF workers were killed on Dec. 29. An Indonesian doctor and a Belgian emergency worker were shot dead by a former local employee who was arrested shortly after, Reuters reported.Read more at GlobalPost: Two MSF workers shot dead in Somalia"It is hard to close health services in a location where the presence of our medical teams is genuinely life-saving every day," Christopher Stokes, MSF's general director, said in a statement, Reuters reported. "But the brutal assassination of our colleagues in Hodan (district) makes it impossible for us to continue working in this district of Mogadishu."The two facilities to be closed each hold 120 beds and treat malnutrition, measles and cholera, the Associated Press reported. An epidemic of measles has hit Mogadishu, which rapidly kills undernourished children. Without these two centers assistance being provided by MSF in Mogadishu will be cut in half, although the group will still provide medical care in other parts of the capital.Read more at GlobalPost: Somalia: MSF suspends campaign due to fightingSomalia has been suffering from its worst drought in over 60 years, causing many Somalis to flee to rural areas controlled by the Islamist group, Al Shabaab, which has banned Western aid agencies from helping in its territory, the BBC reported. Thousands have flocked to the city since the United Nations declared it to be a famine state six months ago.Somalia is considered to be one of the most dangerous areas for aid workers to be located. The attack on the two MSF workers occurred in a busy part of the capital, under control of both the government and African Union troops, Reuters reported. Following the shooting, MSF withdrew all of its non-Somali staff from the facility where the attack took place.Read more at GlobalPost: Somalia famine: "Tens of thousands have died," UN says


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Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.22 / 5.00 3,139 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.22 / 5.00 9,312 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.17 / 5.00 8,605 Views
I want this in game form. You don't even know how bad.
yeah. touching stones gives you superpowers.
good animation, btw.
*gone for stone touching*
definatly want more
im guessing those are the colors of the rainbow
he saw the guardian in the distants.awesome:3


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Our Highest Honors: The Best Edibles of 2014
Watching the dramatic expansion of the cannabis-infused foods industry in 2014 has been incredibly gratifying. Watching the dramatic expansion of the cannabis-infused foods industry in 2014 has been incredibly gratifying. Here are some of our favorite marijuana-amped...
Stoner Sex: Bi-Curious, Shwag Dealers, Runny Noses & Sex Slang
Hyapatia Lee answers all of your questions regarding cannabis and sexuality. This week's topics: bi-curiosity, Shwag Dealers, Runny Noses & Sex Slang.
5 Best Videos to Watch When Baked XLIV
In this weekly segment, the staff here at HIGH TIMES brings you the best vids to watch after indulging.
Operation Sewer Rat: Law Enforcement's Latest Dirty Tactic
Law enforcement agencies are finding new ways to target cannabis and drug users with Operation: Sewer Rat. "The War on Drugs could get a boost with a new method that analyzes sewage to track levels of illicit drug use in local communities in real time... a...
Washington State Publishes Strict Regulations for Pot Advertising
Washington state legalized a recreational marijuana market back in 2012, but that has not stopped state regulators from doing everything in their power to hinder the newfound trade in its ability to sell products like any other business. Earlier last week, the Liquor Cont...


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Angela DeMahy
Original recipe yields 4 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
I used about 4 and a half cups of chicken broth instead of the 3 cups of water and didn't have bok choy on hand so I chopped up some leafy lettuce. What a great surprise this turned out to be. ...
This recipe was quick and easy but a bit bland. Added soy sauce to taste and a hit of hot sauce...really perked it up.
Quick, tasty and cost efficient. Baby DeMahy. Born: March 8, 1971. Indianapolis.


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Select Local Merchants
Di Stefano's Pizza PalaceRead MoreLoad up on toppings or opt for a simple slice of cheese at Di Stefano's Pizza Palace, Milwaukee's classic pizza venue. No need to miss out on Di Stefano's Pizza Palace just because you are avoiding fat or gluten. The pizzeria has tons of options that can accommodate your dietary needs. Through their catering service, Di Stefano's Pizza Palace can also set out a delicious spread for your next party. Guests take to street parking at Di Stefano's Pizza Palace's W Frst spot. You'll find your bill at Di Stefano's Pizza Palace to be more than reasonable, with most meals costing less than $15. Reviewers rave about the dinner menu at the pizzeria, though breakfast and lunch are also served.4630 W FrstMilwaukee, WI US
Maria's PizzariaRead MoreThis is the place to be in Milwaukee. A true local gem, Maria's Pizza opened back in 1957 and has stayed delicious ever since. It's a family-owned and operated restaurant. No delivery. No alcohol. Cash only. It's a down-home kind of place, something you don't want to miss. The pizzas are too big for their trays—served as kind of oblong sheets of thin, crispy, crusted dough. Toppings all meld together to form a delicious melange of pizza. The multi-colored Christmas lights on the walls—adorning old peeling posters of famous Italian sites—give themselves over to Maria's charm, sincerity, and great pizza.5025 W FrstMilwaukee, WI US
Rocky Rococo Pizza and PastaRead MoreMake your next meal a pizza party! Rocky Rococo Pizza and Pasta in Milwaukee's West Milwaukee neighborhood is a tasty departure from your weekday routine. For those avoiding fat and gluten, there's still plenty of tasty items on Rocky Rococo Pizza and Pasta's menu that can cater to your needs. Decibels can approach upper limits at this pizzeria, so it's best to leave quiet conversation for another time. Casual dining at its best, Rocky Rococo Pizza and Pasta customers are free to enjoy themselves in jeans and a T-shirt. Carry-out is also available for those who prefer to enjoy Rocky Rococo Pizza and Pasta's cooking from the comfort of their own home. Don't spend time searching for parking — guests are welcome to use the adjoining lot. The grub at Rocky Rococo Pizza and Pasta is also a downright bargain — most people can chow down for less than $15.2094 Miller Park WayMilwaukee, WI US
P DemarinisRead MoreLoad up a pizza with all of your favorite topping at Milwaukee's P Demarinis. P Demarinis is a fantastic spot to indulge and with no low-fat options, you'll need to save the diet for another day. You won't feel cramped at P Demarinis, even with a large party — the pizzeria is perfect for large groups. P Demarinis tosses the jacket-and-tie dress code convention in favor of a more casual dining experience. If you need to feed a big crowd, P Demarinis also offers catering services for parties and get-togethers. Brush up on your parallel parking skills — the pizzeria's W Frst location offers nearby street parking. Your bill at P Demarinis will typically run less than $30 per person, so bring the whole gang!5442 W FrstMilwaukee, WI US
Papa Murphys Take n BakeRead MoreIf you are in search of a satisfying meal that won't break the bank, then look no further than Papa Murphys Take n Bake on S 60th St. Whether you are heading there for the great quality, friendly service, or both, you'll always leave this restaurant satisfied. While the prices may be low, you can bet that the ingredients will be fresh. If you're in a hurry, you can call ahead and take advantage of the convenient take-out offerings. One of the better pizza chains in the area, Papa Murphys Take n Bake definitely won't leave you disappointed, no matter how you slice it.3025 S 60th StMilwaukee, WI US
Pizza HutRead MoreCraving pizza? Head on over to Milwaukee's Pizza Hut for a tasty slice with a crust you can't resist. Looking for low-fat, gluten-free meal options? Look no further at Pizza Hut. Leave the fancy duds at home — patrons at the pizzeria dress informally. Need a night in? Don't miss out on Pizza Hut's delicious food — you can carry it out to eat at home or have them deliver it straight to you. Catering makes it easier to organize any event, and Pizza Hut will ensure that it is delicious. Score! Pizza Hut provides free parking to all diners in the lot next door. Your bill at Pizza Hut will rarely go over $15, so you can really indulge! Pizza Hut offers breakfast, lunch, and dinner, so stop by whenever is most convenient for you.3322 W Loomis RdMilwaukee, WI US


text: In an effort to educate young drivers about the dangers of distracted driving, Hardison Wood has created an infographic with the most important facts and statistics. In the US, a large proportion of accidents causing death or injury result from distracted drivers, and we feel this issue is important to parents and teen drivers alike. As laws continue to become more strict for those that choose to take up their phones at the wheel, it's necessary to keep yourself educated about your legal rights and how to avoid an accident yourself. The infographic below illustrates why that text message to your friend can wait:


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DEFINITION of 'Nonpersonal Time Deposit'
Time deposit accounts held by corporate bank customers that pay a fixed amount of interest for a specified time period. Money may not be withdrawn without advance notice at the risk of incurring an early withdrawal penalty.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Nonpersonal Time Deposit'
Examples of nonpersonal time deposits include money market deposit accounts, certificates of deposit and investment accounts. Nonpersonal time deposits are not subject to reserve requirements under the Federal Reserve's Regulation D. Federally insured banks are required to report their nonpersonal time deposit account balances to their regional Federal Reserve bank on a regular basis.
Time DepositA savings account or certificate of deposit (CD) held for a fixed-term, ...
Demand DepositFunds held in an account from which deposited funds can be withdrawn ...
Regulation D - Reg DA Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation governing ...
Transaction DepositA banking deposit that has immediate and full liquidity, with ...
Term DepositA deposit held at a financial institution that has a fixed term. ...
Account1. An arrangement by which an organization accepts a customer's ...
What is the difference between a correspondent bank and intermediary bank?Correspondent and intermediary banks serve as third-party banks that coordinate with beneficiary banks to facilitate international ... Read Full Answer >>
What are the main benchmarks that track the banking sector?The appropriate benchmarks for tracking banking sector performance depend on the type of banking. For instance, commercial-only ... Read Full Answer >>
What are the major categories of financial institutions and what are their primary ...In today's financial services marketplace, a financial institution exists to provide a wide variety of deposit, lending and ... Read Full Answer >>
What's the difference between investment banks and commercial banks?Investment banking and commercial banking are two divisions of the banking industry that provide substantially different ... Read Full Answer >>
What are the most common instances to use hire purchases in a small business?Hire purchases are commonly used to acquire high-dollar business assets, such as technology equipment, transportation fleets ... Read Full Answer >>
What is the difference between an investment and a retail bank?The activities and types of clients for an investment bank versus those for a retail bank highlight the primary difference ... Read Full Answer >>
Fundamental Analysis
Analyzing A Bank's Financial StatementsA careful review of a bank's financial statements can help you identify key factors in a potential investment.
Are Your Bank Deposits Insured?Learn how the FDIC is helping to keep your money in your pockets.
Credit & Loans
The Evolution Of BankingBanks are a part of ancient history. Find out how this system of money management developed into what we know today.
Bonds & Fixed Income
Breaking Down The Fed ModelLearn what pundits mean when they say that stocks are undervalued according to the Fed model.
Personal Finance
How The Federal Reserve Was FormedFind out how this institution has stabilized the U.S. economy during economic downturn.
Options & Futures
Demystification Of Bank AccountsFind out which type of account suits your specific needs.
Options & Futures
Financial Regulators: Who They Are And What They DoFind out how these government agencies govern the financial markets.
Investing Basics
What Does a Financial Intermediary Do?A financial intermediary is an institution that acts as a go-between in a financial transaction.
Credit & Loans
What is a Financial Institution?A financial institution is in business to, among other things, accept deposits, make loans, exchange currencies, and broker investment securities.
What Does Principal Mean?For banks, principal refers to the amount due on a loan, and is used to calculate interest payments.


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- Food
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- Series and Features
- Love & Sex
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- Health
- Entertainment
- News
- Blogging
Finding exercise that works for you...
By kamigray
on April 16, 2009
on April 16, 2009
One of the biggest reasons we don't stick to an exercise routine is because we don't like it! We get bored! I haven't been to the gym in years because I can't stand it. If you like the gym, I'm very jealous! I love walking, but not just for the purpose of walking. I like to walk TO something or somewhere...like the grocery store or a clothing boutique, or a friend's house, or a wine bar!
Not quite grammar
By SaraLancaster
on October 13, 2009
on October 13, 2009
I'm curious to know what grammar-abiding bloggers feel about italics within blog posts. I'm noticing a lot of bloggers use it to signify dialogue and for sentence-length emphasis, which goes against "the rules."I know this is outside of "grammar", but something tells me this group loves punctuation and style just as much.
By M.R. Webb
on May 11, 2009
on May 11, 2009
100 Things to Do Before I Marry: What's on YOUR list?
By The Hitch List
on June 27, 2009
on June 27, 2009
See, I started this list. And now I want to know about yours.
What are you reading?
By Maria Niles
on April 10, 2009
on April 10, 2009
I've got a stack a mile high of books to read but among them are two of my favorite personal growth classics that I'm hoping to re-read soon and one is a new-to-me favorite of a cousin of mine who recommended it to me.
Too funny!
By S.I.F.
on January 17, 2010
on January 17, 2010
I actually just did an entire post about my adoration for lists, and my blog header is even a list I made out... Who knew there was an entire group of women dedicated to keeping the list alive! I love it! :) S.I.F. http://singleinfertilefemale.blogspot.com/
The Year of HAPPY - what I am changing...
By littlemama
on December 30, 2009
on December 30, 2009
Here are a few things I'm going to do to make myself happier - embrace new opportunitiesbe more adventurousgive love more freelycount my blessingsbe less timid, be more BOLD What are some things you are thinking of changing to make yourself happier?little mama
By goody66
on September 17, 2009
on September 17, 2009
Hello all Endometriosis is not a life threatening disease, but it is a painful and sometimes lonely disease.


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ET&C published highly cited, heavily downloaded Focus Articles and Critical Reviews in 2012. These articles highlight the latest research in the field, and have become a valuable asset to ET&C readers. The journal is now accepting proposals for Focus Articles for the second half of 2013 and would like to encourage SETAC members to submit their ideas and research. If you have an idea for a Focus Article, please contact ET&C's Editor-in-Chief Allen Burton at email@example.com. Critical Reviews can be submitted online throughout the year at mc.manuscriptcentral.com:80/etc.
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Tuesday, 7 July 2015
Last updated 2 hours ago
Sep 10 2013 | 9:43am ET
Hedge funds dealing with complex-transaction headaches will soon be able to call on the former head of the U.S. government bailout program.
Neil Barofsky, who led the Troubled Asset Relief Program under both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, was named a partner at Jenner & Block. He will be based in the Chicago law firm's New York office.
Barofsky's "background as a senior federal prosecutor in Manhattan and the TARP's inspector general has given him an unparalleled grasp of the most complex financial transactions of the last decade," Jenner managing partner Susan Levy said. "He will undoubtedly enhance the firm's capabilities in securities and other litigation matters on behalf of hedge funds, private equity firms and other entities litigating over complex financial instruments."
Barofsky left TARP in 2011 to join the faculty at the New York University School of Law. There, he wrote a blistering book recounting his time in Washington, blasting federal regulators for being too close to those they were supposed to be overseeing.
Jul 7 2015 | 4:03pm ET
In addition to easing capital formation for small companies, Regulation A+ has enormous...
Jun 8 2015 | 12:37am ET
The Wall Street Decathlon — a 10-event physical challenge that will crown "Wall...
Jun 26 2015 | 10:07am ET
In this article, financial expert Greg Silberman explores how to hedge a private...
May 27 2015 | 2:15pm ET
Support Hedge Funds Care, also known as Help For Children (HFC), by participating in this year's raffle. All proceeds go to support HFC's mission of preventing and treating child abuse. Read more…