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SEC v. W. J. Howey Co.
|Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co.
|Argued May 2, 1946
Decided May 27, 1946
|Full case name
|Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co. et al.
|328 U.S. 293 (more)
66 S.Ct. 1100, 90 L.Ed. 1244, 1946 U.S. LEXIS 3159; 163 A.L.R. 1043
|Prior history
|U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida denied injunction, 60 F.Supp. 440, Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, 151 F.2d 714, certiorari granted, 327 U.S. 773 , 66 S.Ct. 821
|Subsequent history
|Rehearing Denied October 14, 1946
|An "investment contract" under the Securities Act of 1933 is one which involves an investment of money due to an expectation of profits arising from a common enterprise which depends solely on the efforts of a promoter or third party.
|Court membership
|Case opinions
|Murphy, joined by Stone, Black, Reed, Douglas, Burton, Rutledge
|Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
|Laws applied
|Securities Act of 1933
Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the offer of a land sales and service contract was an "investment contract" within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77b, and that the use of the mails and interstate commerce in the offer and sale of these securities was a violation of §5 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 77e. It was an important case in determining the general applicability of the federal securities laws.
Facts and Procedural History[edit]
The defendants, W. J. Howey Co. and Howey-in-the-Hills Service, Inc., were corporations organized under the laws of the state of Florida. W. J. Howey owned large tracts of citrus groves in Florida. Howey kept half of the groves for its own use, and sold real estate contracts for the other half to finance its future developments. Howey would sell the land for a uniform price per acre (or per fraction of an acre for smaller parcels), and convey to the purchaser a warranty deed upon payment in full of the purchase price. The purchaser of the land could then lease it back to the service company Howey-in-the-Hills via a service contract, who would tend to the land, and harvest, pool, and market the produce. The service contract gave Howey-in-the-Hills "full and complete" possession of the land specified in the contract, leaving no right of entry nor any right to the produce harvested. Purchasers of the land had the option of making other service arrangements, but W. J. Howey, in its advertising materials, stressed the superiority of Howey-in-the-Hills' service.
Howey marketed the land through a resort hotel it owned in the area, promising significant profits in the sales pitch it provided to those parties who expressed interest in the groves. Most of the purchasers of the land were not Florida residents, nor were they farmers. Rather they were business and professional people who were inexperienced in agriculture and lacked the skill or equipment to tend to the land by themselves. Howey had not filed any registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The SEC filed suit to obtain an injunction forbidding the defendants from using the mails and instrumentalities of interstate commerce in the offer and sale of unregistered and nonexempt securities in violation of 5(a) of the Securities Act of 1933. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida denied the injunction, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed. The U.S. Supreme Court then granted certiorari.
Majority Opinion[edit]
Justice Murphy, writing for the majority, identified the major legal issue in this case as whether or not the contracts Howey was selling (which in substance were basically leaseback agreements) constituted an "investment contract" within the meaning of § 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933. Murphy reasoned that while the term "investment contract" was left undefined by the Act, it had been used in state blue sky laws to cover a broad array of contracts and other schemes to raise capital in a way to secure some income or profit from the use thereof. Thus, the Court concluded, Congress had written the term into the statute in recognition of its previously adopted common law meaning.
Murphy then formulated one of the U.S. Supreme Court's earliest tests to determine whether an instrument qualifies as an "investment contract" for the purposes of the Securities Act (which later came to be referred to as the Howey test):
- investment of money due to
- an expectation of profits arising from
- a common enterprise
- which depends solely on the efforts of a promoter or third party
Murphy determined that the contracts in issue here met all four prongs of this test, and thus W. J. Howey could be held liable for violating § 5 of the Securities Act of 1933. Furthermore, Murphy held that the fact that some of the investors chose to use services other than those of Howey-in-the-Hills to tend to the groves was irrelevant, because §5 forbids the offer of unregistered securities, as well as the sale of them.
Justice Frankfurter wrote a brief dissenting opinion. He first suggested that the Supreme Court defer to the findings of both lower courts, particularly the District Court, as it was the finder of fact in this case. He also noted that the purchasers in this case were permitted to inspect the land before they bought it, and were allowed the option of using their own agricultural services.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:

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2014 (Junior): Logged 875 minutes in 21 games played ... Earned the starting nod 14 times ... Ranked second on the team with four goals ... Finished the season with 16 shot attempts, including nine on target ... Found the back of the net twice in a 3-1 win at FIU on Sept. 21 ... Also scored the game-winner vs. UC Santa Barbara (Oct. 5) and added an insurance goal in a 2-0 victory at Hawai'i (Oct. 16) ... Fired off a season-high three attempts against the Rainbow Wahine.
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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Jn. 20, 1 953 w. I AMMIMANl 2,626,122
SPRAY GUN VALVE Filed July 3, 1951 f7 .16 i4 j Je 9 INVENTOR LEWIS WTIAMMIMAN.
ATTORNEY Patented `an. 20, 1953 UNITED, STATES vPATEIW OFFICE 2,626,12z sritiY GUNjvALvEI Lewis W. Lammiman, Toledo, Ohio', assign'or to The De VilbissCompany, .Toledo,fhio, a corporation of Ohio Application "J uly 3, 19512', SerialeNo. 235,013
4 Claims.
lthe air jets is reduced or increasedby closing orv opening movement of thevalve.
As usually constructed this valve Vhas a vtapered 'inner end which seats Within the air passage, a threaded shank by which it is rotatably mounted,
and an external knurled head' for manual adjustf ment. In'order to provide a' broad range of adjustment a relatively'fine thread is utilized. It is thus possible to set the valve for a very particular ow of air that will shape the spray pattern 'most suitably for a certain type of surface.
In many spray hishing operations the character of the products being coatedis such that a single lwidth of spray vis satisfactory for all purposes. However, in otheriinishing'proeesses, there are occasional surfaces of restricted area, for which a wide spray pattern, Vselected for". a major part of the coating work, is not suitable.
vSince*excessive 'Waste'frm overspra'y orit'oo heavy a vcoatingresults from the Iuse of too'wide a spray pattern, under 'such circumstances it is desirable for the operator to temporarily screw the spray width valve at least part way towarda closed position. He must subsequently Acarefully openy it again to the predetermined setting considered best for the predominant type'of surfaces. Because of thev ne thread on the valve shank, considerable rotary movement is' required inthis closing and opening of the valve and valuable time is lost in the accompanyinginterruption of thel sprayingoperation.
The purpose of my invention is 'the provision'fof :af valve structure-for controlling theY air deliveredto attening jets in a spray gun in `which thefadvantage of close adjustment is retainedfand which in addition has mean-s'for `easy and rapid manual closing and self-opening movement of the valve with stop means limiting the opening movement to the valve position previously selected for normal use.
This improved action. is secured by mounting the valve for both gradual vthreaded adjustment and independent sliding axial movement. This is accomplished by having 'an unthre'aded valve shank fitting snugly' for relative'axial'movement within an" -exteriorly'f threaded-brota',`1',"ableA Tsleeve` In order to secure spray pat- (Cl. 25k-2l the exterior end of sleeve 22 is the knurle'dhead andproviding between the valve shank andfsle'eve a longitudinal slot and pin connection'.
An embodiment of'my invention is hereafter described in detail andv illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which- Figure 1 is a'central'vertical longitudinalse'ction of a spray gun-incorporating the-invention;
Figure 2'is an enlarged longitudinal section of the valve assembly taken on the line 2--2 of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is'ra perspective-viewer the horse Shoe 'lockl washer which holds ythe'- packing spring'4v in place; l
Figure 4 is a perspective viewwith a portion broken away of the valve assembly fcasin'gl;
Figure 5 is a perspective view Vo'f the valve'position adjusting sleeve; vand Figure -6 is a sectional -viewv v taken oni the `line 6-6 of Figure l2 'through lthe valve Ishank'.
The spray gun of Figure l--is a'fc'onventional design Vto which my invention has'- beenadapt'ed. Ithas `a depending handle I` in which there isfan air supply passagev v21S The travels therethrough past air valve'f3'whichisA opened by. rearward movement of the"trigg`er llag'ainstl the extjeriorly extending ivalve spindle 5i The.V air. then hows upwardly.- from the val-ve chamber `through outlets. O-ne is a forwardly continuingpassage into the airv partitioning. inernlmer `I 0; The other outlet is* thef annular chamber lvl b'ehind'vthe 'member-1B. Theoutlet passage: yilis for air travelling'to `the'horr1s-l2-o'f the air cap I3 vto form opposed spray flattening'jets. The air from passage 9 reaches the horns by way of the encircling chambery Ill, 'a .series ofI ports I5 throughia flange of ttheinember I0; andhen'ce into annular chambeil behind the bores Il into the horns. .The outlet, chamber H is yfor 'primary' atomizing air vvliiclriV 'travels' forwardly'- through an "annular rse- "ri'es loi'passages I8 intothe spacef FQ'betWeen-.the
spray material tip 20 and theair cap' .|3. From here' the air flows vout the center oricef ofthe air'cap. in atomizing association withrthe spray material discharged' from' tip '20.
Into the rear end of bore 8 is threadedly mountedthe valve casing 2 I. Extending through the' casingr 2| and threadedlyv connectedy thereto for axial adjustment the valve sleeve 221. On
l2i! for manualturning and axial positioning of the sleeve: Throughthe sleeve 22 .extends the shank 24 o'fthe valvda-f.A 'Thershank has fi-'Mose but@'slid'abie'iitffwith the1=fsl`eeve.-v The valve 25 sitioned longitudinal slots 3l in valve sleeve 22.
A spring 32, lodged within the enlarged bore 26 of the valve sleeve 22, is compressed between the bore shoulder 21 and the forward end of the thumb button stud 30. Through the effect. of the spring thrust the valve shank 24 is yieldably held rearwardly in respect to the sleeve 22 to the ex.-
tent of movement permitted by the pin and slotv connection between the valve shank and sleeve. Accordingly the ends of the pin 29 are normally pressed against the rear ends of the slots 3 I.
Through the threaded engagement of the sleeve 22 with the xed valve casing 2| axial movement of the sleeve 22 is secured by manual turning of the knurled head 23. Because of the pin and slot connection between the sleeve 22 and the valve shank 24 and the effect of the spring holding the pin ends at the ends of the slots, axial movement of the sleeve varies the position of the valve 25 in respect to its seat. The amount of air reaching the horn ports is thus controlled and may bepredetermined to accommodate the type of surface being finished in respect to the width of spray desired. Y
When a narrow surface is to be coated and it is desired to momentarily reduce the width of the spray pattern from that selected for large surfaces the operator depresses the thumb button with the thumb of his hand actuating the spray gun and thus pushes the valve 25 toward its seat reducing theflow of spray flattening air from the horns. Under tension of the spring 32 which is temporarily overcome by the thumb pressure the valve is returned to its selected position when the thumb is removed. A spray of proper width is thus again delivered for coating the general run of work, as the return of the valve shank does not disturb the rotary position of the sleeve by which the preferred valve position was previously secured.
For a long period of coating surfaces of limited v4dimensions the valve 25 may be forced to its seat by turning sleeve 22 sufficiently forwardly. The length of the threads between the sleeve 22 and the casing 2l -is suicient to permit this action.
To prevent leakage between the sleeve and the valve casing, packing 33 is positioned therebetween. It is held against an inner annular ange 34 of the casing 2| by spring 35 which is held in compressed prelation to the packing by the horse-shoe lock washer 36. The latter is postioned in a groove 31. In order to lessen the twisting effect upon the spring 35 from rotary movement of the valve sleeve 22, a loosely mounted washer 38 is inserted between the end of the spring and locking washer 36.
From the preceding it may be understood that the slot and pin engagement between the valve .shank and sleeve in association with the spring 32 .and the threaded mounting of the sleeve provides means for both gradual adjustment of the valve shank and the surrounding sleeve is utilized in the preferred embodiment, it is realized that there are analogous structures which would serve as well. For instance a groove of suicient depth would function as electively as the slot. Then too, a pin or fiattened tongue could be feasibly substituted for the screw. It is not considered that such replacements would depart from the spirit'of the invention and that slot and screw as herein specified should accordingly be interpreted broadly.
Also, it may be well to point out that it is not essential that the slot be in the sleeve and the pin or screw be inthe valve shank as the reverse positioning would work as well. In addition, it may be observed that the valve shank could have a threadedengagement with the sleeve and the latter a slot and screw engagement with the rod without any loss in functions over the preferred form. For this reason the scope of this invention is not considered limited to a particular location of such engaging structures.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. In a spray gun air valve, means providing an air passage, a valve seat within the for- Vward end of the passage, a valve mounted for axial movement toward and away from said seat, an interiorly threaded casing in fixed position at the rearward end of the passage, a freely rotatable hollow sleeve threadedly engaged within the casing, a shank integral with the valve and extendingl rearwardly through the hollow sleeve, a connection between the shank and sleeve formed by a pin and a longitudinal slot adapted to provide limited relative longitudinal movement between the shank and the sleeve, an annular shoulder on the shank facing forwardly toward the valve seat, an annular shoulder on the sleeve facing rearwardly away from the valve seat in opposing relation to said first shoulder, a spring compressed longitudinally between said shoulders adapted to thrust the valve shank and valve away from said seat to the limit of movement permitted by the pin and slot connection, a rearward exterior element onV the shank for receiving temporary manual pressure to thrust with straight line movement the shank and the valve in opposition to the spring thrust toward the valve seat, and adjusting means on the rearward portion of the sleeve for manual rotation and axial movement of the sleeve upon its threaded engagement with the casing to vary the normal position of the valve as determined by the limit of the spring thrust movement permitted by the pin and slot connection between the shank and the sleeve.
2. A spray gun valve as set forth in claim 1 in which the rearward exterior element on the shank has a hollow stud part into which the end of the shank extends, and the pin of the pin and slot connection extends transversely through the shank and stud part to secure the element to the shank with the ends of the pin extending further into slots in the'sleeve to form the pin and slot connection between the shank and the sleeve.
3. A spray gun valve as set forth in claim 1 in which the sleeve has a bore portion closely fitting the valve shank and a rearward enlarged bore portion, the rearward enlarged portion providing a housing for thev spring, and the shoulder ofthe sleeve against whichthe spring is com- LEWIS W. LAMIMIMAN.
6 REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date Warter July 19, 1921 Peterson Dec. 19, 1933 Pellar Mar. 9, 1944 Peeps May 17, 1949
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Virginia Credit Union presents a week-long camp at Main and and mini one-day camps at branches to teach teens about the importance of finances.
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The Argonauts of 1776
By David McCullough
Published: July 4, 2002
WEST TISBURY, Mass.— ''You will see in a few days a Declaration setting forth the causes which have impelled us to this mighty revolution . . . .''
From his boardinghouse in Philadelphia, John Adams was reporting to his wife, Abigail, in a letter dated July 3, 1776. Filled with emotion over events of the preceding day, Adams prophesied that July 2 would be celebrated for generations as a national festival. ''It ought to be commemorated as the Day of Deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty,'' he wrote. ''It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward ever more.''
For on July 2, after weeks of intense debate behind closed doors, the Continental Congress had voted to proceed with a declaration of independence for the ''United States of America,'' and this to Adams and others was the crucial decision. The die was cast.
July 4, the day Congress adopted the final edited version of Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration, seemed at the time to carry less historic importance. Nor was July 4 the day the document was signed. That took place a month later, on Aug. 2, and even then not all members were present. Those who were absent would sign later still. Only the president and the secretary of Congress, John Hancock and Charles Thomas, affixed their signatures on July 4, and Congress ordered the document printed and distributed to the press and the public at large.
It was the year after, 1777, when July 4 became the national day of festival. And so we will celebrate it today, ''from one end of this continent to the other,'' just as Adams foresaw, except that in the present national mood, in the aftermath of last Sept. 11, there will be differences. We are at war again, and with patriotism running as strong as at almost any time in memory, our feelings will be abundantly on display, and from the heart, as perhaps never before.
But if Adams, or others of the 56 patriots who put their names on the Declaration of Independence, could imagine us celebrating what they did, how should we imagine them?
To begin with, they were not gods. Indeed, had they been they would deserve less honor and respect. Gods, after all, can do largely as they please. They were human and imperfect; each had his flaws and failings. Jefferson made the point in the very first line of the Declaration of Independence: ''When in the course of human events . . . .'' The key word is human.
The miracle was that imperfect mortals could so rise to the occasion, that such noble ideals and brilliant political leadership came to the fore as they did, that so few could, in the end, accomplish so much for all humankind.
With the exception of Benjamin Franklin, who was 70, and a few others, they were also younger than we usually think of them. Hancock was 39; Adams, 40; Jefferson, all of 33. The remarkable Benjamin Rush was younger still, 30. Further, the man in whom Congress had entrusted command of the fledgling American army bore little resemblance to the white-haired president with awkward teeth who looks out from the dollar bill. George Washington was 44 in 1776.
The odds against them in challenging the might of the British empire were overwhelming. None had had any experience in revolution-making. Or nation-making. And let us never forget they were setting out not only to triumph over the British Army and Navy, but to establish an entirely new nation. There was little at hand with which to fight a war -- almost no gunpowder, no navy and no money to speak of. There were few trained officers. Washington himself had never commanded an army in battle.
As daunting as almost anything was the lack of popular support for independence. Though war had broken out near Boston the year before, in the spring of 1775, the Americans who fought at Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill had been defending their rights as Englishmen, not fighting for independence. When, in late summer of 1775, Jefferson confided to a kinsman that he hoped still for a reconciliation with Great Britain, he was only expressing what was widely felt. By early 1776 about a third of the people were for independence, while another third remained adamantly opposed. The rest, in the old human way, were waiting to see who came out on top.
Had they been poll-driven, ''risk-averse'' politicians gathered in Philadelphia that fateful summer of 1776, they would have scrapped the whole idea of a ''mighty revolution.''
Those for independence argued passionately that there could be no real freedom without independence, no chance to ''begin the world over again,'' as said in Thomas Paine's little pamphlet, ''Common Sense.''
We think we live in a dangerous, uncertain time, and we do. But theirs was worse, and they had no sure way of knowing how things would turn out, any more than we do. Their courage and determination, their commitment to what they called the Cause of America, were almost beyond our imagining. To sign your name to the Declaration of Independence was to declare yourself a traitor to the British Crown. If caught by enemy forces, you would almost certainly be hanged.


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text: American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences http://www.sciepub.com/journal/AJPS American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles and review articles on all aspects of the pharmaceutical sciences with strong emphasis on originality and scientific quality. Science and Education Publishing en 2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 3 3 January 2015 2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved. Comparative Study of Propofol and Thiopentone Sodium as Intravenous Induction Agents in General Anaestetic Surgical Procedures in a Teaching Hospital http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajps/3/3/1 S. Vijaya, Basav Raj Munge, KK. Lakshmi Prasad, M. Prasad Naidu 2015-05-22 Science and Education Publishing 2015-05-22 3 3 52 54 10.12691/ajps-3-3-1 Plants Explored with Anti-diabetic Properties: A Review http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajps/3/3/2 Om Prakash, Rajesh Kumar, Ritika Srivastava, Pragya Tripathi, Shradha Mishra, Ajeet 2015-05-24 Science and Education Publishing 2015-05-24 3 3 55 66 10.12691/ajps-3-3-2 Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Ethanol Leaf Extract on Hematology in Phenylhydrazine-induced Anemic Albino Wistar Rats http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajps/3/3/3 Moringa oleifera Lam. in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic albino Wistar rats. Twenty five (25) rats of both sexes were randomly assigned to 5 groups. Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (negative control) was challenged with Phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) without treatment. Group 3 received M. oleifera extract at 300 mg/kg. Groups 4 and 5 were challenged with phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg) and treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg of M. oleifera respectively. All treatments with the extract were per os. All animals were allowed free access to food and water pre and post treatment for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected from the rats via the retro-orbital plexus of the eye. The hematological parameters assayed for were red blood cell count, hemoglobin count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, platelet count, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes count. Changes in body weight of the rats were also determined. Results showed that there was significant (P<0.05) increase in some blood parameters (red blood cell count, hemoglobin count, white blood cell count). Body weights were also found to increase with increasing doses of the extract in the PHZ-challenged animals. In conclusion, the oral administration of ethanol extract of M. oleifera has the tendency to increase some blood parameters and may be important in the treatment and management of anemia especially hemolytic and hemorrhagic anemia.]]> Nku-Ekpang Okot-Asi T., Nwaehujor Chinaka O., Ofem Ofem E., Ezekiel Josiah I. 2015-06-02 Science and Education Publishing 2015-06-02 3 3 67 73 10.12691/ajps-3-3-3


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Publications (31)93.34 Total impact
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Article: A cross-sectional study on trans-fatty acids and risk markers of CHD among middle-aged men representing a broad range of BMI[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Intake of trans-fatty acids (TFA), especially industrially produced TFA (I-TFA), has been associated with the risk of CHD through influence on serum lipid levels. Other causal pathways remain less investigated. In the present cross-sectional study of middle-aged men representing a broad range of BMI, the association between intake of TFA, I-TFA and ruminant TFA (R-TFA) and obesity-associated risk markers of CHD was assessed. The study comprised 393 Danish men (median age 49 years) with a median BMI of 28·4 kg/m(2). Intake of TFA was estimated based on 7 d dietary records, whereas outcomes of interest (waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter, percentage of truncal fat, C-reactive protein, IL-6, blood lipids, blood pressure, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity index) were obtained through clinical examination. The associations were assessed by linear regression analysis. The median intake of total TFA among the 393 men was 1·3 g/d, covering a daily I-TFA intake of 0·4 g (10-90th percentile 0·0-1·0) and R-TFA intake of 0·9 g (10-90th percentile 0·4-1·8). Intake of these amounts of TFA showed no significant associations with abdominal fatness, inflammatory markers, blood lipids, blood pressure and insulin homeostasis. Among middle-aged men with a generally low intake of TFA, neither I-TFA nor R-TFA was significantly related to obesity-associated risk markers of CHD. The decreased average intake of I-TFA in Denmark since 1995 is suggested to effectively prevent occurrence of the adverse metabolic changes and health consequences, which have formerly been observed in relation to, especially, I-TFA intake.The British journal of nutrition 05/2011; 106(8):1245-52. DOI:10.1017/S0007114511001474 · 3.34 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An association between biomarkers of trans fat intake and greater risk of preeclampsia has been reported, but research in this area is scant. Thus, we examined the association of second trimester intake of trans fats with risk of preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia. We followed 67,186 pregnancies of women participating in the Danish National Birth Cohort between 1998 and 2003. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at gestation week 25, and preeclampsia diagnosis was obtained by linkage with the Danish National Patient Registry. There were 1804 cases of preeclampsia and 402 cases of severe preeclampsia identified in the cohort. Intake of trans fats decreased during the study period as a consequence of a reduction in industrial trans fat intake. Second trimester intake of trans fats was unrelated to risk of preeclampsia or severe preeclampsia. The relative risk (95% confidence interval; P, trend) of preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia comparing top to bottom quintiles of trans fat intake were 0.95(0.81; 1.11, 0.33) and 1.07 (0.78; 1.48, 0.92), respectively. Second trimester intake of trans fats is unrelated to risk of preeclampsia within the intake range observed in a period of gradual reduction of industrial trans fats from the Danish food supply.European journal of clinical nutrition 05/2011; 65(8):944-51. DOI:10.1038/ejcn.2011.66 · 2.95 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The partition coefficients (Kow) of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in systems of fish oil (sand eel)–water, fish oil–buffer solution, rape oil–water and olive oil–water were experimentally determined in a temperature range from 5 to 43°C and pH from 4.5 to 6.5°C. The dimerization of benzoic acid in fish oil–water system was observed at 25°C. Two modifications have been made to the Nordic Food Analysis Standard for the determination of sorbic acid by HPLC. The experimental results show that the Kow of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in fish oil–buffer system is ca. 100 times lower than that in fish oil–water system. The Kow values of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in fish oil and water system decrease with increasing system pH values. The partition coefficients of plant origin and fish origin oils are in the same order of magnitude even though their molecular structures are very different.Food Chemistry 09/2010; 122(1):60-64. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.070 · 3.26 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Three surveys of the content of trans fatty acids (TFA) in foods on the Danish market were carried out before and after the Danish regulation was introduced in January 2004 restricting the use of industrially produced (IP)-TFA to a maximum of 2 g per 100 g fat in any food product. For this purpose, food samples were collected in 2002–3, 2004–5, and 2006–7. Of these, 60 paired samples (defined as samples included in two of the three investigations and with higher levels of IP-TFA in the first determination than in the second) were identified. Comparisons of the fatty acid profiles showed that, in 68% of the products (e.g. sweets, cakes and cookies as well as fast food such as pie and tortilla), IP-TFA were mainly substituted with saturated fatty acids (SFA). In some cases, the SFA source was coconut fat, whereas in other products, palm oil was added instead of partially hydrogenated oils. However, in important cases like frying fats, healthier fat substitutes with monounsaturated fatty acids were used. The surveys showed that the IP-TFA content has been reduced or removed from most products with originally high IP-TFA content, like French fries, microwave oven popcorn and various bakery products, so that IP-TFA are now insignificant for the intake of TFA in Denmark.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 06/2009; 111(6):574 - 583. DOI:10.1002/ejlt.200800293 · 2.03 Impact Factor
Article: A trans world journey[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A high intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and a daily intake as low as possible is required to minimize health risks. To achieve this at the individual level in Denmark, legislation limited IP-TFA in foods to a maximum of 2% of fat content from 2004. We assessed the potential exposure of consumers to IP-TFA by analysing popular foods in Denmark, and in 25 other countries. Fifty-five servings of French fries and chicken nuggets, 87 packages of microwave popcorn, and 393 samples of biscuits/cakes/wafers with "partially hydrogenated vegetable fat" listed high on the food label were bought between November 2004 and February 2006. The content of IP-TFA was analysed by standardized methodology. We defined a "high trans menu" as a large size serving of French fries and nuggets, 100 g of microwave popcorn, and 100 g of biscuits/wafers/cakes. The amounts of IP-TFA in a "high trans menu" was 30 g in 2001 in Denmark, but was reduced to less than 1g in 2005. By contrast, a "high trans menu" provided more than 20 g in 17 out of 18 countries, with Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, and USA, ranking highest with 42, 40, 38, 37, and 36 g, respectively. The legislation in Denmark has reduced the exposure of IP-TFA at the individual level without noticeable effect on availability, price, and quality of foods previously containing high amounts of IP-TFA. The findings of high concentrations of IP-TFA in popular foods outside Denmark suggest that millions of people inside and outside EU have intakes of IP-TFA that may increase their risk of CHD. The Danish experience demonstrates that this risk can be eliminated.Atherosclerosis Supplements 06/2006; 7(2):47-52. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.011 · 9.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Epidemiological studies have shown a strong direct (positive) association between the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), primarily accounted for by industrially produced TFA (IP-TFA). However, comparisons between ruminant TFA (R-TFA) and IP-TFA and risk of CHD have been based on quintiles of intake, which implies that the associations between the two sources of TFA and the risk of CHD were described across different ranges of intake. Controlled metabolic studies of the effect of intake of total and specific R-TFA on CHD risk factors are warranted. Moreover, further epidemiological studies of intake of R-TFA and risk of CHD in populations with a high intake of R-TFA are warranted.Atherosclerosis Supplements 06/2006; 7(2):9-11. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.004 · 9.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The content of trans fatty acids (TFA) in Danish food has been monitored for the last 30 years. In margarines and shortenings the content of TFA has steadily declined from about 10 g/100 g margarine in the seventies to practically no TFA in margarines in 1999. In order to efficiently reduce the health risk related to TFA, Denmark decided to impose a maximum level of 2 g/100 g fat on industrially produced TFA (IP-TFA) with the Danish Order no. 160 of March 2003, as labelling was deemed insufficient to protect the consumers, especially risk groups like children or people with high intake of fast foods. A broader range of food was monitored with 253 samples in 2003 and 148 samples in 2005 after the Danish regulation was in effect. The investigations show that the TFA content has been reduced or removed from the products with high TFA content originally, like French fries, microwave oven popcorn and various bakery products, so IP-TFA are now without any significance for the intake of TFA in Denmark.Atherosclerosis Supplements 06/2006; 7(2):53-6. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.019 · 9.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A survey for irradiation of 106 herbal food supplements was carried out in Denmark in 2003. The results from three methods, two screening methods and a specific method, were compared: Direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC), photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) standardised by Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN). Forty samples screened positive with the DEFT/APC method. However, the TL method could only confirm irradiation of 15 samples, 11 samples wholly irradiated and 4 samples with a minor irradiated ingredient. Thus, the DEFT/APC method gave a large number of false positive results, although the number of false negative results probably was very low. Only 7 of the 15 confirmed irradiated samples screened positive with the PSL screening method, the samples with low photon counts escaping detection. For 10% of the samples also the TL method was lacking in sensitivity, as not enough minerals could be isolated to get a signal over the minimum detection level. For such clean herbal food supplements no suitable method exists at all among the CEN standardised methods for irradiation detection.European Food Research and Technology 04/2006; 223(1):39-43. DOI:10.1007/s00217-005-0106-y · 1.39 Impact Factor
Article: [High levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids in popular fast food - but not in Denmark--secondary publication].[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An intake of trans-fatty acids of 5 grams per day is associated with an increase of 25% in the risk of ischemic heart disease. In 2004 Denmark, as the first country in the world, introduced a limitation on the content of industrially produced trans-fatty acids in foods. The amount in a "high-trans menu" consisting of popular foods was, from 2001 to 2005, reduced in Denmark from 30 g to <1 g. The amount in the same menu bought in countries within and outside the European Union is 20-40 g. During a period of just a few years, Denmark has thus eliminated a risk factor for ischemic heart disease without noticeable side effects for consumers. This risk factor is, however, still present in many other countries.Ugeskrift for laeger 04/2006; 168(17):1654-7.
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ABSTRACT: To estimate the intake of ruminant trans fatty acids (TFA) in the Danish population aged 1-80 years. Descriptive study. A sex- and age-stratified random sample drawn from the Danish Civil Registration System. A total of 3098 participants (51% female) aged 1-80 years were included. The participation was 66%. DIETARY INFORMATION: A 7-day dietary record. The estimated median intake of ruminant TFA was 1.4 g/day with the 80% central range being from 0.9 to 2.1 among children aged 1-6 years and 1.6 g/day (1.0-2.4) among children aged 7-14 years. The median TFA intake was 1.8 g/day (0.9-2.9) among adults aged 15-29 years and among adults aged 30-80 years. The intake expressed as percentage of energy intake was 0.8, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.7, respectively. Dairy products were the main source of ruminant TFA. The median intake of ruminant TFA in the Danish population aged 1-80 years is estimated to be 1.7 g/day (0.9-2.7), corresponding to 0.7% of energy intake (0.5-1.0), with dairy products being the main source of ruminant TFA. The Danish Heart Foundation (Grants 02-2-9-8-22010 and 03-2-9-4-22087) and the Female Researchers in Joint Action (FREJA) programme from the Danish Medical Research Council.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 04/2006; 60(3):312-8. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602316 · 2.95 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Increased fish oil intake is associated with protection against coronary heart disease and sudden death, while effects on atherosclerosis are controversial. We explored the effects of supplementing fish oil (rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA) or corn oil (rich in n-6 PUFA) in two different models of atherosclerosis. Sixty-three low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice and sixty-nine apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice were fed diets without supplementations or supplemented with either 1% fish oil or 1% corn oil. In apoE(-/-) mice, neither fish oil nor corn oil had any major impact on plasma lipids or atherosclerosis. In LDLR(-/-) mice, conversely, the fish oil and the corn oil group had lower levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and had lesser atherosclerosis in the aortic root and in the entire aorta (p < 0.01 versus unsupplemented group). Atherosclerosis was significantly less in the fish oil group compared with the corn oil group when evaluated en face in the aortic arch (area positive to lipid staining: 32% with fish oil versus 38% with corn oil; 48% with unsupplemented diet). n-3 and n-6 PUFA supplementation retarded the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice, with a stronger effect seen with n-3 PUFA. There was an important strain-dependence of the effect, with no protection against atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice.Atherosclerosis 01/2006; 184(1):78-85. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.018 · 3.97 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The total vitamin D content in meat, i.e., vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, was determined by HPLC after alkaline hydrolysation, solid-phase extraction and semi-preparative HPLC. For detection, a DAD detector between 220 and 320 nm was used and quantification was performed at 265 nm. Vitamin D2 was used as internal standard for vitamin D3 as well as for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Precision for vitamin D3 was determined in lean meat and lard to 9.1% and 7.1%, respectively. The corresponding values for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were 8.9% and 9.9%. Accuracy was determined in spiked samples, which showed a recovery of 94.7% and 99.0% for vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, respectively. The method is applicable for establishing data for food composition tables.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 12/2004; DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.012 · 2.26 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The contents of vitamin D3 and its metabolically active metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) were examined by HPLC in different parts of four common raw pork cuts (loin boneless, leg inside, thin belly, neck) and in cooked meat (loin boneless). In whole raw pork cuts, varying in fat content from 2.2 to 26.5 g/100 g, concentrations of vitamin D3 from 0.05 to 0.21 μg/100 g were measured. Pork cuts also contained significant amounts of 25OHD3, from 0.07 to 0.14 μg/100 g. Further, the study demonstrated that most of the vitamin D3 and 25OHD3 is located in the fatty tissues, and that rind, despite its limited fat content, has a high concentration of vitamin D3 and 25OHD3. Cooking increased vitamin D3 and 25OHD3 calculated per 100 g of tissue in all parts and in the whole cut (in whole cuts in raw and cooked meat, respectively: vitamin D3: 0.15 (0.08–0.24) μg/100 g and 0.18 (0.11–0.28) μg/100 g; P=0.33; 25OHD3: 0.09 (0.06–0.18) μg/100 g and 0.13 (0.10–0.18) μg/100 g; P=0.02); however, correcting for differences in dry matter content, ameliorated all significant differences. 25OHD3 has a higher (from 1.5 to 5 times) biological activity than vitamin D3. Meat 25OHD3 contributes significantly to vitamin D activity. Food databases should include concentrations of both vitamin D and 25OHD.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 10/2003; 16(5-16):575-585. DOI:10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00064-4 · 2.26 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Margarines and shortenings have been major contributors to the intake by humans of the probably atherogenic trans FA (TFA). In 1999, all 73 brands of margarines and shortenings on the Danish market were analyzed by GLC on a 50-m highly polar capillary column, and the results were compared with similar investigations in 1992 and 1995. A gradual decline of TFA in Danish margarines was observed. From 1992 to 1995, a reduction of TFA from 10.4 to 3.6% took place in margarines with 20–40% linoleic acid. In 1999, TFA was practically absent in all the margarines, but it remained unchanged in shortenings, averaging about 6–7%. Long-chain TFA from hydrogenated fish oil, although present in 13 brands in 1995, were not found at all in the 1999 samples. Trans-linoleic acids or CLA were not found. The reduction in TFA content in margarines has not resulted in a systematic change over the years in the content of saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, or PUFA. Calculated from sales figures, the intake of TFA decreased from 2.2 g per capita per year in 1992, to 1.5 g in 1995, and to 0.4 g in 1999.Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 04/2003; 80(5):475-478. DOI:10.1007/s11746-003-0723-z · 1.62 Impact Factor
Article: High vitamin A content in some small indigenous fish species in Bangladesh: perspectives for food-based strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recognising the importance of fish in the Bangladeshi diet, the objective of the present study was to screen commonly consumed fish species for vitamin A content to evaluate the potential of fish as a vitamin A source in food-based strategies to combat vitamin A deficiency. Samples of 26 commonly consumed fish species and one crustacean were collected in Kishoreganj and Mymensingh, Bangladesh. To obtain edible parts, the fish were cleaned by Bangladeshi women according to traditional practices. Distribution of vitamin A in parts of the fish and the effect of the cleaning practices on the vitamin A content in#10; edible parts were assessed. The content of vitamin A compounds was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The vitamin A content in small fish ranged from 2680 retinol equivalents (RE)/100 g raw edible parts in mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) to 20 RE/100 g raw edible parts in chata (Colisa lalia; an alternative scientific name is Colisa lalius). The vitamin A content in cultured species, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), rui (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was low, <30 RE/100 g raw edible parts. In mola, 90% of the vitamin A was found in the eyes and viscera. The vitamin A content in the screened fish species was highly variable, by more than a factor of 100. The existence of commonly consumed fish in Bangladesh belonging to the categories of very high and high vitamin A content offers a great unexploited potential for food-based strategies to improve the vitamin A intake by promoting the production and consumption of these species.International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 09/2002; 53(5):425-37. DOI:10.1080/0963748021000044778 · 1.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Flavonoids are a part of the large group of polyphenols, and they are found in tea, fruit, vegetables, and red wine. The daily flavonoid (flavonols and flavanones) intake in Denmark was calculated based on consumption and analysis of flavonoid contents of foods on the Danish market. Orange, tea, onions, and orange juice were found to provide the greatest contributions to the total flavonoid intake, whereas green vegetables made minor contributions to the intake. Gender differences in flavonoid intake were observed, a lower mean flavonol and flavanone consumption was calculated for men (20 mglday) than for women (26 mglday). The gender difference could be almost solely explained by the differences in consumption of tea and oranges. It will, however, be relevant to consider a total estimate of flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, flavanones, procyanidins, and anthocyanidins), as well as other natural antioxidants, to evaluate the health effects of foods.Food & Nutrition Research 06/2000; 44. DOI:10.3402/fnr.v44i0.1781 · 1.79 Impact Factor
Article: The intake of carotenoids in Denmark[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To estimate the intake of carotenoids in the Danish population Danish fruits and vegetables were screened with an HPLC method consisting of extraction with ethanol:tetrahydrofuran, separation by reversed phase HPLC with the mobile phase acetonitril:methanol:dichlormethan, triethylamin, BHT and detection at 450 nm. Food intakes were estimated by the national dietary surveys (1995) from 7 days' food registration (n = 1837 adults), which allows the whole diet to be described by the mean intake and intake distribution of 207 raw or semiprepared foods. By multiplication with the mean content in the foods the mean intake and intake distribution of the carotenoids were calculated. Carrots and tomatoes have both high contents of carotenoids (8,450 μg/100 g - + β-carotene and 4,790 μg/100 g lycopene, respectively) and high intakes (19 and 15 g/day, respectively) and were responsible for 47% and 32%, respectively, of the mean intake of carotenoids of 4.8 mg/day. A median value of 4.1 mg/day was found indicating skewed intake distributions. The difference between men and women was 0.4 mg/day (p < 0.0065). Only four carotenoids, -carotene, β-carotene, lutein and lycopene, contributed significantly to the intake. Women had a 6 g/day higher intake of carrots than men (p < 0.0001), which explains the 0.4 mg/day difference in the intake between men and women, and the 25th percentile was well over zero (5.0 g/day for men and 5.9 g/day for women) indicating that almost everybody consumed at least some carrots.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 02/2000; 102(2):128 - 132. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1438-9312(200002)102:2<128::AID-EJLT128>3.0.CO;2-H · 2.03 Impact Factor
Article: Intake of fatty acids in western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR Study.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To assess the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and other fatty acids in 14 Western European countries. A maximum of 100 foods per country were sampled and centrally analysed. Each country calculated the intake of individual trans and other fatty acids, clusters of fatty acids and total fat in adults and/or the total population using the best available national food consumption data set. A wide variation was observed in the intake of total fat and (clusters) of fatty acids in absolute amounts. The variation in proportion of energy derived from total fat and from clusters of fatty acids was less. Only in Finland, Italy, Norway and Portugal total fat did provide on average less than 35% of energy intake. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided on average between 10% and 19% of total energy intake, with the lowest contribution in most Mediterranean countries. TFA intake ranged from 0.5% (Greece, Italy) to 2.1% (Iceland) of energy intake among men and from 0.8% (Greece) to 1.9% among women (Iceland) (1.2-6.7 g/d and 1.7-4.1 g/d, respectively). The TFA intake was lowest in Mediterranean countries (0.5-0.8 en%) but was also below 1% of energy in Finland and Germany. Moderate intakes were seen in Belgium, The Netherlands, Norway and UK and highest intake in Iceland. Trans isomers of C18:1 were the most TFA in the diet. Monounsaturated fatty acids contributed 9-12% of mean daily energy intake (except for Greece, nearly 18%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids 3-7%. The current intake of TFA in most Western European countries does not appear to be a reason for major concern. In several countries a considerable proportion of energy was derived from SFA. It would therefore be prudent to reduce intake of all cholesterol-raising fatty acids, TFA included.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 03/1999; 53(2):143-57. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600692 · 2.95 Impact Factor
Article: Fatty acid composition and contents of trans monounsaturated fatty acids in frying fats, and in margarines and shortenings marketed in Denmark[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study examined trans monounsaturated fatty acid contents in all margarines and shortenings marketed in Denmark, and in frying fats used by the fast-food restaurants Burger King and McDonald's. Trans C18:1 content was 4.1±3.8% (g per 100 g fatty acids) in hard margarines, significantly higher than the content in soft margarines of 0.4±0.8%. Shortenings had an even higher content of trans C18:1, 6.7±2.3%, than the hard margarines. Margarines and shortenings with high contents of long-chain fatty acids had about 20% total trans monoenoic of which close to 50% were made up of trans long-chain fatty acids. Both fast-food frying fats contained large amounts of trans C18:1, 21.9±2.9% in Burger King and 16.6±0.4% in McDonald's. In Denmark the per capita supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings and frying fats has decreased steadily during recent years. The supply of trans C18:1 from margarines and shortenings in the Danish diet is now 1.1 g per day.Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 12/1998; 75(9):1079-1083. DOI:10.1007/s11746-998-0116-6 · 1.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The fatty acid composition was determined in 39 samples of beef, 20 samples of veal, and 34 samples of lamb, representative of the supply of ruminant meat in Denmark. Five cuts of beef and veal and three cuts of lamb with increasing fat content were selected, and analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters was performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on a polar 50-m capillary column CP Sil 88 with flame-ionization detection. Lamb had the highest content of saturated fatty acids (52.8±1.8 g/100 g fatty acids), higher than beef and veal (45.3±3.1 and 45.4±0.8 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively). Cis monounsaturated fatty acids were 49.2±3.1, 44.9±1.8, and 37.7±1.7, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 3.3±0.7, 5.8±2.0, and 5.0±0.1 g/100 g fatty acids in beef, veal, and lamb, respectively. Beef contained 2.1±0.8 g trans C18:1 per 100 g fatty acids, about half that found in veal (4.0±1.2 g/100 g fatty acids) and lamb (4.5±0.6 g/100 g fatty acids). Trans C16:1 was 0.24±0.01, 0.14±0.02, and 0.79±0.02 g/100 g fatty acids in beef, veal, and lamb, respectively. Only small variations in trans and other fatty acids could be demonstrated between cuts. The overlap between cis and trans C18:1 by capillary GLC was verified by argentation-thin-layer chromatography followed by GLC, on three samples of veal and three samples of lamb. In veal 1.0 g, and in lamb 1.4 g trans C18:1 per 100 g fatty acids were hidden under the cis C18:1 peak. The mean intake of trans fatty acids from ruminant meat is estimated at 0.2 g/d.Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 07/1998; 75(8):1001-1005. DOI:10.1007/s11746-998-0278-2 · 1.62 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Technical University of Denmark
København, Capital Region, Denmark
- Division of Food Chemistry
Danish Veterinary and Food AdministrationGlostrup, Capital Region, Denmark


text:
Dallas Cowboys Newborn Scout N Play Sleeper
The Dallas Cowboys Pro Shop brings your little Cowboys fan the Dallas Cowboys Newborn Scout N Play Sleeper. This sleep and play outfit is sure to be a hit with your youngster!
- Bodysuit with closed feet
- Cowboys name and logo
- Close fit garment
- Zips completely down the leg for easy dressing
- Officially licensed NFL product
Size Chart


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The impact of advertising in a duopoly model
We investigate the impact of advertising in a simple static differentiated duopoly model. First, we consider the Nash equilibrium of the situation in which the duopolistic firms compete simultaneously with two instruments, i.e. the prices and the advertising expenditures. Second, we examine the Nash equilibrium of the situa-tion in which the firms only compete in prices and do not advertise at all. Next, we compare the two different Nash equilibria in order to assess the impact of advertising. In particular, we characterize in terms of the model parameters the circumstances in which the profits, outputs and/or prices of each firm are greater (smaller) in the Nash equilibrium with advertising than in the Nash equilibrium without advertising. We show that the results depend on (a) the size of the (positive) effect of advertising of a firm on its own demand, (b) the size and nature (stimulating or adverse) of the cross-effect of the advertising of each firm on the demand of the other firm, and (c) the size of the autonomous demand of the firms.
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- Gasmi, F. & Vuong, Q.H., 1988. "An Econometric Analysis Of Some Duopolistic Games In Prices And Advertising," Papers m8903, Southern California - Department of Economics.
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What about South Carolina's reputation as a cauldron of conservatism with a strong evangelical base?
The small town became a cauldron of racial and sexual hysteria.
Rather, the concerns were about how this particular series of popular revolts would play out in the Middle East cauldron.
c.1300, caudron, from Anglo-French caudrun, Old North French cauderon (Old French chauderon "cauldron, kettle"), from augmentative of Late Latin caldaria "cooking pot" (source of Spanish calderon, Italian calderone), from Latin calidarium "hot bath," from calidus "warm, hot" (see calorie). The -l- was inserted 15c. in imitation of Latin.


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How To Tell Your Smush From Your Smosh
Are you getting Smush Parker mixed up with other people because of his name? Here's a guide to straighten you out.
1. Smush
Point guard William Henry "Smush" Parker played for six different NBA teams (including the Lakers) between 2002 and 2008. His war of words with ex-teammate Kobe Bryant has brought him back into the headlines recently.
SMERSH was a Russian counter-intelligence agency in the Red Army from 1943 to 1946. The organization had a second life of sorts as the bad guys in several of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels, like Casino Royale.
3. Smosh
Smosh is the much-loved, much-hated Internet comedy duo of Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla formed in 2005. Their delightful/intolerable You Tube videos have garnered over a billion views. That's "billion" with a b.
4. Smash
C'mon. You know what Smash is. You may wish you didn't, but you do. Just get a box of wine and hate-watch a few episodes already.
5. Schmich
Chicago Tribune columnist Mary Schmich is a Pulitzer Prize winner and wrote Brenda Starr for a quarter of a century. But you probably know her best for penning the article which became the basis for Baz Luhrmann's 1999 smash "Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen)."
6. Smoosh, Smoosh, and Smoosh
Smoosh has a variety of meanings and associations. It can refer to a Seattle indie pop band now known as Chaos Chaos. It was infamously used as a euphemism for intercourse on MTV's Jersey Shore, whose cast even had a designated "smoosh room." But best of all, Smoosh was an Oasis-like band portrayed by Bob Odenkirk and David Cross on their sketch comedy series Mr. Show.
And Now You Know!
I can only hope you feel smarter now.
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!


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Expert Microsoft Office and Dynamics NAV Consultant/Developer
Croatia - Last active: 01/07/2014 - Tests: 6
- 15+ years experience in Dynamics NAV (Navision) consulting (Finance, Accounting Supply Chain, AR/AP) and development - 7 year experience woring as Program Manager in Localization and Code finance team in Microsoft Dynamics NAV R&D - vast experience in VAT and tax regulations accross EU and Eastern Europe - Expert in Microsoft Office technologies - PMI PMP (Project Management), Microsoft Dynamics NAV certified professional
Manufacturing Engineer
United States - Last active: 01/18/2012 - Tests: 1 - Portfolio: 7
I am a software engineer fluent in Objective-C, C#, JS, and PHP. I develop iPhone/iPad apps and Windows applications. I have over 10 years of experience in software development and engineering management. My background has been entirely in the manufacturing industry, where I have a very solid understanding of OEE, value streams, lean manufacturing, toyota production system, and statistical process control methods. From upper management to on-the-floor industrial applications, I have developed multiple applications specific for manufacturers. From automated daily management charts, production reports, recipe management systems, inventory management systems, asset management systems, and even to OEE calculators, there is a robust variety of solutions I can implement in your facility. The software I design embraces lean manufacturing methodologies to lead your processes and operations in the right direction. My SQL skills are excellent, and I can develop databases and systems specific to your manufacturing needs. In addition to SQL integration, I am experienced with Allen Bradley, Siemens, and WAGO logic controllers. These are the languages I am fluent in: C/C++ C# Visual Basic Microsoft Office Interop & VBA PHP Java Allen Bradley Ladder Logic WAGO KAREL for Fanuc Robotics HTML CSS I am also available for travel. For more information, please visit: www.autolean.com
Associated with: AutoLean, Inc.
Research Analyst
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I am an energetic worker who embraces new challenges. With over 25 years experience in the insurance industry of which the last 16 years were focused on data collection and reporting. I have been responsible for start to finish building of data reporting tools for business units including high level analysis. Primary responsibilities utilize proprietary data however I have worked with large data from companies such as Lexis - Nexis and Experian. I am very strong with Microsoft Office Products including macro coding and visual basic as well as data querying tools such as Hyperion, Business Objects, Microsoft SQL Server Visual Studio and SAS EG.
Project Manager
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Proactive Project Maanager with progressive expertise in leadership and problem solving for software development, government, general consumption indistry and metallic furniture industry. Understanding of business priorities, genuine team player, committed to managing operations and projects. Versatile, innovative and loyal in business analysis and project management. Able to see the "big picture" while staying in top of all details.
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I have worked as a manufacturing engineer as a fabrication specialist for 12 years. I have a degrees in mathematics and information technologies management. I have vast experience with all types of programming including Visual Basic, ASP, Oracle SQL, Java, HTML, well as many CNC programing languages. I have a strong understanding of the relational database and the system development life cycle. My manufacturing background in conjunction with my programing training both on the job and in school work well as a combination to provide business solutions in many business environments.
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Dedicated worker aiming to become a Head of Business intelligence in the near future. Have been working in the Business Intelligence department for close to 6 yrs now first as a senior business intelligence executive in Warid Telecom as a business analyst from 2007 - 2013 Jul,Uganda Telecom from 2013 - 2014 and currently as a business intelligence analyst in Airtel.
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A highly resourceful, innovative, and competent PHP developer with extensive experience in the layout, design and coding of websites specifically in PHP format. Possessing considerable knowledge of the development of web applications and scripts using PHP programming language and MySQL & SQL Server databases. Experienced in developing applications and solutions for a wide range of corporate, charity and public sector clients and having the enthusiasm and ambition to complete projects to the highest standard.
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I have experience in software development and design (educational field), good understanding of OOP (C#); strong analytical and problem-solving skills. I have a long term experience in analytical research. I can work both independently and in a team.
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My professional goal is to provide business users with actionable intelligence allowing them to effectively and efficiently achieve operational, tactical, and strategic objectives. I have extensive experience in operations research/statistical methods; data collection/management/ analysis/reporting; computer programming; and, database development/maintenance and integration into interactive web sites.
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C#, C++, Microsoft Visual Studio Java, JavaScript, CSS Microsoft VBA - Access, Excel, Word, Outlook SQL Server, MySQL, DB2, Oracle


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@tbk: Nyx (prime) (chaos gives you a lot of breathing room), Brakk (corrosive build for heavy gunners), Dual Ichors (primarily for coptering). Didn't really put any special effort into anything but the Brakk build.
I forget exactly how much forma I've sunk into what (3 for Brakk, I think?)
I brought a Grinlok (rank 4) for leveling (bad idea, barely got any affinity) and a Helios for scanning (because I'm lazy).
I'm thinking I have a lot of room to optimize my build to go further. Probably a bow or status weapon to faster take down gunners at higher levels, which probably means I'm better off bringing something with more range than Brakk, though I am very familiar with that weapon. And, of course a proper sentinel.
Tempted to bring my 6x Forma Penta. But I do have a tendency to suicide with it, so... probably best to stay away from the explosive weapons. (edit: just realized that there's probably a lot of synergy between nyx/absorb and penta, hmm...)
Stopping at any point past ~15 minutes is suicide, I noticed, as I had a couple of random deaths in areas I thought were safe (hiding in nooks to use a health restore occasionally, when I'd gotten a bit bold)


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THE X FACTOR: L-R: Britney Spears, Simon Cowell, Demi Lovato and L.A. Reid. CR: Nino Munoz / FOX.
Not only does Eva Longoria have a killer bod, but she wants to be exactly like George Clooney. …
She's ready for the summer!
Work it, girl.
Mariah Carey, her boobs and her new beau James Packer, aka the fourth richest man in Australia, took their love to Ibiza, Spain where they gallivanted on a yacht with her kids.


text:
Satan Without Hope - - Pastor R. Jordon - Today's Christian Videos
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"We Honor" Memorial Day, & Fourth of July Church Sermon Illustration and Mini-Movie - Oneness Videos - @onenessvideos
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Embed dale2921 3209 views 2008-03-17T00:00:00 Richard Jordon briefly describes the 5 step fall of Satan descending from his role among the principalities in heavenly places to the earth, to the bottomless pit, and to the lake of fire.
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37 Reviews
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Probably the yummiest pancakes I've ever made. Even though I love chocolate and have a giant sweet tooth, I think I would reduce the chocolate chips to 1/2 to 3/4 cup next time. No syrup was even needed! I used the mini chocolate chips which worked great. Pancakes didn't turn out perfectly round, but who cares! They were delicious and the kiddos loved them (mom, too)! Loved the hint of cinnamon and vanilla. It made about 12-13 pancakes using 1/4 cup scoop. Yummy!
The only thing not perfect was...I used 1/2 cup of mini choc chips...and that was still really sweet and they were the semi sweet kind. I wouldn't use a whole cup! Otherwise, amazing and a keeper of a recipe. I prepared the batter left it lumpy and let it sit for five to ten minutes till bubbles formed in the batter...Light and fluffy, I also used a non stick pan so there were no problems there either!
I used milk chocolate chips in this recipe and topped the pancakes with whipped cream - such a nice twist on a classic recipe!
I make pancakes all the time as it is one of the only things out son will eat. Today he wanted chocolate chip pancakes and rather than use the box mix, I tried this recipe - SO GOOD! I'm SO glad I did! I only made 1/2 the recipe, still used about 3/4 Tbsp sugar and only about 2 or 3 Tbsp mini chips (I just sprinkle on top of prepared batter and then mix in, so not sure exact but definitely was not 1/2 cup). I wasn't sure about the cinnamon but thought that since we're cinnamon lovers, it was worth a try - boy am I glad I did - YUMM!! We both LOVED these pancakes! Will definitely be making again!
Made this for my mom for Mothers' Day and it was absolutely delicious!! The vanilla was a nice touch. I did do some tweaking to this recipe. For one, I usually use buttermilk for regular pancakes for fluffiness but since I didn't have any I allowed the milk to "sour" in 1 1/2 tablespoon of white vinegar for 4mins. Then I added half a teaspoon of baking soda and like some of the other reviewers I only used half a cup of semi-sweet chocolate chips. This results *cue angelic voices* pure yummy-ness and my mom and dad really enjoyed it! I'm definitely bookmarking this recipe.
such a perfect and lovely recipe check my recipes after a month as well muah <3
Delicious. Really filling with those chocolate chips so I actually had to save a few for later!
Excellent recipe! Took only a few minutes to whip up and we were able to freeze 3 servings for later. It made about 16 average sized pancakes total. Very delicious and very chocolatey.
Yum! Hubby asked for chocolate chip pancakes this morning and I made these ones... Next time I will go a little easier on the chocolate chips but they were gooey and delicious! Thank you!
These pancakes are delicious. I've made them two times this week. The first time I made them with white flour and milk chocolate chips. The second time, I used whole wheat flour and semi-sweet chocolate chips. I personally liked how the whole wheat tasted better, and they are very filling. These are the best pancakes I have ever tasted! :)


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2002 Kia Spectra Q&A
2002 Kia Spectra Question: Code PO442 Evap Emmision control system leak (small)
My check engine light has been on forever! I get it code pulled and they tell me probably gas cap I've checked the gas cap. I can not smog my car I need to know what other things it could be and some idea of the cost to repair. - kacapo
2 Answers
Answer 1
you need a real diag from a real shop who will test the system and give you a bid. Roy - mastertech6371
Answer 2
There is a very good RepairPal Encyclopedia article that would give you more details about this On Board Diagnostic Code, including common misdiagnoses and common tests; http://repairpal.com/OBD-II-Code-P0442 Get help from a technician; http://repairpal.com/directory?address=92675&car_brand_names=Kia - fernando
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204 Hempstead Road, Hempstead, Gillingham ME7 3QG
Owner: Mr & Mrs A T Wills
Person in charge: A Burgess (Matron)
Local Authority / Social Services: Medway Council (click for contact details)
Type of Service: Care Home with nursing – Privately Owned , 40 residents
Registered Care Categories*: Old Age
Single Rooms: 32
Shared Rooms: 4
Rooms with ensuite WC: 33
Weekly Charges Guide: Nursing Care Single £670 – £690 , Nursing Care Shared (per person) £650 – £670
Facilities & Services: Respite Care • Convalescent Care • Own GP if required • Own Furniture if required • Smoking not permitted • Close to Local shops • Near Public Transport • Lift • Wheelchair access • Gardens for residents • Phone Point in own room/Mobile • Television point in own room
Latest CQC* Report on Heather Dale Nursing Home: click here
*Care Quality Commission (CQC) is responsible for the registration and inspection of social care services in England.
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