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Publications (10)165.14 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: Membrane fusion is mediated by complexes formed by SNAP-receptor (SNARE) and Secretory 1 (Sec1)/mammalian uncoordinated-18 (Munc18)-like (SM) proteins, but it is unclear when and how these complexes assemble. Here we describe an improved two-color fluorescence nanoscopy technique that can achieve effective resolutions of up to 7.5-nm full width at half maximum (3.2-nm localization precision), limited only by stochastic photon emission from single molecules. We use this technique to dissect the spatial relationships between the neuronal SM protein Munc18-1 and SNARE proteins syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25 (25 kDa synaptosome-associated protein). Strikingly, we observed nanoscale clusters consisting of syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25 that contained associated Munc18-1. Rescue experiments with syntaxin-1 mutants revealed that Munc18-1 recruitment to the plasma membrane depends on the Munc18-1 binding to the N-terminal peptide of syntaxin-1. Our results suggest that in a primary neuron, SNARE/SM protein complexes containing syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and Munc18-1 are preassembled in microdomains on the presynaptic plasma membrane. Our superresolution imaging method provides a framework for investigating interactions between the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery and other subcellular systems in situ.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 07/2013; 110(30). DOI:10.1073/pnas.1310654110 · 9.81 Impact Factor
Article: Active zone protein expression changes at the key stages of cerebellar cortex neurogenesis in the rat.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Signal transduction and neurotransmitter release in the vertebrate central nervous system are confined to the structurally complex presynaptic electron dense projections called "active zones." Although the nature of these projections remains a mystery, genetic and biochemical work has provided evidence for the active zone (AZ) associated proteins i.e. Piccolo/Aczonin, Bassoon, RIM1/Unc10, Munc13/Unc13, Liprin-α/SYD2/Dliprin and ELKS/CAST/BRP and their specific molecular functions. It still remains unclear, however, what their precise contribution is to the AZ assembly. In our project, we studied in Wistar rats the temporal and spatial distribution of AZ proteins and their colocalization with Synaptophysin in the developing cerebellar cortex at key stages of cerebellum neurogenesis. Our study demonstrated that AZ proteins were already present at the very early stages of cerebellar neurogenesis and exhibited distinct spatial and temporal variations in immunoexpression throughout the course of the study. Colocalization analysis revealed that the colocalization pattern was time-dependent and different for each studied protein. The highest collective mean percentage of colocalization (>85%) was observed at postnatal day (PD) 5, followed by PD10 (>83%) and PD15 (>80%). The findings of our study shed light on AZ protein immunoexpression changes during cerebellar cortex neurogenesis and help frame a hypothetical model of AZ assembly.Acta histochemica 02/2013; DOI:10.1016/j.acthis.2013.01.003 · 1.76 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: All known protein kinases, except CASK [calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-activated serine-threonine kinase], require magnesium ions (Mg(2+)) to stimulate the transfer of a phosphate from adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to a protein substrate. The CaMK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase) domain of CASK shows activity in the absence of Mg(2+); indeed, it is inhibited by divalent ions including Mg(2+). Here, we converted the Mg(2+)-inhibited wild-type CASK kinase (CASK(WT)) into a Mg(2+)-stimulated kinase (CASK(4M)) by substituting four residues within the ATP-binding pocket. Crystal structures of CASK(4M) with and without bound nucleotide and Mn(2+), together with kinetic analyses, demonstrated that Mg(2+) accelerates catalysis of CASK(4M) by stabilizing the transition state, enhancing the leaving group properties of adenosine 5'-diphosphate, and indirectly shifting the position of the gamma-phosphate of ATP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four residues conferring Mg(2+)-mediated stimulation were substituted from CASK during early animal evolution, converting a primordial, Mg(2+)-coordinating form of CASK into a Mg(2+)-inhibited kinase. This emergence of Mg(2+) sensitivity (inhibition by Mg(2+)) conferred regulation of CASK activity by divalent cations, in parallel with the evolution of the animal nervous systems.Science Signaling 04/2010; 3(119):ra33. DOI:10.1126/scisignal.2000800 · 7.65 Impact Factor
Article: Piccolo and bassoon maintain synaptic vesicle clustering without directly participating in vesicle exocytosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Piccolo and bassoon are highly homologous multidomain proteins of the presynaptic cytomatrix whose function is unclear. Here, we generated piccolo knockin/knockout mice that either contain wild-type levels of mutant piccolo unable to bind Ca(2+) (knockin), approximately 60% decreased levels of piccolo that is C-terminally truncated (partial knockout), or <5% levels of piccolo (knockout). All piccolo mutant mice were viable and fertile, but piccolo knockout mice exhibited increased postnatal mortality. Unexpectedly, electrophysiology and electron microscopy of piccolo-deficient synapses failed to uncover a major phenotype either in acute hippocampal slices or in cultured cortical neurons. To unmask potentially redundant functions of piccolo and bassoon, we thus acutely knocked down expression of bassoon in wild-type and piccolo knockout neurons. Despite a nearly complete loss of piccolo and bassoon, however, we still did not detect an electrophysiological phenotype in cultured piccolo- and bassoon-deficient neurons in either GABAergic or glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed a significant reduction in synaptic vesicle clustering in double bassoon/piccolo-deficient synapses. Thus, we propose that piccolo and bassoon play a redundant role in synaptic vesicle clustering in nerve terminals without directly participating in neurotransmitter release.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 03/2010; 107(14):6504-9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1002307107 · 9.81 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: CASK is a unique MAGUK protein that contains an N-terminal CaM-kinase domain besides the typical MAGUK domains. The CASK CaM-kinase domain is presumed to be a catalytically inactive pseudokinase because it lacks the canonical DFG motif required for Mg2+ binding that is thought to be indispensable for kinase activity. Here we show, however, that CASK functions as an active protein kinase even without Mg2+ binding. High-resolution crystal structures reveal that the CASK CaM-kinase domain adopts a constitutively active conformation that binds ATP and catalyzes phosphotransfer without Mg2+. The CASK CaM-kinase domain phosphorylates itself and at least one physiological interactor, the synaptic protein neurexin-1, to which CASK is recruited via its PDZ domain. Thus, our data indicate that CASK combines the scaffolding activity of MAGUKs with an unusual kinase activity that phosphorylates substrates recuited by the scaffolding activity. Moreover, our study suggests that other pseudokinases (10% of the kinome) could also be catalytically active.Cell 05/2008; 133(2):328-39. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.036 · 33.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: CASK is an evolutionarily conserved multidomain protein composed of an N-terminal Ca2+/calmodulin-kinase domain, central PDZ and SH3 domains, and a C-terminal guanylate kinase domain. Many potential activities for CASK have been suggested, including functions in scaffolding the synapse, in organizing ion channels, and in regulating neuronal gene transcription. To better define the physiological importance of CASK, we have now analyzed CASK "knockdown" mice in which CASK expression was suppressed by approximately 70%, and CASK knockout (KO) mice, in which CASK expression was abolished. CASK knockdown mice are viable but smaller than WT mice, whereas CASK KO mice die at first day after birth. CASK KO mice exhibit no major developmental abnormalities apart from a partially penetrant cleft palate syndrome. In CASK-deficient neurons, the levels of the CASK-interacting proteins Mints, Veli/Mals, and neurexins are decreased, whereas the level of neuroligin 1 (which binds to neurexins that in turn bind to CASK) is increased. Neurons lacking CASK display overall normal electrical properties and form ultrastructurally normal synapses. However, glutamatergic spontaneous synaptic release events are increased, and GABAergic synaptic release events are decreased in CASK-deficient neurons. In contrast to spontaneous neurotransmitter release, evoked release exhibited no major changes. Our data suggest that CASK, the only member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family that contains a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase domain, is required for mouse survival and performs a selectively essential function without being in itself required for core activities of neurons, such as membrane excitability, Ca2+-triggered presynaptic release, or postsynaptic receptor functions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 03/2007; 104(7):2525-30. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0611003104 · 9.81 Impact Factor
Article: Differential expression of active zone proteins in neuromuscular junctions suggests functional diversification.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Nerve terminals of the central nervous system (CNS) contain specialized release sites for synaptic vesicles, referred to as active zones. They are characterized by electron-dense structures that are tightly associated with the presynaptic plasma membrane and organize vesicle docking and priming sites. Recently, major protein constituents of active zones have been identified, including the proteins Piccolo, Bassoon, RIM, Munc13, ERCs/ELKs/CASTs and liprins. While it is becoming apparent that each of these proteins is essential for synaptic function in the CNS, it is not known to what extent these proteins are involved in synaptic function of the peripheral nervous system. Somatic neuromuscular junctions contain morphologically and functionally defined active zones with similarities to CNS synapses. In contrast, sympathetic neuromuscular varicosities lack active zone-like morphological specializations. Using immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic level we have now performed a systematic investigation of all five major classes of active zone proteins in peripheral neuromuscular junctions. Our results show that somatic neuromuscular endplates contain a full complement of all active zone proteins. In contrast, varicosities of the vas deferens contain a subset of active zone proteins including Bassoon and ELKS2, with the other four components being absent. We conclude that Bassoon and ELKS2 perform independent and specialized functions in synaptic transmission of autonomic synapses.European Journal of Neuroscience 01/2007; 24(11):3043-52. DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05183.x · 3.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: SNAREs (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors) are membrane proteins that catalyze membrane fusion. SNAREs are defined by a characteristic 70 residue sequence called the SNARE motif. During synaptic vesicle fusion, the single SNARE motif of the synaptic vesicle SNARE protein synaptobrevin/VAMP associates into a four-helical bundle with SNARE motifs from the plasma membrane SNARE proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25. The four SNARE motifs (one each from synaptobrevin and syntaxin, and two from SNAP-25) assume a parallel orientation in the complex, suggesting that formation of the complex initiates fusion by forcing the membranes containing the SNAREs into close proximity. It has been proposed that SNARE complexes assemble in an N- to C-terminal progression, a process referred to as zippering, but little direct evidence for zippering exists. Furthermore, the SM protein Munc18-1, which binds to syntaxin 1 and is essential for synaptic fusion, is thought to prepare SNAREs for complex formation by an unknown mechanism, possibly by nucleating zippering. We now show that fragments containing the N- and C-terminal regions of the SNARE motif from syntaxin 1A bind SNAP-25 similarly. However, in permeabilized PC12 cells which are used as a biochemical model system to study synaptic fusion, only fragments containing the N-terminal region are powerful inhibitors of fusion. Furthermore, mutations in the N-terminal part of the Syntaxin SNARE motif have only a moderate effect on SNAP-25 binding but abolish the inhibitory activity of the SNARE motif. Finally, larger fragments of syntaxin 1A that strongly bind to Munc18-1 but do not readily assemble into SNARE complexes had no effect on exocytosis in permeabilized PC12 cells. Together these results suggest that Munc18-1 acts before SNARE complex assembly, and is no longer required at the stage of fusion assayed in permeabilized PC12 cells. The selective effect of the N-terminal half of the syntaxin 1A SNARE motif on PC12 cell exocytosis shows that the SNARE motif is functionally polarized, and supports the notion that SNARE complexes assemble in an N- to C-terminal zippering reaction during fusion without a stable, partially assembled intermediate.Neuropharmacology 12/2003; 45(6):777-86. DOI:10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00318-6 · 4.82 Impact Factor
Article: RIM1alpha forms a protein scaffold for regulating neurotransmitter release at the active zone.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Neurotransmitters are released by synaptic vesicle fusion at the active zone. The active zone of a synapse mediates Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release, and integrates presynaptic signals in regulating this release. Much is known about the structure of active zones and synaptic vesicles, but the functional relation between their components is poorly understood. Here we show that RIM1alpha, an active zone protein that was identified as a putative effector for the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A, interacts with several active zone molecules, including Munc13-1 (ref. 6) and alpha-liprins, to form a protein scaffold in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Abolishing the expression of RIM1alpha in mice shows that RIM1alpha is essential for maintaining normal probability of neurotransmitter release, and for regulating release during short-term synaptic plasticity. These data indicate that RIM1alpha has a central function in integrating active zone proteins and synaptic vesicles into a molecular scaffold that controls neurotransmitter release.Nature 02/2002; 415(6869):321-6. DOI:10.1038/415321a · 42.35 Impact Factor
Article: RIM1 forms a protein scaffold for reg - ulating neurotransmitter release at the active zoneNature 01/2002; · 42.35 Impact Factor
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A method and system including transmitting data in an architectural format between execution units in a multi-type instruction set architecture and converting data received in the architectural format to an internal format and data output in the internal format to the architectural format based on an operation code and a data type of a microinstruction.
1. A method comprising:
sending a denormal value in an architectural format to an execution unit for correction of an exception, said exception being receipt of the denormal value in data sent to a receiving execution unit and having associated exception-handling microinstructions;
normalizing the denormal value into a normal number in an internal format;
storing the normal number in the internal format in a register file;
sending the normal number in the internal format to the receiving execution unit for processing; and
instructing the receiving execution unit by at least one of said exception-handling microinstructions associated with said data not to convert the normal number before processing.
2. The method of
3. The method of
instructing said receiving execution unit by at least one microinstruction of said exception-handling microinstructions not to convert the result from the internal format to the architectural format after correction of the exception.
4. An integrated circuit comprising:
a first execution unit to send a denormal value in an architectural format to a second execution unit for correction of an exception, said exception being receipt of the denormal value in data sent to the first execution unit and having associated exception-handling microinstructions;
the second execution unit to normalize the denormal value into a normal number in the internal format, to store the normal number in the internal format in a chip register file, to send the normal number in the internal format to the first execution unit for processing, and to instruct the first execution unit by at least one of said exception-handling microinstructions associated with said data not to convert the normal number before processing.
5. The integrated circuit of
6. The integrated circuit of
7. A system comprising:
a memory to store instructions of a multi-type instruction set architecture;
a chip register file to store data in an internal format of the multi-type instruction set architecture;
a first execution unit to send a denormal value in an architectural format to a second execution unit for correction of an exception, said exception being receipt of the denormal value in data sent to the first execution unit and having associated exception-handling microinstructions;
the second execution unit to normalize the denormal value into a normal number in the internal format, to store the normal number in the internal format in the chip register file, to send the normal number in the internal format to the first execution unit for processing, and to instruct the first execution unit by at least one of said exception-handling microinstructions associated with said data not to convert the normal number before processing.
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
New computer chip architectures may be developed to increase processing speed and accuracy. In developing a chip architecture, there may be a tradeoff between the speed of normal execution and exception handling. For example, exception handling may be done in hardware, micro-code, or a combination thereof. Additionally, depending on where conversion between different data types takes place, there may be a single set of architectural registers or a multiplicity. Different architectures to date have taken different approaches.
There are applications in which the same operation is often performed repeatedly over a series of values. Parallel processing has been developed to operate on multiple data sets simultaneously. Such processors may use packed data formats and SIMD (single instruction-stream, multiple data-stream) instruction sets.
Aspects of the present invention may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the serial views.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that, throughout the specification, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer, computing system, or similar electronic computing device that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Embodiments of the present invention may include apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the desired purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk, including floppy disks, optical disks, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), compact disc read-only memories (CD-ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read only memories (EEPROMs), Flash, magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions and capable of being coupled to a computer system bus.
The processes and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to constrict a more specialized apparatus to perform the desired method. The desired structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, embodiments of the present invention are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programing languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein.
In the disclosure hereinbelow, the use of the term "normal operation" indicates operation in which no underflow or denormal values are generated or input, values that may cause an exception to be raised.
In the disclosure hereinbelow, the use of the term "architectural format" includes memory format as well. In the discussion hereinbelow, the term includes all formats used in normal operation to store data in the processor's memory or register file. It includes the formats normally used to transfer data. The term "internal format" includes formats that may be used internally by an execution unit. Different execution units may use different formats.
Reference is now made to
These two formats may be an example of the tradeoffs in chip design when attempting to reduce complexity. It may be desirable to keep format size as small as possible to allow proper operation of a multi-type instruction set architecture (ISA). An example of a multi-type ISA is SSE™ (streaming SIMD extension) or SSE2™. However, a smaller format may allow fewer significant bits in a result, bits which may be needed for exception handling or in representing an intermediate result. For example, in floating point addition and multiplication, two common exception conditions may be denormal numbers and underflow, which may be caused by intermediate results that may require a wider foliate for resolution. Hence, it may be common to use a wider format for intermediary results and, when necessary, handle underflow and denormal values as exceptions.
Two other number types used in an arithmetic execution unit may be packed single and packed integer, which may also have corresponding internal formats. A packed single may comprise, for example, four 32 bit numbers whose corresponding wider internal formats may comprise, for example, one 79 bit or two 39 bit segments. A packed integer number (also referred to as a vector integer) may comprise, for example, any of sixteen 8-bit, eight 16-bit, or four 32-bit numbers in the 128 bits of the architectural format. However, the corresponding internal format may remain the same size, for a total of 128 bits.
Each circle, 23A, 23B, 23C, 25, and 27 may symbolize the boundary between the adjacent layers. Hence, boundary circles 23A, 23B, and 23C may depict the boundary between execution units 22A, 22B, and 22C (reflectively) and bypass network 24. A boundary circle 25 may reflect the boundary between bypass network 24 and chip register file 26, and a boundary circle 27 may reflect the boundary between chip register file 26 and memory 28.
In an embodiment of the present invention, during normal operation, data used in arithmetic execution units may be in internal format, whereas data in non-arithmetic execution units, register file 26, and memory 28 may be stored in the possibly smaller architectural format. Thus, it may be necessity at some point to convert the data from internal format to architectural format and vice versa. This may depend on which data format may be represented in the intermediary levels bypass network 24 and chip register file 26. In an embodiment of the present invention, data conversion may generally occur between execution unit 22 and bypass network 24 when execution unit 22 uses the internal format. This will be further discussed hereinbelow with respect to
Use of internal format in a given execution unit 22 may depend on the type of operations performed in that particular execution unit 22. For example, non-arithmetic execution units 22 may remain in architectural format. Arithmetic execution units 22 performing integer operations, for example, may generally not require the extra precision of the internal format as the result size may always correspond to the input data size. However, arithmetic execution units 22 may require the extra precision afforded by use of the internal format during the course of floating point operations, for example, during floating point addition and multiplication.
In an embodiment of the present invention, during exception handling, intermediate data may be stored in register file 26 and/or memory 28 in the wider internal format. The formal result may be stored in architectural format. Thus, it may still be necessary at some point to convert the data from internal format to architectural format and vice versa. However, during exception handling, it may be necessary to have a different procedure and/or control for when the data conversion may occur.
In an embodiment of the present invention a non-typed architecture may be used, wherein a given register may load any instruction of any type and data may be freely transferred between macroinstructions of any type. The same set of architectural registers may be used for all data types and operations (for example, packed single, packed double, packed integer, and logical operation) as they may all comprise the same number of bits. In an embodiment of the present invention, all registers in the register file may actually be big enough to store the maximum sized internal format value. For example, all registers may be 86 bits wide, which may be the size of one packed double word in internal format. Thus, any register may be able to store any architectural value in only 64 bits of the register. Any internal format number may also be stored, however, the number of bits used may be different for each data type.
Reference is now made to
Any data input (or output) to (or from) arithmetic execution unit 32 may first pass through conversion unit 36, which may comprise the actual interface with the other elements. Data transfer between any of arithmetic execution unit 32 (via conversion unit 36), non-arithmetic execution unit 34, and connectivity layer 38 may be in architectural format (as shown by the data flow arrows). Conversion when necessary may be performed by conversion unit 36 as data is passed in or out of arithmetic execution unit 32. Conversion unit 36 may physically be a part of arithmetic execution unit 32 or may be operatively associated with arithmetic execution unit 32.
In an implementation of a multi-type instruction set architecture, assembler macroinstructions may be converted into a flow of microinstruction, which may be executed by the execution units. A microinstruction may comprise, for example, all operation code, a target register, and ail operation type. The operation type may be based on the data type expected by the operation. Micro code refers to a long sequence of microinstructions.
During normal operation data may be transmitted between execution units 32 in an architectural, format. It is understood, that the transmission between execution units may in fact comprise entering and leaving an execution unit 32 via a conversion unit 36 as explained further hereinabove. The data received in the architectural format may be converted to an internal format based on the operation code and the operation type of a given microinstruction. Conversion may comprise determining the operation code and the type associated with the operation and translating the data received by conversion unit 36. The conversion may allow the representation of a wider intermediate result during execution of the microinstruction. Conversion may also be performed from the internal format to the memory format when the operation is complete.
In normal execution, as data may generally be transferred in architectural format, the bypass between execution units 32 and/or 34 may be easier since all execution units receive data and produce results in the same format regardless of the data type used in the execution of the operation. Whenever the operation to be performed in an execution unit may require data in internal format (as defined by the operating instruction) conversion may takes place in conversion L unit 36 on entry to and exit from arithmetic execution unit 32.
This data flow, wherein all conversions may be done on entry/exit from/to arithmetic execution unit 32, may save time since conversions may be done immediately. It may not be necessary to pass data out to higher architectural layers such as the register file for conversion when data is produced in one type and transferred into ail execution unit that consumes a different type. Furthermore, no special procedures may be necessary in instructions receiving mixed data types.
No data type checking may be necessary on data input/output to/from arithmetic execution units, as conversion may be done automatically regardless of the type data being input or output. Hence, a floating point operation output result, which will be input to a further, floating point operation, may be converted into and from architectural format in the interim.
Thus, this data flow may comprise a method of communicating in an architectural format between executions units on an integrated circuit, wherein the execution units may operate on and/or produce different data types. This communication method may comprise converting a number that is in an architectural format to a number in an internal format before entry to an execution unit, if required by the operating instruction, and converting the result from a number in internal format to a number in architectural format on exit from the execution unit.
As mentioned, these conversions may be required only on floating point operations in arithmetic execution units 32.
During exception handling data may be transmitted between execution units 32 in an architectural format or an internal format. It is understood, that the transmission between execution units may in fact comprise entering and leaving an execution unit 32 via a conversion unit 36 as explained further hereinabove. Whether conversion should be performed may be managed based on either a microinstruction type or an exception type. These conversion management decisions may override the data conversions that may be performed during normal operation and may execute exception handling micro code.
In an embodiment of the present invention, an operation set may exist for each data type. However, as mentioned, data type is not enforced. Thus, it may be possible to purposely use a mixed data type for an operation in order to achieve an advantage. For example, a packed single number may be transformed into its log value by using a packed integer execution unit such as a shifter unit to perform a shift operation and may thus save space and reduce complexity.
As mentioned hereinabove, underflow results and denormal data input may require special handling. If it is possible to deal with these conditions directly in the hardware, it may not be necessary to raise an "exception" and incur the time penalty that may be caused by the use of special exception handling micro code. However, as the hardware of the existing multiplication and addition execution units may not currently contain the capability to resolve these cases, it may be necessary to add additional hardware. For example, it may be necessary to add clocks for repairing the operation and chip space for the repairing logic itself. This may cause performance problems and may require special code coverage testing. In an embodiment of the present invention, such hardware may not be added; instead micro code may be invoked to handle the exception cases and may use existing logic to do the repair.
As further mentioned hereinabove, the use of a wider internal format may allow the representation of underflow results without the loss of precision. As the internal format may comprise a greater number of bits, it may be possible to save an underflow result as a denormal number in the architectural format, as explained hereinbelow. It may also be possible in internal format, to represent a number that in architectural format is a denormal value, as a normal floating point number due to the wider format.
There may be cases when conversion logic 36 may be instructed not to convert a value. For example, no conversion may occur when a repaired denormal value that is represented in internal format is received as an input or when an underflow has been created as an output. In these cases, the values may be represented in the internal format. In these cases, the data may be sent to an appropriate arithmetic execution unit 32 without conversion being performed by conversion unit 36 and the value may be fixed as instructed by the micro code.
An embodiment of the present invention may not fix underflow in hardware as this may require a more complex rounder, which may be able to perform a massive right shift. As an adder unit may comprise the circuitry to perform a massive right shift operation, the micro code may instruct the adder unit to perform the operation instead. This may save both in the complexity of the rounder unit and the performance of coverage checks of a new, more complicated rounder.
As mentioned hereinabove, the architecture of the present invention may use untyped data. Thus, the data may comprise no identity information. However, in a controlled environment of exception handling it may be possible to adequately test these cases. An exception may be raised by the setting of a flag, for example, underflow. The micro code may determine the data type, as the micro code may know which operation faulted and the data type information may be present in the operation instruction code.
To correct an underflow result, the micro code may denormalize the value; it may shift the mantissa of the result and may set the exponent to zero. The case of a denormal value input may be determined by the presence of a zero exponent and a non-zero mantissa. It may be possible to normalize the denormal value when converted to the wider internal format such that the first "1" in the mantissa is shifted right and the exponent is increased accordingly.
In parallel processing, forward operations may have been performed on data that may raise an exception. However, the inclusion of these erroneous results may be prevented by the retirement logic.
Reference is now made to
While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
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I have learned that this is my life. We may not be able to control all the things people do to us, but we can decide not to be reduced by them. We can decide not to let their actions and opinions invade our heart and mind. And above all, we can decide whom to walk beside into tomorrow, and whom to leave behind today.
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Win 7 32 Home Premium, Win 7 64 Pro, Win 8.1 Pro
USB flash drives masquerading as keyboards
The flash drives get around Microsoft's security mechanisms by tricking the operating system into thinking that the memory stick is not a memory stick but instead a 'Human Interface Device,' such as a keyboard.
Within 50 seconds of first plugging one of these devices into a PC, the malicious scripts or files contained on it will be run and the system is compromised. This load time is cut down substantially on subsequent mountings of the device. Without a physical inspection of the device, it's almost impossible to tell it apart from a benign flash drive.
And the price is cheap, with a modified 128MB USB stick costing $54, and a 8GB version costing only $64.
Apparently, they seem to have a found a way to bypass the protection measure by tricking Windows into thinking that the connected USB memory stick is actually a Human Interface Device (keyboard for instance), allowing them to (physically) execute custom scripts within 30/40 seconds of connecting the custom USB memory stick to the targeted PC.
Custom USB sticks bypassing Windows 7/8′s AutoRun protection measure going mainstream | Webroot Threat Blog - Internet Security Threat Updates from Around the World
|My System Specs
|31 Jul 2013
Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 (64 bit), Linux Mint 17.1 MATE (64 bit)
I'm surprised it took this long for someone to implement this idea.
|My System Specs
|08 Aug 2013
Windows 7 Home Premium x64
I get the feeling that cheap USB flash drives from Asia that are sold on eBay are about to become rather risky. If someone were so inclined they could infect hundreds of PCs with a cheap BIN priced listing.
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Hey guys. I've been a fan of your forum for a while, and didn't create an account til now. I'm at my wits end.. and I'm desperate for help. My posts on other forums have been ignored, so I'll try here. It all started when I bought the Dingoo A320 game system. In order for it to work with Windows...
Are these 2gb usb flash drives anygood?
are these 2gb usb flash drives anygood? Welcome to Transcend Website - JetFlash®V30
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The Interpersonal Problems Workbook: ACT to End Painful Relationship PatternsPaperback
List price $28.06
You save $12.76 45% off
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
- Publisher: New Harbinger Publications
- Format: Paperback | 200 pages
- Dimensions: 201mm x 251mm x 10mm | 204g
- Publication date: 19 September 2013
- Publication City/Country: Oakland, CA
- Edition statement: Workbook
- Sales rank: 122,771
Product description
Do you often lash out at people? Do you let your emotions rule your interactions with others? Do you find it difficult to see things from others' point of view? You are not alone. Despite the fact that we all have to deal with other people our daily lives, many of us have difficulties with interpersonal relationships. Written by psychologist and bestselling author Matthew McKay, The Interpersonal Problems Workbook combines research and evidence-based techniques for strengthening relationships in all areas in life-whether it's at home, at work, with a significant other, a parent, or a child. The skills in this workbook are based in both schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and are designed to help you connect and communicate effectively with those around them. ACT has been proven effective in helping people improve their relationships with others. The ACT skills detailed in this book include present moment awareness, diffusion, and flexibility-all of which will help you to improve your relationships with others. In this book you will learn what your schema is, and how to act on your values to communicate and get along with others. If you are ready to stop building walls and start connecting with those around you, this book presents powerful, effective tools for change.
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Matthew McKay, PhD, is a professor at the Wright Institute in Berkeley, CA. He has authored and coauthored numerous books, including The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook, Self-Esteem, Thoughts and Feelings, When Anger Hurts, and ACT on Life Not on Anger. McKay received his PhD in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology, and specializes in the cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety and depression. He lives and works in the Bay Area. Patrick Fanning is a professional writer in the mental health field. He is author of Visualization for Change and Lifetime Weight Control and coauthor of several self-help books, including Self-Esteem and 50 Ways to Simplify Your Life.
Review quote
"Our relationships with others that provide such enrichment and meaning to our lives, can, unfortunately, also a serve as a source of deep pain and suffering. This scientifically-supported and easy-to-follow workbook provides a step-by-step way to break out of long-standing patterns of behavior that prevent our relationships from being more vital and fulfilling. Think of it as an operating manual for turning around troubled interpersonal relationships. I recommend this latest contribution by McKay and his colleagues not only as a self-help guidebook, but also as a useful adjunct to their related book for mental health professionals working with those who struggle with interpersonal relationship issues." --Robert Zettle, author of "ACT for Depression"


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Philip Yordan
- Birthday
- Apr 1, 1914
Philip Yordan was born in 1914 to a Polish immigrant family. In the late '30s, he entered the movie business as a writer employed by director/producer William Dieterle. He earned a reputation in Hollywood during the 1940s for his ability to synopsize and pitch story ideas, and later for packaging the writing and production work on movies. Yordan's… More Bio:
Philip Yordan was born in 1914 to a Polish immigrant family. In the late '30s, he entered the movie business as a writer employed by director/producer William Dieterle. He earned a reputation in Hollywood during the 1940s for his ability to synopsize and pitch story ideas, and later for packaging the writing and production work on movies. Yordan's earliest screen credit was on the 1942 feature Syncopation. His best works of the period were Max Nosseck's Dillinger (1945), an extraordinarily frank and violent telling of the notorious criminal's career, which earned Yordan an Oscar nomination, and Frank Tuttle's Suspense (1946). Both movies were produced by Frank and Maurice King, and Suspense was the most expensive movie in the entire history of Monogram Pictures.
Yordan never slackened the pace of his career in Hollywood, and by 1947 had moved on to Nero Films and producer Seymour Nebenzal, for whom he wrote The Chase. In 1949, he moved up to 20th Century Fox, where he adapted Jerome Weidman's novel into the movie House of Strangers. Although he would periodically return to Fox in the 1950s, Yordan seldom stayed long in any one studio situation, and when he joined the studio for the first time, he already had more irons in the fire than most screenwriters. In 1949, he formed Security Pictures and, in a joint venture with Columbia Pictures, produced the first of two film adaptations of Anna Lucasta. Because of the racial sensibilities of the time, and the widespread segregation laws enforced around the country, it was impossible to film the play as written or originally staged with any hope of its finding success -- Yordan collaborated on the screenplay with playwright Arthur Laurents, transforming the characters into white Polish immigrants and casting Paulette Goddard and Oscar Homolka as the leads. Later that same year, he was back working for the King brothers and with Kurt Neumann on Bad Men of Tombstone, and then authored the screenplay for Reign of Terror, a thriller set amid the bloodshed that followed in the wake of the French Revolution.
It was during the early to mid-'50s that the hidden, more controversial side of Yordan's career began. There was a considerable body of unused screenwriting talent floating around Hollywood at the time, by virtue of the Red Scare and the studio blacklist, which had left writers, actors, and technicians out of work by the thousands. Some of these writers soon found their way to Yordan's door. He served as a "front" in perhaps dozens of instances, paying these writers a share of the fees for scripts of theirs that he signed his name to. It was a strange symbiotic relationship, as the blacklistees were grateful for the work, even at the reduced rate of pay that they were receiving, while Yordan's commitments were met. At the same time, it meant that Yordan was getting credit for other men's work. It was only decades later that the Screenwriters Guild began trying to sort out the genuine authorship of many screenplays attributed to Yordan.
Yordan won his only Oscar in 1954, for his screenplay for Broken Lance -- a Western remake of House of Strangers. In his rewrite of his earlier script, Yordan emphasized elements that brought out the similarities to Shakespeare's King Lear much more than House of Strangers had. The middle of the decade also saw him involved with a number of smaller films, several of them made at Fox, including Street of Sinners, and one major Western, The Bravados (1958), directed by Henry King, and starring Gregory Peck and Joan Collins.
During this period, Yordan also revived Security Pictures for two major projects: God's Little Acre and Anna Lucasta. At the end of the 1950s, he wrote a few inventive Western scripts such as The Fiend Who Walked the West (a remake of Fox's Kiss of Death), Day of the Outlaw (1959) (starring Robert Ryan), and one major independent production, The Bramble Bush (1960), made by Milton S
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Habberly House Hotel3
19 Cocker street, Blackpool, FY1 2BY
Price FromView Rooms
- Excellent
- 136 guest reviews
"Just stayed 1 night, however this b&b is great value for money with fantastic customer service. Nothing was too much trouble for our host Jo..."
"Also just a problem if you have a car as no car park available. Other than that. I was happy with everything else will stay again...."
"Never stayed in Blackpool before and this hotel was a great find online. We received a warm welcome and shown to our room. Room was lovely....."
"I can't emphasise how lovely this place was! Carol and John were very helpful, and had the best customer service I've ever experienced! The..."
"What can I say. I booked the Habberley House Hotel last minute the night before our stay. After reading the reviews on Trip advisor I was so..."
About the hotel
The Habberly House Hotel is a friendly family run guest house offering quality and comfortable accommodation. As you can see from our reviews John and Carol strive to deliver an excellent and friendly service ensuring your stay is a very pleasant one. We are situated in the quieter North Shore area of Blackpool close to the famous Funny Girls, with pubs, clubs, the promenade and town centre all within easy walking distance.
Come and enjoy the Tower, Grand Theatre, Winter Gardens and all the amenities of central Blackpool not forgetting the beach and views on the costal walks. The Habberly House offers a cooked breakfast included in the price. All our rooms offer tea and coffee facilities, flatscreen TV's, complimentary toiletries and fresh towels. We have family, double, twin and single rooms available both standard and deluxe. Both our family rooms have a dvd player. If you are celebrating a special occasion and require champagne, chocolates and flowers in the room on arrival please mention this in special requests when booking. We will contact you to confirm how much you would like to pay and leave the rest to us. The guesthouse is approximately150 metres from the promenade and seafront. We are ideally located just a few minutes walk from Talbot Road bus depot, and the North Shore railway station. There are 3 car parks approximately 100 metres from the hotel. Check in time from 2pm onwards however if you arrive early we will look after your bags and check you in until your room is ready. Check out time no later than 10am ( you can leave your bags with us and collect them later that day if you want to spend the day in Blackpool) Breakfast is served from 7am to 9. 30am Monday to Friday and 8. 30am to 9. 15am Saturday and Sunday, you can confirm what time you would prefer on arrival. We are now accepting bookings for Christmas and New Year Period. Groups welcome!! For workmen staying for long periods of time we offer a laundry service aswell as a discount on the room if you are staying for 4 nights consecutively. Please note we do not accept stag and hen parties but we do consider groups please speak to John 01253 290098.
Read MoreLess
Room Availability
Showing Friday 3 July 2015 to Saturday 4 July 2015Change Search
We currently have no rooms available for this hotel that match your search criteria. Try changing your search or select an alternative hotel.
Facilities Show/hide
- Family friendly
- Cots available
- Dining
- Restaurant, Bar
- In room entertainment
- TV, [Channels] Music, [Channels] Childrens
- In room facilities
- Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room
- Hotel services
- Wake Up Call Available
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 14:00 hours
- Until 10:00 hours
- 20/12/2012 to 21/01/2021 - WE DO NOT ACCEPT HEN OR STAG PARTIES GROUPS ARE WELCOME SUBJECT TO SUITABILITY PLEASE SPEAK TO JOHN 01253 290098. The LateRooms.com rates for Habberly House Hotel in Blackpool are the total price of the room and not the 'per person' rate. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
92% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Great value b&b
Just stayed 1 night, however this b&b is great value for money with fantastic customer service.
Nothing was too much trouble for our host John. Room was compact and clean, towels are provided and are freshly laundered. Breakfast was good. Would use again as ideal central location.
Read More Less
Very relaxing stay made me feel at home ,would stay again,j
Also just a problem if you have a car as no car park available.
Other than that. I was happy with everything else will stay again.
Read More Less


text: My husband and I stayed in eagles retreat with a group of friends. The cabin was very nice and clean. They have everything you could possibly need there for you. Just bring food and drinks. The screened in porch in the back was nice and big. They have a fire pit out back with wood and chairs all around the... More


text:
We are qualified in veterinary medicine. If you have any concerns or problems with your pet or you need to ask us any questions then contact us or make an appointment with us.
We also offer nurses consults during the consultation times where you can get advice on all preventative healthcare as well as nutrition and behavioural issues.
Consulting times
9.00am - 10.00am
and 2.00-7.00pm
by appointment
9.00 am - 12.00 noon
by appointment
phone: 01623-555460
fax: 01623-555865
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The car wash
Welcome at Thompsons
We are pleased that you have found our website.
We hope that you enjoy looking through the pages.
You might not have been to us before or visited our website, so we hope to give you some idea of who we are and where we are located.
You might already be one of our clients, so you can enjoy looking at the photos of us and see what goes on ' behind the scenes'.
And of course, you can have a look, get some information, news and fun.
Enjoy the website and we are looking forward to seeing you.
Your team at Thompsons
X Runner or Mud Run
This is our team for the Mud Run on the 18th of April
We are still smiling, but it is not long and we are running/treading through lots of mud.
Yes, those are the ones who have signed up for the X Runner. This is a 5 or 10 km race through mud and fire and littered with strange obstacles.
We are trying to raise money for 2 charities, the World Animal Protection and the World Veterinary Service. Both run fantastic campaigns for animals in the UK and abroad.
Please visit us at our practice or the charity page https://www.justgiving.com/teams/ThompsonsVets or text TSVL84 £2 to 70070 to donate £2 to the WPA or text TSVL85 £2 to 70070 for the WVS
We have done a car wash in March and raised amazingly £267. Thanks to you, our lovely clients.
To raise even more money we have a raffle with brilliant prizes
for example
A year supply of flea and worm treatment
A free booster
A free identichip
Free fun swim at Sherwood Hydrotherapy
Family skate and swim at Lammas Leisure Centre
Free puncture repair kit from Frank Watts Tyres
One night stay at Whitton Lodge B&B for two people
A voucher for nail make over from Kerry VN
Lots of Thornton chocolates and Easter eggs
Other body shop and animal goodies and bottles of wine
As you can see lots of prizes, so the chances are high you will get a prize.
The draw is on the 17th of April
A big thank you to our sponsors!
Including Bayer, Elanco and Novartis
Please come in to our surgery and buy some raffle tickets to help our good cause.
All the money will go to our chosen charities. Hopefully we get a better and healthier team out of it, so we keep improving our service to you and your pet.
Lots of love from Thompsons
Microchips are an effective way of permanent identification.
A rice grain size chip is implanted under the skin
We recommend to microchip dogs and cats. In case they get lost or are involved in an accident, it helps the dog warden, RSPCA and the vets to reunite your pet.
From April 2016 microchipping will be compulsory for all dogs.
To help you to comply with the law we are offering microchips for a reduced price from now on until April 2015
Please ring for any advice or an appointment
Senior cat clinics
How old is your cat?
Over 8 years? In their teens?
Cats do not seem to get older, they don't go grey, they don't complain. Unfortunately they are very good at hiding any old age signs. Of course, old age is not a disease, but your body does change. We see lots of osteoarthritis, chronic kidney disease, Hyperthyroidism and cognitive dysfunction. Hopefully your cat does not have any of those diseases. To make sure of that and to recognise signs early we offer a senior cat clinic.
Our nurses can talk to you about lots of things we can do to help your ageing cat. They can take your cat's blood pressure. Yes, cats can get high blood pressure too.
And we offer a free annual urine test for cats over 8 years old.
Have a look at our information on this website.
Go to -Services then -Catfriendly practice
Or even better ring us or ask your vet or nurse when you come to our practice.


text:
Hi Robert,
I don't do nudes myself. But I technically advise a friend of mine who does a lot of glamour portraits and nudes. He began nudes when he already had some beautifull results to show as a portrait photographer. Women, men and couples came to him for portraits, sometimes a nude back etc.
Because he inspired confidence and because his wife assisted him sometimes, he could suggest topless pictures. He showed these pictures on the web (with consent ofcourse) and started attracting new customers who deliberately came to do nudes. Now he does nudes 50 % of his time.


text:
Great staff, great selection of beer and great ambient! If you are interested in a nice place to relax and chill, this is the place to go!
very nice and cozy place to have coffee during a day and at night it becomes night club with very good music and good atmosphere
The cutest little caffe (it's really not that little...) I have ever been to. The coffee is really good and they have all kinds of fresh juices. It is so comfortable and welcoming. Everything is very vintage and natural. The staff is really nice and polite. It's filled with cupboards, record players, tablecloths, puzzles and toys. The atmosphere is absolutely...
Cukar i kafe is a nice place to have a coffee or
tea during the day, or drink or two before clubbing. With all kind of people place is just magic.. Nice owner, nice staff, nice atmosphere.. Friendly and cosy.. love it! Not expensive! one of the best bars in town..
Whether you're intrested in tea, coffee, wine, beer, or even hard alcohol you can get it here. The space is very nice and feels welcoming. There is no food avalible, so don't go expecting to eat.
Really nice place to enjoy with company, but even for alone time. It has quite the vintage vibe and very pleasant atmosphere. Recommended.
Awesome, unique, fancy interior with very cool service. And that terrace is just stunning. Little pillows next to the windows :D
I would totally recommend ice coffee in those big glasses that goes perfectly on hot summer day.
I like the atmosfer and the look od caffe ,,, and also I like it because is no smoking. Great place , great people .. Loook of caffe is totaly in.
I'm sure that, after visiting Cukarikafe (translated it means "Sugar & coffee") you will get all kinds of DIY ideas what to do with that old piece of furniture at home. The ambiance is really cosy and homey , with friendly staff and really good coffee!
Interior is stunning - just unique! Owner certainly put in it lot of effort. Love the atmosfere - I think that's only bar in Rijeka where you can meet your friends, have a tea and actually talk because the music is in backround but still quiet. Also, they have great choice of beer (Belgian, German, Irish...). Staff is friendly and...
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.


text:
Three Story Holiday Cake
26 Dec 2009
|Whole wheat pastry flour
|2 1⁄4 Cup (36 tbs)
|Unbleached flour
|2 1⁄4 Cup (36 tbs)
|Baking powder
|1 Tablespoon
|Baking soda
|1 Teaspoon
|Egg whites
|8 (At Room Temperature)
|1 Cup (16 tbs), softened
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Almond extract
|1 Teaspoon
|1 1⁄4 Cup (20 tbs)
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Preheat oven to 350°F.
Butter and flour 3 8-inch round layer cake pans.
Sift together whole wheat pastry flour, unbleached white flour, baking powder, and baking soda three times.
In a large bowl, beat egg whites until soft peaks form.
In another large bowl, beat together butter, honey, and almond extract.
Add flour, a little at a time, alternating with milk, and mix well.
Gently fold in egg whites.
Turn into prepared pans, and bake for 20 to 25 minutes, or until a cake tester or food pick inserted into the center comes out clean.
Cool in pans for 10 minutes.
Turn out onto wire racks, and cool thoroughly.
Frost between layers, top, and sides with Festive Frosting.
Rate It
0 Comments
Three Story Holiday Cake Recipe


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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29 year old man | Los Angeles, CA, USA | Seeking men 25-29 within 60 miles
Open to love, happiness, and fun!
I am a nice and easygoing guy that's a little shy but fun once you get to know me. I am a bit of an adrenaline junkie who loves trying new, adventurous things but who can also appreciate snuggling up to an enjoyable movie/tv show. I love mountain biking, snow boarding, hiking, working out, and yoga! I would love to meet someone nice, genuine, and adventurous to share good times with. I'm also a big nature freak but have some city boy in me too ;) My friends describe me as honest, masculine, and a sweetheart. I am definitely not afraid of getting dirty, sweating, and catching some sun. As far as looks... I think I'm pretty casual, rough around the edges, but can also clean up nicely if the occasion calls for it. Looking forward to sharing hopes and dreams with someone.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Travel/Sightseeing
Other types of exercise, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
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Talk:Unrestricted submarine warfare
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Unrestricted submarine warfare article.
Article policies
|To-do list for Unrestricted submarine warfare:
"It was obsolete from the start" lacks neutrality as much as "half-hearted attempt". Get-back-world-respect 16:47, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
Can we please see some documentation for that claim? Preferably in the form of British Admiralty orders from 3 September 1939 or shortly after outlining the rules of the game for their subs. Until such evidence is forthcoming, I have changed it to a more neutral wording. Thanks. Andreas 06:48, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
I don't think that is correct. I did some research yesterday, and it seems they were quite serious about it. But I am as always willing to be swayed by some documentation. Until then I have changed it to a more neutral wording. Andreas 06:51, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
NPOV - no longer needed?[edit]
I think this page can be considered neutral now. Andreas 16:06, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
- At present there is little pov but the british one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 01:40, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
Judgement on Doenitz[edit]
- "Doenitz is charged with waging unrestricted submarine warfare contrary to the Naval Protocol of 1936 to which Germany acceded, and which reaffirmed the rules of submarine warfare laid down in the London Naval Agreement of 1930.Doenitz is charged with waging unrestricted submarine warfare contrary to the Naval Protocol of 1936 to which Germany acceded, and which reaffirmed the rules of submarine warfare laid down in the London Naval Agreement of 1930. ... The order of Doenitz to sink neutral ships without warning when found within these zones was, therefore, in the opinion of the Tribunal, violation of the Protocol. ... the sentence of Doenitz is not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare."
So he was found guilty, but no sentence was passed for this war crime:
- "In view of all the facts proved and in particular of an order of the British Admiralty announced on the 8th May, 1940, according to which all vessels should be sunk at sight in the Skagerrak, and the answers to interrogatories by Admiral Nimitz stating that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war".
--Philip Baird Shearer 23:45, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
2 Articles?[edit]
Most of this article seems to better fit under the heading "Naval Treaties and Rules of Engagement." Just a thought... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk • contribs) pschemp | talk 21:12, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
- I do not think it needs moving. What I think it needs is a big expansion, because at the moment it only looks at the law and little else. --Philip Baird Shearer 16:22, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
Article semi-protected for 3 weeks[edit]
Due to ongoing IP address vandalism, I have semi-protected this article (no IP or brand new account edits) for 3 weeks from today. I've also blocked the most recent IP vandal for a week and warned them, etc.
If this semi-protection causes problems with legitimate editing please let me know or find another administrator and have the protection deactivated early. Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 03:05, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
Our false flag article says "British Q-boats were notorious for this behaviour during World War One, which Germany used as a reason for its own use of unrestricted submarine warfare." This is unsourced so I didn't add it myself but it seems relevant to this article to me Nil Einne (talk) 22:53, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
- Maybe, if it was true. Germany commenced Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in February 1915; the first Q-ships weren't operating until the summer. Xyl 54 (talk) 02:23, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
I've removed this;
"Despite unrestricted warfare in later years, the majority of submarine-caused shipping losses sustained by the Allies were via 'restricted' (Prize Regulations) warfare.(ref Willmott, p. 172)
despite having a source, it's patent nonsense.
The period of USW was from February 1915 to August 1915, and from February 1917 to November 1918, ie more than half (28 out of 52 months) of the war. And it was during that period that three-quarters (9 million, out of a total of 12 million tons) of the total shipping lost was sunk. Also, the period between August 1915 and February 1917 wasn't marked by a return to Prize Rules; it merely saw the re-intoduction of the minimum restrictions felt necessary to avoid giving neutral nations (principally the USA) cause for war. Xyl 54 (talk) 14:22, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
I was reading Theodore Ropp's The Development of a Modern Navy and came across a couple of places where he compared the Jeune École's ideas on "unrestricted torpedo boat warfare" (Admiral Aube is quoted as saying that torpedo boats will sink their targets without warning; Admiral Hopkins thought that merchant ships would perhaps be given a stop-or-be-sunk warning. These are clearly prefiguring the German campaigns of WWI (and Ropp explicitly compares Aube's ideas with German practice at pp. 170-1). But does this belong here? And if it doesn't, where does it belong? Angus McLellan (Talk) 00:58, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
"Treat Holwitt as less Authoritative"[edit]
While Holwitt's thesis and subsequent book are great scholarship, they are hardly authoritative. We need a more second-sourced article here. To start with, I would certainly change the phrase "...they are considered by many[7] to be a breach..." to replace "many" with "some", since there aren't any others besides Holwitt cited as thinking this way. I'm going to make this minor change to the article, as I think there's no real dispute that a single-sourced opinion can be called "many".
Also it should be noted that the objections to unrestricted submarine warfare based on classical naval practices are decidedly biased in favor of the status quo, and aren't in any way consistent with the new technology of submarines, and certainly aren't consistent with "acceptable" contemporary practices. E.g. why would submarines be held to cruiser rules, while aircraft wouldn't be?
We also might want to include the Mediterranean theater in 1941-43 as a major unrestricted submarine warfare instance, as both Allied and Axis submarines never pretended to adhere to the "cruiser rules" method during that period of time (and, particularly with respect to the Allies, sank a large number of enemy merchantmen).
Finally, the article should note the difference in conduct in different areas falling under unrestricted submarine warfare. That is, USW as practiced considered as legitimate targets ALL shipping (including that of neutral countries) inside a declared War Zone (which might be significant in size), but outside the specified geographic zone, only vessels of belligerent countries were valid targets. This distinction is rather explicitly noted in both the rules of engagement issued to US submarine forces in WW2, and the political and military pronouncements of both the British and German governments around submarine warfare in both WW1 and WW2. Trims2u (talk) 09:34, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
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Original recipe yields 2 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
I had to give this a rating even though I failed to add the key ingredients because it still turned out so well. Due to grandma's inability to eat anything remotely spicy, I did not add the pep...
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This was so easy -I also added some chilli flakes to give it an extra kick.It tasted just like our local chinese resturant here in Sydney - only better!


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text: First I have to say the internet was bad only 1 bar and kept switching to my cellular and when I called the front desk all I got was we never get that complaint?! But yet I can see by the other reviews that's not truthful. Also there was a vending machine right outside the room that woke us up... More


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I'll help with the voice acting mate
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April 17, 2012
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Congratulations for giving a gift for your mother. that really works good and I am really happy for it then.you look really great.
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Andrew Oliver's Composer's Ensemble
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