text:
Bemis Co., a Neenah-based manufacturer of packaging materials with global operations, on Thursday reported record earnings in the latest quarter despite sales that were little changed.
Henry Theisen, Bemis chairman and chief executive, credited a restructuring that created an emphasis on higher-margin products. "We achieved our highest gross margin since 2009," he said in an earnings statement.
Bemis is a major Wisconsin employer, with some 4,500 of its 19,000 workers around the world based in the state.
In the second quarter, net income rose 24% to $65.8 million, or 65 cents a share, from $53.1 million, or 51 cents, one year earlier.
Sales fell to $1.24 billion from $1.30 billion, but much of the decline was due to plant closures and strategic decisions to exit low-margin businesses. Excluding the impact of currency rate fluctuations, acquisitions and divestitures, "net sales were consistent with the second quarter of 2013," the company said.
Management expects adjusted earnings per share for the third quarter to be in the range of 65 to 70 cents a share, reflecting continued improvement in operating performance and sales mix. Bemis raised the lower end of its 2014 earnings guidance to a range of $2.45 to $2.55 a share from a range of $2.40 to $2.55 a share .


text:
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Big Bad Booty Daddy
Join Date: Sep 2003
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Comments Thread For: Maidana Was Confident of KO Once Leg Felt Better
Home Depot Center, Carson, California - Welterweight contender Marcos Maidana (34-3, 31KOs) says a shot to the hip in Saturday's fight against Josesito Lopez (30-6, 18KOs) was a serious concern in the fight. During the action, Maidana stated that his leg went numb and he had trouble moving for at least two rounds, which allowed Lopez to rally strong with big punches.
Once the pain in his hip went away, Maidana was very confident that he was capable of knocking Lopez out. The end came in the sixth, after Maidana dropped Josesito and then followed up by trapping him against the ropes and letting his hands go with hard landed punches. [Click Here To Read More]
Pac smashed my mom
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i did see maidana shaking his leg during the fight. i thought he had a cramp.
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The leg lift makes sense now!!!!!
I was watchin lik what the f**k he do that for!!!!
Explains why he was slower more boxing in two rds an gave lopez a chance to come back that was lopez chance to pull it off an he didnt take it he let dana get his leggs back literally dont feel bad for lopez even more now!!!!
Up and Comer
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"When I told him that my leg was bothering, he said 'we came here to go to war'"
lol classic
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Quite strange in boxing, but it makes some sense now.
It was the left leg, isn't it?
Undisputed Champion
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I feel bad for Josesito... I wish him success! But Maidana is an animal..
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Iconic landscape in Nishishiba 4 Chome, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, photographed on March 20, 2012. (arcreyes [-ratamahatta-]/Flickr)
Samantha Lo, a 25-year-old Singaporean graphic artist, was arrested for posting stickers on crosswalk buttons. We take a look at some of her work.
Four young girls smile for the camera in Tamil Nadu, India on February 18, 2012. (Original Vinoth Chandar/Flickr)
At Women's Wear Daily's Beauty CEO Summit 2012, Revlon head Alan Ennis argued that China is now past its prime as a place for manufacturing.
Clear skies and quiet waters in Terengganu, Malaysia on May 29, 2012. (Original Shamsul Hidayat Omar/Flickr)
Bangladeshi photographer and activist Shahidul Alam talks about the power of photography to promote change.
Dressed in vibrant maroon and gold attire, a monk poses in prayer at Boudhanath stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal on April 2, 2012. (Original cheese_unit/Flickr)
On the eve of China's ban on foreign travel in Tibet, Asia Society's Director of Education provides a personal look at the country's people, scenery and monasteries.
Young boys turn the main street into a water slide as tropical rain pours down in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on November 1, 1990. (Original Nomad/Flickr)
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Man gives credit
Their 10-year plan.
Editor's note:Do you need something to smile about? Every day, WND selects the best joke offered up by readers and contributors to its Laughlines forum and brings it to you as the WND Joke of the Day. Here is today's offering:
"A group of economists unveiled a new plan to reduce the deficit by $6 trillion in the next 10 years."
"The first step of the plan is to look at all our spending over the past five years, determine what's unnecessary … and then ask China for $6 trillion."
~Jimmy Fallon
Got a great joke you want to share with the world? Write it up in the WND
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Bloodiest @ Saint Vitus in Nov. (more by BBG)
When music documentarian (((unartig))) was first asked about a year end contribution, his initial reflex was: "Sausage - Hummus - Hitler!", the first two clearly being worse than the third. But then a performance enhancing Hewlett-Packard printer got in the way and spat out the list of 10 bands, video shot (((unartig))) included, that is below...
Continue reading "(((unartig)))'s top 10 music discoveries of 2011 (videos he shot included)"
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- 2007 ESPN The Magazine/CoSIDA Academic All-Distrtict First Team
- 2007 Academic All-Big 12 First Team
- 2005 Team Walk-On Player of the Year
- Spring 2005 Team Most Improved Special Forces Player
Again served as the Tigers' long snapper, continuing to deliver near perfect snaps ... Handled the long-snapping for both placekicks and punts.
Was flawless with his snaps during the course of the season, as evidenced by his zero interviews requested after Mizzou's 13 games on the year ... Is a good athlete who registered four tackles on the punt coverage team, including one each in MU's last three outings at Iowa State and against Kansas and versus Oregon State in the Sun Bowl ... Recorded three tackles playing on defense in the 2006 spring game.
Walk-on defensive end who was a special teams MVP after taking over as Mizzou's deep snapper for the season ... Won the team's walk-on player of the year award at the team banquet in early December ... Was nearly flawless on his snaps, providing rock-solid snaps on both punts and placekicks ... Recorded three tackles on punt coverage, notching single tackles in games against Oklahoma State, Colorado and Baylor ... Was named the team's Most Improved Special Forces Player Award in the spring.
Walk-on defensive lineman who showed good athleticism during the season at end ... Did not see game action while taking a redshirt.
Three-sport standout at Marquette Catholic High School in Godfrey, Ill., where he lettered in football, basketball and swimming ... Honorable mention all-state linebacker as a senior, when he racked up 112 tackles, 10 sacks and also doubled as a productive wideout, catching 13 passes for 327 yards and nine TDs ... Earned Third-Team St. Louis all-metro honors as a senior, and was a three-time all-conference pick at linebacker and twice at wide receiver ... Had 66 tackles as a junior and added 13 catches for 326 yards and three TDs ... As a sophomore, recorded 73 stops on defense and 11 catches on offense ... High School Coach - Mike Slaughter.
Son of Steven & Nancy Blair ... Father is a plant manager, mother is a registered nurse ... Is majoring in secondary education at Mizzou.
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Learn Geometry
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Geometry Reference
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Circular Sector
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Geometry II
Download it for FREE and start studying..
Geometry Study Guide
Clear and concise explanations
Difficult concepts are explained in simple terms
Illustrated with graphs and diagrams
Table of Contents
Geometry Background
Euclidean Geometry
Euclidean Space
Line Segment
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Three-dimensional distance
The Plane Areas of Mathematics
Translational Symmetry
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Computing the area of a triangle
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Ceva's Theorem
Heron's Formula
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Right Angle
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Pythagorean Triple
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This Field Guide app derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. This app covers Gaussian imagery, paraxial optics, first-order optical system design, system examples, illumination, chromatic effects, and an introduction to aberrations. The appendices provide supplemental material on radiometry and photometry, the human eye, and several other topics.
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Geometry Mathematics
Geometry Formulas (Free)
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Geometry Solver
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Tags: math, school, geometry, task, dexter, calculator
Geometry Pad
Use following tools to sketch your geometry constructions (*):
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Geometry Solver
Currently it calculates many geometry related formulas and a few miscellaneous formulas. More formulas have been added!
It currently calculates any variable in the following 32 formulas:
Area of:
Base of:
Trapezoid (Base 1 & Base 2)
Surface Area of:
Rectangular Prism
Volume of:
Rectangular Prism
It also solves these formulas:
Compound Interest
Pythagorean Theorem
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Easy Geometry Calculator
Area of an equilateral triangle
area of a regular polygon with n sides
fix bug
Square area Area of a rectangle
Finding the side of a square surface
Trapezoid area
Parallelogram area
Dalton area Scope
Square Scope of the rectangle
Square volume Triangle
Area Scope of the triangle
Regular Shapes
the radius of the circle
Perimeter of a circle,
Perimeter of a square
radius larger & smaller
triangle sides abc: find angles ABC
Another 5 formulas
The 30° 60° 90° Right Triangle
The 45° 45° 90° Right Triangle
Equilateral triangle inside the circle
Find the Radius of a Circle Inscribed in a Triangle
Find radius of circumscribed Circle Inscribed in a Triangle
formula for lateral surface area of a cone
find slant height
find α-Angle
Volume of a truncated cone
Cone volume Cylinder volume
Volume basis. R.
Surface area Casing
Casing Cylinder shell Surface area
Volume of a pyramid
Lateral Area of a Rectangular Prism
Volume of Balls
Surface Areaof Balls
Spherical segment
radius of a spherical segment
formula Parabola
y= ax²+b+c
Coordinates x y axis
length of angle bisector
Find Lengths of sides and Area
given α β height
line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2).
Finding the Slope of a Line
Finding the b
b intercept formula
Linear Equations - Slope Forms
Positive Slope
Negative Slope
Zero Slope
Square in a circle inscribed in a square
Area of A Sector
isosceles triangle
the area of the shaded region
Area Of A Segment
surface area of the cube
Scale circuit Diameter radius
The total radius Surface radius
Volume of a cube Box
volume Missing rib
Vertical Angles
Supplementary angles
Angle bisector
corresponding angles
Acute Angles
Obtuse Angles...
Shimul Rahman on Jan 31, 2014 at 10:37 AM
Excellent Excellent work
Johan Terefe
Excellent Great work it is helpful app
Michael Burns
Easy geom Was a great app but stopped working so cannot use it
Thomas Schneider
Awesome! Just what I needed!
Thank you for your response
Pocket Geometry Free
Simple and easy to use geometry app that you can carry in your pocket!
Calculate the perimeter, area, surface or volume of various geometric shapes.
Shapes includes 2D (square, rectangle, circle, triangle, trapezoid, parallelogram)
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Chapter 1 Fortran Primer Follow Donev's .pdf file except to a. add F90 updates on the fly then again as a partial review b. quiz the class on new examples c. create new homework to have them write pieces of FORTRAN code. Introduction The basic Structure of a Program: 1. Program name starting line PROGRAM name 2. preset environment (optional, but recommended) IMPLICIT NONE 3. Non-executable statements, such as type declaration, storage assignment, initialization. There can be almost any number. The order can matter for PARAMETER statements since a variable defined by the statement must precede its use by another non-executable statement such as: PARAMETER etc. REAL etc. INTEGER etc. CHARACTER etc, DIMENSION etc. 4. Executable statements such as: OPEN etc. READ etc. WRITE etc. FORMAT etc. DO etc., END DO IF etc., THEN, ELSE CALL subname CLOSE etc. STOP END PROGRAM SUBROUTINE subname RETURN END SUBROUTINE 5. a termination statement like END PROGRAM name. Though a STOP can do this. Other executable and non-ex statements are used, above are some common examples. 1-1 Somewhat different from the scripting environment of Mathematica, Mathcad, and probably Matlab, you must indicate the variable type and you must set aside storage and how it is organized for each variable. If you are familiar with C/C++ then you are familiar with declaring the type and allocating space for the variables you use. For example, in C: int I ; /* declare I of type integer */ float x ; /* declare x of type floating point */ short i ; /* declare I of type short integer -32,768 <i<32,767 */ // note that C & C++ are case sensitive where fortran is not, I /= i char cGrade /* character string (using integer character codes from -128 to 128. Fortran does a similar thing with its statements: INTEGER I REAL x INTEGER*2 LITTLEI character*5, chr (being phased out with F95) We will discuss these later. At the moment we are drawing analogies to other languages. There are short-cuts, by default, fortran will assume that variables beginning with the letter I,j,k,m,or n are type integer. A name beginning with any other letter is floating point by default. You can override these defaults by using integer and real statements. A basic part of C/C++ is the ability to have local and global variables. This separation was cumbersome in older versions of fortran. In f90 there are streamlined ways of doing the same thing (using a module subprogram). Executable statements are present in any programming environment. What varies is the syntax. For example. In EXCEL you use the carat (^) to designate a power or ―exponentiation‖. In fortran it is a double asterisk (**). Hence 2.**3 = 8. Fortran provides you with a collection of mathematical functions by default as do scripting environs and spreadsheet programs. In fortran, we call these intrinsic functions. Examples include: sin, cos, tan, atan, asin, acos, sinh, cosh, tanh, sqrt, alog, exp, … In C you must include them manually with a #include <libname> statement. Scripting environs like Mathematica purport to have many other mathematical operations than the list of fortran intrinsic functions. But be aware that what Mathematica does in those cases is either look up a table or perform a numerical analysis calculation such as the ones we'll discuss in this course. For example, solving an integral. With this introduction, let us go to Donev's .pdf file. 1-2 1.1 A Few Logistics The unix command to do a fortran compile on moe uses pgf90 1.2 Program Layout Six guidelines are given. Be aware that 3rd, 4th, & 5th are altered in true f90 though our compiler is forgiving. We have already discussed the basic structure. <<<< start of 2nd lecture in F 03>>>> 1.3 Variables Use of IMPLICIT NONE was already recommended 1.3.1 Naming convention. 3 rules are given. Note that UNIX & C/C++ distinguishes upper and lower case. Fortran does not except in output—printing and plotting. The reserved words refers to default names. Don't name a variable ―float‖ say. 1.3.2 Data types INTEGER – only whole numbers allowed for the listed variable. Default is integer*4 though that declaration method is being phased out with f90 (discussed later) This means ―integer m‖ accomplishes the same thing as ―integer*4 m‖ F77: integer*8 k ! makes k double precision F90: integer (8) :: k ! makes k double precision REAL – floating point numbers for the listed variable, could be whole or have a fractional part…. Default is real*4 again being phased out. See section 2.2 (p.20-21) The syntax is similar to integer examples above. F77: real x_2, y(2) F90: real :: x_2, y(2) ! alternative ! Note that underlines and numbers are allowed inside variable names, but not at the start. Distinguishing the type is important because the typical machine stores an integer different than a floating point number. Accordingly, intrinsic functions often require an input variable to be of a certain type: e.g. SIN(x) x must be floating pt. Note that there are ranges for all number types; the range depends on the word length used by the machine. If you exceed the range then the program stops and an error message with wording such as ―overflow‖ or ―underflow‖ is generated. Other types CHARACTER, COMPLEX likely to be used in exercises at some point. Important note: F90 does this very different now and some forms allowed in F77 and F90 are obsolete in F95. More is said when we discuss section 2.21 of Donev's .pdf file. The format is similar to the F90 examples above, except you have a length parameter: F77: character*10 chr10 1-3 F90: character (len=10) :: chr10 1.3.3 Variable Declaration Recall the default type declaration based on the first letter of the name. Oddly, the Donev's guide (.pdf) does not discuss arrays at this point. I think it should, since type declaration is often done at the same time as array declaration. Furthermore type and array declaration are non-executable statements and so are done in the same region in the code. Finally, our examples are more interesting if we know about arrays. So, briefly we jump to 1.9 before returning to the order in the fortran guide. 1.9.1 Declaration of Arrays Arrays are a collection of data to be housed inside one variable. For example, you might want all the temperature values this year at Davis housed in a variable ―T‖. You assign T to have a size of 365. You have a variety of ways to do this: DIMENSION T(365) ! F77 Or REAL T(365) !F77 Or REAL T(1:365) !F77 These are the same. Note the use of a colon to define the range start:end We call this example T a 1-dimensional array. Arrays can have more dimensions. Usually you choose the dimensions based on a logical ordering of your information. For example, you may have velocity U on an array that is 24 points in x, 13 points in y, 5 points in z, and at 10 time intervals. In that case, you may want to define DIMENSION U(24, 13, 5, 10) Jargon: 24 is the length of the 1st dimension, etc. One final note. Arrays are used in C though there are key differences. Fortran increments arrays oppositely to C in storage. And, by default fortran arrays start with index 1 whereas C arrays start at 0 by default. (end of 1.9.1, return to section 1.3.3) Some basic F77 type declarations are given here. F90 does this differently as noted above. You can use the parameter statement to assign dimensional values efficiently: PARAMETER (N=5) DIMENSION A(N), B(N), C(2*N) but the variable must defined before it is used. You cannot switch the order of the 2 statements above. In F90 you do this even more cleverly by means of MODULES (with SAVE and USE statements). We can illustrate that later. 1.4 Basic Expressions 1-4 1.4.1 Arithmetic Operators & Expressions You can have rational powers. You can use a variable for a power, for example potential temperature: xkappa = R/C_p theta = T * (p/p0)**xkappa FYI: whereas Excel and some scripting languages use ^ to indicate exponentiation, ** is used here (and in C) Note: if you have a choice, always use integer powers. Note: you can take an integer power of a negative number, you cannot raise a negative number to a real power (Real powers use ln; ln(neg #) not defined). But, multiplying a number by itself ―n‖ times is well defined. Order of evaluation: when in doubt, use parentheses. Be careful about mixing mode: having an expression with a mixture of floating and integer variables. See example of i=1/5 vs x=1./5. 1.4.2 Assignment statement Do not confuse the assignment (=) from the equivalence (= =) operator. The former assigns a new value, the latter checks for equivalence. 1.4.3 Relational Operators F77 uses abbreviations, F90 allows symbols F77: .EQ. .GE. .GT. .LE. .LT. .NE. F90: = = >= > <= < /= Common pitfall: remember to include those periods to either side. example: if(1..ne.x) etc. the first entry is floating point 1. If you are familiar with C all but the last one are the same (C uses !=) 1.4.4 Logical Expressions F90/F95 uses the same nomenclature Use to combine multiple tests. For example: ―If this and that are true, then do something else...‖ F77: if(x.gt.2..and.y.ne.3.) nxy=nxy+1 F90: if(x>2..and.y/=3.) nxy=nxy+1 1.5 Characters and Strings 1.5.1 String Declaration CHARACTER is non-executable statement CHARACTER as defined in Donev's .pdf guide for F77 is obsolete in F95 F77: CHARACTER*8 first_word F90: CHARACTER (LEN=8) :: first_word 1.5.2 Character Operations Better concatenation example: F90: CHARACTER (LEN=3) :: CHR1,CHR2 1-5 F90: CHARACTER (LEN=6) :: CHR3 CHR1 = ‗Atm' CHR2 = ‗150' CHR3 = chr1 // chr2 ! CHR3 is now Atm150 --- note preservation of upper/lower case 1.5.2 Character Functions These are not required in this course. 1.6 Input and Output The discussion here is somewhat inverted in terms of your code. In general, you want to read or write to a file. In that case you must first assign the file to a "unit number‖ so that the code knows where to retrieve (READ) or send (WRITE) information. You assign the unit number of your choosing with an OPEN statement. Since you have to start with the open statement, I start with 1.6.4 1.6.4 File Input and Output (I/O) There is an OPEN example in the class webpage on formatted printing. I have never used ‗SCRATCH' as an option. I usually use ‗UNKNOWN'. Why? Because it may not exist the first time I run my job, but might on subsequent runs. Not shown is the optional declaration of the format: form='formatted' is used in the demo_ptline.f file. Other option: ‗unformatted' You should avoid certain unit numbers like 5 and 6 since the system may want to reserve those for compiler use. Unit numbers from 7 to 99 are popular choices. There is a CLOSE example in the class webpage on formatted printing The ―STATUS‖ declaration is optional in my experience. You could use the unit for temporary storage and then declare the status delete when you are done. A recommended option is IOSTAT (which checks the i/o status after open executed); Example (F90): OPEN(UNIT=8,FILE='TEST.OUT',STATUS='UNKNOWN',IOSTAT=IOTST) ! CHECK FOR OPEN ERROR ! IF statement discussed in 1.8.1, it checks if iotst does not = 0, then print error message IF(IOTST /= 0 )THEN PRINT *,'COULD NOT OPEN TEST.OUT' ENDIF There are other options that are sometimes useful: ACTION (can designate if file is read only, write only, etc.); ERR (a statement label to jump to if the OPEN fails); to name just some. Implied Do-loops – save this for moment until discuss READ and WRITE 1.6.1 READ See the formatted printing primer. After assigning a unit number (9 say) by means of an OPEN statement 1-6 READ(9, [format statement number]) {input list} The format statement number is used to specify the line where the organization of the input data (i.e. the data's format ) is spelled out. The format is optional. If you have an * there, then it uses ‗free format' and you can vary how you enter information. Note that this is ‗quick & dirty' (i.e. it is easy but sloppy) it works best for simplifying keyboard input. If you don't have the format but have, say: READ(9) {input list} then fortran assumes the data is in binary form. While binary is more compact than formatted writes, different machines store data differently and you may have incompatibility issues to contend with. If the unit is * then it usually expects you to input the data from the keyboard (or ―screen‖ in the terminology of some documentation). 1.6.2 WRITE (writing information) Similar syntax as READ. There are 2 options, PRINT & WRITE. Both can do formatting. PRINT sends stuff to the screen. WRITE sends stuff to a file you specified with your open statement. 1.6.3 FORMAT You give the FORMAT a statement number, such as: READ (9,4) x 4 FORMAT(f6.2) See the formatted printing web page for examples and use. The sample program for problem 1 also compares PRINT and WRITE with slight variation so you can tell them apart. Go to that…. You can also put the formatting inside the READ command. For example: READ (9, FMT='(f6.2)') x 1.6.4 – implied Do-loops You use this to read or to write a collection of things at one time, such as all or part of an array. You have a counter, starting point, end point, and skip interval (by default, skip interval = 1) DIMENSION x(25) PRINT *,(x(i),i=3,10,2) This prints out x(3), x(5), x(7), x(9) to the screen in free format. <<<<< End of 2nd FORTRAN lecture F03, Start of 3rd >>>> 1.7 Functions and Subroutines 1.7.1 Intrinsic functions These are functions supplied automatically. A few are listed here; there are many more. Note that no ―appendix A‖ is in Donev's .pdf file! 1-7 It is crucial to match the type expected by the intrinsic function (or any function) There can be some subtle variation between different fortran packages. The Portland Group fortran on moe is available online, I posted the link on the course webpage. (see student exercises page) 1.7.2 Intrinsic Subroutines Note distinction: functions return a value: x=sin(y) and don't change the argument of the function. In contrast subroutines can return information in one of more arguments and may change the value of an input argument. Subroutines can perform an action without returning anything, for example the plotting subs. Intrinsic subroutines also may differ between fortran packages. For example, pgf has a routine called ―RAN‖ which may or may not access random_number through an alias as well (like the random_number function listed in Donev's .pdf file) 1.7.3 External Functions Functions you define. Donev's .pdf guide has a good example. A source of confusion: what is being sent in the ―dummy arguments‖ or simply the ―arguments‖ that are input to the function. These are not numeric values (or characters if of that type), but address locations on the disk. Even if you put a ―number‖ in for an argument, you are sending a location on the disk where that number has been placed. We identify those locations on the disk with ―pointers‖. Those familiar with C will recognize a similar concept by the same name. However, we don't access the pointers in the same way in F77. Since pointers to locations in storage are being sent, you can imagine that nasty errors occur if you do not match the type between function and calling units. This is why we emphasized that with intrinsic functions. There are a couple of ways in which you could have this type of nasty error. For example, scrambling the order of the arguments: USE DEFAULT TYPES HERE: S = DUMB(X,Y,I) …. FUNCTION DUMB(K,S,T) Etc. This is a severe error. Another common error is to request something outside of the bounds defined for an array. For example: DIMENSION R(5) … S=SUM2(R(5)) … FUNCTION SUM2(X) DIMENSION X(2) SUM2=X(1)+X(2) RETURN END This tries to add R(5) and ―R(6)‖ but R does not encompass R(6). This example is easily seen to be incorrect. In practice this error is more subtle and commonly occurs when 1-8 information about the arrays does not match between program units…AND… when you ask for something outside the bounds. The error message is something like: ―address out of bounds‖ or ―operand range error‖ in this case. Also note how we pointed to the 5th element in R in the argument of the CALL to SUM2 and passed that address to the SUBROUTINE. 1.7.4 Statement function These have been declared obsolete by F95, so we won't discuss them. 1.7.4 External Subroutines The structure is like a mini version of your program. The program statement is replaced with a SUBROUTINE statement. You have non-executable statements then executable statements. You have an END or END SUBROUTINE statement to mark the end of the routine. Some differences: You invoke the subroutine by a CALL statement You have a RETURN statement in the subroutine to go back to where you made the last CALL to the subroutine. Some compilers save the values of local variables inside your subroutine between calls, some don't. Local variables are not passed through the subroutine argument list, nor are they in a PARAMETER statement. (You can't explicitly SAVE those, but they are saved automatically). To ensure a variable is saved you can specifically save it with F90 a SAVE call F90: SAVE :: nmbrcount I am told that simply have a line with just SAVE on it is sufficient to save all local variables. There seems to be a typo here: INTERNAL should be INTRINSIC. The example here (page 14 in Donev's guide) illustrates how a function can be passed as an argument. The function needs to be recognized as such in the arguments of the CALL statement by means of the non-executable EXTERNAL statement, or in this case INTRINSIC. The example is a poor one because it uses a labeled DO loop, and those have not been discussed yet. A simpler example: REAL A, B, C,D,MAX1,MAX2 … C= - 1.e30 CALL FNDMAX(A, B, MAX1) … CALL FNDMAX(C, D, MAX2) … STOP END SUBROUTINE FndMax(x1, x2, x3) REAL x1, x2,x3, count ! bad practice to use COUNT undefined before 1st use 1-9 COUNT=COUNT+1. ! local variable X3=x2 IF(x1.gt.x2) x3=x1 RETURN END SUBROUTINE or END SUBROUTINE FndMax or END FndMax In F90 use the SAVE command in the subroutine. 1.8 Control Structures Include branching (IF-THEN and IF-THEN-ELSE blocks of statements as well as GO TO statements) and looping. 1.8.1 IF-Blocks The discussion and example are good here. It is easy to get confused if you have several nested IF tests. One recommended practice is to indent the contents of each IF block. So an IF block nested inside another is indented twice. Note: do not use the tab key to indent! Logical IF statements are a shortcut when you have a simple operation to perform. For example: F90: IF(x = = 0.) x=0.01 ! doesn't allow x to = 0. Is the same as: IF(x = = 0.) then X=0.01 END IF F90 allows one to name IF blocks which can facilitate identifying which IF-block is being terminated by a particular end if. F90 also has alternative branching via CASE statements (see 2.4.1) If you are familiar with C, the IF and ELSE statements are similar. Also note that in C you might prefer to use SWITCH statements where FORTRAN might nest IF- THEN statements. The SWITCH statements use CASE blocks similar to F90, though C terminates each case with a BREAK; and F90 does not bother to do so. There is another kind of if statement, the ―arithmetic if‖. Instead of a logical expression, you have an arithmetic expression. Depending upon the result: negative, zero, or positive you could go to 1 of 3 different places. This is obsolete in F95 and may be removed from later Fortran. Do not use. 1.8.2 DO - Loops Used for repetitive actions. A common use is when you want to perform a similar calculation for each element of an array. In Donev's guide, we have a numeric DO loop. Essentially, the number ―10‖ is a label. The loop is ended with the statement number 10. 1-10 ―counter‖ is called the loop index. It has value ―start‖ the first pass through the statements inside the loop; it is incremented by amount ―step‖ each successive time, until it exceeds ―limit‖. When it exceeds ―limit‖ the program moves to the next statement after the loop's end. ―limit‖ in the DO statement refers to the end value of the counter ―step‖ in the DO statement refers to the skip interval. ―counter, start, limit and step‖ used to be integer only, then were allowed to float, and in F95 they now must be integer! Unfortunately, Donev used float ranges on p. 14 in an earlier example! Use of numeric label is being phased out. There are two popular variations promoted now. The counting loop would look as follows for Donev's example: Integer NX NX=101 DO J=1,nx X=float(j-1)/float(nx-1) CALL PLOT(x,my_func(x)) END DO The numeric label (as in the example) is very useful in practice and has been brought back in a different form as a labeled DO. The above could be repeated as: Integer NX NX=101 RGloop : DO J=1,nx X=float(j-1)/float(nx-1) CALL PLOT(x,my_func(x)) END DO RGloop Exiting a DO loop used be by means of the ―unconditional GO TO statement.‖ This is GO TO ## statement paired with a ## CONTINUE statement. F90 has the EXIT command which simply moves control to the next statement after the END DO for the current DO loop. Unfortunately, you can't exit out of more than one loop at a time this way. If you want to exit more than one loop, then you use a labeled Exit for a labeled loop. Accordingly, the unconditional go to is still allowed. Example: DO i=1,nx DO j=1,ny If(F(I,j).eq.0.) go to 25 END DO END DO … 25 CONTINUE Print *,'F has at least one zero value' Note: CONTINUE statements do nothing but provide a place holder 1-11 Skipping the rest of a DO loop used be by means of unconditional GO TO ## statement branching. F90 has a better way using the CYCLE command which simply increments the counter and moves control to the next statement after the DO Good practice: 1. use indentation as was mentioned in IF-then discussion 2. never depend on loop index value to be retained after exiting loop 3. assign names to large and to nested loops Pitfalls 1. never modify a loop index inside a DO loop! 2. don't use statement label DO loops (Donev's example) they are obsolete in F95 and could be deleted in later fortran <<<< save rest of discussion in this section for later >>>>> Fortran 90 books discuss two other types of loops: the ―while loop‖ and the ―do while‖ loop. The former keeps repeating an action indefinitely until some criterion is satisfied and the program exits the loop. Example of F90 ―while‖ loop: DO … IF (x>2.) EXIT … END DO The ―do while‖ loop is not recommended for use. Both have the advantage of handling a situation where you don't know how many times you will need to do the action. Both have the disadvantage of potential for an infinite loop – the program becomes stuck doing that action inside the loop until you kill the job. As for the advantage, we will see numerical schemes where iteration is used for which you don't know how many times you'll need to perform the action. As for the disadvantage, infinite loops are a common error! <<<< pick up discussion here >>>> 1.8.2 GO TO statement The unconditional GO TO is discussed above. The example shows a looping use which is common but some consider it ‗bad' programming. It is a convenient way to have an indefinite loop, though again, there is a danger of getting an infinite loop. The computed GO TO is obsolescent in F95. Avoid it. 1.8.3 STOP statement Adding a message is useful to know where your program stopped. For example if a test you pose is failed, such as the iostat value above. 1.9 Arrays 1.9.1 Declaration of arrays 1-12 We have discussed F77 array declaration already. 1.9.2 Using arrays In F77 and before, arrays were accessed element by element as stated. You specify the value of each index. In a do loop you can use the loop indices to identify those index values. Here are some simple examples: DIMENSION X(21), ODD_X(11) DO I=1,11 ODD_X(I) = X(2*I-1) ! every other location END DO DIMENSION F(nx,ny) CALL EZY(F(1,3),nx) ! pass the location of 1,3 in F…*warning* must have ny >= 3 DIMENSION F(nx,ny) CALL EZY(F,nx) is the same as CALL EZY(F(1,1),nx) The default starting location is 1 in Fortran. But you can choose other starting locations with those numbers separated by a colon. These numbers must be integers. They must be specified in a non-executable statement. Examples: DIMENSION F(-21:-1, 0:30) ! F has 21 elements in the first dimension, and 31 in the second Some care is needed in F90 when using MODULES since the starting and ending information might not be automatically passed, only the length. <<< skip >>> In F90 one can do simple forms of array arithmetic. See 2.5.4 and 2.5.5 (p. 27-28) in Donev's guide. Note use of ―:‖ by itself to mean use that entire dimension in the implied loop. <<< end skip >>> 1.9.3 Arrays as Arguments to Sub-programs Matching use between subprogram and calling unit is crucial. Most errors are due to a mismatch. It could be asking for a point out of bounds. You can change the dimensions of the array, and the rank between program units. Just: 1.) don't exceed the range of the array and 2.) ensure you actually use what you intend to use Types of arrays in a subprogram: Fixed size – specified numeric ranges either using numbers in the dimension or variables defined in parameter statements. Adjusted size – pass array dimensions as arguments in the call statement Assumed size – in F77 you could only do this in the last dimension using a ―*‖ or even a ―1‖ as in REAL F(nx,ny,*) you are free to have different values for that third dimension 1-13 but not outside the range originally defined for F. In F90, the other dimensions can be handled this way as well, using ―:‖ not ―*‖. You can even define temporary arrays (so called ―automatic arrays‖ in 2.5.1) CHAPTER 2: Overview of New Features in Fortran 90 2.1 Program Layout keywords here are ―up to‖ 132 columns. By default in my experience, you usually have 80 columns. semi-colon to have more than one statement on a line trailing ampersand (&) continues text onto the next line with free format…Caution! & does not continue a comment! statement labels can have up to 5 digits (same as earlier Fortran) comment lines begin with ! as can trailing comments – useful for labeling an expression. For example: REAL, PARAMETER :: XKAP=1.e3 ! 2nd order diffusion coef. 2.2 Variables 2.2.1 Variable Declaration We already noted the use of the double colon. :: Examples shown by Donev are typical. One thing missing here is the INTENT attribute. This is useful in a subprogram in order to check what is input only (cannot be modified in the subprogram), output only (will be modified, but the input value will not be used), or could be input & output both. These are set with the intent attribute. For example: … CALL PRCNTERR(f, fcor,perr) … SUBROUTINE PRCNTERR(f,cor,pcnt) REAL, INTENT(IN) :: f,cor REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: pcnt If(cor/=0.) then Pcnt=((f-cor)/cor)*100. ELSE Pcnt = 0. Print *,'Correct value is zero' END IF RETURN END 2.2.2 Data Types How to set word length is shown. Modules referred to is coming up shortly. 1-14 2.2.3 Derived Data Types This allows you to set up your own combinations of intrinsic data types. For example, you might want to associate an integer and a floating point number: TYPE StationDat CHARACTER (len=12) :: sta_name INTEGER :: Day REAL :: Temp, Pres END TYPE StationDat TYPE (StationDat) :: F F = StationDat( Davis,54 , 288., 1004.5) ! Davis is station name, the day is the 54th, the Temperature=288.K, the Pressure = 1004.5 hPa. The % sign in Donev's example allows addressing of a specific component of the variable. The ―%x_component‖ is a pointer. A realistic use for derived data types might be to set up arrays similar to the StationDat type. It might allow you to enter information for a station on a given date all at once. Then you would be able to group the data by some category, such as all T data at Davis, T data for all stations on a given day, range of days, etc. by sorting by %Temp 2.3 Functions and Subprograms 2.3.1 Program Units Variables in a program unit are separate from other units: Avoids variable conflicts Requires passing some information Works best when an isolated calculation is isolated in a unit Sharing information/data To share data between various program units, you have several tools: CONTAINS, INTERFACE, dummy argument lists, labeled COMMON, unlabeled COMMON, and MODULES. Unlabelled common is quite a relic and has little utility today. Labelled COMMON remains useful, though modules are intended to improve upon and ultimately replace it. <<< end of lecture 3 >>> 2.3.2 CONTAINS Use this when you want a subprogram to know information in the main program. Note in the example how the i-n integers do not need to be declared, nor passed to the subroutine Zero_counters because they are already declared in the main program. Any variable not already declared in the unit but used inside the code bracketed by the CONTAINS must be declared. (e.g. p.475 in Chapman book) The things in a CONTAINS must be placed at the end of the unit. 1-15 2.3.3 INTERFACE & INTENT The idea here is to provide information about a subprogram to ensure proper use of the subprogram. There actually are 4 types of interface blocks and they are most powerful for derived data types. Since that is a bit beyond what we require for this course, I'm going to skip this and instead focus on modules. It is generally recommended that one use interfaces when a module won't do the job. 2.3.4 MODULES The block of code contained within a named MODULE is accessible from any other part of the program by means of the USE command referencing that name. Modules are similar to labeled COMMON in that you can share information between different subprograms this way. Some ads & disads: i. Unlike labeled COMMON, you do not need to duplicate the information on the labeled common; mismatches can create hard-to-find errors in labeled common. ii. the USE command can be far more compact than duplicating a block of labeled common lines. iii. In both cases, you need to be careful that your variable naming does not unintentionally change something in either unit. With a labeled common in your subprogram you can change variable names; also, you have them displayed right there in the subprogram. In the case of a USE statement you don't have those names right there, but must check the module to ensure it does not have a name conflict. Be extra careful when altering the module by changing or adding variable names… For example, don't have variable I storing a constant in a module and as a loop counter in another unit that USEs that module. iv. unlike labeled COMMON, a module can contain executable commands If you are familiar with C, ―global variables‖ are like using a named MODULE + USE statements. Modules have a variety of uses: 1. Global data sharing of values or variable typing information (including array sizing) with other program units. Example: MODULE dat IMPLICIT NONE SAVE INTEGER, Parameter :: nx = 21 REAL :: F(nx), x(nx) END MODULE dat PROGRAM TestDat USE dat IMPLICIT NONE REAL :: pi INTEGER :: i Pi = acos(-1.) Do I = 1, nx 1-16 X(i) = float(i-1)*pi*2./float(nx) f(i) = cos(x(i)) END DO CALL PRINTY STOP END PROGRAM SUBROUTINE PRINTY USE dat INTEGER :: i DO I = 1,nx PRINT *, ‗ F(i) = ‗,F(i),' at x(i)', x(i) END DO RETURN END SUBROUTINE Notice the repeated use of the implicit none statement. The module is separately compiled from the main program. 2. Module Procedures (p. 347 in Chapman, not in Donev's guide) One can include a procedure within a module, for example: a subroutine. The advantage in doing so is the compiler will explicitly check every argument in the subroutine as to type, number, intent, etc. In contrast, when a subroutine is appended to a program these are not necessarily checked and difficult to find errors may occur: operand range errors, mixed mode errors, or worse. The structure is similar to the prior example. Just that a function or subroutine is inside the MODULE definition block of code. Note that: i. your subprogram follows the nonexecutable statements in the module ii. a CONTAINS statement precedes the Subroutine statement. (Note: p. 492 in Chapman; that INTERFACE statement may replace the CONTAINS to start an ―Interface Block‖ which requires an END INTERFACE before the END MODULE. iii. You would have the same USE statement in the unit where you want to call the subroutine in the module. For example: MODULE sub IMPLICIT NONE SAVE INTEGER, Parameter :: nx = 21 REAL, DIMENSION (nx) :: F, x CONTAINS SUBROUTINE SIGN_CHG(A) REAL :: A(:) A=-A RETURN END END MODULE sub 1-17 PROGRAM TestDat USE sub IMPLICIT NONE REAL :: pi INTEGER :: I PI = ACOS(-1.) DO I = 1, NX X(I) = FLOAT(I-1)*PI*2/FLOAT(NX) F(I) = COS(X(I)) END DO CALL PRINTY CALL SIGN_CHG(F) CALL PRINTY STOP END PROGRAM SUBROUTINE PRINTY USE sub INTEGER :: I DO I = 1,nx PRINT *, ' F(i) = ',F(i),' at x(i)', x(i) END DO RETURN END Notice in the example above, that a module can include subroutines that use assumed-shape arrays just like regular subroutines. Following this practice ends up making all your subroutines come first in a series of MODULES and your main program being the last thing in the file! The program then looks kinda ―upside down‖ in that case. 2.4 Control Structures 2.4.1 CASE blocks F90 has an alternative to branching by means of IF-THEN-ELSE. Donev's example is a good one. Note that you can have ranges or one or more single values. Ranges denoted by : (colon). The CASE arguments must be character, integer, or logical Example for chaos problem: INTEGER :: RB R=RAN(JJJ) RB = int(3.*R) Vbranch : SELECT CASE (RB) CASE(0) XG=(X+A(2))*0.5 YG=(Y+B(2))*0.5 CASE(1) 1-18 XG=(X+A(3))*0.5 YG=(Y+B(3))*0.5 CASE DEFAULT XG=(X+A(1))*0.5 YG=(Y+B(1))*0.5 END SELECT Vbranch If you are familiar with C, you will recognize a similar feature also named case. Notice that in C you end each Case segment with a ―break;‖ Otherwise it is similar. 2.4.2 DO loops Donev's example is what is known as a ―While Loop‖ (p. 109 in Chapman). Notice how the DO statement has no limits. You exit by means of the EXIT and can skip the rest of the loop and return to the start by means of the CYCLE command. Notice that the EXIT can branch out more than one nested loop if you have the loops properly named and EXIT to a specific name. The default EXIT is on the outside of the current loop. Donev's critique of the GO TO is not quite accurate. The computed GO TO is being phased out: it is obsolescent in F95 and may be deleted in the future. The Unconditional GO TO , such as GO TO 12 is still OK, but one should use it with care. (p. 774 in Chapman) 2.5 Arrays 2.5.1 Declaration of Arrays We have already discussed dimensioning in F90 above. ―cound‖ in 2nd line under DIMENSION bullet should be ―bound‖ The ―ellipse symbol‖ means colon, as near as I can tell. ―Automatic arrays‖ are mentioned. This is a F90 innovation that again might also exist in C. This allows a temporary array, used only in a subroutine say, to have variable size. Prior Fortran required you to specify the bounds explicitly. Now it can be done dynamically. Example: SUBROUTINE sub1 (x,n) IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: n REAL, INTENT(INOUT), DIMENSION(n) :: x ! dummy array REAL, DIMENSION(n) :: temp ! automatic array Temp = 0. …. END SUBROUTINE Before F90, you defined arrays explicitly. This is known as ―static memory‖. If your arrays were very large, you might have trouble fitting your program onto the machine. To overcome this, you might re-use a particular array for different purposes in different parts of your code. This can be tedious, tricky, or unsatisfactory to implement. Alternatively, you might use an EQUIVALENCE statement; but that statement is being phased out and is strongly discouraged. A better form of this is to define one huge array 1-19 for the minimum you will need for all your arrays at any time during the execution. Then dynamically assign data to parts of this array and use memory pointers to find the array you need at any one point in the execution. The NCAR CCM used this procedure. As a final option you might roll information in and out of memory as needed. The CCM did this as well. (with BUFFER IN and BUFFER OUT) F90 gives you another option. F90 allows you to take advantage of ―dynamic memory". This is memory that can change while the program is executing. The procedure is broadly as follows. ―Allocatable‖ is an attribute that can be applied to arrays. It defines the rank of the array (i.e. the number of dimensions) and the type (Real say). It does not define the size. For example: REAL, ALLOCATABLE, DIMENSION(:,: ) :: T When you actually need the array, you specify the precise size with an ALLOCATE statement, such as: ALLOCATE (T(0:100,3), STAT=status) The STAT clause returns zero if there is memory enough to add the array T at that point in the execution. When you no longer need the array, you can DEALLOCATE it DEALLOCATE (T, STAT=status) This frees up the memory. In this way you can run your job on a machine with smaller in- core memory. Donev has more on this in section 2.5.9. TARGET – skip this 2.5.2 Vectors Interesting example here, but Donev appears to have a typo: INTEGER :: vector(10)=(1:9:2,6,(2**I,i=1,4)/) I believe this makes 10 elements, not 6. 2.5.3 Using Arrays This and the next section illustrate powerful innovations in F90 over previous Fortran. While it simplifies the syntax, there new issues requiring your care when you implement this syntax. Note use of the colon : and the comma as placeholders to know what range or the entire range and what dimension you are referring to. The examples seem pretty good, except there appears to be an error with the last one. I believe that array vector must be integer. F95 no longer allows non-integer indices for arrays. 2.5.4 Array Operations span in time – means go through a sequence of operations. E.g. the nested DO loops example span in space – means operate on a range in memory, the order may vary from one machine architecture to another. 2.5.5 Elemental Functions 1-20 This is an amazing example of the power of the method. But like anything in computing, you have a trade off between compact & complex versus long & simple. Use these operations with care and always have a check upon your results. 2.5.6 WHERE construct Use is similar to IF-THEN-ELSE, or even CASE, except that you operate on an array at a time, not just one element of it. If doing this in F77: DO i=1,nx DO j=1,ny If(x(I,j)>10.) then X(I,j)=10. End if If(x(I,j)<-10.) then X(I,j)=-10. End if END do END DO One can do the same thing in F90 with this: Tst: WHERE (x>10.) X=10. END WHERE Tst Tst2: WHERE (x<-10.) X=-10. END WHERE Tst2 Skip rest of the guide. But note that Allocatable arrays are discussed above. **************************************************************** 1-21
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text: Money MoneyUnited States Kaitlin Funaro on Aug 28, 2012 @ 11:51 AMAug 28, 2012 @ 11:51 AM PublishedUS consumer confidence drops to 9-month low August's consumer confidence figures were at their lowest level since November 2011 despite gains in home prices and job growth.An unexpected number of Americans kept their wallets closed in August as consumer confidence figures tumbled to their lowest in nine months.A new report released Tuesday by the Conference Board, a private industry group, said its index of consumer spending attitudes fell to 60.6 from a downwardly revised 65.4 the month before, according to Reuters. It was the lowest performance since November 2011. A Reuters poll showed that economists expected an increase to 66.Bloomberg News reports that a combination of factors including rising gas prices, a jobless rate stubbornly stuck above 8 percent and limited income growth are keeping people pessimistic about the future economy. The more Americans stay glum, the higher the risk they will reign in the household spending that accounts for about 70 percent of the US economy."The consumer is still very cautious," Jim O'Sullivan, chief U.S. economist for High Frequency Economics Ltd, told Bloomberg."The labor market is still relatively weak. There's a lot of uncertainty about policy ahead of the election", he said.Economists expected American consumers to be feeling better about the economy after improvements in both the job market and home sales. AP reports that the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller home price index, released Tuesday, showed home prices rose in June in the first year-over-year increase since the summer of 2010. The rise in home prices seems to be spreading across the country. All 20 cities tracked by the index rose in June from May, reports AP. It's the second consecutive time in which every city posted month-over-month gains.The job market is also slowing making gains with employers adding 163,000 jobs in July, the most since February. In one more sliver of good news, the number of consumers who expect an increase in their incomes went up to 15.7 per cent from 14.2 per cent, according to the Index.