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Finger Foods
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Serve my fiery hot wings on game day or anytime friends and family gather. If you don't like a ton of sweetness, add the honey slowly and taste as you go. —Logan Holser, Clarkston, MichiganView Sweet Sriracha Wings Recipe

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I visited this hotel for two nights in the end of June 2013 and I would say that everything was above my expectations.Set in a spacious garden. Nice pool, very friendly staff. Mediterranean Sea is close, just a little walk across the street and then between 2 houses and voila - here is the beach. Food was very good, clean rooms and nicely equipped. Rooms at the Green Park Resort are set in independent villas. Only one minus was that the plugs are different than in Baltics, Russia and northern countries. I couldn't use my own hairdryer and charge my phone.
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Average Customer Review
Share your thoughts with other customersCreate your own review
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Stimulating, insightful, but uneven
This is a fascinating book: short enough to read in half a day or so, full of refreshingly unconventional views, but clearly aiming for balance. In spite of the provocative, "Buy Me!" title (presumably based on the famous Western movie "How the West was won"), the author does not adopt anything that could be called an "anti-American" attitude. Her thesis is that the West...
Published on 28 Dec. 2012 by T. D. Welsh
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting analysis,conclusions rather wonky...
This book promises a lot but sadly delivers little. As an analysis of the sub-prime melt-down and the general structural economic decline of the 'West' and the USA in particular, it has it's merits.Yet the premise is a faulty one.Her view roughly summarized, is that the barbarians are at the gates, so we had better look out.
The USA after the setting up of the...
Published on 19 Feb. 2013 by os
Most Helpful First | Newest First
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Stimulating, insightful, but uneven,
T. D. Welsh (Basingstoke, Hampshire UK) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
This is a fascinating book: short enough to read in half a day or so, full of refreshingly unconventional views, but clearly aiming for balance. In spite of the provocative, "Buy Me!" title (presumably based on the famous Western movie "How the West was won"), the author does not adopt anything that could be called an "anti-American" attitude. Her thesis is that the West - the USA, UK, Western Europe, etc. - has been steadily losing ground economically to "the Rest" - led by China, and also including China, Russia, Brazil, India, and many other nations. Dr Moyo then takes a deeper dive, divided into the three critical factors of Capital, Labour, and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). In each of those, she claims, the West has been falling behind for well-defined reasons.
Starting with capital, Dr Moyo asserts that the West has seriously mismanaged its capital in several ways. One of the main reasons for this - an idea that crops up again later in the book - is that Western nations lack the political ability to make rapid decisions for the good of the nation as a whole. They are hamstrung by participative democracy and frequent elections. In a passage that, for me, is the most important in the whole book, Dr Moyo explains why "debt is cheaper than equity". All corporations are funded by equity and debt; but those who own the equity are much less risk-averse than those who own the debt. Thus the creditors should exert a restraining influence, forcing management to avoid excessive risk. When government underwrites banks and other enterprises, it removes this restraining influence - leading directly to catastrophes like the financial crisis of 2008. Another dreadful mistake was for governments to encourage home ownership, which merely raised the cost of housing while tying up capital unproductively.
The situation is equally grim when it comes to labour, as demographics mean that the West has an aging population that will become steadily less productive, just as the unfunded promises of future pensions come due. Dr Moyo seems to approve much more of the Chinese way, where individuals mostly have to fend for themselves by saving while they can. The West has also failed on the educational front, both in terms of quality and quantity: standards have fallen in the pursuit of equality and anti-meritocratic policies, while China and India produce far more scientists, technicians, and engineers than the USA or the UK. Moreover, the West is misusing its talent, as the best and brightest make a beeline for Wall Street or the City of London instead of doing something useful with their brains.
Dr Moyo's undoubted expertise seems to have sharply delimited borders. Her only substantial mention of population growth leads to the judgment that the West is at a severe disadvantage due to its slow rate of increase, whereas China is sitting pretty with a much younger demographic profile. Later, she states in passing that the world's total population is "around 6 billion today". In fact, it passed 7 billion the very year (2011) this book was published. To underestimate such a critical number by 16% would be unforgivable, were it not that Dr Moyo is clearly an economist with little knowledge of, or interest in, ecology. Nevertheless, one may question the value of a book that carries economic analysis to a considerable depth while utterly ignoring the wider context which may render pure economic analysis worthless. In another example, she declares that Africa contains 80 percent of the world's "untilled arable land", suggesting that it could be cleared of trees and used to grow crops. But experience has shown that, in tropical forest, this often leads to laterization, after which the land won't grow crops, trees, or anything else.
When it comes to politics, Dr Moyo appears to be almost as naive. She writes, for example: "The US needs to make sure the benefits of its consumption accrue to the broadest number of its citizens". But this assumes that there is such a single entity as "the US", and that it is interested in the welfare of all its citizens. Even given that the USA is a functioning democracy (a big assumption to make) why would the rulers behave altruistically, rather than favouring their sponsors?
The book has been poorly (or at least unevenly) edited, as several schoolgirl clangers have got through. For instance, it is claimed that the UK's 62.8 million credit cards and total credit card debt of �63.6 billion represent "over one card and one pound for every Briton in the country". It doesn't build confidence when a professional economist confuses millions with billions! On page 77 of my edition, Danish researchers are quoted as saying that every second baby born today in "developed, industrialized nations" will live to 100. Well and good - but then on page 122 we are told that "across the industrialized West many medical practitioners agree that this generation of six-years olds will be the first to live less long than the generation that preceded them". On page 123 I was surprised to read that, "...one nuclear molecule provides many hundreds of times of kilojoules of energy than its closest competitors". I quote those mistakes only to demonstrate that the author, the editor, or both were inattentive at times.
Despite its imperfections, I encourage you to read this book. I don't think it has any answers, but it asks some very pointed and interesting questions.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars A useful contribution,
Thomas B. Kilcourse "Tom Kilcourse" (France) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
How The West Was Lost
Dambisa Moyo
I recall reading somewhere that after the end of WWII the Japanese were advised by Americans to focus on rebuilding their economy by producing rice and other food products so that they would be able to afford to buy American cars. The Japanese rejected the advice, set up MITI and today most cars produced in America and the UK are Japanese. Judging by the message in this book the West learned nothing from that lesson.
Dambisa Moyo demonstrates that the lesson is being repeated, but this time by Chinese teachers. The lesson is that the western model of capitalism is being displaced by state driven capitalism. While the West clings to an economic model based on the fallacy of Ricardian comparative advantage, and profit maximisation with the market as the guide, state capitalism operates on principles of absolute advantage and volume maximisation under state guidance. Consequently, whereas China has clear long-term economic strategies the West follows the vagaries of short-term market indicators.
The author makes her case effectively using statistical illustrations to compare America and China, with America presented as an exporter of capital, living on credit supported consumerism and neglecting its crumbling infrastructure. China, on the other hand, is an exporter of consumer goods with low levels of consumption and credit at home, and is investing enormous amounts in infrastructure. Moyo mentions in passing that the UK operates on the American model.
`How The West Was Lost' is one of several recent books presenting a similar warning message to which western politicians appear deaf. Although Ms. Moyo suggests some remedies that America could turn to I do not believe her advice will be followed, not least because the USA has traitors within the gates: those nominally American international corporations that benefit from the existing situation and are the paymasters behind western politics. Nevertheless, this book is a cogent and powerful contribution to the debate and should be read by anyone interested in the future facing them and their children. I recommend it strongly.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting analysis,conclusions rather wonky...,
os - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
This book promises a lot but sadly delivers little. As an analysis of the sub-prime melt-down and the general structural economic decline of the 'West' and the USA in particular, it has it's merits.Yet the premise is a faulty one.Her view roughly summarized, is that the barbarians are at the gates, so we had better look out.
The USA after the setting up of the Bretton Woods agreement in 1944 became ascendant in the World Economy.The dollar replaced the � as the currency of international choice,the US military had few if any direct competitors and the British bankrupt, whilst the Europeans needed American cash to rebuild.Meanwhile, American trade policies were implemented by Western instruments such as the IMF and GATT and American multinationals gained new markets in territories opened up to them after the war us military presence overseas. The immediate post -war period was the time of unrivaled American economic dominance until costly ventures like the Vietnam war and consequent American leaving of the 'Gold Standard' in 1971, coupled with the oil price shocks of 1973, indicated that a fundamental shift in America's global position was not not only possible but likely.(Most of this goes unmentioned by Ms Moyo)
History tells us that empires can't last for ever.Empires are created it could be said, by strength of arms, leadership and some sort of economic system that supports civil society and pays for the imposition of order at home and abroad. When the system can't support the military or vice-versa,the end is never far away. Either complacency, a penchant for luxury,some sort of external shock or the arrival of a foreign competitor spells the disillusion of the current hierarchy to be replaced by another. So it's not surprising, although to Ms Moyo it is, that the 'American Century' had to end sometime.
Where her argument is sound, is the fact that the 'West' has become economically degenerate. Debt and the love of debt to fund individual life styles (especially housing)and the black holes of government projects such as pensions ,welfare payments, bank bail outs,military adventurism and the like are not supportable by the economic underpinnings, then eventually the money must run out. As a result of the failure of the West to invest in education, innovation and infrastructure there has been a consequential weakening in America and the West's ability to compete with the emerging regional big guys like India, Brazil and of course China. So,like many an empire of old, collapse or retrenchment must follow- as slackness within and competition from without must make change inevitable. Productivity, creativity and enterprise mean success,it's lack- failure.
She is also right to point out that the Chinese especially have played a good hand- gradual relaxing of state control,looking at long term investment not short term consumption and using currency as a way of making her goods competitive. Yet also the Chinese have built up relations with countries in Africa and Asia to secure mineral and food supplies rather then relying on the vagaries of the market.The Chinese have been smart, the West complacent. In addition, the Chinese and Indians have moved their production up the 'value chain' , so that now they can produce complex high tech products and offer services such as IT, competing in West's backyard.
The meaning of all this gloom and doom is that governments can no longer support the generally liberal welfare systems of yore. Plus, something more needs to be done then hacking at the welfare budget: Ms Moyo claims to have some radical ideas here. Sorry to report but the most important part of the book is where I have to fundamentally disagree with the author. Protectionism she thinks is the answer: - the USA should in some way decouple (autarky)from the World trade system that it helped set up in the first place and debt default. Also government should reign in commitments like pensions and welfare and invest much more heavily in R and D. Fair enough, but how is this to be done? She also thinks that Europe ought to be left to drift off into oblivion as a failed trade bloc, to die slowly of its own self-inflicted wounds, unmourned and irrelevant.
How about a more constructive approach?- engagement and negotiation. Governments in America and the West should look at the tax avoidance of multinationals and the super-rich,look to cooperate with the emerging nations and where possible learn from them. Perhaps there should be an acceptance that the era of mass -consumption in the West is over. Citizens should look to care much for themselves in return for lower tax and regulation. Citizens should prepare to be more occupationally and regionally mobile, looking to create or find opportunities for themselves.
The author also forgets that the Chinese and Indians etc are starting fro a low base.They also have problems of their own - asset bubbles,inflation, significant variations in poverty, opportunity and productivity. Also, these governments will be faced with growing demands for higher welfare provision and the break down perhaps in centralist state authority as the economy gets too complex to control by committee.Also, it is a general fact that when governments get their hands on money, arms expenditure and the itch to use those arms gets irresistible.Net result; lots of money thrown at pointless expensive bits of kit that fuel expensive military ambitions. See the pre-1914 Dreadnought arms race. Afghanistan is a great example of where Russia and America thought that dropping bombs changed things 'on the ground', only to find that the costs of such campaigns where much higher than could ever been anticipated at the time.
If we want developing nations and indeed ourselves to prosper we need trade and mutual support. Also,it is no ones interest to have defaults and protectionism ,but the gains from trade have to be more evenly spread.The Chinese aren't the enemy.Trade is not a war, it is an activity for the benefit for both sides. I might sound like a libertarian of the rosy -tinted glasses variety, but I believe that the West has to become more competitive and it's citizens less dependent on government. Politicians have to start telling us the 'truth' before the markets do in the form of higher prices. Hard choices await us. Hiding behind protectionism does nothing but make the world a less safer and poorer place.
'How the West was Lost' is a good 'light' read, rather repetitious and short on sensible policy suggestions.It makes some worthwhile points, but is rather too keen to 'big up' the emerging nations and down play the very real strengths of Western political economy - respect for property,transparency and soundness of government coupled with formidable technical and human capital. Read Ms Moyo by all means, but beware of the significant limitations of what she has to say. Remember, the Chinese don't have all the answers and the West might be in a bad way, but the patient ain't dead just yet!
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars Good foundations, but overstretched conclusions,
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
This was an entertaining read. It has a wealth of insightful analysis of things the West has done wrong and the consequences of having squandered such potential. The book is generally very clear and easy to follow, albeit a little academic in some places.
Ms Moyo is convincing in explaining the west and the consequences of its actions. However the conclusions and predictions seem selective and overstretched resulting in a few rather dry and not very convincing scenarios.
Ms Moyo seems not to recognise the inherent risks in the "rest of the world" while neglecting strengths in the West. An example is that a pensions liability in practise exists in both China and in the West and that a 1 child policy China will needs to fund the care of its pensioners. Whether pensions are funded by a Government or their private citizens, in both cases neither seems likely to be saving enough and economic activity will likely be depressed.
Equally framing the analysis with an almost exclusive focus on nation states seems to neglect how individuals and "micro societies" for lack of a better word are likely to shape future global prosperity. A more fluid world suggests a more nuanced approach than the "west vs the rest approach" is needed.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent,
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
A superb analysis of the sheer stupidity of US and UK misallocation of investment capital, (for example) in sectors such as ludicrously overpriced Housing, the borrow to consume House of Cards economy, in contrast to other countries that have wisely invested in factories and productive businesses that generate monthly incomes for people. Points out the uselessness of the misdirected (military) spending and stupid military adventure of the US and UK. A very good outline of the World economy as it is now and where it could be headed. The book also points out that the present economic and political structures in Western Europe and the US will not meet the challenges of ageing population, the Black Holes in pension funds and continuation of non-productive economies. Reading between the lines I would say the author questions the wisdom of certain countries even attempting to exist and compete in the same Trading Arena as China. Excellent Book.
10 of 12 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A must read!!!,
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
How the West Was Lost provides a broad overview of the international economy. Moyo has moved on from the failures of western aid in her last book to some of the most controversial positions and choices of governments and electorates alike. It is incredibly factual and a great historical resource elucidating the last fifty years - the politics, the economics and the social implications. The author concludes with certain Western options to compete against rising Eastern states and inequality. How The West Was Lost is thought provoking and stimulating considering our current economic climate. A must read for anyone interested in the state of the world, the financial crisis and the future of the west - and the rest.
13 of 16 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Concise and Powerful.,
C. Sanchez (London) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
How The West Was Lost is a lively and potent indictment of some of the political and economic failures and follies of the UK and US over the past 50 years. Although particularly scathing towards short-sighted governments and banks the argument is clear - we are all to blame for the state we're in.
Ms Moyo is not so pessimistic however in that the West cannot change things around, but she is realistic enough to convey how difficult it will be to do so. She also emphasises how we must learn from those we once taught - namely China and India.
Like a good lead article in The Economist How The West Was Lost is concise and powerful synthesis of fact and comment.
Highly readable. Highly recommended.
1.0 out of 5 stars Terrible - rambling, full of mistakes and dubious, ill-supported conclusions.,
Mr. Jr Baker "money trist" (Malaga, Spain) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
I don't often post a review but I was moved to so by this book because potential buyers need to be warned - it is rubbish, possibly the worst economics book I have ever read. The premise is interesting and summed up neatly by the title but it goes down hill from there. It jumps around incoherently splurging out facts and opinions which lack in originality and are not organised into a solid argument.
The basic idea that the West, particularly the US, is irreversibly declining versus "the Rest" (principally China) has been made many times before but never this badly. The book was published a few years ago and the US is actually looking pretty good right now vs China and the rest of the BRICs which undercuts some of the arguments.
But my real problem is the quality of the arguments and writing - really bad and I don't say that to be mean like a troll or because I disagree.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars South Sea Bubble again,
Amazon Customer (West Malling) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
This is a thought provoking book about how the West sleep walked into another South Sea Bubble. Only in this one most people wanted to believe Gordon Brown's "Boom and Bust are over" rather than the reality that any property funded boom was bound to collapse sooner or later. With house prices on the slide and likely to accelerate down as the cuts hit home this Summer, a potential Oil crisis and a steady stream of natural disasters, is the West capable of reinventing itself?
Couple of quibbles. Whoever edited the book needs to be shot for allowing too many inaccuracies to creep in. Plus someone should have explained to Moyo that she needed to use a constant financial currency and exchange rate as a base as it's practically impossible to follow some facts and figures as they jump around currencies and times. I suspect a new edition will clean these up, but it's a sign publishers are skimping on editing.
4.0 out of 5 stars A comprehensive economic argument that the West is giving way to the rest of the world,
Rolf Dobelli "getAbstract" (Switzerland) - See all my reviews
This review is from: How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly--And the Stark Choices Ahead (Paperback)
Many believe the West will always be on top of the world's economy, as it has been for the past 500 years. However, if the competition for global economic dominance were an upcoming horse race, according to economist Dambisa Moyo's pessimistic read, Europe would face long odds, America would be even money and China would be the hot favorite. Moyo explains why she believes the US and other Western countries' financial fortunes are fading, while the smart money is on China, India and the other "Rising Rest" nations as good bets to come up on the outside. While always neutral about political conclusions, getAbstract recommends Moyo's well-argued - though sometimes feverish - presentation to those interested in considering various scenarios for the global economy's future.
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How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead by Dambisa Moyo (Paperback - 26 Jan. 2012)
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BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
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i dissagree with tri. cleak!
well, i think grey clock is one of the best clocks, around! even if he turned everyone 2 locks!11one
also, an observation:my chin looks more hairy when in lock mode...interesting.
great movie, gets a cool FIVE'D
A brilliant masterpiece.
Happy Lock Day Redneck, you race traitor you.


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She must whitewash these brown men and women, rid them of their savage, slavish ways, and repaint them in her own image.
Zaks had to find the delicate poise between vivid restating and slavish reenactment.
His recent opus, "Distorting Russia," will go down in history as one of the most slavish defenses of Putinism.


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prints, a wood carved duck rest on a wicker coffee table near a hand-thrown pot filled with buck brush in the sunlight of a sunday afternoon. prints
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These pieces decorated our living room coffee table for several years. The pot was made in Silverton, Colorado by a potter who found all he needed right there to create the pottery he wanted to make. The clay and the materials for his glazes are all found nearby.
In 1969, Monte Toon began his career as a watercolorist. He credits the late Charles Sanderson of Wichita, Kansas, with setting him on his life-long path of watercolor painting. Sanderson inspired new approaches and techniques. Later, the works of Winslow Homer, Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper would influence Toon's work. More than 43 years experience has defined Toon's style in his exclusive use of watercolor. In 1991, a turning point occurred in Toon's work. Travels in Canada, New England and the east coast broadened his range of subject matter. By setting goals and directions of purpose, Monte enhanced and elevated his works to new heights resulting in numerous solo shows of merit. He refers to this change as a re-dedication...
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text: Quick View save 37% HBR Guide to Negotiating (HBR Guide Series) by Jeff Weiss February 16, 2016 | Trade Paperback Pre-order online from $15.68 Negotiations are a critical part of our professional and personal lives. Whether you are working on a team project, pitching a new product, trying to get a raise, or even just planning a family event, you want to get to yes" quickly, without stress or confrontation. The HBR Guide to… See Details $16.50 / $15.68 lowest price*was $25.00


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Articles tagged 17th street
1 Nov 2011 // 10:00 PM
The Hammers of Misfortune have produced an album that is equal parts beguiling, thought-provoking and absorbing.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


text: Dave Pad — Last Breath Before The Dive (Original Mix) by Highway Records published on 2012/10/29 10:37:45 +0000 After the successful debut album Many Days by BarBQ, released in Summer, Highway Records proudly presents new longplay Deep Elements by extremely talented Moscow-based producer Dave Pad. Enjoy, relax and feel the atmosphere. Supported by Nick Warren, Jody Wisternoff, Nico Lahs, Tapesh, Sam Divine, Neil Quigley, DZeta N' Basile, Jacuzzu Boys, Jorge Savoretti, Terry Grant, Joachim, Guy Mantzur, Sahar Z, Sasch BBC, Darin Epsilon, Kassey Voorn, Rob Small, Adriano Filippucci, Francys, The Disclosure Project, Sami Wentz, DeMarzo, Evren Ulusoy, Sezer Uysal, Michael McLardy, Sergey Sanchez, Spieltape and many more. Buy on Beatport: http://www.beatport.com/release/deep-elements/985923 Highway Records on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/highwayrecords


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The Power of Independent Thinking
G7 Meetings UnderwayIvan Eland Interviewed on Canadas CTV News
Recorded: Sunday, June 7, 2015
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland appears on Canadas CTV News to discuss the G7 meetings underway in Germany. On the aganeda for the G7 countries are items such as the situation in Ukraine and Russian sanctions, how to combat ISIS, climate change and more. Eland offers his analysis of the G7 agenda and what is needed for a successful summit.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Economic History and Development (International), Terrorism and National Crises
Ivan Eland on Greeces Credit Crisis
Recorded: Thursday, May 28, 2015
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland appears on Arise TV to talk about the Greek Governments credit deal with the International Monetary Fund. Eland says the last minute deal with Greeces creditors might prolong the inevitable, that Greece might fall into default on loans. Greece and the EU might be better off if they realize that Greeces economy is failing.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy
Partitioning Iraq for Peace
Recorded: Tuesday, March 31, 2015
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland, author of Partitioning for Peace, appeared on "Doug Stephan's Good Day" radio program. Eland talks about the state of terrorism in the Iraq and whether the US creates more of a problem with its intervention. He also discusses the question of how ISIS is different than other terror groups.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Freedom, History (International), Nationalism, Politics, Race Issues, Religion, Terrorism and National Crises
Stephen P. Halbrook on the Tom Woods Radio Show to Discuss Gun Control
Recorded: Monday, March 23, 2015
Research Fellow Stephen P. Halbrook, author of Gun Control in the Third Reich, talks with radio host Tom Woods about the events in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s that led to the disarming of Jews and other so-called "Enemies of the State" beginning with gun registration policies of the Weimar Republic, to the Nazis use of that information to disarm and eliminate any opposition.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Culture/ Society, Freedom, Government Power, Gun Control, History (International), Law Enforcement, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Privatization, Religion, Terrorism and National Crises
Ivan Eland on Germanys Angela Merkel: Most Powerful Woman in the World
Recorded: Monday, October 6, 2014
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland appeared on Arise TVs XChange program to talk about German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Merkel has called for austerity in Europe and has helped Europe avoid economic collapse. Although she mediated bailouts in Europe, the situation would have been worse without her leadership. Merkel has also demanded sanctions against Russia.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy, History (International), Labor and Employment, Regulation and Deregulation
Ivan Eland: Ukrainian Economy Nears Collapse
Recorded: Monday, September 22, 2014
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland is interviewed on Arise TV about the continuing crisis in Ukraine, where the economy is collapsing as the country deals with threats from Russia.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy, Government Power, History (International), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Jonathan Bean on The Bob Zadek Show
Recorded: Sunday, August 10, 2014
Research Fellow Jonathan Bean, author of Race and Liberty in America appeared on The Bob Zadek Show, a Libertarian talk show broadcast live on Talk 910 KKSF.
Experts: Jonathan BeanType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Free Market Economics, Freedom, History (U.S), Politics, Race Issues, Religion
C.S. Lewis on Mere Liberty and the Evils of Statism
Recorded: Saturday, August 2, 2014
David J. Theroux, founder and president of The Independent Institute and the C.S. Lewis Society of California, discusses the writings of C.S. Lewis and Lewis's views on individual liberty, natural law and statism.
The presentation was the keynote talk at the first annual conference of Christians for Liberty, that was held at St. Edwards University in Austin, TX, August 2, 2014.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: Other EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Collectivism, Culture/ Society, Education, Family, Freedom, Government Power, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privacy, Privatization, Property Rights, Regulation and Deregulation, Religion, Science, Taxes, Welfare


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Speaker of Puducherry Assembly V Sabapathy paid floral tributes at the statue of the freedom fighter and former Deputy Prime Minister Babu Jagjivan Ram on the occasion of his 29th death anniversary on Monday.
Uts News
BJP, an alliance partner of the ruling AINRC, on Tuesday demanded that Chief Minister N Rangasamy ensure that the free rice scheme for all sections of people be restricted to cover the poor and have-nots by adopting the income basis.
Describing the upcoming Bihar Assembly polls as "crucial", CPI today said there was a need to defeat BJP in the forthcoming polls and also emphasized on the "reunification of the communist movement" in the wake of assembly polls due in several states next year.
BJP's Puducherry unit on Wednesday took exception to modification in Centralised Admission Committee guidelines for selection of students under government quota for admission to various professional colleges.
Freedom fighter and former Puducherry minister Dhakshinamurthy Mudaliar has died, his family sources said.
Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi on Thursday left for Chandigarh to meet the family of a debt-ridden farmer who had interacted with him earlier and committed suicide by consuming some poisonous substance.
Special yoga demonstration by around 3,500 school students and programmes by the departments of Tourism and Indian system of Medicine and Homeopathy are part of a series of programmes drawn up by the government to mark International Yoga Day on June 21.
Puducherry Chief Minister N Rangasamy on Sunday said promises given on the floor of the House and also outside were being fulfilled and speedy steps taken to implement the assurances.
Puducherry government has for the first time rolled out monthly pension scheme for media persons in the Union Territory.
BJP MLA M Visweswaran on Friday said in a Union Territory, the Lt Governor, who is the Administrator, is the higher authority and the elected government can aid and advise him.
Chief Minister N Rangasamy on Thursday said that a Rs 50 crore super speciality hospital would soon come up in Karaikal.
All eligible persons would be covered under the old age pension scheme under which a monthly assistance of Rs 1,100 is extended, Puducherry Welfare Minister P Rajavelu said on Friday.
AICC general secretary V Narayanasamy on Thursday alleged that 'fake certificates' were issued to a good number of students to enable them to join the MBBS course in government-run Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute here under seats meant for students of Puducherry.
The Puducherry Fishermen Association has expressed strong protest against the government`s "delay" in disbursing relief to fishermen affected by natural calamities.
Puducherry government has drawn up a plan to offer short term courses in technical and non-technical streams to ensure unemployed youth augmented their skill and became employable or launched self employment projects.
As part of its initiatives to set up Energy Education Park in each State and Union Territory across the country, Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has established one such park in Puducherry.
Dr Subhash Chandra, Chairman, Essel Group and ZEE, talked about 'aspirations' at Chitkara University and Chandigarh Patiala University on Saturday. Over 1500 students attended the two sessions of DSC show.
A 5.4 magnitude earthquake hit off Andaman and Nicobar Islands on Friday, within a week of the high intensity quake that hit Nepal and adjoining areas including parts of India.
May Day was celebrated in the Union Territory of Puducherry with zeal and enthusiasm by various trade unions and labour outfits on Friday.
Puducherry Chief Minister N Rangasamy Wednesday said the Rs 6450 crore tax free budget he presented for fiscal 2015-2016 was "development oriented" and intended to augment the welfare of the people.
The Puducherry government would draw up a programme to felicitate E Valsaraj (Cong) and A M H Nazeem (DMK) who have completed 25 years as members of the House without break, Chief Minister N Rangasamy said on Tuesday.
Puducherry Chief Minister N Rangasamy on Monday informed the assembly that the government had been frequently persuading the Centre to bring Union Territory under the ambit of the Central Finance Commission so that Puducherry could enjoy the benefits of the states were now getting through the Finance Commission.
The Puducherry Assembly on Monday condoled the deaths of a large number of people in earthquake hit Nepal and wished speedy recovery to those injured.
Devotees Friday paid homage at the memorials of Aurobindo and The Mother (Mira Alfassa) here on the occasion of the 95th anniversary of the arrival of the Mother to carry out spiritual experiments in collaboration with Aurobindo.
Opposition AIADMK today said the announcements in the budget, presented by Chief Minister N Rangasamy for fiscal 2015-2016, were all "aimed at pleasing the people and keeping next year Assembly polls in mind."
A minor boy studying in class XI at a school here was arrested for allegedly raping a six-year-old girl, police said today.
A strong plea for creation of a Legislative Assembly for Lakshdweep was made by an NCP member in the Lok Sabha on Tuesday and it found instant support from BJP member representing the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Puducherry Chief Minister N Rangasamy will present the budget of the Union Territory for the fiscal 2015-2016 on April 22.
CPI has registered strong protest against the hike effected in power tariff by Puducherry government.
Puducherry Chief Minister N Rangasamy on Tuesday led the Union Territory of Puducherry to pay floral tributes to the champion of the poor and the downtrodden Dr BR Ambedkar on his birth anniversary.
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- Kailash Vijayvargiya on Akshay Singh's death: Is a journalist bigger than me?
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- Aapke Sitare, July 6: Astro prediction for Aries, Taurus, Gemini and Cancer
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- Unwed mother can apply for child's guardianship without father's consent: SC


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Panda has been my favorite and this one just pinned my heart. Surely love this t-shirt. Amazing! – Flemings Ultimate Garage
The Aviator
he was born to be a pilot with his cool aviator sunglasses on his charming face =)
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let your grandparents knows and your aunt and let them deal with it
I'm sorry to say, I guess you cant do anything about it then,
make sure you hide your stuff in a good places next time
Don't let this affect your studies. Easier said than done I appreciate, but your studies are what will help you get out of where you live. It's not personal as you've said he steals from everyone. Just have a secure lock on your bedroom door, and never leave anything of value around where he could take it
get one of the trunk type storage boxes with a latch that you can put a strong lock on it. keep that in your room and put your most valuables in there. it can double up as a coffee table too. i used that in my early college days and i still have it to keep stuff.
first calm down , dont let something bother you that wont bother you anymore in ten years. <br />
So maybe go through your uncles room? and you should get a chest you can lock so you can put important things like laptop bags and purses in so it wont happen again
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Catch the latest episode of DadLabs Live.Every Thursday at 1pm CST
Broadcasted live from DadLabs World HQ. Good News Dad News brings you the latest parenting news, reviews and hot topics.
DadLabs and Daddy Clay teams up with Verizon Mobil... more
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RC Street Hawk is Available at Walmart: http://bit... more
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Dadlabs teams up with Hot Wheels to prepare our boys for the future, but really prepares us in a way that gets us all playing outdoors together. Today we check out the RC Street Hawk from Hot Wheels. Flying cars, fathers and sons, out in the sunshine. What could be better? This episode is sponsored by Hot Wheels
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Our first child will be born on the 30th of June 2015 which is in a few days. But I don't feel like I want the child ... more
I am a single father engaged in a tiresome legal battle to protect his kids. Since the last one year, his daughter and son have be... more
Father's Day is different for every family. Some Dads want to relax and do nothing all d… more
I'm a pretty picky eater. "Meat and potatoes" is pretty much my meal mantra. When I … more


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Sunday, March 15, 2015
Some 200,000 migrant workers employed as domestic helpers in Taiwan have been denied basic labor rights, receiving low pay for exceptionally long work hours, activists have claimed.2 Comments
Nearly eight out of 10 newly naturalized citizens of Taiwan come from Vietnam and more than 91 percent of Taiwan's new nationals in 2014 were spouses from other countries, the Ministry of the Interior said Saturday.
Friday, March 13, 2015
The grandson of John Rabe, a German businessman known for saving thousands of civilians during the 1937 Nanjing Massacre, will be visiting Taiwan to join a series of events to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the R.O.C.'s victory over Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War.
A U.S. congressional delegation led by Representative Edward R. Royce, chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, is scheduled to arrive Taiwan today, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) said yesterday.
Saturday, March 7, 2015
A batch of stationery items and school bags arrived in the Solomon Islands and El Salvador last month as part of a joint humanitarian assistance project between the government and several local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to help the needy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) said.
Friday, March 6, 2015
The Embassy of the Republic of Palau in Taiwan yesterday struck back amid accusations by a former chauffeur to the ambassador who claimed that he was illegally fired by the embassy.
Thursday, March 5, 2015
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) recently called on Taiwanese traveling overseas to follow local traffic rules and regulations, adding that those who are found driving carelessly or dangerously could face legal charges and even prison time.3 Comments
European Parliament member Bas Belder is currently visiting Taiwan to learn more about the political and economic developments in the country, as well as the development of cross-Taiwan Strait relations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said Wednesday.
Tuesday, March 3, 2015
It would be a bright idea to visit the main Lantern Festival in Taichung, as well as other celebrations held all across Taiwan
It would be a bright idea to visit the main Lantern Festival in Taichung, as well as other celebrations held all across Taiwan


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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/13/12
PITTSBURGH - NOVEMBER 15: Quarterback Ben Roethlisberger #7 of the Pittsburgh Steelers looks to make a pass play during their game against the Cincinnati Bengals at Heinz Field on November 15, 2009 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Bengals defeated the Steelers 18-12. (Photo by Rick Stewart/Getty Images)
Ben Roethlisberger doesn't sound like a guy who plans on playing against the Baltimore Ravens on Sunday. The injured Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback said Thursday he's still in significant pain from the sprained right shoulder and dislocated ribs that have forced him to sit out Pittsburgh's last two games. Roethlisberger said ''there's always a chance'' he could play against the Ravens but isn't sure his injured arm will cooperate. When asked if the issue is pain or arm strength, Roethlisberger said ''both.'' The Steelers (6-5) are 0-2 since Roethlisberger left in the third quarter of a 16-13 overtime loss to Kansas City on Nov. 12. It's unlikely Pittsburgh can catch the Ravens (9-2) even with a win this week, but Roethlisberger said that won't affect the team's decision on whether to rest him another week or not.
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Not for the A2
I picked this single point sling because the pic showed it on a full size rifle. The problem is that I can not properly operate the charging handle with out loosening and moving it half wayish to the rear of the butstock. This is the most comfortable sling I have ever put on, no where near as rough on the neck as the stock sling is.
- March 10, 2012
Good sling for some uses
It is a great product made with quality materials. If you are looking to attach it to the stock of your shotgun with the clip attachment I would say STOP and think about it. I bout it for my Knoxx Breachers Grip but even when fully cinched up my 18 in. barrel still hangs just below my ankle. Pretty much sucks with stairs. If you are looking to buy for another usage go for it! It is a good sling that I would suggest.
- December 8, 2010
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PAUL'S BLOG (Click here to see past guest blogs).
Home: A Guest Blog by Ashley B.
Since I was a small child I have periodically felt a longing so deep and so wide it consumes all of me. Until recently, I've never been able to identify the source of this longing or what it would take to fulfill it. I've never been able to put words to it, other than repeating over again as I weep the non-sensical phrase, "I want to go home."
I remember clearly when I moved from Pensacola, Florida to Birmingham, Alabama with my mom and dad when I was 11. I was laying on the fold out couch in our temporary ... (Read the Rest of This Post)
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The Pit of Despair: A guest blog by L Jean Schwartz
There's a place I call the Pit of Despair, and sometimes I end up at the bottom of it. It's not a geographic place of course, though that might make it easier to avoid. I could tell my GPS to avoid routes that lead to the Pit of Despair, but I'm working on training my Emotional GPS to avoid those routes, and how to recognize when I'm starting to slip to the bottom of the Pit. Only recently have I named the Pit, been able to talk to other people about it, and learned what I need to do when ... (Read the Rest of This Post)
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The First Time I Dressed Up As a Transwoman: A Guest Blog by Christiana Cranberry
In 1989, I was a sixteen year old with a mother who was a very heavy sleeper. Nights meant I could finally "dress" in the outfit I'd collected by sometimes unsavory means. Mostly from shoplifting sometimes at the mall down the road. A black skirt, high heels, and a simple blouse weren't something I could just carry to the cash register and buy. I knew stealing was wrong, but I could finally soothe that nagging feeling. The purr that quickly turned into a roar, and me into a monster who yelled at my friends incoherently. Maybe because they all seemed ... (Read the Rest of This Post)
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Snapshots of Her Depression by Cassie J. Sneider
Follow Cassie on Twitter @CassieJSneider and Instagram @CassieJSneider (Read the Rest of This Post)
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Inside His OCD – A Guest Blog by Michael Kane (no not the actor)
I'm used to relying on my intellect. I'm no genius, but I have to survive on my wits, because my looks aren't paying the bills. Over the course of my life, I mostly trusted my capacity to reason, as did co-workers and professors. So, once I went off my antidepressant meds, and OCD falsely told me that I was a pervert, a rapist, a murderer and about a million other things, you'd think I'd still be able to discern fact from fiction, and dismiss OCDs outrageous claims. Nope. For years, I viewed these strange thoughts and fears as the result ... (Read the Rest of This Post)
(Read the Rest of This Post)


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A process for destroying dioxane in a water vapor stream includes combusting the stream to decompose dioxane contained therein. The process is particularly useful for removal of dioxane from byproducts streams which result during the production of polyester.
1. A process for destroying dioxane in a byproduct stream resulting from the production of polyester, comprising:
esterifying a dihydroxyl alcohol and a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof to form a reaction mixture which includes esterification byproducts;
distilling the reaction mixture to remove at least a portion of the esterification byproducts from the reaction mixture in the form of a vapor stream of which the majority component is water vapor and which includes dioxane in the vapor state; and
combusting at least a portion of the vapor stream under conditions sufficient to decompose at least a portion of the dioxane present in the overhead vapor stream into carbon dioxide and water.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the overhead vapor stream comprises about 98% to about 99.5% by weight water vapor, and about 0.5% to about 2% by weight dioxane and other byproducts.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein said combusting step comprises combusting the overhead vapor stream at a temperature of at least about 1500� F.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein said combusting step comprises combusting the overhead vapor stream at a temperature from about 1500� F. to about 3500� F.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the dihydroxyl alcohol is ethylene glycol and the dicarboxylic acid is terephthalic acid.
The present invention relates generally to a process for removing dioxane from water vapor, and more particularly to a process for destroying dioxane in vaporous byproduct streams resulting from chemical processes, including polyester synthesis.
Because of their strength and heat and chemical resistance, polyester fibers and films are an integral component in numerous consumer products manufactured worldwide. As is well known, polyester is the polycondensation product of a dicarboxylic acid, such as terephthalic acid, with a dihydroxy alcohol, such as ethylene glycol. Various byproducts can form during esterification, such as water vapor and dioxane, among others.
1,4-Dioxane (C4 H8 O2) is flammable, toxic and potentially explosive. Thus dioxane in byproduct streams must be destroyed or removed and disposed of safely. However, removal and disposal of dioxane can be difficult. Dioxane is very resistant to existing removal techniques. Further, dioxane and water have very similar boiling points, so that conventional distillation techniques based on differences in boiling point can be difficult.
Dioxane removal and disposal is further complicated if dioxane condenses, because of additional safety hazards that arise. Further, dioxane condensation triggers additional federal regulations which must be met to satisfy regulatory standards for the safe disposal of liquid dioxane. This increases the cost and difficulty of dioxane removal and disposal.
One technique suggested for separating water and dioxane is set forth in Japanese Application 55164679. The Abstract of this Japanese Application discloses drying cyclic ethers, including dioxane, by contacting the wet cyclic ether with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide and an alkali metal halide.
Other techniques separate water from dioxane by distillation. For example, Japanese Application 74027587 teaches distilling an 80% dioxane and 20% water mixture. Japanese Application 73043510 teaches distilling water-containing dioxane at ambient temperatures to recover condensed dioxane. Russian Application 256780 teaches azeotropic removal of water from dioxane.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for removing dioxane and other byproducts in water vapor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for removing dioxane from water vapor by oxidizing and destroying dioxane and other byproducts present in a water vapor stream.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for removing dioxane from byproduct streams resulting from chemical processes, including polymer production, which include water vapor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for removing dioxane from byproduct streams of chemical processes which is safe, efficient, and cost effective.
The present invention meets these and other objects by removing dioxane from water vapor byproduct streams resulting from chemical processes, and is particularly useful for removing dioxane from byproduct streams in the production of polyester. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, polyester production is generally conducted in two stages. The first stage is an esterification stage in which polyester starting materials react to form an esterification reaction mixture, which includes low molecular weight oligomers. The second stage is a polycondensation stage in which the low molecular weight oligomers are polymerized to form polyester.
In addition to low molecular weight oligomers, the esterification reaction mixture also includes various byproducts. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, heating glycol to temperatures about 280� C. and higher can result in the formation of 1,4-dioxane. Typically, the esterification reaction mixture is distilled to recover the various byproducts, including water and dioxane in their vapor phases. The recovered water vapor and dioxane are thereafter condensed and disposed of.
In the present invention, a mixture of these byproducts (i.e. dioxane in steam) is recovered from the distillation process. In contrast to prior procedures, however, the vapor byproducts are not condensed but rather are routed to a combustion unit. The vapor byproducts are injected into the combustion unit and heated for a time sufficient to decompose dioxane into simpler organic components, e.g., water vapor and carbon dioxide. These can then be safely recovered or vented from the combustion unit.
The process of the present invention thus provides for the destruction of dioxane in its vapor state, thus eliminating the safety concerns and regulatory standards associated with the disposal of liquid dioxane. The process is also simple and straightforward, and can utilize existing equipment typically present in a manufacturing facility.
Other advantages can also be realized by the present invention. Typically, overhead from distillation is condensed and reserved for reflux or reentry into the column for column temperature control. Condensate not needed for reflux typically overflows to some form of treatment system. In the invention, a portion of the overhead can be removed and directed into a combustion unit, as described above, in response to the monitored temperature of the column. A remaining portion of the overhead is condensed in a conventional manner to provide a substantially constant amount of condensate for column reflux and temperature control. This can efficiently regulate the temperature of the column without many of the problems associated with disposal of excess condensate.
Some of the features and advantages of the invention having been described, others will become apparent from the detailed description which follows, and from the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a process and apparatus in accordance with the present invention for removing dioxane from a byproduct stream resulting from the production of polyester.
Different process and apparatus embodiments of the invention are described below. Although the invention is described with reference to specific processes and apparatus, it will be understood that the invention is not intended to be so limited. To the contrary, the invention includes numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents as will become apparent from a consideration of the forthcoming discussion and the following detailed description.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a process and apparatus in accordance with the present invention for destroying dioxane present in a byproduct stream resulting from the production of polyester. Although the process and apparatus are described herein with reference to polyester production, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to such use. Rather, the process and apparatus of the invention can be used to remove or destroy dioxane from water vapor streams generally, whether resulting from polyester production or from other chemical processes.
Polyester production is generally conducted in two stages, the first of which is an esterification stage in which polyester starting materials react to form low molecular weight oligomers. The second stage is a polycondensation stage in which the low molecular weight oligomers are polymerized to form polyester.
For example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be produced from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol, which react in a catalyzed ester interchange reaction to form bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate monomer and methanol. Terephthalic acid (TA) can be also be used as an alternative to DMT. In a reaction similar to that between DMT and ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol react in a generally uncatalyzed esterification reaction to yield low molecular weight oligomers, water, and various other byproducts. Preferably, substantially pure terephthalic acid is used, although the terephthalic acid may also contain small amounts of isophthalic acid and/or one or more functional derivatives of terephthalic acid including dimethyl terephthalate.
The resulting oligomers are thereafter polymerized to form PET polymer. PET polymer is substantially identical, either using TA or DMT as the starting dicarboxylic acid material, with possible exception of some of the end groups. PET polyester formation can be batch or continuous, and is typically a continuous process.
Turning now to FIG. 1, polyester polymer starting materials, namely, a dicarboxylic acid or an appropriate ester thereof and a dihydroxy alcohol, are fed to an esterification vessel 10 to produce an esterification reaction mixture, as described above. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, heating glycol to temperatures about 180� C. and higher can result in the formation of 1,4-dioxane. Generally, the esterification reaction mixture includes various byproducts, such as water and dioxane, among others, in addition to the polymer precursors.
Following esterification, the esterification reaction mixture is distilled with the use of a distillation column 12 to recover the byproducts of the esterification reaction prior to polycondensation. Although one esterification vessel and one column are illustrated in FIG. 1, the skilled artisan will appreciate that the monomer can be subjected to additional esterifications and distillations steps and thereafter polymerized through polycondensation to produce polyethylene terephthalate.
Distillation column 12 is operated at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form a low boiling point overhead stream 14, which includes various byproducts of esterification in the vapor state, and a high boiling point bottoms stream 16. The composition of overhead stream 14 can vary, depending upon the polyester starting materials used. For example, when the starting materials are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, the overhead vapor stream 14 includes water vapor. In addition, distillation conditions are also selected to remove dioxane from the esterification mixture as a component of the vaporous overhead product. Ethylene glycol can be recovered from the distillation column as a component of bottoms stream 16 and recycled into esterifier vessel 10. Overhead product stream 14 is thereafter directed to a conventional condenser 18 and into an esterification column condenser receiving tank 20.
As noted above, the operating temperature of the distillation column is maintained within a certain operating range selected to efficiently remove low boiling point byproducts and to prevent ethylene glycol from passing over the column. Conventionally, condensate from receiving tank 20 is passed back into the column for reflux as needed to maintain the operating temperature of the distillation column within a desired range.
Such systems can be advantageous for maintaining the temperature of the column 12 within a desired range. The presence of dioxane as a component of the overhead condensate, however, can be problematic. For example, if the amount of condensate required for temperature control of the column 12 is less than the total amount of condensate available at a given time, excess condensate is typically sent to a condensate overflow recovery zone for appropriate disposal or treatment. However, recovery of dioxane from the condensate can be complex and difficult. Further, dioxane condensation can trigger federal regulations.
To safely and efficiently dispose of the dioxane present in overhead stream 14, in the present invention, a portion of the overhead stream 14 is removed as a secondary stream 22 via a valve 24 prior to condensation. The secondary stream also includes the various byproducts of the esterification reaction described above in their vapor state. For example, when TA and ethylene glycol are the polymer starting materials, secondary stream 22 includes water vapor as the majority or predominant component thereof and dioxane in small amounts. Generally, secondary stream 22 comprises about 98% to about 99.5% by weight water vapor, and about 0.5% to about 2% by weight dioxane and other organic byproducts of esterification.
As indicated in FIG. 1, secondary stream 22 is directed via conduit 26 to a combustion unit 30. The temperature of the secondary stream is maintained at or above the temperature at which dioxane present therein condenses. To maintain the temperature of stream 22 within conduit 26 above a temperature at which dioxane will condense, conduit 26 can be heat traced and jacketed with conventional insulating materials.
Combustion unit 30 can be any of the types of combustion chambers capable of converting an energy source from one form to another. Particularly preferred are combustion chambers capable of igniting and burning fuel to produce heat. The combustion unit can be, for example, a boiler, a heater, a furnace, and the like, to which fuel, such as oil or natural gas, is supplied and ignited to produce a flame of sufficient temperature to destroy dioxane. The present invention provides the particular advantage that an existing combustion facility that is already present for one of such other purposes can be used for the combustion step of the present invention. Generally, combustion unit 30 is in fluid communication with a fuel supply source 32. A fuel supply line 34 supplies fuel from supply source 32 to a burner assembly 36, which includes a plurality of ports through which fuel is introduced into combustion unit 30 and ignited.
The temperature of the ignited fuel of burner assembly 36 is sufficient to oxidize dioxane present in the secondary stream 22 to thereby decompose dioxane into smaller, less hazardous, organic compounds. The organic products of dioxane decomposition can then be readily and safely recovered or vented from the combustion unit, for example, by discharging the combustion mixture to the atmosphere. To oxidize dioxane, the flame temperature is preferably at least about 1500� F., more preferably at least about 2000� F., and most preferably at least about 2500� F., and higher. A preferred temperature range is about 1500� F. to about 3500� F. Residence time of the secondary stream within the ignited fuel of burner assembly 36 is also selected to allow adequate decomposition of dioxane present therein. Residence time can vary depending upon factors such as the composition of the stream, flame temperature, flow rate, burner type and/or configuration, and the like, and appropriate residence times sufficient to destroy dioxane can be determined by the skilled artisan.
In a currently preferred embodiment of the invention, combustion unit 30 is a boiler, and burner assembly 36 includes a plurality of ports in a circular arrangement in fluid communication with one another for efficient introduction and ignition of fuel directed to the combustion unit. The secondary vapor stream 22 is directed to combustion unit 30 and injected into the burner assembly at a region proximate the fuel ports so that the ignited fuel can spread out and engulf the secondary vapor stream. In effect, the secondary stream is mixed with the fuel and becomes a part of the flame front, which oxidizes and decomposes dioxane in the secondary stream
The use of a boiler as the combustion unit can be advantageous in many respects. For example, typically boilers are already present in a polyester production plant for energy generation. Thus, already existing systems can be readily retrofitted to receive overhead vapor streams from esterifier columns. Further, although injecting a mixture of water vapor and dioxane vapor into an energy generating apparatus can result in decreased efficiency of that apparatus, the decrease in efficiency is minimal, and the benefits of safe and efficient disposal of dioxane are well worth the trade-offs.
In another aspect of the present invention, a process for minimizing or eliminating condensate overflow is also provided, which avoids the problems associated with the disposal of excess condensate including condensed dioxane. In a conventional process, overhead from column 12 is directed to condenser 18 and receiving tank 20 for purposes of reflux and column temperature control to minimize loss of ethylene glycol. In contrast to conventional systems, however, in the present invention, a portion of the overhead stream 14 is removed as a secondary stream 22 via valve 24 prior to condensation. The amount of overhead removed from stream 14 can vary in response to the monitored temperature of the column (and fluctuations thereof) so as to provide a substantially constant level of condensate within receiving tank 20 as needed to maintain the column temperature within the desired range. By modulating the position of the valve 24, condenser receiving tank levels can be controlled such that tank overflow to downstream treatment systems is minimized or eliminated.
In addition, a device may also be provided in fluid communication with receiving tank 20 to reduce receiving tank 20 condensate level fluctuations and thus to protect reflux levels. For example, a supplemental condenser receiving tank 40 can be present as illustrated. Alternatively, a water supply 42 can be provided to supply water (or other appropriate cooling fluid) via valve 44 to receiving tank 20 in response to decrease levels of condensate therein.
In operation, a control system including sensors monitors column pressure and temperature conditions and mass flow over the column during distillation. Control hardware can be pneumatic, electric or pneumatic and electric based and can include a microprocessor as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Valve 24 opens and closes in response to the monitored conditions of the column so as to direct an overhead stream volume to condenser 18 sufficient to maintain a substantially constant level of condensate within receiving tank 20 available for reflux and column temperature control.
A volume of condensate required to maintain the temperature of the column within a predetermined range is directed to receiving tank 20. The condensate volume within receiving tank 20 can vary, depending upon column temperature and pressure, mass of material being processed, mass flow of the material over the column, and the like, and can be readily calculated by the skilled artisan.
Although the above description generally applies to the continuous production of polyester terephthalate polyesters using terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, it will be understood that the invention is not limited thereto and may be applied to batch or semi-continuous processes or the production of other PET polyester and other polyesters by other methods including the reaction of DMT and ethylene glycol to form PET polyester since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing description. Although one esterification vessel and one column are illustrated in FIG. 1, the skilled artisan will also appreciate that the process of the invention is not limited to the destruction of dioxane resulting from primary esterification, but can be used to destroy dioxane resulting from secondary esterifications, and other processes, as well. Still further, although the above description generally applies to the removal or destruction of dioxane from water vapor produced during polyester production, it will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the invention is not limited to use in polyester production processes, but rather applies to the removal or destruction of dioxane from byproduct streams generally produced in other types of chemical processes. Still further, it is contemplated that streams of chemical processes (including byproduct streams of polyester production) which include condensed dioxane can be directed to combustion chamber 30 with or without first vaporizing the condensed stream. For example, a portion of condensed overhead from a distillation process can be routed within that same process to combustion chamber 30. Therefore, the forgoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents to the claims to included therein.
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Classes on the Cobbles
- Sports & Fitness
- On Gansevoort Street between Ninth Avenue and Hudson Street, New York, 10014
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10 Retirement Myths That Can Wreak Havoc on Your Nest Egg
When you think about your retirement, what picture pops into your head?
Is it a vision of you relaxing on a catamaran in the middle of the Pacific? Or do you see yourself hunched over a computer, working a nine-to-five gig because you can't afford to quit for good?
It's no secret that we are facing a retirement crisis. The National Institute on Retirement Security estimates that Americans are at least $6.8 trillion short of what we need to fund comfortable retirements. Baby boomers, who are retiring at the rate of 10,000 a day, find themselves particularly unprepared, with a median of $120,000 saved—not nearly enough to sustain a 30-plus year retirement.
Part of the reason why we probably find ourselves so unprepared is because there are so many mistaken beliefs floating around about the "R" word. From the naive ("I'll be able to live on less!") to the glum ("I'll never save enough!"), there's no shortage of misconceptions that could impact how you prepare for the future.
RELATED: 6 Common Retirement Savings Mistakes to Avoid
But with so much at stake, we're here to help set you straight. Below, we expose the common myths that could be throwing you off your own retirement course.
Myth #1: I won't need as much money when I retire.
Ask yourself: When do you tend to spend the most money? Is it when you're at work or when you have a leisurely day off? Now consider that your retirement will be more like your Sunday than your Monday.
"We tend to spend more when we have free time," says Scott Hanson, a Certified Financial Planner™ with Hanson McClain in Folsom, Calif. "People often spend more in retirement than they do working, particularly in the first few years."
RELATED: 401(k) Loans: What You Should Know
A rule of thumb oft quoted is that retirees will need about 70% to 80% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their standard of living. But what you save in housing costs if you've paid off your mortgage, for example, can easily be wiped out by increased spending on "bucket list" activities, like travel and hobbies.
How much you should plan to spend—and save—depends on how you currently manage your budget. And that may mean assuming your expenses won't go down at all. "If you are saving 30% of your income today, then living off 70% in retirement may make perfect sense for you," says Ellen Derrick, a Certified Financial Planner™. But if you tend to spend most of what you bring home, or you don't expect to own your home by the time you retire, you may need up to 100% of your pre-retirement income to maintain your standard of living.
And don't forget that you may not be able to rely on Social Security the way that today's retirees do. The program will require an overhaul to keep its coffers filled for the future. In fact, if you're 10 years or more from retiring, it may be better to not even figure Social Security into your retirement planning.
RELATED: 6 Scary Facts About Social Security to Know Now