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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Humidity, Temperature, and Voltage (Presentation)
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
An update is given on the work of the PV Quality Assurance Task Force; Group 3: studying the effects of humidity, temperature, and voltage bias.
Wohlgemuth, J.
20th Century Reanalysis Project Ensemble Gateway: 56 Estimates of World Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, and Wind, 1871-2010
DOE Data Explorer [Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)]
This site provides data from the 20th Century Reanalysis Project, offering temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind predictions in 200 km sections all around the earth from 1871 to 2010, every 6 hours, based on historical data. The ensemble mean and standard deviation for each value were calculated over a set of 56 simulations. Data for each of the 56 ensemble members are included here. The dataset consists of files in netCDF 4 format that are available for download from the National Energy Research. The goal of the 20th Century Reanalysis Project is to use a Kalman filter-based technique to produce a global trophospheric circulation dataset at four-times-daily resolution back to 1871. The only dataset available for the early 20th century consists of error-ridden hand-drawn analyses of the mean sea level pressure field over the Northern Hemisphere. Modern data assimilation systems have the potential to improve upon these maps, but prior to 1948, few digitized upper-air sounding observations are available for such a reanalysis. The global tropospheric circulation dataset will provide an important validation check on the climate models used to make 21st century climate projections....[copied from http://portal.nersc.gov/project/20C_Reanalysis/
Group 3: Humidity, Temperature, and Voltage (Presentation)
Group 3 is chartered to develop accelerated stress tests that can be used as comparative predictors of module lifetime versus stresses associated with humidity, temperature and voltage.
Group 3: Humidity, Temperature, and Voltage
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
This PowerPoint presentation, focused on humidity, temperature and voltage testing, was originally presented by John Wohlgemuth at the NREL 2013 PV Module Reliability Workshop on Feb. 26-27, 2013 in Denver, CO. It summarizes the activities of a working group chartered to develop accelerated stress tests that can be used as comparative predictors of module life versus stresses associated with humidity, temperature and voltage.
Group 3: Humidity, Temperature and Voltage (Presentation)
This is a summary of the work of Group 3 of the International PV QA Task Force. Group 3 is chartered to develop accelerated stress tests that can be used as comparative predictors of module lifetime versus stresses associated with humidity, temperature and voltage.
Warm Humid Climate: Methodology to Study Air Temperature Distribution: Mobile Phones Base Stations as Viable Alternative for Fixed Points
E-Print Network [OSTI]
October to March (considered the summer period). The winter period is rainy, with mild temperatures, high relative humidity and the highest wind speed with predominance in the southeast quadrant. In the first hours of the day, mainly, the wind direction... varies south � southwest. The summer period, from October to March is characterized by higher temperatures, lower relative humidity and relatively low wind speeds with southeast predominance, presenting small variations in the direction east...
Araujo, V.; Costa, A.; Labaki, L.
Comparing Wind, Temperature, Pressure, and Humidity
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation Proposed New SubstationCleanCommunity Involvement and MakingYersiniae.Shewanella genus .How
Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Humidity and Temperature in the Outflow of Tropical Deep Convection
-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) project are analyzed in the vicinity of deep convective outflow to study the variationsInfluence of Sea Surface Temperature on Humidity and Temperature in the Outflow of Tropical Deep upper-tropospheric temperature and humidity by the Mea- surement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In
Johnson, Richard H.
Role of Wind in Vernacular Architecture of Hot and Humid Region of Iran
the total framework which underlies architecture. Vernacular architecture in hot and humid regions of Iran has strong bonds with local climate. Shenasil, Taremi and Wind towers are the features that have developed according to climatic considerations... of different climatic elements on the vernacular architecture with a focus on humidity and air currents. Then, natural ventilation and the architectural elements involving it will be discussed. Finally, the wind towers of the region...
Najafabadi, R. A.; Daneshvar, K.; Pakseresht, K.; Pooryousefzadeh, S.
Integrated Temperature and Humidity Control: A Unique Approach
as in Singapore. The results presented herein are from one of these sites, consisting of two adjacent unoccupied guest rooms in a hotel, each equipped with chilled- water fan coil units. The two, virtually identical adja- cent rooms were selected primarily... for comparing the operation and performance of the ITHC with that of a dry-bulb temperature controller (DBTC) under the exact same conditions (solar, outdoor temperature and humidity, internal loads, etc.). To obtain com- parative results, the fan coil unit...
Shah, D. J.
Building America Indoor Temperature and Humidity Measurement Protocol
When modeling homes using simulation tools, the heating and cooling set points can have a significant impact on home energy use. Every 4 years the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) asks homeowners about their heating and cooling set points. Unfortunately, no temperature data is measured, and most of the time, the homeowner may be guessing at this number. Even one degree Fahrenheit difference in heating set point can make a 5% difference in heating energy use! So, the survey-based RECS data cannot be used as the definitive reference for the set point for the 'average occupant' in simulations. The purpose of this document is to develop a protocol for collecting consistent data for heating/cooling set points and relative humidity so that an average set point can be determined for asset energy models in residential buildings. This document covers the decision making process for researchers to determine how many sensors should be placed in each home, where to put those sensors, and what kind of asset data should be taken while they are in the home. The authors attempted to design the protocols to maximize the value of this study and minimize the resources required to achieve that value.
Engebrecht-Metzger, C.; Norton, P.
High Temperature/Low Humidity Polymer Electrolytes Derived from Ionic Liquids
Presentation on High Temperature/Low Humidity Polymer Electrolytes Derived from Ionic Liquids to the High Temperature Membrane Working Group Meeting held in Arlington, Virginia, May 26,2005.
Understanding the Temperature and Humidity Environment Inside a PV Module (Presentation), NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
This PowerPoint presentation was originally given by Michael Kempe of NREL in February 2013 detailing a project funded by the SunShot Initiative. Understanding the Temperature and Humidity Environment Inside a PV Module aims to show that by choosing humidity conditions that more closely match the use environment, one can minimize the uncertainty associated with moisture induced degradation modes.
Simulation and Optimization of the Temperature and Humidity Independent Control Showcase
A new kind of showcase with temperature and humidity independent control is introduced in this paper to reduce the energy consumption of the showcase's air-conditioning system. Computational Fluid Dynamics was employed to investigate this new...
Hou, H.; Yu, L.; Wan, X.; Chen, H.
Comparison of temperature and humidity profiles with elastic-backscatter lidar data
This contribution analyzes elastic-backscatter lidar data and temperature and humidity profiles from radiosondes acquired in Barcelona in July 1992. Elastic-backscatter lidar data reveal the distribution of aerosols within the volume of atmosphere scanned. By comparing this information with temperature and humidity profiles of the atmosphere at a similar time, we are able to asses de relationship among aerosol distribution and atmospheric stability or water content, respectively. Comparisons have shown how lidar`s revealed layers of aerosols correspond to atmospheric layers with different stability condition and water content.
Soriano, C. [Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Barcelona (Spain)]|[Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Buttler, W.T. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Baldasano, J.M. [Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Barcelona (Spain)
Maintaining Space Temperature and Humidity in the Digital Switch Environment
the humidifier if Case A-l is used, Btu/lb Dhjj = enthalpy difference across the humidifier if Case A-2 is used, Btu/lb Dhcnjner = enthalpy difference across the sensible cooling process, case A-2, Btu/lb Case B: The outside air dry bulb temperature is higher.... Isothermal humidification (steam generator or infrared heater). b. Adiabatic humidification (evaporative cooler or ultrasonic humidification). METHODOLOGY 1. Obtain the bin data for the location (see Table 1 below for sample bin data). Table 1. Temperature...
Saman, N. F.; Johnson, H.
Adaptive GPC Structures for Temperature and Relative Humidity Control of a Nonlinear
12 Adaptive GPC Structures for Temperature and Relative Humidity Control of a Nonlinear Passive Air and quality when outside air conditions are not favourable. Climate control accuracy may help optimize of climate-controlled greenhouses and growth chambers makes it possible to maintain high crop productivity
Boyer, Edmond
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Characterization of C-4 Explosive Threats
The amount of time that an explosive is present on the surface of a material is dependent upon the original amount of explosive on the surface, adhesive forces, temperature and humidity, as well as other environmental factors. This laboratory study focused on evaluating RDX crystal morphology changes resulting from variations in temperature and humidity conditions of the sample. The temperature and humidity conditions were controlled using a Tenney THRJ environmental chamber and a Tenney T11RC-1.5 environmental chamber. These chambers allow the temperature and humidity to be held within �3�C and �5% RH. The temperature and humidity conditions used for this test series were: 40�F/40%RH, ~70�F/20%RH (samples left on benchtop), 70�F/70%RH, 70�F/95%RH, 95�F/40%RH, 95�F/70%RH, and 95�F/95%RH. These temperature and humidity set points were chosen to represent a wide range of conditions that may be found in real world scenarios. C-4 (RDX crystals and binder material) was deposited on the surface of one of six substrates by placing a fingerprint from the explosive block onto the matrix surface. The substrates were chosen to provide a range of items that are commonly used. Six substrate types were used during these tests: 50% cotton/50% polyester as found in T-shirts, 100% cotton with a smooth surface such as that found in a cotton dress shirt, 100% cotton on a rough surface such as that found on canvas or denim, suede leather such as might be found on jackets, purses, or shoes, painted metal obtained from a junked car hood, and a computer diskette. The samples were not pre-cleaned prior to testing and contained sizing agents, and in the case of the metal: oil, dirt, scratches, and rust spots. The substrates were photographed at various stages of testing, using a Zeiss Discover V12 stereoscope with Axiocam ICc1 3 megapixel digital camera, to determine any changes in the crystalline morphology. Some of the samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in an attempt to determine how the explosive was bound to the substrate.
C. J. Miller
IEC Quality Assurance Task Group 5: UV, Temperature, and Humidity (Presentation)
Taskgroup 5 (TG5) is concerned with a comparative aging standard incorporating factors including ultraviolet radiation, temperature, and humidity. Separate experiments are being conducted in support of a test standard via the regional sub-groups in Asia, Europe, and the United States. The authors will describe the objectives and timeline for TG5 as well as providing an update on the experiments in progress.
Miller, D.; Bath, J.; Kohl, M.; Shioda, T.
Development of empirical temperature and humidity-based degraded-condition indicators for low-tonnage air conditioners
A split-system direct-expansion air conditioner was used to empirically determine temperature and return-air humidity indicators that could detect performance degradation resulting from degraded conditions. The air conditioner test bench...
Watt, James Bonner
The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) Phase II, Series 1 shelf-life corrosion testing for the Department of Energy Standard 3013 container is presented and discussed in terms of the localized corrosion behavior of Type 304 stainless steel in contact with moist plutonium oxide and chloride salt mixtures and the potential impact to the 3013 inner container. This testing was designed to address the influence of temperature, salt composition, initial salt moisture, residual stress and type of oxide/salt contact on the relative humidity inside a 3013 container and the initiation and propagation of localized corrosion, especially stress corrosion cracking. The integrated plan is being conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory and SRNL. SRNL is responsible for conducting a corrosion study in small scale vessels containing plutonium oxide and chloride salts under conditions of humidity, temperature and oxide/salt compositions both within the limits of 3013 storage conditions as well as beyond the 3013 storage requirements to identify margins for minimizing the initiation of stress corrosion cracking. These worst case conditions provide data that bound the material packaged in 3013 containers. Phase I of this testing was completed in 2010. The Phase II, Series 1 testing was performed to verify previous results from Phase I testing and extend our understanding about the initiation of stress corrosion cracking and pitting that occur in 304L under conditions of room temperature, high humidity, and a specific plutonium oxide/salt chemistry. These results will aid in bounding the safe storage conditions of plutonium oxides in 3013 containers. A substantial change in the testing was the addition of the capability to monitor relative humidity during test exposure. The results show that under conditions of high initial moisture ({approx}0.5 wt%) and room temperature stress corrosion cracking occurred in 304L teardrop coupons in contact with the oxide/salt mixture at times as short as 85 days. In all cases, the cracking appeared to be associated with pitting or localized general corrosion. Crack initiation at other sites, such as surface imperfections or inclusions, cannot be excluded. Cracks appear in most cases to initiate through an intergranular mode and transition to a transgranular mode.
Mickalonis, J.; Duffey, J.
Solar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind
upstream of the Earth�?s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measureSolar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately
California at Berkeley, University of
Humidity-resistant ambient-temperature solid-electrolyte amperometric sensing apparatus
DOE Patents [OSTI]
Apparatus and methods for detecting selected chemical compounds in air or other gas streams at room or ambient temperature includes a liquid-free humidity-resistant amperometric sensor comprising a sensing electrode and a counter and reference electrode separated by a solid electrolyte. The sensing electrode preferably contains a noble metal, such as Pt black. The electrolyte is water-free, non-hygroscopic, and substantially water-insoluble, and has a room temperature ionic conductivity [>=]10[sup [minus]4] (ohm-cm)[sup [minus]1], and preferably [>=]0.01 (ohm-cm)[sup [minus]1]. The conductivity may be due predominantly to Ag[sup +] ions, as in Ag[sub 2]WO[sub 4], or to F[sup [minus
Zaromb, S.
Temperature and humidity control during cooling and dehumidifying by compressor and evaporator fan speed variation
The accurate control of temperature and relative humidity during cooling and dehumidifying air-conditioning processes may be achieved by compressor and evaporator fan speed variation. Proportional-integral-differential (PID) control methods are shown to be suitable for attaining compressor and evaporator fan speeds such that the sensible and latent components of the refrigeration system capacity equal the sensible and latent components of the system load. The feasibility of the control method has been verified experimentally. A numerical model of an environmental control system, including refrigeration, space, and PID control subsystems, has been developed. The model is suitable for determining system response to variations of PID coefficient values and to variations of system loads.
Krakow, K.I.; Lin, S.; Zeng, Z.S. [Concordia Univ., Montreal, Quebec (Canada). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Lead Research and Development Activity for DOE's High Temperature, Low Relative Humidity Membrane Program (Topic 2)
The Department of Energy�s High Temperature, Low Relative Humidity Membrane Program was begun in 2006 with the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) as the lead organization. During the first three years of the program, FSEC was tasked with developing non-Nafion� proton exchange membranes with improved conductivity for fuel cells. Additionally, FSEC was responsible for developing protocols for the measurement of in-plane conductivity, providing conductivity measurements for the other funded teams, developing a method for through-plane conductivity and organizing and holding semiannual meetings of the High Temperature Membrane Working Group (HTMWG). The FSEC membrane research focused on the development of supported poly[perfluorosulfonic acid] (PFSA) � Teflon membranes and a hydrocarbon membrane, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). The fourth generation of the PFSA membrane (designated FSEC-4) came close to, but did not meet, the Go/No-Go milestone of 0.1 S/cm at 50% relative humidity at 120 �C. In-plane conductivity of membranes provided by the funded teams was measured and reported to the teams and DOE. Late in the third year of the program, DOE used this data and other factors to decide upon the teams to continue in the program. The teams that continued provided promising membranes to FSEC for development of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) that could be tested in an operating fuel cell. FSEC worked closely with each team to provide customized support. A logic flow chart was developed and discussed before MEA fabrication or any testing began. Of the five teams supported, by the end of the project, membranes from two of the teams were easily manufactured into MEAs and successfully characterized for performance. One of these teams exceeded performance targets, while the other requires further optimization. An additional team developed a membrane that shows great promise for significantly reducing membrane costs and increasing membrane lifetime.
James Fenton, PhD; Darlene Slattery, PhD; Nahid Mohajeri, PhD
An Experimental Evaluation of HVAC-Grade Carbon-Dioxide Sensors: Part 3, Humidity, Temperature, and Pressure Sensitivity Test Results
This is the third paper in a four-part series reporting on the test and evaluation of typical carbon-dioxide sensors used in building HVAC applications. Fifteen models of NDIR HVAC-grade CO2 sensors were tested and evaluated to determine the humidity, temperature, and pressure sensitivity of the sensors. This paper reports the performance of the sensors at various relative humidity, temperature, and pressure levels common to building HVAC applications and provides a comparison with manufacturer specifications. Among the 15 models tested, eight models have a single-lamp, single-wavelength configuration, four models have a dual-lamp, single-wavelength configuration, and three models have a single-lamp, dual-wavelength configuration. The sensors were tested in a chamber specifically fabricated for this research. A description of the apparatus and the method of test are described in Part 1 (Shrestha and Maxwell 2009). The test result showed a wide variation in humidity, temperature, and pressure sensitivity of CO2 sensors among manufacturers. In some cases, significant variations in sensor performance exist between sensors of the same model. Even the natural variation in relative humidity could significantly vary readings of some CO2 sensor readings. The effects of temperature and pressure variation on NDIR CO2 sensors are unavoidable without an algorithm to compensate for the changes. For the range of temperature and pressure variation in an air-conditioned space, the effect of pressure variation is more significant compared to the effect of temperature variation.
Shrestha, Som S [ORNL; Maxwell, Dr. Gregory [Iowa State University
Theoretical full power correction factors as related to changes in ambient temperature, pressure and absolute humidity for aircraft turbine engines
IN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, PRESSURF. AND ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY FOR AIRCRAFT TURBINE ENGINES (August 1969) Michael Antoun Raphael B. S. (Mechanical Engineering) Texas A&M University Directed by: Professor Stanley H, Lowy ABSTRACT Power losses in aircraft gas... rated at standard atmospheric conditions (i. e, ambient temperature 69 F 3'Fend atmospheric pressure 29. 92 in. Hg. dry) . Obviously this same turbine will not be exposed to such standard conditions; therefore we have a change in power directly...
Raphael, Michel Antoun
High-Temperature Motor Windings for Downhole Pumps Used in Geothermal...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
High-Temperature Motor Windings for Downhole Pumps Used in Geothermal Energy Production High-Temperature Motor Windings for Downhole Pumps Used in Geothermal Energy Production...
Effect of Changes in Relative Humidity and Temperature on Ultrathin Chitosan Films
of infrared absorption measurements of chitosan films collected before and after heating indicate an increase neutralizing the films, they readily absorbed water in the presence of high humidity. Heating of the films in the degree of acetylation with heating. Collectively, these observations are consistent with the release
Dutcher, John
Understanding the Temperature and Humidity Environment Inside a PV Module (Presentation)
This presentation addresses moisture-driven degradation processes in PV modules and the conditions to use for accelerated stress testing. Here we show that by choosing humidity conditions that more closely match the use environment, one can minimize the uncertainty associated with moisture induced degradation modes.
Kempe, M.
Humidity variations in the atmospheric surface layer
anemometer system used in this study, computed for five different wind speeds. 15 View from micrometeorologi cal tower towards the direction from which the wind was blowing for most of the runs select- ed. The left hand side is roughly 230' and the right... ASM Department of Meteorology by the Climatro- nics Corporation. The system consists of three sets of fast response wind, temperature, and relative humidity sensors, as well as a data acquisition system and a tape drive to store the data on magnetic...
Humphrey, Scott Richard
Predicting hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformer windings
Test data indicates that hottest spot allowances used in IEEE standards for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA are too low. A mathematical model to predict hottest spot temperature rises in ventilated dry type transformers was developed. Data from six layer type test windings and a 2500 kva prototype was used to refine the model. A correlation for the local heat transfer coefficient in the cooling ducts was developed. The model was used to study the effect of various parameters on the ratio of hottest spot to average winding temperature rise. The number of conductor layers, insulation thickness, and conductor strand size were found to have only a minor effect on the ratio. Winding height was found to be the main parameter influencing the ratio of hottest spot to average winding temperature rise. The study based on the mathematical model confirmed previous conclusions based on test data that the hottest spot allowances used in IEEE standards for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA should be revised.
Pierce, L.W. (General Electric Co., Rome, GA (United States))
Predicted Impacts of Proton Temperature Anisotropy on Solar Wind Turbulence
Particle velocity distributions measured in the weakly collisional solar wind are frequently found to be non-Maxwellian, but how these non-Maxwellian distributions impact the physics of plasma turbulence in the solar wind remains unanswered. Using numerical solutions of the linear dispersion relation for a collisionless plasma with a bi-Maxwellian proton velocity distribution, we present a unified framework for the four proton temperature anisotropy instabilities, identifying the associated stable eigenmodes, highlighting the unstable region of wavevector space, and presenting the properties of the growing eigenfunctions. Based on physical intuition gained from this framework, we address how the proton temperature anisotropy impacts the nonlinear dynamics of the \\Alfvenic fluctuations underlying the dominant cascade of energy from large to small scales and how the fluctuations driven by proton temperature anisotropy instabilities interact nonlinearly with each other and with the fluctuations of the large-scal...
Klein, Kristopher G
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS 1 Assessment of Temperature and Humidity Changes
IEEEProof IEEEProof IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS 1 Assessment of Temperature multiple satellite7 remote sensing data sets and meteorological information, we assess8 the distribution observed at some15 locations. Between the surface and 2-km level, temperature data16 show a cooling of 10
Christopher, Sundar A.
Diurnal and seasonal variations of wind farm impacts on land surface temperature over western Texas
Diurnal and seasonal variations of wind farm impacts on land surface temperature over western Texas for the period of 2003�2011 over a region in West-Central Texas, where four of the world's largest wind farms by comparing the LST changes between wind farm pixels (WFPs) and nearby non wind farm pixels (NNWFPs) using
Zhou, Liming
Taskgroup 5 (TG5) is concerned with a comparative aging standard incorporating factors including ultraviolet radiation and temperature. Separate experiments are being conducted in support of a test standard via the regional sub-groups in Asia, Europe, and the United States. The authors will describe the objectives and timeline for TG5 as well as providing an update on the experiments in progress.
Miller, D.; Bath, J.; K& ouml; hl, M.; Shioda, T.
Analytical determination of PID coefficients for temperature and humidity control during cooling and dehumidifying by compressor and evaporator fan speed variation
A linearized analysis of temperature and relative humidity control using proportional-integral-differential (PID) controls to vary compressor motor speed and evaporator fan speed enables analytical determination of suitable PID coefficients. The PID coefficients are related to refrigeration system performance parameters and the volume of the conditioned space. Analytical determination of coefficients may eliminate or supplement trial-and-error methods. System response characteristics--damping ratios and periods--are related to PID coefficients, sampling intervals, performance parameters of a refrigeration system, and the volume of a conditioned space. Two control strategies are possible in order to control space temperature and relative humidity simultaneously. One strategy controls temperature by varying compressor speed and controls relative humidity by varying evaporator fan speed. The other strategy controls temperature by varying evaporator fan speed and controls relative humidity by varying compressor fan speed The first strategy was successfully implemented experimentally as well as by simulation. The second strategy was not successfully implemented due to an adverse interaction between the two control systems.
A FULLY COUPLED THERMO-HYDRO MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY Keywords: Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, modelling, inverse problem, tuffeau, monument, in situ measures initiation and growth due to the variation of climate conditions; thermo-hydro-mechanical incompatibility
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Surface Temperature and Surface-Layer Turbulence in a Convective Boundary Layer
The vertical gradient of horizontal wind-speed was estimateda larger vertical gradient of horizontal wind-speed in thewind speed, direction, temperature, humidity up to 20 km with a vertical
Garai, Anirban; Pardyjak, Eric; Steeneveld, Gert-Jan; Kleissl, Jan
The determination of interference levels of temperature and humidity on continuous monitoring of diisocyanate
to standard conditions of 25 C and 760 mm Hg: Vs VX P X 760 T + 273 where: Vs V P T volume of air(L) 9 25 C and 760 mm Hg volume of air(L) as measured barometric pressure in mm Hg temperature of air in degree centrigrade Appendix p Equipment... of Analysis 28 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . 29 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 1 x1 Qmyz, IS rqw SPIC, 0 0 Qs PL 0-- T QX S CQQ l' t D g %70% S, Qg DD jJ D ~vSwg D( , ZS 2 4a 46 ~PP:"NDIX e ":xperimen+al Condi+ions fo" &umidity...
Ryan, Donald Arden
american temperature record: Topics by E-print Network
temperature, pressure, cloud, humidity and wind. The calibrated soil temperature data recorded at 1 foot30 cm and 4 foot100 cm depth 125 Call for Papers NEW Graduate...
What is Wind Chill Temperature? It is the temperature it "feels like" outside and is based on the rate of heat loss
What is Wind Chill Temperature? It is the temperature it "feels like" outside and is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by the effects of wind and cold. As the wind increases, the body is cooled at a faster rate causing the skin temperature to drop. Wind Chill does not impact
High-Temperature Motor Windings for Downhole Pumps Used in Geothermal Energy Production
Project objective: Develop and demonstrate high-temperature ESP motor windings for use in Enhanced Geothermal Systems and operation at 300?C.
and Other Harsh Environments High-Temperature Motor Windings for Downhole Pumps Used in Geothermal Energy Production Matthew Hooker Composite Technology Development, Inc....
Evaluation of ANSI N42-17A by investigating the effects of temperature and humidity on the response of radiological instruments
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) N42.17A-1989 standard`s performance criteria and test methods has been evaluated by investigating the effects of temperature and humidity on the response of 105 portable direct-reading radiological instruments (45 beta-gamma survey meters, 32 neutron rem meters, 1O alpha contamination and 18 tritium-in-air monitors). The US Department of Energy (DOE) mandates the use of ANSI standards for the calibration and performance testing of radiological instruments, and requires that instruments be appropriate for existing environmental conditions. Random tests conducted in an environmental chamber determined the effects of temperatures ranging from {minus}10{degree}C to 50{degree}C and humidity at levels of 40% RH and 95% RH on the response of a cross section of instruments used in routine health physics operations at Los Alamos. The following instruments were tested: Eberline RO-2 and RO-C ionization chambers, Eberline E-530 survey meter with the Model HP-C stainless steel Geiger-Muller (G) wall probe, Eberline PIC-6A and PIC-6B ion chambers, Eberline ESP-1 survey meter with the Model HP-260 pancake G detector, Ludlum 3 survey meter with the Model 44-6 stainless steel G wall probe, Eberline ESP-1, ESP-2 and PAR-4 survey meters with the neutron rem detector, Health Physics Instruments 2080 survey meter with the moderator detector, Ludlum 139 survey meter with the Model 43-32 air-proportional alpha detector, and the Overhoff 394-C, Johnston J-111 and J-110 tritium monitors. Experimental results encompass 1128 temperature tests (1269-hours exposure in the chamber) and 735 humidity tests (1890-hours exposure in the chamber). The study shows the standard`s test requirement for temperature at or near the extreme conditions, and the standard`s test requirement for humidity at 95% RH may be too restrictive for instruments used in the work environment.
Clement, R.S.
Wind observations of extreme ion temperature anisotropies in the D. Clack,1,2
Wind observations of extreme ion temperature anisotropies in the lunar wake D. Clack,1,2 J. C directional changes show that the wake geometry is dependent upon the prevailing magnetic field orientation (2004), Wind observations of extreme ion temperature anisotropies in the lunar wake, Geophys. Res. Lett
Richardson, John
Simulated performance of an airborne lidar wind shear detection system
in the microburst test case. Journal model is Applied Optics. CHAPTER II THE WIND SHEAR HAZARD 2. 1 The Wind Shear Phenomenon Wind shear can be defined as a change in wind direction and/or speed over relatively short distances. i Wind shear can occur at any... and sea ? breeze fronts. These clear air winds move at speeds of 15 to 40 knots over large distances. rhtrrM~s Prost i ? arhiog the ar e of t a sitio bet eea t o separate ai masses having different temperatures and humidities. The change in wind...
Griffith, Kenneth Scott
Brushless exciters using a high temperature superconducting field winding
A brushless exciter for a synchronous generator or motor generally includes a stator and a rotor rotatably disposed within the stator. The rotor has a field winding and a voltage rectifying bridge circuit connected in parallel to the field winding. A plurality of firing circuits are connected the voltage rectifying bridge circuit. The firing circuit is configured to fire a signal at an angle of less than 90.degree. or at an angle greater than 90.degree.. The voltage rectifying bridge circuit rectifies the AC voltage to excite or de-excite the field winding.
Garces, Luis Jose (Schenectady, NY); Delmerico, Robert William (Clifton Park, NY); Jansen, Patrick Lee (Scotia, NY); Parslow, John Harold (Scotia, NY); Sanderson, Harold Copeland (Tribes Hill, NY); Sinha, Gautam (Chesterfield, MO)
Solar wind electron temperature and density measurements on the Solar Orbiter with thermal noise spectroscopy
Solar wind electron temperature and density measurements on the Solar Orbiter with thermal noise of the plasma thermal noise analysis for the Solar Orbiter, in order to get accurate measurements of the total of their small mass and therefore large thermal speed, the solar wind electrons are expected to play a major role
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE EFFECTS ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR WIND TURBINE BLADES by Mei Li A thesis graduate students in the composite materials group for their help and kindness. Finally, thanks to my dear
Optimization of Sodar Wind Profile Measurements in Low-Humidity Climates at High Altitudes: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA number CRD-07-00246
The assessment of potential wind energy sites in the region of the U.S. from the Rocky Mountains westward.
Kelley, N.
Q&A on "Impacts of Wind Farms on Land Surface Temperature" Published by Nature Climate Change on April 29, 2012
1 Q&A on "Impacts of Wind Farms on Land Surface Temperature" Published by Nature Climate Change? This study presents the first observational evidence of wind farm impacts on land surface temperature downwind of wind farms. Why do the operating wind turbines warm nighttime temperature? This warming effect
Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Measures in Hot and Humid Climates
Hot and humid climates present some of the most complex challenges for sustainable building designs. High temperatures coupled with high humidity create extreme comfort problems and exacerbate the potential for condensation, mold and mildew...
Zhao, Y.; Erwine, B.; Leonard, P.; Pease, B.; Dole, A.; Lee, A.
Development of a Humid Climate Definition
located in humid climates. The draft standard included a definition of humid climate: where, during the warmest six consecutive months of a typical year, the wetbulb temperature is 19�C (67�F) or higher for 3500 hours or more, or 23�C (73�F) or higher...
Hedrick, R. L.; Shirey, D. B.
We extend previous theories of stochastic ion heating to account for the motion of ions along the magnetic field B . We derive an analytic expression for the temperature ratio T{sub i}/T{sub p} in the solar wind assuming that stochastic heating is the dominant ion heating mechanism, where T{sub i} is the perpendicular temperature of species i and T{sub p} is the perpendicular proton temperature. This expression describes how T{sub i}/T{sub p} depends upon U{sub i} and ?{sub ?p}, where U{sub i} is the average velocity along B of species i in the proton frame and ?{sub ?p} is the ratio of the parallel proton pressure to the magnetic pressure, which we take to be ?< 1. We compare our model with previously published measurements of alpha particles and protons from the Wind spacecraft. We find that stochastic heating offers a promising explanation for the dependence of T{sub ?}/T{sub p} on U{sub ?} and ?{sub ?p} when the fractional cross helicity and Alfv�n ratio at the proton-gyroradius scale have values that are broadly consistent with solar-wind measurements. We also predict how the temperatures of other ion species depend on their drift speeds.
Chandran, B. D. G.; Verscharen, D.; Isenberg, P. A.; Bourouaine, S. [Space Science Center and Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Quataert, E. [Astronomy Department and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, 601 Campbell Hall, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Kasper, J. C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Winding Transitions at Finite Energy and Temperature: An O(3) Model
Winding number transitions in the two dimensional softly broken O(3) nonlinear sigma model are studied at finite energy and temperature. New periodic instanton solutions which dominate the semiclassical transition amplitudes are found analytically at low energies, and numerically for all energies up to the sphaleron scale. The Euclidean period beta of these finite energy instantons increases with energy, contrary to the behavior found in the abelian Higgs model or simple one dimensional systems. This results in a sharp crossover from instanton dominated tunneling to sphaleron dominated thermal activation at a certain critical temperature. Since this behavior is traceable to the soft breaking of conformal invariance by the mass term in the sigma model, semiclassical winding number transition amplitudes in the electroweak theory in 3+1 dimensions should exhibit a similar sharp crossover. We argue that this is indeed the case in the standard model for M_H < 4 M_W.
Salman Habib; Emil Mottola; Peter Tinyakov
Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere1 using ion-to-electron temperature ratio2
solar wind conditions, i.e., high MA (> 6),54 energy conversion at the bow shock leads to high ion-to-551 Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere1 using ion-to-electron temperature ratio2 Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia18 11 Geophysik & extraterrestrische physik
Examination of Errors in Near-Surface Temperature and Wind from WRF Numerical Simulations in Regions of Complex Terrain
-surface atmospheric conditions are very important in many applications such as wind energy, agriculture, aviationExamination of Errors in Near-Surface Temperature and Wind from WRF Numerical Simulations of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah XUEBO ZHANG Computational Engineering and Science, University of Utah, Salt
Pu, Zhaoxia
Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt Class Wind Turbines
This paper summarizes the work completed under the CRADA between NREL and American Superconductor (AMSC). The CRADA combined NREL and AMSC resources to benchmark high temperature superconducting direct drive (HTSDD) generator technology by integrating the technologies into a conceptual wind turbine design, and comparing the design to geared drive and permanent magnet direct drive (PMDD) wind turbine configurations. Analysis was accomplished by upgrading the NREL Wind Turbine Design Cost and Scaling Model to represent geared and PMDD turbines at machine ratings up to 10 MW and then comparing cost and mass figures of AMSC's HTSDD wind turbine designs to theoretical geared and PMDD turbine designs at 3.1, 6, and 10 MW sizes. Based on the cost and performance data supplied by AMSC, HTSDD technology has good potential to compete successfully as an alternative technology to PMDD and geared technology turbines in the multi megawatt classes. In addition, data suggests the economics of HTSDD turbines improve with increasing size, although several uncertainties remain for all machines in the 6 to 10 MW class.
Maples, B.; Hand, M.; Musial, W.
The development of highly reliable downhole equipment is an essential element in enabling the widespread utilization of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). The downhole equipment used in these systems will be required to operate at high voltages and temperatures on the order of 200 to 250�C (and eventually to 300?C). These conditions exceed the practical operating ranges of currently available thermoplastic wire insulations, and thus limit the operating lifetime of tools such as Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs). In this work, high-temperature insulations based on composite materials were developed and demonstrated. The products of this work were found to exhibit electrical resistivities and dielectric breakdown strengths that PEEK at temperatures above 250C. In addition, sub-scale motor windings were fabricated and tested to validate the performance of this technology
Hooker, Matthew; Hazelton, Craig; Kano, Kimi
System and method for monitoring and controlling stator winding temperature in a de-energized AC motor
A system and method for measuring and controlling stator winding temperature in an AC motor while idling is disclosed. The system includes a circuit having an input connectable to an AC source and an output connectable to an input terminal of a multi-phase AC motor. The circuit further includes a plurality of switching devices to control current flow and terminal voltages in the multi-phase AC motor and a controller connected to the circuit. The controller is configured to activate the plurality of switching devices to create a DC signal in an output of the motor control device corresponding to an input to the multi-phase AC motor, determine or estimate a stator winding resistance of the multi-phase AC motor based on the DC signal, and estimate a stator temperature from the stator winding resistance. Temperature can then be controlled and regulated by DC injection into the stator windings.
Lu, Bin (Kenosha, WI); Luebke, Charles John (Sussex, WI); Habetler, Thomas G. (Snellville, GA); Zhang, Pinjia (Atlanta, GA); Becker, Scott K. (Oak Creek, WI)
Previous studies have shown that the observed temperature anisotropies of protons and alpha particles in the solar wind are constrained by theoretical thresholds for pressure and anisotropy driven instabilities such as the Alfv�n/ion-cyclotron (A/IC) and fast-magnetosonic/whistler (FM/W) instabilities. In this Letter, we use a long period of in situ measurements provided by the Wind spacecraft's Faraday cups to investigate the combined constraint on the alpha proton differential flow velocity and the alpha particle temperature anisotropy due to A/IC and FM/W instabilities. We show that the majority of the data are constrained to lie within the region of parameter space in which A/IC and FM/W waves are either stable or have extremely low growth rates. In the minority of observed cases in which the growth rate of the A/IC (FM/W) instability is comparatively large, we find relatively higher values of T {sub ?}/T {sub p} (T {sub ??}/T {sub ?p}) when the alpha proton differential flow velocity is small, where T {sub ?} and T {sub p} (T {sub ??} and T {sub ?p}) are the perpendicular (parallel) temperatures of alpha particles and protons. We conjecture that this observed feature might arise from preferential alpha particle heating which can drive the alpha particles beyond the instability thresholds.
Bourouaine, Sofiane; Verscharen, Daniel; Chandran, Benjamin D. G. [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States)] [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Maruca, Bennett A. [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)] [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Kasper, Justin C., E-mail: email@example.com [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Considering Air Density in Wind Power Production
In the wind power production calculations the air density is usually considered as constant in time. Using the CIPM-2007 equation for the density of moist air as a function of air temperature, air pressure and relative humidity, we show that it is worth taking the variation of the air density into account, because higher accuracy can be obtained in the calculation of the power production for little effort.
Farkas, Z�n�
Z�n� Farkas
Humidity Control in Residences
. By introducing a separate vapor compression unit to pre-condition outside air, indoor relative humidity can be controlled. This new air conditioning system combines a ventilation unit with a conventional recirculation air conditioning unit. Although successful...
Trowbridge, J.; Peterson, J.
Variation in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate of cattle as related to variations in solar radiation, air temperature, wind velocity, and vapor pressure
VARIATION IN RECTAL TEMPERATURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, AND PULSE RATE GF CATTLE AS RELATED TO VARIATIONS IN SOLAR RADIATION, AIR TEMPERATURE, WIND VELOCITY, AND VAPOR PRESSURE A Dissertation By Mohammad Fazlur Rahim Quazi Approved as to style... Dissertation By Mohammad Fazlur Rahim tyiazi Submitted to the Graduate School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1955 Major Subject: Genetics ? ?4...
Quazi, Mohammad Fazlur Rahim
Extreme Cold Weather Warning Recent subzero wind chill temperatures have understandably brought cold stress to a heighten
Extreme Cold Weather Warning Recent subzero wind chill temperatures have understandably brought for Disease Control and Prevention advise that if you are going outside in extreme cold, dress appropriately. Workers who are exposed to extreme cold or work in cold environments may be at risk of cold stress
Cantlon, Jessica F.
A Study of Thermal Wind in the Vicinity of a Jet Stream
concern ourselves only with the in- strumentation of the 8-29 since it is the aircraft which collected the data for this study. -8- The observations of wind speed and direction were obtained by the APN-66, an automatic pilot-navigator which measured..., these columns may be subdivided into nine general areas; time, position, altitude, winds, temperature, humidity, clouds, turbulence and aircraft data (indicated air speed, true air speed, drift, etc. ). This study is concerned only with the time, position...
Cunningham, Newton William
Problem 7-3: The air enters with a dry-bulb temperature of 50 o F and, at 50% relative humidity, with a wet-
cooling water leaves the condenser at To = 8 o F below the temperature of the condensing steam water, leaving the cooling tower and entering the condenser at TCWin = 70 o F, this amount of heat requires a temperature rise in the condenser and corresponding temperature drop in the cooling tower
Polyimide Capacitive Humidity Sensors
to actiMta a switch are still widely used in residential a~plications. These humidity aontrollers an reliable anl trrublefree, but onnot be ansidered precision cmtmls because of variatiom in materials anl in manufacturing tolera~e~. In a...
Lofgren, H.; Mills, F.
Effect of Return Air Leakage on Air Conditioner Performance in Hot/Humid Climates
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the effect of return air leakage from hot/humid attic spaces on the performance of a residential air conditioner. Tests were conducted in psychrometric facilities where temperatures and humidities...
O'Neal, D. L.; Rodriguez, A.; Davis, M.; Kondepudi, S.
JOURNAL of GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, YOLo 90, NO. C3, PAGES 4907-4910, MAY 20, 1985 The Effect of Water Temperature and Synoptic Winds on the
Temperature and Synoptic Winds on the Development of Surface Flows Over Narrow, Elongated Water Bodies M surfacetemperature and of the large-scalesynoptic winds on the devel- opment of surfaceflows over the water created by damming of a river). In these locations, a daytime induced breeze, including its interaction
Pielke, Roger A.
High Temperature, Low Relative Humidity, Polymer-type Membranes Based on Disulfonated Poly(arylene ether) Block and Random Copolymers Optionally Incorporating Protonic Conducting Layered Water insoluble Zirconium Fillers
Our research group has been engaged in the past few years in the synthesis of biphenol based partially disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers as potential PEMs. This series of polymers are named as BPSH-xx, where BP stands for biphenol, S stands for sulfonated, H stands for acidified and xx represents the degree of disulfonation. All of these sulfonated copolymers phase separate to form nano scale hydrophilic and hydrophobic morphological domains. The hydrophilic phase containing the sulfonic acid moieties causes the copolymer to absorb water. Water confined in hydrophilic pores in concert with the sulfonic acid groups serve the critical function of proton (ion) conduction and water transport in these systems. Both Nafion and BPSH show high proton conductivity at fully hydrated conditions. However proton transport is especially limited at low hydration level for the BPSH random copolymer. It has been observed that the diffusion coefficients of both water and protons change with the water content of the pore. This change in proton and water transport mechanisms with hydration level has been attributed to the solvation of the acid groups and the amount of bound and bulk-like water within a pore. At low hydration levels most of the water is tightly associated with sulfonic groups and has a low diffusion coefficient. This tends to encourage isolated domain morphology. Thus, although there may be significant concentrations of protons, the transport is limited by the discontinuous morphological structure. Hence the challenge lies in how to modify the chemistry of the polymers to obtain significant protonic conductivity at low hydration levels. This may be possible if one can alter the chemical structure to synthesize nanophase separated ion containing block copolymers. Unlike the BPSH copolymers, where the sulfonic acid groups are randomly distributed along the chain, the multiblock copolymers will feature an ordered sequence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. If, like in Nafion, connectivity is established between the hydrophilic domains in these multiblock copolymers, they will not need as much water, and hence will show much better protonic conductivity than the random copolymers (with similar degree of sulfonation, or IEC) at partially hydrated conditions. The goal of this research is to develop a material suitable for use as a polymer electrolyte membrane which by the year 2010 will meet all the performance requirements associated with fuel cell operation at high temperatures and low relative humidity, and will out-perform the present standard Nafion{reg_sign}. In particular, it is our objective to extend our previous research based on the use of thermally, oxidatively, and hydrolytically, ductile, high Tg ion containing polymers based on poly(arylene ethers) to the production of polymer electrolyte membranes which will meet all the performance requirements in addition to having an areal resistance of < 0.05 ohm-cm{sup 2} at a temperature of up to 120 C, relative humidity of 25 to 50%, and up to 2.5 atm total pressure. In many instances, our materials already out performs Nafion{reg_sign}, and it is expected that with some modification by either combining with conductive inorganic fillers and/or synthesizing as a block copolymer it will meet the performance criteria at high temperatures and low relative humidity. A key component in improving the performance of the membranes (and in particular proton conductivity) and meeting the cost requirements of $40/m{sup 2} is our development of a film casting process, which shows promise for generation of void free thin films of uniform thickness with controlled polymer alignment and configuration.
McGrath, James E.; Baird, Donald G.
On the relationship between temperature and wind speed in the atmospheric surface layer
LIBRAR& A AN m os??E " "" ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN T" MP. "RATURE AND WIND SPEED IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER A Thesis John Me Pierrard Submitted to the Graduate School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in partial... logarithmically with height+ Also, the choice of a method of determination of the roughness length must be governed by an awareness of possible errors in the wind speed meas- urementso The system used to collect the data employed in this study is susceptible...
Pierrard, John Martin
Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature and zonal and meridional winds above
.1029/2007JD009687. 1. Introduction [2] Solar thermal tides are global-scale waves that dom- inate to conserve wave energy. When propagating into the MLT region, the horizontal wind tidal amplitude can reach with fluorescence lidar's advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution and the capability of full diurnal
Humidity requirements in WSCF Laboratories
The purpose of this paper is to develop and document a position on Relative Humidity (RH) requirements in the WSCF Laboratories. A current survey of equipment vendors for Organic, Inorganic and Radiochemical laboratories indicate that 25% - 80% relative humidity may meet the environmental requirements for safe operation and protection of all the laboratory equipment.
Evans, R.A.
Ultrahigh humidity sensitivity of graphene oxide
Humidity sensors have been extensively used in various fields, and numerous problems are encountered when using humidity sensors, including low sensitivity, long response and recovery times, and narrow humidity detection ...
Bi, Hengchang
Tower Temperature and Humidity Sensors (TWR) Handbook
Three tall towers are installed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility: a 60-meter triangular tower at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (CF), a 21-meter walkup scaffolding tower at the SGP Okmulgee forest site (E21), and a 40-meter triangular tower at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Barrow site. The towers are used for meteorological, radiological, and other measurements.
Cook, DR
QA TG5 UV, temperature and humidity
February 27, 11:00 11:15 Task-Force coordinated by: Michael Khl, Fraunhofer ISE, Germany email@example.com Kusato Hirota, Toray Industries, Inc., Japan * Kusato...
lines, interconnect r ibbons, s older bonds) will likely corrode if exposed to liquid water. * So even if our contacts can survive moisture in the encapsulant they are n ot...
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 29 APRIL 2012 | DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1505 Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature
LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 29 APRIL 2012 | DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1505 Impacts of wind farms on land a region in west-central Texas, where four of the world's largest wind farms are located7 . Our results farms relative to nearby non-wind-farm regions. We attribute this warming primarily to wind farms as its
Electric Field and Humidity Trigger Contact Electrification
Here, we study the old problem of why identical insulators can charge one another on contact. We perform several experiments showing that, if driven by a preexisting electric field, charge is transferred between contacting insulators. This happens because the insulator surfaces adsorb small amounts of water from a humid atmosphere. We believe the electric field then separates positively from negatively charged ions prevailing within the water, which we believe to be hydronium and hydroxide ions, such that at the point of contact, positive ions of one insulator neutralize negative ions of the other one, charging both of them. This mechanism can explain for the first time the observation made four decades ago that wind-blown sand discharges in sparks if and only if a thunderstorm is nearby.
Zhang, Yanzhen; Liu, Yonghong; Wang, Xiaolong; Zhang, Rui; Shen, Yang; Ji, Renjie; Cai, Baoping
Yanzhen Zhang; Thomas P�htz; Yonghong Liu; Xiaolong Wang; Rui Zhang; Yang Shen; Renjie Ji; Baoping Cai
Measure Guideline: Supplemental Dehumidification in Warm-Humid Climates
This document covers a description of the need and applied solutions for supplemental dehumidification in warm-humid climates, especially for energy efficient homes where the sensible cooling load has been dramatically reduced. In older homes in warm-humid climates, cooling loads are typically high and cooling equipment runs a lot to cool the air. The cooling process also removes indoor moisture, reducing indoor relative humidity. However, at current residential code levels, and especially for above-code programs, sensible cooling loads have been so dramatically reduced that the cooling system does not run a lot to cool the air, resulting in much less moisture being removed. In these new homes, cooling equipment is off for much longer periods of time especially during spring/fall seasons, summer shoulder months, rainy periods, some summer nights, and some winter days. In warm-humid climates, those long off periods allow indoor humidity to become elevated due to internally generated moisture and ventilation air change. Elevated indoor relative humidity impacts comfort, indoor air quality, and building material durability. Industry is responding with supplemental dehumidification options, but that effort is really in its infancy regarding year-round humidity control in low-energy homes. Available supplemental humidity control options are discussed. Some options are less expensive but may not control indoor humidity as well as more expensive and comprehensive options. The best performing option is one that avoids overcooling and avoids adding unnecessary heat to the space by using waste heat from the cooling system to reheat the cooled and dehumidified air to room-neutral temperature.
Rudd, A.
Active Humidity Control Through Gas-Fired Desiccant Humidity Pump
to regenerate the desiccant. Field experiments of two humidity pumps on existing commercial buildings have been initiated. Each system dehumidifies 5000 scfm of make-up air to meet all the latent loads, which is then fed to conventional, electric-driven HVAC...
Novosel, D.; Griffiths, W. C.
Building for the Pacific Rim Countries. Energy-efficient building strategies for hot, humid climates
This book has been published by the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), the US trade association of the solar thermal, photovoltaic, and passive solar manufacturers, distributors, and component suppliers. Its purpose is to help architects, builders, and developers construct energy-efficient homes in hot humid climates like the Pacific Rim Countries, and to allow occupants of these homes to enjoy enhanced comfort without reliance on mechanical air-conditioning systems. Two important factors are addressed in this book. First, the past few years have seen a tremendous increase in practical applications of new research. The current popularity of ceiling paddle fans, attic radiant barriers and natural daylighting attest to the importance of keeping up with the latest concepts in energy-reduction and comfort-awareness. Professionals who have been in the field for the past few years may be unaware of the latest research findings--some of which dramatically alter prior thinking on such subjects as natural ventilation or mechanical air conditioning. The second factor is the importance of site-specific characteristics, which greatly affect building strategies and designs. A thorough understanding of the climate is a prerequisite to good building design. Such factors as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and solar radiation must be understood and properly integrated into the design for the home to be truly energy-efficient.
Sheinkopf, K. [ed.
Mean Radiant Cooling in a Hot-Humid Climate
degree F the mean radiant temperam of surrounding interior wall surfaces is lowered, air temperature may be increased 1.4 degrees F and thermal comfort will still be maintained." For example at the same relative humidity an interior room with the MRT...-circulate internal air e 250 fpm- piaster r-8 insulatio- 8' conc. wall ---, fiashinq~' r 18 slab insul \\ .. S::ar rnduced ventilation d I I Tin = 82'F fig. 1. Thermal Grounding ivith u deep foundation beam Hot-humid climates usually have early morning...
Garrison, M.
CVEN 6960 master's project, investigation of a cooling coil in high humidity conditions. Master's thesis
The primary purpose of this project is to validate the HVAC*2 Toolkit calculations for a cooling coil in high humidity conditions. A total of 19 experimental runs at different entering air temperature and humidity conditions were performed at the Joint Center for Energy Management HVAC Laboratory that exposed a cooling coil to temperature and humidity conditions that are typically found in the southern United States. The inlet conditions and manufacturer's coil rating data was used as input to the HVAC*2 Toolkit simple cooling coil subroutine (CCSIM). The predicted results from the toolkit were then compared to the experimental results.
Sloop, R.E.
Analysis of mixing layer heights inferred from radiosonde, wind profiler, airborne lidar, airborne microwave temperature profiler, and in-situ aircraft data during the Texas 2000 air quality study in Houston, TX
The mixing layer (ML) heights inferred from radiosondes, wind profilers, airborne lidar, airborne microwave temperature profiler (MTP), and in-situ aircraft data were compared during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study in the Houston area...
Smith, Christina Lynn
Wind Electrolysis: Hydrogen Cost Optimization
This report describes a hydrogen production cost analysis of a collection of optimized central wind based water electrolysis production facilities. The basic modeled wind electrolysis facility includes a number of low temperature electrolyzers and a co-located wind farm encompassing a number of 3MW wind turbines that provide electricity for the electrolyzer units.
Saur, G.; Ramsden, T.
Considerations for Energy Efficient Showers in Hot-Humid Climates
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT SHOWERS IN HOT-HUMID CLIMATES D. E. Claridge and W.D. Turner Energy Systems Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas ALM University ABSTRACT Measurements have been conducted on four low... for typical operation in Texas. This has significant implications for everyone who purchases or uses showerheads; this is particularly true in hot climates where supply water temperatures are relatively high. TESTS CONDUCTED Showerheads Tested Two...
Claridge, D. E.; Turner, W. D.
Case Study: Sick Building Syndrome in a Humid Climate
and evaluation; formaldehyde sampling; particulate sampling; bioaerosol sampling (consisting of nonviable and viable fungi spore sampling); carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity levels to be monitored over 12-hour periods on two... to the outside" (25). To date, no single satisfactory method is available to measure the amount of cigarette smoke present in a work space. Carbon monoxide and formaldehyde levels were monitored throughout the second and fourth floors to attempt...
Shaughnessy, R. J.; Levetin, E.
NREL National Wind Technology Center (NWTC): M2 Tower; Boulder, Colorado (Data)
The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC), located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado, is a world-class research facility managed by NREL for the U.S. Department of Energy. NWTC researchers work with members of the wind energy industry to advance wind power technologies that lower the cost of wind energy through research and development of state-of-the-art wind turbine designs. NREL's Measurement and Instrument Data Center provides data from NWTC's M2 tower which are derived from instruments mounted on or near an 82 meter (270 foot) meteorological tower located at the western edge of the NWTC site and about 11 km (7 miles) west of Broomfield, and approximately 8 km (5 miles) south of Boulder, Colorado. The data represent the mean value of readings taken every two seconds and averaged over one minute. The wind speed and direction are measured at six heights on the tower and air temperature is measured at three heights. The dew point temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, totalized liquid precipitation, and global solar radiation are also available.
Jager, D.; Andreas, A.
Wind derivatives: hedging wind risk:.
??Wind derivatives are financial contracts that can be used to hedge or mitigate wind risk. In this thesis, the focus was on pricing these wind� (more)
Hoyer, S.A.
Problems associated with the use of urea-formaldehyde foam for residential insulation. Part II. The effects of temperature and humidity on free formaldehyde, extractable formaldehyde, formaldehyde emission, and physical characteristics of the foam
Results of testing with two products of urea-formaldehyde based foams are described. Results of three products have previously been reported. Methods for detection and quantitative determination of formaldehyde, design of the experimental chambers, and the procedures are described. Samples of Product D were monitored for about 29 days and samples of Product E were monitored for 60 days in chambers and results are tabulated for formaldehyde emission. Additional tests performed on the two products are: extractable formaldehyde (high and low temperature conditions); free formaldehyde (high and low temperature conditions); comparison of free formaldehyde concentration; density (high and low temperature conditions); shrinkage (high and low temperature conditions). Control panels were constructed to simulate a wall in a home and observations were made and compared with results of the experimental products.
Schutte, W.C.; Cole, R.S.; Frank, C.W.; Long, K.R.
regimes Regime meteorology Vertical pressure velocity Potential temperature Relative humidity Wind speed regimes Regime meteorology Vertical pressure velocity Potential temperature Relative humidity Wind speed Regime meteorology Vertical pressure velocity Potential temperature Relative humidity Wind speed
Jakob, Christian
Building America Expert Meeting: Recommended Approaches to Humidity...
Energy Savers [EERE]
Building America Expert Meeting: Recommended Approaches to Humidity Control in High Performance Homes Building America Expert Meeting: Recommended Approaches to Humidity Control in...
Demand Controlled Ventilation for Improved Humidity Control
only C02, the systems now being installed also monitor dew point (and relative humidity). The capability of including VOC monitoring has also been demonstrated in a recent installation. Other IAQ parameters such as CO, ozone, formaldehyde and SOX...
Rogers, J. K.
Integrated Hygrothermal Performance of Building Envelopes and Systems in Hot and Humid Climates
Technology Center VTT Building Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Espoo, Finland Building Technology Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US ABSTRACT In hot and humid climates the interior... retarders reduce risk of moisture damage, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium, Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Espoo, Finland, Sept. 9-10, pp.447-454. Karagiozis, A. and Hadjisophocleous G. "Wind- Driven Rain on High-Rise Buildings", Thermal...
Karagiozis, A. N.; Desjarlais, A.; Salonvaara, M.
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2014)
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2014) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary Correspondence M. Wächter, ForWind-Center for Wind Energy Research, Institute of Physics, Carl Von Ossietzky on the operation of wind energy converters (WECs) imposing different risks especially in terms of highly dynamic
Peinke, Joachim
Humidity effects on wire insulation breakdown strength.
Methods for the testing of the dielectric breakdown strength of insulation on metal wires under variable humidity conditions were developed. Two methods, an ASTM method and the twisted pair method, were compared to determine if the twisted pair method could be used for determination of breakdown strength under variable humidity conditions. It was concluded that, although there were small differences in outcomes between the two testing methods, the non-standard method (twisted pair) would be appropriate to use for further testing of the effects of humidity on breakdown performance. The dielectric breakdown strength of 34G copper wire insulated with double layer Poly-Thermaleze/Polyamide-imide insulation was measured using the twisted pair method under a variety of relative humidity (RH) conditions and exposure times. Humidity at 50% RH and below was not found to affect the dielectric breakdown strength. At 80% RH the dielectric breakdown strength was significantly diminished. No effect for exposure time up to 140 hours was observed at 50 or 80%RH.
Appelhans, Leah
The Humid Air Turbine (HAT) Cycle Technology Development Program focused on obtaining HAT cycle combustor technology that will be the foundation of future products. The work carried out under the auspices of the HAT Program built on the extensive low emissions stationary gas turbine work performed in the past by Pratt & Whitney (P&W). This Program is an integral part of technology base development within the Advanced Turbine Systems Program at the Department of Energy (DOE) and its experiments stretched over 5 years. The goal of the project was to fill in technological data gaps in the development of the HAT cycle and identify a combustor configuration that would efficiently burn high moisture, high-pressure gaseous fuels with low emissions. The major emphasis will be on the development of kinetic data, computer modeling, and evaluations of combustor configurations. The Program commenced during the 4th Quarter of 1996 and closed in the 4th Quarter of 2001. It teamed the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) with P&W, the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), and a subcontractor on-site at UTRC, kraftWork Systems Inc. The execution of the program started with bench-top experiments that were conducted at UTRC for extending kinetic mechanisms to HAT cycle temperature, pressure, and moisture conditions. The fundamental data generated in the bench-top experiments was incorporated into the analytical tools available at P&W to design the fuel injectors and combustors. The NETL then used the hardware to conduct combustion rig experiments to evaluate the performance of the combustion systems at elevated pressure and temperature conditions representative of the HAT cycle. The results were integrated into systems analysis done by kraftWork to verify that sufficient understanding of the technology had been achieved and that large-scale technological application and demonstration could be undertaken as follow-on activity. An optional program extended the experimental combustion evaluations to several specific technologies that can be used with HAT technology. After 5 years of extensive research and development, P&W is pleased to report that the HAT Technology Development Program goals have been achieved. With 0 to 10 percent steam addition, emissions achieved during this program featured less than 8 ppm NO{sub x}, less than 16 ppm CO, and unburned hydrocarbons corrected to 15 percent O{sub 2} for an FT8 engine operating between 0 and 120 F with 65 to 100 percent power at any day.
Richard Tuthill
Lanthanide-halide based humidity indicators
The present invention discloses a lanthanide-halide based humidity indicator and method of producing such indicator. The color of the present invention indicates the humidity of an atmosphere to which it is exposed. For example, impregnating an adsorbent support such as silica gel with an aqueous solution of the europium-containing reagent solution described herein, and dehydrating the support to dryness forms a substance with a yellow color. When this substance is exposed to a humid atmosphere the water vapor from the air is adsorbed into the coating on the pore surface of the silica gel. As the water content of the coating increases, the visual color of the coated silica gel changes from yellow to white. The color change is due to the water combining with the lanthanide-halide complex on the pores of the gel.
Beitz, James V. (Hinsdale, IL); Williams, Clayton W. (Chicago, IL)
Air Handling Unit Supply Air Temperature Optimization During Economizer Cycles
temperature at supply air temperature setpoint. Mechanical cooling is always required when outside air temperature is higher than the supply air temperature setpoint. Generally the supply air temperature setpoint is set at 55�F for space humidity control...
Xu, K.; Liu, M.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z.
Coil Condensation Detection For Humidity Control
of an enthalpy economizer. A spreadsheet simulation of enthalpy economizer use showed that the savings available are heavily dependent on the ability to avoid its use on very hot, humid days. A newly-designed condensation sensor was developed for this project...
Kaneb, Charles Peckitt
Data Center Economizer Contamination and Humidity Study
and potential loss of humidity control. Concerns about equipment failure from airborne pollutants lead 42 #12;Executive Summary Data centers require continuous air conditioning to address high internal levels for computers. Air economizer cycles, which bring in large amounts of outside air to cool internal
in the near wake. In conclusion, WiTTS performs satisfactorily in the rotor region of wind turbine wakes under neutral stability. Copyright � 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS wind turbine wake; wake model; self in wind farms along several rows and columns. Because wind turbines generate wakes that propagate downwind
Evaluation of Humidity Control Options in Hot-Humid Climate Homes (Fact Sheet)
This technical highlight describes NREL research to analyze the indoor relative humidity in three home types in the hot-humid climate zone, and examine the impacts of various dehumidification equipment and controls. As the Building America program researches construction of homes that achieve greater source energy savings over typical mid-1990s construction, proper modeling of whole-house latent loads and operation of humidity control equipment has become a high priority. Long-term high relative humidity can cause health and durability problems in homes, particularly in a hot-humid climate. In this study, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) used the latest EnergyPlus tool equipped with the moisture capacitance model to analyze the indoor relative humidity in three home types: a Building America high-performance home; a mid-1990s reference home; and a 2006 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)-compliant home in hot-humid climate zones. They examined the impacts of various dehumidification equipment and controls on the high-performance home where the dehumidification equipment energy use can become a much larger portion of whole-house energy consumption. The research included a number of simulated cases: thermostat reset, A/C with energy recovery ventilator, heat exchanger assisted A/C, A/C with condenser reheat, A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier, A/C with DX dehumidifier, A/C with energy recovery ventilator, and DX dehumidifier. Space relative humidity, thermal comfort, and whole-house source energy consumption were compared for indoor relative humidity set points of 50%, 55%, and 60%. The study revealed why similar trends of high humidity were observed in all three homes regardless of energy efficiency, and why humidity problems are not necessarily unique in the high-performance home. Thermal comfort analysis indicated that occupants are unlikely to notice indoor humidity problems. The study confirmed that supplemental dehumidification is needed to maintain space relative humidity (RH) below 60% in a hot-humid climate home. Researchers also concluded that while all the active dehumidification options included in the study successfully controlled space relative humidity excursions, the increase in whole-house energy consumption was much more sensitive to the humidity set point than the chosen technology option. In the high-performance home, supplemental dehumidification equipment results in a significant source energy consumption penalty at 50% RH set point (12.6%-22.4%) compared to the consumption at 60% RH set point (1.5%-2.7%). At 50% and 55% RH set points, A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier and A/C with ERV and high-efficiency DX dehumidifier stand out as the two cases resulting in the smallest increase of source energy consumption. At an RH set point of 60%, all explicit dehumidification technologies result in similar insignificant increases in source energy consumption and thus are equally competitive.
Not Available
The Temperature and Relative Humidity Control in Cushing Library
humidifier, and heat recovery. The chilled water to the standard cooling coil is served by the chilled water loop on the campus. There is a glycol chiller for the glycol cooling coil for added dehumidification ability. Because of programming problems...
Liu, C.; Deng, S.; Claridge, D. E.; Turner, W. D.; Bruner, H., Jr.
The effect of temperature and humidity on respirator fit
Industry Standards. 2. ) ANSI 288. 2 (1980). 3. ) (NIOSH/MSHA) Title 3OCFR Part II. III. Respirator selection: 1. ) Proper device for the specific hazard. 2. ) Limitations of the device. IV. Fit test methods: 1. ) Negative Pressure. 2. ) Positive... respirator fit testing with isoamyl acetate (banana oil) is used extensively by industry to comply with current Federal safety and health standards. This test is required to help ensure that the respirator's integrity is not reduced by an improper fit...
Niekerk, Gary
Stellar Winds on the Main-Sequence I: Wind Model
Aims: We develop a method for estimating the properties of stellar winds for low-mass main-sequence stars between masses of 0.4 and 1.1 solar masses at a range of distances from the star. Methods: We use 1D thermal pressure driven hydrodynamic wind models run using the Versatile Advection Code. Using in situ measurements of the solar wind, we produce models for the slow and fast components of the solar wind. We consider two radically different methods for scaling the base temperature of the wind to other stars: in Model A, we assume that wind temperatures are fundamentally linked to coronal temperatures, and in Model B, we assume that the sound speed at the base of the wind is a fixed fraction of the escape velocity. In Paper II of this series, we use observationally constrained rotational evolution models to derive wind mass loss rates. Results: Our model for the solar wind provides an excellent description of the real solar wind far from the solar surface, but is unrealistic within the solar corona. We run ...
Johnstone, C P; L�ftinger, T; Toth, G; Brott, I
Wind Farm
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
The wind farm in Greensburg, Kansas, was completed in spring 2010, and consists of ten 1.25 megawatt (MW) wind turbines that supply enough electricity to power every house, business, and municipal...
Wasted Wind
why turbulent airflows are causing power losses and turbine failures in America's wind farms-and what to do about it April 1, 2014 Wasted Wind This aerial photo of Denmark's Horns...
A COOLING SYSTEM FOR BUIDINGS USING WIND ENERGY Hamid Daiyan Islamic Azad University - Semnan in dray land, and only uses wind energy for conditioning. It technologies date back over 1000 years. Wind system, Wind energy, Temperature Fig.1 Wind tower of Doulat-Abad garden of Yazd with it's altitude is 33
Wind Energy
Presentation covers wind energy at the Federal Utility Partnership Working Group (FUPWG) meeting, held on November 18-19, 2009.
Exploring Maximum Humidity Control and Energy Conservation Opportunities with Single Duct Single Zone Air-Handling Units
Humidity control for single-duct single-zone (SDSZ) constant volume air handling units is known to be a challenge. The operation of these systems is governed by space temperature only. Under mild weather conditions, discharge air temperature can get...
Zhou, J.; Wei, G.; Turner, W. D.; Deng, S.; Claridge, D.
Comparison of Triton SODAR Data to Meteorological Tower Wind Measurement Data in Hebei Province, China
With the increased interest in remote sensing of wind information in recent years, it is important to determine the reliability and accuracy of new wind measurement technologies if they are to replace or supplement conventional tower-based measurements. In view of this, HydroChina Corporation and the United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted a comparative test near a wind farm in Hebei Province, China. We present the results of an analysis characterizing the measurement performance of a state-of-the-art Sound Detection and Ranging (sodar) device when compared to a traditional tower measurement program. NREL performed the initial analysis of a three-month period and sent the results to HydroChina. When another month of data became available, HydroChina and their consultant Beijing Millenium Engineering Software (MLN) repeated NREL's analysis on the complete data set, also adding sensitivity analysis for temperature, humidity, and wind speed (Section 6). This report presents the results of HydroChina's final analysis of the four-month period.
Yuechun, Y.; Jixue, W.; Hongfang, W.; Guimin, L.; Bolin, Y.; Scott, G.; Elliott, D.; Kline, D.
Proceedings: Electric dehumidification: State-of-the-art humidity control for supermarkets seminar
On October 9--10 1990, EPRI sponsored a conference in New Orleans, Louisiana on Electric Dehumidification: State of the Art Humidity Control for Supermarkets. The conference was attended by 124 electric utility, manufacturer, supermarket industry and consultant representatives. Attendees heard 17 speakers address efficient electric technologies for controlling relative humidity, and the importance of humidity control in the supermarket environment. Speakers addressed efficient electric technologies as well as gas desiccant systems. The management of energy use in supermarkets is a complex task. Energy costs are a major part of the supermarket operating budget, and the supermarket business is one where small differences in operating costs can make the difference between profit and loss. Energy use is dominated by refrigeration and HVAC, and the control of energy costs is dependent on the successful management of the interaction between these two systems. Humidity control in supermarkets is critical because of the presence of refrigerated display cases. Excess humidity causes display case fixture sweating and refrigeration coil and product frosting, requires frequent defrosting, and increased energy use for antisweat heaters and refrigeration. The conventional approach to dehumidification in an all-electric system is overcooling to condense moisture and reheat to bring the air to a comfortable temperature. This approach, while effective in less demanding environments, results in high electric energy costs for the humidity control necessary in supermarkets. Speakers in the introductory session of the conference explained the importance of electric energy for the supermarket; discussed modern refrigeration systems; and set the stage for more detailed discussion of specific dehumidification systems.
Strong wind forcing of the ocean
the wind field should 'feel' the effects of the cold wake, awind stress leaves behind a wake of near inertial currents and modified temperature field,
Zedler, Sarah E.
Wind turbine
The improvement in a wind turbine comprises providing a tower with a freely liftable mount and adapting a nacelle which is fitted with a propeller windwheel consisting of a plurality of rotor blades and provided therein with means for conversion of wind energy to be shifted onto said mount attached to the tower. In case of a violent wind storm, the nacelle can be lowered down to the ground to protect the rotor blades from breakage due to the force of the wind. Required maintenance and inspection of the nacelle and replacement of rotor blades can be safely carried out on the ground.
Abe, M.
Temperature-Dependent Chemical Properties of
Silberstein #12;What is a fuel cell? #12;Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Two phase ionomer (ionic polymer temperatures (thermal history) and relative humidities Temperatures 150o C for 1 hour 100o C, 90o C, 80o C, 70o
Petta, Jason
Ceramic thick film humidity sensor based on MgTiO{sub 3} + LiF
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: � The fabricated sensor based on MgTiO{sub 3} + LiF materials used the spin coating technology. � The response time is 70 s to detect variation between 5 and 95% relative humidity. � The addition of Scleroglucan controls the viscosity and decreases the roughness of thick film surface. � This humidity sensor is a promising, low-cost, high-quality, reliable ceramic films, that is highly sensitive to humidity. - Abstract: The feasibility of humidity sensor, consisting of a thick layer of MgTiO{sub 3}/LiF materials on alumina substrate, was studied. The thermal analysis TGA-DTGA and dilatometric analysis worked out to confirm the sintering temperature. An experimental plan was applied to describe the effects of different parameters in the development of the thick film sensor. Structural and microstructural characterizations of the developed thick film were made. Rheological study with different amounts of a thickener (scleroglucan �sclg�), showing the behavior variation, as a function of sclg weight % was illustrated and rapprochement with the results of thickness variation as a function of angular velocity applied in the spin coater. The electrical and dielectric measurements confirmed the sensitivity of the elaborated thick film against moisture, along with low response time.
Kassas, Ahmad, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences and Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Hariri Campus, Hadath, Beirut (Lebanon); Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliqu�es de Cherbourg (LUSAC), 50130 Cherbourg-Octeville (France); Bernard, J�r�me; Leli�vre, C�line; Besq, Anthony; Guhel, Yannick; Houivet, David; Boudart, Bertrand [Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliqu�es de Cherbourg (LUSAC), 50130 Cherbourg-Octeville (France); Lakiss, Hassan [Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences and Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Hariri Campus, Hadath, Beirut (Lebanon); Faculty of Engineering, Section III, Hariri Campus, Hadath, Beirut (Lebanon); Hamieh, Tayssir [Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences and Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Hariri Campus, Hadath, Beirut (Lebanon)
20% Wind Energy 20% Wind Energy
(government, industry, utilities, NGOs) Analyzes wind's potential contributions to energy security, economic · Transmission a challenge #12;Wind Power Class Resource Potential Wind Power Density at 50 m W/m 2 Wind Speed20% Wind Energy by 2030 20% Wind Energy by 2030 #12;Presentation and Objectives Overview Background
Powell, Warren B.
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook Wind Energy Leasing Handbook E-1033 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension?..................................................................................................................... 31 What do wind developers consider in locating wind energy projects?............................................................................................ 37 How do companies and individuals invest in wind energy projects?....................................................................
Balasundaram, Balabhaskar "Baski"
E-Print Network 3.0 - atmospheric wind sensor Sample Search Results
to measure wind speed, wind direction, air... temperature, atmospheric pressure and solar radiation. The sensors and data-logger are mounted on 25-m high... calibration of...
Techniques to control the initial relative humidity over oxide/salt mixtures have been developed using cerium oxide as a surrogate for plutonium oxide. Such control is required to validate certain assumptions in the Department of Energy Standard DOE-STD-3013, and to provide essential information to support field surveillance at the storage sites for excess plutonium oxides. Concern over the validity of the assumption that corrosion induced degradation in 3013 containers could be controlled by assuring that the moisture content of any stored oxide/salt mixture was below 0.5 w t% arose when stress corrosion cracks were found in test samples exposed at room temperature to plutonium oxide/salt mixtures having a moisture content only marginally above 0.5 wt %. Additionally, analysis of the stress corrosion cracking observations suggests that the initial relative humidity over the oxide/salt mixture may play a major role in the cracking process. The investigations summarized in this report provide the procedures necessary to control the initial relative humidity to selected values within the range of 16 to 50% by controlling the loading relative humidity (18 to 60%) and the oxide/salt mixture water content (0.05 to 0.45 wt %). The studies also demonstrated that the initial relative humidity may be estimated by calculations using software EQ3/6. Cerium oxide/salt mixtures were used in this study because qualification tests with non-radioactive materials will reduce costs while increasing the breadth of the test programs required to support field surveillances of stored 3013 containers.
Wind Energy Benefits, Wind Powering America (WPA) (Fact Sheet...
Energy Benefits, Wind Powering America (WPA) (Fact Sheet), Wind And Water Power Program (WWPP) Wind Energy Benefits, Wind Powering America (WPA) (Fact Sheet), Wind And Water Power...
AC System Equipment Specification, Installation and Operational Options for Improved Indoor Humidity Control
of 80?F (26.7?C) dry-bulb temperature and 67?F (19.4?C) wet-bulb temperature air entering the indoor unit (AHRI 2006), the equipment SHRs range from 0.67 to 0.8. Thus, the dehumidification fraction (one minus SHR) varies from 0.2 (20%) to 0.33 (33... Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Plano, TX, December 15-17, 2008 Figure 3. Latent Capacity Degradation with Supply Air Fan Overrun at Reduced Air Flow compressor on cycle (Shirey et al. 2006). The plotted lines are results from a...
Shirey, D. B.
2011 Wind Technologies Market Report
that includes wind turbine towers. 2011 Wind TechnologiesSets Other Wind Turbine Components Towers Wind-Poweredselected wind turbine components includes towers as well as
Bolinger, Mark
2010 Wind Technologies Market Report
that includes wind turbine towers. 2010 Wind TechnologiesImports : Other Wind Turbine Components Towers Wind-Poweredselected wind turbine components includes towers as well as
Wiser, Ryan
Improving Comfort in Hot-Humid Climates with a Whole-House Dehumidifier, Windermere, Florida (Fact Sheet)
Maintaining comfort in a home can be challenging in hot-humid climates. At the common summer temperature set point of 75 degrees F, the perceived air temperature can vary by 11 degrees F because higher indoor humidity reduces comfort. Often the air conditioner (AC) thermostat set point is lower than the desirable cooling level to try to increase moisture removal so that the interior air is not humid or "muggy." However, this method is not always effective in maintaining indoor relative humidity (RH) or comfort. In order to quantify the performance of a combined whole-house dehumidifier (WHD) AC system, researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America team Consortium of Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) monitored the operation of two Lennox AC systems coupled with a Honeywell DH150 TrueDRY whole-house dehumidifier for a six-month period. By using a WHD to control moisture levels (latent cooling) and optimizing a central AC to control temperature (sensible cooling), improvements in comfort can be achieved while reducing utility costs. Indoor comfort for this study was defined as maintaining indoor conditions at below 60% RH and a humidity ratio of 0.012 lbm/lbm while at common dry bulb set point temperatures of 74 degrees -80 degrees F. In addition to enhanced comfort, controlling moisture to these levels can reduce the risk of other potential issues such as mold growth, pests, and building component degradation. Because a standard AC must also reduce dry bulb air temperature in order to remove moisture, a WHD is typically needed to support these latent loads when sensible heat removal is not desired.
Balancing of Wind Power.
?? In the future, renewable energy share, especially wind power share, in electricity generation is expected to increase. Due to nature of the wind, wind� (more)
�lker, Muhammed Akif
Energy 101: Wind Turbines
See how wind turbines generate clean electricity from the power of the wind. Highlighted are the various parts and mechanisms of a modern wind turbine.
ScienceCinema (OSTI)
NREL: Wind Research - Events
Events Below are upcoming events related to wind energy technology. January 2015 2015 Wind Energy Systems Engineering Workshop January 14 - 15, 2015 Boulder, CO The third NREL Wind...
Wind power and Wind power and
Wind power and the CDM #12; Wind power and the CDM Emerging practices in developing wind power 2005 Jyoti P. Painuly, Niels-Erik Clausen, Jørgen Fenhann, Sami Kamel and Romeo Pacudan #12; WIND POWER AND THE CDM Emerging practices in developing wind power projects for the Clean Development Mechanism Energy
A wind turbine of the type having an airfoil blade (15) mounted on a flexible beam (20) and a pitch governor (55) which selectively, torsionally twists the flexible beam in response to wind turbine speed thereby setting blade pitch, is provided with a limiter (85) which restricts unwanted pitch change at operating speeds due to torsional creep of the flexible beam. The limiter allows twisting of the beam by the governor under excessive wind velocity conditions to orient the blades in stall pitch positions, thereby preventing overspeed operation of the turbine. In the preferred embodiment, the pitch governor comprises a pendulum (65,70) which responds to changing rotor speed by pivotal movement, the limiter comprising a resilient member (90) which engages an end of the pendulum to restrict further movement thereof, and in turn restrict beam creep and unwanted blade pitch misadjustment.
Cheney, Jr., Marvin C. (Glastonbury, CT)
Three Case Studies: Moisture Control in a Hot, Humid Climate
as analysis of the problems, and recommendations for correction. Each of these projects would be classified an airconditioned building in a hot, humid climate, and subject to the problems and design issues concomitant with these types of projects. The first...
French, W. R.
A tropical grammar : an architectural grammar for hot humid climates
This thesis considers the viability of an architectural grammar based on traditional Caribbean architecture as an aid to designing climatically responsive architecture in hot humid climates. It argues that since traditional ...
Beamish, Anne, 1954-
argentine humid pampa: Topics by E-print Network
XI, Universit de 197 Humidity effects on ,,001... BaTiO3 single crystal surface water adsorption L. J. Qiao,1,a Engineering Websites Summary: with kinetic cutoff energy...
Effect of Humidity on the Composition of Isoprene Photooxidation...
effect on the rate and extent of the SOA mass growth. Citation: Nguyen TB, PJ Roach, J Laskin, A Laskin, and S Nizkorodov.2011."Effect of Humidity on the Composition of...
Wind Technologies & Evolving Opportunities (Presentation)
This presentation covers opportunities for wind technology; wind energy market trends; an overview of the National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado; wind energy price and cost trends; wind turbine technology improvements; and wind resource characterization improvements.
Robichaud, R.
A National Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore Wind...
A National Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore Wind Energy Industry in the United States A National Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore Wind Energy Industry in...
20% Wind Energy by 2030 - Chapter 2: Wind Turbine Technology...
Office of Environmental Management (EM)
20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development Wind Program Accomplishments...
Wind pro?le assessment for wind power purposes.
??Preliminary estimation of wind speed at the wind turbine hub height is critically important when planning new wind farms. Wind turbine power output is proportional� (more)
Sointu, Iida
Wind Powering America Webinar: Wind Power Economics: Past, Present...
Wind Powering America Webinar: Wind Power Economics: Past, Present, and Future Trends Wind Powering America Webinar: Wind Power Economics: Past, Present, and Future Trends November...
Community Wind Handbook/Understand Your Wind Resource and Conduct...
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Wind Resource and Conduct a Preliminary Estimate < Community Wind Handbook Jump to: navigation, search WIND ENERGY STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT & OUTREACHCommunity Wind Handbook...
2015 Iowa Wind Power Conference and Iowa Wind Energy Association...
2015 Iowa Wind Power Conference and Iowa Wind Energy Association Midwest Regional Energy Job Fair 2015 Iowa Wind Power Conference and Iowa Wind Energy Association Midwest Regional...
wind turbine components (specifically, generators, bladeschangers. � Wind turbine components such as blades, towers,17%). Wind turbine component exports (towers, blades,
and K. Porter. 2011. Wind Power and Electricity Markets.41 6. Wind Power Priceat Various Levels of Wind Power Capacity Penetration Wind
2009 Wind Technologies Market Report
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Arizona Public Service Wind Integration Cost Impact Study.an Order Revising the Wind Integration Rate for Wind Powered
2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. Little Rock,an Order Revising the Wind Integration Rate for Wind PoweredPacifiCorp. 2010. 2010 Wind Integration Study. Portland,
Wind Climatology Literature Review Jake Crouch October 12, 2010
Wind Climatology Literature Review Jake Crouch October 12, 2010 The National Centers and climate forecast models and to monitor atmospheric phenomenon such as atmospheric winds, temperature dataset, including atmospheric winds, and set a precedent for using the dataset in a climate monitoring
SUBMITTED TO GRL 1 Thermal Anisotropies in the Solar Wind
SUBMITTED TO GRL 1 E Thermal Anisotropies in the Solar Wind: vidence of Heating by Interstellar cyclotron instabilit s generated by newly created pickup ions and heats the thermal solar wind protons TO GRL 2 T Introduction he thermal anisotropy of the solar wind is the ratio between the temperatures p
Wind Power
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmosphericNuclear SecurityTensile Strain Switched FerromagnetismWaste and MaterialsWenjun DengWISPWind Industry Soars to New1Wind Power
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary)morphinanInformation Desert SouthwestTechnologies | Blandine Jerome Careers at WIPPCompletes aboutWind Energy
Shut Down Schedule Optimization with Outdoor Humidity Level
areas such as Portland and San Diego exhibit a large amount of hours wherein this scheme could be implemented. Table 4. Number of Hours That Satisfy AHU Shutdown Criteria for 16 U.S. Cities Hours that Fit All Three Criteria Location Total Hours... 6155 3055 886 3941 San Diego 6317 3331 853 4184 Portland 7167 3544 1035 4579 For hot and humid climates, such as Houston, the air is often too humid in the summer, and the methodology will work best during the fall, spring, and winter as seen...
Chen, H.; Deng, S.; Turner, W. D.; Claridge, D. E.; Clingenpeel, K.
Wind Power Today
Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind energy research conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program.
Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program � Micro Wind Initiative
Through the Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program � Micro Wind Initiative the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) offers rebates of up to $4/W with a maximum of $130,000 for design and...
The present paper provides a possible explanation for the solar wind electron velocity distribution functions possessing asymmetric energetic tails. By numerically solving the electrostatic weak turbulence equations that involve nonlinear interactions among electrons, Langmuir waves, and ion-sound waves, it is shown that different ratios of ion-to-electron temperatures lead to the generation of varying degrees of asymmetric tails. The present finding may be applicable to observations in the solar wind near 1 AU and in other regions of the heliosphere and interplanetary space.
Yoon, Peter H.; Kim, Sunjung; Lee, Junggi; Lee, Junhyun; Park, Jongsun; Park, Kyungsun; Seough, Jungjoon [School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701 (Korea, Republic of); Hong, Jinhy [Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701 (Korea, Republic of)
Wind energy bibliography
This bibliography is designed to help the reader search for information on wind energy. The bibliography is intended to help several audiences, including engineers and scientists who may be unfamiliar with a particular aspect of wind energy, university researchers who are interested in this field, manufacturers who want to learn more about specific wind topics, and librarians who provide information to their clients. Topics covered range from the history of wind energy use to advanced wind turbine design. References for wind energy economics, the wind energy resource, and environmental and institutional issues related to wind energy are also included.
Wind for Schools (Poster)
As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses, by installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools, by implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school. This poster provides an overview of the first two years of the Wind for Schools project, primarily supporting activities in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Idaho.
Baring-Gould, I.
Module Handbook Specialisation Wind Energy
of Wind Turbines Module name: Wind potential, Aerodynamics & Loading of Wind Turbines Section Classes Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential Wind turbine Aerodynamics Static and dynamic Loading of Wind turbines Wind turbine Aerodynamics Static and dynamic Loading of Wind turbines Credit points 8 CP
Habel, Annegret
Test Plan to Evaluate the Relationship Among IAQ, Comfort, Moisture, and Ventilation in Humid Climates
This experimental plan describes research being conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), in coordinatation with Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Florida HERO, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to evaluate the impact of ventilation rate on interior moisture levels, temperature distributions, and indoor air contaminant concentrations. Specifically, the research team will measure concentrations of indoor air contaminants, ventilation system flow rates, energy consumption, and temperature and relative humidity in ten homes in Gainesville, FL to characterize indoor pollutant levels and energy consumption associated with the observed ventilation rates. PNNL and FSEC have collaboratively prepared this experimental test plan, which describes background and context for the proposed study; the experimental design; specific monitoring points, including monitoring equipment, and sampling frequency; key research questions and the associated data analysis approach; experimental logistics, including schedule, milestones, and team member contact information; and clearly identifies the roles and responsibilities of each team in support of project objectives.
Widder, Sarah H.; Martin, Eric
Climate Change, Mortality, and Adaptation: Evidence from Annual Fluctuations in Weather in the US
as humidity and wind speed could influence mortality, bothwind speed) perform better than simple temperature levels in explaining daily mortality
Desch�nes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael
How to use CFD for Wind in Terrain ... real-life experience!
: � Turbulence modelling / numerical methods � Inclusion of wind turbine wake � Temperature stratification 2 study 3. Construction and operation 4. Wind turbine breakdown! 5. Wind measurements / CFD simulations1 How to use CFD for Wind in Terrain ... real-life experience! CFD day at Suzlon, October 2007 A
Wind Resource Assessment in Europe Using Emergy
mance characteristics of wind generator. The wind speed atcharacteristics of the wind generator. When wind speed is
Paudel, Subodh; Santarelli, Massimo; Martin, Viktoria; Lacarriere, Bruno; Le Corre, Olivier
Guide to Using the WIND Toolkit Validation Code
In response to the U.S. Department of Energy's goal of using 20% wind energy by 2030, the Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit was created to provide information on wind speed, wind direction, temperature, surface air pressure, and air density on more than 126,000 locations across the United States from 2007 to 2013. The numerical weather prediction model output, gridded at 2-km and at a 5-minute resolution, was further converted to detail the wind power production time series of existing and potential wind facility sites. For users of the dataset it is important that the information presented in the WIND Toolkit is accurate and that errors are known, as then corrective steps can be taken. Therefore, we provide validation code written in R that will be made public to provide users with tools to validate data of their own locations. Validation is based on statistical analyses of wind speed, using error metrics such as bias, root-mean-square error, centered root-mean-square error, mean absolute error, and percent error. Plots of diurnal cycles, annual cycles, wind roses, histograms of wind speed, and quantile-quantile plots are created to visualize how well observational data compares to model data. Ideally, validation will confirm beneficial locations to utilize wind energy and encourage regional wind integration studies using the WIND Toolkit.
Lieberman-Cribbin, W.; Draxl, C.; Clifton, A.
Corrosion-induced degradation of GaAs PHEMTs under operation in high humidity conditions
We have comprehensively investigated the degradation mechanism of AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (PHEMTs) under operation in high humidity conditions. PHEMTs degradation under high humidity ...
Hisaka, Takayuki
In a hot and humid climate such as Florida, �snowbirds� that leave their homes for extended summer periods need guidance on effective and energy efficient methods of humidity control. Experiments were performed in seven residences to evaluate...
Cummings, J. B.; Withers, C. R.
Howard County- Wind Ordinance
This ordinance sets up provisions for allowing small wind energy systems in various zoning districts.
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Temperature and Buoyancy Due to Concrete Building Structures Based from an Integrated DEM and
on atmospheric temperature and the convection winds generated in the Aburra val- ley of Medelln, Colombia
Alberta, University of
This article was downloaded by: [Adrian Tuck] On: 22 August 2011, At: 11:16
://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tres20 Vertical scaling of temperature, wind and humidity fluctuations: dropsondes from 13 km Journal of Remote Sensing iFirst, 2011, 128 Vertical scaling of temperature, wind and humidity from research dropsondes for temperature, wind speed and relative humidity during the 800 s it takes
Lovejoy, Shaun
Estimation of Wind Speed in Connection to a Wind Turbine
Estimation of Wind Speed in Connection to a Wind Turbine X. Ma #3; , N. K. Poulsen #3; , H. Bindner y December 20, 1995 Abstract The wind speed varies over the rotor plane of wind turbine making the wind speed on the rotor plane will be estimated by using a wind turbine as a wind measuring device
Wind energy offers considerable promise; the wind itself is free,
Wind energy offers considerable promise; the wind itself is free, wind power is clean. One of these sources, wind energy, offers considerable promise; the wind itself is free, wind power is clean, and it is virtually inexhaustible. In recent years, research on wind energy has accelerated
Langendoen, Koen
Wind Power Outlook 2004
The brochure, expected to be updated annually, provides the American Wind Energy Association's (AWAE's) up-to-date assessment of the wind industry. It provides a summary of the state of wind power in the U.S., including the challenges and opportunities facing the industry. It provides summary information on the growth of the industry, policy-related factors such as the federal wind energy production tax credit status, comparisons with natural gas, and public views on wind energy.
Wind Resource Maps (Postcard)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Powering America initiative provides high-resolution wind maps and estimates of the wind resource potential that would be possible from development of the available windy land areas after excluding areas unlikely to be developed. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to Wind Powering America's online wind energy resource maps.
Performance Evaluation of a Hot-Humid Climate Community
Project Home Again is a development in New Orleans, LA created to provide new homes to victims of Hurricane Katrina. Building Science Corporation acted as a consultant for the project, advocating design strategies for durability, flood resistance, occupant comfort, and low energy use while maintaining cost effectiveness. These techniques include the use of high density spray foam insulation, LoE3 glazing, and supplemental dehumidification to maintain comfortable humidity levels without unnecessary cooling.
Osser, R.; Kerrigan, P.
alternating temperature preculture: Topics by E-print Network
A; Moi, L 2013-01-01 3 Warm Humid Climate: Methodology to Study Air Temperature Distribution: Mobile Phones Base Stations as Viable Alternative for Fixed Points Texas A&M...
Surface wind speed distributions| Implications for climate and wind power.
?? Surface constituent and energy fluxes, and wind power depend non-linearly on wind speed and are sensitive to the tails of the wind distribution. Until� (more)
Capps, Scott Blair
NREL: Wind Research - Boosting Wind Plant Power Output by 4%...
Boosting Wind Plant Power Output by 4%-5% through Coordinated Turbine Controls July 30, 2014 Wind plant underperformance has plagued wind plant developers for years. To address...
Collegiate Wind Competition Engages Tomorrow's Wind Energy Innovators...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Engages Tomorrow's Wind Energy Innovators Collegiate Wind Competition Engages Tomorrow's Wind Energy Innovators January 6, 2014 - 10:00am Addthis 2014 Collegiate Teams Boise State...
Sinomatech Wind Power Blade aka Sinoma Science Technology Wind...
Sinomatech Wind Power Blade aka Sinoma Science Technology Wind Turbine Blade Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name: Sinomatech Wind Power Blade (aka Sinoma Science & Technology...
The design, construction, and instrumentation of a chamber to study heat, mass, and momentum transfer from humid air to metal under conditions of frosting and free convection
THE DESIGN? CONSTRUCTION? AND INSTRUMENTATION OF A CEAMSER TO STUDY HEAT, MASS? AND MOSNTUM TRANSFER FROM HUMID AIR TO METAL UNDER CONDITIONS OF FROSTING AND FREE CONVECTION A Thesis By James P. Hutchison Submitted to the Graduate School... temperatures a cryogenic pump wss necessary. The sire of the pump was computed on the basis of maintaining a one degree Fahrenheit drop of the coolant temperature through the supply systms. The greatest heat load on the supply system being 3718 BTU per hour...
Hutchison, James P
Generation of large-scale winds in horizontally anisotropic convection
We simulate three-dimensional, horizontally periodic Rayleigh-B\\'enard convection between free-slip horizontal plates, rotating about a horizontal axis. When both the temperature difference between the plates and the rotation rate are sufficiently large, a strong horizontal wind is generated that is perpendicular to both the rotation vector and the gravity vector. The wind is turbulent, large-scale, and vertically sheared. Horizontal anisotropy, engendered here by rotation, appears necessary for such wind generation. Most of the kinetic energy of the flow resides in the wind, and the vertical turbulent heat flux is much lower on average than when there is no wind.
von Hardenberg, J; Provenzale, A; Spiegel, E A
Optimize the Supply Air Temperature Reset Schedule for a Single-Duct VAV System
air temperature. However, resetting the supply air temperature not only impacts the cooling and heating energy consumption, but also the fan power consumption. If reset improperly, it may cause indoor air humidity problems or result in a fan power...
Wei, G.; Claridge, D. E.; Liu, M.
Next-Generation Wind Technology
The Wind Program works with industry partners to increase the performance and reliability of next-generation wind technologies while lowering the cost of wind energy.
natural gas prices), pushed wind energy to the top of (andperformance, and price of wind energy, policy uncertainty �cost, performance, and price of wind energy, some of these
2012 Wind Technologies Market Report
The Effects of Integrating Wind Power on Transmission Systemat Various Levels of Wind Power Capacity Penetration 201242 6. Wind Power Price
Wind Farms in North America
About Large Offshore Wind Power: Underlying Factors. EnergyOpinion on Offshore Wind Power - Interim Report. University2002) Economic Impacts of Wind Power in Kittitas County, Wa.
Hoen, Ben
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island June 1, 2003 August 31, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
Massachusetts at Amherst, University of
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island March 1, 2003 May 31, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle June 1, 2005 August 31, 2005 Prepared for United States Department...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island June 1, 2004 August 31, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island December 1, 2003 February 29, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts.................................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle December 1, 2004 February 28, 2005 Prepared for United States.................................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island March 1, 2004 May 31, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Consult. 2010. International Wind Energy Development: WorldUBS Global I/O: Global Wind Sector. UBS Investment Research.
2008. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association.American Wind Energy Association ( AWEA).2009b. AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study: Year
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island September 1, 2003 November 30, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT FALMOUTH, MA June1, 2004 to August 31, 2004. Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 8 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 8 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle March 1, 2005 May 31, 2005 Prepared for United States Department.................................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle December 1, 2004 December 1, 2005 Prepared for United States ......................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. Little Rock,GE Energy. 2011a. Oahu Wind Integration Study Final Report.PacifiCorp. 2010. 2010 Wind Integration Study. Portland,
wind turbine components (specifically, generators, bladeschangers. � Wind turbine components such as blades, towers,Canada (8%). Wind turbine component exports (towers, blades,
Colorado: Xcel Energy. 2012 Wind Technologies Market ReportOperator. 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report Chadbourne &Power Company. 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report EnerNex
Market Report vii potential wind energy generation withinthat nearly 8% of potential wind energy generation withinAreas, in GWh (and % of potential wind generation) Electric
capacity), with 17% of all potential wind energy generationthat roughly 17% of potential wind energy generation withinexample, roughly 1% of potential wind energy output in 2009
Wind energy information guide
This book is divided into nine chapters. Chapters 1--8 provide background and annotated references on wind energy research, development, and commercialization. Chapter 9 lists additional sources of printed information and relevant organizations. Four indices provide alphabetical access to authors, organizations, computer models and design tools, and subjects. A list of abbreviations and acronyms is also included. Chapter topics include: introduction; economics of using wind energy; wind energy resources; wind turbine design, development, and testing; applications; environmental issues of wind power; institutional issues; and wind energy systems development.
Wind Power Career Chat
This document will teach students about careers in the wind energy industry. Wind energy, both land-based and offshore, is expected to provide thousands of new jobs in the next several decades. Wind energy companies are growing rapidly to meet America's demand for clean, renewable, and domestic energy. These companies need skilled professionals. Wind power careers will require educated people from a variety of areas. Trained and qualified workers manufacture, construct, operate, and manage wind energy facilities. The nation will also need skilled researchers, scientists, and engineers to plan and develop the next generation of wind energy technologies.
Alloy 903 (FeNiCo+Nb) is currently used for certain components in industrial gas turbines for low coefficient of thermal expansion applications. A variance in creep behavior for material quality control evaluations suggested a possible effect of moisture level on stress rupture properties. To investigate the role of water vapor on the creep properties of alloy 903, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted at 650 C with 0 to 100% relative humidity. The water content was controlled by flowing dry air through a water bath at a constant temperature. A significant decrease of lifetime was observed in the presence of water vapor, which is likely related to grain boundary embrittlement by the inward diffusion of hydrogen. The increase of the microstructure grain aspect ratio by different forging processes generally improved the rupture lifetime and elongation in air. However, all specimens had reduced lifetime in the presence of water vapor despite the microstructure grain aspect ratios.
Dryepondt, Sebastien N [ORNL; Pint, Bruce A [ORNL; Mitchell, Ryan D [Solar Turbines, Inc.
EA-1726: Kahuku Wind Power, LLC Wind Power Generation Facility...
6: Kahuku Wind Power, LLC Wind Power Generation Facility, O'ahu, HI EA-1726: Kahuku Wind Power, LLC Wind Power Generation Facility, O'ahu, HI May 3, 2010 EA-1726: Final...
2008 Wind Energy Projects, Wind Powering America (Poster)
The Wind Powering America program produces a poster at the end of every calendar year that depicts new U.S. wind energy projects. The 2008 poster includes the following projects: Stetson Wind Farm in Maine; Dutch Hill Wind Farm in New York; Grand Ridge Wind Energy Center in Illinois; Hooper Bay, Alaska; Forestburg, South Dakota; Elbow Creek Wind Project in Texas; Glacier Wind Farm in Montana; Wray, Colorado; Smoky Hills Wind Farm in Kansas; Forbes Park Wind Project in Massachusetts; Spanish Fork, Utah; Goodland Wind Farm in Indiana; and the Tatanka Wind Energy Project on the border of North Dakota and South Dakota.
Creating a Global Humidity DatasetCreating a Global Humidity Dataset Progress with the Marine ComponentProgress with the Marine Component
Creating a Global Humidity DatasetCreating a Global Humidity Dataset Progress with the Marine PROJECT SUMMARY CLIMATOLOGIES Create a global gridded monthly mean dataset of surface vapour pressure, Exeter, UK CASE sponsors ICOADS, NCDC for providing the marine dataset Philip Brohan, Hadley Centre
Feigon, Brooke
Competitive Wind Grants (Vermont)
The Clean Energy Development Fund Board will offer a wind grant program beginning October 1, 2013. The grant program will replace the wind incentives that were originally part of the [http:/...
Residential Wind Power
This research study will explore the use of residential wind power and associated engineering and environmental issues. There is various wind power generating devices available to the consumer. The study will discuss the dependencies of human...
Willis, Gary
See the Wind
See the Wind Grades: 5-8 , 9-12 Topic: Wind Energy Owner: Kidwind Project This educational material is brought to you by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency...
Talbot County- Wind Ordinance
This ordinance amends the Talbot County Code, Chapter 190, Zoning, Subdivision and Land Development, to permit small wind turbine systems with wind turbine towers not to exceed 160 feet in total...
Wind Energy Act (Maine)
The Maine Wind Energy Act is a summary of legislative findings that indicate the state's strong interest in promoting the development of wind energy and establish the state's desire to ease the...
AWEA?s Wind Energy Weekly, DOE/EPRI?s Turbine Verification10% Wind Energy Penetration New large-scale 9 wind turbineswind energy continues to decline as a result of lower wind turbine
AWEA�s Wind Energy Weekly, DOE/EPRI�s Turbine Verification10% Wind Energy Penetration New large-scale 8 wind turbinesTurbine Market Report. Washington, D.C. : American Wind Energy
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Wind Logics, Inc. 2004. Wind Integration Study�Final Report.EnerNex Corp. 2006. Wind Integration Study for Public
Kent County- Wind Ordinance
This ordinance establishes provisions and standards for small wind energy systems in various zoning districts in Kent County, Maryland.
BC TIPS - Hot-Humid Climate: New Orleans
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious Rank EERE:YearRound-Up fromDepartmentTie Ltd: Scope ChangeL-01-06Hot-Humid Climate: New Orleans Building
is located in Europe. In contrast, all wind power projectsin Europe. In 2009, for example, more wind power was
CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING Offshore Wind
CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING Offshore Wind Lessons Learned from Europe: Reducing Costs and Creating Jobs Thursday, June 12, 2014 Capitol Visitors Center, Room SVC 215 Enough offshore wind capacity to power six the past decade. What has Europe learned that is applicable to a U.S. effort to deploy offshore wind off
Firestone, Jeremy
Wind power outlook 2006
This annual brochure provides the American Wind Energy Association's up-to-date assessment of the wind industry in the United States. This 2006 general assessment shows positive signs of growth, use and acceptance of wind energy as a vital component of the U.S. energy mix.
Wind Economic Development (Postcard)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Powering America initiative provides information on the economic development benefits of wind energy. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to the economic development benefits section on the Wind Powering America website.
Wind farm electrical system
An approach to wind farm design using variable speed wind turbines with low pulse number electrical output. The output of multiple wind turbines are aggregated to create a high pulse number electrical output at a point of common coupling with a utility grid network. Power quality at each individual wind turbine falls short of utility standards, but the aggregated output at the point of common coupling is within acceptable tolerances for utility power quality. The approach for aggregating low pulse number electrical output from multiple wind turbines relies upon a pad mounted transformer at each wind turbine that performs phase multiplication on the output of each wind turbine. Phase multiplication converts a modified square wave from the wind turbine into a 6 pulse output. Phase shifting of the 6 pulse output from each wind turbine allows the aggregated output of multiple wind turbines to be a 24 pulse approximation of a sine wave. Additional filtering and VAR control is embedded within the wind farm to take advantage of the wind farm's electrical impedence characteristics to further enhance power quality at the point of common coupling.
Erdman, William L.; Lettenmaier, Terry M.
Why do meteorologists use wind vanes? Wind vanes are used to determine the direction of the wind. Wind
Fun Facts Why do meteorologists use wind vanes? Wind vanes are used to determine the direction of the wind. Wind· vanes are also called weather vanes. What do wind vanes look like on a weather station? Wind vanes that are on weather stations look a lot like the one you· made! The biggest differences
Nebraska-Lincoln, University of
Wind: wind speed and wind power density maps at 10m and 50m above...
files of wind speed and wind power density at 10 and 50 m heights. Global data of offshore wind resource as generated by NASA's QuikSCAT SeaWinds scatterometer....
Wind: wind speed and wind power density GIS data at 10m and 50m...
files of wind speed and wind power density at 10 and 50 m heights. Global data of offshore wind resource as generated by NASA's QuikScat SeaWinds scatterometer....
Vertical axis wind turbine
Wind turbines are largely divided into vertical axis wind turbines and propeller (Horizontal axis) wind turbines. The present invention discloses a vertical axis high speed wind turbine provided with a starting and braking control system. This vertical axis wind turbine is formed by having blades of a proper airfoil fitted to respective supporting arms provided radially from a vertical rotary axis by keeping the blade span-wise direction in parallel with the axis and being provided with a low speed control windmill in which the radial position of each operating piece varies with a centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the vertical rotary axis.
Kato, Y.; Seki, K.; Shimizu, Y.
Wind turbines are largely divided into vertical axis wind turbines and propeller (Horizontal axis) wind turbines. The present invention discloses a vertical axis high speed wind turbine provided with rotational speed control systems. This vertical axis wind turbine is formed by having blades of a proper airfoil fitted to respective supporting arms provided radially from a vertical rotating shaft by keeping the blade span-wise direction in parallel with the shaft and being provided with aerodynamic control elements operating manually or automatically to control the rotational speed of the turbine.
Wind energy applications guide
The brochure is an introduction to various wind power applications for locations with underdeveloped transmission systems, from remote water pumping to village electrification. It includes an introductory section on wind energy, including wind power basics and system components and then provides examples of applications, including water pumping, stand-alone systems for home and business, systems for community centers, schools, and health clinics, and examples in the industrial area. There is also a page of contacts, plus two specific example applications for a wind-diesel system for a remote station in Antarctica and one on wind-diesel village electrification in Russia.
Wind Program: Wind Vision | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLasDelivered energy consumption byAbout PrintableBlenderWhatFellows - PastFarmWindWind PowerWind
Wind energy conversion system
The wind energy conversion system includes a wind machine having a propeller connected to a generator of electric power, the propeller rotating the generator in response to force of an incident wind. The generator converts the power of the wind to electric power for use by an electric load. Circuitry for varying the duty factor of the generator output power is connected between the generator and the load to thereby alter a loading of the generator and the propeller by the electric load. Wind speed is sensed electro-optically to provide data of wind speed upwind of the propeller, to thereby permit tip speed ratio circuitry to operate the power control circuitry and thereby optimize the tip speed ratio by varying the loading of the propeller. Accordingly, the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system is maximized.
Longrigg, Paul (Golden, CO)
Wind tower service lift
An apparatus used for maintaining a wind tower structure wherein the wind tower structure may have a plurality of legs and may be configured to support a wind turbine above the ground in a better position to interface with winds. The lift structure may be configured for carrying objects and have a guide system and drive system for mechanically communicating with a primary cable, rail or other first elongate member attached to the wind tower structure. The drive system and guide system may transmit forces that move the lift relative to the cable and thereby relative to the wind tower structure. A control interface may be included for controlling the amount and direction of the power into the guide system and drive system thereby causing the guide system and drive system to move the lift relative to said first elongate member such that said lift moves relative to said wind tower structure.
Oliphant, David; Quilter, Jared; Andersen, Todd; Conroy, Thomas
the risk issue of wind measurement for wind turbine operation
Sciences, National Taiwan University #12;outline � Wind measurement in meteorology and wind farm design-related issues on wind turbine operation 3/31/2011 2 #12;WIND MEASUREMENT IN METEOROLOGY & WIND FARM DESIGN 3.brainybetty.com 11 wind farm at ChangHwa Coastal Industrial Park 70m wind tower 70m 50m 30m 10m #12;1 2 3 4 5 1 (70M
Leu, Tzong-Shyng "Jeremy"
Solar-wind minor ions: recent observations
During the years following the Solar Wind Four Conference at Burghausen our knowledge of the solar wind ion composition and dynamics has grown. There have been some surprises, and our understanding of the evolution of the solar wind has been improved. Systematic studies have shown that the minor ions generally travel with a common bulk speed and have temperatures roughly proportional to their masses. It has been determined that the /sup 3/He/sup + +/ content varies greatly; /sup 3/He/sup + +///sup 4/He/sup + +/ ranges from as high as 10/sup 2/ values to below 2 x 10/sup -4/. In some solar wind flows which can be related to energetic coronal events, the minor ions are found in unusual ionization states containing Fe/sup 16 +/ as a prominent ion, showing that the states were formed at unusually high temperatures. Unexpectedly, in a few flows substantial quantities of /sup 4/He/sup +/ have been detected, sometimes with ions identifiable as O/sup 2 +/ and O/sup 3 +/. Surprisingly, in some of these examples the ionization state is mixed showing that part of the plasma escaped the corona without attaining the usual million-degree temperatures while other parts were heated more nearly in the normal manner. Additionally, detailed studies of the minor ions have increased our understanding of the coronal expansion. For example, such studies have contributed to identifying near equatorial coronal streamers as the source of solar wind flows between high speed streams.
Bame, S.J.
NREL: Wind Research - WindPACT
the cost of wind energy Determine probable size ranges of advanced utility-scale turbines over the next decade for U.S. application Evaluate advanced concepts that are...
Colliding Winds in Low-Mass Binary Star Systems: wind interactions and implications for habitable planets
Context. In binary star systems, the winds from the two components impact each other, leading to strong shocks and regions of enhanced density and temperature. Potentially habitable circumbinary planets must continually be exposed to these interactions regions. Aims. We study, for the first time, the interactions between winds from low-mass stars in a binary system, to show the wind conditions seen by potentially habitable circumbinary planets. Methods. We use the advanced 3D numerical hydrodynamic code Nurgush to model the wind interactions of two identical winds from two solar mass stars with circular orbits and a binary separation of 0.5 AU. As input into this model, we use a 1D hydrodynamic simulation of the solar wind, run using the Versatile Advection Code. We derive the locations of stable and habitable orbits in this system to explore what wind conditions potentially habitable planets will be exposed to during their orbits. Results. Our wind interaction simulations result in the formation of two stron...
Johnstone, C P; Pilat-Lohinger, E; Bisikalo, D; G�del, M; Eggl, S
This patent describes a wind energy conversion system comprising: a propeller rotatable by force of wind; a generator of electricity mechanically coupled to the propeller for converting power of the wind to electric power for use by an electric load; means coupled between the generator and the electric load for varying the electric power drawn by the electric load to alter the electric loading of the generator; means for electro-optically sensing the speed of the wind at a location upwind from the propeller; and means coupled between the sensing means and the power varying means for operating the power varying means to adjust the electric load of the generator in accordance with a sensed value of wind speed to thereby obtain a desired ratio of wind speed to the speed of a tip of a blade of the propeller.
Longrigg, P.
WINDExchange Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and...
Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and Interconnection for Offshore Wind WINDExchange Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and Interconnection for Offshore Wind...
Guidance to Accompany Non-Availability Waiver of the Recovery Act Buy American Provisions for 5kW and 50kW Wind Turbines
Barstow Wind Turbine Project
Presentation covers the Barstow Wind Turbine project for the Federal Utility Partnership Working Group (FUPWG) meeting, held on November 18-19, 2009.
Vertical axis wind turbines
A vertical axis wind turbine is described. The wind turbine can include a top ring, a middle ring and a lower ring, wherein a plurality of vertical airfoils are disposed between the rings. For example, three vertical airfoils can be attached between the upper ring and the middle ring. In addition, three more vertical airfoils can be attached between the lower ring and the middle ring. When wind contacts the vertically arranged airfoils the rings begin to spin. By connecting the rings to a center pole which spins an alternator, electricity can be generated from wind.
Krivcov, Vladimir (Miass, RU); Krivospitski, Vladimir (Miass, RU); Maksimov, Vasili (Miass, RU); Halstead, Richard (Rohnert Park, CA); Grahov, Jurij (Miass, RU)
Wind Wave Float
Weinstein Principle Power, Inc. firstname.lastname@example.com November 1, 2011 2 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov Purpose, Objectives, & Integration Project...
Talkin� Bout Wind Generation
The amount of electricity generated by the wind industry started to grow back around 1999, and since 2007 has been increasing at a rapid pace.
Wind Engineering & Natural Disaster Mitigation
Wind Engineering & Natural Disaster Mitigation For more than 45 years, Western University has been internationally recognized as the leading university for wind engineering and wind- related research. Its of environmental disaster mitigation, with specific strengths in wind and earthquake research. Boundary Layer Wind
Denham, Graham
Wind Energy and Spatial Technology
2/3/2011 1 Wind Energy and Spatial Technology Lori Pelech Why Wind Energy? A clean, renewable 2,600 tons of carbon emissions annually The economy · Approximately 85,000 wind energy workers to Construct a Wind Farm... Geo-Spatial Components of Wind Farm Development Process Selecting a Project Site
Schweik, Charles M.
Proceedings Nordic Wind Power Conference
Estimation of Possible Power for Wind Plant Control Power Fluctuations from Offshore Wind Farms; Model Validation System grounding of wind farm medium voltage cable grids Faults in the Collection Grid of Offshore systems of wind turbines and wind farms. NWPC presents the newest research results related to technical
Economics of Online Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbines: Cost Benefit Analysis
Economics of Online Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbines: Cost Benefit Analysis Jeremy Van monitoring (OSHM) and condition-based maintenance (CBM) of wind turbine blades has the potential to reduce O cost of energy (LCOE) [1]. The costs required to keep wind turbines working in extreme temperatures
McCalley, James D.
Climatology of katabatic winds in the McMurdo dry valleys, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Climatology of katabatic winds in the McMurdo dry valleys, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica of katabatic winds largely controls winter (June to August) temperatures, increasing 1°C per 1% increase of katabatic winds in the McMurdo dry valleys, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D
Fountain, Andrew G.
The r-Process in Supersonic Neutrino-Driven Winds: The Roll of Wind Termination Shock
Recent hydrodynamic studies of core-collapse supernovae imply that the neutrino-heated ejecta from a nascent neutron star develops to supersonic outflows. These supersonic winds are influenced by the reverse shock from the preceding supernova ejecta, forming the wind termination shock. We investigate the effects of the termination shock in neutrino-driven winds and its roll on the r-process. Supersonic outflows are calculated with a semi-analytic neutrino-driven wind model. Subsequent termination-shocked, subsonic outflows are obtained by applying the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. We find a couple of effects that can be relevant for the r-process. First is the sudden slowdown of the temperature decrease by the wind termination. Second is the entropy jump by termination-shock heating, up to several 100NAk. Nucleosynthesis calculations in the obtained winds are performed to examine these effects on the r-process. We find that 1) the slowdown of the temperature decrease plays a decisive roll to determine the r-process abundance curves. This is due to the strong dependences of the nucleosynthetic path on the temperature during the r-process freezeout phase. Our results suggest that only the termination-shocked winds with relatively small shock radii (~500km) are relevant for the bulk of the solar r-process abundances (A~100-180). The heaviest part in the solar r-process curve (A~180-200), however, can be reproduced both in shocked and unshocked winds. These results may help to constrain the mass range of supernova progenitors relevant for the r-process. We find, on the other hand, 2) negligible roles of the entropy jump on the r-process. This is a consequence that the sizable entropy increase takes place only at a large shock radius (~10,000km) where the r-process has already ceased.
Takami Kuroda; Shinya Wanajo; Ken'ichi Nomoto
The effect of temperature and relative humidity levels upon charcoal tube sampling for vinyl choloride
their cooperation, this research would not have been possible. I also wish to express my appreciation to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health which prov ided an educational grant. DEDICATION To Ann, Your love, words of encouragement... of their employees from angiosarcoma to prolonged vinyl chloride monomer (UCM) exposure. (I) The government immediately stepped in, and by Febr uary 1974, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) had issued a set of recommendations...
McCaskill, Gerald Daniel
Wind Power Today, 2010, Wind and Water Power Program (WWPP)
Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind energy research conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and Water Power Program.
American Wind Energy Association Wind Energy Finance and Investment...
Wind Energy Finance and Investment Seminar American Wind Energy Association Wind Energy Finance and Investment Seminar October 20, 2014 8:00AM EDT to October 21, 2014 5:00PM EDT...
Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Team Honored with Wirth...
America's Wind for Schools Team Honored with Wirth Chair Award Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Team Honored with Wirth Chair Award May 1, 2012 - 2:46pm Addthis This is an...
20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution...
: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply Here you will find the...
Effects of Sodium Chloride Particles, Ozone, UV, and Relative Humidity on Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver
Effects of Sodium Chloride Particles, Ozone, UV, and Relative Humidity on Atmospheric Corrosion The corrosion of Ag contaminated with NaCl particles in gaseous environments containing humidity and ozone analyzed using a coulometric reduction technique. The atmospheric corrosion of Ag was greatly accelerated
The aim of this article is to describe the particular field of climatology which analyzes air movement characteristics regarding utilization of wind for energy generation. The article describes features of wind energy potential available in Hungary compared to wind conditions in other areas of the northern quarter sphere in order to assist the wind energy use development in Hungary. Information on wind climate gives a solid basis for financial and economic decisions of stakeholders in the field of wind energy utilization.
Andrea Kircsi
Q-Winds satellite hurricane wind retrievals and H*Wind comparisons
tailored to extreme wind events. Because of this and precipitation effects, scatterometers have failed/passive scatterometer retrieval algorithm designed specifically for extreme wind events, hereafter identified1 Q-Winds satellite hurricane wind retrievals and H*Wind comparisons Pet Laupattarakasem and W
Hennon, Christopher C.
Investigation of temperature in the stratosphere
of Parameters . 19 1. Horizontal temperature advection . . . . . . . 19 2. Local time rate-of- change of temperature . 26 Vertical motions . . . . 29 D. The 1"orecasting of Tempera- ture 51 E. Comparison of Thermal Winds and Wind. Shear Vectors V...!ITHOUT SMOOTHING THE HIND DATA I oc ation Date Vertical Velocity (cm/sec) Unsmoothed winds Smoothed winds (Rook Ss d d C ! (~ks, d Ss~d PGU"' 17 Jan 1$6$ 1700 GMT 'ktSI!R+ 1$ Dec I'36$ 1715 GMT. -5. 2 -1. $ 1 s7 IJSMR 18 Dec lo6$ 1800 GMT -2. 2 -1. 7...
Kays, Marvin Dale
Summary) 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply (Executive Summary) Executive summary of a report on the requirements needed...
AWEA�s Wind Energy Weekly, DOE/EPRI�s Turbine Verification10% Wind Energy Penetration New large-scale 10 wind turbineswind energy became more challenging, orders for new turbines
P. and Mueller, A. (2010) Wind Farm Announcements and RuralProposed Rail Splitter Wind Farm. Prepared for Hinshaw &Economic Analysis of a Wind Farm in Nantucket Sound. Beacon
natural gas prices), pushed wind energy from the bottom toover the cost and price of wind energy that it receives. Asweighted-average price of wind energy in 1999 was $65/MWh (
natural gas prices, though the economic value of wind energyenergy and climate policy initiatives. With wind turbine pricesprices reported here would be at least $20/MWh higher without the PTC), they do not represent wind energy
weighted-average price of wind energy in 1999 was roughly $reduced near-term price expectations, wind energy?s primaryelectricity prices in 2009 pushed wind energy to the top of
Fort Carson Wind Resource Assessment
This report focuses on the wind resource assessment, the estimated energy production of wind turbines, and economic potential of a wind turbine project on a ridge in the southeastern portion of the Fort Carson Army base.
and the drop in wind power plant installations since 2009and the drop in wind power plant installations since 2009towers used in U.S. wind power plants increases from 80% in
and the drop in wind power plant installations, for example,the decrease in new wind power plant construction. A GrowingRelative Economics of Wind Power Plants Installed in Recent
AWEA). 2010b. AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Survey,html David, A. 2009. Wind Turbines: Industry and Tradewhich new large-scale wind turbines were installed in 2009 (
ET2/TL-08-1474. May 19, 2010 Wind Technologies Market ReportAssociates. 2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. Little10, 2010. David, A. 2009. Wind Turbines: Industry and Trade
Associates. 2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. LittlePool. David, A. 2011. U.S. Wind Turbine Trade in a Changing2011. David, A. 2010. Impact of Wind Energy Installations on
shows that 8.5% of potential wind energy generation withinin GWh (and as a % of potential wind generation) Electricreport also laid out a potential wind power deployment path
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Resource Assessment
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas Conchas recoveryLaboratory | NationalJohn F. Geisz,AerialStaff Here you willWind EnergyWind
West Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 NoPublic Utilities Address: 160 East 300 South Place: SaltTroyer & AssociatesWest CentralUkinrekWest Winds Wind
Wind Vision Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 NoPublic Utilities Address: 160 East 300 South Place:ReferenceEdit JumpWill County, Illinois:4 Sector WindOaxacaWind
Small Wind Information (Postcard)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Powering America initiative maintains a website section devoted to information about small wind turbines for homeowners, ranchers, and small businesses. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to this online resource.
Offshore Wind Geoff Sharples
Offshore Wind Geoff Sharples firstname.lastname@example.com #12;Frequently Unanswered Ques?ons · Why don't "they" build more offshore wind? · Why not make the blades bigger? · How big will turbines get? #12;Offshore Resource is Good #12
Kammen, Daniel M.
Carbon smackdown: wind warriors
July 16. 2010 carbon smackdown summer lecture: learn how Berkeley Lab scientists are developing wind turbines to be used in an urban setting, as well as analyzing what it will take to increase the adoption of wind energy in the U.S.
Glen Dahlbacka of the Accelerator & Fusion Research Division and Ryan Wiser of the Environmental Energy Technologies Division are the speakers.
Wind energy is currently the fastest-growing renewable source of energy in India; India is a key market for the wind industry, presenting substantial opportunities for both the international and domestic players. In India the research is carried out on wind energy utilization on big ways.There are still many unsolved challenges in expanding wind power, and there are numerous problems of interest to systems and control researchers. In this paper we study the pitch control mechanism of wind turbine. The pitch control system is one of the most widely used control techniques to regulate the output power of a wind turbine generator. The pitch angle is controlled to keep the generator power at rated power by reducing the angle of the blades. By regulating, the angle of stalling, fast torque changes from the wind will be reutilized. It also describes the design of the pitch controller and discusses the response of the pitch-controlled system to wind velocity variations. The pitch control system is found to have a large output power variation and a large settling time.
Chatinderpal Singh
Illinois Wind Workers Group
The Illinois Wind Working Group (IWWG) was founded in 2006 with about 15 members. It has grown to over 200 members today representing all aspects of the wind industry across the State of Illinois. In 2008, the IWWG developed a strategic plan to give direction to the group and its activities. The strategic plan identifies ways to address critical market barriers to the further penetration of wind. The key to addressing these market barriers is public education and outreach. Since Illinois has a restructured electricity market, utilities no longer have a strong control over the addition of new capacity within the state. Instead, market acceptance depends on willing landowners to lease land and willing county officials to site wind farms. Many times these groups are uninformed about the benefits of wind energy and unfamiliar with the process. Therefore, many of the project objectives focus on conferences, forum, databases and research that will allow these stakeholders to make well-educated decisions.
David G. Loomis
Wind Wildlife Research Meeting X
The biennial Wind Wildlife Research Meeting provides an internationally recognized forum for researchers and wind-wildlife stakeholders to hear contributed papers, view research posters, and listen...
AWEA�s Wind Energy Weekly, DOE/EPRI�s Turbine VerificationTurbine Global Market Study: Year Ending 2008. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy
Wind and Solar Curtailment: Preprint
Integration of Wind Power Into Power Systems as Well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants London, England October 22 - 24, 2013 Conference Paper NREL...
Wind Energy Resources and Technologies
This page provides a brief overview of wind energy resources and technologies supplemented by specific information to apply wind energy within the Federal sector.
Large Wind Property Tax Reduction
In 2001, North Dakota established property tax reductions for commercial wind turbines constructed before 2011. Originally, the law reduced the taxable value of centrally-assessed* wind turbines...
wind turbine equipment-related costs are assumed to equal 85% of 2010 Wind Technologies Market Report periods to further avoid �noise�
selected wind turbine components that include towers (tradeWind turbine transactions differ in the services offered (e.g. , whether towers
wind turbine manufacturers: Vestas (nacelles, blades, and towersWind turbine transactions differ in the services offered (e.g. , whether towers
Wind Events | Department of Energy
Below is an industry calendar with meetings, conferences, and webinars of interest to the wind energy technology communities. IEA Wind Task 34 (WREN) Quarterly Webinar 3:...
Fast Response and High Sensitivity ZnO/glass Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensors Using Graphene Oxide Sensing Layer
We report ZnO/glass surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensors with high sensitivity and fast response using graphene oxide sensing layer. The frequency shift of the sensors is exponentially correlated to the humidity change, induced mainly...
Xuan, Weipeng; He, Mei; Meng, Nan; He, Xingli; Wang, Wenbo; Chen, Jinkai; Shi, Tianjin; Hasan, Tawfique; Xu, Zhen; Xu, Yang; Luo, J. K.
Ris National Laboratory DTU Wind Energy Department
wind speed, wind direction relative to the spinner and flow inclination angle. A wind tunnel concept anemometer is a wind measurement concept in which measurements of wind speed in the flow over a wind turbine on a modified 300kW wind turbine spinner, was mounted with three 1D sonic wind speed sensors. The flow around
PowerJet Wind Turbine Project
PROJECT OBJECTIVE The PowerJet wind turbine overcomes problems characteristic of the small wind turbines that are on the market today by providing reliable output at a wide range of wind speeds, durability, silent operation at all wind speeds, and bird-safe operation. Prime Energy��?s objective for this project was to design and integrate a generator with an electrical controller and mechanical controls to maximize the generation of electricity by its wind turbine. The scope of this project was to design, construct and test a mechanical back plate to control rotational speed in high winds, and an electronic controller to maximize power output and to assist the base plate in controlling rotational speed in high winds. The test model will continue to operate beyond the time frame of the project, with the ultimate goal of manufacturing and marketing the PowerJet worldwide. Increased Understanding of Electronic & Mechanical Controls Integrated With Electricity Generator The PowerJet back plate begins to open as wind speed exceeds 13.5 mps. The pressure inside the turbine and the turbine rotational speed are held constant. Once the back plate has fully opened at approximately 29 mps, the controller begins pulsing back to the generator to limit the rotational speed of the turbine. At a wind speed in excess of 29 mps, the controller shorts the generator and brings the turbine to a complete stop. As the wind speed subsides, the controller releases the turbine and it resumes producing electricity. Data collection and instrumentation problems prevented identification of the exact speeds at which these events occur. However, the turbine, controller and generator survived winds in excess of 36 mps, confirming that the two over-speed controls accomplished their purpose. Technical Effectiveness & Economic Feasibility Maximum Electrical Output The output of electricity is maximized by the integration of an electronic controller and mechanical over-speed controls designed and tested during the course of this project. The output exceeds that of the PowerJet��?s 3-bladed counterparts (see Appendix). Durability All components of the PowerJet turbine assembly��?including the electronic and mechanical controls designed, manufactured and field tested during the course of this project��?proved to be durable through severe weather conditions, with constant operation and no interruption in energy production. Low Cost Materials for the turbine, generator, tower, charge controllers and ancillary parts are available at reasonable prices. Fabrication of these parts is also readily available worldwide. The cost of assembling and installing the turbine is reduced because it has fewer parts and requires less labor to manufacture and assemble, making it competitively priced compared with turbines of similar output manufactured in the U.S. and Europe. The electronic controller is the unique part to be included in the turbine package. The controllers can be manufactured in reasonably-sized production runs to keep the cost below $250 each. The data logger and 24 sensors are for research only and will be unnecessary for the commercial product. Benefit To Public The PowerJet wind-electric system is designed for distributed wind generation in 3 and 4 class winds. This wind turbine meets DOE��?s requirements for a quiet, durable, bird-safe turbine that eventually can be deployed as a grid-connected generator in urban and suburban settings. Results As described more fully below and illustrated in the Appendices, the goals and objectives outlined in 2060 SOPO were fully met. Electronic and mechanical controls were successfully designed, manufactured and integrated with the generator. The turbine, tower, controllers and generators operated without incident throughout the test period, surviving severe winter and summer weather conditions such as extreme temperatures, ice and sustained high winds. The electronic controls were contained in weather-proof electrical boxes and the elec
Bartlett, Raymond J
The Effect of Humidity on the Reliability of a Surface Micromachined Microengine
Humidity is shown to be a strong factor in the wear of rubbing surfaces in polysilicon micromachines. We demonstrate that very low humidity can lead to very high wear without a significant change in reliability. We show that the volume of wear debris generated is a function of the humidity in an air environment. As the humidity decreases, the wear debris generated increases. For the higher humidity levels, the formation of surface hydroxides may act as a lubricant. The dominant failure mechanism has been identified as wear. The wear debris has been identified as amorphous oxidized silicon. Large slivers (approximately 1 micron in length) of debris observed at the low humidity level were also amorphous oxidized silicon. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that the wear debris forms spherical and rod-like shapes. We compared two surface treatment processes: a fluorinated si- lane chain, (FITl) and supercritical C02 dried (SCC02). The microengines using the SCC02 process were found to be less reliable than those released with the FIX process under two humidity levels.
Dugger, M.T.; Eaton, W.P.; Irwin, L.W.; Miller, S.L.; Miller, W.M.; Smith, N.F.; Tanner, D.M.; Walraven, J.A.
Wind Energy Kit | Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center
Wind Energy Kit Wind Energy Kit Wind Energy :: Kit Materials List Below is a list of the different Wind Energy kits available. For more details, download the Wind Energy Kit List....
Wind Energy Program: Top 10 Program Accomplishments
Brochure on the top accomplishments of the Wind Energy Program, including the development of large wind machines, small machines for the residential market, wind tunnel testing, computer codes for modeling wind systems, high definition wind maps, and successful collaborations.
Utilizing Wind: Optimal Wind Farm Placement in the United States
Utilizing Wind: Optimal Wind Farm Placement in the United States By: Yintao Sun Advisor: Professor Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Warren Powell, for all the help he An Introduction to Wind Energy 1 1.1 Wind, a Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Wind Energy at NREL's National Wind Technology Center
It is a pure, plentiful natural resource. Right now wind is in high demand and it holds the potential to transform the way we power our homes and businesses. NREL is at the forefront of wind energy research and development. NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is a world-class facility dedicated to accelerating and deploying wind technology.
Reference wind farm selection for regional wind power prediction models
1 Reference wind farm selection for regional wind power prediction models Nils Siebert firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Abstract Short-term wind power forecasting is recognized today as a major requirement for a secure and economic integration of wind generation in power systems. This paper deals
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. 2013; 00:112
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. 2013; 00:112 DOI: 10.1002/we RESEARCH ARTICLE Model predictive control in wind speed, ensuring certain power gradients, with an insignificant loss in energy production rejection, model predictive control, convex optimization, wind power control, energy storage, power output
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. 2013; 16:7790
energy industry lags far behind the wind energy industry, it has the potential to become a role player is equal to the long-term potential of onshore wind energy.1,2 Therefore, the utilisation of marineWIND ENERGY Wind Energ. 2013; 16:7790 Published online 19 March 2012 in Wiley Online Library
Papalambros, Panos
Wind Power Outreach Campaign
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLasDelivered energy consumption byAbout PrintableBlenderWhatFellows - PastFarmWindWind Power Wind
WP2 IEA Wind Task 26:The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Wind and Hydropowerin Spain. Spanish Wind Energy Association (AEE) contributionin a Wind Turbine. � Wind Energy (9:1�2); pp. 141�161.
Lantz, Eric
20% Wind Energy by 2030 - Chapter 6: Wind Power Markets Summary...
6: Wind Power Markets Summary Slides 20% Wind Energy by 2030 - Chapter 6: Wind Power Markets Summary Slides Summary slides overviewing wind power markets, growth, applications, and...
Collegiate Wind Competition Turbines go Blade-to-Blade in Wind...
This wind tunnel constructed by NREL engineers will test the small wind turbines designed by 10 university teams competing in DOE's Collegiate Wind Competition. This wind tunnel...
Community Wind Benefits (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet explores the benefits of community wind projects, including citations to published research.
wind engineering & natural disaster mitigation
wind engineering & natural disaster mitigation #12;wind engineering & natural disaster mitigation Investment WindEEE Dome at Advanced Manufacturing Park $31million Insurance Research Lab for Better Homes $8million Advanced Facility for Avian Research $9million #12;wind engineering & natural disaster mitigation
Optimization of Wind Turbine Operation
Optimization of Wind Turbine Operation by Use of Spinner Anemometer TF Pedersen, NN Sørensen, L Title: Optimization of Wind Turbine Operation by Use of Spinner Anemometer Department: Wind Energy prototype wind turbine. Statistics of the yaw error showed an average of about 10°. The average flow
some wind turbine manufacturers experienced blade andwind turbine manufacturers: Vestas (nacelles, blades, and
Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm
Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm #12;By August 2005 the offshore wind farm at Kentish Flats plateau just outside the main Thames shipping lanes. The Kentish Flats wind farm will comprise 30 of the wind farm could be up to 90 MW. For the benefit of the environment The British Government has set
Wind Power in Alaska
In the past few years wind power has become more and more prevalent across Alaska, with big turbines sprouting up in all parts of the state. Sponsored by the Renewable Energy Alaska Project, event...
DOE Collegiate Wind Competition
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Collegiate Wind Competition will take place concurrently with the 2014 AWEA WINDPOWER Conference and Exhibition in Las Vegas. Spectators are encouraged to attend...
Airborne Wind Turbine
Broad Funding Opportunity Announcement Project: Makani Power is developing an Airborne Wind Turbine (AWT) that eliminates 90% of the mass of a conventional wind turbine and accesses a stronger, more consistent wind at altitudes of near 1,000 feet. At these altitudes, 85% of the country can offer viable wind resources compared to only 15% accessible with current technology. Additionally, the Makani Power wing can be economically deployed in deep offshore waters, opening up a resource which is 4 times greater than the entire U.S. electrical generation capacity. Makani Power has demonstrated the core technology, including autonomous launch, land, and power generation with an 8 meter wingspan, 20 kW prototype. At commercial scale, Makani Power aims to develop a 600 kW, 28 meter wingspan product capable of delivering energy at an unsubsidized cost competitive with coal, the current benchmark for low-cost power.
Wind Turbines Benefit Crops
Ames Laboratory associate scientist Gene Takle talks about research into the effect of wind turbines on nearby crops. Preliminary results show the turbines may have a positive effect by cooling and drying the crops and assisting with carbon dioxide uptake.
Takle, Gene
Wind Agreements (Nebraska)
These regulations address leases or lease options securing land for the study or production of wind-generated energy. The regulations describe agreement terms, compliance, and a prohibition on land...
Model Wind Ordinance
''Note: This model ordinance was designed to provide guidance to local governments that wish to develop their own siting rules for wind turbines. While it was developed as part of a cooperative...
Solar and Wind Rights
Wisconsin has several laws that protect a resident's right to install and operate a solar or wind energy system. These laws cover zoning restrictions by local governments, private land use...
Wind Energy Systems Exemption
Tennessee House Bill 809, enacted into law in Public Chapter 377, Acts of 2003 and codified under Title 67, Chapter 5, states that wind energy systems operated by public utilities, businesses or...
Wind Energy Permitting Standards
All wind facilities larger than 0.5 megawatts (MW) that begin construction after July 1, 2010, must obtain a permit from any county in which the facility is located. Facilities must also obtain...
County Wind Ordinance Standards
[http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_45_bill_200... Assembly Bill 45] of 2009 authorized counties to adopt ordinances to provide for the installation of small wind systems ...
Wind Energy Teachers Guide
This guide, created by the American Wind Association, with support from the U.S. Department of Energy, is a learning tool about wind energy targeted toward grades K-12. The guide provides teacher information, ideas for sparking children's and students' interest, suggestions for activities to undertake in and outside the classroom, and research tools for both teachers and students. Also included is an additional resources section.
Wind | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious Rank EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterEnergyAuthorizationSunShot Initiative SolarVehiclesWind Wind EERE
Tornado type wind turbines
A tornado type wind turbine has a vertically disposed wind collecting tower with spaced apart inner and outer walls and a central bore. The upper end of the tower is open while the lower end of the structure is in communication with a wind intake chamber. An opening in the wind chamber is positioned over a turbine which is in driving communication with an electrical generator. An opening between the inner and outer walls at the lower end of the tower permits radially flowing air to enter the space between the inner and outer walls while a vertically disposed opening in the wind collecting tower permits tangentially flowing air to enter the central bore. A porous portion of the inner wall permits the radially flowing air to interact with the tangentially flowing air so as to create an intensified vortex flow which exits out of the top opening of the tower so as to create a low pressure core and thus draw air through the opening of the wind intake chamber so as to drive the turbine.
Hsu, Cheng-Ting (Ames, IA)
Winding for linear pump
A winding and method of winding for a submersible linear pump for pumping liquid sodium is disclosed. The pump includes a stator having a central cylindrical duct preferably vertically aligned. The central vertical duct is surrounded by a system of coils in slots. These slots are interleaved with magnetic flux conducting elements, these magnetic flux conducting elements forming a continuous magnetic field conduction path along the stator. The central duct has placed therein a cylindrical magnetic conducting core, this core having a cylindrical diameter less than the diameter of the cylindrical duct. The core once placed to the duct defines a cylindrical interstitial pumping volume of the pump. This cylindrical interstitial pumping volume preferably defines an inlet at the bottom of the pump, and an outlet at the top of the pump. Pump operation occurs by static windings in the outer stator sequentially conveying toroidal fields from the pump inlet at the bottom of the pump to the pump outlet at the top of the pump. The winding apparatus and method of winding disclosed uses multiple slots per pole per phase with parallel winding legs on each phase equal to or less than the number of slots per pole per phase. The slot sequence per pole per phase is chosen to equalize the variations in flux density of the pump sodium as it passes into the pump at the pump inlet with little or no flux and acquires magnetic flux in passage through the pump to the pump outlet.
Kliman, Gerald B. (Schenectady, NY); Brynsvold, Glen V. (San Jose, CA); Jahns, Thomas M. (Schenectady, NY)
Enthalpy Wheels Come of Age: Applying Energy Recovery Ventilation to Hospitality Venues in Hot, Humid Climate
ventilation to hospitality venues in hot, humid climates need not be complex. This paper proposes guidelines that can facilitate application of the technology by specifiers or other construction professionals. These guidelines address evaluation of typical...
Wellford, B. W.
Applications of Commercial Heat Pump Water Heaters in Hot, Humid Climates
Heat pump water heaters can provide high-efficiency water heating and supplemental space cooling and dehumidification in commercial buildings throughout the United States. They are particularly attractive in hot, humid areas where cooling loads...
Johnson, K. F.; Shedd, A. C.
A passive cooling design for multifamily residences [sic] in hot, humid climates
People living in hot, humid climates suffer either from extremely uncomfortable weather conditions or from the great cost of air-conditioning systems for maintaining comfort. Most of the available passive cooling techniques ...
Tang, Joseph C
Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar Cooling Systems in a Hot and Humid Climate
The aim of this paper is to promote efficient and cost effective implementation of advanced solar cooling systems and techniques for the hot and humid climates cities in the United States. After an introduction of basic principles, the development...
Moaveni, H.
Better Unitary Equipment Air-Handlers for Efficiency and Humidity Control
procedure gives too little credit for advanced air handlers that reduce air conditioning load and facilitate adaptive humidity control through automatic fan speed adjustment. DC permanent magnet variable speed motors have much lower market share than less...
Sachs, H. M.
Climate regulation of humid tropical hydrology BHS 10th National Hydrology Symposium, Exeter, 2008
might influence tropical water resources. Introduction The humid tropics can be defined as the global, Bangladesh, and most of South-east Asia (Fosberg et al., 1961). Its climate contains distinctive dynamics
Chappell, Nick A
Hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformers
The hottest spot temperature allowance to be used for the different insulation system temperature classes is a major unknown facing IEEE Working Groups developing standards and loading guides for ventilated dry type transformers. In 1944, the hottest spot temperature allowance for ventilated dry type transformers was established as 30 C for 80 C average winding temperature rise. Since 1944, insulation temperature classes have increased to 220 C but IEEE standards continue to use a constant 30 C hottest spot temperature allowance. IEC standards use a variable hottest spot temperature allowance from 5 to 30 C. Six full size test windings were manufactured with imbedded thermocouples and 133 test runs performed to obtain temperature rise data. The test data indicated that the hottest spot temperature allowance used in IEEE standards for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA is too low. This is due to the large thermal gradient from the bottom to the top of the windings caused by natural convection air flow through the cooling ducts. A constant ratio of hottest spot winding temperature rise to average winding temperature rise should be used in product standards for all insulation temperature classes. A ratio of 1.5 is suggested for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA. This would increase the hottest spot temperature allowance from 30 C to 60 C and decrease the permissible average winding temperature rise from 150 C to 120 C for the 220 C insulation temperature class.
A theoretical model for adsorption capacities of charcoal beds: I, Relative humidity effects
Water vapor is the major interferent in the adsorption of other vapors from air when that air is passed through an activated charcoal bed. A limited amount of data (published and unpublished) is available on the magnitudes of capacity (or service life) reduction as a function of relative humidity (water vapor concentration) and preadsorbed water. A simple equilibrium model has been developed which quantitatively explains observed humidity effects and allows extrapolation of data to untested conditions. 9 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Wood, G.O.
Expert Meeting: Recommended Approaches to Humidity Control in High Performance Homes
The topic of this Building America expert meeting was 'Recommended Approaches to Humidity Control in High Performance Homes,' which was held on October 16, 2012, in Westford, MA, and brought together experts in the field of residential humidity control to address modeling issues for dehumidification. The presentations and discussions centered on computer simulation and field experience with these systems, with the goal of developing foundational information to support the development of a Building America Measure Guideline on this topic.
Surface reactivity and oxygen migration in amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide films annealed in humid atmosphere
An isotope tracer study, i.e., {sup 18}O/{sup 16}O exchange using {sup 18}O{sub 2} and H{sub 2}{sup 18}O, was performed to determine how post-deposition annealing (PDA) affected surface reactivity and oxygen diffusivity of amorphous indium�gallium�zinc oxide (a-IGZO) films. The oxygen tracer diffusivity was very high in the bulk even at low temperatures, e.g., 200?�C, regardless of PDA and exchange conditions. In contrast, the isotope exchange rate, dominated by surface reactivity, was much lower for {sup 18}O{sub 2} than for H{sub 2}{sup 18}O. PDA in a humid atmosphere at 400?�C further suppressed the reactivity of O{sub 2} at the a-IGZO film surface, which is attributable to �OH-terminated surface formation.
Watanabe, Ken, E-mail: email@example.com [International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)] [International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan); Lee, Dong-Hee [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan) [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan); Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox R3-4, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Sakaguchi, Isao; Haneda, Hajime [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)] [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan); Nomura, Kenji [Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox S2-13, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan)] [Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox S2-13, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Kamiya, Toshio [Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox R3-4, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan) [Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox R3-4, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Materials Research Center for Element Strategy (MCES), Mailbox S2-13, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Hosono, Hideo [Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox R3-4, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan) [Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox R3-4, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mailbox S2-13, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Materials Research Center for Element Strategy (MCES), Mailbox S2-13, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan); Ohashi, Naoki, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan) [Optical and Electronic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan); Materials Research Center for Element Strategy (MCES), Mailbox S2-13, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-0026 (Japan)
SAT-WIND project Final report
-2840 ISBN 87-550-3570-1 The SAT-WIND project `Winds from satellites for offshore and coastal wind energy) technologies for wind energy tools for wind resources and wind-indexing. The study area was the Danish Seas microwave polarimetric 223.3.1 History 3.3.2 Measurement principle 22 223.3.3 WindSat (passive microwave
MAPping Foehn Winds in the Austrian Alps
and the flow above mountain-top level 3. Study the vertical and cross-gap distribution of wind speed-valley horizontal wind speed ("measured") vertical wind speed (calculated) total wind speed & streamlines -20 -10 0 October 1999 TEACO2 calculated 2D winds down-valley horizontal wind speed ("measured") vertical wind
Gohm, Alexander
The Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) toolkit (Presentation)
Regional wind integration studies require detailed wind power output data at many locations to perform simulations of how the power system will operate under high penetration scenarios. The wind datasets that serve as inputs into the study must realistically reflect the ramping characteristics, spatial and temporal correlations, and capacity factors of the simulated wind plants, as well as being time synchronized with available load profiles.As described in this presentation, the WIND Toolkit fulfills these requirements by providing a state-of-the-art national (US) wind resource, power production and forecast dataset.
Caroline Draxl: NREL
Wind Powering America Podcasts, Wind Powering America (WPA)
Wind Powering America and the National Association of Farm Broadcasters produce a series of radio interviews featuring experts discussing wind energy topics. The interviews are aimed at a rural stakeholder audience and are available as podcasts. On the Wind Powering America website, you can access past interviews on topics such as: Keys to Local Wind Energy Development Success, What to Know about Installing a Wind Energy System on Your Farm, and Wind Energy Development Can Revitalize Rural America. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to this online resource for podcast episodes.
An experimental and numerical study of wind turbine seismic behavior
and Scope Wind energy is growing and turbines are regularlyfor Design of Wind Turbines. Wind Energy Department of Ris�loads on wind turbines. � European Wind Energy Conference
Prowell, I.
SiC's Potential Impact on the Design of Wind Generation System , Leon M. Tolbert1,2
SiC's Potential Impact on the Design of Wind Generation System Hui Zhang1 , Leon M. Tolbert1 National Laboratory Knoxville, TN 37932 Abstract -- The potential impact of SiC devices on a wind temperatures and frequencies. A conclusion is drawn that the SiC converters can improve the wind system
Tolbert, Leon M.
Correlations in thermal comfort and natural wind
the average wind velocity and power spectrum exponent (?-of natural wind more accurately, power spectral analysisdata of natural wind versus the power spectral analysis
Kang, Ki-Nam; Song, Doosam; Schiavon, Stefano
Helping Policymakers Evaluate Distributed Wind Options | Department...
and consumers evaluate the effectiveness of policies that promote distributed wind-wind turbines installed at homes, farms, and busi-nesses. Distributed wind allows Americans to...
of mesoscale and steady wind driven 1. Introduction 2. Modelparameterization at high wind speeds 1. Introduction 2. DataSupplementary Formulae 1. Wind Stress 2. Rankine Vortex A .
Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise A white paper
Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise A white paper Prepared by the Renewable Energy Research Laboratory...................................................................... 8 Sound from Wind Turbines .............................................................................................. 10 Sources of Wind Turbine Sound
WIND DATA REPORT January -December, 2003
WIND DATA REPORT Vinalhaven January - December, 2003 Prepared for Fox Islands Electric Cooperative...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT January -March, 2004
WIND DATA REPORT Vinalhaven January - March, 2004 Prepared for Fox Islands Electric Cooperative...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
ANNUAL WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island
ANNUAL WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island March 1, 2002 February 28, 2003 Prepared.................................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Deer Island Parking Lot
WIND DATA REPORT Deer Island Parking Lot May 1, 2003 July 15, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 7 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 7 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Deer Island Outfall
WIND DATA REPORT Deer Island Outfall August 18, 2003 December 4, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 7 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 7 Wind Speed Distributions
Advanced Coal Wind Hybrid: Economic Analysis
Figure 12. Effect of Wind Integration and Resource Adequacy62 Table E-2. Estimates of Wind IntegrationAugust. Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG), 2006. �
Phadke, Amol
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Energy Videos
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Wind JOC Conference - Wind Control Changes
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Prairie Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
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NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Turbine Development
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Previous Wind Power Announcements (generation/wind)
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High Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 No revision hasInformation Earth's Heat Jump to:Photon Place:NetHealthHigganum, Connecticut:Wind Farm Jump to:
Turbine Inflow Characterization at the National Wind Technology Center: Preprint
Utility-scale wind turbines operate in dynamic flows that can vary significantly over timescales from less than a second to several years. To better understand the inflow to utility-scale turbines, two inflow towers were installed and commissioned at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado, in 2011. These towers are 135 m tall and instrumented with a combination of sonic anemometers, cup anemometers, wind vanes, and temperature measurements to characterize the inflow wind speed and direction, turbulence, stability and thermal stratification to two utility-scale turbines. Herein, we present variations in mean and turbulent wind parameters with height, atmospheric stability, and as a function of wind direction that could be important for turbine operation as well as persistence of turbine wakes. Wind speed, turbulence intensity, and dissipation are all factors that affect turbine performance. Our results shown that these all vary with height across the rotor disk, demonstrating the importance of measuring atmospheric conditions that influence wind turbine performance at multiple heights in the rotor disk, rather than relying on extrapolation from lower levels.
Clifton, A.; Schreck, S.; Scott, G.; Kelley, N.; Lundquist, J.
Turbine Inflow Characterization at the National Wind Technology Center
Utility-scale wind turbines operate in dynamic flows that can vary significantly over timescales from less than a second to several years. To better understand the inflow to utility-scale turbines, two inflow towers were installed and commissioned at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado, in 2011. These towers are 135 m tall and instrumented with a combination of sonic anemometers, cup anemometers, wind vanes, and temperature measurements to characterize the inflow wind speed and direction, turbulence, stability and thermal stratification to two utility-scale turbines. Herein, we present variations in mean and turbulent wind parameters with height, atmospheric stability, and as a function of wind direction that could be important for turbine operation as well as persistence of turbine wakes. Wind speed, turbulence intensity, and dissipation are all factors that affect turbine performance. Our results show that these all vary with height across the rotor disk, demonstrating the importance of measuring atmospheric conditions that influence wind turbine performance at multiple heights in the rotor disk, rather than relying on extrapolation from lower levels.
Clifton, A.; Schreck, S.; Scott, G.; Kelley, N.; Lundquist, J. K.
Status of Wind-Diesel Applications in Arctic Climates: Preprint
The rising cost of diesel fuel and the environmental regulation for its transportation, use, and storage, combined with the clear impacts of increased arctic temperatures, is driving remote communities to examine alternative methods of providing power. Over the past few years, wind energy has been increasingly used to reduce diesel fuel consumption, providing economic, environmental, and security benefits to the energy supply of communities from Alaska to Antarctica. This summary paper describes the current state of wind-diesel systems, reviews the operation of wind-diesel plants in cold climates, discusses current research activities pertaining to these systems, and addresses their technical and commercial challenges. System architectures, dispatch strategies, and operating experience from a variety of wind-diesel systems in Alaska will be reviewed. Specific focus will also be given to the control of power systems with large amounts of wind generation and the complexities of replacing diesel engine waste heat with excess wind energy, a key factor in assessing power plants for retrofit. A brief overview of steps for assessing the viability of retrofitting diesel power systems with wind technologies will also be provided. Because of the large number of isolated diesel minigrids, the market for adding wind to these systems is substantial, specifically in arctic climates and on islands that rely on diesel-only power generation.
Baring-Gould, I.; Corbus, D.
Low-level wind maxima over the western Gulf of Mexico and their role in water vapor advection
and radiosonde observations from Brownsville, Texas are being compared 30 6 As in Figure 3 except for the NGM and a composite of observations from Gulf and coastal stations are being compared 31 7 Comparison of wind speeds from the NGM analysis and Gulf... transport than the eastern Gulf. The frequent strong low-level flow over the western Gulf was responsible for the difference. Wind speed and relative humidity from the NGM and special radiosonde observations over and around the Gulf of Mexico were...
Engel, Gregory Thomas
Offshore Wind Farms � the Impact on Wind Farm Planning and Cost of Generation
rates of planning and construction of new wind farms. Offshore wind farms typically offer the benefits
Jacob Ladeburg; Sanja Lutzeyer
Advancements in Wind Integration Study Data Modeling: The Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit; Preprint
Regional wind integration studies in the United States require detailed wind power output data at many locations to perform simulations of how the power system will operate under high-penetration scenarios. The wind data sets that serve as inputs into the study must realistically reflect the ramping characteristics, spatial and temporal correlations, and capacity factors of the simulated wind plants, as well as be time synchronized with available load profiles. The Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit described in this paper fulfills these requirements. A wind resource dataset, wind power production time series, and simulated forecasts from a numerical weather prediction model run on a nationwide 2-km grid at 5-min resolution will be made publicly available for more than 110,000 onshore and offshore wind power production sites.
Draxl, C.; Hodge, B. M.; Orwig, K.; Jones, W.; Searight, K.; Getman, D.; Harrold, S.; McCaa, J.; Cline, J.; Clark, C.
Chaninik Wind Group Wind Heat Smart Grids Final Report
Final report summarizes technology used, system design and outcomes for US DoE Tribal Energy Program award to deploy Wind Heat Smart Grids in the Chaninik Wind Group communities in southwest Alaska.
Meiners, Dennis [Technical Contact
Wind for Schools: A Wind Powering America Project
This brochure serves as an introduction to Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Project, including a description of the project, the participants, funding sources, and the basic configurations of the project.
NREL: Wind Research - Collegiate Wind Competition Set to Blow...
23, 2014 The United States is among the world's largest and fastest growing wind energy markets. In fact, wind energy is now the number one source of new U.S. electricity...
Wind Energy Status and Future Wind Engineering Challenges: Preprint
This paper describes the current status of wind energy technology, the potential for future wind energy development and the science and engineering challenges that must be overcome for the technology to meet its potential.
Thresher, R.; Schreck, S.; Robinson, M.; Veers, P.
DOE Offers Conditional Commitment to Cape Wind Offshore Wind...
Secretary Ernest Moniz. The proposed Cape Wind project would use 3.6-MW offshore wind turbines that would provide a majority of the electricity needed for Cape Cod, Nantucket,...
Responses of floating wind turbines to wind and wave excitation
The use of wind power has recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electricity generation. However, space requirements and public pressure to place unsightly wind turbines out of visual range make it ...
Lee, Kwang Hyun
Development of Regional Wind Resource and Wind Plant Output Datasets...
50-47676 March 2010 Development of Regional Wind Resource and Wind Plant Output Datasets Final Subcontract Report 15 October 2007 - 15 March 2009 3TIER Seattle, Washington National...
Wind Powering America Webinar Series (Postcard), Wind Powering America (WPA)
Wind Powering America offers a free monthly webinar series that provides expert information on today?s key wind energy topics. This postcard is an outreach tool that provides a brief description of the webinars as well as the URL.
Wind for Schools: A Wind Powering America Project (Brochure)
This brochure provides an overview of Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Project, including a description of the project, the participants, funding sources, the basic configurations, and how interested parties can become involved.
Wind for Schools: A Wind Powering America Project (Alaska) (Brochure)
Wind motor applications for transportation
Motion equation for a vehicle equipped with a wind motor allows, taking into account the drag coefficients, to determine the optimal wind drag velocity in the wind motor`s plane, and hence, obtain all the necessary data for the wind wheel blades geometrical parameters definition. This optimal drag velocity significantly differs from the flow drag velocity which determines the maximum wind motor power. Solution of the motion equation with low drag coefficients indicates that the vehicle speed against the wind may be twice as the wind speed. One of possible transportation wind motor applications is its use on various ships. A ship with such a wind motor may be substantially easier to steer, and if certain devices are available, may proceed in autonomous control mode. Besides, it is capable of moving within narrow fairways. The cruise speed of a sailing boat and wind-motored ship were compared provided that the wind velocity direction changes along a harmonic law with regard to the motion direction. Mean dimensionless speed of the wind-motored ship appears to be by 20--25% higher than that of a sailing boat. There was analyzed a possibility of using the wind motors on planet rovers in Mars or Venus atmospheric conditions. A Mars rover power and motor system has been assessed for the power level of 3 kW.
Lysenko, G.P.; Grigoriev, B.V.; Karpin, K.B. [Moscow Aviation Inst. (Russian Federation)
Wind Technology Advancements and Impacts on Western Wind Resources (Presentation)
Robi Robichaud made this presentation at the Bureau of Land Management West-wide Wind Opportunities and Constraints Mapping (WWOCM) Project public meeting in Denver, Colorado in September 2014. This presentation outlines recent wind technology advancements, evolving turbine technologies, and industry challenges. The presentation includes maps of mean wind speeds at 50-m, 80-m, and 100-m hub heights on BLM lands. Robichaud also presented on the difference in mean wind speeds from 80m to 100m in Wyoming.
Optimum propeller wind turbines
The Prandtl-Betz-Theodorsen theory of heavily loaded airscrews has been adapted to the design of propeller windmills which are to be optimized for maximum power coefficient. It is shown that the simpler, light-loading, constant-area wake assumption can generate significantly different ''optimum'' performance and geometry, and that it is therefore not appropriate to the design of propeller wind turbines when operating in their normal range of high-tip-speed-to-wind-speed ratio. Design curves for optimum power coefficient are presented and an example of the design of a typical two-blade optimum rotor is given.
Sanderson, R.J.; Archer, R.D.
Wind Success Stories
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary) "of EnergyEnergyENERGYWomen Owned SmallOf TheViolations | Department ofEnergy Wind Power06 Wind Success
North Dakota has an outstanding resource--providing more available wind for development than any other state. According to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) studies, North Dakota alone has enough energy from good wind areas, those of wind power Class 4 and higher, to supply 36% of the 1990 electricity consumption of the entire lower 48 states. At present, no more than a handful of wind turbines in the 60- to 100-kilowatt (kW) range are operating in the state. The first two utility-scale turbines were installed in North Dakota as part of a green pricing program, one in early 2002 and the second in July 2002. Both turbines are 900-kW wind turbines. Two more wind turbines are scheduled for installation by another utility later in 2002. Several reasons are evident for the lack of wind development. One primary reason is that North Dakota has more lignite coal than any other state. A number of relatively new minemouth power plants are operating in the state, resulting in an abundance of low-cost electricity. In 1998, North Dakota generated approximately 8.2 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity, largely from coal-fired plants. Sales to North Dakota consumers totaled only 4.5 million MWh. In addition, the average retail cost of electricity in North Dakota was 5.7 cents per kWh in 1998. As a result of this surplus and the relatively low retail cost of service, North Dakota is a net exporter of electricity, selling approximately 50% to 60% of the electricity produced in North Dakota to markets outside the state. Keeping in mind that new electrical generation will be considered an export commodity to be sold outside the state, the transmission grid that serves to export electricity from North Dakota is at or close to its ability to serve new capacity. The markets for these resources are outside the state, and transmission access to the markets is a necessary condition for any large project. At the present time, technical assessments of the transmission network indicate that the ability to add and carry wind capacity outside of the state is limited. Identifying markets, securing long-term contracts, and obtaining a transmission path to export the power are all major steps that must be taken to develop new projects in North Dakota.
Turtle Mountain Community College
Wind Power Link
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Wind Power Software
Offshore Wind Potential Tables
Wind Powering America (EERE)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperative JumpWilliamsonWoodsonCounty iscomfortNews Wind CollegiateOffshore wind
Quantifying Offshore Wind Resources from Satellite Wind Maps
Quantifying Offshore Wind Resources from Satellite Wind Maps: Study Area the North Sea C. B National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Offshore wind resources are quantified from satellite synthetic site at Horns Rev is given based on satellite SAR observa- tions.The comparison of offshore satellite
Pryor, Sara C.
Computationally Efficient Winding Loss Calculation with Multiple Windings, Arbitrary
windings occurs at the level of individual turns, the method could be applied, but its advantages are lessComputationally Efficient Winding Loss Calculation with Multiple Windings, Arbitrary Waveforms and Two- or Three-Dimensional Field Geometry C. R. Sullivan From IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
LIDAR Wind Speed Measurements of Evolving Wind Fields
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems are able to measure the speed of incoming wind before it interacts with a wind turbine rotor. These preview wind measurements can be used in feedforward control systems designed to reduce turbine loads. However, the degree to which such preview-based control techniques can reduce loads by reacting to turbulence depends on how accurately the incoming wind field can be measured. Past studies have assumed Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis, which implies that turbulence remains unchanged as it advects downwind at the mean wind speed. With Taylor's hypothesis applied, the only source of wind speed measurement error is distortion caused by the LIDAR. This study introduces wind evolution, characterized by the longitudinal coherence of the wind, to LIDAR measurement simulations to create a more realistic measurement model. A simple model of wind evolution is applied to a frozen wind field used in previous studies to investigate the effects of varying the intensity of wind evolution. LIDAR measurements are also evaluated with a large eddy simulation of a stable boundary layer provided by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Simulation results show the combined effects of LIDAR errors and wind evolution for realistic turbine-mounted LIDAR measurement scenarios.
Simley, E.; Pao, L. Y.
Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy
Board August 14, 2012 (received for review May 31, 2012) Wind turbines convert kinetic to electrical. As the number of wind turbines increases over large geographic regions, power extraction first increases the number of wind turbines over a large geographic region, indepen- dent of societal, environmental
wind power capacity stood at roughly 4,000 MW, with the vast majority located in Europe.in Europe. Just 470 MW of new offshore wind power capacity
The Solar Wind Energy Flux
The solar-wind energy flux measured near the ecliptic is known to be independent of the solar-wind speed. Using plasma data from Helios, Ulysses, and Wind covering a large range of latitudes and time, we show that the solar-wind energy flux is independent of the solar-wind speed and latitude within 10%, and that this quantity varies weakly over the solar cycle. In other words the energy flux appears as a global solar constant. We also show that the very high speed solar-wind (VSW > 700 km/s) has the same mean energy flux as the slower wind (VSW < 700 km/s), but with a different histogram. We use this result to deduce a relation between the solar-wind speed and density, which formalizes the anti-correlation between these quantities.
Chat, G Le; Meyer-Vernet, N
AWEA Wind Project Siting Seminar
The AWEA Wind Project Siting Seminar takes an in-depth look at the latest siting challenges and identify opportunities to reduce risks associated with the siting and operation of wind farms to...
ET2/TL-08-1474. May 19, 2010 Wind Technologies Market ReportIndustry Annual Market Report: Year Ending 2010. Washington,Quarter 2011 Market Report. Washington, D.C. : American Wind
20% Wind Energy by 2030
This analysis explores one clearly defined scenario for providing 20% of our nations electricity demand with wind energy by 2030 and contrasts it to a scenario of no new wind power capacity.
Solar and Wind Permitting Laws
New Jersey has enacted three separate laws addressing local permitting practices for solar and wind energy facilities. The first deals with solar and wind facilities located in industrial-zoned...
Value of Wind Power Forecasting
This study, building on the extensive models developed for the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS), uses these WECC models to evaluate the operating cost impacts of improved day-ahead wind forecasts.
Lew, D.; Milligan, M.; Jordan, G.; Piwko, R.
Wind Energy Sales Tax Exemption
Wind-energy conversion systems used as electric-power sources are exempt from Minnesota's sales tax. Materials used to manufacture, install, construct, repair or replace wind-energy systems also...
generating sets. Wind turbine blades, hubs, generators,wind turbine components that include towers (trade category is �towers and lattice masts�), generators (�AC generators from 750 to 10,000 kVA�), blades
Wind Measurement Equipment: Registration (Nebraska)
All wind measurement equipment associated with the development or study of wind-powered electric generation, whether owned or leased, shall be registered with the Department of Aeronautics if the...
a Changing Environment. WINDPOWER 2011. Poster Presentation.sources and others, e.g. , Windpower Monthly, the GlobalTurboWinds (1.6 MW), Nordic Windpower (2 MW), Emergya Wind
Commercial Scale Wind Incentive Program
Energy Trust of Oregon�s Commercial Scale Wind offering provides resources and cash incentives to help communities, businesses land owners, and government entities install wind turbine systems up...
Cost of Offshore Wind Energy Charlene Nalubega
Cost of Offshore Wind Energy and Industrial Engineering The focus of my research is to estimate the cost of floating offshore wind turbines water as well as on land based wind farms. The specific offshore wind energy case under consideration
Mountziaris, T. J.
The Inside of a Wind Turbine
Wind turbines harness the power of the wind and use it to generate electricity. Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,...
Wind Technologies and Evolving Opportunities (Presentation)
This presentation provides an overview of wind energy research being conducted at the National Wind Technology Center, market and technology trends in wind energy, and opportunities for wind technology.
Robi Robichaud
Variables Affecting Economic Development of Wind Energy
NREL's JEDI Wind model performed an analysis of wind-power-related economic development drivers. Economic development benefits for wind and coal were estimated using NREL's JEDI Wind and JEDI Coal models.
Lantz, E.; Tegen, S.
Superconductivity for Large Scale Wind Turbines
A conceptual design has been completed for a 10MW superconducting direct drive wind turbine generator employing low temperature superconductors for the field winding. Key technology building blocks from the GE Wind and GE Healthcare businesses have been transferred across to the design of this concept machine. Wherever possible, conventional technology and production techniques have been used in order to support the case for commercialization of such a machine. Appendices A and B provide further details of the layout of the machine and the complete specification table for the concept design. Phase 1 of the program has allowed us to understand the trade-offs between the various sub-systems of such a generator and its integration with a wind turbine. A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) analysis have been completed resulting in the identification of high risk components within the design. The design has been analyzed from a commercial and economic point of view and Cost of Energy (COE) calculations have been carried out with the potential to reduce COE by up to 18% when compared with a permanent magnet direct drive 5MW baseline machine, resulting in a potential COE of 0.075 $/kWh. Finally, a top-level commercialization plan has been proposed to enable this technology to be transitioned to full volume production. The main body of this report will present the design processes employed and the main findings and conclusions.
R. Fair; W. Stautner; M. Douglass; R. Rajput-Ghoshal; M. Moscinski; P. Riley; D. Wagner; J. Kim; S. Hou; F. Lopez; K. Haran; J. Bray; T. Laskaris; J. Rochford; R. Duckworth
Vertical axis wind turbine acoustics
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Acoustics Charlie Pearson Corpus Christi College Cambridge University Engineering Department A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2013 Declaration Described in this dissertation is work... quickly to changing wind conditions, small- scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have been proposed as an efficient solution for deployment in built up areas, where the wind is more gusty in nature. If VAWTs are erected in built up areas...
Pearson, Charlie
wind energy in some quarters, planning, siting, and permitting can be challenging, as demonstrated in the long history
Coastal Ohio Wind Project
The Coastal Ohio Wind Project intends to address problems that impede deployment of wind turbines in the coastal and offshore regions of Northern Ohio. The project evaluates different wind turbine designs and the potential impact of offshore turbines on migratory and resident birds by developing multidisciplinary research, which involves wildlife biology, electrical and mechanical engineering, and geospatial science. Firstly, the project conducts cost and performance studies of two- and three-blade wind turbines using a turbine design suited for the Great Lakes. The numerical studies comprised an analysis and evaluation of the annual energy production of two- and three-blade wind turbines to determine the levelized cost of energy. This task also involved wind tunnel studies of model wind turbines to quantify the wake flow field of upwind and downwind wind turbine-tower arrangements. The experimental work included a study of a scaled model of an offshore wind turbine platform in a water tunnel. The levelized cost of energy work consisted of the development and application of a cost model to predict the cost of energy produced by a wind turbine system placed offshore. The analysis found that a floating two-blade wind turbine presents the most cost effective alternative for the Great Lakes. The load effects studies showed that the two-blade wind turbine model experiences less torque under all IEC Standard design load cases considered. Other load effects did not show this trend and depending on the design load cases, the two-bladed wind turbine showed higher or lower load effects. The experimental studies of the wake were conducted using smoke flow visualization and hot wire anemometry. Flow visualization studies showed that in the downwind turbine configuration the wake flow was insensitive to the presence of the blade and was very similar to that of the tower alone. On the other hand, in the upwind turbine configuration, increasing the rotor blade angle of attack reduced the wake size and enhanced the vortices in the flow downstream of the turbine-tower compared with the tower alone case. Mean and rms velocity distributions from hot wire anemometer data confirmed that in a downwind configuration, the wake of the tower dominates the flow, thus the flow fields of a tower alone and tower-turbine combinations are nearly the same. For the upwind configuration, the mean velocity shows a narrowing of the wake compared with the tower alone case. The downwind configuration wake persisted longer than that of an upwind configuration; however, it was not possible to quantify this difference because of the size limitation of the wind tunnel downstream of the test section. The water tunnel studies demonstrated that the scale model studies could be used to adequately produce accurate motions to model the motions of a wind turbine platform subject to large waves. It was found that the important factors that affect the platform is whether the platform is submerged or surface piercing. In the former, the loads on the platform will be relatively reduced whereas in the latter case, the structure pierces the wave free surface and gains stiffness and stability. The other important element that affects the movement of the platform is depth of the sea in which the wind turbine will be installed. Furthermore, the wildlife biology component evaluated migratory patterns by different monitoring systems consisting of marine radar, thermal IR camera and acoustic recorders. The types of radar used in the project are weather surveillance radar and marine radar. The weather surveillance radar (1988 Doppler), also known as Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD), provides a network of weather stations in the US. Data generated from this network were used to understand general migratory patterns, migratory stopover habitats, and other patterns caused by the effects of weather conditions. At a local scale our marine radar was used to complement the datasets from NEXRAD and to collect additional monitoring parameters such as passage rates, flight paths, flight directi
Gorsevski, Peter; Afjeh, Abdollah; Jamali, Mohsin; Bingman, Verner
Matter & Energy Wind Energy
See Also: Matter & Energy Wind Energy Energy Technology Physics Nuclear Energy Petroleum 27, 2012) -- Energy flowing from large-scale to small-scale places may be prevented from flowing, indicating that there are energy flows from large to small scale in confined space. Indeed, under a specific
Shepelyansky, Dima
Low-Maintenance Wind Power System
Improved Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Aerodynamic ControlDarrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbines and Aerodynamic Control
Rasson, Joseph E
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Wind Farm Valuation
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Wind Farm Valuation Kimlee Wong 13th April 2009 Professor Warren B. Powell was generous and encouraged me to participate in the group to perform research pertaining to wind farm, and has helped me think of hedging strategies for wind farm operations. I have learnt a lot from my
Wind Energy Information Guide 2004
The guide provides a list of contact information and Web site addresses for resources that provide a range of general and technical information about wind energy, including general information, wind and renewable energy, university programs and research institutes, international wind energy associations and others.
Model Predictive Control Wind Turbines
Model Predictive Control of Wind Turbines Martin Klauco Kongens Lyngby 2012 IMM-MSc-2012-65 #12;Summary Wind turbines are the biggest part of the green energy industry. Increasing interest control strategies. Control strategy has a significant impact on the wind turbine operation on many levels
Bird orientation: compensation for wind
Bird orientation: compensation for wind drift in migrating raptors is age dependent Kasper Thorup1 14.04.03 Despite the potentially strong effect of wind on bird orientation, our understanding of how wind drift affects migrating birds is still very limited. Using data from satellite-based radio
Thorup, Kasper
CCPExecutiveSummary Storing Wind
CCPExecutiveSummary July 2011 Storing Wind for a Rainy Day W: www.uea.ac.uk/ccp T: +44 (0)1603 593715 A: UEA, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Storing Wind for a Rainy Day: What kind of electricity does Denmark export? BACKGROUND The last decade has seen a remarkable increase in the number of wind installations
Wind Turbine Blockset General Overview
Wind Turbine Blockset in Saber General Overview and Description of the Models Florin Iov, Adrian Turbine Blockset in Saber Abstract. This report presents a new developed Saber Toolbox for wind turbine, optimize and design wind turbines". The report provides a quick overview of the Saber and then explains
SPRING 2014 wind energy's impact
SPRING 2014 wind energy's impact on birds, bats......... 2-3 school news........... 4-5 alumni news measurable benefits reaped by the use of wind energy. But, it is a fact: all energy sources, alternative Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy Facilities," involves the design, deployment and testing
Tullos, Desiree
The Future of Offshore Wind Energy
1 The Future of Offshore Wind Energy #12;2 #12;3 Offshore Wind Works · Offshore wind parks: 28 in 10 countries · Operational since 1991 · Current installed capacity: 1,250 MW · Offshore wind parks in the waters around Europe #12;4 US Offshore Wind Projects Proposed Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Cape Wind
Steve Kropper WindPole Ventures, LLC
On Wind Is More Valuable Than Wind Power "The Bloomberg of Wind" #12;PROBLEM 300 MW wind needs backup. No construction. No tech risk. Big economic advantage $15k vs $65k. Invenergy, #5 in wind asset. 6 states prepaidSteve Kropper WindPole Ventures, LLC Lexington, MA 617-306-9312 firstname.lastname@example.com Information
Energy 101: Wind Turbines - 2014 Update
See how wind turbines generate clean electricity from the power of wind. The video highlights the basic principles at work in wind turbines, and illustrates how the various components work to capture and convert wind energy to electricity. This updated version also includes information on the Energy Department's efforts to advance offshore wind power. Offshore wind energy footage courtesy of Vestas.
Version:April 2014 Wind Energy EFA
Version:April 2014 Wind Energy EFA Wind energy has become a major source of clean energy. Wind backgrounds and knowledge of wind energy fundamentals are needed to fill these jobs. The Wind Energy EFA prepares students for a career in wind energy, and allows for completing all requirements
Kusiak, Andrew
Structural responses and power output of a wind turbine are strongly affected by the wind field acting on the wind turbine. Knowledge about the wind field and its
ABSTRACT Structural responses and power output of a wind turbine are strongly affected by the wind field acting on the wind turbine. Knowledge about the wind field and its variations is essential not only for designing, but also for cost-efficiently managing wind turbines. Wind field monitoring
Stanford University
Correlating Humidity-Dependent Ionically Conductive Surface Area with Transport Phenomena in Proton-Exchange Membranes
The objective of this effort was to correlate the local surface ionic conductance of a Nafion? 212 proton-exchange membrane with its bulk and interfacial transport properties as a function of water content. Both macroscopic and microscopic proton conductivities were investigated at different relative humidity levels, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM). We were able to identify small ion-conducting domains that grew with humidity at the surface of the membrane. Numerical analysis of the surface ionic conductance images recorded at various relative humidity levels helped determine the fractional area of ion-conducting active sites. A simple square-root relationship between the fractional conducting area and observed interfacial mass-transport resistance was established. Furthermore, the relationship between the bulk ionic conductivity and surface ionic conductance pattern of the Nafion? membrane was examined.
He, Qinggang; Kusoglu, Ahmet; Lucas, Ivan T.; Clark, Kyle; Weber, Adam Z.; Kostecki, Robert
Wind shear climatology for large wind turbine generators
Climatological wind shear analyses relevant to the design and operation of multimegawatt wind turbines are provided. Insight is provided for relating the wind experienced by a rotating blade in a shear flow to the analysis results. A simple analysis of the wind experienced by a rotating blade for three types of wind shear profiles under steady-state conditions is presented in graphical form. Comparisons of the magnitude and frequency of the variations in 1) the wind sensed by a single blade element, 2) the sum, and 3) the difference of the winds sensed by opposite blade elements show strong sensitivity to profile shape. These three items represent forcing functions that can be related to 1) flatwise bending moment, 2) torque on the shaft, and 3) teeter angle. A computer model was constructed to simulate rotational sampling of 10-s sampled winds from a tall tower for three different types of large wind turbines. Time series produced by the model indicated that the forcing functions on a rotating blade vary according to the shear profile encountered during each revolution as opposed to a profile derived from average wind conditions, e.g., hourly average winds. An analysis scheme was developed to establish a climatology of wind shear profiles derived from 10-s sampled winds and hourly average winds measured over a one-year period at several levels on a tall tower. Because of the sensitivity of the forcing function variability to profile shape, the analyses performed and presented are in the form of joint frequency distributions of velocity differences of the the top-to-hub versus the hub-to-bottom portion of disks of rotation for the three turbine configurations.
Elliott, D.L.; Wendell, L.L.; Heflick, S.K.
2013 Wind Technologies Market Report
This annual report provides a detailed overview of developments and trends in the U.S. wind power market, with a particular focus on 2013. This 2013 edition updates data presented in previous editions while highlighting key trends and important new developments. The report includes an overview of key installation-related trends; trends in wind power capacity growth; how that growth compares to other countries and generation sources; the amount and percentage of wind energy in individual states; the status of offshore wind power development and the quantity of proposed wind power capacity in various interconnection queues in the United States.
Wiser, R.; Bolinger, M.; Barbose, G.; Darghouth, N.; Hoen, B.; Mills, A.; Weaver, S.; Porter, K.; Buckley, M.; Oteri, F.; Tegen, S.
Lower Sioux Wind Feasibility & Development
This report describes the process and findings of a Wind Energy Feasibility Study (Study) conducted by the Lower Sioux Indian Community (Community). The Community is evaluating the development of a wind energy project located on tribal land. The project scope was to analyze the critical issues in determining advantages and disadvantages of wind development within the Community. This analysis addresses both of the Community's wind energy development objectives: the single turbine project and the Commerical-scale multiple turbine project. The main tasks of the feasibility study are: land use and contraint analysis; wind resource evaluation; utility interconnection analysis; and project structure and economics.
Minkel, Darin
This paper provides an overview of the progress of wind energy technology, along with the current status of wind power worldwide. Over the period of 2000-2012 grid-connected installed wind power has increased by a factor of more than 16. Due to the fast growth in wind market, wind turbine technology has developed different design approaches during this period. In addition to this, issues such as power grid integration, environmental impact, and economics are studied and discussed briefly in this paper, as well.
Bar?? �zerdem
Moisture performance of sealed attics in the mixed-humid climate
Oak Ridge National Laboratory studied 8 homes in the mixed-humid climate, 4 with vented attics and 4 with sealed attics. ORNL wanted to understand the moisture performance of the sealed attic and how it affected the interior environment. We found that the attic and interior of sealed attic homes were more humid than the attic and interior observed in vented attic homes. This is due to the lack of ventilation in the sealed attic. Historically attics have been vented to dehumidify the attic and interior of the home. A sealed attic design greatly reduces the venting potential and thus this drying pathway and can cause elevated interior moisture over a vented attic home. Despite the elevated attic and interior moisture in the sealed attic homes, so far no mold or material degradation has been found. The roof sheathing moisture content has stayed below 20%, indicating low potential for material degradation. Also the relative humidity at the roof sheathing has stayed within the ASHRAE 160 design criteria except for a short time during the 2011/2012 winter. This was due to a combination of the sealed attic design (minimal venting to the outside) and the duct work not being operated in the attic which usually provides a dehumidification pathway. It was also found that when the humidity was controlled using the HVAC system, it resulted in 7% more cooling energy consumption. In the mixed-humid climate this reduces the cost effectiveness of the sealed attic design as a solution for bringing ducts into a semi-conditioned space. Because of this we are recommending the other alternatives be used to bringing ducts into the conditioned space in both new construction and retrofit work in the mixed-humid climate.
Boudreaux, Philip R [ORNL; Pallin, Simon B [ORNL; Jackson, Roderick K [ORNL
Effect of Humidity on the Composition of Isoprene Photooxidation Secondary Organic Aerosol
The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the composition and concentrations of gas-phase products and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the photooxidation of isoprene under high-NOx conditions was investigated. The yields of most gas-phase products were the same regardless of initial water vapor concentration with exception of hydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde, which were considerably affected by RH. A significant change was observed in the SOA composition, with many unique condensed-phase products formed under humid (90% RH) vs. dry (<2% RH) conditions, without any observable effect on the rate and extent of the SOA mass growth.
Nguyen, Tran B.; Roach, Patrick J.; Laskin, Julia; Laskin, Alexander; Nizkorodov, Serguei
Innovative HVAC Cycles for Severe Part Load Conditions in the Humid Climate
Final Report for Pacific Division of the Naval 1. OESICN DAY 2. TRWBLE RC WITH 80/78 3. TRaBLE PLC WIM 75/69 4. TlEOUBLE Pk WITH 70/65 m mL rnITIONS 1. OESICN DAY 2. TROUEU PLC WITH 80/78 3. TRNBLE PLC WITH 75/69 4. TRCUBCE RC WITH 70/65 CMJ..., Arlington, Texas, 1986. 3. Todd, T., Pate, M., "Passive Humidity Control: A Comparison of Air Conditioning Capaci- ty Control Methods for the Humid Climate ,I1 ASHRAE Far East Conference, Singapore, September, 1987. 4. Meckler, Gershon, "Energy...
Pate, M. E.; Todd, T. R.
A Stochastic DEVS Wind Turbine Component Model for Wind Farm Simulation
A Stochastic DEVS Wind Turbine Component Model for Wind Farm Simulation Eduardo P´erez, Lewis, wind turbine, DEVS, STDEVS Abstract Wind farms use several wind turbines to generate electricity variations in wind speed and direction, wind turbines experience stochastic loading that of- ten lead
Ding, Yu
Reduced vibration motor winding arrangement
An individual phase winding arrangement having a sixty electrical degree phase belt width for use with a three phase motor armature includes a delta connected phase winding portion and a wye connected phase winding portion. Both the delta and wye connected phase winding portions have a thirty electrical degree phase belt width. The delta and wye connected phase winding portions are each formed from a preselected number of individual coils each formed, in turn, from an unequal number of electrical conductor turns in the approximate ratio of {radical}3. The individual coils of the delta and wye connected phase winding portions may either be connected in series or parallel. This arrangement provides an armature winding for a three phase motor which retains the benefits of the widely known and utilized thirty degree phase belt concept, including improved mmf waveform and fundamental distribution factor, with consequent reduced vibrations and improved efficiency. 4 figs.
Slavik, C.J.; Rhudy, R.G.; Bushman, R.E.
Demand response enabling technology development
global and diffuse solar radiation sensors, wind directionfrom a crude radiation sensor. Solar Radiation Conductiosensor data (Temperature, motion, relative humidity, solar
Arens, Edward; Auslander, David; Huizenga, Charlie
australian tropical savannas: Topics by E-print Network
results in warmer and drier climate of tropical savannas increases temperatures and wind speeds and decreases precipitation and relative humidity Jackson, Robert B. 2...
The Wind Turbine Drivetrain Test Facility (WTDTF) is a state-of-the-art industrial facility used for testing wind turbine drivetrains and generators. Large power output wind turbines are primarily installed for off-shore wind power generation. The facility includes two test bays: one to accommodate turbine nacelles up to 7.5 MW and one for nacelles up to 15 MW. For each test bay, an independent data acquisition system (DAS) records signals from various sensors required for turbine testing. These signals include resistance temperature devices, current and voltage sensors, bridge/strain gauge transducers, charge amplifiers, and accelerometers. Each WTDTF DAS also interfaces with the drivetrain load applicator control system, electrical grid monitoring system and vibration analysis system.
Mcintosh, J.
Wind turbine spoiler
An aerodynamic spoiler system for a vertical axis wind turbine includes spoilers on the blades initially stored near the rotor axis to minimize drag. A solenoid latch adjacent the central support tower releases the spoilers and centrifugal force causes the spoilers to move up the turbine blades away from the rotor axis, thereby producing a braking effect and actual slowing of the associated wind turbine, if desired. The spoiler system can also be used as an infinitely variable power control by regulated movement of the spoilers on the blades over the range between the undeployed and fully deployed positions. This is done by the use of a suitable powered reel and cable located at the rotor tower to move the spoilers.
Sullivan, William N. (Albuquerque, NM)
Airfoils for wind turbine
Airfoils are disclosed for the blade of a wind turbine wherein each airfoil is characterized by a thickness in a range from 16%-24% and a maximum lift coefficient designed to be largely insensitive to roughness effects. The airfoils include a family of airfoils for a blade 15 to 25 meters in length, a family of airfoils for a blade 1 to 5 meters in length, and a family of airfoils for a blade 5 to 10 meters in length. 10 figs.
Tangler, J.L.; Somers, D.M.
Airfoils for the blade of a wind turbine wherein each airfoil is characterized by a thickness in a range from 16%-24% and a maximum lift coefficient designed to be largely insensitive to roughness effects. The airfoils include a family of airfoils for a blade 15 to 25 meters in length, a family of airfoils for a blade 1 to 5 meters in length, and a family of airfoils for a blade 5 to 10 meters in length.
Tangler, James L. (Boulder, CO); Somers, Dan M. (State College, PA)
Wind Program: Publications
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious RankCombustion |Energyon ArmedWaste and Materials Disposition InformationWind Program As a follow up to
Direct drive wind turbine
A wind turbine is provided that minimizes the size of the drive train and nacelle while maintaining the power electronics and transformer at the top of the tower. The turbine includes a direct drive generator having an integrated disk brake positioned radially inside the stator while minimizing the potential for contamination. The turbine further includes a means for mounting a transformer below the nacelle within the tower.
Bywaters, Garrett; Danforth, William; Bevington, Christopher; Jesse, Stowell; Costin, Daniel
Bywaters, Garrett; Danforth, William; Bevington, Christopher; Stowell, Jesse; Costin, Daniel
Bywaters, Garrett Lee; Danforth, William; Bevington, Christopher; Stowell, Jesse; Costin, Daniel
The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) collected thermal imagery and ground truth data at two commercial power plant cooling lakes to investigate the applicability of laboratory empirical correlations between surface heat flux and wind speed, and statistics derived from thermal imagery. SRNL demonstrated in a previous paper [1] that a linear relationship exists between the standard deviation of image temperature and surface heat flux. In this paper, SRNL will show that the skewness of the temperature distribution derived from cooling lake thermal images correlates with instantaneous wind speed measured at the same location. SRNL collected thermal imagery, surface meteorology and water temperatures from helicopters and boats at the Comanche Peak and H. B. Robinson nuclear power plant cooling lakes. SRNL found that decreasing skewness correlated with increasing wind speed, as was the case for the laboratory experiments. Simple linear and orthogonal regression models both explained about 50% of the variance in the skewness - wind speed plots. A nonlinear (logistic) regression model produced a better fit to the data, apparently because the thermal convection and resulting skewness are related to wind speed in a highly nonlinear way in nearly calm and in windy conditions.
Garrett, A; Robert Kurzeja, R; Eliel Villa-Aleman, E; Cary Tuckfield, C; Malcolm Pendergast, M
Balancing of Wind Power - Optimization of power systems which include wind power systems.
Trends of Wind and Wind Power Over the Coterminous United States.
??The trends of wind and wind power at a typical wind turbine hub height (80 m) are analyzed using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)� (more)
Holt, Eric M
Improving the reliability of wind power through spatially distributed wind generation.
??Wind power is a fast-growing, sustainable energy source. However, the problem of wind variability as it relates to wind power reliability is an obstacle to� (more)
Fisher, Samuel Martin
20% Wind Energy by 2030 - Chapter 5: Wind Power Siting and Environment...
5: Wind Power Siting and Environmental Effects Summary Slides 20% Wind Energy by 2030 - Chapter 5: Wind Power Siting and Environmental Effects Summary Slides Environment and siting...
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Wind and HydropowerSpeed Sites. � European Wind Energy Association. Marseille,Innovation and the price of wind energy in the US. � Energy
Speed Sites. � European Wind Energy Association. Marseille,Innovation and the price of wind energy in the US. � EnergyThe Economics of Wind Energy. � Renewable and Sustainable
Gone with the Wind - The Potential Tragedy of the Common Wind
or erection of wind turbine towers, relay stations, and/orof Wind Turbine Generator Operation Using Tower Shadowbetween wind turbines and cell phone towers). 152. Guzek,
Lifshitz-Goldberg, Yaei
Wind for Schools (Presentation)
Schools are key to achieving the goal of producing 20% of the nation's electricity demand. Most significantly, schools are training the scientists, technicians, businesspeople, decisionmakers, and teachers of the future. What students learn and believe about wind energy will impact the United States' ability to create markets and policy, develop and improve technology, finance and implement projects, and create change in all of our public and private institutions. In the nearer term, school districts have large facility costs, electrical loads, and utility costs. They are always in search of ways to reduce costs or obtain revenue to improve educational programs. Schools value teaching about the science and technology of renewable energy. They are important opinion leaders, particularly in rural communities. And their financial structures are quite different from other institutions (funding, incentives, restrictions, etc.). Learning objectives: The presentation will use case studies, project experience, and discussion with the audience to convey the current status of wind energy applications and education in U.S. schools and understanding of the elements that create a successful school wind energy project. The presentation will provide attendees with a background in the current level of knowledge and generate discussion on several themes.
Kelly, M.
Wind power generating system
Normally feathered propeller blades of a wind power generating system unfeather in response to the actuation of a power cylinder that responds to actuating signals. Once operational, the propellers generate power over a large range of wind velocities. A maximum power generation design point signals a feather response of the propellers so that once the design point is reached no increase in power results, but the system still generates power. At wind speeds below this maximum point, propeller speed and power output optimize to preset values. The propellers drive a positive displacement pump that in turn drives a positive displacement motor of the swash plate type. The displacement of the motor varies depending on the load on the system, with increasing displacement resulting in increasing propeller speeds, and the converse. In the event of dangerous but not clandestine problems developing in the system, a control circuit dumps hydraulic pressure from the unfeathering cylinder resulting in a predetermined, lower operating pressure produced by the pump. In the event that a problem of potentially cladestine consequence arises, the propeller unfeathering cylinder immediately unloads. Upon startup, a bypass around the motor is blocked, applying a pressure across the motor. The motor drives the generator until the generator reaches a predetermined speed whereupon the generator is placed in circuit with a utility grid and permitted to motor up to synchronous speed.
Schachle, Ch.; Schachle, E. C.; Schachle, J. R.; Schachle, P. J.
CgWind: A high-order accurate simulation tool for wind turbines and wind farms
CgWind is a high-fidelity large eddy simulation (LES) tool designed to meet the modeling needs of wind turbine and wind park engineers. This tool combines several advanced computational technologies in order to model accurately the complex and dynamic nature of wind energy applications. The composite grid approach provides high-quality structured grids for the efficient implementation of high-order accurate discretizations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Composite grids also provide a natural mechanism for modeling bodies in relative motion and complex geometry. Advanced algorithms such as matrix-free multigrid, compact discretizations and approximate factorization will allow CgWind to perform highly resolved calculations efficiently on a wide class of computing resources. Also in development are nonlinear LES subgrid-scale models required to simulate the many interacting scales present in large wind turbine applications. This paper outlines our approach, the current status of CgWind and future development plans.
Chand, K K; Henshaw, W D; Lundquist, K A; Singer, M A
The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere at Solar John D. Richardson and Chi Wang
The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere at Solar Maximum John D. Richardson and Chi Wang Center solar wind observations in the outer heliosphere, concentrating on the recent data near solar maximum. The speed and temperature tend to be lower at solar maximum, due to the lack of coronal holes. The near
The Kansas Wind Working Group (WWG) is a 33-member group announced by former Governor Kathleen Sebelius on Jan. 7, 2008. Formed through Executive Order 08-01, the WWG will educate stakeholder groups with the current information on wind energy markets, technologies, economics, policies, prospects and issues. Governor Mark Parkinson serves as chair of the Kansas Wind Working Group. The group has been instrumental in focusing on the elements of government and coordinating government and private sector efforts in wind energy development. Those efforts have moved Kansas from 364 MW of wind three years ago to over 1000 MW today. Further, the Wind Working Group was instrumental in fleshing out issues such as a state RES and net metering, fundamental parts of HB 2369 that was passed and is now law in Kansas. This represents the first mandatory RES and net metering in Kansas history.
The electron velocity distribution function is studied in the extended solar corona above coronal holes (i.e., the inner part of the fast solar wind) from the highly collisional corona close to the Sun to the weakly collisional regions farther out. The electron kinetic equation is solved with a finite-element method in velocity space using a linearized Fokker-Planck collision operator. The ion density and temperature profiles are assumed to be known and the electric field and electron temperature are determined self-consistently. The results show quantitatively how much lower the electron heat flux and the thermal force are than predicted by high-collisionality theory. The sensitivity of the particle and heat fluxes to the assumed ion temperature profile and the applied boundary condition at the boundary far from the Sun is also studied.
Smith, H. M.; Marsch, E. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Sonnensystemforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau (Germany); Helander, P., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstrasse 1, 17491 Greifswald (Germany)
Distributed Wind Energy in Idaho
Project Objective: This project is a research and development program aimed at furthering distributed wind technology. In particular, this project addresses some of the barriers to distributed wind energy utilization in Idaho. Background: At its core, the technological challenge inherent in Wind Energy is the transformation of a highly variable form of energy to one which is compatible with the commercial power grid or another useful application. A major economic barrier to the success of distributed wind technology is the relatively high capital investment (and related long payback periods) associated with wind turbines. This project will carry out fundamental research and technology development to address both the technological and economic barriers. â�?¢ Active drive train control holds the potential to improve the overall efficiency of a turbine system by allowing variable speed turbine operation while ensuring a tight control of generator shaft speed, thus greatly simplifying power conditioning. â�?¢ Recent blade aerodynamic advancements have been focused on large, utility-scale wind turbine generators (WTGs) as opposed to smaller WTGs designed for distributed generation. Because of Reynolds Number considerations, blade designs do not scale well. Blades which are aerodynamically optimized for distributed-scale WTGs can potentially reduce the cost of electricity by increasing shaft-torque in a given wind speed. â�?¢ Grid-connected electric generators typically operate at a fixed speed. If a generator were able to economically operate at multiple speeds, it could potentially convert more of the windâ�?�?s energy to electricity, thus reducing the cost of electricity. This research directly supports the stated goal of the Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program for Distributed Wind Energy Technology: By 2007, reduce the cost of electricity from distributed wind systems to 10 to 15 cents/kWh in Class 3 wind resources, the same level that is currently achievable in Class 5 winds.
Gardner, John; Ferguson, James; Ahmed-Zaid, Said; Johnson, Kathryn; Haynes, Todd; Bennett, Keith
Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Project: Summary Report
This report provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Powering America, Wind for Schools project. It outlines teacher-training activities and curriculum development; discusses the affiliate program that allows school districts and states to replicate the program; and contains reports that provide an update on activities and progress in the 11 states in which the Wind for Schools project operates.
Baring-Gould, I.; Newcomb, C.
Small Residence Multizone Modeling with Partial Conditioning for Energy Effieiency in Hot and Humid Climates
The purpose of this study is to reduce the energy cost of the low-income households in the hot and humid climates of the U.S. and thereby to help them afford comfortable homes. In this perspective, a new HVAC energy saving strategy, i.e. �partial...
Andolsun, Simge
Energy Wheel Performance and Optimization Opportunities for SDVAV AHU's In a Hot & Humid Climate
The HVAC system accounts for 30 to 50 percent of a typical building's energy consumption; in hot & humid climates it is closer to the upper end of that range. Implementing effective energy saving measures for the building HVAC system can reduce...
Zhao, J.; Wang, L.; Watt, J.
Modeling Effects of Relative Humidity, Moisture, and Extreme Environmental Conditions on Power Electronic Performance
this knowledge during the design phase can improve the reliability of the equipment, thereby reducing failures and dropping maintenance costs. Some of the environmental conditions affecting electronic equipment and systems]. For instance in a data center or computer room, relative humidity has to be maintained between 45% and 55
Lehman, Brad
Bio-Char Soil Management on Highly Weathered Soils in the Humid Tropics
therefore have to be applied each year to sustain soil productivity. Management of black carbon (C36 Bio-Char Soil Management on Highly Weathered Soils in the Humid Tropics Johannes Lehmann1), ColombiaQ1 CONTENTS 36.1 Bio-Char Management and Soil Nutrient Availability
Lehmann, Johannes
. Provision of water inside the hive remedies this condition, and normal broodrearing is resumed. (DOULL and of the remainder, only 2.9 % produced normal larvae. No eggs hatched at humidities below 50 % R.H. Abnormal plane, releasing the hat- ching fluid which dissolves the chorion. If free water is present in the cell
Safety First Safety Last Safety Always Summer in Minnesota means high humidity and sunny, hot
Safety First Safety Last Safety Always Summer in Minnesota means high humidity and sunny, hot days the victim liquids to drink. Treat for shock until professional medical help arrives. Heat Stress Safety Tip the information provided on the reverse side of this safety tip sheet. Please refrain from reading the information
Minnesota, University of
Matrix penetration in the bulk:In uence of humidity: Morphological analysis of wood welding
Matrix penetration in the bulk:In uence of humidity: Morphological analysis of wood welding.pichelin@b .ch Context: Wood can be welded using linear vibration welding tech- niques similar to the ones in plastic and metal industry[1] . Wood welding allows bonding strength similar to glued joints. However, due
Dalang, Robert C.
Air Conditioner Efficiency Under Hot Dry and Hot Humid Conditions - The Utility Perspective
Air Conditioner Efficiency under Hot Dry and Hot Humid Conditions - The Utility Perspective Ammi Amarnath Technical Leader, Energy Efficiency & Demand Response Program Electric Power Research Institute 3420 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA... are summarized below. Recommendations ? Establish a utility and energy efficiency agency coordinating council for regional standards; ? Identify regional centers to provide the institutional support; ? Develop recommended best practices for regionally based...
Amarnath, A.
Victoria & Albert Museum- Medieval & Renaissance Galleries: A Passive Approach to Humidity Control
Victoria & Albert Museum, London Medieval & Renaissance Galleries: A Passive Approach to Humidity Control Andrew Lerpiniere Steve Walker Michael Bingham Associate Director Associate Director Engineer Arup London, UK ABSTRACT The new... usage, running costs and carbon dioxide emissions of the galleries. REFERENCES 1. Victoria & Albert Museum; Medieval & Renaissance; Environmental Analysis of Perimeter galleries; November 2006; Andrew Lerpiniere, Michael Bingham, Steve...
Lerpiniere, A.; Bingham, M.; Walker, S.
V&A Medieval & Renaissance Galleries: A Passive Approach to Humidity Control
Victoria & Albert Museum, London Medieval & Renaissance Galleries: A Passive Approach to Humidity Control Andrew Lerpiniere Steve Walker Michael Bingham Associate Director Associate Director Engineer Arup London, UK ABSTRACT The new... of the galleries. REFERENCES 1. Victoria & Albert Museum; Medieval & Renaissance; Environmental Analysis of Perimeter galleries; November 2006; Andrew Lerpiniere, Michael Bingham, Steve Walker ? Arup 2. Museum Environmental Conditions in an Era...
Lerpiniere, A.
Dry Bias in Vaisala RS90 Radiosonde Humidity Profiles over Antarctica PENNY M. ROWE
measurements made by radio- sondes. Some radiosonde humidity sensors experience a dry bias caused by solar were launched in clear skies at solar zenith angles (SZAs) near 83° and 62°. As part of this field) for SZAs near 83°; they are 20% 6% and 24% 5% for SZAs near 62°. Assuming solar heating is minimal at SZAs
Walden, Von P.
product) and acetic (0,1-0,3 per cent) acids are produced by carbohydrate fermentation. The silage p ma�s grain humide, la fermentation des glucides entra�ne une pro- duction notable d'acides lactique (0 degradative change is practically inhi- bited after 3 to 8 months : in our assays, lactic and acetic acids
Paris-Sud XI, Universit� de
The fatigue of high-strength fused silica optical fibers in low humidity q
the effect of humidity on the kinetics of subcritical crack growth in high strength optical fibers that the rate of subcritical crack growth is given by dc dt ¼ A exp n KI KIC ; ð1�? where A and n are fatigue by assuming a simple chemical kinetics model for fatigue in which the reaction rate between water and silica
Matthewson, M. John
Dynamic analysis of a 5 megawatt offshore floating wind turbine
Why offshore wind energy? Offshore wind turbines have theturbine will also uncover potential problems that exist with offshore wind energy.
Harriger, Evan Michael
The Political Economy of Wind Power in China
of wind power, as the integration of wind power, and thecompany, found that the integration of wind power into the
Swanson, Ryan Landon
The divergent wind component in data sparse tropical wind fields
THE DIVERGENT WIND COMPONENT IN DATA SPARSE TROPICAL WIND FIELDS A Thesis by BRUCE ALAN SNYDER Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December... 1985 Major Subject: Meteorology THE DIVERGENT WIND COMPONENT IN DATA SPARSE TROPICAL WIND FIELDS A Thesis by BRUCE ALAN SNYDER Approved as to style and content by: James P. McGuirk (Co-Chairman) Aylmer IL Thompson (Co-Chairman) W. Homer...
Snyder, Bruce Alan
National Wind Technology Center (Fact Sheet), National Wind Technology...
hydrokinetic (MHK) energy devices are high-force, low-speed machines, similar to wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of a moving fluid into electrical energy....
Utility Wind Integration Group Distributed Wind/Solar Interconnection Workshop
This two-day workshop will answer your questions about interconnecting wind and solar plants and other distributed generation applications to electric distribution systems while providing insight...
NREL: Wind Research - NREL Analyzes Floating Offshore Wind Technology...
representatives regarding NREL's analysis of Statoil's Hywind II offshore floating wind turbine design. Statoil's Hywind II is a 6-MW turbine on a floating spar-buoy...
Wind Energy Benefits, Wind Powering America (WPA) (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet outlines the top 10 benefits of wind energy, including cost, water savings, job creation, indigenous resource, and low operating costs.
Abstract --In this work, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmII (NSGA-II) is applied to determine the weights of a
European Statistics Report of the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) [2], annual wind power with reference to hourly wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure data in the region of Regina: wind energy, wind turbine, short-term wind speed forecasting, prediction intervals, neural networks
1. Wind-splash erosion 4. Relationships between rainfall intensity, wind-speed, wind direction and erosion
from the surface but unless it corresponds to a high wind-speed (the potential to transport a single rainfall event. When high wind-speeds and heavy rainfall combine there is an increased potential1. Wind-splash erosion 4. Relationships between rainfall intensity, wind-speed, wind direction
Wind load reduction for heliostats
This report presents the results of wind-tunnel tests supported through the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) by the Office of Solar Thermal Technology of the US Department of Energy as part of the SERI research effort on innovative concentrators. As gravity loads on drive mechanisms are reduced through stretched-membrane technology, the wind-load contribution of the required drive capacity increases in percentage. Reduction of wind loads can provide economy in support structure and heliostat drive. Wind-tunnel tests have been directed at finding methods to reduce wind loads on heliostats. The tests investigated primarily the mean forces, moments, and the possibility of measuring fluctuating forces in anticipation of reducing those forces. A significant increase in ability to predict heliostat wind loads and their reduction within a heliostat field was achieved.
Peterka, J.A.; Hosoya, N.; Bienkiewicz, B.; Cermak, J.E.
Characterizing Inflow Conditions Across the Rotor Disk of a Utility-Scale Wind Turbine (Poster)
Multi-megawatt utility-scale wind turbines operate in a turbulent, thermally-driven atmosphere where wind speed and air temperature vary with height. Turbines convert the wind's momentum into electrical power, and so changes in the atmosphere across the rotor disk influence the power produced by the turbine. To characterize the inflow into utility scale turbines at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) near Boulder, Colorado, NREL recently built two 135-meter inflow monitoring towers. This poster introduces the towers and the measurements that are made, showing some of the data obtained in the first few months of operation in 2011.
Clifton, A.; Lundquist, J. K.; Kelley, N.; Scott, G.; Jager, D.; Schreck, S.
by which wind turbine technology converts wind energy intoWind energy developers � usually power companies combined with a wind turbine
Sandia National Laboratories: Grid System Planning for Wind:...
Wind: Wind Generator Modeling A typical wind power plant may contain hundreds of wind turbines that are interconnected through a collector system. Though the impact of...
Next-Generation Wind Technology | Department of Energy
Next-Generation Wind Technology Next-Generation Wind Technology The Wind Program works with industry partners to increase the performance and reliability of next-generation wind...
Wind Vision Testimonials (Text Version) | Department of Energy
Wind Vision Testimonials (Text Version) Wind Vision Testimonials (Text Version) Below is the text version for the Wind Vision Testimonials video. The video opens with the "Wind...
Proceedings from the Wind Manufacturing Workshop: Achieving 20...
Proceedings from the Wind Manufacturing Workshop: Achieving 20% Wind Energy in the U.S. by 2030, May 2009 Proceedings from the Wind Manufacturing Workshop: Achieving 20% Wind...
Reassessing Wind Potential Estimates for India: Economic and Policy Implications
Wind Project Performance,�WindPower 2010, pp. 10-11. ErnestWind Project Performance,�WindPower 2010, pp. 10- Table 6:
of Seismic and Wind Load Combinations 8.5.2 Extremeextrapolation for wind turbine extreme loads. � Wind Energy,extrapolation for wind turbine extreme loads. � 46th AIAA
915-MHz Radar Wind Profiler (915RWP) Handbook
The 915 MHz radar wind profiler/radio acoustic sounding system (RWP/RASS) measures wind profiles and backscattered signal strength between (nominally) 0.1 km and 5 km and virtual temperature profiles between 0.1 km and 2.5 km. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere and measuring the strength and frequency of backscattered energy. Virtual temperatures are recovered by transmitting an acoustic signal vertically and measuring the electromagnetic energy scattered from the acoustic wavefront. Because the propagation speed of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square root of the virtual temperature of the air, the virtual temperature can be recovered by measuring the Doppler shift of the scattered electromagnetic wave.
Coulter, R
Wind Resource Assessment of Gujarat (India)
India is one of the largest wind energy markets in the world. In 1986 Gujarat was the first Indian state to install a wind power project. In February 2013, the installed wind capacity in Gujarat was 3,093 MW. Due to the uncertainty around existing wind energy assessments in India, this analysis uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the wind at current hub heights for one year to provide more precise estimates of wind resources in Gujarat. The WRF model allows for accurate simulations of winds near the surface and at heights important for wind energy purposes. While previous resource assessments published wind power density, we focus on average wind speeds, which can be converted to wind power densities by the user with methods of their choice. The wind resource estimates in this study show regions with average annual wind speeds of more than 8 m/s.
Draxl, C.; Purkayastha, A.; Parker, Z.
Large fully retractable telescope enclosures still closable in strong wind
built for the high-resolution solar telescopes DOT (Dutch Open Telescope) and GREGOR, both located be closed and opened with wind speeds of 20 m/s without any problems or restrictions. The DOT successfully of the air changes with the temperature. Objects near the telescope have the tendency to produce air bubbles
Rutten, Rob
Wind observations of foreshock cavities: A case study
in the ambient solar wind, ion temperatures do not rise greatly, thermal pressures are only slightly greater than (IMF) tangential discontinuities intersecting the bow shock. We attribute the cavities are far more common than hot flow anomalies. INDEX TERMS: 2154 Interplanetary Physics: Planetary bow
Xi an Nordex Wind Turbine Co Ltd aka Xi an Weide Wind Power Equipment...
Wind Turbine Co Ltd aka Xi an Weide Wind Power Equipment Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name: Xi'an Nordex Wind Turbine Co Ltd (aka Xi'an Weide Wind Power Equipment Co Ltd)...
Subhourly wind forecasting techniques for wind turbine operations
Three models for making automated forecasts of subhourly wind and wind power fluctuations were examined to determine the models' appropriateness, accuracy, and reliability in wind forecasting for wind turbine operation. Such automated forecasts appear to have value not only in wind turbine control and operating strategies, but also in improving individual wind turbine control and operating strategies, but also in improving individual wind turbine operating strategies (such as determining when to attempt startup). A simple persistence model, an autoregressive model, and a generalized equivalent Markhov (GEM) model were developed and tested using spring season data from the WKY television tower located near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The three models represent a pure measurement approach, a pure statistical method and a statistical-dynamical model, respectively. Forecasting models of wind speed means and measures of deviations about the mean were developed and tested for all three forecasting techniques for the 45-meter level and for the 10-, 30- and 60-minute time intervals. The results of this exploratory study indicate that a persistence-based approach, using onsite measurements, will probably be superior in the 10-minute time frame. The GEM model appears to have the most potential in 30-minute and longer time frames, particularly when forecasting wind speed fluctuations. However, several improvements to the GEM model are suggested. In comparison to the other models, the autoregressive model performed poorly at all time frames; but, it is recommended that this model be upgraded to an autoregressive moving average (ARMA or ARIMA) model. The primary constraint in adapting the forecasting models to the production of wind turbine cluster power output forecasts is the lack of either actual data, or suitable models, for simulating wind turbine cluster performance.
Wegley, H.L.; Kosorok, M.R.; Formica, W.J.
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