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Article: Design of Whey Protein Nanostructures for Incorporation and Release of Nutraceutical Compounds in Food[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Whey proteins are widely used as nutritional and functional ingredients in formulated foods because they are relative inexpensive, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient and possess important biological, physical and chemical functionalities. Denaturation and aggregation behavior of these proteins is of particular relevance toward manufacture of novel nanostructures with a number of potential uses. When these processes are properly engineered and controlled, whey proteins may be formed into nanohydrogels, nanofibrils or nanotubes and be used as carrier of bioactive compounds. This review intends to discuss the latest understandings of nanoscale phenomena of whey protein denaturation and aggregation that may contribute for the design of protein nanostructures. Whey protein aggregation and gelation pathways under different processing and environmental conditions such as microwave heating, high voltage and moderate electrical fields, high pressure, temperature, pH and ionic strength were critically assessed. Moreover, several potential applications of nanohydrogels, nanofibrils and nanotubes for controlled release of nutraceutical compounds (e.g. probiotics, vitamins, antioxidants and peptides) were also included. Controlling the size of protein networks at nanoscale through application of different processing and environmental conditions can open perspectives for development of nanostructures with new or improved functionalities for incorporation and release of nutraceuticals in food matrices.Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 06/2015; DOI:10.1080/10408398.2014.993749 · 5.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Use of probiotic bacteria and consumes in large – in novel foods to provide beneficial health effects has attracted an increasing interest by the food industry and fermented olives are an excellent example of a new generation of those foods from plant origin so as to assure maximum viability by the time of ingestion during processing and storage of food products, as well as during transit through the gastrointestinal tract.Food Research International 05/2015; 75. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.048 · 3.05 Impact Factor
Article: Proteolysis and Biogenic Amine Formation in Sterilized Edam-Type Curd Slurry Inoculated with Probiotic Strains: Chemical Profile of Edam-Type Curd Slurry[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Edam-type curd slurry inoculated with 1% Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KF147 as control and further added with Propionibacterium shermanii PS-4 + Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20082 (1:1), P. shermanii PS-4 + Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 or P. shermanii PS-4 + B. bifidum DSM 20082 + Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 (1:1:1), at a rate of 1%, were studied for their effect upon biogenic amine and proteolysis pattern during incubation at 30C for 21 days. Results showed no significant influence of any combination of probiotic microorganisms on total solids, salt and fat of Edam-type curd slurries, but some effect on pH and soluble nitrogen fractions; presence of P. shermanii + B. bifidum + Lactobacillus acidophilus led to the highest concentration (7.9%) of water-soluble nitrogen by the end of incubation. When inoculation included B. bifidum, a significant decrease in total biogenic amines (from 447 to 37 mg/kgDW) was observed by 21 days – with histamine decreasing from 84 to 25 and tyramine from 359 to 6 mg/kgDW.Practical ApplicationsThis study was aimed at investigating proteolysis and biogenic amine formation by selected probiotic bacteria added to Edam-type curd slurry. The nitrogen fractions and biogenic amines in control increased significantly throughout incubation at 30C. Inocula of P. shermanii + L. acidophilus + B. bifidum (1:1:1) could effectively reduce biogenic amine contents, especially histamine and tyramine. This observation has potential public health impact because regular curds are often above the maximum legal threshold in regions with warm weather and poor cold storage network. Furthermore, addition of probiotic L. acidophilus and B. bifidum improved the overall flavor profile, owing to extra soluble nitrogen produced.Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 04/2015; DOI:10.1111/jfpp.12475 · 0.94 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Yacon [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson; Asteraceae] roots have been shown to be a source of prebiotic compounds. However, there are no known studies concerning processed yacon roots. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential prebiotic activity of yacon tuber flour. For this purpose, an aqueous extract was tested for selection of yacon incorporation and sterilization method and selection of the most favourable concentration to be tested for prebiotic activity. Once these conditions were identified, the potential prebiotic activity of the yacon extract was evaluated by determination of viable cell numbers and metabolic activity against four probiotic strains, namely, Enterococcus faecium 32, Bifidobacterium animalis Bo, Lactobacillus acidophilus Ki and Lactobacillus casei L26). Results showed that the best incorporation and sterilization method was to autoclave the supernatant, resultant from the yacon tuber flour suspension, at 121 °C for 20 min and add it to sterilized basal medium. For the confirmation of potential prebiotic activity, de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium without a conventional carbon source (negative control), with 2% (w/v) glucose per se (positive control) and associated with 1% (w/v) yacon tuber flour were chosen. Yacon tuber flour revealed a potential prebiotic activity upon the growth of the probiotic strains tested, probably due to its fructooligosaccharides (FOS) content.Food and Bioproducts Processing 04/2015; 95. DOI:10.1016/j.fbp.2015.04.003 · 2.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this research work was to investigate the antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon tuber flour. The results revealed for the first time the high antioxidant activity of sterilized yacon flour. The best extract obtained by boiling 8.9% (w/v) of yacon flour in deionised water for 10min exhibited a total antioxidant capacity of 222±2mg (ascorbic acid equivalent)/100g DW and a total polyphenol content of 275±3mg (gallic acid equivalent)/100g DW associated to the presence of four main phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid, as well as the amino acid tryptophan. The most abundant was chlorogenic acid, followed by caffeic acid. Biological assays revealed that the extract had indeed antioxidant protection, and no pro-oxidant activity. In conclusion, sterilized yacon tuber flour has the potential to be used in the food industry as a food ingredient to produce functional food products. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Food Chemistry 04/2015; 188. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.047 · 3.26 Impact Factor
Article: Effect of the incorporation of salted additives on probiotic whey cheeses SALTED PROBIOTIC WHEY CHEESE[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The research effort described here has focused on incorporation of Lactobacillus casei, in whey protein matrices, in the presence of selected salty additives. Those matrices were produced via thermal processing of a combination of either ovine or bovine whey (or a mixture thereof) with ovine milk, and were inoculated (at 10%) with L. casei strain LAFTI®L26; salt, salt and herbs, or salt and xanthan were further added to such matrices, which were then homogenized and stored at 7 °C for up to 21 d. In general, viable cell numbers maintained or even increased throughout the storage period, irrespective of the type of salty additive considered. Partial depletion of lactose was detected, and concomitant production of lactic acid throughout the 21 d-period of storage; lower lactic acid concentrations were found in matrices containing salty additives. In matrices with xanthan (SX), the probiotic strain exhibited the lowest metabolic activity. Matrices SX were less soft and firmer than the others, by the end of storage, and were similar to matrices with herbs (SH). The incorporation of salty additives affected bacterial metabolism, in terms of glycolysis and proteolysis, which in turn had a significant impact on the development of textural properties.01/2015; 10. DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2015.01.004
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ABSTRACT: This work presents the first study on the bacterial communities in Pico cheese, a traditional cheese of the Azores (Portugal), made from raw cow's milk. Pyrosequencing of tagged amplicons of the V3–V4 regions of the 16S rDNA and Operational Taxonomic Unit-based (OTU-based) analysis were applied to obtain an overall idea of the microbiota in Pico cheese and to elucidate possible differences between cheese-makers (A, B and C) and maturation times. Pyrosequencing revealed a high bacterial diversity in Pico cheese. Four phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and 54 genera were identified. The predominant genus was Lactococcus (77% of the sequences). Sequences belonging to major cheese-borne pathogens were not found. Staphylococcus accounted for 0.5% of the sequences. Significant differences in bacterial community composition were observed between cheese-maker B and the other two units that participated in the study. However, OTU analysis identified a set of taxa (Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Pantoea and unclassified genera belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family) that would represent the core components of artisanal Pico cheese microbiota. A diverse bacterial community was present at early maturation, with an increase in the number of phylotypes up to 2 weeks, followed by a decrease at the end of ripening. The most remarkable trend in abundance patterns throughout ripening was an increase in the number of sequences belonging to the Lactobacillus genus, with a concomitant decrease in Acinetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas. Microbial rank abundance curves showed that Pico cheese's bacterial communities are characterized by a few dominant taxa and many low-abundance, highly diverse taxa that integrate the so-called "rare biosphere".International Journal of Food Microbiology 01/2015; 192:86-94. DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.031 · 3.16 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The development of bio-based nanostructures as nanocarriers of bioactive compounds to specific body sites has been presented as a hot topic in food, pharmaceutical and nanotechnology fields. Food and pharmaceutical industries seek to explore the huge potential of these nanostructures, once they can be entirely composed of biocompatible and non-toxic materials. At the same time, they allow the incorporation of lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds protecting them against degradation, maintaining its active and functional performance. Nevertheless, the physicochemical properties of such structures (e.g., size and charge) could change significantly their behavior in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The main challenges in the development of these nanostructures are the proper characterization and understanding of the processes occurring at their surface, when in contact with living systems. This is crucial to understand their delivery and absorption behavior as well as to recognize potential toxicological effects. This review will provide an insight into the recent innovations and challenges in the field of delivery via GI tract using bio-based nanostructures. Also, an overview of the approaches followed to ensure an effective deliver (e.g., avoiding physiological barriers) and to enhance stability and absorptive intestinal uptake of bioactive compounds will be provided. Information about nanostructures' potential toxicity and a concise description of the in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies will also be given.Food Engineering Reviews 01/2015; DOI:10.1007/s12393-015-9116-0 · 3.04 Impact Factor
- 01/2015; Elsevier.
- Food Hydrocolloids 01/2015; 43:329-339. DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.06.002 · 4.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Production of edible nanostructures constitutes a major challenge in food nanotechnology, and has attracted a great deal of interest from several research fields - including (but not limited to) food packaging. Furthermore, whey proteins are increasingly used as nutritional and functional ingredients owing to their important biological, physical and chemical functionalities. Besides their technological and functional characteristics, whey proteins are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Denaturation and aggregation kinetics behavior of such proteins are of particular relevance toward manufacture of novel nanostructures possessing a number of potential uses. When these processes are properly engineered and controlled, whey proteins may form nanostructures useful as carriers of bioactive compounds (e.g. antimicrobials, antioxidants and nutraceuticals). This review discusses the latest advances in nano-scale phenomena involved in protein thermal aggregation aiming at formation of bio-based nano-coating networks. The extent of aggregation is dependent upon a balance between molecular interactions and environmental factors; therefore, the impact of these conditions is addressed in a critical manner. A particular emphasis is given to the effect of temperature as long as being one of the most critical variables. The application of moderate electric fields (MEF), an emergent approach, as such or combined with conventional heating is considered as it may inhibit/prevent excessive denaturation and aggregation of whey proteins - thus opening new perspectives for development of innovative protein nanostructures (i.e. nano-coatings). A better understanding of the mechanism(s) involved in whey protein denaturation and aggregation is crucial as it conveys information relevant to select methods for manipulating interactions between molecules, and thus control their functional properties in tailor-made applications in the food industry.Food Research International 12/2014; 66:344-355. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.036 · 3.05 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this work was to screen for and characterize the potential probiotic features of strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Galega cultivar fermented olives, to eventually develop an improved probiotic food from plant origin. From 156 isolated strains, 10 were acid – and bile salt tolerant, and exhibited survival rates up to 48%, following simulated digestion. All strains exhibited auto- (4–12%) and co-aggregation features (≥30%), as well as hydrophobicity (5–20%) and exopolysaccharide-producing abilities, while no strain possessed haemolytic capacity or ability to hydrolyse mucin. Antibiotic resistance, oleuropein degradation, proteolytic activity and antimicrobial activity were strain-dependent features. Overall, 10 strains – belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paraplantarum, appear to possess a probiotic value.Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie 11/2014; 59(1):234–246. DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.003 · 2.47 Impact Factor
Dataset: Effects of γ-irradiation upon biogenic amine formation in Egyptian ripened sausages during storage
Conference Paper: Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria from Pico cheese[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Enterococci are part of the dominant flora in traditionally fermented cheeses made with raw milk and play a relevant role in the development of the organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Because of their role in ripening, flavour development and bacteriocin production in cheeses, it has been suggested that Enterococci with desirable technological and metabolic traits could be included in starter cultures for various cheeses. However, the Enterococcus genus is not regarded as GRAS and safety concerns may be raised for certain strains. The aim of the present work was to characterise 27 strains Enterococcus faecalis isolated from Pico cheese with emphasis on those aspects of greater concern such as the incidence of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance traits and production of biogenic amines. PCR reactions were used to detect the presence of genes involved in the expression of gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hyl), aggregation substance (asa1), enterococcal surface protein (esp), cytolysin (cylA), endocarditis antigen (efaA), collagen adhesion (ace), vancomycin resistance (vanA and vanB), aminoglycoside resistance [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia, aph(2')-Ib, aph(2')-Ic, aph(2')-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia], histidine decarboxylase (hdc1 and hdc2), tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc), and ornithine decarboxylase (odc). None of the tested strains carried vancomycin resistance genes. In the case of aminoglycosides, 8 isolates tested positive for just one of the six resistance genes tested. The most prevalent virulence genes were efaA, gelE and ace. The tdc gene was also common in the tested strains. All of the tested isolates were efaA positive. The prevalence of virulence genes may be a hurdle when considering their application as starter cultures. E09811th International Symposium on Lactic Acid Bacteria: HEALTH, SUSTAINABILITY, DIVERSITY, AND APPLICATION, Egmond an Zee, The Netherlands; 08/2014
Conference Paper: Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria from Pico cheese[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Enterococci are part of the dominant flora in traditionally fermented cheeses made with raw milk and play a relevant role in the development of the organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Because of their role in ripening, flavour development and bacteriocin production in cheeses, it has been suggested that Enterococci with desirable technological and metabolic traits could be included in starter cultures for various cheeses. However, the Enterococcus genus is not regarded as GRAS and safety concerns may be raised for certain strains. The aim of the present work was to characterise 27 strains Enterococcus faecalis isolated from Pico cheese with emphasis on those aspects of greater concern such as the incidence of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance traits and production of biogenic amines. PCR reactions were used to detect the presence of genes involved in the expression of gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hyl), aggregation substance (asa1), enterococcal surface protein (esp), cytolysin (cylA), endocarditis antigen (efaA), collagen adhesion (ace), vancomycin resistance (vanA and vanB), aminoglycoside resistance [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia, aph(2')-Ib, aph(2')-Ic, aph(2')-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia], histidine decarboxylase (hdc1 and hdc2), tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc), and ornithine decarboxylase (odc). None of the tested strains carried vancomycin resistance genes. In the case of aminoglycosides, 8 isolates tested positive for just one of the six resistance genes tested. The most prevalent virulence genes were efaA, gelE and ace. The tdc gene was also common in the tested strains. All of the tested isolates were efaA positive. The prevalence of virulence genes may be a hurdle when considering their application as starter cultures. Poster E09811th International Symposium on Lactic Acid Bacteria: HEALTH, SUSTAINABILITY, DIVERSITY, AND APPLICATION, Egmond an Zee, The Netherlands; 08/2014
- Encyclopedia of food and health Aims & Scope, Edited by Caballero B., Finglas P., Toldra F., 08/2014: chapter Whey and whey powders, production and uses; Elsevier Science.
Dataset: 1-s2.0-S0958694610002578-main
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ABSTRACT: The levels of biogenic amines were assessed throughout storage at 4ºC, for up to 120 days, of canned sardines, anchovy and smoked fish. Histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverin, spermidine and spermine levels increased in general with elapsing storage time; the concentrations of the former in sardine, anchovy and smoked fish reached maxima of 281.17 mg/kgdry weight (DW), 166.21 mg/kgDW and 104.51 mg/kgDW, respectively, by 120 days. Spermidine and spermine levels increased slightly, whereas significant differences were found (P<0.05) in the levels of cadaverine and putrescine throughout storage. The total amine contents (579.15 mg/kgDW) of anchovy were highest, followed by sardine (456.86 mg/kgDW) and smoked fish (210.79 mg/kgDW). Overall, canned anchovy and sardine appear to pose public health risks owing to their biogenic amine levels above accepted thresholds.
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ABSTRACT: In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis.The Journal of Dermatology 12/2013; 40(12):1014-1019. DOI:10.1111/1346-8138.12315 · 2.35 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: There have been several reports of development of photobioreactors and strategies specifically for cyanobacterial mass cultivation and the efficient production of valuable products. This chapter describes the features of existing production systems for cyanobacteria, pinpointing the failings and describing opportunities for improvement. For growth, cyanobacteria are critically dependent on supply of a carbon source, coupled with light to carry out photosynthesis. Photoheterotrophic cultivation takes place when cyanobacterial growth depends on light for energy production and organic carbon sources in conditions under which carbon dioxide fixation is impaired or non-existent. Cyanobacteria are efficient solar energy converters, and can produce a large variety of metabolites. Cyanobacterial culture systems are generally classified according to their engineering and hydraulic characteristics. Several attempts have been made to cultivate cyanobacteria under continuous culture systems.Cyanobacteria, 11/2013: pages 270-292; , ISBN: 9781119941279
Top Journals
University of Porto
Oporto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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University of AveiroAveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Elsevier B.V.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Centro de Biotecnologia Agricola e Agro-Alimental do AlentejoBeja, Beja, Portugal
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Escola Superior Artística do PortoOporto, Porto, Portugal
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Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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3 Stars
1138 Millersport Highway
Welcome to the Homewood Suites by Hilton� Buffalo-Amherst, Amhersts premier all-suite hotel. Located in the Buffalo, NY suburb of Amherst, NY, one of the Safest Cities in America, our Amherst NY hotel is situated less than a mile from SUNY Buffalo (University at Buffalo), 10 minutes from the Buffalo Niagara International Airport (BNIA), and 15 minutes from downtown Buffalo, NY. Our Amherst hotel guests are provided close proximity to the many local businesses and attractions in Buffalo and the surrounding areas such as:* University at Buffalo and the University at Buffalos Center for the Arts* Amherst Ice Arena, formerly the Amherst Pepsi Center* Boulevard Mall* Daemen College* Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus* Walden Galleria mall* HSBC Arena (Buffalo Sabres, concerts and entertainment)* Hockey Outlet Sports Complex* Seneca Niagara Casino* Fashion Outlets Niagara Falls* Niagara Falls USA Canada* Darien Lake Theme Park ResortEvery morning our guests awake to enjoying our Suite Start hot breakfast to start your day off right. Monday-Thursday we offer a Welcome Home� reception serving a light meal and drinks (local laws apply.) We work hard to ensure all of our guests enjoy their experience in Buffalo at our Amherst hotel. So whether you are staying in our suites for an extended stay or just a few days in the Buffalo area, our Amherst NY hotel is sure to please.With our prime location the Homewood Suites Buffalo Amherst offers guests the comforts of home as well as the convenience of your business needs such as space for small meetings and events. Our 35 person fully appointed meeting room can accommodate all of your small business meeting needs. So should you need a meeting place, or a block of rooms booked for an event, our hotel in Amherst is your number one choice when booking in the Buffalo, NY area.The Homewood Suites by Hilton� Buffalo-Amherst hotel combines the comfort and convenience of home with unmatched hospitality and value. Make Yourself at Home�.Search
Candlewood Suites Buffalo Amherst
2 Stars
20 Flint Road
Amherst Hotel's Location is near Buffalo; NY The Candlewood SuitesandAcirc;andreg; Buffalo / Amherst hotel is adjacent to the University at Buffalo-SUNY and UB's Center for the ArtsSearch
Comfort Inn University Hotel
3 Stars
1 Flint Road
Budget minded travelers are impressed with the service and accommodations found here at the Comfort Inn UniversitySearch
Hotel Holiday Inn Buffalo-Amherst
3 Stars
1881 Niagara Falls Boulevard
Amherst Hotel's Location Provides Great Opportunities Ideally situated between Buffalo and Niagara Falls; the Holiday InnandAcirc;andreg; Buffalo - Amherst hotel's location in Amherst; NY affords easy access to big business and excellent entertainmentSearch
Hotel Doubletree By Hilton Buffalo-Amherst
4 Stars
10 Flint Road
This exceptional hotel is located next to the University of Buffalo in Amherst. The hotel is situated just off Interstate 209, and offers guests a great location from which to discover the delights of the area. Guests will find themselves within easy driving distance of the Boulevard and Walden Galleria shopping centres, Audubon Town Park and Westwood Country Club, while Niagara Falls is located just 30 km away. This delightful hotel welcomes guests with a sophisticated architectural style, inviting them into a world of elegance and splendour. The guest rooms are sumptuously appointed, and feature classical style and graceful design. The hotel offers guests a host of first-class facilities, catering to the needs of discerning travellers to the highest degree of excellence.Search
Extended Stay America - Buffalo - Amherst
2 Stars
125 Inn Keepers Lane
Property Location When you stay at Extended Stay America - Buffalo - Amherst in Amherst, you'll be in the suburbs and convenient to Lasertron and Boulevard Mall. This hotel is within close proximity of Northtown Center at Amherst and Adventure Landing.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 119 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with full-sized refrigerators/freezers and stovetops. 32-inch flat-screen televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Conveniences include desks and microwaves, as well as phones with free local calls and voice mail.Dining A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk, laundry facilities, and air conditioning in public areas. Free parking is available onsite.Search
Hotel Rodeway Inn Suites
2 Stars
1951 Niagara Falls Boulevard
Welcome to the Rodeway Inn and Suites, Amherst, NY. The perfect choice for your affordable stay. Hotel is conveniently accessible off I-290 E at Exit 3B. Start your day and shine with our free hot breakfast. We''re a pet-friendly hotel; fees applySearch
Hotel Sleep Inn
2 Stars
75 Inn Keepers Lane
Located in the endearing area of Amherst, near the Buffalo Niagara International Airport, this hotel enjoys easy access to a host of attractions. Guests can easily visit one of the most enchanting natural spectacles in the world, Niagara Falls. Downtown Buffalo hosts a wide range of restaurants, shopping and entertainment venues, whilst the Niagara Wine Trail presents a joyous insight into the journey from the vineyard to the bottle. Adjacent to corporate office parks, this hotel is the ideal location for guests travelling for business purposes. Darien Lake, Martin's Fantasy Island theme parks and the Amherst Pepsi Centre Sport Facility are all within easy access from this hotel. Guests are invited to enjoy the spacious, elegantly-designed rooms, indoor pool and whirlpool. The hotel presents guests with an unequivocal variety of facilities and amenities satisfying every need and desire.Search
Lord Amherst Hotel
2 Stars
5000 Main St
Property Location With a stay at Lord Amherst Hotel in Amherst, you'll be in the suburbs and close to Daemen College and Grover Cleveland Golf Course. This hotel is within close proximity of University at Buffalo - South Campus and University At Buffalo Center for the Arts.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 94 air-conditioned guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include direct-dial phones, as well as desks and coffee/tea makers.Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Don't miss out on recreational opportunities including an outdoor pool and a fitness facility. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access, an arcade/game room, and a fireplace in the lobby.Dining Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Lord Amherst Hotel. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a computer station, dry cleaning/laundry services, and a 24-hour front desk. Free parking is available onsite.Search
Residence Inn Buffalo Amherst
3 Stars
100 Maple Road
Neighbouring the Adubon Town Golf Park and Buffalo University, this hotel offers spacious guest suites with fully equipped kitchens. Facilities include a tennis court, outdoor pool area and free Wi-Fi. The rooms at the Residence Inn Buffalo Amherst are decorated with bright colours and large windows. The kitchen comes with a stove top, dishwasher and all the necessary silverware and serving dishes. Other amenities include ironing facilities and luxury bedding. Guests can relax at the lounge chairs on the deck surrounding the outdoor pool. The hotel offers an on-site gym with cardio equipment and free weights. Dry cleaning and laundry services are available as well. A breakfast buffet is served every morning at the hotel's lounge. Several restaurant like Olive Garden and TGI Friday's are within 3 miles from the hotel.Search
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Credit : Ken Blumenfeld's FacebookEarn Points
Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
Photos! Kim Richards and Boyfriend Ken Blumenfeld: Neighborly Love
Now that the cat's out of the couture bag and we know the name of Kim Richards' beau, we discovered Ken Blumenfeld has been posting super cute Facebook photos of his romance with Kim all this time. Take a look!


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Select Local Merchants
Jewell Towne VineyardsRead MoreHusband and wife Peter D. and Brenda Oldak didn't have any specific plans when they moved onto a 12-acre New Hampshire farm in 1977. A few years later, though, Mr. Oldak began experimenting with growing grapes. Through a decade of trial and error, he began improving his techniques, and when he won his first few medals in 1992, he decided to bring his operation up to the commercial level. Peter and Brenda are still hard at work perfecting their wines as the owners of Jewell Towne Vineyards, a boutique and community-supported winery occupying the former farm. Daily tours lead visitors along the sunny riverside slope where more than 20 varieties of American and European grapes now grow, and into the processing, fermentation, and barrel rooms. During said tours, guests follow the same path as the wines, all of which are made entirely from Jewell Towne's grapes. These libations are also available for sampling in the rustic post-and-beam tasting room that, along with an art gallery, fills the former farmhouse.183 Whitehall RdSouth Hampton, NH US
Sweet Baby VineyardRead MoreWinemaking began as a hobby for Sweet Baby Vineyard founder Lewis Eaton. In the summer, he and his family found themselves traveling to local farms to pick fresh strawberries, blueberries, peaches, and apples, which later made it into Lewis's wines. Those creations later became the foundation for Sweet Baby Vineyard's now-expansive wine varieties. Today, the winery grows four grape varietals and the tasting room welcomes visitors for complimentary tastings of many of Sweet Baby's creations, such as bartlett pear wine, the eternally embarrassed blush, and dry red.14 Powwow River RdEast Kingston, NH US
Zorvino VineyardsRead MoreThe inspiration for Zorvino Vineyards came to Jim and Cheryl Zanello in the same way it does for many American vintners—from a trip to Italy. Taken by the contrast in the quality of the wines and the pace of life between the two countries, the Zanellos brought over their own taste of the old country to an 80-acre New England estate. With grapes sourced both from their own vineyard and such regions as Tuscany, Chile, and California, the pair crafts a suite of red, white, and fruit wines that they sell on site and proffer to local restaurants and merchants. However, the winery itself is worth a trip, with its wrought-iron gate, lantern posts that seem to grow out of empty casks, and swarms of fireflies that send Morse code recommendations for the best wine to pair with salmon. Inside the tasting room, guests lean on hardwood banisters as they sip samples of the winery's creations.226 Main StreetSandown, NH US
Moonlight MeaderyRead MoreWith its three basic ingredients—honey, water, and yeast—the making of mead sounds misleadingly simple. But Michael Fairbrother tinkered with the recipe for this ancient drink in his garage for 15 years before he felt ready to open Moonlight Meadery and share the results. The result is an award–winning meadery that for the past five years, has offered a sensory experience into the history, production, and craft of mead making. Michael has fine-tuned the fermentation process to craft batches of mead from ethically sourced, minimally processed honey, which imparts each sip with rich color, vivid aromas, and the pleasant buzz that "bees" make while wading into a hot tub. Michael's traditional mead rests side by side with fruit-tinged and spiced varietals that meld flavors such as tart rhubarb and Madagascar-bourbon vanilla beans with wildflower honey. Moonlight has garnered nods from Mazer Cup International for the past four years for its high quality mead.23 Londonderry Rd.Londonderry, NH US
LaBelle WineryRead MoreAmy LaBelle has come a long way since she made her first batch of blueberry wine in her Boston apartment. She's taken classes in the Wine and Viticulture program at UC Davis in California and added cranberry, apple, peach, and 23 other varieties of other fruit and grape wine to her repertoire. Her first bottles were so popular that they sold out at local shops and farmers' markets. This was also when Amy began collecting her numerous awards. But her biggest achievement was opening her eponymous winery in a new state-of-the-art facility in late 2012. Today, Amy and her husband Cesar Arboleda continue to run the winemaking process. Besides production equipment, their facility houses a sleek tasting room where guests can sample wines such as the bold Red Alchemy, the maple-finished Granite State Apple, and the signature Dry Apple. The bottles pair perfectly with dishes at Bistro at LaBelle Winery, which serves French-style cuisine in a warm, family-friendly setting. And visitors who find themselves inspired by Amy's can-do spirit can purchase items from The Winemaker's Kitchen, a line of culinary products that includes wine-infused jellies and wine-infused cooking wines such as the Jalapeno Cooking Wine and Sweet Onion Cooking Wine.345 Highway 101Amherst, NH US
Hermit Woods WineryRead MoreHermit Woods Winery creates its fine wines from primarily locally grown fruit and raw honey—a principle they may well have adopted from the hermit that inspired their name. Joseph Plummer, the Hermit of Meredith Woods, lived in seclusion for many years, feeding himself almost exclusively with what he could find from the woods. Today, working with local farmers and pickers to find the very best fruits, Hermit Woods Winery makes its Day Lily rhubarb wine, Blue Mead honey wine, and other varietals from organic produce grown in the nearby soil. It's then sold to local merchants, purchased by local citizens, and enjoyed by local palates. Hermit Woods wines uses old world wine making techniques to create new world, barrel aged, dry style wines.72 Main StMeredith, NH US


text: Honeymoon DestinationsCaribbeanAfricaBotswanaCape TownMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaZambiaZimbabweAsiaBaliDubai, UAEMaldivesOmanSingaporeSri LankaThailandVietnamCanadaCaribbeanAntigua & BarbudaArubaBahamasBarbadosBonaireBritish Virgin IslandsCuracaoDominican RepublicJamaicaPuerto RicoSt. JohnSt. LuciaSt. ThomasTurks & Caicos IslandsCentral & South AmericaBelizeBrazilCosta RicaPanamaCruisingEuropeCyprusEnglandFranceGreeceItalySpainMexicoCabo San LucasCancunCozumelPuerto VallartaRiviera MayaSouth PacificAustraliaBora BoraCook IslandsFijiNew ZealandTahitiUnited StatesAlaskaCaliforniaFlorida BeachesHawaiian IslandsHawaiian Islands - HawaiiHawaiian Islands - KauaiHawaiian Islands - MauiHawaiian Islands - OahuLas VegasMiamiNew YorkOrlandoSacramento, CaliforniaSan DiegoSonoma & Napa Valley, CaliforniaSouth CarolinaTemecula Wine CountryThe Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort VillasThe Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort Villas is an uncommonly luxurious Hawaii vacation ownership opportunity, offering unique residences that embrace both Westin's standard of quality and Maui's most spectacular oceanfront vistas. The Westin Ka'anapali is set along a pristine expanse of Ka'anapali's North Beach (ranked #1 on "America's Best Beaches" list for 2003). Set amidst the sun-drenched North Ka'anapali Beach, "The Villas" are Hawaii vacation homes of extraordinary comfort masterfully designed, richly furnished and impeccably finished. Add to this an extensive list of amenities, a magnificent recreation lagoon and an unlimited array of activity options and it's easy to see why The Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort Villas have quickly become one of Maui's premier vacation ownership properties!Dining in ParadiseAt The Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort Villas, there is an array of dining options at Ocean Pool Bar and Grill, Pulehu, an Italian Grill, Pailolo Bar & Grill, Pu'ukoli'i General Store and Kai Ala Market. The Westin Ka'anapali can even have your desired groceries ready and waiting in your. If it's elegant romance you are looking for, Events by Design will create an affair to remember in a location as unforgettable as a warm embrace! Blending in a vacation oasis, they have the perfect venue intimately tucked amongst the villas From the dramatic Ocean Lawn to the lush Koi Pond Reception Area, explore and discover what dining indulgences are to come!Destination WeddingsThanks to its beautiful oceanfront location, you can custom-design your perfect Hawaii destination wedding through exclusive wedding coordinators at The Westin Ka'anapali! Stage the ceremony on the picturesque North Ocean Lawn which is just steps from the water's edge. When it's party time, celebrate in style with an outdoor tented reception or private dinner in the upscale Pulehu Restaurant. Smaller functions such as intimate rehearsal dinners and day-after brunches are perfectly at home amidst the resort's joyful and relaxing atmosphere.See A Sample Honeymoon RegistryRequest additional information/Get a quoteReturn to previous page


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Yvonne M. Pharis
Yvonne M. Pharis
GRAHAM — Yvonne Marlyn Partain Pharis, 78, died Friday, Nov. 22, 2013, in Graham.
Furnural services will be 2 p.m. Sunday at Eastside Church of Christ in Graham. Burial will be in Restland Cemetery in Olney under the direction of Morrison Funeral Home.
Mrs. Pharis was a homemaker.
Survivors include husband, Lloyd; three sons, Mike Pharis of Lewisville, Allen Pharis of Colorado City, and Greg Pharis of Graham; six grandchildren, seven great-grandchildren.
Visitation will be 6-8 p.m. Saturday at the funeral home.
Memorials may be sent to Foster's Children's Home, P.O. Box 978, Stephenville, TX 76401.
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A synchronous data transmission system between remote stations is shown wherein data is transmitted parallel by bit serial by group over a plurality of parallel lines extending between sending and receiving stations. A parity line is also included in the transmission system for checking errors and a clock line is included for synchronization of the parallel data being transmitted. Information is transmitted from one station to another with alternating even and odd parity for succeeding groups of parallel data. The information is checked at the receiving station for even-even or odd-odd parity in succeeding groups of data. Longitudinal redundancy checking (LRC) is also added to the checking at a receiving station. The combination of the even and odd parity checking and the LRC checking provides a level of data transmission error checking which is almost as effective in finding errors as a far more costly CRC checking mechanism. The checking arrangement is adaptable to serial-by-bit transmission systems, as well.
1. A synchronous transmission system for transmitting, receiving, and checking data bit groups arranged in succeeding frames, each frame typically consisting of a multiplicity of data bit groups, comprising:
a transmission line;
a plurality of stations selectively interconnected for data communications via said transmission line;
a controller at each of said stations, each of said controllers controlling data storage, data transfer, data transmit, data receive, and data checking operations at its respective station, and each of said controllers including a random access memory/register block serving as a buffer storage for control information and data, a data bus buffer serving as a buffer storage for data transferred to and from an external source, control logic for controlling storage accessing and read/write operations of its respective station, and a data bus in said controller interconnecting said memory/register block, said data bus buffer and said control logic;
a controller microprocessor incorporated in each of said controllers for monitoring and analyzing information transmitted and received at its respective station and for developing and recognizing control signals, each of said controller microprocessors including an internal bus for transmittal of information and commands internally within said microprocessor, an arithmetic logic unit having an associated accumulator and a plurality of registers including an instruction register for storing instructions, a decode and control block for developing operations signals from instructions in said instruction register, a transmit block for processing byte, count and control functions during transmission of data and for providing even and odd parity signals and a gate LRC signal, a receive block for processing byte count and control functions during receipt of data, said receive block also providing a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) sample signal;
a data transmit unit incorporated in each of said controllers, each of said data transmit units being interconnected with the related microprocessor of its respective controller for transmitting data responsive to control signals from the said related microprocessor, each of said data transmit units including a data/parity register for temporarily storing said data bit groups, an even-odd parity circuit for generating even and odd vertical redundancy parity check (VRC) bits for the data bit groups stored in said data/parity register under control of said even and odd parity signals from the said related microprocessor, a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) circuit for generating longitudinal redundancy check bits for all bit positions of individual frames of data bit groups under control of said gate LRC signal from the said related microprocessor, and each of said data transmit units further including drive circits to supply output signals to said transmission line representative of said data bit groups, even-odd parity check bits and LRC bits during transmission of data; and
a data receive unit incorporated in each of said controllers, each of said data receive units being interconnected with the related microprocessor of its respective controller for receiving and checking data from any of said transmit units on a selective basis responsive to control signals from the said related microprocessor, each of said data receive units including receive circuits for receiving signals from said transmission line representative of said data bit groups, said even-odd parity check bits and said LRC bits, a parity check circuit for analyzing data bit groups and even-odd check bits for correct even or odd parity during receipt of data under control of signals from the related microprocessor, an LRC checking circuit for analyzing the LRC characteristics of data in successive frames and comparing the LRC bits developed during receipt of data with the transmitted LRC bits to determine correctness of the LRC of the data bit groups under control of said LRC sample signal from the said related microprocessor, fault indicating circuitry for signaling incorrect even-odd parity and incorrect LRC of received data and each of said data receive units further including an input register for temporarily storing data bit groups as they are received for transfer to other portions of the respective station.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of stations in said system arranged in a ring configuration.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of said controllers further comprises:
direct memory access control logic circuitry for accessing said main memory; and
means interconnecting each of said controller microprocessors with its respective controller direct memory access control logic circuitry for accessing of said main memory as required during system operation.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a host processor interconnected with the data bus buffers of each of said controllers for communication with and control of each of said controllers, said host processor including a main memory.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each of said controller microprocessors further comprises:
timing and synchronizing circuitry for timing and synchronizing data transmit and receive operations;
control circuitry in each of said controller microprocessors for processing read/write signals received from said host processor to determine if the transmit units and receive units in said controllers should be reading or writing information, cycle steal signals for memory accessing, and control tag signals indicative of the status of the transmit units and receive units at said controllers, and
interrupt circuitry in each of said controller microprocessors for indicating when the respective receive unit is active and for advising said host processor.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising in each controller receive gating means responsive to control signals from the said respective microprocessor for gating data, even-odd parity, LRC and fault indicating circuitry of the said respective data receive unit and operable to gate data and parity signals in said respective data receive unit from said input register to an external utilization device.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 further comprising in each controller transmit gating means responsive to control signals from the said respective microprocessor for gating data, even-odd parity and LRC circuits of the said respective data transmit unit and operable to gate data and parity information to said data/parity register from an external source and wherein said transmit gating means is operable to gate data and parity information from said data parity register to said transmission line.
The present invention relates to an improved method and means for error checking in data transmission systems of the type wherein data bit groups are transmitted serial by group over a plurality of parallel lines between sending and receiving stations, but is also applicable to systems utilizing serial-by-bit transmission. In data transmission systems of the parallel type, it is known in the art to make use of parity bits transmitted simultaneously with the data bit groups to determine the presence of errors which can occur in the transmission. In most instances, the prior art teaches the use of either even parity checking or odd parity checking of the data. In some instances, even parity checking is used for one complete record of data bit groups and odd parity checking is used for the next succeeding record of data bit groups.
Another means for checking for transmission errors in transmission systems of this type is referred to as longitudinal redundancy checking (LRC) wherein a predetermined number of data bit groups are transmitted followed by a longitudinal redundancy check bit group. This LRC check bit group is obtained for each bit position in the data bit group by counting the number of bits transmitted between each LRC bit group and determining the even or odd number of bits counted. Then a logical one or zero bit is assigned to the LRC bit group, depending upon whether even or odd checking is selected for use. At the receiving station, the data bit groups followed by the LRC group are fed into an LRC checking circuit to determine whether or not errors have occurred. Parity error checking and LRC checking and the combination of both are frequently used in data transmission systems to determine the existence of a large number of potential errors that can be created.
In the prior art, if a higher degree of error checking is desired, it is common to use a cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) algorithm to find a very high percentage of the possible errors which can occur.
The cost of the apparatus at the transmitting and receiving stations for CRC checking is very expensive in relation to the cost of both parity checking circuitry and LRC checking circuitry. Hence, in most situations, CRC checking is not used in parallel data transmission systems.
It has been found that by using apparatus which combines the conventional parity checking circuits and the LRC circuits in a distinctive way a very high percentage of the possible errors can be detected, substantially approaching the checking ability of the CRC implementation by merely assigning odd and even parity to succeeding groups of bits that are transmitted.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved error checking mechanism for parallel data transmission systems which is low in cost but which approaches the error checking capabilities of CRC checking mechanisms and that can be used with serial data transmission systems, as well.
As stated, the principles of the present invention can be utilized in conjunction with data transmission systems wherein data is transmitted in a serial-by-bit fashion rather than in parallel. However, the cost advantages of the present system in comparison with the cost of the CRC checking mechanisms may not be as great as that encountered in a parallel transmission system. There may be some circumstances such as in a system that accommodates both parallel and serial transmission for utilizing the even-odd parity checking scheme described herein in conjunction with commonly shared logic and then similar cost advantages should accrue.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each station in a synchronous data transmission system is provided with an improved method and means for detecting errors in transmission. The transmit unit includes an even and odd parity generating circuit which applies parity bits to data groups being transmitted from the station such that one group has odd parity assigned to it, the next group has even parity assigned to it, the next succeeding group has odd parity and so on. Data to be transmitted is also entered into an LRC trigger circuit to form LRC bit groups which are transmitted after each of a predetermined number of data bit groups. At a receiving station, the data bit groups are checked for succeeding even-odd parity and the data bit groups and their respective LRC bit groups are checked by a corresponding LRC checking circuit. Signals are produced by the checking circuits in the event that a parity or LRC error is detected.
The individual stations are arranged in a ring system with control of transmission and receipt of data being provided by a controller unit that can be a microprocessor or similar controlling device.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further advantages and features thereof, reference is made to the description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, the scope of the invention being pointed out in the appended claims.
FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a representative system within which the present invention may be used, the system comprising three stations and each station typically having a controller device.
FIG. 2 illustrates one of the stations shown in FIG. 1 in more detail, the station utilizing a microprocessor controller, as an example.
FIG. 3 is a block or data/control signal diagram for the microprocessor controller device.
FIG. 4 illustrates possible error conditions that may occur in a system of this nature due primarily to clocking errors, for example.
FIG. 5 shows a series of data frames in a byte format with the even-odd parity correctly shown.
FIG. 6 is a further expansion of FIG. 5 showing the present frame and the frame before and the frame after it with the proper LRC in the correct locations.
FIG. 7 is an example of the even-odd checking scheme with actual data bits being shown and the even-odd parity bits are also shown in their correct sequences.
FIG. 8 illustrates the detailed transmission circuits utilized for accomplishing the transmission of data and proper parity configurations in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 illustrates detailed circuitry at the receiving unit for utilizing the data and even-odd parity information.
FIG. 10 is a truth table for the even-odd parity checking portion of the circuitry shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 1 illustrates a representative communications system within which the present inventive improvement may be used. Thus, in FIG. 1 three data receiving and transmitting stations 1, 2 and 3 are shown coupled to each other in a loop. Station 1 can transmit data to station 2. Station 2 can transmit data to station 3 and station 3 can transmit data back to station 1. By suitable means which are not associated with the present improvement, station 1 can transmit data to station 3 by means of bypass circuits (not shown) of construction well known in the art. For purposes of the present invention, the data transmit unit associated with any one of the stations comprises as a part thereof the required circuits for generating both even and odd parity for data and an LRC character to follow each predetermined number of data groups, as illustrated in FIG. 8. The data receiving unit in each station incorporates circuitry illustrated in FIG. 9. This unit includes the required odd-even parity checking circuits and the LRC checking circuits.
Other items of interest in FIG. 1 include the main bus 7 from controller 4 to the receive unit 5 and transmit unit 6, the data out bus 8 from the transmit unit 6 to station 3 and the receive bus 9 from station 1 to receive unit 5.
FIG. 2 illustrates details of the controller 4 of FIG. 1, and its relationship to receive unit 5 and transmit unit 6. This includes various elements concerned with the transmission and receipt of information in the system, as well as development and recognition of control signals. Controller 4 has a microprocessor 12 that is primarily responsible for monitoring and analyzing the information transmitted in the system as well as developing the specific control signals. The microprocessor is illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 3 and will be discussed shortly. Other items in FIG. 2 include transmit unit 6 which operates to transmit information by way of the data out bus 8, also shown in FIG. 1. The receive unit 5 receives information over bus 9 from station 1 which in turn is provided to the microprocessor 12. Controller 4 also includes the data bus 7 which serves as a common bus for transmittal of commands and data in the controller. Interconnected to the data bus 7 is a random access memory/registers block 15, a data bus buffer block 16 and read/write-direct memory access (DMA) control logic 17. The various elements associated with controller 4 are interconnected by dropping buses via the data bus 7, the dropping buses being designated 23-30.
The purpose of random access memory/registers block 15 is to provide temporary buffer storing of control information as well as serving as a buffer for data. The data bus buffer 16 serves as a connection to the host processor temporarily buffering data going into the host processor. Block 17 provides the control logic and the setup by the host processor so that the controller can access the host processor memory and provides the DMA function going in and out of the host processor. It is also the vehicle by means of which the host processor can tell the controller where it should be reading or writing information in and out of the host processor. Microprocessor 12 provides the centralized control required for the transmittal and receipt of information into and out of the station and basically provides controls for all station functions. Transmit unit 6 provides a vehicle for transmitting data via the data out bus 18. Receive unit 5 provides the input to the station. That is, it picks up the data from the data in bus 9 and deciphers the data as well as the clock for the input to the microprocessor.
FIG. 3 illustrates the microprocessor 12 of FIG. 2 in greater detail. The microprocessor includes an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 35 having an associated accumulator 36 and several registers including an instruction register 37, a temporary register 38 and a flags register 39. Transmittal of information and commands internally within the microprocessor is by way of an internal bus 50. Instructions in the instruction register 37 are decoded for development of necessary operations by a decode and processor control block 42. Timing in the microprocessor is provided by block 55 operating in conjunction with a synchronizing (Sync) block 56. Transmit byte, count and control functions are provided by block 61 having various outputs on lines 66-68 and 71. Received byte count and control functions are provided by block 60 which provides a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) sample time signal on line 65.
Also interconnected with internal bus 50 is a data bus buffer register 45 that is interconnected by way of dropping bus 24 (also shown in FIG. 2) to the microprocessor data bus 7. Associated with that particular register are a program status block 47 and a data bus status buffer register 48.
Other devices may be attached to microprocessor 12 by way of internal bus 50 through ports designated input/output (I/O) port 1 and I/O port 2 each having a respectively associated bus buffer 51 and 52.
The primary blocks of interest here are blocks 42, 55, 56, 60 and 61. Block 60 contains a set of count circuits that count the number of data bytes that are received. The count is controlled with inputs from the circuits of timing block 55 and it provides an output on sample time line 65. Block 61 also consists of a set of count circuits and controls required to properly time the even parity and odd parity signals. It also provides the data sample pulse for the transmit unit of FIG. 8 to sample its data. The transmit unit of FIG. 8 also receives from Sync block 56, line 70, the transmit clock. The receive unit of FIG. 9 deciphers the input data coming in and provides the Sync block 56 with the receive clock. The Sync block 56 will use the receive clock and synchronize with the internal timings of the microprocessor providing the clocking signals to blocks 60 and 61. These timings are also synchronized with the internal processor functions when the processor detects fault timing signals provided from FIG. 9, line 75.
Bus 76 is a set of lines that provides signals to determine whether the transmit unit and receive unit should be reading (RD1) or writing (WR1). It also provides cycle steal (CS) signals for memory accessing and control tag, signals indicative of the status of the receive unit and transmit unit. The interrupt lines 77 are lines from the receive unit of FIG. 9 that indicate whether the receive lines coming in are active or not. It also provides the internal signal to the main host processor interrupting the host processor to advise it that there is data intended for the host processor.
The host processor provides control information to the microprocessor by way of bus 76 to indicate whether it should be in a reading or writing status. Other control information sent to the microprocessor causes it to scan its internal registers.
FIG. 4 shows data and clock timing relationships and error conditions.
There are two types of noise errors that can happen in a system that are not easily detectable, especially with single parity and LRC check.
The first type of error concerns noise manifested as additional clocks. This appearance can cause the same data byte to be sampled twice or even three times. If it is sampled three times, especially, there will be an appearance of a double error in the LRC direction which implies that it might go unnoticed.
The second type of error is caused by noise in the reverse direction thereby suppressing a complete clock cycle. What it implies is the possibility that previously the data byte may remain in the sample register for a period of two or more clock times. Since the previous data byte has correct parity, it may remain in the register with correct parity causing double error in the LRC direction thereby going undetected again. This is especially true when the register is used as the synchronizing interface between received clock sample source and the hardware internal clocks.
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the handling of information in the present system in order to alleviate or minimize the error probabilities that were discussed in conjunction with FIG. 4.
The information is transmitted with even and odd parity checking alternated as illustrated in FIG. 5. Information transmitted with this coding may be checked at the receive station for even-even or odd-odd violations.
The scheme supplements the usage of LRC checking with little or no increase in hardware cost while still providing the level of data transmission checking equivalent to the CRC algorithm. The implementation and product cost is substantially lower than the CRC algorithm. The invention is applicable to any form of serial data synchronous transmission.
FIG. 6 shows typical frames utilizing even-odd parity checking.
Error checking is performed in horizontal and vertical directions via longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) code and parity code respectively. For little additional circuitry, namely, one toggle flip-flop, the parity generator-checker may be made to generate or check alternating even-odd parity. An even-odd parity checker uses exactly the same circuit to generate even-odd parity for comparison with incoming parity. The advantage of the even-odd algorithm over straight even or odd algorithms is the even-odd method costs little or no more and also checks against erroneous "stuck gate" type transmissions in which data and parity lines are unchanging, and parity is correct for the data presented.
Identical LRC circuits may be used for LRC generating and checking as well. Each bit from the LRC generator or checker is as shown in FIG. 7, which is an actual example of a typical frame. In addition, the LRC checker output is exclusive OR'ed with incoming information bit for bit. During byte time 19, all EOR outputs should equal zero if no errors arose during transmission.
Parity and LRC codes are shown where indicated. LRC is horizontal odd parity. Vertical parity alternates odd-even-odd-even as illustrated. Also noted are the number of ones that are in any row or column.
For example, for row 4 (fourth from top), there are eight (8) ones. Since LRC code is odd parity, a one must appear in that position of the LRC.
In byte number 3 (fourth column from right) even parity is to be sent. The number of ones in that byte is three (3) so to generate even parity, a one must be added.
FIG. 8 illustrates the detailed circuitry for the transmit unit 6 that was previously discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 8 basically generates both the LRC and odd-even parity that goes out into the data line. Signal line 7 from the data bus is sampled by line 68 into the data parity register 80. As the data is sampled, the data is always also accumulated in the LRC triggers 83. At the same time, odd parity is being checked and generated for the data depending on the odd and even parity of the data and on the specific time in which data should be put out which is determined by signals on gate lines 66 and 67. These lines are even parity time and odd parity time lines. If the time going out is odd, it will, therefore, be the odd signal. If the time going out is even, the even signal line will prevail.
Block 85 is the generator and accumulator for the parity circuit. It provides the parity generation circuit for each of the data bytes that are being sent out. It accumulates the data byte in terms of odd or even parity depending on what the specific byte count is for that data byte. If it falls on an odd byte count, it is simply gated out by the odd parity line 67 and block 87 into parity hold register latch 86. However, if it falls on the even time, the odd parity signal is inverted and it is gated out by even parity line 66 through block 88 to parity hold register latch 86. Parity hold register latch 86 serves as a buffer register or holding register so that the complete parity can be gated out as a timing signal. Parity hold register latch 86 in turn gates into gates 89 and 90. Gate 89 serves as a combined gate that determines the time for the LRC parity to be gated out as well as the parity bits to be gated out.
When it comes time for sending out the LRC parity, it will be generated by the LRC line 71 and LRC will go out with the correct parity onto the data bus as well. The circuitry in block 84 provides the drive circuitry for the data bus.
FIG. 9 shows the details of the circuitry for the receive unit 5 previously discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2. This circuitry includes a parity checking circuit that is arranged in accordance with the truth table of FIG. 10. The data lines are being received from an external source by receive circuit block 98. The receive circuit block includes amplifier circuits. The amplifier circuits also receive the clock signals. The clock lines go from block 98 into a Phase Locked Oscillator (PLO) block 103 for synchronization with an internal crystal oscillator. The Phase Locked oscillator output in turn goes through a set of counters that count data bytes that come in. It also provides a clock signal that clocks in the receive data to the rest of the circuitry. The data that comes in gets checked by a set of parity check circuits in block 107. Block 107 looks at each of the parity bits coming in, checks the data line that comes in and checks for proper parity. Concurrently, LRC triggers 100 accumulate the LRC check. The parity circuit 107 has a single output line that supplies an odd-even total figure. The odd-even trigger 104 determines when it is even or odd time. The even-odd time is the even-odd time of the data bytes that come in. The received parity also goes to an LRC parity trigger 112. This trigger accumulates odd-even parity bits for the LRC byte. If the LRC sample time or the time to sample the LRC is even, a signal goes to block 116 which provides an extra toggle pulse for the LRC parity trigger. The LRC parity trigger output now serves as the input to the Zero Compare Time block 101 which is used to check the final LRC. The final LRC accumulation at the LRC time should be all zero. If it is not zero, it is a fault condition which is inputted to the OR block 108 to provide a signal on fault line 75.
Block 113 along with block 115 simply provides a delay line sample pulse for gating the signals that toggle the parity trigger 112. It is used specifically to assure the generation of a single pulse signal for the binary trigger. This avoids additional circuits that otherwise might be required for the sample pulse to minimize instability.
FIG. 10 is a truth table representing the organization of the parity checking circuit 107 in FIG. 9. In the first column of the truth table is a summation of all the signals that come in. If the number of the logical data bit ones is an even number and it falls at even time, then the parity to be generated should be even. However, if the number of data bits is odd and it falls in even time, then an odd bit is generated or detected. On the other hand, if the inputs are all even and it falls in odd time, then there should be an odd parity being detected; similarly, if it is an odd number of bits that are being detected and it falls in odd time, then the parity bit should be even that comes in and should be detected as even.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the precise constructions herein disclosed and the right is reserved to all changes and modifications coming within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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UFC titles continue being the hottest of potatoes, as Cain Velasquez joined Anthony Pettis, Carla Esparza and Jon Jones in the "former champion" club at UFC 188. As with Esparza and Pettis, that tran read news >>
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"Vai Cavalo" wants so settle a few old scores, now that he has the belt. After his historic win over Cain Velasquez at UFC 188, the undisputed UFC heavyweight champion Fabricio Werdum plans to settle read news >>
Fabricio Werdum is out to prove he's the best heavyweight in the world, and plans on avenging some losses of his record. "Vai Cavalo" unified the UFC heavyweight belt with a third-round submission vi read news >>
Check out the "Fight Motion" super-slow-motion highlights of the UFC's most recent pay-per-view event. The UFC and FOX Sports highlights captured five big fights at UFC 188 in Mexico City.Filed under read news >>
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For the first time since we saw Cain Velasquez batter Junior dos Santos for a second time at UFC 166 in October 2013, the heavyweight title picture feels open—wide open. Call it a shot at newly crown read news >>
Cain Velasquez wasn't the only victim of Mexico City's high altitude at UFC 188 on June 13. Lightweight contender Gilbert Melendez claims being 7,382 feet above sea level had a major impact on his pe read news >>
Usually, instant rematches in mixed martial arts (MMA) take place when a fight ends in controversial fashion. That wasn't the case when Fabricio Werdum beat down and eventually submitted Cain Velasqu read news >>
Fabricio Werdum's coach thinks Cain Velasquez has done enough as a champion to warrant himself a rematch with the new champion right away. Fabricio Werdum may have picked Cain Velasquez apart to unif read news >>
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Fabricio Werdum submitted Cain Velasquez in the third round of their main event tilt at UFC 188 to become the undisputed champion of the UFC's heavyweight division. It was a performance that saw Vai read news >>
Fabricio Werdum's coach Rafael Cordeiro says that altitude isn't an excuse for Velasquez's performance and believes Werdum beats Cain ten times over. Last Saturday night at UFC 188, Fabricio Werdum b read news >>
Fabricio Werdum upset Cain Velasquez to unify the heavyweight championship at UFC 188 on Saturday night, but he didn't escape unscathed. read news >>


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Angel-Ray-G Model
SinderellaModel Female Las Vegas, Nevada, US
Mayhem # 1685369
About MeCharismatic, photogenic, creative muse back in Vegas and ready for action! Include me in your project, I'm your muse.
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Playground Safety
- 3532 Dallas High Shoals Hwy, Dallas, NC, 28034
ITERS Review
Partnership for Children of Lincoln & Gaston Counties
Thursday, November 15, 2012 from 6:30 PM to 8:00 PM (EST)
The Partnership for Children of Lincoln & Gaston Counties is a nonprofit organization that provides services for local families and children through Smart Start, North Carolina's award-winning early childhood initiative.
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
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Jul 11
Doomstar Requiem: a Klok Opera W Brendon Small, Paul Green & Scott IanSave
Label: Whirl Records, WHIRL records
Manager: Linda Chamarette
Bio: Paul Greene has been a quiet achiever in the Australian Music Scene. Strongly Independent, on hi own label WHIRL records, he has traveled incessantly delivering his music across his continent, with an infectious live energy and great songs. There is no hype with Paul Greene. His songs span a rang...See Full Bio
Paul Greene has a show on 2013-12-18 at 20:00 @ The Vanguard in Newtown, NSW http://www.reverbnation.com/c./poni/249681670 #concert
"While remaining remained a staunchly independent artist and largely existing under the radar of mainstream attention, Greene's work, which spans blues, country, folk and pop with aplomb, has attracted some high-profile supporters. The Waifs and John Butler have sounded their approval, while Midnight Oil's Rob Hirst collaborated with him under the Hirst & Greene moniker. Recently, Waterboys frontman Mike Scott got in touch to offer congratulations on Greene's cover of his The Whole of The Moon."


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Hello All,
I have a problem browsing my site with Internet explorer and firefox.
CHROME run well!!
The image on header is out of margin to right and is higher of the same image in explorer and firefox.
Please do you know if i have to insert some code to adapt the page for all browser ?
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Select Local Merchants
Vertical TeaseRead MoreThe empowering instructors at Vertical Tease motivate women of all sizes and experience levels to shed their inhibitions—and possibly a few pounds—during conventional and modern dance fitness classes. Their flirty fitness classes draw upon the studio's strength, encouraging women to release their inner sirens during pole-dance, Video Vixen, Chair Flirt, and belly-dance workouts. Combining fat burning with shimmying, instructors lead Zumba sessions set to heart-pumping Latin rhythms. Kickboxing classes combat extra inches, and the more challenging Turbokick unleashes a fury of kicks and punches to take down pesky calories. To celebrate special events such as bachelorette parties, birthday parties, or sci-fi conventions, the instructors head to your home to host one- to two-hour parties for training large groups in the seduction arts.205 W Worthington AveCharlotte, NC US
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Bristol man, 63, arrested over Bath teen Melanie Road's murder 31 years on
Detectives investigating the brutal sex murder of teenager Melanie Road have arrested a man in connection with her death - 31 years after she was stabbed to death.
Detectives investigating the brutal sex murder of teenager Melanie Road have arrested a man in connection with her death - 31 years after she was stabbed to death.
For farmer David Knight it was an "horrendous waste" – the heart-breaking moment when he led his favourite, pregnant, prize-winning cow to the slaughter.
These are just some of the 70 Shaun the Sheep sculptures that will be on display in Bristol from Monday.
Bristol City will almost certainly have to switch their search for a centre-back elsewhere after their attempt to lure Harry Maguire from Hull City was rebuffed.
Bristol Rovers boss Darrell Clarke has offered former Swindon and Torquay winger Billy Bodin a two-week trial.
The Met Office has issued a yellow warning for rain across the West for Friday evening with thunderstorms so strong disruption and flooding is likely.
A drink-driver who knocked down and killed a motorcyclist who was one of the first women in the West to enter into a civil partnership, has been told he faces a long prison sentence.
A group of men broke into a Bournemouth home and assaulted a disabled man so badly he was hospitalised.
A bonkers Brit has set a new world record for bouncing on a POGO STICK - after hopping on the spot a staggering 88,047 times.
A man accused of killing a teenager with a machete is undergoing psychological and psychiatric tests to determine whether he is fit to enter a plea.
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Weather Alerts
'Turducken,' 'selfie' earn spots in dictionaryUPDATED 6:38 PM CDT May 19, 2014
Merriam-Webster has added some new words to its official dictionary, including turducken, selfie, tweep and freegan.
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Stork Report
Hilary Duff Welcomes a Baby Boy
It's a boy for Hilary Duff!
The singer-actress and her husband of 18 months, former NHL center Mike Comrie, welcomed their first child, a boy named Luca Cruz, on March 22.
Duff first shared the happy news via Twitter on Thursday. "Welcome to the world, Luca Cruz Comrie!" she shared. "Tuesday evening, we became proud parents of a healthy 7 pound, 6 ounce beautiful boy."
PHOTOS: How Hilary went from a child star to a mommy
Added Duff, "We are overjoyed and feel like the luckiest parents in the world."
Announcing her pregnancy in August 2011 -- one year after tying the knot -- 24-year-old Duff could hardly wait to welcome her family's new little one.
PHOTOS: See which other stars have romanced athletes
"People keep saying to me, 'Sleep right now. Get your sleep!'" Duff told Us in December 2011. "I keep saying, 'I just want the baby here! I want to play and I'm ready to see what he looks like.'"
As she settles into motherhood, Duff insists music isn't far from her mind, and expects to get back into the recording studio before too long. Her most recent album, "Dignity," was released in 2007.
PHOTOS: Hilary and other stars who romanced athletes
"I think that after I have the baby I'll want to sit still for a few months and learn how to be a really good mom, " Duff -- whose most recent album, Dignity, was released in 2007 -- has said. "And then there's no reason why I can't put a record out and tour. ... It might take a little while but I'm really excited about it."
Keep clicking to see photos of Hilary Duff from her pregnancy!
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Jill Duggar Leaving The Nest, Michelle Ready For Another BabyBy: Amanda Crum - May 8, 2014
Jill Duggar, one of the stars of the hit TLC reality show 19 Kids And Counting, made headlines this week with her engagement to Derick Dillard, whom she only just met face-to-face recently; the couple became acquainted through Jill's dad, Jim Bob, after he and Dillard met on a missionary trip in Nepal.
"I was impressed with him as I got to know him over the years," Jim Bob said. "He sounded like an amazing young man. I felt like from the beginning they had similar personalities and goals. I thought they would hit it off."
The couple have been in a "courtship" for several months, speaking via Skype and texting one another, and when Jill made the trip to Nepal to meet Derick this week, the two confirmed what they'd already known; they want to be together forever. Now, after their engagement has been made official, Duggar matriarch Michelle says she would gladly welcome baby number 20.
"I realize that I don't have those tiny little babies in my home anymore. We would welcome another baby if God saw fit to give us another one," she said.
The youngest Duggar child, Josie, was born in 2009 and had serious health issues as an infant. She has since become a strong and healthy little girl, but the stress took a toll on the family at the time. Now, Michelle says she's enjoying time with her grandchildren but has made it clear that she would love to have one more little one of her own.
As for Jill, she says she fell in love with Derick very quickly after getting to know him.
"We got to know each other in the first few months pretty quickly. I was in love with someone I had never met in person, but we really knew each other well," she said.
The couple's first meeting was captured on camera for the reality show, and Jill's excited first moments left fans gushing on Twitter about the episode.
"I'm like, 'Oh my goodness, this could very well be my future husband. This could be the one!" Jill said. She later recounted the meeting, saying Derick brought her a gift.
"He was so sweet! He greeted me with flowers and yeah, it was crazy because I had been preparing for this moment. Everything just went really smoothly. [A] perfect moment."
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