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Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 1 PROGRESS REPORT Progress Reports should include the following on the first page: Investigation Group: CD-03 (1) Title of the grant. Periodic, transient, and spatially inhomogeneous influences on C exchange in Amazônia (2) Type of report. Literate (3) Name of the principal investigators. David R. Fitzjarrald - State University of New York, Albany Osvaldo Luiz Leal de Moraes - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) (4) Period covered by the report. 1/1/03 – 12/31/03 (5) Name and address of the recipient's institution. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center University at Albany, SUNY 251 Fuller Road Albany NY 12203 (6) Grant number. NCC5692 1. Narrative of 2003 activities: Mesoclimate studies. Part of the CD-03 effort is to assess any special characteristics of the LBA Santarém study area that might introduce a bias in the ecosystem productivity estimates. Claims are already being made about the importance of carbon uptake in Amazonian forests to the global budget (or lack of it) based on LBA-ECO measurements. The project"s tall flux towers, for example, are located in a thin area of forest sandwiched between cleared lands and near to large rivers that are known to influence cloudiness in their proximity. Characterizing site biases has led CD-03 to deploy a widely dispersed instrumentation net, including sensors at each flux tower. Our effort includes a detailed analysis of historical data obtained at airports designed to assess how the LBA-ECO operation years compare with those in the recent past. Preliminary results (Fig. 1) show how that temperature and precipitation are higher and wind speed is lower during the LBA-ECO years compared to the recent past. Fig. 1 also illustrates the precipitation modulation by the 1998-98 El Niño. While the annual passage of the intertropical convergence zone is clear in the Belém surface pressure signal, it is surprising that the daily averaged wind speed at Santarém correlates well with the observed Belém-Santarém surface pressure difference. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 2 Fig. 1. Decadal record of climatic variables in eastern Amazonia. Top panel: Surface pressure observation at Belém, Pará and (red) the Belém-Santarém surface pressure difference. Middle panel: Daily-averaged temperature (red) and wind speed at the Santarém (STM) airport Bottom panel: Ten-day accumulated precipitation and the Southern Oscillation index (red). Vertical lines during 2001 indicate the period of the USP Intensive mesoscale experiment. A complementary initiative to understand radiation, rainfall and temperature anomalies led to the development of a small network of surface weather stations. These units were obtained from a variety of sources, but are operated and analyzed by CD-03. Two U. S. Forest Service weather stations were installed in 1998. LBA-ECO provided support for three more, which came on line in July 2000. Three more weather were obtained from EMBRAPA. Each station was upgraded by CD-03 to include a GPS receiver that keeps track of time, a barometer, and soil temperature and moisture sensors. Data are retrieved manually. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 3 Fig. 2 LBA-ECO weather station network operated by CD-03. Flux studies. The Pasture site (km77) began operation in August 2000. CD-03 was responsible for design, purchase, shipping, installation and operation of the photovoltaic power system at this site. In April 2001, the laser ceilometer and subcanopy flux measurements, and the radiation suite were installed at the Old-Growth site at km67. The CD-03 data acquisition system was installed, and data from the above- canopy sonic anemometers are now ingested on the same time base as are the radiation, ceilometer, and subcanopy flux measurements. In August 2001, an acoustic sounder was installed first a Belterra, in support of the Mesoscale experiment. Members of CD-03 made regular visits to the various field sites during 2003. In March and April, 2003, Fitzjarrald and Sakai installed repaired instruments and computers at the FLONA sites. The sodar was moved to the pasture site, in support of UFSM balloon campaigns in 2001 and 2003. In July 2003, CD-03 installed extensive instrumentation at the second tower at the km 83 Cut site. These instruments are designed to track the microclimate in the gap near the 2 nd tower. Also, we aim to understand the extent to which CO2 may accumulate and be swept out of the gap, as we have seen in model simulations. During the same month, the "Draino" set of sensors was installed at the km 67 "Old Growth" Site (see Appendix 1). These instruments are deployed to determine the importance of lateral subcanopy flows on the estimates of ecosystem respiration made using the eddy covariance system. Canopy structure studies. In July 2003, collaborator G. Parker from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center conducted extensive surveys of the vertical and horizontal structure of the forest canopy in the vicinity of the flux towers at km67 and km83 (see Appendix 2). Parker"s work demonstrates that the 2 sites are very similar in average forest structure even after the selective logging. Thus, findings by other groups that there is little difference in net uptake after the logging are not surprising. Instrument development. During an extended visit at UAlbany, SUNY, UFSM graduate student Rodrigo da Silva characterized the properties of the Russian CO2 sensor. In September and October 2003, a tethered balloon borne sonde was constructed at UAlbany and tested in New York. Details of the field characterization of the instrument are given in Appendix 3. The new tethered balloon sonde, which measures, CO2, T, q, and pressure, was taken to the Santarém site. Reports of this field campaign are not yet available. Intensive field campaign. In November 2003, the UFSM team conducted another series of tethered balloon field campaigns. The objective was to determine the thickness of the nocturnal stable layer at the pasture site and to understand the CO2 buildup in the stable boundary layer at the km77 pasture site. The CD-03 "CO2 sonde" was deployed in conjunction with the older AIR tethersonde, which provided Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 4 complementary measurements of wind speed and direction. During a second 10-day period, these profile observations were performed near the cut site tower at km83, inside the FLONA Tapajós. 2. Narrative of 2004 workplan: The aims of CD-03 during 2004 are: a. Complete documentation of existing data sets, data assurance and submission. b. Restore instruments damaged by acts of nature and power difficulties at km83 and km67 sites. c. Conduct intensive field observation periods for the "DRAINO" deployment and at km83. d. Submit papers that are in progress. 3. Description of any difficulties encountered or any issues to resolve (if needed): We suffered the loss of a large number of instruments at the km83 and km67 sites during some electrical disturbances that occurred at the beginning of September 2003. In addition to the loss of 5 sonic anemometers, two computers and five UPS units were put out of action. All optical interfaces between dataloggers and serial instrument outputs and our computers were destroyed. As of this time (January 2004), we are still trying to get the instruments back on line. We continue to have difficulty with the power quality at km67 and km83 sites. At our km77 site, there has been difficulty with the diesel generator that serves as a backup to our solar panel power system. We are currently working with LBA staff and other PI"s to address these difficulties. 4. Description of training activities conducted, including lectures, public outreach, and short courses: 1) O. M. M. Moraes. Conferência "O LBA e as Torres de Fluxo", I Fórum das Instituições de Ensino Superior de Santarém e o Projeto LBA, Junho de 2003, Santarém. 2) O. C. Acevedo et al., "Surface to atmosphere exchange in an Amazon pasture/agricultural site", LBA workshop "Biogeochemical changes associated with the establishment and maintenance of agroecosystems"., 2 - 4 November 2003, Brasilia. 3) O. M. M. Moraes. Participação na Mesa Redonda " A Amazônia e Mudanças Climáticas " no III Congresso Interamericano de Qualidade de Ar, Julho de 2003, Porto Alegre. 4) Orientation of undergraduate student, I. Cibelle G. Sampaio, FIT, Santarém PA. Ms. Sampaio presented a poster at the recent LBA-ECO Meeting: Variation of photosynthetic radiation in a primary forest in western Pará, I. Cibelle G. Sampaio, O. L. L. Moraes, D. R. Fitzjarrald, and R. K. Sakai. Poster presented at the 7th LBA-ECO Science Team Business Meeting, 5-8 November 2003, Fortaleza. The principal goal of this study is to characterize the solar radiation regime in the subcanopy environment for a rain forest. The experimental site is located at Tapajós national forest (2,51180 S, 54,57290 W) in a primary tropical forest. At this site a 65m micrometeorological tower was installed with a set of pyranameters (Kipp a Zonen, model CNR1) and PAR sensors (LICOR model LI191AS) photosynthetically active radiation. These take solar radiation measurements of global incident and reflected radiation. A network of 16 pyranameters (LICOR Li-190 model) was installed around tower to measure total radiation incident upon the forest floor. For comparison between total radiation and PAR, one PAR sensor was included in this network. The measurements discussed here were made 07 to 14 July of 2003, at 10:00 to 14. The ratio of PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) to incident solar radiation the canopy was 36% at canopy top, while in the subcanopy it was 4%. In the canopy, the PAR-Albedo (ratio of PAR radiation reflected and radiation incident PAR) is 0.02 .The average of PAR incident radiation is 1226 mol/m2/s. In the subcanopy, the maximum average of PAR radiation was of 40.285 mol/m2/s, and minimum average was of 1.148 mol/m2/s. The PAR incident radiation on the canopy is approximately 8 times greater than in the subcanopy. The average PAR radiation absorption of 97.457% is explained by high-density of the vegetation. 5) Graduate Student Rodrigo da Silva, UFSM, obtained a "sandwich" scholarship to be in residence at UAlbany during the period January-October, 2003. During this time he worked with the computer simulation model (LES) and with instrument development (see report in Appendix 3). 6) We have trained INPA researcher Julio Tóta in the use of the subcanopy advection system. R. Staebler produced a detailed manual about the SUNY data acquisition system. Since it is based on open-source linux code, it can be emulated in Brazil at relatively small expense. Details are given in Appendix 1. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 5 5. CD-03 LBA DIS Contact Person: Please designate a participant in your group to be the contact person for LBA DIS questions about data, metadata, etc. If no person is identified, then it is assumed that the PI is the contact person for LBA DIS questions. Name: Ricardo K. Sakai Email: email@example.com Address: ASRC, University at Albany, SUNY, 251 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA Phone #: 518-437-8766 6 . Data set descriptions, including status of metadata registration and online data availability. LBA DIS policy encourages metadata registration for data sets in preparation. Data Set Title: Mesoscale Meteorological Station Network at Santarem (PA) region Data Availability with URL: Data Not Available on a Web site, but available through ftp connection. Data Set Title: Turbulent fluxes from an Eddy Correlation System at a Pasture in the Santarém (PA) region Data Availability with URL: Data Not Available on a Web site, but available through ftp connection. Additional data sets dealing with canopy structure, subcanopy flows, cloud base information are being prepared for submission to the archive. 7. List of publications (in print, in press, and in review) funded by NASA's LBA component. Please submit a PDF file of any publications in print. 1) Evolução Temporal do Perfil de CO2, para a estação sêca, em uma área de pastagem na Amazônia, A. C. Siqueira, O. L. L. Moraes, O. C. Acevedo, R. Silva, D. R. Fitzjarrald, R. K. Sakai, XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Agrometeorologia, Agosto de 2003, Anais, vol 1, 99-100. 2) Perfil de CO2 e vapor d´água, para uma região de pastagem na Amazônia, A. C. Siqueira, O. L. L. Moraes, O. C. Acevedo, R. Silva, D. R. Fitzjarrald, R. K. Sakai, III Workshop Brasileiro de Micrometeorologia, Novembro 2003, Publicado em: Ciência e Natura, Volume Especial, 285-290. 3) Variação Rítmica dos Sistemas Convectivos na Região Amazônica, V. Anabor, O. C. Acevedo, O. L. L. Moraes, III Workshop Brasileiro de Micrometeorologia, Novembro 2003, Publicado em: Ciência e Natura, Volume Especial, 237-242. 4) Land-use change effects on local energy, water and carbon balances in an Amazonian agricultural field, Ricardo K. Sakai, David R. Fitzjarrald, Osvaldo L.L. Moraes , Ralf M. Staebler, Otávio C. Acevedo, Matthew J. Czikowsky , Rodrigo da Silva, Eleazar Brait , and Valdelirio Miranda, LBA-ECO Special Issue, Global Change Biology, 2004, in press. To study how changing agricultural practices in the eastern Amazon affect carbon, heat and water exchanges, a 20 m tower was installed in a field in August 2000. Measurements include turbulent fluxes (momentum, heat, water vapor, and CO2) using the eddy covariance approach (EC), soil heat flux, wind and scalar profiles (T, q, and CO2), soil moisture content, terrestrial, total solar radiation, and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, 400-700 nm). At the beginning of the measurements, in September 2000, the field was a pasture. On November 2001, the pasture was burned, plowed and planted in upland (non-irrigated) rice. Calm nights were the norm in this site. Anomalously low values of net ecosystem exchange were found using the EC method, even when the common criterion u* < 0.2 m s–1 was used to identify and exclude poor performance nights. We observed more plausible values of NEE using criterion u* < 0.08 ms-1, indicating that the criterion must be revised downward for flow over surfaces smoother than forests. However, even using the lower threshold, u* was lower than this limit for 82% of nights, and this led to nocturnal respiration underestimates. We compensate for this difficulty by estimating the respiration rate using the nocturnal boundary layer budget (NBLb) method. Land use change from pasture to rice cultivation strongly affected both diurnal rates of turbulent exchange but also the pattern of seasonal variation. Seasonal wet and dry season differences in vegetation state were clearly detected in the albedo and PAR-albedo. These reflectivity changes were accompanied by modified net radiative flux, turbulent heat flux and evaporation rates. The highest evaporation rate was observed during the rice crop, when the field had total evaporation approximately half the precipitation input, less than that of the surrounding forest. Effects of the land cover changes were also detected in the carbon budget. For the pasture, the maximum CO2 uptake occurred in May, appreciably delayed from the start of the rainy season. After the field was plowed and the soil was exposed and there was efflux of CO 2 to the Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 6 atmosphere day and night for an extended period. Highest values of carbon uptake occurred during the rice plantation. Though the upland rice took up carbon at double the rate of the pasture that it replaced, the field was left fallow for much of the year, during the dry season 5) Inferring Nocturnal Surface Fluxes from Vertical Profiles of Scalars in an Amazon Pasture , Otávio C. Acevedo, Osvaldo L. L. Moraes, Rodrigo da Silva, David R. Fitzjarrald, Ricardo K. Sakai, Ralf M. Staebler, Matthew J. Czikowsky, LBA-ECO Special Issue, Global Change Biology, 2004, in press. Ecosystem carbon budgets depend on there being good representative surface flux observations for all land use types during the entire diurnal cycle. In calm conditions that often occur at night, especially in areas of small roughness (such as pastures), ecosystem respiration rate is poorly measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Nocturnal vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and winds were observed using tethered balloon soundings in a pasture in the eastern Amazon during two campaigns in 2001. The site is characterized by very weak winds at night, so that there is insufficient turbulence for the eddy covariance technique to determine fluxes accurately. To compensate, the time evolution of the profiles is used to determine surface fluxes at early morning and these are compared to those observed by eddy covariance at a nearby micrometeorological tower. The nocturnal boundary layer thickness h is determined as the height to which the surface fluxes must converge so that energy budget closure is achieved. The estimated values range from 30 m, around 2200 LST, to more than 100 m just before dawn. These are in good agreement with the observed thickness of a frequently- observed fog layer during the middle of the night. During the early portion of the night, when the accumulation layer is shallow, there is appreciable decrease of dCO2/dt with height. On calm nights, CO2 accumulation rate is larger near the surface than at higher levels. On windier nights, this accumulation rate is vertically uniform. Hence, extrapolation of tower profiles for estimating fluxes must be done carefully. Although uncertainties remain large, an alternate approach to the eddy covariance method is described for measuring nighttime surface CO2 fluxes under stable atmospheric conditions. 6) Silva Dias, M. A. F., P. L. Silva Dias, Marcos Longo, D. R. Fitzjarrald, and A. S. Denning, 2003. River breeze circulation in Eastern Amazon: observations and modeling results. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, LBA Special Edition, in press. The observations during the CIRSAN/LBA field campaign conducted close to two major rivers of the Amazon Basin, the Tapajós and the Amazon, indicate that during weak trade wind episodes the Tapajós river breeze actually induces a westerly flow at the eastern margin associated to a line of shallow cumulus. The river circulation is interpreted with the help of a high resolution numerical simulation. A single cell forms during late morning and evolves into the afternoon with ascending motion in the eastern margin and a descending branch in the western margin suppressing cloud formation. During night convergence is seen at the Tapajós river center. 8. (Optional) Any other publications that you would like to include (e.g. commentaries, letters to the editor, articles in popular magazines): Nothing to report 9. Participants: Please include participant names, university affiliation, nationality, and for students, include degree sought and provisional thesis title. Name: Otávio C Acevedo Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Vagner Anabor Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Matthew J Czikowsky Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Citizenship: USA Name: Rodrigo da Silva Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: David R. Fitzjarrald Email: email@example.com Citizenship: USA Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 7 Name: Osvaldo Luiz Leal de Moraes Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Geoffrey Parker Email: email@example.com Citizenship: USA Name: Ricardo Sakai Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Irene Cibelle Gonçalves Sampaio Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Valdelirio Miranda Silva Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Ralf Manfred Staebler Email: email@example.com Citizenship: GERMANY Name: Julio Tóta da Silva Email: email@example.com Citizenship: BRAZIL Name: Alexander E. Tsoyref Email: email@example.com Citizenship: USA People to Add to CD-03: (contact via Osvaldo Moraes email.) Name: Adriano Siqueira Role: Participant University/Organization: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Nationality: BRAZIL Degree Sought (if student): Ph. D. Provisional Thesis Title (if student): Not yet available Name: Cintya Martins Role: Participant University/Organization: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Nationality: BRAZIL Degree Sought (if student): M.S. Provisional Thesis Title (if student): Not yet available Name: Hans Rogério Zimermann Role: Participant University/Organization: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Nationality: BRAZIL Degree Sought (if student): Ph. D. Provisional Thesis Title (if student): Not yet available Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 8 Appendices. Appendix 1. Subcanopy sensor networks installed at the km67 "Old Growth" LBA-ECO site. A. CD-03 Subcanopy light sensor array {See I. C. Sampaio abstract for details of instrumentation. Light sensors are multiplexed such that data are obtained every 10 seconds. These data are recorded on the same time base as are the other CD-03 sensors at km67, including the radiation measurement suite at tower top.} Figure A1. CD-03 light sensor array near the tall tower at the km67 site. B. Draino LBA {this is an edited section from R. M. Staebler, 2003: Forest subcanopy flows and micro- scale advection of CO2, Ph. D. dissertation, University at Albany, SUNY.} We deployed a system of horizontal wind and CO2 field measurements at the "Old Growth" forest site at km67 in the LBA-ECO study area. Early reports of net ecosystem uptake, based on a few weeks of data at a single site, suggested a small but positive sink of CO 2, which, when scaled by the area of the Amazon region, could account for a significant fraction of the missing global carbon [e.g., Grace et al., 1995]. More recent reports, based on longer observations, indicate smaller uptakes [Miller et al., 2003], and that results are strongly dependent on how nocturnal fluxes are treated. Horizontal subcanopy motions are thought to advect CO2 laterally at night. If true, the might explain the necessity to exclude large amounts (20-60% or nights in some cases) of nocturnal eddy flux data from consideration. This is accomplished using an arbitrary "cut off" based on the observed nocturnal momentum flux. At one midlatitude site, Staebler and Fitzjarrald (2004, Ag. & Forest Meteor., in press) became among the first to document this process and to discuss its physical causes. Preliminary studies indicate that keeping track of CO2 concentrations and the subcanopy wind near the surface will be adequate to describe horizontal flows at the km67 site in the FLONA Tapajós. Since results from LBA will likely be used to represent the Amazon in its entirety in global change models, it is of paramount importance to determine whether there are any systematic problems with the location of the flux sites. Their proximity to the Tapajos Escarpment leaves open the possibility of systematic drainage flows towards the west (see Figure A1). Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 9 Figure A2. Wind roses at the LBA "Old Growth" site (km 67), for the period DOY 140-230, 2002. The central wind rose (heavier lines) is for the sonic anemometer at 58m, the other 4 are at 1.8m. Several months of subcanopy wind data are already available based on our pilot study in 2002 indicate flows that are generally aligned with flows aloft, even at night (Figure A1). The north and west subcanopy anemometers may suggest higher frequencies of easterly and north-easterly winds at night, which would agree with drainage flows towards the Tapajos. The problem is that any potential drainage flows are in the same direction as the synoptic trade winds, as well as any nocturnal land breeze. A number of cases of low wind speeds aloft coupled with strong subcanopy temperature inversions near the ground will have to be collected to determine whether drainage flows do occur there. Unfortunately, wind speeds are low and environmental conditions are harsh for sensitive equipment, and the currently employed 2D sonic anemometers (CATI/2) suffer from shifting offsets that are not easily correctable. They were replaced by the superior SPAS/2Y sensors when the horizontal CO2 gradient system was installed in July 2003. From profile measurements of CO2 and the wind speed [Saleska, pers. comm.], shape factor profiles can be constructed to guide the installation of the horizontal network. The measurements should be made at a height that is likely to see a significant fraction of the horizontal transport uc, so that the process of vertical integration (by applying the shape factor) does not hinge on the horizontal transport estimate at a level that contributes insignificantly. The mean profiles obtained (Figure A2) suggest that the transport layer is significantly thicker, largely due to build-up of respired CO2 in a much thicker layer. However, the transport estimate at 2 m level is close to its maximum most of the night, and thus this level should be sufficient (in addition to being technically feasible!) to make representative estimates of the horizontal transport. During daytime hours, a secondary peak in the transport profile becomes prominent, which would prohibit using this kind of approach to estimate the horizontal advection in the whole layer up to 58m using measurements only at 2 m. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 10 Figure A3. Normalized profiles of wind speed (dotted line), CO2 (solid line) and their product (i.e. the transport term) at the Old Growth Site, LBA. In July 2003, the more DRAINO system was installed at the km67 site, as indicated below. Figure A4. Left: DRAINO installation currently at km67 site. Dots indicate the CO2 inlets at the satellite locations, collocated with 2D sonic anemometers. Right: Locations of aspirated T/RH probes ("FS") and CO2 inlets on the 5 m tower at the center of the array. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 11 {Reproduced below are excerpts from the Operating Instructions for the DRAINO array instrument suite.} Operational Instructions Ralf Staebler, ASRC, UAlbany {Now at the Canadian Meteorological Service.} 1. Introduction 2. Air Sampling System 3. Data Acquisition 4. Data Processing 5. Operating Instructions: a. Bi-weekly checks b. Licor calibration c. Sonic anemometer calibration d. Data processing 1. Introduction This system is based on a design for similar measurements at Harvard Forest from 2000-2002. For more details on the design considerations and the physics involved, please refer to Ralf Staebler"s PhD dissertation (obtain an electronic version by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com). The general idea is to measure the horizontal advection of CO 2, which may explain the missing vertical CO2 fluxes on calm nights, when the eddy covariance technique fails to properly detect nocturnal respiration. A horizontal gradient in CO2, coupled with a persistent flow in a certain direction, can create non-zero horizontal advection terms of the form (u)(dc/dx), which are commonly assumed to be zero. The aim is to actually measure this term to determine its significance. 2. Air sampling A schematic of the air flow system is given in Figure 1. The flow out of the main pump at km67 was measured to be about 45 L/min. There is continuous flow through all 10 lines at all times. A rotating valve diverts an additional amount of air from the main lines through the Licor, for 20 seconds for each of the 10 lines. During this "active" period, the flow through the line is increased by typically 0.5 L/min, as measured by rotameter at the inlet. The flow rate through the 10 sample lines is best determined by timing the arrival of a CO 2 spike, generated by breathing into the inlet, at the Licor. If this is not possible, e.g. on solo trips, a flow meter (rotameter) can be attached to the inlet. Note that the rotameter itself represents a major restriction (resistance) to the flow, and the flow rate read does NOT actually represent the unrestricted air flow through the line. But the reading can still be used to check for consistency, and that there is actually flow through the line. The flow rates read with a rotameter are around 3 L/min for the six short lines (profile) and about 1.0 L/min for the long (horizontal) lines, and will increase by about 0.5 L/min while the line is active (i.e. during the 20 seconds while the rotating valve is sampling the line). Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 12 Valco Rotary Valve Filter Pump 5 L/min Flowmeter Inlets 1 Nitrogen 2 A B(in) B(out) Pump Licor 7000 50 L/min CO2/H2O Analyzer 10 23x Datalogger Serial (RS232) to computer drainoCO2box.sda Figure A5: The Draino air flow system. 3. Data Acquisition The data acquisition directory for Draino is /home/lba/draino67/data. This directory contains the scripts which call the "robot", which collects the data. These scripts are: ati.sh ttyC5 (Cyclades Port # 6) 2Dnorth.sh ttyC8 (Cyclades Port # 9) S.N. 010905 2Deast.sh ttyC9 (Cyclades Port # 10) S.N. 010901 2Dsouth.sh ttyC10 (Cyclades Port # 11) S.N. 010903 2Dwest.sh ttyC11 (Cyclades Port # 12) S.N. 010904 2D5m.sh ttyC12 (Cyclades Port # 13) S.N. 010902 dr23x.sh ttyC7 (Cyclades Port # 8) licor.sh ttyC13 (Cyclades Port # 14) [Note: 2D5m is currently actually at 2.0m on the central 5m tower, until a replacement ATI 3D can be found for the defective instrument we started out with] Remember that to run programs or scripts on linux that are not in the general path, you have to preface the command with ./ (e.g., ./ati.sh). All the above scripts are combined in acquisition.draino.sh, which is called by /etc/rc.d/rc.local on start-up. The robot program (written in C++) collects any serial stream from either the cyclades serial board (ttyCx) or the on-board serial COM ports (ttySx). The options (obtained from the help screen, by typing ./robot –h) are: Usage: robot [-2] [-eo] [-ahiknpuvw] [-b n] [-B n] [-c f] [-d p] [-f s] Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 13 [-g s] [-l p] [-L p] [-q Nh | Nm] [-r n] [-s Nr | Ns] [-t n] [-U p] [-z s] Key: -2 : 2 stop bits -e : even parity -o : odd parity -a : scroll data on screen -h : print this message -i : ignore CR in incoming data stream -k : make fifo recognize hex numbers (e.g., use with GILL) -n : do not poll device on start up (e.g., use with SODAR) -p : print internal defaults -u : unlock serial port before locking it -v : print version -w : terminal emulation mode (writable device) -b n : set bits to n [-b 8] -B n : set baud rate to n [-B 9600] -c f : use file f for configuration [-c robot.cfg] -d p : use serial port p [-d /dev/ttyC0] -f s : use file s for RTM fifo output [-f .FIFO] -g s : tag string s to log file and data files [-g sonic] -l p : recycle power to power port p (1-8) [-l 1] -L p : use parallel port p (0-2) to recycle power [-L 1] -q Nh : pack N hours of data per file [-q 24h] -q Nm : pack N mega bytes of data per file [-q 200m] -r n : stop after n data files (0: nonstop) [-r 0] -s Nr : time stamp after N records (0r: no stamp) [-s 100r] -s Ns : time stamp after N sec (0s: no stamp) [-s 10s] -t n : set timeout to n sec (0: disable timeout) [-t 60] -U p : unlock serial port p and exit [-U /dev/ttyC0] -z s : start on 13 Jan 2000 @ 5pm LT: [-z 13-01-2000__17:00:00] The script merge.sh calls "rtm", which is the program that merges all the above serial streams and puts them into one file, with the extension *.rwd. ./rtm – h gives the following options: Usage: rtm [-ahpuv] [-f s] [-l s] [-q Ns] [-s Nr] [-t n] Key: -a : scroll output on screen -h : print this message -p : print default settings -u : unlock fifo before locking it -v : print version -f s : read from fifo s [-f .FIFO] -l s : use file s as lookup table [-l rtm.tbl] -q Nh : pack N hours of data per file [-q 12h] -s Nr : time stamp after N records (0r: no stamp) [-s 600r] -t n : set timeout to n sec (0: disable timeout) [-t 60] -e s : use extension s [-e raw] rere2003d Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 14 Serial stream scripts (*.sh), calling "robot" ./disp rere2003d Fig. A5, Data acquisition flowchart. For real-time monitoring purposes, a tabular display program exists in /home/lba/draino67/data, called ./disp. Also, gnu-plots have been customized for display of the CO2 concentration (./gnuCO2), the Flying saucers (./gnuFST and ./gnuFSRH), and the first sonic (./gnusonic1). To customize one of this for other parameters, all that needs to be done is to change the parameter number near the bottom of the gnuplot script. Appendix 2. Small-scale structure of the canopy of a tropical rainforest from ground-based lidar measurements Geoffrey G. Parker and CD-03 collaborators Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Introduction The structure of the forest canopy is important to a variety of critical forest functions. However, obtaining the measurements of canopy structure that are necessary to understand these forest functions has been difficult. Most available techniques provide poor spatial resolution and are at scales not linked to the footprints of canopy functions. Consequently, progress in understanding canopy structure-function relationships has been slow. Lidar remote sensing shows promise for yielding the desired resolution, particularly in the vertical dimension (Lefsky et al. 2002). However, most remote sensing altimetry sensors are either very expensive or are currently in a development phase and are not available to support field research. In this project we used a portable laser rangefinding system to make dense measurements of the location of canopy elements and assembled these into high-resolution views of structure in three Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 15 dimensions. We focused especially on the change in the structure of a tropical rainforest canopy caused by selective logging. Methods Study Area In July of 2003 we took measurements of canopy structure in two study areas in the FLONA Tapajós, Para, Brazil, as part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). One site at km 67 along road BR 163 was the intact site and the other at km 83 was the selectively logged site. Sampling of canopy structure was conducted along existing transects at each site, trails of variable openness. The layout of these lines differed between sites. At km 67 we used three straight 1000m transects radiating away from the flux tower in the direction of the prevailing easterly wind of four established by the Harvard team to study biomass and litterfall. The northeast, east and southeast transects are here called transects 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At km 83 we used three parallel transects upwind of the old flux tower, two were litter collector transects (lines E and I) and another that connected the two towers (line G) - the lengths varied, from 300 to 350 m and totaled 975 m. Also at the km 67 sites we sampled additional transects in the vicinity of the "DRANO" project, totaling 407 m. Lidar measurements We used a Riegl LD90-3100HS first-return laser rangefinder (operating at 890 nm and 1 kHz, laser safety class I) mounted to the front of a frame at 1 m above the ground and pointed upward. The frame was carried by a person, attached with a hip-belt and shoulder straps. Power for the laser was supplied from a 12V motorcycle battery. The laser made 1000 measurements per second that were automatically averaged in groups of five to yield about 200 data points per second. The data were transferred through a serial cable to a small notebook computer (Toshiba Libretto 50 CT), also mounted on the frame. The location of each range measurement was estimated from its sequence in the data file, assuming a constant walking speed. Distances between measurements were typically less than 1 cm - the spot size of the laser beam is 4-6 cm at the ranges measured. The data files were edited to identify out-of-range values (such as when penetrating through canopy openings to the sky) and to remove spurious values. The edited files were processed through a customized program to group the ranges horizontally, calculate the vertical profiles using the method of MacArthur and Horn (1969), estimate the surface area density using the overlap transformation (Parker and Lefsky, in preparation), and assign coordinates to each estimate. Here we used bins that were 2 m in the horizontal and 1 m in the vertical. The resulting estimates refer to parallelepiped-shaped voxels of 1x2x1 m in the x, y and z dimensions, respectively. Representations To view the resulting three-dimensional estimates, we made height sections from the transects. These are presented as contour plots of surface area density, where the abscissa is horizontal distance along the transect and the ordinate is height above ground. The raw estimates were not interpolated for these presentations, however, the contours were smoothed with a cubic spline. To understand the overall vertical structure in each sampled area we extracted the mean and standard deviation for each height and present these as bar graphs. Additional statistics The maximum canopy height is defined by the highest observed surface in any transect. The local outer canopy height is the maximum surface height in a column – together these define the outer canopy surface. The average value of this height is called the "mean outer canopy height" and its standard deviation is the "rugosity." The mean height of all surfaces, weighted by the surface area density, is the "mean weighted height." Much of the canopy is open space and two sorts of porosity are recognized. The "enclosed porosity" is the fraction of space under the outer canopy not occupied by surfaces; the "total porosity" is analogous to the maximum canopy height. Cover is the fraction of horizontal locations with any canopy surface area above (one minus the "gap fraction"). The mean Canopy Area Index (CAI) is the average area of canopy surfaces per ground area (m2m-2). The cumulative distribution of local top heights, called the hypsograph, is another useful summary of structure. The widths of canopy holes were estimated and accumulated in a gap-size distribution, using 0.1 m - wide bins. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 16 Results and Discussion Forest Interior Transects Figure 1 shows the height sections of surface area density from the six 500m sections of the three transects at km 67. Figure 2 shows similar height sections several shorter lines around the DRANO study area near the km 67 flux tower. Height sections for the selectively logged forest between the flux towers at km 83 are in Figure 3. Mean Vertical Structure The vertical pattern of average surface area density differs little among the three areas (Figure 4). All have a bottom-heavy structure with density maxima at 7-10 m above ground and a diminishing mean density up to 48 m. The maximum density appears to be slightly lower in the km 83 transects than for those at km 67. The smoothness of the vertical patterns varies among the three areas, but likely reflects the differences in sample size. The pattern for the DRANO area is similar to that of the full sample of the km 67 area. Hypsographs The intact and selectively logged sites differ somewhat in their distributions of top heights (Figure 5). Both canopies are tall but there is more material concentrated in the topmost zones in the intact forest than in the selectively logged site. Also the selectively logged site has more (10%) of its outer surface within 5-6 m of the ground compared to the intact site (almost none). The differences between the sites in the hypsographs could be interpreted as material missing from the km 83 canopy, especially in the uppermost and lower heights, which is consistent with the removal of some of the larger crown and the creation of gap areas at the ground. Gap size distributions Both sites have similar, very low gap fractions - km 83 site is somewhat more open overall (0.041) than at km 67 (0.014). There are some differences in the size distributions of these holes (Figure 6). The selectively logged site has more openings at all sizes, only a few of intermediate size (1.35 and 5.35 m), and no gaps of the size usually associated with tree-falls. No gaps wider than 1.0 m were seen in the intact site. Summary statistics Structural statistics tabulated below show few differences between the sites. Characteristic Km 67 – intact forest Km 83 - selectively logged Number of points 1500 487 Cover, fraction 0.98 + 0.0526 0.98 + 0.1201 CAI, m2 m-2 7.39 + 1.118 6.96 + 1.746 Maximum height, m 49.5 46.5 Mean weighted height, m 13.36 13.40 Mean outer canopy height, m 20.14 17.98 Rugosity, m 10.03 8.42 Total porosity, % 73.51 73.16 Included porosity, % 32.36 + 15.83 26.23 + 16.25 Acknowledgements We thank Cibelle Sampaio and Julio Tóta for help in the field and Sr. Miranda for help in logistics. This project was supported by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). References Harding D, Lefsky MA, Parker GG and Blair B (2001). Laser altimetry canopy height profiles: methods and validation for closed-canopy, broadleaved forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 76:283-297. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 17 Lefsky MA, Cohen WB, Harding DJ and Parker GG (2002). Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies. Bioscience 52:19-30. MacArthur RH and Horn HS (1969). Foliage profiles by vertical measurements. Ecology 50:802-804 Parker GG, Chapotin SM, and Davis M. (2002). Canopy light transmittance in an age sequence of Douglas-fir/western hemlock stands. Tree Physiology 22:147-157. Parker GG and Lefsky MA (in prep.) Leaf overlap in some deciduous broadleaf forests: implications for canopy structure and radiation environment. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 18 km67 Harvard transects July 2003 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 estimated surface area density 50 transect 1 first half 40 30 20 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 40 transect 1 second half 30 20 10 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 transect 2 first half height, m 40 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 transect 2 second half 40 20 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 transect 3 first half 40 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 transect 3 second half 40 20 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 horizontal distance, m Figure 1. Height sections of canopy surface area density along six 500m m transects at the intact forest site, km 67. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 19 vertical slice of canopy surface area at Drano transects km67 Tapajos "A" "B+C" 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 45 "D" "E" "F" "G" 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 45 "H" "I" "J" 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Figure 2. Height sections of canopy surface area density along short transects in the DRANO study area at the intact forest site, km 67. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 20 km83 transects July 2003 LT2 [200,175]->[200,525] 40 20 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 LT3 [150,150]->[150,550] 40 20 0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 LT1 [100,175]->[100,475] 40 20 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 Figure 3. Height sections of canopy surface area density along three transects at the selectively logged forest site, km 83. mean canopy height profiles, FLONA Tapajos July 2003 50 50 50 drano lines at km 67 fetch lines at km 67 transects at km 83 45 45 45 40 40 40 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 2 -3 surface area density, m m Figure 4. Mean height profiles of canopy surface area density in the intact site (km 67) and DRANO study area and in the selectively logged site (km 83). The error bars are standard errors. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 21 Hypsography of the outer canopy at the Tapajos sites 50 45 40 35 30 25 km83 20 15 km67 10 drano km67 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 cumulative percent Figure 5. Hypsograph of the local outer canopy height in the intact site (km 67) and DRANO study area and in the selectively logged site (km 83). 100 km 67 gap fraction = 0.0142 (sd 0.0048) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 100 km 83 gap fraction = 0.0408 (sd 0.0110) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 5.35 gap size, m Figure 6. Gap-size distributions in the intact (km 67) and selectively logged sites (km 83). The error bars are standard errors. Note the logarithmic scale on the y-axis. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 22 Appendix 3. Field testing and characterization of the miniature CO2 sensor unit. Rodrigo da Silva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil Intercomparisons between DX6100 vs Licor 700 Using a Licor 7000 CO2 gas analyzer sensor as standard we accomplished the inter-comparison between two RTM DX6100 sensors of Russian manufacture, R1 and R2. The aim is to know if the sensors R1 and R2 can be used in measures of CO2 profile and in long-term field measurements. Initially, we show the result of the first run in the lab, where we saw one influence of the temperature on the CO2 concentration measured by the Russian sensors, i.e., does the Russian sensor have temperature compensation? After that, we discuss the set up of the Russian devices, the output data structure and to show one way to make the temperature compensation using the raw data. Finally, we show the time series and results for the runs. Also, a comparison of digital and analog output signal was made for both Licor and Russian sensor. In addition, some comments about mistakes found in the RTM Manual are made. All emails exchanged with RTM people are be attached in the end of this report. The first running: The figure 1 shows the time series of the first laboratory run of the new Russian sensors and Licor 7000. The dataset was collected using a CR10X data logger, taking the analog signal of the Licor and Russian sensors at 1Hz for continuous 24 hours. Using the Robot program the digital and analog signals were merged into the same file. The structure of the data files looks like: 108 2003 139 1908 21 512.9 481.5 379.9 23.08 98 22.09 21159 32579 29503 1124 3002 1.0842 512.6113 24095 29582 21504 2583 3012 1.0832 480.1413 382.03 23.06 98.07 0.1591 0.7221 0.6729 - 9999 108 2003 139 1908 22 512.9 481.5 379.9 23.06 98.1 22.09 21145 32601 29505 1127 3002 1.0844 514.1769 24094 29589 21502 2579 3012 1.0835 481.7971 382.08 23.05 98.06 0.1594 0.7221 0.6724 - 9999 108 2003 139 1908 23 514.9 482.5 379.9 23.07 98.1 22.09 21143 32610 29502 1121 3002 1.0842 512.7480 24071 29579 21501 2577 3012 1.0835 482.1083 381.96 23.05 98.06 0.1592 0.7222 0.6723 - 9999 -------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- Part I Part II Part III Part IV In part I are data from CR10X datalogger (cod, year, doy, h:m, ss.s, R1, R2, Licor, Tlicor, Pressure and Tcr10x.). Part II and III are data from digital signal of R1 and R2 as described later. In part IV is data from digital signal of Licor (Licor, Tlicor, Pressure, DAC 1, DAC2, DAC3) Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 23 Fig. 1: The first run of the Russian sensors. In both graphics red line is the Licor signal of temperature and CO2 concentration, black and blue lines are R1 and R2 signals of temperature and CO2 concentration respectively. We can note a strong influence of temperature in the measure of CO 2 concentration in the Russian sensors. The first thought was that the analog signal sensor does not have temperature compensation; however, page 2-9 of the manual state that the device has this feature. Also, that feature could be switched on/off with the default state being on. But, we still do not know if the analog and digital signals are different and we cannot assume that feature was off. Digital .vs. Analog: In this particular analysis, we could see that the digital and analog Russian outputs do not have significant difference, except by the noise present in the signal. There is an offset between analog and digital output in the Licor sensor, it is about 3.2 ppm, (figure 2). However, the error is minor when compared to the Russian sensors. It is because the Licor output signal has a filter of 0.5s while the Russian sensors just take the mean over 10Hz each second. The Licor noise is 0.40 ppm. The noise for sensors R1 and R2 are 2.6ppm and 1.2 ppm respectively. Fig. 2: Auto-comparison of the Digital and Analog signal output for R1, R2 and Licor sensors. They all show no significant difference between digital and analog signal output. Using an S-function to pass a filter in R1 and R2 we could see a better result in the auto comparison between digital and analog signal. The S-function is like: > n <- 5 > filtro <- rep(1, n)/n > var <- matrix(scan(datafile,...)...) > var <- filter(var,filtro) Figure 3 shows the result after passings that filter on the dataset. Note that filter was passed only in the Russian sensors. The noise in R1 and R2 drops to 0.67 ppm and 0.45 ppm respectively. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 24 Fig. 3: Auto-comparison of analog and digital signals of the Russian sensors, R1 and R2 after passing a running mean filter of 5s. The conclusion we could take from this analysis is that doesn't have difference between analog and digital signal from Russian sensor, and according information's from RTM the methods of noise reduction and repeating rate for both output signals are the same. Then, can we infer that both signals did not make the temperature compensation? Also, may we assume that feature "temperature compensation" is set up off? Device Setup and Data File Structure: The manual and calibration information from RTM are included at the end of this report. On the page 4-1, section 4 called Analyzer Commands are the commands set to remote control using RS-232 port. Following the classification of the manual the commands can be divided into the following groups: othe commands for preset parameters of Analyzer, which allow to do adjustment operations (hw, sy, pr); hw: view/edit the table of preset parameters of hardware; sy: view/edit parameters of hardware synchronization; pr: view/edit parameters of digital temperature regulation; othe command for preset calibration parameters of Analyzer (fn): view/edit calibration table; othe commands for preset dynamical parameters, which establish the volume and repeating rate of telemetry and some parameters of statistic data treatments (jb, di); jb: view/edit parameters of measuring cycle; di: control the structure of output telemetry; othe commands which allow to start and stop measurements (go, gc, gt, st); go: start of measuring mode; gc: start of calibration mode; gt: start of test mode; st: stop any operation mode; othe command ZE: sensor zero correction. The standard configurations for the Russian sensors are described in the Calibration specification sheets in annex at the end of this report. For now we just comment some of them, which we've been modifying for tests. The commands JB, SF and DI for R1 and R2 were: jb 1000 2000 100 0 1 0 sf 0 200 di 215F The numbers means: jb command: o1000 – the threshold "Danger" level is equal to 1000; o2000 – the threshold "Alarm" level is equal to 2000; o100 – the repeating rate of telemetry data output is equal to 1 sec; o0 – the number of measurement cycles is unlimited; o1 – the factor of normalization of an analog signal is equal to 1; o0 – the auto-start is disabled. sf command: o0 – the data is averaged over telemetry output period (10 measure); o200 – the number of cycles of measurements is equal 200. di command: oOn page 4-6 has the description this important command. The parameter 215F is in HEX format and binary format is (010 0001 0101 1111). Each output parameter of telemetry is enabled/disabled (1/0) by the appropriate bit of the parameter of command di, in this case 215F. Page 4-32 has a description of the format of output telemetry. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 25 According to the description in the table on page 4-8 the bit B12 represents the units of the gas concentration measurement. In this case, using di 215F, this bit is 0 and according to the table the units are represented in [mmol/g] and the measuring units recalculation is off. As an example, take the di command as 217F (010 0001 0111 1111), to see the structure of digital output in the Russian sensors. This command gives to us the following parameters: < Usign, Uref, Tc, Vc, Tamb, Y, X > Where, Usign is the output signal of the measuring channel in ADC units; Uref is the output signal of the reference channel in ADC units; Tc is the temperature of the optopair in ADC units; Vc is the cooler supply voltage in DAC units; Tamb is the ambient temperature with 0.1K unit, Y is the not normalized value of the measuring channel response in ADC units and X is the measuring gas concentration in ppm or mmol/m3. The only difference in to use 215F is that parameter Y is disabled. The manual shows the parameter D on the contrary Y. However, the right parameter is Y as will be showed later. Below, we could see the examples of the di command for three different configurations: in that example we used 360ppm standard gas calibration at 100 kPa and 298 0K: >di 215F >go { 25036 29993 23004 2439 2984 444.9531} { 25046 29999 23000 2431 2984 438.1994} { 25033 30003 23003 2437 2984 436.7321} { 25043 29984 23003 2437 2984 435.6398} { 25042 29986 23008 2448 2984 434.4421} { 25057 29983 23002 2436 2984 434.8454} >st >di 217F >go { 25056 29968 23002 2448 2987 1.0829 442.5871} { 25052 29977 23002 2447 2987 1.0818 435.9780} { 25047 29995 23003 2448 2987 1.0815 434.3290} { 25057 29992 23002 2446 2987 1.0814 433.3481} { 25059 29987 23003 2448 2987 1.0814 433.3351} >st >di 317F >go { 25056 30014 23000 2454 2987 1.0825 10924.8110} { 25052 30004 23002 2453 2987 1.0818 10831.4370} { 25038 29996 22999 2448 2987 1.0820 10858.6674} { 25063 30021 23004 2459 2987 1.0819 10840.3746} { 25066 29993 23002 2455 2987 1.0815 10786.0170} { 25049 30002 23004 2458 2987 1.0819 10836.1119} >st Note, in commands di215F and di217F the bit B12 is 0 and 1 in di317F. It means that to di215F and di217F the units should be [mmol/g] according to page 4-8 or [mmol/m3]. According to page 4-33 and to command di317F the units should be in [ppm]. According to recent information from RTM, they said that the information in the manual has changed. The B12 bit equal zero means concentration units in [ppm] and it equal 1 means [mmol/g]. As well, they said that current device version the temperature compensation is unused because the temperature sensor is placed at electronic board, not inside the gas-sampling cell. Gas Concentration Calculation & Temperature Compensation: Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 26 Both, measuring Um and reference Ur channels are used to calculate the Y, as describe on page 2- 6 in the manual: D = Um/Ur (1) Y = D0/D (2) Where, Y is the not normalized value of the measurement, D0 is the zero rate at zero gas concentration. Using know polynomial coefficients A0, A1, A2 and A4 the gas concentration is calculated. X = A0 + A1*Y + A2*Y2 + A3*Y3 (3) Page 2-7 says that X is calculated in absolute mmol/m3 units; however, for R1 and R2 sensors the result is in ppm units. We think the reason for that is because the polynomial coefficients were taken straight in ppm units when the time of the calibration, like the documentation showed. The temperature compensation is made comparing the temperature during measurement process Tm with the temperature of calibration Tc, following the equation as describe in page 2-9: XT = X * (Tm/Tc) (4) where Tm and Tc are used in Kelvin. Because X was previously calculated in ppm units, this equation does not work (figure 4). For that equation to work we have to find the right coefficients in absolute mmol/g units and then use the state equation to transform to ppm units. Fig. 4: Temperature compensation following instruction in the manual has no effect. Another way to make the temperature compensation is to use the raw data Y on contrary to X in the equation. In other words, we make the temperature compensation one step before calculating X. YT = Y * (Tm/Tc) (5) Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 27 The problem with using this equation is that the Tm is not placed into the measure cell. We can solve this problem by putting temperature sensor into the tube line of the airflow. However, for now we are going to use the temperature from R1 and R2 any way. Figure 1 the temperature behavior of R1 and R2 are very similar to the Licor temperature with correlation of 0.98 and residual standard error of 0.2 oK. Figure 5 shows the result of the correction using the raw data Y and the signal after linear regression. The errors for R1 and R2 are 6.3 and 7.27 ppm respectively with data correlation of 0.98. This result is much better than the original data where the errors are 14.98 and 15.33 ppm respectively with data correlation of 0.8. Using 10 seconds averaging in the data the error verified was 5.91 and 6.87 to R1 and R2 respectively. Using 60 seconds averaging the error is about 5.25 to R1 and 6.46 to R2. We can explain that errors either for to take the temperature not measured into the cell or the temperature is not the only parameter to be considered. Also, the polynomial coefficient could be not right. To test the first supposition we can use the Licor temperature to make the correction. However, the results showed that the errors increase to 9.9 ppm in both R1 and R2. Fig. 5: Top: the Licor, R1 and R2 signals with temperature compensation using the raw data Y (equation 5). Bottom: the signals after making the linear regression. Looking at figure 6 we can see that pressure measured by Licor drops just in the same period where the major difference between Licor and Russian sensors occurs, after to make linear regression. This could be the answer for the second guess. However, here we have to be careful because we do not know if the pressure into the Russian device is the same as the pressure into the Licor cell. The cells have different dimensions and the volume of the air passing into the cell is not the same either. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 28 Fig. 6: The time series of temperature and pressure. The best result using the pressure and temperature together to correct the signal is the following: YT = Y * (Tm/Tc)* (Pc/P), (6) where Pc is the calibration pressure. Figure 7 shows the result of that correction. The error practically does not change, for R1 is equal 6.9 ppm and 7.1 ppm to R2. The only difference is that the R1 and R2 signals after correction are closer with other and the offset change too. Fig. 7: Correction using the temperature and pressure. When we look at the signal of the difference or rate between Russian and Licor (figure 8) after temperature compensation, we note that the signal still has one temperature influence. It could be because we do not use the temperature into the cell to make the temperature compensation, so the signal still has temperature influence. We are going to use second correction to remove the remainder temperature influence in the Russian signal. We found one function of temperature for the rate of Russian and Licor: Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 29 f(T) = RT / Licor (7) Rf = RT / f(T) (8) where RT is the Russian signal with temperature compensation. The first guess for f(T) is linear equal: f(T) = -1.757 + 0.0092*(T) ; to R1 (9) f(T) = -2.304 + 0.0110*(T) ; to R2 (10) After applied the equation 8 the error drops to 1.63 ppm to R1 and 1.89 ppm to R2, with correlation of the 0.999 for both R1 and R2. The figure 9 shows the sequence of three plots for the Russian signal from the original output with error about 15 ppm in the correlation, passing for the signal with temperature compensation, with error about 5.6 ppm after remove the offset and finally the signal after remove the remained temperature influence using a linear function of the temperature for the rate of concentrations of the Russian and Licor which the error is about 1.7 ppm. Fig. 8: The difference and rate of signal from Russian and Licor, after made the temperature compensation. The signal after temperature compensation still has temperature influence. Fig. 9: Sequence of the improvement of the Russian signal. We tried to improve this error using different coefficients for the equation 3 (calibration equation), and also, change the value of the parameter D0 (zero calibration); however, that did not improve the error verified, the major impact is over the value of the offset, decrease the value. The figure 10 shows the correlation of the Russian and Licor sensor for the original output signal, for the signal with temperature compensation using the equation 5 and for the signal after to use the equation 8. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 30 Fig. 10: Scatter plots for the original signal (top), after made the temperature compensation (middle) and after divide the signal by linear function of temperature. Soil Experiment (Large Range of CO2): In this experiment we used a plastic box half filled with fresh soil. Eight runs were conducted; each run took about 20 minutes with the box close to see the build up of CO 2 concentration inside the box. We did this experiment to see what the response of the Russian sensors is when the CO 2 concentration changes suddenly. The figure 11 shows the time series for the temperature and concentration for the eight runs using a box with fresh soil and the table 1 shows the errors between Licor7000 and DX6100 sensors over all dataset for original output, after temperature compensation and after apply the equations 9 and 10. Residual Standard Error (ppm) - R1 Residual Standard Error (ppm) - R2 st 1 Run 3.61 2.78 2.61 2.26 1.78 1.5 nd 2 Run 3.02 3.08 2.91 2.33 2.30 2.24 rd 3 Run 3.21 2.71 2.41 1.67 1.48 1.33 th 4 Run 2.53 2.79 2.33 2.11 2.14 1.64 th 5 Run 2.40 2.70 2.09 1.93 1.71 1.38 th 6 Run 2.31 2.16 1.99 1.44 1.57 1.38 th 7 Run 2.52 2.35 2.29 1.78 1.50 1.44 th 8 Rum 3.67 3.24 2.94 2.17 2.37 2.04 Table 1: Shows the error for the original data (black), after temperature compensation (red) and after use equation 9-10 (blue). Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 31 Fig. 11: Entire dataset for the soil experiment. R1 is in black, R2 is in red and Licor is the blue line. Fig. 12: The scatters plots for original signal, after temperature compassion and after apply equation 9 and 10. Because the temperature does not change too much in this runs we don"t see one big difference in the error showed in the table above. Measurement in the field: For several days the sensors were run outside of the lab. We want to know how they work in external environment over a large temperature range. We installed the Licor7000 and Russian sensors inside a plastic box. The air sample was collected 5-meter far of the box at 1 meter high above the ground. In the first three days the box was placed inside the room were the temperature in that period did not change much. After, the box was placed outside without any shield to radiation. In that period the sensors were exposed a high temperatures. Figure 13 shows the time sires of temperature and CO 2 concentration for that period. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 32 Fig. 13: Time series for temperature and CO2 concentration from outdoors environment. Blue line is Licor 700, black line is R1 and red line is R2 measures. The spikes in the middle plot occurred when the temperature of the devices R1 and R2 goes up to 308 0K. When that occurs the device change the value of parameter D0 in the equation 2. In addition, a new value for Tc must be considered to make the temperature compensation using equation 5, because the value of D0 depends of the temperature of the gas in the moment of the zero calibration is made. The Russian device cam saves 14 different parameters of calibration into the internal EPRROM. They came with 3 different tables from RTM Inc as we can see in the calibration specification manual. The bottom plot in the figure 13 shows the result after temperature compensation using equation 5. Easily we can see three different values in the off set, it occur because the device also change the coefficients in equation 6. Therefore, we cannot apply the same coefficients in equations 9 and 10 for the entire time series, although the method still may be applied with good results even the sensors had been suffering over heat. Figure 14 shows the concentration after temperature compensation still has temperature dependence, although the weight varies. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 33 Fig. 14: Relationship with temperature and concentration after temperature compensation along the time series. In figure 15 the dataset is separate in three different clusters or groups with same slope as we expected once we can see at least three different offset values. Analyzing separately which cluster making the temperature compensation and removing the offset observed an error mean of the 4.95ppm for the first part of the dataset (days 151-154, sensors inside of the room), 5.13ppm between days 156-157 and among days 158-162 the error mean was about 6.01ppm. And after to apply the right coefficients in the equation 9 and 10 we observed an error mean of the 2.13ppm, 2.73ppm and 2.51ppm for the same period respectively. To evict those differences of the offset in the data and that changes in the value of D0 we must to protect the Russian device against the solar radiation. Alternatively, we could adjust the tables to work with the same value of D0 for a large temperature interval. That experiment was very important to know how the Russian device works over extreme environment conditions and to learn what we have to do to protect it against over heating. Also, is clear that the temperature compensation using equation 5 works for different values of D 0 and the error after that is about 5-6ppm and to apply the other correction using one function of temperature from equation 8 we shall to know the right offset against Russian device and Licor7000 or another reference, so we can reduce the error to more or less 2ppm. Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 34 Fig. 15: The scatter plots of concentration between Russian and Licor without temperature compensation (top), after to use equation 5 (center) and after to apply the equations 9 and 10 (bottom). Summary: The error is about 15 ppm without temperature compensation in the Russian sensor; Analog and digital outputs have the same signal; Because the temperature compensation is disabled, we cannot make the temperature compensation as the manual describe, we must use the raw data to make that correction (equation 5) and the error after that correction is about 5-6 ppm; Taking the average over 10 seconds after make the temperature compensation (equation 5) the error drop off about 6% and taking average over 1 minute the error drop off about 14%. Because the temperature used in equation (5) is not the temperature exactly into the cell the signal still has one temperature influence, that temperature influence is proportional of the rate of the concentrations; After removed that influence remainder, the error verified is about 1-2 ppm; Progress Report CD-03, Fitzjarrald/Moraes 35 Appendix 4. Data Quality Assurance Officer: Leon Zane Fitzjarrald, born 8/25/03.
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48 years of experience
48 years of experience
39000 Bob Hope Dr
Ste P303
Rancho Mirage, CA 92270 Phone number & directions
Ste P303
Rancho Mirage, CA 92270 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Marvin Brooks:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
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Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Brooks? Share your experience.
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Marvin Brooks, MD is board certified in Urology.
- He has special expertise in 2 areas:
- General Urology
- Overactive Urinary Bladder
Education & Awards
Dr. Brooks graduated from University of Illinois at Chicago.
Dr. Brooks has 1 hospital affiliations:
- Eisenhower Medical Center
Home > Find an Urologist > CA > Rancho Mirage Urologists > Dr. Marvin Brooks, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Marvin B Brooks MD is a male Urologist, has 48 years of experience and practices in Urology.
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See Rancho Mirage Urologists.

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text:
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GRANBY – The entire 6-mile length of Knight Ridge Trail, from the Roaring Fork Campground at Arapaho Bay to the Rocky Mountain National Park boundary near Twin Creek, has been cleared of nearly 800 downed trees through a joint effort by the U.S. Fore …Read More »
The last couple of weeks have been very eventful for mountain biking here in Winter Park.I was fortunate to be able to participate in this summer's first series of mountain bike specific press trips in Winter Park. The bike specific press trips were …Read More »
KREMMLING — On a warm June afternoon, Pumphouse Campground is a flurry of activity.A mélange of commercial rafting companies, weekend warriors and all ilk of river rat crowds the banks of the Upper Colorado River.I've come here with a commercial guid …Read More »
The snow is finally melting for the season just in time for our Independence Day holiday. We can now start to enjoy some of our fantastic high elevation trails throughout the county.This includes our historic Riflesight Trail located along Corona Pas …Read More »
After five long years, the $1.7 million Colorado River enhancement project, known as Gore Canyon Whitewater Park, is now complete and open.The Colorado Water Conservation Board needed to approve the implication of the recreational in-channel diversio …Read More »
We are lucky that we live in a mountain bike and trail paradise.If you are visiting here then you will soon realize the vast amount of trail diversity that we get to use almost daily. It could be an easy roll down the Fraser River Trail or an exhilar …Read More »
It's not a secret that the snow has affected and is impacting our upper elevation riding. I find something very special about the high elevation trails.Every day the snow line creeps a bit higher and lets me ride a bit higher allowing me to explore a …Read More »
The Roaring Fork Trail is beautiful hiking trail adjacent to Roaring Fork Creek, which is named for its powerful force of water rushing down the mountain even through late summer. This trail is in need of an adopter that loves to hike! It is about a …Read More »
It's June and the trails are riding more like it's early May. Our wet spring has slowed the melting of the snow and drying of the trails. Unpredictable storms don't help at all with planning a ride.Sure it's bright and sunny when you are getting read …Read More »


text:
Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.24 / 5.00 3,590 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.21 / 5.00 11,080 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.15 / 5.00 10,153 Views
keeps getting better! There is a game to play on as well? Yes!
makes me said watching this again...
omg lol I thought leo died in part 3 lol
I thought every Leo &Satan video was funny, including this one, but don't make Leo die at the end! It makes me so mad because they have a pretty good friendship, and it's not right to see Satan kill Leo. It's pretty sad too, and it just doesn't make sense. Please make more! These are the best videos ever! So creative and funny.
Butter Fingers :3 -Satan 10/10


text:
Dave Zirin: Mr. Miller never played the game, but he may have had more influence on baseball than anyone else in this half of the century.
Progressive Media Advocates
By Dave Zirin
Treva Brandon Scharf: Confident people don't bash themselves; they don't let negative thinking and self-loathing screw up a good workout or undermine their progress.
Edward Wasserman: The larger question, to me, was less why she did what she did, but why everybody seemed to care so much, and why her case provoked so much anger.
ack in the late 1970s, my husband and I had recently married and purchased our first (and only) home. It was at that time that Howard Jarvis introduced a California statewide initiative (which was voted on and eventually became a State Constitutional Amendment). Its goal, among other things, was to limit the amount of property […]


text:
Kourtni C.
Report | a year ago
The service was very personable and they were very helpful and generous in helping me make a selection for my glasses. They gave me the best available prices even with the Groupon coupon. I will be returning to Purba Vision in the future for contacts and glasses.


text:
A fluorescent lamp fixture embodiment of the present invention comprises a frame module, a ballast module, a socket housing module and a reflector module that all interconnect via a standardized connection system. The ballast module is attached to a ballast plate and snaps onto a junction box wrapper that has a junction box baseplate. The frame module snaps onto the junction box wrapper together with the socket housing module. The reflector module also attaches directly to the frame module.
1. A modular fluorescent lighting fixture, comprising:
a junction box with an open front end, an open rear end, and a leg extension on each lateral side;
a ballast module with a ballast plate fitted to cover said open rear end of the junction box and further including a fluorescent lamp ballast;
a socket housing fitted to cover said open front end of the junction box and including a socket for receiving a fluorescent lamp;
a frame with means to attach to the junction box at said leg extensions and having an opening proximate to said fluorescent lamp socket; and
a reflector inserted through and secured by its fit in said opening in the frame and engaged to the socket housing.
2. The fixture of claim 1, wherein:
said ballast plate includes means for engaging and supporting a variety of said ballasts of substantially different sizes.
3. The fixture of claim 1, wherein:
the junction box includes means for engaging said leg extensions of a variety of substantially different lengths to receive a variety of the reflector of substantially different lengths.
4. The fixture of claim 1, wherein:
the reflector and the frame are sized to fit together and provide for engaging a ceiling hole from above and below by passing the reflector through the bottom of said ceiling hole and engaging said frame opening when positioned above said ceiling hole.
5. The fixture of claim 4, wherein:
the reflector is dimensioned relative to said leg extension of the junction box such that a different thickness ceilings may be gripped between the frame and the reflector through a hole in the ceiling.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical lighting, and more specifically to fluorescent lamp fixtures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The increasing popularity of fluorescent lamps has spawned a number of variations in lamp wattages, physical lengths and the number of lamps combined in a fixture. Such variety allows consumers to use fluorescent lamps in a wide array of applications.
However, such variations on the basic lamp fixture increase manufacturing cost and complexity. For example, in compact fluorescent recessed fixtures, nine, thirteen, eighteen and twenty-six watt lamps are universally employed and are the usual choices. The lamp configuration can be either twin tube or quad tube for the nine and thirteen watt types, while the eighteen and twenty-six watt types are in quad format only. Each lamp type has its own socket type, thus there are at least six socket variants. Ballasts to power such lamps are specific to each lamp wattage, each lamp type, each supply line voltage and each power factor format, e.g., high or low power factor. Thus the number of ballast variants exceeds twenty. Each fixture requires a reflector for the lamp, and each reflector is specific to the lamp wattage, lamp type and optical performance required. In one series, there may be three height variations and two variations in diameter, yielding six unique reflectors.
From a manufacturing perspective, it would be ideal if the items that vary the most could be isolated into modules, so that there would be a minimum of parts necessary and so assembly could be simplified. Otherwise, many fixture variations would have to be stocked by manufacturers in their final, unique configurations.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a fluorescent lamp fixture that accommodates lamp type, wattage, reflector, etc., variations byway of easy assembly modules.
Briefly, a fluorescent lamp fixture embodiment of the present invention comprises a frame module, a ballast module, a socket housing module and a reflector module that all interconnect via a standardized connection system. The ballast module is attached to a ballast plate and snaps onto a junction box wrapper that has a junction box baseplate. The frame module contains the junction box wrapper. The socket housing module snaps onto the junction box wrapper. The reflector module also attaches directly to the frame module.
An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a lighting system that can be modularly assembled.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a lighting fixture that lends itself to manufacturing ease and inventory control.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are illustrated in the various drawing figures.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view exploded assembly diagram of a modular fluorescent lamp fixture embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional diagrams of the fixture of FIG. 1 and differ in leg extension heights to accommodate two differently dimensioned reflectors; and
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional diagram of the fixture of FIG. 1 mounted in a ceiling.
FIG. 1 illustrates a fluorescent lamp fixture embodiment of the present invention, referred to by the general reference numeral 10. The fixture 10 comprises a ballast module 12 having ballast plate 13 for mounting one or a pair of ballasts 14 and 16, a junction box 18 that includes a junction box wrapper 20 with a pair of leg extensions 21 and a junction box base plate 22, a frame 24 with an opening 25, a socket housing 26 and a reflector 28 having a lip 29. Single ballasts that can drive two lamps can be alternatively used to replace both the ballasts 14 and 16. Ballast module 12 snaps onto junction box 18 with the aid of a tab 30 that slips into a slot 32. Socket housing 26 snaps onto the opposite side of junction box 18 with the aid of a tab 34 that slips into a slot 36. A pair of lamp sockets 38 and 40 provide for electrical connection to a pair of fluorescent lamps in a twin-tube configuration. Reflector 28 connects to socket housing 26 through frame 24.
Although the leg extensions 21 preferably vary 28, the placement of baseplate 22 preferably is constant, thus allowing a single-sized ballast plate 13 to be used. Similarly, socket housing 26 is preferably constructed of a piece that does not vary in size with changes in reflector 28 or ballasts 14 and 16.
The frame 24 and the junction box 18 form a frame module for modular assembly of fixture 10, which varies only in height for the junction box wrapper 20 and in the aperture hole size for reflector 28.
For ballast module 12, only ballasts 14 and 16 vary to accommodate a variety of fluorescent lamp types and wattages. Socket housing 26 and sockets 38 and 40 together form a socket housing module that also provide for the modular assembly of fixture 10. The ballast module 12 serves as a door for the junction box 18, while the socket housing 26 functions as another door on the opposite side. A spring 42 snaps over both ballast module 12 and socket housing 26 to retain them in place.
The construction of junction box 18 preferably allows inclusion in fixture 10 of reflectors 28 having various heights. Leg extensions 21 accommodate these variations, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2A shows a relatively short leg extension 21 that suits a relatively squat reflector 28. An elongated reflector 28 is illustrated in FIG. 2B, compared to that in FIG. 2A. In FIG. 2B, leg extensions 21 are increased in height.
FIG. 3 shows how fixture 10 accommodates a ceiling 44 when installed in a recessed location. The flat surface of frame 24 sits on top of an opening in ceiling 44 and a reflector 28 is inserted from beneath to engage socket housing 26. An extra length of reflector 28 is taken up by the thickness of ceiling 44 with the lip 29 engaged about the lower surface of ceiling 44 such that the frame 24 and reflector 28 are interlocked with the ceiling 44 gripped in between. Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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text:
Greene, Robert - 48 Laws of Power
Greene, Robert - 48 Laws of Power
Publisher: Viking Press | ISBN 0670881465 | 467 pages | 1998 | File type: PDF | 11 mb
"The 48 Laws of Power" is a 1998 book by Robert Greene. The book shares thematic elements with Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" and has been compared to Sun-Tzu's classic treatise "The Art of War."
Greene uses anecdotes from historical figures such as Louis XIV, Talleyrand, Otto von Bismarck, Catherine the Great, Mao Zedong, Haile Selassie and various con artists in order to illustrate real-world application of the 48 rules. Greene's modern courtship theory was inspired by the writings of Baltasar Gracian and Niccolo Machiavelli. Greene also often uses an amoral approach, mimicking Machiavellian language, leaving the reader to weigh the ethical implications of the laws.
http://www.filesonic.com/file/27986207/48 Laws of Power.pdf
[Fast Download] Greene, Robert - 48 Laws of Power
Wonder Women: Sex, Power, and the Quest for Perfection
Disability in the Ottoman Arab World, 1500-1800
Food: The New Gold
The Scramble for African Oil: Oppression, Corruption and War for Control of Africa's Natural Resourc
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Writings on Empire and Slavery
Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe
Ozone Depletion And Climate Change: Constructing A Global Response (Suny Series in Global Politics)
John Barker - The Anthropology of Morality in Melanesia and Beyond
Gerd Nollmann - Sozialstruktur und Gesellschaftsanalyse
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The Islamist Phoenix: The Islamic State an(1954)
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text:
After hinting at a new project at the beginning of the month, Mura Masa just surprise released his latest EP, Someday Somewhere. The follow-up to his superb, instrumental debut, Soundtrack to a Death, sees the UK producer bringing in some friends to take on the vocals with features from Nao, Denai Moore and Jay Prince. Sonically, Mura Masa continues evolving on the project with his lush, experimental and psychedelic approach shining and, although his production overachieves on its own, the talented featured singers and emcees (including himself!) make for a welcome addition that's sure to add to the project's appeal for some. Stream the whole project below or on Spotify here.
Are U There
Firefly (ft. Nao)
Terrible Love (ft. Denai Moore)
your bones (intermission)
Low (ft. Jay Prince)
When U Need Me


text:
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe
- 100,000 Mile Service $426 - 743
- Brake Pad and Rotor Replacement $382 - 910
- Power Door Lock Actuator Replacement $170 - 280
- Brake Pad Replacement, Resurface Rotors $239 - 562
- Brake Pad(s) Replacement $156 - 352
- Ray & Dana's Inman Auto Care (732) 856-5054 | 3.46mi
- 12 Volt Doctor (718) 412-9553 | 2.98mi
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2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Problems
The upper dash may crack, most commonly on vehicles in warm climates and exposed to a lot of sunlight. The common repair is to replace the upper instrument trim panel. Information on a technical service bulletin or extended warranty is not available at this time.
One or more heater & AC (HVAC) air delivery and/or temperature mode door actuator may fail. This can result in incorrect air delivery or temperature. If this occurs, fault code(s) stored in the HVAC control module should be available to assist with diagnoses.
The anti-lock brake system (ABS) front wheel speed sensors are prone to failure. When a sensor fails, the ABS warning light may illuminate and/or the ABS system may activate erratically.
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Questions
when car is a idle the noise is very soft but increases with rpm.
took to a local shop and said it is coming from the timing chain area nee to know if the tensioner starts to go bad will this cause the noise or is the chain or what else it could be.
I have a 79 international scout that I did an LS swap in. The engine is a 5.3 out of a 2008 Tahoe. The trans is a 4L60 out of a 2007 Tahoe (supposedly). The transfer case is a NP241c. Today is febuary 7. Since Christmas the tranny has failed 4 times. The tranny shop said the trans oil pump ...
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Recalls
The heated washer module under the hood could overheat due to excessive current draw. Under certain conditions, this could result in an under hood fire. This previous recall attempt in 2008 to repair this concern did not have the expected success. Dealers will now permanently disable and remove the heated washer module to correct this concern. This recall is expected to begin on June 20, 2010.
The wiring to the washer system heater may overheat due to a failure in the heater module. This could cause other electrical features to malfunction, smoke to develop, and an electrical fire could result. Dealers will install a wire harness with an inline fuse to protect the washer heater module. This recall is expected to begin on September 12, 2008. The General Motors recall number is 08048.


text:
A New Report Shows Trans Students Are Still Mistreated in New York Public Schools
Even after a 2010 nondiscrimination act, schools often fail to accommodate trans and gender-nonconforming students.
Even after a 2010 nondiscrimination act, schools often fail to accommodate trans and gender-nonconforming students.
Outrage over a Times story.
Female inmates are routinely denied tampons and pads.
As brutal murders rise, Argentine women call for an end to femicide.
The Real Dolls creator shares his next venture, Realbotix.
Numbers are surprisingly hard to come by.
A seemingly isolated incident begins to look more like a persistent problem.
"No pink," promises Gamine founder Taylor Johnston.
Maybe it was how he left his own party.
Lots of praise, but also some transphobia.
Is the fight for a new drug about feminism or pharmaceutical lobbying?
Slut shaming: not an effective birth-control method.
Sure, teens should have access to free birth control, but this school-based clinic in Seattle really stands out.
Her rabid fans, the ethics of writing about her kids, and calling it quits after blogging for 14 years.
Silly media, trying to make state-mandated vaginal probes "sound like a crazy idea."
Republicans in Congress think embryos are more important.
When we put the burden of speaking out on survivors, we let ourselves off the hook.
Take family-values representative Scott DesJarlais, who doesn't support abortion unless he knows someone who needs one.
The bill would make it difficult for rape survivors to access abortion care.
She talks about gender inequality in Hollywood and not labeling sexual orientation.


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Fast and user-friendly free tool for drivers's backup, restoration and removal with command line options, automatic restoration from CD\DVD and path formatting. DriverBackup! includes also an interactive command line builder.2,869 weekly downloads
Burn optical discs in various formats1,095 weekly downloads
VIENNA Advantage (ERP CRM DMS)
VIENNA Advantage, an enterprise level ERP with DMS and CRM750 weekly downloads
Group-Office groupware and CRM
Take your office and CRM into the cloud!328 weekly downloads
Magnolia CMS
Java CMS that delivers smartphone simplicity on an enterprise scale269 weekly downloads
Danger from the Deep
WW2 U-boat simulation283 weekly downloads
Evolutility - CRUD framework for ASP.net
CRUD framework with a generic Web UI and integrated micro ORM.114 weekly downloads
Create sticky notes, to-do list, journals & reminders all in one app98 weekly downloads
Argentum Online
Argentum Online is an onlie role playing videogame38 weekly downloads
The SourceForge OpenRasMol project is an adjunct to the RasMol and OpenrasMol project at http://rasmol.org. It is hoped that the SourceForge OpenRasMol project will provide a convenient focal point for active collaborative contributions.54 weekly downloads
MDO - Mercury Database Objects
MDO is an open source data-access component suite, providing direct access to Firebird from Borland Delphi applications. MDO is a descendant of FreeIBComponents by Greg Deatz, so IBX users looking for a migration path to Firebird can have a look at these20 weekly downloads
KAR Energy Software
112 weekly downloads
In this project, we expect to build supporting libraries to develop applications on top, and as many open standards we can. Use tracker to request libraries and enhancements. Visit our home page at http://nmatrix.com.ar18 weekly downloads
openXpertya solución empresarial global
Solución de Gestión Empresarial en Software Libre15 weekly downloads
Tool for Enterprise Architecture Management6 weekly downloads
PHP installer, plus GTK installer, plus PHP-GTK installer : all in one - although each one may be installed separately - for MS-Windows users.7 weekly downloads
FlaQuizTV - Family Quiz Game
Flash Quiz TV (A quiz game for all family)16 weekly downloads
Web based tender system to source, award and manage the total procurement process. Leverages supply and demand, through reverse auction, ensuring that goods are bought at the best possible price. Developed in PHP with MySQL/PostgreSQL database.16 weekly downloads
3Com ADSL Modem USB Linux Windows driver
Development of a driver and utilities to use 3Com ADSL Modem USB at Linux and Windows operating systems. Desarrollo de un driver y utilidades para utilizar el 3Com ADSL Modem USB en los sistemas operativos Linux y Windows.7 weekly downloads
ePrint (Impresión de Credenciales/Cards
ePrint, Software de impresión de credenciales (Card print Software), Eltron, Zebra, datacard, magicard, evolis, impresoras comunes, etc.8 weekly downloads
Vtiger Portable 5.2.1
Vtiger portable with 5.2.1 Version of VtigerCRM,7 weekly downloads
Spia Keylogger
Keep track everything that is done on your computer and your network6 weekly downloads
TorrenTres - BitTorrent C++ Castellano
C++ BitTorrent clone (VS .NET 2003). It is intended to work on MS Operating Systems only, but runs fine under Wine. It is a derivative work of Torment (Jason Zimmer), but heavily enhanced and aimed to people who can understand Spanish.6 weekly downloads
Power AD
This is an alternative to the -Users and computers Active Directory- console provided by Microsoft with Windows 2000 Server. It brings a lot more functionnalities like mass property editing, etc...4 weekly downloads
Vehícular Traffic Variables Acquisition
Acquisition Software of vehicular traffic variables using the computer vision library OpenCV and Qt.2 weekly downloads