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Page Showing 1-20 of 54 Results
Great but too small
from South Lebanon, OH
on 1/29/2013
My kids know that these suits have to fit tight and we typically order a smaller size for competition suits, but we just could not get a size 22 to go up my 8 year olds legs. He is a size 7 -8 in clothing and usually wears a size 24 in speedos and a size 22 in the speedo aquablade was fine, but for the FSII we will try a size 24 next.
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too tight
from Bourne, MA
on 6/11/2012
at the knee - very tight
Works well
Contessa G.
from Palmer, AK
on 4/30/2012
Fits my son, true to size. One edge started to fray, after wearing it 3 days in a row. But otherwise, it stayed on tight and worked well. He dropped time in several events at JO's.
We love it
Swim Mom
from Redding,Ca
on 3/17/2012
I bought it for my son 9 yrs old Junior Olympic swim meet. I bought size 24 first very small look like 22 to me and I change to size 26 it was fit . 26 feels like 24 to me.He dropped a lot of times.My son love it.
great suit
Nielsen L.
from Alton, IL
on 3/16/2012
Great suit - nice look and fit.
Excellent Product
from Oxford, Oh
on 3/4/2012
The suit was used for the HS district and state. Excellent material and work with all the stroke.
Great suit
Marie W.
from Camden, ME
on 2/26/2012
I bought this suit for my nephew. It really perked him up and he's had at least 3 personal bests in recent championship meets.
Best Jammer!
from Union, NJ
on 1/9/2012
My son loves it! He improved on his swimming by 3 seconds. I would recommend it to all. Great buy!
Very nice competition suit
from Newport News, VA
on 12/25/2011
My son usually wears a 24, but I find that he needs a 26 in the fastskin suits. The colors are bright and it looks and feels great on. My recommendation would be to go up a size, otherwise the suit sits too low on the hips. The custom color option is nice too!
good racing suit
from Montgomery, MD
on 12/17/2011
my son dropped 2 sec in his 500 final on TD race.
Love 'em
harold b.
from haleiwa, HI
on 10/9/2011
I actually bought these for surfing! I was not dissapointed, the compression enhances my surfing and the sharkskin design reduces water resistance with paddling and swimming. And they look and feel good! They should market these to surfers...
Shaved off seconds in Masters Events
Phillip G.
from Miami, FL
on 8/28/2011
I used the Speedo FSII in a Master's Event for the first time and shaved off 1 second off my personal best in the 50 Meter Breastroke and shaved off 3 seconds off my personal best in the 100 Meter Breastroke. I wear a size 30 in the Speedo Endurance Training Jammer and ordered a size 28 for the FS II. It looked like there was no way I could fit in it when I took out of the box, however I didn't find it that difficult to put on (it will stretch as soon as you squeeze into it) and it is quite comfortable.
Awesome suit
Amy M.
from Newport News, VA
on 8/20/2011
This suit fits true to size. My son wears the same size practice and team jammers as his FS II. This suit is especially nice, as the colors are bright and it's nice to see something different from the standard colors. You can't go wrong with this suit.
from Texas
on 8/1/2011
EXCELLENT!!!! Great pair, it's definitely worth the $$$$, great quality by Speedo and perfect to size. Not for practice, just for meets. Best price, availability and delivery from SwimOutlet. thanks!
Got my JO first time wearing suit
Dan C
from Berkeley, CA
on 7/3/2011
First time in this suit, I dropped 4 seconds in my 100 meter breaststroke. The size 28 suit i ordered fit tighter than my old suit (size 26, Speedo FS 1) but it was fine. Great suit for the price!
from Blauvelt, NY
on 6/11/2011
I dropped a lot of time using this suit. It's hard to get on and off, but that's ok because it is supposed to be snug. It is comfortable to wear. I highly recommend this suit.
Love the FastskinII
from New York, NY
on 5/6/2011
Great fit, not easy to get on/off but that seems to be the case for most competition suits. Tried the BlueSeventy but didn't like the fit or feel
Performs as Good as It Looks
Patrick W.
from Sterling Heights, MI
on 4/30/2011
I bought the size I usually take - 30 - and it fit perfect - nice and tight. The fabric dries quickly between races which is nice. I had my best 50 & 100 Free times ever in a State Meet this month the first time I wore it, so you'll get no complaints from me!Would definitely buy another one.
Buy with confidence!
Pittsburgh Master Swimmer
from Pittsburgh, PA
on 4/24/2011
I bought this suit for the 2011 YMCA Masters Nationals. Swimming with this suit in the 1650 yd. freestyle in the 50-54 age group, I swam only 0.3 sec. slower than the time I swam the year before using a knee-length body suit of the same brand, model, and fabric. I bought the suit in my normal size, 34, and it was a snug fit, but not uncomfortably so. I have always understood that a racing suit should fit tighter than your regular practice suit, but I have never been one to exaggerate in this area. I believe based on my personal experience and in light of other reviews (which I consulted) suggesting the suit fits slightly on the tight side, that most men should be able to confidently buy this suit in their normal size and have it fit in a manner appropriate for a racing suit. I also believe that the variety of color schemes is a plus. I liked being able to order a black and gold copy appropriate for one representing a team from Pittsburgh, PA!
good performance
from San Jose, CA
on 4/21/2011
great that it can dry between morning trials and evening finals. feels like fabric need to be wet to perform properly.


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A full sequence of all my 8:36pm photos during 2012.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I don't know what I'm missing here.
I want to add an element if it is in arg1 but not in arg2 and want to remove an element if it is in arg1 but not in arg2.
I'm using an if condition with includes a function that return true if the element is in the arg2 list, false otherwise. Then use built in predicates append and select to add or remove.
I'm getting false to all my objectives searches. I comment and uncomment depending on what predicate I want, add or remove.
includes([P|Z],S) :-
memberchk(P,S), includes(Z,S).
addop([P|R],list,res) :-
includes(P,s0) -> addop(R,list,res) ; append(P,list,res),
rem([P|R],list,res) :-
includes(P,list) -> rem(R,list,res) ; select(P,list,res),
Thanks for help.


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Openings: Masakatsu Sashie – "Blind Box" @ KP Projects // MKG
Posted by sleepboy, June 30, 2015
Just this last Saturday night, Masakatsu Sashie was at KP Projects / MKG presenting some new works in the project room, complementing Jeff Soto's exhibition in the main space. Entitled Blind Box, the series of oil paintings and drawings centered on the Japanese artist's striking spheres of manmade objects. The suspended orbs are beautifully rendered and are overlaid over urban environments speaking to ideas of globalism and universality. Take a look at more photos of the opening below… Discuss Masakatsu Sashie here.


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A long, strange trip for the Fed's extraordinary stimulus
David Brancaccio
Interview by
Dec 16, 2013 Now that some parts of the economy seem addicted to the Fed's stimulus, how does the central bank extricate it?
The power of the central bank to create money out of thin air wasn't always so easy
Sabri Ben-Achour
Dec 5, 2013 The Federal Reserve has been creating money to the tune of about $85 billion dollars a month. But the first time a central bank tried to do that...it didn't go over so well.
Why we can't let go of the fixed-rate mortgage
Adriene Hill
Nov 26, 2013 There's a financial cost to mortgages that stay at the same interest rate for 30 years, but there are also social benefits.
Who thought 30-year mortgages were a good thing?
Adriene Hill
Nov 26, 2013 Lending money for 30 years at a fixed interest rate isn't attractive to banks. So how did 30-year fixed-rate mortgages come to be the standard?
Want to know how to taper? Ask a candle maker
David Gura
Nov 20, 2013 We don't know when the Federal Reserve will trim its bond-buying policies that boost the economy, but we do know that tapering that program will be intricate work.
What does Janet Yellen mean by 'more work to do'?
David Brancaccio
Interview by
Nov 14, 2013 The head of the Federal Reserve doesn't have to listen to Congress after confirmation, but a nominee does have to listen before hand
The economic shorthand of hawks and doves
David Gura
Nov 13, 2013 As the president's pick to lead the Federal Reserve, Janet Yellen, is considered a "dove" in the sometimes arcane parlance of monetary policy. But what does that mean?
Stacking the Federal Reserve
Amy Scott
Nov 8, 2013 What's a stake in the battle between Washington and Wall Street?
Tapering our own economic expectations
Stacey Vanek Smith
Oct 30, 2013 The Federal Reserve reaffirmed, to no one's surprise, that its stimulus will continue.
Inflation: Come out, come out wherever you are
David Gura
Oct 29, 2013 There are perils for too-low inflation for too long, because inflation can help wages and companies grow.


text:
|ISSN 1088-6850(online) ISSN 0002-9947(print)
Global oscillatory waves for second order quasilinear wave equations
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: In this paper we prove the global existence and describe the asymptotic behaviour of a family of oscillatory solutions of Cauchy problems for a class of scalar second order quasilinear wave equations, when the space dimension is odd and at least equal to . If time is bounded, corresponding results for quasilinear first order systems were obtained by Guès; to prove our results we reduce our problems to bounded time problems with the help of a conformal inversion. To obtain global results, suitable geometric assumptions must be made on the set where the oscillations are concentrated at initial time.
Retrieve articles in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society with MSC: 35L70, 35B40, 58G16
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC: 35L70, 35B40, 58G16
Additional Information


text:
location is convenient, if you have a car... apartments are spacious and comfortable, but they could be furnished a little bit better... kitchen utensils are quite poor quality, too.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Priceline, Odigeo and Agoda so you can book your Residence Royal reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Residence Royal Sicily/Syracuse, Italy


text:
To economically perform preparatory chromatography, a plurality of pumps each having a corresponding one of a plurality of pistons and a corresponding one of a plurality of cylinders are driven by one motor to draw and pump solvent simultaneously into corresponding columns. To form a gradient, the pumps are connected to two-way valves that are connected alternately to a first solvent and a second solvent, whereby the time said valve is in a first position controls the amount of solvent drawn from the first reservoir into said pumps and the amount of time in said second position controls the amount of said second solvent drawn from the second reservoir into said pumps and the solvent is mixed in the pumping systems. The detectors are photodiodes mounted to light guides in the flow cells that generate signals related to light absorbance and communicate with a controller, whereby the controller receives signals indicating solute between the light guides and causes collection of solute. An over-pressure system compensates for pressure over a predetermined level.
1. A pumping system comprising:
at least one pump having a cylinder, a piston and a pump head with an outlet;
at least one inlet tube having first and second ends communicating with the cylinder at one end and adapted to communicate with at least two sources of fluid at the other end;
said at least one inlet tube having a diameter and length shaped for turbulent flow; and
drive means for driving said piston with sufficient speed to cause turbulent mixing in said cylinder, wherein fluid from said at least two sources of fluid are mixed before being pumped from said outlet;
an over-pressure system for compensating for pressures in the fluid above a preset pressure.
2. A pumping system according to
3. A pumping system according to
4. A pumping system according to
5. A pumping system according to
6. A pumping system in accordance with
7. A pumping system in accordance with
8. A pumping system in accordance with
9. A pumping system in accordance with
10. A pumping system in accordance with
11. A pumping system in accordance with
first means for shutting off fluid flow between said pump and the at least one time-proportioning electronically controllable liquid gradient switching valve during delivery;
second means for synchronizing the at least one time-proportioning electronically-controllable liquid gradient switching valve with refill movement of said piston so that one charge of each desired fluid at a desired volume proportion is deposited in each pump and mixed to form at least one part of a step of a stepped gradient; and
means for repeating the said first and second means at consecutively different or same fluid proportions to produce an entire stepped gradient.
12. A pumping system in accordance with
13. A pumping system in accordance with
14. A pumping system in accordance with
15. A pumping system in accordance with
16. A pumping system in accordance with
a data system;
a sample concentration detector having an electrical output;
said data system including a recorder having an electrical recording output connection;
a fraction collector having a plurality of containers and a timing cycle for depositing liquid in the containers; and
the data system being electrically connected to the electrical output of said sample concentration detector and to the electrical recording output connection wherein a container charge timing cycle of the fraction collector is stopped during pump refill and restarted and run during liquid delivery of the at least one syringe pump.
17. A pumping system in accordance with
18. A pumping system in accordance with
19. A pumping system in accordance with
20. A pumping system in accordance with
21. The pumping system of
22. A pumping system in accordance with
23. A pumping system in accordance with
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/883,968 filed Jun. 19, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,074, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/794,772 filed Feb. 27, 2001, entitled LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD AND SYSTEM by Dale A. Davison and Scott L. Blakley and assigned to the same assignee as this application, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,526.
This invention relates to liquid chromatographic methods and apparatuses.
Inexpensive liquid chromatographic apparatuses have been developed and are in use, particularly for preparatory chromatography where the emphasis is on quickly obtaining relatively large samples at low cost. Such systems generally include at least one solvent reservoir, a pump, a controller, a chromatographic column, a collector and usually a detector. Commonly, provision is made for a gradient to be developed and such gradient systems require at least two solvent reservoirs and some mechanism for mixing the solvent from each of the two reservoirs together to form a gradient for application to the column.
The prior art apparatuses have a disadvantage in that they are not as inexpensive as desired or require a longer period of time than desired for the separation.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a novel chromatographic system and method.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a low-cost method of providing substantial amounts of solvent to a chromatographic system.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide an inexpensive gradient chromatographic system.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a low-cost detection system equipped to handle relatively large amounts of solvent and separated materials.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide an economical system for driving multiple inexpensive pumps while avoiding damage from excessively high pressures such as may be caused by blockage of liquid jamming of any one of the multiple pumps.
In accordance with the above and further objects of the invention, a chromatographic system includes a plurality of pumps, all driven together by a single pump motor for drawing solvent from solvent reservoirs, pumping the solvent through a plurality of columns for separation of sample, pumping the solvent and solute through a plurality of detectors for detecting solute and pumping the solute into a fraction collector for collection. The solvent is pulled from the reservoir through a plurality of outlets of a manifold so that a plurality of flow streams may be pulled into the corresponding plurality of pumps from one or more solvent reservoirs. The pumps may each receive the combined output of a plurality of different solvent reservoirs in controlled ratios, and in the preferred embodiment, with multiple charges of each solvent for each pump cycle to form a gradient and the different solvents in the case of such a gradient are mixed in the path between a flow inlet conduit to the pump and the pump outlet with the pump cylinder and inlet tube being dimensioned to provide adequate mixing during refill of the pump. The ratios of solvents are controlled by a solenoid operated valve in the preferred embodiment. Mixing in the pump cylinders is aided by a rapid refill stroke pulling solvent into an off-center inlet port of the piston pumps, causing turbulence.
With this arrangement, a single motor is able to drive a multiplicity of pumps which together can supply a large amount of solvent to a number of columns simultaneously. In the preferred embodiment, at least two different reservoirs pull solvents and different gradients are applied to at least some columns. However, embodiments in which the same solvent is applied to each column is possible and a gradient may be applied to some columns and a single solvent to others. In one embodiment, the gradient is formed without separate mixers and the mixing is done in the pump and the inlet to the pump and/or other equipment associated with the system. In the event of over-pressure in the liquid, which may be indicative of blockage or jamming in the system, the system senses the over-pressure and compensates by: (1) reducing the flow rate until the pressure is reduced; or (2) by stopping the pump or pumps and providing an indication of over-pressure so the problem can be corrected such as by attaching a tube to drain the cylinder of the pump; or (3) by manually disconnecting or removing the malfunctioning portion of the system; or (4) by continuing the motion of the motor and automatically by-passing any column causing that over-pressure for that pump, such as for example with a fluid pressure release valve.
An inexpensive detecting arrangement is utilized that comprises a light source which focuses light from a central spot on a lamp for stability and selects the frequency of light with a diffraction grating, reflecting the selected light through a slot and onto a plurality of light conductors. The selected light is transmitted through the light conductors to flow cells. Each flow cell has within it two light guides that are aligned and have a space between them for some of the fluid from the chromatographic column to flow. One of the light guides in each of the flow cells receives light from a corresponding one of the light conductors and transmits it to the other light guide through the effluent from the column without intervening focusing means to provide light-guide to light-guide communication in the flow cell through the fluid passing in between the two light guides. The light that is not absorbed in the flow cell is detected by photodiodes located directly against the receiving light guides.
From the above description, it can be understood that, the chromatographic system and chromatographic method of this invention is low cost and yet provides substantial yield in a short time.
The above noted and other features of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description when considered with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
To supply solvent to the pump array 34, the pumping system 12 includes a plurality of solvent reservoirs and manifolds, a first and second of which are indicated at 30 and 32 respectively, a pump array 34 and a motor 36 which is driven under the control of the controller 18 to operate the array of pumps 34 in a manner to be described hereinafter. The controller 18 also controls the valves in the pump array 34 to control the flow of solvent and the formation of gradients as the motor actuates the pistons of the reciprocating pumps in the pump array 34 simultaneously to pump solvent from a plurality of pumps in the array and to draw solvent from the solvent reservoirs and manifolds such as 30 and 32.
During this pumping process, the pressure may increase above the amount desired because of blockage or jamming. If the pressure increases above a predetermined amount in one or more of the pumps in the pump array 34, there is an automatic correction mechanism for reducing or releasing pressure from at least that one or more pumps to avoid damage. In the preferred embodiment, the pressure is reduced by reducing the flow rate. If this does not reduce the pressure to an acceptable value, a warning is provided so the operator may correct the problem such as by using tubing to by-pass the column. For this purpose, the pressure is sensed with a pressure transducer, and when it exceeds a preset value above the rated pressure such as at 55 psi, the pressure release or reduction mechanism starts so the motor 36 may continuously move the pistons up and down without damage. Moreover, valves in the pump array 34 control the amount of liquid, if any, and the proportions of liquids from different reservoirs in the case of gradient operation that are drawn into the pump and pumped from it. The manifolds communicate with the reservoirs so that a plurality of each of the solvents such as the first and second solvents in the solvent reservoir manifold 30 and 32 respectively can be drawn into the array of pumps 34 to permit simultaneous operation of a number of pumps.
While in the preferred embodiment, an array of reciprocating piston pumps are used, any type of pump is suitable whether reciprocating or not and whether piston or not. A large number of different pumps and pumping principles are known in the art and to persons of ordinary skill in the art and any such known pump or pumping principle may be adaptable to the invention disclosed herein with routine engineering in most cases provided that one motor drives a plurality of pumps. While two solvents are disclosed in the embodiment of
To process the effluent, the collector system 16 includes a fraction collector 40 to collect solute, a manifold 42 and a waste depository 44 to handle waste from the manifold 42. One or more fraction collectors communicate with a column and detector array 14 to receive the solute from the columns, either with a manifold or not. A manifold may be used to combine solute from more than one column and deposit them together in a single receptacle or each column may deposit solute in its own receptacle or some of the columns each may deposit solute in its own corresponding receptacle and others may combine solute in the same receptacles. The manifold 42 communicates with the column and detector array 14 to channel effluent from each column and deposit it in the waste depository 44. The fraction collector 40 may be any suitable fraction collector such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,418,084 or the above-identified FOXY fraction collector.
The column and detector array 14 includes a plurality of particularly economical flow cells, a different one of the flow cells communicating with each of the columns. The flow cells include within them light guides positioned so that the effluent flows between them and around them, the light guides being sufficiently close to obtain suitable sensitivity at high light absorbance for a preparatory operation as will be described hereinafter and the total cross-sectional area of the flow path and the total volume of flow being sufficient to permit bubbles, if any, to flow around the light guides so as to avoid distorting the detection of light.
The purge manifold 96 communicates with a gas source 90 through a conduit 91 and a pressure regulator 92 and the three-way valve 94 to maintain an appropriate pressure for purging the lines. This manifold 96 has ten outlets 98A–98J each communicating with a different one of the ten conduits connecting a corresponding one of the corresponding pumps to a corresponding one of ten corresponding columns to transmit gas back through the piston pumps to purge the cylinders of the piston pumps and the conduits connecting the pumps to the columns. Each of the conduits connected to the purge connector arrangement lead to a corresponding pump in the pump array 34 (
Between chromatographic runs, the pressurized gas source 90, which is commonly a source of nitrogen gas, communicates through the pressure regulator 92 and the three-way valve 94 with the manifold 96 to provide purging fluid to each of the corresponding outlets 98A–98J for each of the pump and column combinations indicated by the T joints, one of which is shown at 85E.
With this arrangement, respective ones of the purge conduits 99A–99J (only 99E being shown in
While in the preferred embodiment, the manifolds 52, 53 and 96 each have ten outlet conduits which communicate with ten pump cylinders through appropriate valves as will be described hereinafter, each could have more or less than ten outlets. Each of the reservoirs is similar to the reservoir 30 and operates in a similar manner to provide the same solvent from the same reservoir to a plurality of pump cylinders for simultaneous pumping of the solvent into a plurality of columns.
Each of the pump systems communicates with a corresponding one of the manifold outlets 58A–58J and 59A–59J to receive two different solvents for the purpose of forming a gradient. They may also communicate with a source of purge fluid as indicated by the purge conduits 66A–66J. With this arrangement, each of the pumps draws solvent into it from the solvent reservoirs 50 and 51 (
The pump system 60E includes the inlet conduit 58E from the first solvent reservoir 50 and manifold 52 (
To provide two injections or charges of solvent during a refill portion of a pump cycle, the two-way electronically-controlled solvent valve 72E opens once during each piston refill stroke of the pump 74E and closes during the delivery portion of the pump cycle. In the preferred embodiment, the two-way solvent valve 72E is a solenoid valve. To provide a gradient, the three-way electronically-controlled proportioning valve 70E twice during each refill stroke opens first to the first solvent reservoir 50 (
The over-pressure circuit 83 is electrically connected to the solenoid valve 72 to controller 18 (
In this view, only pump 74E and the pump 74J are shown, and only the pump 74E will be described in detail with the understanding that each of the pumps 74A–74J are substantially the same. The pump 74E includes the piston rod 180E, the piston 182E, the cylinder 184E, a piston plug 186E, an inlet 188E and an outlet 190E. With this arrangement, the piston rod 180E drives the piston 182E within the cylinder 184E. As the piston 182E is moved downwardly, solvent is pulled through the inlet 188E in the piston plug 186E at the top of the cylinder 184E and when the piston 182E is moved upwardly, fluid is forced from the pump outlet 190E within the plug 186E.
In the preferred embodiment, the pumps 74A–74J have a cylinder displacement programmable for 5 to 18 ml and pump at pumping rates between 5 to 50 ml/min. The valves 70A–70J twice each refill cycle select: (1) an open position to first solvent 54 (
In the refill of a pump cycle portion, because of the length of the flow paths in the cylinders and in the flow conduits 73D–73F, the cylinder length and the speed of the refill stroke, the solvents are mixed to form substantially continuous steps of stepped gradient (the gradient may proceed in steps but each step from a pump cycle is substantially continuous) as the solvent is pulled inwardly. For this purpose, the refill stroke of the piston is at least 3 times faster than the delivery stroke to cause turbulent flow in the cylinder during refill. The two-way valves 72D–72F permit fluid to flow into the cylinder 184E during a refill stroke and close the cylinder 184E during a delivery stroke so that the cylinder 184E receives a fixed amount of fluid which it pumps outwardly. The stroke is controlled by the motor 36 and ball screw 172 under the control of the controller 18 (
The motor 36 is mounted to the housing of the chromatographic system by the mounting bracket 192 and coupled to the ball screw 172 through the coupling 194 to rotate the screw rod within the ball screw 172 and thus pull the drive plate 174 upwardly and downwardly. The drive plate 174 is guided in its path by two guide rods 196 and 198 (
The cylinder 160E is shown in
To control the flow rate and thus compensate for over-pressure conditions, the input-output circuit 288 receives a binary code on lines 278 from the controller 18 (
To supply a signal to the controller 18 indicating pressure, the pressure transducer circuits 270A–270J (only 270A–270C being shown in
The operational amplifier 284 is connected with a parallel connected 1500 pf (picofarads) capacitor and a 732K (kilo-ohm) resistor between its output and inverting terminal. The multiplexer 282 is connected to the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the amplifier 284 through 10K resistors 290A and 290B respectively. The non-inverting terminal of the operational amplifier 284 is connected to ground through the 232K resistor 290C.
The output of the operational amplifier 284 is electrically connected to the input of the 24 bit analog to digital converter 286 as well as to ground through reverse resistance of the diode 292C and the 0.2 uf (microfarad) capacitor 292B for spike protection. The output of the 24 bit analog to digital converter 286 is connected through the conductor 276C to the controller 18. With this structure, data is clocked into the circuit twice per second from the analog to digital converter 286 by clock pulses from the control electronics and is corrected by offset and gain by a conventional EEPROM (not shown in
In operation, the pressure limits of the system are set in the controller 18. If a pump channel exceeds that limit, then: (1) the pump flow and data acquisition rate goes to half speed of the original rate by controlling the motor speed (
This procedure allows the separation to be completed on all channels selected. If the over-pressure is due to the transient effect, such as sample crashing in on the column, later pump strokes have a stronger solvent and this may clear up the blockage. If the problem is caused by a flow rate that is too high for the solvents in the columns used, the run progresses at a lower than the programmed flow rate to accommodate the solvent in the column.
If the pump is operating at one-quarter speed and an over-pressure condition occurs, this indicates a fairly severe plug. Under this condition, the controller 18 places the pump under a hold condition and the operator is signaled. The operator then manually intervenes and corrects the problem before continuing. The problem may be corrected by replacing columns causing the problem with tubing so the separation on the remaining channels can continue and by other repair work.
The collector and detector 100E includes the injector system 102E, a column 104E, a detection system 106E, the waste outlet 108E and the solute outlet 110E. With this arrangement, solvent, whether a gradient or not, flows in the conduit 88E through the injector 102E, a column 104E, the flow cell 122E, where solute may be detected and from there into the collection system 40 for the collection of solute and the disposal of waste. The column 104E may be any type of chromatographic column regardless of the mode of operation and it is generally picked in accordance with the separation problem. In the preferred embodiment the column is the REDISEP disposable column sold by Isco, Inc., 4700 Superior Street, Lincoln, Nebr. 68504. It is mounted to either receive a sample injection manually from a syringe or automatically from the injector 102E as well as receiving solvent on the outlet 88E. Its outlet flows through the detection system 106E.
The detection system 106E includes a light source 142E, a flow cell 122E, a detector 124E and a valve 126E for channeling fluid either to the waste outlet 44 through conduit 108E or to the collector on outlet 110E. The light source 142E hereinafter referred to as the optical bench applies light from a source common to each of the column and detector assemblies 100A–100E and applies it through each of the corresponding ones of the flow cells including the flow cell 122E and from there to the corresponding detectors including the detector 124E. The signal received indicates the effluent to be channeled to the collector and that to be channeled to waste for the particular column and detector system.
The injector system 102E includes a solid sample load cartridge 101E and a four-way manual selective valve 103E for controlling the selection of sample and injection into the column 104E. In the embodiment of
The lamp 136, which in the preferred embodiment is a deuterium lamp, transmits light from its central spot 131 to the condensing mirror 138 which reflects the light through a small aperture 152 in the aperture plate 150 to provide a narrow spot of light to the focusing mirror 154 for reflection onto a diffraction grating in the diffraction grating system 132. A suitable system of this type is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,359 except that instead of including aperture stops to restrict the light to a small flow cell opening, the light is focused onto a slit 157 in an aperture plate 156 for multiple light guides 142A–142J and 142R to multiple flow cells 122A–122J and 122R. The grating 132 reflects a stable line of light from the central spot of a selected frequency through a slit 157 in an aperture plate 156 mounted to the collar or tubular member 175 within the multiple pickup 134.
The aspherical condensing mirror 138 is used to focus an image of the 1-mm diameter light source in the deuterium lamp 130 on the UV entrance slit at the monochromator light entrance. The aspherical focusing mirror 154 produces a focused anastigmatic slit image, at the wavelength selected by the diffraction grating 132, on the slit-shaped entrance aperture of an 11-channel fiber optic bundle. Each channel consist of one, single discrete UV-grade quartz optical fiber of 400 μm diameter. The fiber optic bundle allows a single sample, low cost monochromator to be used for multiple UV absorbance chromatographic detectors. This results in cost savings in a parallel system.
The diffraction grating 132 is a plain grating with 1200 grooves per millimeter, and disperses the light from the lamp 136. The angle between the diffraction grating 132 and the central light beam coming from the aspherical focusing mirror 154 determines the center wavelength of the light entering the multiple individual optic fibers in the fiber optics bundle. The software controls an encoded motor, which actuates the grating in the monochromator. This allows the computer to control the detection wavelength used by the system. This encoded motor precisely sets the angle between the aspherical focusing mirror 154 and diffraction grating 132 by moving an arm to which the diffraction grating 132 is attached. The diffraction grating 132 swings on an arm to keep the monochromator focused throughout the wavelength range.
The light travels through the respective optic fibers in the fiber optic bundle. Each optic fiber is coupled to a flow cell, which is the light exit of the monochromator. A total of eleven individual optical fibers are organized in a nested linear array in the light inlet and fiber optic bundle to maximize the amount of light to each individual optical fiber and minimize the difference in light level and wavelength between them. Ten of the optical fibers are coupled to flow cells, which pass light through the chromatographic flow stream and then to measuring detectors. The reference fibers (eleventh fiber) is near the center of the linear array to minimize flicker noise from the deuterium lamp 130.
The multiple pickup 134 includes the aperture plate 156, the optical fibers 142A–142J and 142R positioned along the slit 157 so that the narrow slot of light is applied to them. The optical fibers transmit the light to corresponding ones of the flow cells 122A–122J and 122R with each of the flow cells including a corresponding light guide described hereinafter that transmits the light to a matching light guide in the flow cell. The matching light guide receives the light after it has passed through the effluent and transmits it to photodetectors.
The controller 18 includes inter alia an absorbance monitor 144, a recorder 146 and a microprocessor 147. The absorbance monitor 144 receives light from the detectors 124A–124E indicating the light that is absorbed and applies it to the microprocessor 147 which converts it to a logarithmic current. The recorder 146 may be utilized to record the bands of effluent but because the application of this chromatographic system is principally preparatory the recorder 146 will be unnecessary for most applications. The microprocessor 147 may be an Intel 80C196KC available from Intel Corporation, 1501 S. Mopac Expressway, Suite 400, Austin, Tex. 78746.
The light transmitted by the quartz rods 140E and 140R is converted to an electrical signal by the photodiode 191E and 191R respectively. This signal is conducted through the circuits 181E and 181R respectively transmitting it for absorbance in the fluid 148R to the circuit 181. The space between light conductors and the quartz light guide and between the photodiode and light guide is as short as possible to permit focusing in the case of different diameters. If the same diameter, they would touch but are separated slightly to permit the light from the small diameter to expand to the larger diameter or vice versa.
To receive and correct the signal from the flow cell such as 122E with respect to the reference 148R, the circuit 181 includes the signal receiving circuits 181E and 181R to receive and process the signal from the flow cells such as the flow cell 122E with respect to the reference signal from the reference flow cell 122R. The signal receiving circuit 181E includes a photodiode detector 191E, and amplifier 192E and analog-to-digital converter 194E and a logarithmic conversion circuit 196E.
The photodiode detector 191E abuts the quartz rod 140E to convert the absorbance signal from the fluid 148E to an electrical signal, which is amplified in the amplifier 192E and converted to a digital signal. The digital signal is converted to a logarithmic signal of the received signal in the converter 196E by a standard digital conversion in the microprocessor and transmitted to one side of a reference signal subtracter. Similarly, the signal receiving circuit 181R includes a photodiode detector 191R for receiving the reference signal from the reference flow cell 148R and converting it to an electric signal.
The electric signal is amplified by an amplifier 192R connected to the photodiode detector 191R and transmitted to the analog-to-digital converter 194R which in turn transmits a digital signal representing absorbance to the logarithmic of the received signal in the converter 196E by a standard digital conversion in the microprocessor and transmitted to one side of a reference signal subtracter. The reference signal subtracter subtracts the reference signal from the reference flow cell 122R from the absorbance signal from the flow cell 122E, resulting in a signal representing the absorbance which is transmitted to a reference off-set circuit 184. The reference off-set circuit 184 transmits a signal to a signal zero control circuit 186 that by subtracting a baseline constant in a manner known in the art and transmits the corrected absorbance signal through the conductor 188. In the preferred embodiment, there is a reference cell of the ten measuring flow cells and the necessary calculations are performed in a microprocessor.
The flow cells 122R and 122A–122J have a very short pathlength for the light, which allows very concentrated samples to be monitored. This short pathlength is accomplished by inserting 2 millimeter diameter UV quartz rod light guides 143R, 143A–143J and 140R, 140A–140J into each of the corresponding ones of the flow streams 148R, 148A–148J with a very small gap between each pair of two rods (typically 0.1 mm). This allows a very short effective pathlength for the light, while also allowing unrestricted flow to the fluid around the quartz rods. The light guides 143R and 140R and light source from an optical fiber 142R is coupled to a blank (dry) flow cell 122R, which passes light to a reference detector 191R. The reference detector signal is used for background optical noise and drift subtraction on the remaining detector channels. For purposes of best noise and drift reduction, the optical fiber used for the reference is not one of the four outermost fibers in the nested array.
The measuring and reference photodiode signals are amplified with linear amplifiers 192R, 192A–192J (192E and 192R being shown in
Current state of the art in optical fiber technology results in fibers that have a varying susceptibility to transmission degradation (solarization) in the UV spectrum. It is also desirable to leave the UV lamp on to improve lamp thermal stability and hence detection stability. To satisfy these conflicting requirements, the diffraction grating is programmed to focus visible light on the fiber optics bundle at all times except when an actual separation is occurring. It is also possible to move the grating to the far UV (below 100 nm) where the energy output of the lamp is negligible. This reduces the amount of time the fibers are exposed to UV thereby reducing solarization, greatly increasing the life of the optical fibers while allowing the lamp to remain on between separations.
As shown in
As shown by the decision step 240, if the total volume is equal to the refill stroke or the end of the gradient, the step 240 goes to step 242 to add all percentage B solvent array values together and divide by total volume to get the average of B solvent to total solvent for the stroke and calculating the pumps position for switching the three-way valves. If the decision is no at decision step 240 then step 238 is repeated to move the pistons in the pump array forward in gradient time until one milliliter is delivered except for the percentage found in the percentage of B solvent to total solvent array and adding one milliliter to total volume.
When the pump is in the refill mode at the end of step 244 and refilling has started as shown at position 246 (
Under conditions in which the pressure is not beyond the preset pressure, the flow rate is controlled by a subroutine 262 that includes: (1) the starting position 246 (
When there is over-pressure, the subroutine 264 includes the step of reading the flow rate 282 and the decision step 284 of determining if the flow rate is set at full value. If it is set at full value, it proceeds to the step 286 to reduce the flow rate to one-half of full value and then proceeds back to the subroutine 262 which determines again if the pressure is within limits.
If the flow rate is not set at full value because it has been reduced to one-half, then the program proceeds to the step 266 which reduces the flow rate to one-quarter the full value and then proceeds back to subroutine 262. If the pressure is still too high, it proceeds through subroutine 264 to subroutine 270 to either complete the run or stop the run and issue an alarm. The subroutine 270 includes the decision step 288 of determining if the pressure is greater than the preset value at one-quarter the flow rate, the step 290 of stopping the pumps and issuing an alarm so the operator may cure a serious blockage such as a jamming condition, the step 291 of waiting for the user to signal that the problem has been corrected and the step 289 of setting a flag to disable the over-pressure channel. In the decision step 288, if the pressure is greater than the preset value, the program proceeds to the step 290 to stop the pump and issue an alarm but if it is not greater then it proceeds to the subroutine 262. The subroutine 262 permits a pump cycle to be completed even if it is at a lower rate.
In operation, a plurality of simple syringe pumps are driven by the same motor to draw solvent simultaneously and pump the solvent simultaneously through a corresponding plurality of columns for separation and through a plurality of detectors for detecting solute and channeling it into a fraction collector for automatic collection. The solvent is pulled from one or more manifolds so that a plurality of flow streams may be pulled into the corresponding plurality of pumps from one or more solvent reservoirs to form a gradient. In the case of gradient elution, a valve opens to pull a first solvent into the cylinder and then switches to pull in a second solvent. In the preferred embodiment, when forming a gradient, the pump receives two cycles of flow from two reservoirs so that a valve will cause solvent to flow from a first reservoir into the pump cylinder and then, except at the starting point of the gradient, from a second cylinder to pull a first charge of solvent and repeats with the identical amount from the first cylinder and the second cylinder to form a second charge of solvent.
The solvents are pulled through a flow passageway that is less than one-tenth the volume of a charge. The flow is mostly in the transitional stage between laminar flow and bulk or turbulent flow in the passageway. The passageway has a diameter less than one-half of the diameter of a pump cylinder. The force and rate is enough to cause turbulent mixing in the cylinder of the pump. In this manner, the gradient is mixed within the pump cylinder so that a first mixture is pumped from several pumps together into corresponding columns. If there is an interface between liquids, it is degraded. It is pumped when the motor moves all of the pistons of the syringe pumps upwardly. This process is repeated but the gradient may gradually change so that in a series of steps, a gradient is supplied. The flow through the passageway produces good axial mixing and poor transverse mixing of flow on a small scale and the turbulent flow caused in the pump cylinder enhances transverse mixing and axial mixing on a larger scale. Larger scale in this specification means one charge into the cylinder has approximately one-tenth to one-half of the pump volume and small scale means one-eighth to one-hundredth pump volume—full displacement being taken as pump volume (18 ml in the preferred embodiment). Between these values the quality of the mixing is proportionately enhanced.
While simply designed syringe pumps are used in the preferred embodiment, any other kind of pump may be used. Moreover, only one cycle of flow of liquids into a pump may be used or several may be used. Similarly, it is not necessary for two cycles of the same mixture to be injected into a pump during each filling of the cylinder but more cycles or one cycle can be used as programmed. While in the preferred embodiment, a single motor drives all of the pistons, more than one array of pumps can be utilized with a motor driving a first plurality and a different motor driving a second plurality.
The columns are simple separation columns and one column is dedicated to each pump. After flowing through the column, the liquid flows into inexpensively constructed detectors in which light is applied through light guides into the flow cell and received by a light guide from the flow cell. Photodetector diodes are mounted directly against the ends of the receiving light guides to receive electrical signals just outside of the flow cell. The spacing of the light guides is such as to provide adequate detection for preparatory chromatograph and the flow cell is large enough so that while it detects absorbance of fluid flowing between the light guides, other fluid flows around the light guides so that if bubbles are formed in the flow cell, they will pass around the guides. The light guides are sufficiently close together so as to not receive large bubbles but to receive a substantial amount of light passed between the two light guides and be able to determine the amount of solute from the light that is absorbed.
A single lamp provides light which is applied to a condensing mirror from a central spot on the lamp and applied through an aperture plate to a focusing mirror which focuses on a diffraction grating positioned to select an appropriate frequency of light which is stable in a line applied to a slot. The plurality of light conductors to be applied to detectors are positioned along the narrow slot to receive stable light of substantially equal intensity for transmission to the detectors. The detected light is applied to a typical absorbance monitor which controls a fraction collector to collect the preparatory fractions. With this arrangement, since a large number of separations is being performed simultaneously, a substantial amount of solute can be obtained in a short time.
Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described with some particularity, it is to be understood that the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described. Accordingly, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.
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text:
Re: [APBR_analysis] Re: Clutchness and a game state matrix
Expand Messages
- From: "Dean Oliver" <deano@...>
To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, March 30, 2004 2:32 PM
Subject: [APBR_analysis] Re: Clutchness and a game state matrix
>--- In email@example.com, igor eduardo küpferEr, I uploaded the wrong one. Never mind, you get the picture.
><edkupfer@r...> wrote:
>> Okay, using your fomat I've updated my matrix to include 186 games now.
>> Here's a section of the matrix, focusing on the last 5 minutes:
>> http://members.rogers.com/brothered/junk/GameStateMatrix.prn
>Format isn't quite the same, since we have time/score along different
>> You can see how much noise there is, even with that many gamesWill do.
>included in
>> the sample. I get the feeling that some smoothing is in order, but I
>have no
>> idea how to go about doing that.
>That's where the theory is helpful. No time now, but we can talk
>about later.
>Does your matrix really have full population? Specifically, do youYeah, I have a spreadsheet with the full population. I have one game in the
>have games where the home team is up 7 with 4:40 to go and they've
>lost them all or do you just have no games like this? (I'm guessing
>the blanks are for when you have no games.)
situation above, which the home team lost (LAC @ MIL). You're right, the
blanks are no games. This is beginning to bug me -- I have a pretty large
sample of games, about 5 weeks worth, and there are still many situations
not covered. I think that even with a full season's worth of games, we'd
still have to do some smoothing.
>Let's take your example, tie game 6I see -- you are defining the clutchness at time t by the difference in win
>seconds left, man at the line for 2 shots. Let's say he's a road
>player. Unfortunately, who has possession is key here, so the table I
>sent only tells part of the tale.
>Making those two shots changes the nominal odds from 0.49 to 0.75.
>Missing those two shots changes the odds to approximately .25.
>The "clutchness" of this situation is the difference between where
>your odds could be at the high and low ends, or about 0.5. That's a
>huge situation. A more clutch situation is making a field goal at the
>buzzer when down by 1 -- the range there is 1.00 (definitely win) to
>0.00 (definitely lose) or 1.
>So it is defined prior to outcome.
probabilities at t + 1. You are, in effect, referring to possible future
events. Makes sense to me, but I can't help but think there's another,
easier way. Or maybe I'm just stubborn.
>> >But even this isn't right. YouYes sir!
>> >need ANOTHER matrix for who has possession in the last minute or two.
>> >I have only built part of that.
>> >
>> Working on it.
>I'm gone for a month beginning in a few days. I expect progress by
>the time I'm back!
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text:
WACO, Texas (January 20, 2015) — The executive directors and board members of the six 2014 First National Bank McGregor Charity Champions nonprofits will begin executive leadership training this Thursday, January 22, 2015. Leaders from CASA of McLennan and Hill Counties, AVANCE Waco, Generations Adoptions, Family Abuse Center, Waco Habitat for Humanity and Meals &… Read more »
First National Bank McGregor to Acquire Oglesby State Bank
MCGREGOR, Texas (January 7, 2015) — McGregor Bancshares Inc., McGregor, Texas and its subsidiary, First National Bank McGregor (FNB McGregor) have announced the execution of a definitive agreement providing for the acquisition of Oglesby State Bank (OSB) in Oglesby, Texas. OSB was established in 1925 and currently operates from its headquarters at 117 FM 1996,… Read more »
2014 Charity Champions Lineup Complete
Six Local Nonprofits Recognized WACO, Texas (December 29, 2014) — All six winning nonprofits in the 2014 First National Bank McGregor (FNB McGregor) Charity Champions program have been named and recognized. This initiative was launched in fall 2014 to commemorate FNB McGregor's 125th anniversary, while making a lasting investment in Central Texas charitable organizations. 2014… Read more »
Final 2014 Charity Champion Named: Meals & Wheels
November 27 Media Day: Speak with Seniors Being Served During Media Day on November 27, Meals & Wheels Associate Director Libby Bellinger will be available for interviews from 8:30 – 9:00 a.m. at Waco's Lee Lockwood Library, at 2801 W. Waco Drive. Media members may follow meal delivery routes starting at 9:00 a.m. to get… Read more »
Fifth Charity Champion Named: Waco Habitat for Humanity
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WACO, Texas (November 14, 2014) — Waco Habitat for Humanity was announced today as the fifth First National Bank McGregor Charity Champion. The bank awarded this distinction to the nonprofit because of its work in bringing people together to build homes, communities and hope in Central Texas. "Habitat Partner Families live and… Read more »
Family Abuse Center Named Fourth Charity Champion
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WACO, Texas (October 24, 2014) — First National Bank McGregor today named Family Abuse Center in Waco a Charity Champion, recognizing its important work protecting abused adults and children, serving residents throughout eight Central Texas counties. It is the fourth nonprofit this year to be recognized by the bank for its efforts… Read more »
FNB 125th Anniversary Celebration Open to Public
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MCGREGOR, Texas (October 17, 2014) — First National Bank McGregor today announced that it will celebrate its 125th anniversary at a public event on Thursday, November 6, 2014 in its downtown McGregor location from 5:30 – 7:30 pm. Established in 1889, First National Bank McGregor is the oldest bank in McLennan County… Read more »
Generations Adoptions Named Third 2014 Charity Champion
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WACO, TX October 2, 2014 — Generations Adoptions has been named a Charity Champion today by First National Bank McGregor. Generations is the third non-profit this year to be applauded by the bank for its efforts in serving the Central Texas community. Generations's mission is to provide permanent Christian families for children… Read more »
AVANCE Waco Named Second 2014 Charity Champion
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WACO, Texas (September 4, 2014) — First National Bank McGregor today announced AVANCE Waco is the second of six Charity Champions winners for the fall 2014 season. AVANCE Waco representatives will receive training as a part of the Charity Champion program to help the organization further its mission. In addition, a publicity… Read more »
First 2014 Charity Champion Announced: CASA of McLennan & Hill Counties
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WACO, Texas (August 22, 2014) — First National Bank McGregor today announced the first Central Texas non-profit named as a Charity Champion for the fall 2014 season: Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) of McLennan and Hill Counties. As a Charity Champion, CASA representatives will receive training to help the non-profit reach its… Read more »


text:
Systems and methods for sharing an AGC loop between a wireless data demodulator and a spectrum analysis module that operates simultaneously with the data demodulator. In one embodiment, a predetermined hold time prevents the AGC loop from changing gain too often, thereby allowing the spectrum analysis module to collect reliable data. In another embodiment, the hold time may be extended to coincide with a spectrum analysis event, such as a boundary of an FFT block. In still another embodiment, an FFT valid signal is provided such that collected FFT blocks can be designated as suspect and then subsequently processed accordingly.
1. A system, comprising:
a radio having a radio frequency receiver and an automatic gain control (AGC) loop;
a demodulator configured to demodulate wireless traffic received by the receiver; and
a spectrum analysis module configured to perform spectrum analysis of a frequency band over which the wireless traffic was detected,
wherein the AGC loop is configured to allow the demodulator and the spectrum analysis module to operate simultaneously,
wherein the AGC loop is configured to remain at a selected gain level for a predetermined hold time after a change in input signal power is detected by the AGC loop, and
wherein the spectrum analysis module is configured to designate a fast Fourier transform (FFT) block as suspect when an AGC gain level change does not coincide in time with a boundary of the FFT block.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. A system, comprising:
a radio having a radio frequency receiver and a plurality of selectable automatic gain control (AGC) loops, wherein the selectable AGC loops are selectable using a multiplexer coupled between a plurality of AGCs and the radio frequency receiver;
a demodulator configured to demodulate wireless traffic received by the receiver; and
a spectrum analysis module configured to perform spectrum analysis of a frequency band over which the wireless traffic was detected,
wherein a given one of the selectable AGC loops is selectable to favor operability of the demodulator or the spectrum analysis module, and the given one of the selectable AGC loops is employed by both the demodulator and spectrum analysis module.
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. A method, comprising:
receiving data at a wireless receiver;
controlling an automatic gain control (AGC) loop associated with the receiver such that the data is compatible with processing requirements of both a demodulator and a spectrum analysis module;
passing the data from the receiver to both the demodulator and the spectrum analysis module,
wherein the controlling comprises maintaining a given AGC gain level for a predetermined hold time after a change in input signal power is detected by the AGC loop, and
further comprising designating, as suspect, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) block when an AGC gain level change does not coincide in time with a boundary of the FFT block.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
relying on FFT blocks designated as suspect only for detection but not for measurement.
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. Logic encoded in one or more tangible media for execution and when executed operable to:
simultaneously pass data from a receiver to both a demodulator and a spectrum analysis module; and
control an automatic gain control (AGC) loop associated with the receiver such that the data is compatible with the processing requirements of both the demodulator and the spectrum analysis module by maintaining a given AGC gain level for a predetermined hold time after a change in input signal power is detected by the AGC loop, and
designate, as suspect, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) block when an AGC gain level change does not coincide in time with a boundary of the FFT block.
25. The logic of
Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods for automatic gain control (AGC) in a device that simultaneously demodulates wireless signals and performs spectrum analysis of a band over which the wireless signals are detectable.
The explosive growth in wireless applications and devices over the past few years has produced tremendous public interest benefits. Wireless networks and devices have been deployed in millions of offices, homes, and more recently, in increasing numbers of public areas. These wireless deployments are forecast to continue at an exciting pace and offer the promise of increased convenience and productivity.
This growth, which is taking place mostly in the unlicensed bands, is not without its downsides. In the United States, the unlicensed bands established by the FCC consist of large portions of spectrum at 2.4 GHz and at 5 GHz, which are free to use. The FCC currently sets requirements for the unlicensed bands such as limits on transmit power spectral density and limits on antenna gain. It is well recognized that as unlicensed band devices become more popular and their density in a given area increases, the spectrum will become overcrowded and user satisfaction will collapse. This phenomenon has already been observed in environments that have a high density of wireless devices.
The types of signaling protocols used by devices in the unlicensed bands are not designed to cooperate with signals of other types also operating in the bands. For example, a frequency hopping signal (e.g., a signal emitted from a device that uses the Bluetooth™ communication protocol or a signal emitted from certain cordless phones) may hop into the frequency channel of an IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN), causing interference with operation of the WLAN. Thus, technology is needed to exploit all of the benefits of the unlicensed band without degrading the level of service that users expect.
Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for sharing a radio and an AGC loop between a wireless data demodulator and a spectrum analysis module that operates simultaneously with the data demodulator. In one embodiment, a predetermined hold time prevents the AGC loop from changing gain too often, thereby allowing the spectrum analysis module to collect reliable data. In another embodiment, the hold time may be extended to coincide with a spectrum analysis event, such as a boundary of an FFT block. In still another embodiment, an FFT valid signal is provided such that collected FFT blocks can be designated as suspect and then subsequently processed accordingly. Also provided is the ability assign appropriate gain settling times to different components of the system. For example, a spectrum analysis classification process might require a gain settling time that is shorter than, for example, a spectrum analysis plotting function.
The functions of the SAGE 130 will be briefly described in further detail hereinafter. The spectrum analyzer 132 generates data representing a real-time spectrogram of a bandwidth of radio frequency (RF) spectrum, such as, for example, up to 100 MHz. The spectrum analyzer 132 may be used to monitor all activity in a frequency band, for example, the 2.4-2.483 GHz ISM band, or the 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz UNII bands (embodiments may cover a band form 4.9 to 5.9 GHz). The FFT module 133 is, for example, a 256 frequency bin FFT processor that provides (I and Q) FFT data for each of 256 frequency bins that span the bandwidth of frequency band of interest. A spectrum correction block may be included to correct for I and Q channel imbalance by estimating an I-Q channel imbalance parameter related to phase error and amplitude offset between the I and Q channels, and to suppress a side tone resulting from the RF downconversion process. The spectrum analyzer 132 may further comprise a power computation block to output a power value for each FFT frequency bin. The spectrum analyzer 132 may further include a statistics logic block (not shown) that has logic to accumulate statistics for power, duty cycle, maximum power and a peaks histogram. Statistics are accumulated in the dual-port RAM 150 over successive FFT time intervals or blocks. As an example, an FFT block comprises 256 samples, implying a time interval of 6.4 μs (256/40 MHz). After a certain number of FFT intervals, determined by a configurable value stored in control registers (not shown), an interrupt is generated to output the stats from the dual-port RAM 150. For example, the statistics are maintained in the dual-port RAM 150 for 10,000 FFT intervals before the processor reads out the values. The power versus frequency data generated by the spectrum analyzer 132 may also be used as input to the signal detector.
The signal detector 134 detects signal pulses in the frequency band and outputs pulse event information entries, which include one or more of the start time, duration, power, center frequency and bandwidth of each pulse that satisfies configurable pulse characteristic criteria associated with a corresponding pulse detector.
In the signal detector 134, the peak detector 136 looks for spectral peaks in the (power versus frequency data derived from FFT block output), and reports the bandwidth, center frequency and power for each detected peak. The output of the peak detector 136 is one or more peaks and related information. The pulse detectors 138 detect and characterize signal pulses based on input from the peak detector 136.
The snapshot buffer 140 collects a set of raw digital signal samples useful for signal classification and other purposes, such as location measurements. The snapshot buffer 140 can be triggered to begin sample collection from either the signal detector 134 or from an external trigger source, such as a signal from the processor to capture received signal data for a period of time sufficient to include a series of signal exchanges used for location processing explained hereinafter. Alternatively, the snapshot buffer 140 can be in a free-running state continuously storing captured data, and then in response to detecting the first signal (e.g., a Probe Request frame), the snapshot buffer is put into a post-store mode that extends long enough to capture an ACK frame signal data.
The traffic monitoring section 170 monitors packet activity in a wireless network, e.g., a WLAN, and sends and receives certain packets that are used for location measurement processes. For example, the system may transmit an 802.11 Probe Request frame, data frame or request-to-send frame that may be addressed to the device to be located. Included in the traffic monitoring section 170 are a radio transceiver 172 (comprising a transmitter Tx and a receiver Rx) and a baseband signal processor 178. The radio transceiver 172 and baseband signal processor 178 may be part of a package chipset available on the market today, such as an 802.11 WLAN chipset for any one or more of the 802.11a/b/g/n or other WLAN communication standards. The baseband signal processor 178 is capable of performing the baseband modulation, demodulation and other PHY layer functions compliant with the one or more communication standards of interest (e.g., IEEE 802.11a,b,g,h, etc.). An I/F 180 couples the baseband signal processor 178 and radio transceiver 172 to the processor 192. Additional detail regarding the system of
While the system of
Spectrum analysis module 210 may be configured similarly to spectrum monitoring section 100 of
Also shown in
For the demodulator 208, a typical demodulation configuration might include an AGC loop to adjust (amplify or attenuate) the receive signal strength to maximize performance of the receiver design for a specific protocol.
Further, there is always a timing budget for different portions of the frame reception, which will drive how quickly the AGC must settle. This budget allows the design to lose samples at the start of a frame, and assumes that all frames are conformant to the protocol implemented.
For the spectrum analysis module or engine 210, in conjunction with the classification module 214, it is sometimes possible to identify an underlying signal source based on RF signatures. With this in mind, one possible approach to classification is to demodulate a signal or several different signals, with each protocol having different requirements on the AGC loop.
If protocols other than the primary function of the demodulator 208 are present (interference), the operation of the AGC loop may be less important to the modem. In one implementation, the demodulator function is designed and optimized for reception of frames of a selected (e.g., 802.11) protocol, while consideration of other protocols is not a focus of the design. That is, the design is concerned with improving receive sensitivity for unique cases of the selected protocol, such as receiving weak frames of the protocol, or for when the protocol "punches" through some weaker signal.
The spectrum analysis module 210 may have different AGC requirements. For example, in one implementation, much of the spectrum analysis is fast Fourier transform (FFT) driven wherein output is computed on a block of samples (NFFT). Typically, the gain must be fixed for the duration of NFFT. Furthermore, any changes in signal levels during a given FFT can cause undesired artifacts, such as spectral splatter.
Further still, multiple FFT blocks are often required to be computed for display of, e.g., a "Power vs. Frequency" (PvF) plot. PvF plots are usually presented by averaging the FFTs (average trace) or computing a max of the FFTs (max trace). Gain changes during an FFT caused by the AGC 220 can lead to unreliable output. It will not only impede visual plots, but may also interfere with frequency domain pulse identification. These effects are described in, e.g., co-pending application Ser. No. 11/830,390 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,656.
In addition, the noise floor level of a radio will vary with gain settings, and so frequent or large adjustments will impact detection thresholds and the ability to detect and/or demodulate weaker signals that may also be present.
Also, with a wider band modem, such as for 802.11, there can often be more than one frame, from different narrow band interferers present on the channel at a time. In addition, some protocols have more amplitude variation than the primary protocol, and so a faster AGC loop might impair the reception of such protocols.
AGC Hold Time
In general, when signal level drops beyond some threshold, a conventional AGC would normally release to a higher gain setting causing at least some of the undesirable effects on spectrum analysis described above when the AGC loop is shared. In order to address this problem, embodiments of the present invention provide that any release (e.g., to a higher gain) of the AGC 220 be delayed, and if the input signal comes back into range during a predetermined hold time, no adjustment to the AGC 220 gain is made. This hold time may be picked to ensure some number of FFTs worth of data is sampled at the same gain setting, or to increase the probability of specific header detections. Once again, although described herein primarily with respect to IEEE 802.11 standards, the present invention is also applicable to other wireless protocols including IEEE 802.16, which is more commonly known as WiMAX.
Referring again to
In the last Slow Release state example in
Digital Variable Gain Amplifier to Handle Small Gain Changes
Sometimes an AGC loop will make small gain changes, either increasing or decreasing in gain. This may be in response to certain interferers when the base protocol is not detected, or specific to the normal frame reception design. These changes may occur quite frequently and thus cause disruptions to simultaneous spectrum analysis.
To address this issue and maintain appropriate signal collection for purposes of spectrum analysis, digital variable gain amplifiers (DVGAs) 502 a or 502 b may be employed for either the demodulation or the spectrum analysis. Such a configuration is shown in
The state diagram of
The timing diagram of
Processing Suspect FFTs
Another issue that arises with respect to sharing a radio between a demodulator and a spectrum analysis system is that when a small gain change is made (digital or analog), FFT transients may occur that impact logic that is analyzing a stream of FFTs. Embodiments of the present invention address this phenomenon as follows. When the gain change during an FFT block is not near the start or end of the FFT block, then that FFT can be "marked" (e.g., stored with a flag, etc.) as suspect. There are several options available for subsequent use of these suspect FFTs. They can be ignored (possibly assuming prior level holds), they can be used with less weighting than "good" or reliable FFTs, or they can be used for detection but not for measurement. An alternate solution would be to abort the FFT in progress, and restart the FFT with only good samples.
Gain Change Coincident with Spectrum Analysis Event
Also, a small gain change or an AGC release may interrupt the FFT processing flow. One possible solution to this potential problem in accordance with the present invention is to delay the gain change such that it aligns or coincides with a spectrum analysis event, such as an FFT block boundary. Such an implementation has the effect of minimizing the number of suspect FFTs.
Gain Settling Time
A shared radio/AGC loop also introduces a potential problem of selecting an appropriate gain settling time for a particular application. That is, the gain settling time may need to be individually configured for different uses. More specifically, the AGC 220 is preferably configured to wait a predetermined amount of time before sampling to make future gain change decisions. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the demodulator 208, for example, may or may not use the same delay before using samples for a receive operation—as signal acquisition and frequency tracking impose strict requirements on the AGC.
Similarly, the spectrum analysis module 210 may need a different delay before samples can be used for display or detection purposes, such as for longer DC settling times. That is, the DC correction loop may take some time to settle after a gain change. A demodulator would be designed to handle this, but display and FFT data may be impacted by the drift. In other words, the same settling time may not be appropriate for both functions for the following reason. If the settling time is too long, then demodulation may not work. One the other hand, if the settling time is too short then a display of data may include undesirable splatters.
There is also a different delay that may be needed before samples are captured for post processing (e.g., for processing in the classification module 214 shown in
Different delays for the different processing blocks are shown in
Multiple AGC Loops
Even with the implementation of independent settling times, there may still be a problem in that sometimes the compromises with different delays for gain valid may impair the normal demodulation operation, while still not allowing good results for spectrum analysis in all cases
To address this issue, an embodiment of the present invention provides multiple AGC blocks 220 a, 220 b (or loops) as shown in
In another aspect of the invention, it has been observed that an FFT display may show transients during a small AGC gain change, or when an input signal starts/stops during a given FFT.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the systems and methods described herein consistent with the principles of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Although several embodiments have been described above, other variations are possible consistent with the principles of the present invention.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed embodiments. The specification and examples are exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of the invention is defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
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Ketchup originated from ke-tsiap, a pickled-fish condiment in 17th century China that eventually evolved to a tomato-based blend created by late 1700s New Englanders. From its beginning, ketchup blended with ingredients from mushrooms to exotic spices was common and often an indicator of the flavors of the region. In recent history, the ketchup standard has become somewhat uniform; a familiar staple in kitchens across the nation. We are here to tell you, times are a changin'. The virtual lid is about to explode off the ketchup bottle and a multitude of flavor blends will be trending, much like its condiment counterparts – mustard, mayonnaise and hot sauce.
What does a new ketchup blend consist of? The possibilities are numerous and make it a wow experience customers crave. Spicy ketchups are easily made with chipotle, jalapeños, or by adding a tangy barbeque sauce. These additions are simple and produce a big impact on the plate when served with fries and a traditional sandwich or burger. Experimenting with sweet ketchups could lead to tasty creations such as raspberry or cherry ketchup, possibly served with sweet potato fries. A simple addition of a few new ingredients like fresh minced garlic, horseradish, or hot sauce can add a new level of dipping enjoyment for consumers. Imagine a plate with small ramekins of variations of ketchup in a clock formation, ranging from sweet to spicy depending on the added ingredients. Pairing food with ranges on the "ketchup clock" provide a unique, gourmet experience with a common condiment.
Another trend in ketchup creation is to include larger add-ins such as roasted beets, sautéed zucchini, mushrooms, water chestnuts, or even nuts to add richness to a condiment dip or topping. Imagine a juicy burger with a zucchini ketchup topper…yum! Any idea to combine the familiarity of a dish with a simple little twist is the difference between ordinary and extraordinary. For bacon lovers, why not mix a little bacon, spices, and ketchup to serve with waffle fries? The buttery, sweet texture of pine nuts could pair with cilantro ketchup and be served alongside a host of menu items. One great combination that could lead to another idea to keep the dishes exciting for guests.
A recent study of consumer flavor trends indicates that two in five people say they are willing to spend more on meals that showcase new and interesting flavors, which suggests operators have substantial room to experiment. Of course, Foothill Farms has a few easy ways to zip up ketchup with products that have been popular for kitchens and guests alike. Adding a dry mix to ketchup is a reliably delicious way to stay up-to-date with the trends customers will be looking for in the near future. And operators can compete for traffic by positioning themselves as offering an upscale experience at an affordable price. Redefining ketchup could easily redefine the popularity of any foodservice menu.
Today, foodservice professionals feel the pains from a variety of factors facing the foodservice industry. Some of those culprits include: inefficient employee training and skill levels, rising labor and food costs, time management (prep time), food safety regulations, special dietary restrictions, and food consistency goals. One solution to help in these areas is the introduction of dry mixes, especially sauce mixes. The prep is simple – pour hot water in a bowl, start stirring with a wire whisk and gradually add mix until completely smooth. In fact, here is a new cheese sauce mixing video. If you haven't tried a dry sauce mix, we can tell you that it is a no-nonsense approach to reaching your efficiency, quality and consistency goals.
Beginning this May, we are offering a money-saving rebate for 24 of our sauce mixes. This covers everything from cheese sauce to bourbon sauce to stir fry sauce to cream soup base. Operators will receive a $5 rebate per case (up to $200) and the promotion runs through September 30, 2015. Please visit our website for more details on the promotion and a list of applicable sauce mixes. The downloadable form can be found here.
By Hailey – A millennial
The hardest things in college are choosing your major and deciding what to eat each day. When you first start college, as I did last fall, dining hall food really isn't that bad, but after some time it just gets old, uninspiring and heavy. There comes a time when burgers and pizza will not suffice, not just because of the repetition, but because the scale is screaming at you and so is your health.
At my university, more than 25% of students live on campus. Although there are three foodservice dining hall locations on my meal plan, I usually eat at the closest one because of time constraints and let's face it…pure laziness. We have four different choices of meal plans. Many females choose the 10 or 14 meal plan but guys and athletes choose 19 or unlimited meals.
Looking around the dining hall, there are lots of different choices. It is set up buffet style with a salad bar in one corner, two main dishes in the middle, pizza and burgers in the other corner, and a cereal station. Here's the usual food breakdown: Pizza, soup, salad, burgers, fries, pasta, make-your-own sandwich bar, and cereal bar. Then there are two main entrées that change everyday. Revolving entrees that come to mind are chicken fried steak, raviolis, and barbeque salmon. There are also ethnic inspired choices like teriyaki chicken, gyros, and burritos.
Another temptation lies outside the dining hall but still on campus – food courts. The one across from my dorm houses a Panda Express, Papa Johns, Subway, Chic-fil-A, and so much more. This makes things harder when trying to stick with a diet and eating healthy (with the exception of Subway). It just seems impossible not to gain the dreaded freshman 15. The smoothie shop does help with meal replacement and healthier food consumption. You wouldn't believe how good real fruit tastes some days. They offer parfaits, energy boost smoothies, and frozen yogurt.
Accommodating special diets is also a consideration on campus. For example, at the dining hall's cereal station, almond and soy milk are provided for those students who are lactose intolerant. Also, some pizzas are made with gluten free crust for students avoiding gluten because of an intolerance or lifestyle choice. Additionally, many of us want to "eat clean" and/or organic. It is actually really easy to eat clean if you stick to the salad bar and only grab a baked, grilled or roasted meat from the entrée line. The struggle is repetition. A salad and a plain turkey patty is not something we really want to eat every meal of every day. As for organic, we definitely aren't seeing it.
I know MyPlate and the new healthier eating initiatives set forth by Mrs. Obama are trending but I'm still unsatisfied with my college dining experience thus far. I think that more can be done to help college students enjoy eating on campus. First, make the caloric intake visible on the menu, not just online. Second, let us know what we are eating by placing an ingredient card next to the food. Third, offer samples of food so that trying new foods isn't super scary. Dumping uneaten food makes us sad, too! Fourth, make sure there are plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables (possibly organic) to choose from as well as lean meats and seafood. Fifth, implement cook on demand areas like stir-fry and brick-ovens. Finally, consider purchasing organic. Set up a station that only serves organic food. Try it just to see if your business picks up!
Although I talk a good number about eating healthy, please don't take away my option for a hot fudge sundae or a chili dog! Millennials are hard to please and we want everything instantly but you know we are the future and we're eating out.
Restaurants, K-12 schools, healthcare and college dining halls have diverse menus and making fresh sauces and dressings from scratch can seem unimaginable. Grabbing a RTU jug and pouring it into serving containers seems like the easiest and most efficient use of time and definitely the safest choice when it comes to flavor and outcome. Agree? Not altogether. Plus, depending on your culinary staff, you might be depleting morale by limiting their freedom in the kitchen. There's a better option. Utilizing a dry mix can capture the essence of scratch cooking yet save time and not harness your culinary professionals' creativity and experience.
Want to see how easy it is to make three staple ingredients (Cheese Sauce, Gravy, and Ranch Dressing) and ignite those creative juices? You will discover just how customizable dry mix products can be with the simple addition of herbs, spices or vegetables. Made fresh fare is perceived as higher quality by customers and they are willing to pay more for it. Therefore, taking the 60 seconds to combine these mixes with water, or in the case of Ranch adding mayonnaise and buttermilk, is totally worthwhile. We like to call it – Speed Scratch.
For example, ranch dressing can be transformed easily into over 45 delicious recipes. From fresh salads to unique sandwich toppers, ranch rates on the top of the popularity scale for chefs and diners alike. To spark your imagination think Thai Ranch Dressing, Mojito Ranch Dressing, and Sriracha Honey Ranch. The same goes for cheese sauce. Everything is better with cheese, right? Just ask your food friends in the pantry and fridge waiting for the popular add-in or topper: potatoes, pasta, pizza, hot dogs, tortilla chips and fresh vegetables, among others. Lastly, instant gravy mix takes the most difficult part of mixing gravy out of the equation; getting the flour to butter/oil and water mixture consistent each time (not to mention the flavor). The guess work is removed as minutes turn into seconds for a finished product and the amount of recipes that utilize gravy mix is mind-blowing. Check out these ideas.
These videos have their own page on Foothill Farms' website at http://foothillfarms.com/resources_videos.cfm
Predicted foodservice trends tell us that consumers want healthier foods and fast. One product that can help chefs satisfy consumer demand is dry salad dressing mix. Dry salad dressing mixes like Ranch, Caesar, 1000 Island and Lido Italian are not just for green salads. Mixes can be used to make robust marinades, gourmet dipping sauces for appetizers, savory spreads for sandwiches, flavor enhancers for potato dishes, and delicate sauces for fruits and melons.
Currently, we are offering a rebate for our Ranch Salad Dressing mixes (V400, V402). The promotion goes through May 31 and offers operators a $2 rebate per case (up to $200) on Ranch Dressing Mix products, plus a FREE first case of Blue Cheese, Lido Italian, 1000 Island/Honey Mustard, and Caesar Dressing Mix when you complete the rebate coupon. If you haven't tried our V400 Ranch Dressing Mix or our V402 No MSG Ranch Dressing Mix, please leave your contact information below and we'll send you a sample.
This money-saving offer is available to foodservice operators in the U.S. only. Please visit our webpage for more details on the promotion. The downloadable form can be found at http://doclibrary.com/MFR457/DOC/FoothillFarmsDressingRebate20155452.pdf.


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UK Parkinson's Disease Consortium - UKPDC
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John Hardy awarded 2015 Robert A. Pritzker Prize for Leadership in Parkinson's Research
One of the UK Parkinson's Disease Consortium Principal Investigators, Prof John Hardy, has been awarded the 2015 Robert A. Pritzker Prize for his leadership in Parkinson's genetics research. The award was presented by Michael J. Fox at a ceremony in New York on April 15. From the Michael J. Fox Foundation website: More...
Video: Advances in Genetic Understanding of Parkinson's Disease
Webcast of the presentation entitled 'Advances in Genetic Understanding of Parkinson's Disease' given by Nicholas Wood (University College London, United Kingdom) presented at the Biochemical Society Hot Topic event, PINK1-Parkin Signalling in Parkinson's Disease and Beyond, held in December 2014. More...
GCH1 gene and Parkinson's risk
A study published in Brain, led by researchers
at UCL Institute of Neurology, has shown that genetic mutations which
cause a decrease in dopamine
production in the brain and lead to a form of childhood-onset Dystonia,
also play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease.
The new Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre (LWENC) has opened for clinical studies and trials
LRRK2 and autophagy in fibroblasts
In this paper Claudia Manzoni studies how fibroblast
cells from people with Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in LRRK2
react to starvation. Although the changes are quite subtle, there are
differences between the way that fibroblasts that contain mutant LRRK2
respond to being starved – suggesting that there may be changes in the
way that these cells regulate a key process called autophagy (a term
which comes from the greek meaning to eat yourself, and is one of the
ways that cells get rid of waste and recycle proteins and organellles).
Mike Devine
(Former MRC Clinical Research Fellow)
I am an MRC-funded clinical research fellow and trainee in neurology. My interest is in understanding the mechanisms that underpin neurodegeneration, and currently I am using iPS cell models of Parkinson's disease to study the impact of genetic mutations that cause familial Parkinson's disease on human dopaminergic neurons. The overall aim of this work is to help shed light on the biological processes that occur in neurodegeneration, in order to help start to make mechanistic treatments that can change the course of the disease process.
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Rose Pink Silk Tallit with Floral Design by Galilee Silks
This crêpe de Chine women's Tallit comes in a rose pink shade and is ornately decorated with a hand painted border of pink, red and orange flowers. A matching kippah and Tallit bag complete the set. Read more
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This crêpe de Chine women's Tallit comes in a cheerful rose pink shade and is hand painted with a vibrant floral border of pink, orange and red. This item is hand painted by silk company Galilee Silks in northern Israel and features an Atarah with a Hebrew blessing, kippah and matching Tallit bag. This stylish item is chic and eye-catching. A gorgeous gift for a Bat Mitzvah.
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