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Changes in weight, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and dietary intake during the transition to higher education: a prospective study
Deforche, Benedicte
Van Dyck, Delfien
Deliens, Tom
De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The transition to higher education involves a significant life change and might be accompanied with less healthy behaviours. However, the only longitudinal study that spanned the period from high school to college/university was limited to self-reported weight. Other studies assessed objective weight, but only at the start of the first semester at college/university and used retrospective questionnaires to asses health behaviours in high school. This study investigated changes in objectively assessed weight and prospective health behaviours during the transition from high school to college/university in Belgian students and examined which health behaviour changes were related to weight change.
A sample of 291 students was followed from the final year of high school until the second year of college/university. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured objectively. Physical activity, sedentary behaviours and dietary intake were estimated using validated questionnaires. In order to study changes in BMI and health behaviours, 2 × 2 (time × gender) Repeated Measures ANOVA analyses were conducted. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was executed to investigate the association between changes in health behaviours and BMI changes, and the moderating effect of gender.
On average students gained 2.7 kg with a greater increase in boys (boys: 4.2 kg, girls: 1.9 kg). Active transportation and sport participation decreased. Some sedentary behaviours (watching TV/DVD, playing computer games) decreased, while others (internet use, studying) increased. Consumption of different foods decreased, while alcohol consumption increased. A higher decrease in sport participation, a higher increase in internet use and a lower increase in studying were related to a greater increase in BMI. An increase in alcohol consumption only contributed to weight gain in boys, whereas a decrease in fruit/vegetable intake only contributed to weight gain in girls.
We can conclude that the transition to higher education is an at risk period for weight gain and unfavourable changes in health behaviours. Interventions to prevent weight gain in college/university students should therefore already start in high school with a somewhat different focus in boys versus girls.
Body mass index; Freshman 15; Health behaviour; Longitudinal study; Students; Body weight changes
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Categorisation of built environment characteristics: the trouble with tertiles
Lamb, Karen E
White, Simon R
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
In the analysis of the effect of built environment features on health, it is common for researchers to categorise built environment exposure variables based on arbitrary percentile cut-points, such as median or tertile splits. This arbitrary categorisation leads to a loss of information and a lack of comparability between studies since the choice of cut-point is based on the sample distribution.
In this paper, we highlight the various drawbacks of adopting percentile categorisation of exposure variables. Using data from the SocioEconomic Status and Activity in Women (SESAW) study from Melbourne, Australia, we highlight alternative approaches which may be used instead of percentile categorisation in order to assess built environment effects on health. We discuss these approaches using an example which examines the association between the number of accessible supermarkets and body mass index.
We show that alternative approaches to percentile categorisation, such as transformations of the exposure variable or factorial polynomials, can be implemented easily using standard statistical software packages. These procedures utilise all of the available information available in the data, avoiding a loss of power as experienced when categorisation is adopted.We argue that researchers should retain all available information by using the continuous exposure, adopting transformations where necessary.
Percentile categorisation; Exposure assessment; Built environment; Neighbourhood; Statistical analysis
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A novel assessment of adolescent mobility: a pilot study
Stewart, Tom
Duncan, Scott
Chaix, Basile
Kestens, Yan
Schipperijn, Jasper
Schofield, Grant
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The accurate measurement of daily mobility and travel to destinations beyond the residential neighbourhood has been identified as an important but almost systematically overlooked factor when investigating the relationship between exposure to the built environment and physical activity. The recent development of VERITAS – a web-based application nested within a computer-assisted personal interview – allows researchers to assess daily mobility, travel to regular destinations, and perceived neighbourhood boundaries using interactive mapping technology. The aims of this pilot study were to (1) demonstrate the feasibility and functionality of using VERITAS in an adolescent sample, and (2) compare urban form characteristics and geometric features of the perceived neighbourhood with traditional neighbourhood delimitations.
Data were collected and analysed for twenty-eight participants (14 male, 15.9 ± 1.48 years) in 2013. Participants underwent anthropometric assessment before completing a custom-designed VERITAS protocol under the supervision of trained interview technicians. Regularly visited destinations, school travel routes, transportation modes, travel companions, and perceived neighbourhood boundaries were assessed. Data were imported into ArcGIS and street network distances between the home and each geolocated destination were generated. Convex hull activity spaces were derived from destinations. Urban form variables and geometric characteristics were compared between the perceived neighbourhood, existing meshblocks, 1 mile Euclidean buffers, and 1 km network buffers.
In total, 529 destinations were geolocated, 58% of which were outside the perceived neighbourhood boundary. Active travel was inversely associated with distance to destinations (r = −.43, p < .05) and traveling with adults (r = −.68, p < .01). Urban form and geometric characteristics of the perceived neighbourhood were different from those in other neighbourhood delimitations.
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using VERITAS to assess mobility within adolescent populations. Our results also illustrate the potential novelty and use of user-defined spaces, and highlight the limitations of relying on restricted definitions of place (i.e., administrative or residential-focused neighbourhoods) when assessing environmental exposure.
Active travel; Adolescent; Built environment; Mobility; Neighbourhood definition; Physical activity; Spatial polygamy; VERITAS; SoftGIS
Related Articles
Identifying risk profiles for childhood obesity using recursive partitioning based on individual, familial, and neighborhood environment factors
Van Hulst, Andraea
Roy-Gagnon, Marie-Hélène
Gauvin, Lise
Kestens, Yan
Henderson, Mélanie
Barnett, Tracie A
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Few studies consider how risk factors within multiple levels of influence operate synergistically to determine childhood obesity. We used recursive partitioning analysis to identify unique combinations of individual, familial, and neighborhood factors that best predict obesity in children, and tested whether these predict 2-year changes in body mass index (BMI).
Data were collected in 2005–2008 and in 2008–2011 for 512 Quebec youth (8–10 years at baseline) with a history of parental obesity (QUALITY study). CDC age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles were computed and children were considered obese if their BMI was ≥95th percentile. Individual (physical activity and sugar-sweetened beverage intake), familial (household socioeconomic status and measures of parental obesity including both BMI and waist circumference), and neighborhood (disadvantage, prestige, and presence of parks, convenience stores, and fast food restaurants) factors were examined. Recursive partitioning, a method that generates a classification tree predicting obesity based on combined exposure to a series of variables, was used. Associations between resulting varying risk group membership and BMI percentile at baseline and 2-year follow up were examined using linear regression.
Recursive partitioning yielded 7 subgroups with a prevalence of obesity equal to 8%, 11%, 26%, 28%, 41%, 60%, and 63%, respectively. The 2 highest risk subgroups comprised i) children not meeting physical activity guidelines, with at least one BMI-defined obese parent and 2 abdominally obese parents, living in disadvantaged neighborhoods without parks and, ii) children with these characteristics, except with access to ≥1 park and with access to ≥1 convenience store. Group membership was strongly associated with BMI at baseline, but did not systematically predict change in BMI.
Findings support the notion that obesity is predicted by multiple factors in different settings and provide some indications of potentially obesogenic environments. Alternate group definitions as well as longer duration of follow up should be investigated to predict change in obesity.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0175-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Built environment; Body mass index; Familial risk; Food environment; Neighborhood characteristics; Obesity; Physical activity; Recursive partitioning analysis; Socioecological model
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Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns using accelerometry from a national sample of United States adults
Evenson, Kelly R
Wen, Fang
Metzger, Jesse S
Herring, Amy H
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
This study described the patterns of accelerometer-determined physical activity and sedentary behavior among adults using a nationally representative sample from the United States.
Using 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, 7931 adults at least 18 years old wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for one week, providing at least 3 days of wear for >=8 hours/day. Cutpoints defined moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA; >= 2020 and >=760 counts/minute), vigorous physical activity (> = 5999 counts/minute), and sedentary behavior (<100 counts/minute). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to estimate patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior. All estimates were weighted to reflect the United States population.
For weighted percent of MVPA out of total wearing time, 5 classes were identified from least to most active: 65.3% of population (weighted mean 9.3 minutes/day), 24.9% (32.1 minutes/day), 3.2% that was low on the weekdays but much higher on the weekends (52.0 minutes/day), 5.9% (59.9 minutes/day), and 0.7% in the highest class (113.6 minutes/day). Using the lower MVPA threshold, 6 classes emerged with each class ranging in population from 1.2% to 43.6%. A vigorous activity class could not be derived due to low prevalence. For weighted percent of sedentary behavior out of total wearing time, 5 classes were identified from most to least sedentary: 6.3% of population (weighted mean 660.2 minutes/day), 25.1% (546.8 minutes/day), 37.7% (453.9 minutes/day), 24.0% (354.8 minutes/day), and 7.0% (256.3 minutes/day). Four of the classes showed generally similar results across every day of the week, with the absolute percents differing across classes. In contrast, the least sedentary class showing a marked rise in percent of time spent in sedentary behavior on the weekend (weighted mean 336.7-346.5 minutes/day) compared to weekdays (weighted mean 255.2-292.4 minutes/day).
The LCA models provided a data reduction process to identify patterns using minute-by-minute accelerometry data in order to explore meaningful contrasts. The models supported 5 or 6 distinct patterns for MVPA and sedentary behavior. These physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns can be used as intervention targets and as independent or dependent variables in future studies of correlates, determinants, or outcomes.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0183-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Accelerometry; Latent class analysis; Moderate to vigorous physical activity; Surveillance; Weekend warrior
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Obesity prevention and the Health promoting Schools framework: essential components and barriers to success
Langford, Rebecca
Bonell, Christopher
Jones, Hayley
Campbell, Rona
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Obesity is an important public health issue. Finding ways to increase physical activity and improve nutrition, particularly in children, is a clear priority. Our Cochrane review of the World Health Organization's Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework found this approach improved students' physical activity and fitness, and increased fruit and vegetable intake. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in reported impacts. This paper synthesises process evaluation data from these studies to identify factors that might explain this variability.
We searched 20 health, education and social-science databases, and trials registries and relevant websites in 2011 and 2013. No language or date restrictions were applied. We included cluster randomised controlled trials. Participants were school students aged 4-18 years. Studies were included if they: took an HPS approach (targeting curriculum, environment and family/community); focused on physical activity and/or nutrition; and presented process evaluation data. A framework approach was used to facilitate thematic analysis and synthesis of process data.
Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were conducted in America or Europe, with children aged 12 years or younger.
Although interventions were acceptable to students and teachers, fidelity varied considerably across trials. Involving families, while an intrinsic element of the HPS approach, was viewed as highly challenging. Several themes emerged regarding which elements of interventions were critical for success: tailoring programmes to individual schools' needs; aligning interventions with schools' core aims; working with teachers to develop programmes; and providing on-going training and support. An emphasis on academic subjects and lack of institutional support were barriers to implementation.
Stronger alliances between health and education appear essential to intervention success. Researchers must work with schools to develop and implement interventions, and to evaluate their impact on both health and educational outcomes as this may be a key determinant of scalability. If family engagement is attempted, better ways to achieve this must be developed and evaluated. Further evaluations of interventions to promote physical activity and nutrition during adolescence are needed. Finally, process evaluations must move beyond simple measures of acceptability/fidelity to include detailed contextual information to illuminate exactly what works, for whom, in what contexts and why.
Children; Adolescents; Interventions; Schools; Physical activity; Healthy eating; Process evaluation; Health promoting Schools
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Organizing "Play Streets" during school vacations can increase physical activity and decrease sedentary time in children
D'Haese, Sara
Van Dyck, Delfien
De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse
Deforche, Benedicte
Cardon, Greet
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
A Play Street is a street that is reserved for children's safe play for a specific period during school vacations. It was hypothesized that a Play Street near children's home can increase their moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and decrease their sedentary time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Play Streets on children's MVPA and sedentary time.
A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to determine the effects of Play Streets on children's MVPA and sedentary time. Data were collected in Ghent during July and August 2013. The study sample consisted of 126 children (54 from Play streets, 72 from control streets). Children wore an accelerometer for 8 consecutive days and their parents fill out a questionnaire before and after the measurement period. During the intervention, streets were enclosed and reserved for children's play. Four-level (neighborhood – household – child – time of measurement (no intervention or during intervention)) linear regression models were conducted in MLwiN to determine intervention effects.
Positive intervention effects were found for sedentary time (β = -0.76 ± 0.39; χ2 = 3.9; p = 0.05) and MVPA (β = 0.82 ± 0.43; χ2 = 3.6; p = 0.06). Between 14h00 and 19h00, MVPA from children living in Play Streets increased from 27 minutes during normal conditions to 36 minutes during the Play Street intervention, whereas control children's MVPA decreased from 27 to 24 minutes. Sedentary time from children living in the Play Street decreased from 146 minutes during normal conditions to 138 minutes during the Play Street intervention, whereas control children's sedentary time increased from 156 minutes to 165 minutes. The intervention effects on MVPA (β = -0.62 ± 0.25; χ2 = 6.3; p = 0.01) and sedentary time (β = 0.85 ± 0.0.33; χ2 = 6.6; p = 0.01) remained significant when the effects were investigated during the entire day, indicating that children did not compensate for their increased MVPA and decreased sedentary time, during the rest of the day.
Creating a safe play space near urban children's home by the Play Street intervention is effective in increasing children's MVPA and decreasing their sedentary time.
Active play; Vacation; Children; Neighborhood; Intervention
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Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study
Perry, Rebecca A
Mallan, Kimberley M
Koo, Jasly
Mauch, Chelsea E
Daniels, Lynne A
Magarey, Anthea M
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Food neophobia, the rejection of unknown or novel foods, may result in poor dietary patterns. This study investigates the cross-sectional relationship between neophobia in children aged 24 months and variety of fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of discretionary foods and weight.
Secondary analysis of data from 330 parents of children enrolled in the NOURISH RCT (control group only) and SAIDI studies was performed using data collected at child age 24 months. Neophobia was measured at 24 months using the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS). The cross-sectional associations between total CFNS score and fruit and vegetable variety, discretionary food intake and BMI (Body Mass Index) Z-score were examined via multiple regression models; adjusting for significant covariates.
At 24 months, more neophobic children were found to have lower variety of fruits (β = −0.16, p = 0.003) and vegetables (β = −0.29, p < 0.001) but have a greater proportion of daily energy from discretionary foods (β = 0.11, p = 0.04). There was no significant association between BMI Z-score and CFNS score.
Neophobia is associated with poorer dietary quality. Results highlight the need for interventions to (1) begin early to expose children to a wide variety of nutritious foods before neophobia peaks and (2) enable health professionals to educate parents on strategies to overcome neophobia.
Children; Neophobia; Diet; Weight; Fruit and vegetables; Discretionary foods
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Improving wear time compliance with a 24-hour waist-worn accelerometer protocol in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE)
Tudor-Locke, Catrine
Barreira, Tiago V
Schuna, John M
Mire, Emily F
Chaput, Jean-Philippe
Fogelholm, Mikael
Hu, Gang
Kuriyan, Rebecca
Kurpad, Anura
Lambert, Estelle V
Maher, Carol
Maia, José
Matsudo, Victor
Olds, Tim
Onywera, Vincent
Sarmiento, Olga L
Standage, Martyn
Tremblay, Mark S
Zhao, Pei
Church, Timothy S
Katzmarzyk, Peter T
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
We compared 24-hour waist-worn accelerometer wear time characteristics of 9–11 year old children in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) to similarly aged U.S. children providing waking-hours waist-worn accelerometer data in the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Valid cases were defined as having ≥4 days with ≥10 hours of waking wear time in a 24-hour period, including one weekend day. Previously published algorithms for extracting total sleep episode time from 24-hour accelerometer data and for identifying wear time (in both the 24-hour and waking-hours protocols) were applied. The number of valid days obtained and a ratio (percent) of valid cases to the number of participants originally wearing an accelerometer were computed for both ISCOLE and NHANES. Given the two surveys' discrepant sampling designs, wear time (minutes/day, hours/day) from U.S. ISCOLE was compared to NHANES using a meta-analytic approach. Wear time for the 11 additional countries participating in ISCOLE were graphically compared with NHANES.
491 U.S. ISCOLE children (9.92±0.03 years of age [M±SE]) and 586 NHANES children (10.43 ± 0.04 years of age) were deemed valid cases. The ratio of valid cases to the number of participants originally wearing an accelerometer was 76.7% in U.S. ISCOLE and 62.6% in NHANES. Wear time averaged 1357.0 ± 4.2 minutes per 24-hour day in ISCOLE. Waking wear time was 884.4 ± 2.2 minutes/day for U.S. ISCOLE children and 822.6 ± 4.3 minutes/day in NHANES children (difference = 61.8 minutes/day, p < 0.001). Wear time characteristics were consistently higher in all ISCOLE study sites compared to the NHANES protocol.
A 24-hour waist-worn accelerometry protocol implemented in U.S. children produced 22.6 out of 24 hours of possible wear time, and 61.8 more minutes/day of waking wear time than a similarly implemented and processed waking wear time waist-worn accelerometry protocol. Consistent results were obtained internationally. The 24-hour protocol may produce an important increase in wear time compliance that also provides an opportunity to study the total sleep episode time separate and distinct from physical activity and sedentary time detected during waking-hours.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01722500.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0172-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Accelerometry; Measurement; Physical activity; Exercise; Sedentary time
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Models accounting for intention-behavior discordance in the physical activity domain: a user's guide, content overview, and review of current evidence
Rhodes, Ryan E
Yao, Christopher A
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
There is a growing concern among researchers with the limited effectiveness and yet subsequent stagnation of theories applied to physical activity (PA). One of the most highlighted areas of concern is the established gap between intention and PA, yet the considerable use of models that assume intention is the proximal antecedent of PA. The objective of this review was to: 1) provide a guide and thematic analysis of the available models that include constructs that address intention-behavior discordance and 2) highlight the evidence for these structures in the PA domain. A literature search was conducted among 13 major databases to locate relevant models and PA studies published before August 2014. Sixteen models were identified and nine overall themes for post-intentional constructs were created. Of the 16 models, eight were applied to 36 PA studies. Early evidence supported maintenance self-efficacy, behavioral regulation strategies, affective judgments, perceived control/opportunity, habit, and extraversion as reliable predictors of post-intention PA. Several intention-behavior discordance models exist within the literature, but are not used frequently. Further efforts are needed to test these models, preferably with experimental designs.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0168-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Theory; Intention-behavior gap; Volition; Post-intention; Exercise; Action control
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A critical analysis of the cycles of physical activity policy in England
Milton, Karen
Bauman, Adrian
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
There has been increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical inactivity. Components of a comprehensive national physical activity policy framework include: 1) national recommendations on physical activity levels; 2) setting population goals and targets; 3) surveillance or health monitoring systems; and 4) public education. The aim of the current paper was to analyse the policy actions which have addressed each of these elements in England and to identify areas of progress and remaining challenges.
A literature search was undertaken to identify past and present documents relevant to physical activity policy in England. Each document was analysed to identify content relevant to the four key elements of policy which formed the focus of the current research.
Physical activity recommendations are an area where England has demonstrated a robust scientific approach and good practice; however, the physical activity campaigns in England have not been sufficiently sustained to achieve changes in social norms and behaviour. The setting of physical activity targets has been unrealistic and continuous changes to national surveillance measures have presented challenges for monitoring trends over time.
Overall, physical activity policy in England has fluctuated over the past two decades. The variations and cycles in policy reflect some of the challenges in implementing and sustaining physical activity policy in the face of political changes, changes in government direction, and changing opportunities to profile active lifestyles.
Physical activity; Policy; Recommendations; Surveillance; Public education
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Determinants of dietary behavior among youth: an umbrella review
Sleddens, Ester FC
Kroeze, Willemieke
Kohl, Leonie FM
Bolten, Laura M
Velema, Elizabeth
Kaspers, Pam J
Brug, Johannes
Kremers, Stef PJ
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The literature on determinants of dietary behavior among youth is extensive and unwieldy. We conducted an umbrella review or review-of-reviews to present a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge.
Therefore, we included systematic reviews identified in four databases (i.e. PubMed, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science) that summarized determinants of observable child and adolescent dietary behaviors. Data extraction included a judgment of the importance of determinants, strength of evidence and evaluation of the methodological quality of the eligible reviews.
In total, 17 reviews were considered eligible. Whereas social-cognitive determinants were addressed most intensively towards the end of the 20th century, environmental determinants (particularly social and physical environmental) have been studied most extensively during the past decade, thereby representing a paradigm shift.
With regard to environmental determinants, mixed findings were reported. Sedentary behavior and intention were found to be significant determinants of a wide range of dietary behaviors in most reviews with limited suggestive evidence due to the cross-sectional study designs. Other potential determinants such as automaticity, self-regulation and subjective norm have been studied in relatively few studies, but results are promising.
The multitude of studies conducted on potential determinants of dietary behavior provides quite convincing evidence of the importance of several determinants (i.e. quite some variables were significantly related to dietary behavior). However, because of the often used weak research designs in the studies covered in the available reviews, the evidence for true determinants is suggestive at best.
Youth; Determinants; Dietary behavior; Umbrella review
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Understanding gender norms, nutrition, and physical activity in adolescent girls: a scoping review
Spencer, Rebecca A
Rehman, Laurene
Kirk, Sara FL
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Public health is currently focused on childhood obesity, and the associated behaviors of physical activity and nutrition. Canadian youth are insufficiently active and do not meet nutritional guidelines. This is of particular concern for adolescent girls, as they are less active than boys, become less active as they age, and engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors. The purpose of this review is to determine what is known from the existing literature about how gender norms are understood in relation to the health-related behaviors of PA and nutrition in young girls. This scoping review follows the framework of Arksey and O'Malley, involving defining a research question, study identification and selection, charting, interpretation, summarizing, and reporting. In total, 28 documents are reviewed, and characteristics are summarized quantitatively and qualitatively. Five major themes are identified: (1) Girls' relationships with PA are complex and require negotiating gender roles, (2) the literature focuses on dieting rather than nutrition, (3) appearance and perceptions influence behaviors, (4) "body" focused discourse is significant to girls' experiences, and (5) social influences, institutions, and environments are influential and may offer opportunity for future research and action. Gaps in the literature are identified and discussed. It is concluded that young girls' activity and nutrition is affected by gender norms and feminine ideals through complex negotiations, perceptions, body-centered discourse, and societal influences.
Gender norms; Physical activity; Nutrition; Adolescent girls; Scoping study
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Testing for baseline differences in randomized controlled trials: an unhealthy research behavior that is hard to eradicate
de Boer, Michiel R
Waterlander, Wilma E
Kuijper, Lothar DJ
Steenhuis, Ingrid HM
Twisk, Jos WR
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
According to the CONSORT statement, significance testing of baseline differences in randomized controlled trials should not be performed. In fact, this practice has been discouraged by numerous authors throughout the last forty years. During that time span, reporting of baseline differences has substantially decreased in the leading general medical journals. Our own experience in the field of nutrition behavior research however, is that co-authors, reviewers and even editors are still very persistent in their demand for these tests. The aim of this paper is therefore to negate this demand by providing clear evidence as to why testing for baseline differences between intervention groups statistically is superfluous and why such results should not be published.
Testing for baseline differences is often propagated because of the belief that it shows whether randomization was successful and it identifies real or important differences between treatment arms that should be accounted for in the statistical analyses. Especially the latter argument is flawed, because it ignores the fact that the prognostic strength of a variable is also important when the interest is in adjustment for confounding. In addition, including prognostic variables as covariates can increase the precision of the effect estimate. This means that choosing covariates based on significance tests for baseline differences might lead to omissions of important covariates and, less importantly, to inclusion of irrelevant covariates in the analysis. We used data from four supermarket trials on the effects of pricing strategies on fruit and vegetables purchases, to show that results from fully adjusted analyses sometimes do appreciably differ from results from analyses adjusted for significant baseline differences only. We propose to adjust for known or anticipated important prognostic variables. These could or should be pre-specified in trial protocols. Subsequently, authors should report results from the fully adjusted as well as crude analyses, especially for dichotomous and time to event data.
Based on our arguments, which were illustrated by our findings, we propose that journals in and outside the field of nutrition behavior actively adopt the CONSORT 2010 statement on this topic by not publishing significance tests for baseline differences anymore.
Epidemiology; Methods; Reporting; Nutrition behavior research; Statistical analyses
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Objectively measured physical activity in two-year-old children – levels, patterns and correlates
Johansson, Elin
Hagströmer, Maria
Svensson, Viktoria
Ek, Anna
Forssén, Michaela
Nero, Håkan
Marcus, Claude
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The aim was to describe levels, patterns and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior in a sample of Swedish children, two years of age, with normal weight, overweight and obese parents.
Data from 123 children, 37 with normal-weight parents and 86 with overweight/obese parents, enrolled in the Early Stockholm Obesity Prevention Project study was used. Children wore an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer for seven days. Average activity (counts per minute), number of steps and time spent in low and high-intensity physical activity and in sedentary was assessed. Differences between weekdays and weekend days were examined as were correlations with sex, body mass index (BMI), motor skills and family-related factors.
Children were active at high intensity 11% of the day. On average 55% of the day was spent being sedentary. Number of steps and time in low-intensity physical activity differed between weekdays and weekend days: on weekdays, 363 more steps (p = 0.01) and six more minutes in low physical activity (p = 0.04). No differences were found for any physical activity or sedentary behavior variable by sex, BMI, motor skills or any family-related variable (p = 0.07 – 0.95).
Two-year-old children have an intermittent activity pattern, that is almost similar on weekdays and they spend about half of the daytime active. The absence of any association with sex, BMI, motor skills or parental factors indicates that the individual variation in this age group is primarily due to endogenous factors.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01198847.
Accelerometer; BMI; Energy expenditure; Motor skills; Toddler
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A meta-study of qualitative research examining determinants of children's independent active free play
Lee, Homan
Tamminen, Katherine A
Clark, Alexander M
Slater, Linda
Spence, John C
Holt, Nicholas L
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
To produce a meta-study by completing a systematic review of qualitative research examining determinants of independent active free play in children.
Following systematic electronic and manual searches and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 46 studies were retained and subjected to meta-method, meta-theory, and meta-data analyses, followed by a final meta-synthesis.
Identified determinants of independent active free play were child characteristics (age, competence, and gender), parental restrictions (safety concerns and surveillance), neighborhood and physical environment (fewer children to play with, differences in preferences for play spaces between parents and children, accessibility and proximity, and maintenance), societal changes (reduced sense of community, good parenting ideal, changing roles of parents, privatization of playtime and play spaces), and policy issues (need to give children voice). An ecological model depicting these factors, and the relationships therein, was created.
This comprehensive meta-study helps establish a knowledge base for children's independent active free play research by synthesizing a previously fragmented set of studies. Parents' perceived safety concerns are the primary barrier to children's active free play. These safety concerns are moderated by child-level factors (age, competence, gender) and broader social issues. Interventions should focus on community-level solutions that include children's perspectives. From a methods perspective, the reviewed studies used a range of data collection techniques, but methodological details were often inadequately reported. The theoretical sophistication of research in this area could be improved. To this end, the synthesis reported in this study provides a framework for guiding future research.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0165-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Meta-synthesis; Safety; Parents; Theory
Related Articles
Processes of behavior change and weight loss in a theory-based weight loss intervention program: a test of the process model for lifestyle behavior change
Gillison, Fiona
Stathi, Afroditi
Reddy, Prasuna
Perry, Rachel
Taylor, Gordon
Bennett, Paul
Dunbar, James
Greaves, Colin
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Process evaluation is important for improving theories of behavior change and behavioral intervention methods. The present study reports on the process outcomes of a pilot test of the theoretical model (the Process Model for Lifestyle Behavior Change; PMLBC) underpinning an evidence-informed, theory-driven, group-based intervention designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity for people with high cardiovascular risk.
108 people at high risk of diabetes or heart disease were randomized to a group-based weight management intervention targeting diet and physical activity plus usual care, or to usual care. The intervention comprised nine group based sessions designed to promote motivation, social support, self-regulation and understanding of the behavior change process. Weight loss, diet, physical activity and theoretically defined mediators of change were measured pre-intervention, and after four and 12 months.
The intervention resulted in significant improvements in fiber intake (M between-group difference = 5.7 g/day, p < .001) but not fat consumption (−2.3 g/day, p = 0.13), that were predictive of weight loss at both four months (M between-group difference = −1.98 kg, p < .01; R2 = 0.2, p < 0.005), and 12 months (M difference = −1.85 kg, p = 0.1; R2 = 0.1, p < 0.01). The intervention was successful in improving the majority of specified mediators of behavior change, and the predicted mechanisms of change specified in the PMBLC were largely supported. Improvements in self-efficacy and understanding of the behavior change process were associated with engagement in coping planning and self-monitoring activities, and successful dietary change at four and 12 months. While participants reported improvements in motivational and social support variables, there was no effect of these, or of the intervention overall, on physical activity.
The data broadly support the theoretical model for supporting some dietary changes, but not for physical activity. Systematic intervention design allowed us to identify where improvements to the intervention may be implemented to promote change in all proposed mediators. More work is needed to explore effective mechanisms within interventions to promote physical activity behavior.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0160-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Physical activity; Diet; Weight loss intervention; Process evaluation
Related Articles
Waste the waist: a pilot randomised controlled trial of a primary care based intervention to support lifestyle change in people with high cardiovascular risk
Greaves, Colin
Gillison, Fiona
Stathi, Afroditi
Bennett, Paul
Reddy, Prasuna
Dunbar, James
Perry, Rachel
Messom, Daniel
Chandler, Roger
Francis, Margaret
Davis, Mark
Green, Colin
Evans, Philip
Taylor, Gordon
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
In the UK, thousands of people with high cardiovascular risk are being identified by a national risk-assessment programme (NHS Health Checks). Waste the Waist is an evidence-informed, theory-driven (modified Health Action Process Approach), group-based intervention designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity for people with high cardiovascular risk. This pilot randomised controlled trial aimed to assess the feasibility of delivering the Waste the Waist intervention in UK primary care and of conducting a full-scale randomised controlled trial. We also conducted exploratory analyses of changes in weight.
Patients aged 40–74 with a Body Mass Index of 28 or more and high cardiovascular risk were identified from risk-assessment data or from practice database searches. Participants were randomised, using an online computerised randomisation algorithm, to receive usual care and standardised information on cardiovascular risk and lifestyle (Controls) or nine sessions of the Waste the Waist programme (Intervention). Group allocation was concealed until the point of randomisation. Thereafter, the statistician, but not participants or data collectors were blinded to group allocation. Weight, physical activity (accelerometry) and cardiovascular risk markers (blood tests) were measured at 0, 4 and 12 months.
108 participants (22% of those approached) were recruited (55 intervention, 53 controls) from 6 practices and 89% provided data at both 4 and 12 months. Participants had a mean age of 65 and 70% were male. Intervention participants attended 72% of group sessions. Based on last observations carried forward, the intervention group did not lose significantly more weight than controls at 12 months, although the difference was significant when co-interventions and co-morbidities that could affect weight were taken into account (Mean Diff 2.6Kg. 95%CI: −4.8 to −0.3, p = 0.025). No significant differences were found in physical activity.
The Waste the Waist intervention is deliverable in UK primary care, has acceptable recruitment and retention rates and produces promising preliminary weight loss results. Subject to refinement of the physical activity component, it is now ready for evaluation in a full-scale trial.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10707899.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0159-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Weight loss; Behaviour change; Diet; Physical activity; Randomised controlled trial; Pilot trial
Related Articles
The Dynamic Family Home: a qualitative exploration of physical environmental influences on children's sedentary behaviour and physical activity within the home space
Maitland, Clover
Stratton, Gareth
Foster, Sarah
Braham, Rebecca
Rosenberg, Michael
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Recent changes in home physical environments, such as decreasing outdoor space and increasing electronic media, may negatively affect health by facilitating sedentariness and reducing physical activity. As children spend much of their time at home they are particularly vulnerable. This study qualitatively explored family perceptions of physical environmental influences on sedentary behaviour and physical activity within the home space.
Home based interviews were conducted with 28 families with children aged 9–13 years (total n = 74 individuals), living in Perth, Australia. Families were stratified by socioeconomic status and selected to provide variation in housing. Qualitative methods included a family interview, observation and home tour where families guided the researcher through their home, enabling discussion while in the physical home space. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.
Emergent themes related to children's sedentariness and physical activity included overall size, space and design of the home; allocation of home space; equipment within the home space; perceived safety of the home space; and the changing nature of the home space. Families reported that children's activity options were limited when houses and yards were small. In larger homes, multiple indoor living rooms usually housed additional sedentary entertainment options, although parents reported that open plan home layouts could facilitate monitoring of children's electronic media use. Most families reported changing the allocation and contents of their home space in response to changing priorities and circumstances.
The physical home environment can enhance or limit opportunities for children's sedentary behaviour and physical activity. However, the home space is a dynamic ecological setting that is amenable to change and is largely shaped by the family living within it, thus differentiating it from other settings. While size and space were considered important, how families prioritise the use of their home space and overcome the challenges posed by the physical environment may be of equal or greater importance in establishing supportive home environments. Further research is required to tease out how physical, social and individual factors interact within the family home space to influence children's sedentary behaviour and physical activity at home.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0157-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Sedentary behaviour; Physical activity; Children; Environment; Housing; Family interview; Qualitative; Ecological model; Home space
Related Articles
A cluster randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based intervention targeting the home food environment of preschoolers (The Healthy Habits Trial): the effect on parent fruit and vegetable consumption
Wyse, Rebecca
Campbell, Karen J
Brennan, Leah
Wolfenden, Luke
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The home food environment is an important setting for the development of dietary patterns in childhood. Interventions that support parents to modify the home food environment for their children, however, may also improve parent diet. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a telephone-based intervention targeting the home food environment of preschool children on the fruit and vegetable consumption of parents.
In 2010, 394 parents of 3–5 year–old children from 30 preschools in the Hunter region of Australia were recruited to this cluster randomised controlled trial and were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Intervention group parents received four weekly 30-minute telephone calls and written resources. The scripted calls focused on; fruit and vegetable availability and accessibility, parental role-modelling, and supportive home food routines. Two items from the Australian National Nutrition Survey were used to assess the average number of serves of fruit and vegetables consumed each day by parents at baseline, and 2-, 6-, 12-, and 18-months later, using generalised estimating equations (adjusted for baseline values and clustering by preschool) and an intention-to-treat-approach.
At each follow-up, vegetable consumption among intervention parents significantly exceeded that of controls. At 2-months the difference was 0.71 serves (95% CI: 0.58-0.85, p < 0.0001), and at 18-months the difference was 0.36 serves (95% CI: 0.10-0.61, p = 0.0067). Fruit consumption among intervention parents was found to significantly exceed consumption of control parents at the 2-,12- and 18-month follow-up, with the difference at 2-months being 0.26 serves (95% CI: 0.12-0.40, p = 0.0003), and 0.26 serves maintained at 18-months, (95% CI: 0.10-0.43, p = 0.0015).
A four-contact telephone-based intervention that focuses on changing characteristics of preschoolers' home food environment can increase parents' fruit and vegetable consumption.
Fruit; Vegetable; Randomised controlled trial; Intervention; Telephone; Family; Home food environment; Preschool; Child
Related Articles
The Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers (DOiT) cluster controlled implementation trial: intervention effects and mediators and moderators of adiposity and energy balance-related behaviours
van Nassau, Femke
Singh, Amika S
Cerin, Ester
Salmon, Jo
van Mechelen, Willem
Brug, Johannes
Chinapaw, Mai JM
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
The Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers (DOiT) programme is an evidence-based obesity prevention programme tailored to adolescents attending the first two years of prevocational education in the Netherlands. The initial programme showed promising results during an effectiveness trial. The programme was adapted and prepared for nationwide dissemination. To gain more insight into the process of translating evidence-based approaches into 'real world' (i.e., 'natural') conditions, our research aims were to evaluate the impact of the DOiT-implementation programme on adolescents' adiposity and energy balance-related behaviours during natural dissemination and to explore the mediating and moderating factors underlying the DOiT intervention effects.
We conducted a cluster-controlled implementation trial with 20 voluntary intervention schools (n=1002 adolescents) and 9 comparable control schools (n = 484 adolescents). We measured adolescents' body height and weight, skinfold thicknesses, and waist circumference. We assessed adolescents' dietary and physical activity behaviours by means of self-report. Data were collected at baseline and at 20-months follow-up. We used multivariable multilevel linear or logistic regression analyses to evaluate the intervention effects and to test the hypothesised behavioural mediating factors. We checked for potential effect modification by gender, ethnicity and education level.
We found no significant intervention effects on any of the adiposity measures or behavioural outcomes. Furthermore, we found no mediating effects by any of the hypothesised behavioural mediators. Stratified analyses for gender showed that the intervention was effective in reducing sugar-containing beverage consumption in girls (B = -188.2 ml/day; 95% CI = -344.0; -32.3). In boys, we found a significant positive intervention effect on breakfast frequency (B = 0.29 days/week; 95% CI = 0.01; 0.58). Stratified analyses for education level showed an adverse intervention effect (B = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02; 0.16) on BMI z-scores for adolescents attending the vocational education track.
Although not successful in changing adolescents' adiposity, the DOiT-implementation programme had some beneficial effects on specific obesity-related behaviours in subgroups. This study underlines the difficulty of translating intervention effectiveness in controlled settings to real world contexts. Adaptations to the implementation strategy are needed in order to promote implementation as intended by the teachers.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN92755979.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0158-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Adolescents; Mediation; Intervention; Prevention; Energy balance; Implementation; Dissemination
Related Articles
Breast cancer risk reduction - is it feasible to initiate a randomised controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention programme (ActWell) within a national breast screening programme?
Anderson, Annie S
Macleod, Maureen
Mutrie, Nanette
Sugden, Jacqueline
Dobson, Hilary
Treweek, Shaun
O'Carroll, Ronan E
Thompson, Alistair
Kirk, Alison
Brennan, Graham
Wyke, Sally
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second cause of cancer deaths amongst women in the UK. The incidence of the disease is increasing and is highest in women from least deprived areas. It is estimated that around 42% of the disease in post-menopausal women could be prevented by increased physical activity and reductions in alcohol intake and body fatness. Breast cancer control endeavours focus on national screening programmes but these do not include communications or interventions for risk reduction.
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of delivery, indicative effects and acceptability of a lifestyle intervention programme initiated within the NHS Scottish Breast Screening Programme (NHSSBSP).
A 1:1 randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the 3 month ActWell programme (focussing on body weight, physical activity and alcohol) versus usual care conducted in two NHSSBSP sites between June 2013 and January 2014. Feasibility assessments included recruitment, retention, and fidelity to protocol. Indicative outcomes were measured at baseline and 3 month follow-up (body weight, waist circumference, eating and alcohol habits and physical activity). At study end, a questionnaire assessed participant satisfaction and qualitative interviews elicited women's, coaches, and radiographers' experiences. Statistical analysis used Chi squared tests for comparisons in proportions and paired t tests for comparisons of means. Linear regression analyses were performed, adjusted for baseline values, with group allocation as a fixed effect.
A pre-set recruitment target of 80 women was achieved within 12 weeks and 65 (81%) participants (29 intervention, 36 control) completed 3 month assessments. Mean age was 58 ± 5.6 years, mean BMI was 29.2 ± 7.0 kg/m2 and many (44%) reported a family history of breast cancer.
The primary analysis (baseline body weight adjusted) showed a significant between group difference favouring the intervention group of 2.04 kg (95% CI −3.24 kg to −0.85 kg). Significant, favourable between group differences were also detected for BMI, waist circumference, physical activity and sitting time. Women rated the programme highly and 70% said they would recommend it to others.
Recruitment, retention, indicative results and participant acceptability support the development of a definitive RCT to measure long term effects.
Trial registration
The trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials (ISRCTN56223933).
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0156-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Breast cancer; Physical activity; Body weight; Alcohol; Sedentary time
Related Articles
Social inequalities in young children's sports participation and outdoor play
Wijtzes, Anne I
Jansen, Wilma
Bouthoorn, Selma H
Pot, Niek
Hofman, Albert
Jaddoe, Vincent W V
Raat, Hein
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Research on social inequalities in sports participation and unstructured physical activity among young children is scarce. This study aimed to assess the associations of family socioeconomic position (SEP) and ethnic background with children's sports participation and outdoor play.
We analyzed data from 4726 ethnically diverse 6-year-old children participating in the Generation R Study. Variables were assessed by parent-reported questionnaires when the child was 6 years old. Low level of outdoor play was defined as outdoor play <1 hour per day. Series of multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations of family SEP and ethnic background with children's sports participation and outdoor play.
Socioeconomic inequalities in children's sports participation were found when using maternal educational level (p < 0.05), paternal educational level (p < 0.05), maternal employment status (p < 0.05), and household income (p < 0.05) as family SEP indicator (less sports participation among low SEP children). Socioeconomic inequalities in children's outdoor play were found when using household income only (p < 0.05) (more often outdoor play <1 hour per day among children from low income household). All ethnic minority children were significantly more likely to not to participate in sports and play outdoor <1 hour per day compared with native Dutch children. Adjustment for family SEP attenuated associations considerably, especially with respect to sports participation.
Low SEP children and ethnic minority children are more likely not to participate in sports and more likely to display low levels of outdoor play compared with high SEP children and native Dutch children, respectively. In order to design effective interventions, further research, including qualitative studies, is needed to explore more in detail the pathways relating family SEP and ethnic background to children's sports participation and outdoor play.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0155-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Socioeconomic; Ethnic; Sports; Outdoor play; Inequalities; Physical activity
Related Articles
Moderators of the longitudinal relationship between the perceived physical environment and outside play in children: the KOALA birth cohort study
Remmers, Teun
Van Kann, Dave
Gubbels, Jessica
Schmidt, Swantje
de Vries, Sanne
Ettema, Dick
Kremers, Stef PJ
Thijs, Carel
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Promoting unstructured outside play is a promising vehicle to increase children's physical activity (PA). This study investigates if factors of the social environment moderate the relationship between the perceived physical environment and outside play.
Study design
1875 parents from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study reported on their child's outside play around age five years, and 1516 parents around age seven years. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to evaluate (moderating) relationships among factors of the social environment (parenting influences and social capital), the perceived physical environment, and outside play at age five and seven. Season was entered as a random factor in these analyses.
Accessibility of PA facilities, positive parental attitude towards PA and social capital were associated with more outside play, while parental concern and restriction of screen time were related with less outside play. We found two significant interactions; both involving parent perceived responsibility towards child PA participation.
Although we found a limited number of interactions, this study demonstrated that the impact of the perceived physical environment may differ across levels of parent responsibility.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0150-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Moderation; Interaction; Perceived physical environment; Physical activity; Parenting; Social environment
Related Articles
Uptake and factors that influence the use of 'sit less, move more' occupational intervention strategies in Spanish office employees
Bort-Roig, Judit
Martin, Montserrat
Puig-Ribera, Anna
González-Suárez, Ángel Manuel
Martínez-Lemos, Iván
Martori, Joan Carles
Gilson, Nicholas D
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Little is known about the types of 'sit less, move more' strategies that appeal to office employees, or what factors influence their use. This study assessed the uptake of strategies in Spanish university office employees engaged in an intervention, and those factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake.
The study used a mixed method design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics and administrators (n = 12; 44 ± 12 mean SD age; 6 women) at three points across the five-month intervention, and data used to identify factors that influenced the uptake of strategies. Employees who finished the intervention then completed a survey rating (n = 88; 42 ± 8 mean SD age; 51 women) the extent to which strategies were used [never (1) to usually (4)]; additional survey items (generated from interviewee data) rated the impact of factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake [no influence (1) to very strong influence (4)]. Survey score distributions and averages were calculated and findings triangulated with interview data.
Relative to baseline, 67% of the sample increased step counts post intervention (n = 59); 60% decreased occupational sitting (n = 53). 'Active work tasks' and 'increases in walking intensity' were the strategies most frequently used by employees (89% and 94% sometimes or usually utilised these strategies); 'walk-talk meetings' and 'lunchtime walking groups' were the least used (80% and 96% hardly ever or never utilised these strategies). 'Sitting time and step count logging' was the most important enabler of behaviour change (mean survey score of 3.1 ± 0.8); interviewees highlighted the motivational value of being able to view logged data through visual graphics in a dedicated website, and gain feedback on progress against set goals. 'Screen based work' (mean survey score of 3.2 ± 0.8) was the most significant barrier limiting the uptake of strategies. Inherent time pressures and cultural norms that dictated sedentary work practices limited the adoption of 'walk-talk meetings' and 'lunch time walking groups'.
The findings provide practical insights into which strategies and influences practitioners need to target to maximise the impact of 'sit less, move more' occupational intervention strategies.
Workplace; Occupational sitting; Sedentary behaviour; Walking; Multi-method study; Employee experiences
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A Noise Within's THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST Begins 9/21
by BWW News Desk - Sep 9, 2014
A Noise Within (ANW), the acclaimed classical repertory theatre company, continues its 2014-2015 REVOLUTIONary season with The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, which opens on Saturday, September 27 and runs through Saturday, November 22, 2014. Directed by five-time L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award-winner Michael Michetti, this is the second production of The Importance of Being Earnest for A Noise Within, which mounted the play originally in their 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons. (more...)
David Homan Releases THE BOOK OF ESTHER
by BWW News Desk - Sep 9, 2014
David Homan, a New York City-based contemporary composer/pianist, releases an ambitious 11 movement CD/DVD entitled The Book of Esther - a two-part work based on Jewish history. Originally scored as a ballet for the Ariel Rivka Dance company, the Book of Esther lyrically depicts the Biblical story of Purim, as seen through the lens of feminism, women's empowerment and two brave, strong female characters. (more...)
MCNIVEN is Released
by BWW News Desk - Sep 24, 2014
BRISBANE, Australia (more...)
BWW Reviews: Rogue Machine Mounts a Strong COCK
by Gil Kaan - Sep 15, 2014
All the elements on this Rogue Machine production perfectly come together, much like a successful recipe for the delicious cheesecake presented for dessert near The Climax of Cock. (more...)
North American Scum to Bring LCD Soundsystem Tribute to Fox Theatre, 12/5
by BWW News Desk - Sep 12, 2014
Z2 Entertainment will present North American Scum Present The Music of LCD Soundsystem with Falcon Punch at the Fox Theatre on Friday, December 5th, 2014. Tickets are on sale Friday, September 12th at noon for $10.00 in advance or $12.00 day of show. (more...)
BWW Recap: FOREVER Investigates the Art of Murder
by Meg Wood - Oct 8, 2014
Tonight's episode starts with a scene that could have come right out of an Agatha Christie novel. An opulent party at a ritzy museum. The glitter of gowns. The shimmer of champagne. Magnificent objects of art all around. The venom of a vicious old woman as she belittles the city's elite. But this is no ordinary old woman; this is Gloria Carlisle, a blue-blooded billionairess and matriarch of the most prominent family of Manhattan. So everyone, from the mayor down to the curator of the museum, is more than willing to stomach her nastiness. Except, of course, for the person who murdered Gloria on the elegant marble staircase. (more...)
QNEK's WAIT UNTIL DARK Begins 10/10 at Haskell Opera House
by BWW News Desk - Oct 3, 2014
QNEK Productions, the Award-Winning International Theatre Company in Residence at the Haskell Opera house, finishes its 21st Mainstage Season with the highly entertaining and suspenseful thriller, Wait Until Dark, directed and designed by Susan-Lynn Johns with a set built under the guidance of Tom Rooney by the North Country Union High School Building Trades class. (more...)
Review Roundup: DISGRACED Opens on Broadway - All the Reviews!
by Review Roundups - Oct 23, 2014
The Pulitzer Prize winning play Disgraced by Ayad Akhtar makes its Broadway premiere tonight, October 23, starring Hari Dhillon (star of the acclaimed London's Bush Theatre production), Gretchen Mol ('Boardwalk Empire'), Karen Pittman (Domesticated) and Josh Radnor ('How I Met Your Mother'). Let's see what the critics had to say... (more...)
BWW Reviews: GOOD TELEVISION with Ashton and Abster Productions
by Chris Arneson - Oct 22, 2014
It's so easy to get wrapped up in the scripted formula of America's reality television shows, you forget there's actual reality taking place, at least to some extent. (more...)
The House of International Media to Release Hindi Film NAMO ADI SHANKARA
by Movies News Desk - Oct 16, 2014
NAMO ADI SHANKARA is a full length feature film originally made in Telugu by Producers Nara Jayasridevi and Vijay Mallampati from Global Peace Creators. The film directed by South Indian Veteran Writer/Director J K Baravi is now releasing in its Hindi dubbed version in the USA on October 17, 2014. (more...)
BWW Reviews: SET's RATTLESNAKES Strikes Fast, Then Slows Down
by Christi Esterle - Oct 10, 2014
QNEK's WAIT UNTIL DARK Begins Tonight at Haskell Opera House
by BWW News Desk - Oct 10, 2014
QNEK Productions, the Award-Winning International Theatre Company in Residence at the Haskell Opera house, finishes its 21st Mainstage Season with the highly entertaining and suspenseful thriller, Wait Until Dark, directed and designed by Susan-Lynn Johns with a set built under the guidance of Tom Rooney by the North Country Union High School Building Trades class. (more...)
Aeolus Quartet Sets New Season
by BWW News Desk - Oct 1, 2014
Named for the Greek god Aeolus, who governed the four winds, the Aeolus Quartet breezes into an exciting new season, with a busy schedule across the US, including several residencies, and a tour of South Korea. Their second and final season as Graduate Resident String Quartet at the Juilliard School culminates in a concert called Death and Transfiguration featuring music by Schubert, Schoenberg and a world premiere by Douglas Boyce at Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center on May 4, 2015. (more...)
BWW Recap: Turkey on Turkey on Turkey on a MODERN FAMILY Thanksgiving
by Matt Smith - Nov 20, 2014
It's the MODFAM Thanksgiving episode, and, as expected, there's a whole lot of turkeys present this week (three to be exact). Luckily, this episode wasn't one of them. :-) As I said on Halloween, generally, holiday episodes that continuously repeat holidays well into their run (like, six seasons in) may grow stale, as the holiday doesn't change and in a show's sixth season, creators may find less original storylines that haven't already been used up, say, last Thanksgiving. But, not the case with MODERN FAMILY, who, in their give or take sixth seasonal outing, gives us an original and hilarious storyline, that, again, was anything but a turkey. The episode provided a nice balance of Thanksgiving-centered stories and mixed them in with stories that didn't have to do with the holiday, but still seamlessly bled into those storylines that's why the writing on this show is sooooo genius! (Okay anyone have a count on how many times I've said that?!) (more...)
BWW Reviews: A PUBLIC READING OF AN UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY ABOUT THE DEATH OF WALT DISNEY Creates a Magical Journey at Wilbury
by Robert Barossi - Nov 16, 2014
Celebrities, famous folks and iconic figures are often enigmatic, especially those who lived in bygone days, long before the internet and social media. To most of us, they are a mystery. From their exalted and distant perches far above the ordinary, average citizen, they alter and impact our lives. At the same time, they remain shrouded in secrecy, their true lives unknown or unrevealed. This can be said of the famous figure at the center of Wilbury Group's second play fo the season, A Public Readng of an Unproduced Screenplay About the Death of Walt Disney. You may think you know something about the man behind the mouse, as he's sometimes referred. On the other hand, this play sets out to offer a different view, one that's decidedly darker. (more...)
Megan Hilty & More Set for Transcendence Theatre Company's 2015 Season
by BWW News Desk - May 5, 2015
Transcendence Theatre Company announced their 2015 season of spectacular outdoor Broadway concerts in Sonoma Wine Country running June 19 through September 13 featuring Broadway Under the Stars in Jack London State Historic Park and the Transcendence Artist Series in various locations throughout Sonoma Valley. Transcendence Theatre Company, named by USA Today's 10BEST as the #2 'Outdoor Concert Venue You Shouldn't Miss' in the United States, was chosen as "Theater of the Year" for the second consecutive year by Broadway World San Francisco. (more...)
CHANGING SHADOWS is Released
by BWW News Desk - May 26, 2015
BWW Reviews: THRILL ME, Old Rep Theatre Birmingham, May 22 2015
by Jenny Antill - May 23, 2015
Nominated for seven 'Offies' and 'Best Off West End Production' at the 2012 Whatsonstage Awards, Climar Productions' 2011 production of Thrill Me: The Leopold & Loeb Story moved to the Charing Cross Theatre for a very successful run before being revived in 2014 for the Edinburgh Fringe where it won the Bobby Award for 'Best Production'. By special arrangement with Samuel French, the show is now in the middle of a UK tour. (more...)
Gleams Theatre to Bring WHERE WERE YOU WHEN I WAS COMING? to Montreal Fringe Festival
by BWW News Desk - May 22, 2015
Gleams Theatre is excited to present the Canadian premiere of Where Were You When I Was Coming? Written by C. S. Hanson and directed by Ira Sokolova, the show will be part of the 25th edition of the Montreal St-Ambroise Fringe Festival from June 13-21, at Espace 4001 Space. Where Were You When I Was Coming? was first produced in Canada by Gleams Theatre last December as the inaugural show of the theatre company's new venture, Hotel Theatre. Sokolova, Gleams Theatre artistic director, is honoured that the NYC playwright is looking forward to attending shows on Wednesday, June 17 and Thursday, June 18. (more...)
BWW Reviews: Pandora's Delightful YANK! Closes Out 2014-2015 Season
by Todd Zeigler - May 20, 2015
An uneven but entertaining production pulls off a retro charm while asking difficult questions that still resonate today. (more...)
BWW Reviews: Handa Opera On Sydney Harbour's AIDA Combines The Timeless Story of Love and War With The Sydney Skyline
by Jade Kops - Mar 28, 2015
Giuseppe Verdi's AIDA, written to open the Khedivial Opera House in Egypt in 1871, proves its timelessness as Director Gale Edwards blends old and new worlds on the waterfront stage. With a 18meter tall partial ruins of the head of Nefertiti towering over Farm Cove, the original setting in Egypt has been retained but the line between classical and modern Egypt is blurred as ancient religion and traditional costumes sit alongside futuristic soldiers and military officers reminiscent of European World War I and World War II strategists. (more...)
BWW Reviews: Fiery Operatic Drama Unfolds in New Production of THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA at Shea's Buffalo Theatre
by Michael Rabice - Mar 22, 2015
2015 brings a lavish new production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's 'The Phantom of The Opera' that opened at Shea's Buffalo Theatre on Wednesday and it has received glorious new sets by Paul Brown, while retaining most of Maria Bjornson's Tony Award winning costume designs. (more...)
Review Roundup: THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME Opens at Paper Mill - UPDATED!
by Review Roundups - Mar 18, 2015
Paper Mill Playhouse presents The Hunchback of Notre Dame (which first played to rave reviews in La Jolla). The production opened last night, March 15. Inspired by the classic Victor Hugo novel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame has a book byPeter Parnell, music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is directed by Scott Schwartz and choreographed by Chase Brock. Let's see what the critics had to say... (more...)
Creature Technology Company's Lady Liberty Makes Debut in Radio City's NEW YORK SPRING SPECTACULAR This Week
by BWW News Desk - Mar 10, 2015
Australia's The Creature Technology Company, creators of some of the world's most technologically sophisticated, creatively inspired and life-like animatronic creatures for arena spectaculars, theme parks, exhibitions, stage shows and events, has designed and created a 26 foot high animatronic puppet of the Statue of Liberty for the NEW YORK SPRING SPECTACULAR presented by Chase, starring the world-famous Rockettes, and debuting this week at Radio City Music Hall. (more...)
BWW Reviews: Into the Home of Happy Medium Theatre's DYING CITY
by Alex Lonati - Jun 24, 2015
Happy Medium's production of DYING CITY by Christopher Shinn was the first hyper realistic piece I've seen in the private home of those performing. (more...)
Adelaide Cabaret Festival farewells Barry Humphries and welcomes two new Artistic Directors
by BWW News Desk - Jun 21, 2015
In the final night of Adelaide Cabaret Festival 2015, Artistic Director Barry Humphries took to the stage to announce he is handing over the role of Artistic Director to the creative talents of Ali McGregor and Eddie Perfect, who will be co-Artistic Directors for the Festival in 2016 and 2017. (more...)
New Jersey Symphony Orchestra Announces Composers of 2015 NJSO Edward T. Cone Composition Institute
by TV News Desk - Jun 18, 2015
The New Jersey Symphony Orchestra announces the four composers of the 2015 NJSO Edward T. Cone Composition Institute, a multi-faceted program that promotes new music and emerging composers. (more...)
BWW Reviews: The Royal Ballet Triumphs at the Kennedy Center with Carlos Acosta's Don Quixote
by Frances Steiner - Jun 15, 2015
Marius Petipa first staged Don Quixote for the Imperial Bolshoi Theater in 1869 to great acclaim, and it immediately entered the ballet canon. Almost every ballet enthusiast has seen a version of this work--new productions run the risk of seeming stale and mundane. This general familiarity made The Royal Ballet's decision to open its American tour with the U.S. premiere of Carlos Acosta's Don Quixote daring. The gambit paid off, however, as this production proved to be a fresh take on an old warhorse. (more...)
Trevor Nunn to Stage THE WARS OF THE ROSES at Rose Theatre Kingston
by BWW News Desk - Jun 11, 2015
Rose Theatre Kingston today announces its most ambitious project to date - this autumn the Rose stage will be transformed into a battlefield for The Wars of the Roses, a gripping adaptation of four of Shakespeare's history plays, directed by Trevor Nunn. The productions will play in rep from 16 September until 31 October, with press performances for all three plays on 3 October. (more...)
Biography by Cindy Safronoff to be Released July 4 Explores an 1870s...
by BWW News Desk - Jul 1, 2015
BWW Previews: SNARKY SIDEKICK A New Webseries by Matthew Starr
by Marina Kennedy - Jan 29, 2015
The live action component of Matthew Starr's new webseries, Snarky Sidekick had a premiere live action event on January 25th at UCB East in New York City. Snarky Sidekick is currently online for viewing. (more...)
PBS to Present NOVA New Series BUILDING WONDERS: Engineering Mysteries of the Ancient World
by TV News Desk - Jan 14, 2015
Fascinating engineering mysteries of three of the world's most magnificent historic sites ? investigated on NOVA's upcoming three-part series, BUILDING WONDERS (Feb 11-25, 2015 on PBS). (more...)
SOUND OFF: Land Ho! GALAVANT Sails, Sings & Zings In Its Second Week
by Pat Cerasaro - Jan 11, 2015
Today we are recounting the highlights of the second hour of new episodes of ABC's new musical comedy series GALAVANT. (more...)
Shakespeare Uncovered Preview: ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA with Kim Cattrall
by Ellen Dostal - Feb 9, 2015
Next on Shakespeare Uncovered, Kim Cattrall goes back 2000 years to explore the epic love story between a Roman General and an Egyptian Queen, two of the most powerful people in the world. She says theirs was an almost sadistic love affair and although she has played Cleopatra twice, she still has questions about the woman. (more...)
BWW Reviews: Madhorse Theatre Mounts Edgy Lindsay-Abaire Comedy
by Carla Maria Verdino-Süllwold - Feb 7, 2015
South Portland's Madhorse Theatre Company has chosen to mount Kimberly Akimbo, an edgy, quirky, wrenching comedy by David Lindsay-Abaire, as their second offering of the season. The five-character tale of a teenager's coming to terms with a strange disease that has caused her to age prematurely, with her damaged and dysfunctional New Jersey family, and with the pangs of first love is etched with colorful characters and occasionally brilliant dialogue and is given a sensitive production by director Nathan Speckman. (more...)
BWW Interviews: Davy Raphaely for A LIFE IN THE THEATRE
by Hannah Menchhoff - Feb 3, 2015
The actor in Walnut Street Theatre's A LIFE IN THE THEATRE discusses why acting is similar to other jobs but unlike most. (more...)
BWW Reviews: KILL ME NOW, Park Theatre, February 24 2015
by Kate Finburg - Feb 25, 2015
Greg Wise returns to the stage after 17 years in Brad Fraser's 'Kill Me Now'. (more...)
BWW Interviews: DON'T DRESS FOR DINNER to Open 2015 Season at the Old Opera House
by Johnna Leary - Feb 2, 2015
With Valentines Day quickly approaching, a comedy about a romantic dinner sounds perfect. Add in mistaken identities, sexual humor and some surprise plot twists, and you find the perfect date night in the comedy Don't Dress for Dinner, premiering this Friday to open the 2015 season at the Old Opera House. Directed by Steven Brewer, Don't Dress for Dinner is fast-paced farce set in the charming French countryside. Bernard is planning a romantic weekend with his mistress while his wife, Jacqueline, is away. He invites his best friend, Robert, over for a fool-proof alibi. But, as it turns out, Robert is actually Jacqueline's lover, Jacqueline decides not to leave after all, Bernard's mistress must now pretend to be the cook and everyone's alibi is altered as Bernard and Robert try to talk their way out of a relationship mess! (more...)
BWW Reviews: PIPPIN is High Flying Fun
by Kristen Hirsch Montag - Feb 19, 2015
Tony Award-winning PIPPIN is an acrobatic, twisty, flying, leaping, twirling revival that wowed the Orpheum Theatre crowd in Minneapolis and provides thoughtful insight into the thing called life. (more...)
BWW Reviews: ADELAIDE FRINGE 2015: BLOOD AT THE ROOT Shows How Little Racial Tension Has Eased In America
by Barry Lenny - Feb 16, 2015
A dramatisation of the true story of the Jena Six, black teenasgers jailed for attempted murder after beating up a white student (more...)
Oceanview Publishing Releases AFTER THE FALL
by BWW News Desk - Dec 8, 2014
Longboat Key, FL (more...)
North American Scum Brings LCD Soundsystem Tribute to Fox Theatre Tonight
by BWW News Desk - Dec 5, 2014
Z2 Entertainment will present North American Scum Present The Music of LCD Soundsystem with Falcon Punch at the Fox Theatre tonight, December 5th, 2014. (more...)
This January at Bookworks Includes a News Year's Day Sale, Adam James Jones, Zach Kluckman and More
by BWW News Desk - Dec 31, 2014
This January at Bookworks includes a News Year's Day Sale, Adam James Jones, Zach Kluckman and more. For more information, please visit bkwrks.com/event (more...)
BWW Reviews: ELLINGTON AT CHRISTMAS Brings Holiday Charm to Harlem's Apollo Theater
by Aaron Fallon - Dec 23, 2014
At the Apollo Theater in Harlem, the arrival of the holiday season is marked by 'Holidays at the Apollo,' which this year includes 'Ellington at Christmas,' a two-act offering of Ellington's 'Nutcracker Suite' and portions of his 'Sacred Music Concerts.' We're re-gifted these Ellington holiday classics in an enjoyable, if not completely flawless performance by Ellington expert David Berger and his Jazz Orchestra, featuring students from the Dance Theater of Harlem School and the Arts High School Advanced Choir of Newark, as well as solos by baritone Norm Lewis, sopranos Lizz Wright and Priscilla Baskerville, and tap virtuoso Jason Samuels Smith. (more...)
BWW Review: INTO THE WOODS is a Phenomenal Adaptation of the Classic Stephen Sondheim Musical
by Alan Henry - Dec 19, 2014
It's no surprise Walt Disney Pictures has decided to bank on the popularity of the movie musical following the box office success of Les Miserables - what is a surprise is how successfully they've done so. Their first foray into the live-action movie musical, Into the Woods is everything you'd want from a movie musical - but doesn't compromise any of the brilliance of the original even if some modifications were made to fit the medium. (more...)
GREY GARDENS, SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE & More Set for Custom Made Theatre's 2014-15 Season
by BWW News Desk - Aug 11, 2014
Custom Made Theatre announces its 2014-2015 season. The award-winning company will stage six exciting works, opening with the Bay Area premiere of Eric Simonson's adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse- Five, or The Children's Crusade and closing the season with Grey Gardens: The Musical. Two of the shows are Bay Area Premieres and one, Plautus's The Braggart Soldier, or Major Blowhard, adapted and directed by Evren Odcikin, is a World Premiere. (more...)
BWW Reviews: THE FIRE AND THE RAIN Blossoms at Constellation Theatre
by Andrew White - Apr 29, 2015
Indian playwright Girish Karnad's play 'The Fire and the Rain' is now receiving a spectacular North American premiere at Constellation Theatre. In the grand tradition of Greek tragedy, Karnad has taken a chapter from the Mahabharata's long saga and given it his own personal stamp. And as directed by Allison Arkell Stockman you are guaranteed a fascinating spectacle that, although complex, can be truly rewarding. (more...)
CWC Obtains Audio Rights for Barclays Premier League Football in the Caribbean for 2015/16 Season
by BWW News Desk - Apr 29, 2015
BWW Reviews: Theatreworks Spins Tall Tales With THE LIAR
by Christi Esterle - Apr 25, 2015
Caught somewhere between classical and modern modes, The Liar is a truly entertaining evening. (more...)
Henry Musenge Announces CHANGING SHADOWS
by BWW News Desk - Apr 22, 2015
LUSAKA, Zambia (more...)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Brandi Jewett, Forum News Service, Published May 28 2013
Rhombus Guys a potential buyer for historic downtown Grand Forks opera house
The building's owner, development firm Oriental Avenue LLP, is in the middle of negotiating a sale with Rhombus House of Pizza, the company behind Rhombus Guys pizzerias in Grand Forks, Fargo and Mentor, Minn.
"We've gotten a few offers over the years, and when they make sense we follow up on them," said Lonnie Laffen, a partner in Oriental Avenue.
The building, located at 116 S. Third St., was built in 1890 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The structure and accompanying lot are valued at $1.2 million, according to county records.
Laffen said he didn't know what Rhombus Guys owners Matt Winjum and Arron Hendricks had in store for the building's lower level — its only remaining empty space. Winjum and Hendricks could not be reached for comment Friday.
If the sale does close, the new owners would be setting up in a renovated building.
The opera house was severely damaged during the 1997 flood and was under threat of being torn down. Oriental Avenue stepped in, purchasing and renovating the structure, Laffen said.
"We saved it," he said. "We thought it was an awesome old building."
The building now features 21 luxury apartments on its upper two levels, but the 5,000-square-foot first floor has remained vacant.
Some of the opera house's renovations were accomplished using a Community Development Block Grant disaster assistance loan issued by the city. The loan funds are provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The loan would be transferred to Rhombus Guys if purchase is completed. The $600,000 loan is forgivable, with $20,000 forgiven annually if the owner remains in compliance with loan terms until the balance reaches zero in 2035. Its current balance is $440,000.
The transfer must be approved by the City Council. It will be discussed by the council's finance committee Tuesday evening, which will make a recommendation to the entire council.
Previous offer
Tuesday's meeting will mark the second time this year Oriental Avenue and a potential buyer have come before the council.
Dan Sampson, owner of Omega Properties in Grand Forks, offered to buy the property in January. He told the finance committee he would pay full price for the property if the loan were forgiven, otherwise he wasn't sure the deal would work for him and the seller.
The committee recommended the city forgive the loan if the sale went through. At the following council meeting, council member Doug Christensen said the committee didn't have all the information it needed on the deal, but moved it forward so the full council could discuss it.
The decision to forgive the loan was tabled indefinitely because of uncertainty about the outcome of forgiving the loan rather transferring it.
Rhombus Guys has not asked that the loan be forgiven as part of the sale, according to a city staff report.
Call Jewett at (701) 780-1108; (800) 477-6572, ext. 1108; or send email to email@example.com.


text:
Printable Area
"This is a somewhat simplified recipe from a great vegan website, http://ohsheglows.com/. It tastes amazing, with very little effort! Add in some vegan ground round, and you've got cheeseburger sauce for macaroni. We did that, and added frozen veggies, too. Awesome instant supper."
Serving Size: 1 (106 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 1


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