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13th Annual Sugar Creek Opera
The Magic Flute by Wolfgang Mozart. An opera in two acts and will be performed in English. A celebration of true love conquering all.
Old Mill Fall Fest
This event gives the public a chance to see the 70 foot Mill which was built in 1872 and view the unique construction inside on the first two floors. Participants will be demonstrating all old time crafts.
Iroquois County 4-H & Agricultural Fair
Featuring horse and pony shows, fair queen contest, demo derby, tractor rides, tractor pull, talent show, entertainment. Held at the fairgrounds.
Will County Fair
Our local fair includes livestock as well as arts & crafts judging. With a free Family entertainment tent, a carnival, food, grandstand entertainment & commercial exhibits and a beer tent.
The Bennett - Curtis House
Dine in an 18-room mansion built in 1900. Beautifully furnished and decorated with antiques. The tables are set with fine silver, elegant crystal and china. If you are looking for a unique and historical setting for your wedding ceremony, reception, dinner party, shower or your next event, The Bennett-Curtis House is it.
CITY:Grant Park
Howard Johnson - Manteno
54 guest rooms with complimentary continental breakfast, indoor pool, and free high-speed internet. Packages are available.
Watseka Motel
26 rooms, some with kitchenettes. Handicap rooms, pet friendly.
Washington Skate Park
Launch off a ramp and go airborne at the area's only skate park! It is an unsupervised skate at your own risk park.
Super 8 Motel - Watseka
42 rooms, large truck parking available. Nice hotel. Meeting room accommodates 50. Handicap rooms, pet friendly.
Momence Gladiolus Festival
On the agenda for the Gladiolus Festival are the Coronation of the Princess and Queen, plus numerous parades, carnival and giant flea, swap, and craft market.
Willowhaven Interpretive Center
Whispering Willows Park at Willowhaven Interpretive Center features open prairies, wetlands, interpretive gardens and 1.5 miles of limestone trails surrounding two scenic ponds. All trails begin and end at the Willowhaven Interpretive Center scenic outlook.
Fairfield Inn
Start your day off with deluxe complimentary continental breakfast with fresh Belgian waffles, hot freshly brewed coffee, fresh breads and pastries, milk, juice, hot and cold cereals and more. Relax at the end of the day or have fun with your family in our indoor pool and spa.
The Princess Cafe
Fine dining specializing in prime steaks and fresh seafood.
Reed's Canoe Trips
Reed's Canoe offers three trips ranging in length from 2 to 6 hours, and are suitable for new and experienced canoeists.
Bull's Pit Smoked Barbeque
A mouth watering treat, you'll want to come back for more. Rubs and sauces are made from scratch.
Lake Alexander
Campsites are located on the banks of the lake in the birch trees, in the meadow nestled among the oaks and maples, and along the Kankakee River. Entertainment is planned on weekends and holidays.
Hilton Garden Inn Kankakee
Hilton Garden Inn Kankakee is only minutes away from Kankakee River Road Park, Splash Valley Water Park, and Ice Valley Centre Ice Arena. There are also several golf courses as well as our beautiful Kankakee River State Park within only 10 miles of our facility. Our features at the Hilton Garden Inn Kankakee, Illinois include our full breakfast, dinner and evening room service in the Great American Grill. Also enjoy our complimentary workout facility and indoor heated pool and Jacuzzi.
The Razzano House
Uniquely private, the Razzano House is an architect designed home built by restauranteur and golfing professional Louis Razzano in 1952 to match the elegant period homes in the area. It is now a charming, comfortable guest home.
Quality Inn & Suites - Bradley
Located in the heart of The Kankakee River Valley. Just 50 minutes from Chicago. A full service hotel that offers a downtown atmosphere of elegance and luxury.
Casual, family-friendly dining, with signature pizzas, pasta and sandwiches being the focus of the menu. Jugs of GoomBa Red and GoomBa White table wine will be available. Bar area and adjacent pub room now feature high-top tables, big screen TVs and updated decor.
Family House Restaurant and Sport Bar
For more than twenty years, this family-owned restaurant has catered to family and casual dining enthusiasts. Full breakfast, lunch and dinner menus are accented with a sports bar and live entertainment.
Goodenow Grove Fall Fest
An estimated 3,500 guests attended Goodenow Grove Fall Fest in Beecher in 2014. This free, annual event features family-friendly fun including music, entertainment, pumpkin painting, a petting zoo, childrens activities and hayrack rides.
Country Inn and Suites - Manteno
With generous accommodations and located near Bradley, Bourbonnais, Olivet Nazarene University and Kankakee, this hotel is a hospitable place for all travelers. Convenient location, great service, affordability and comfortable hotel rooms. Located at Exit 322 off I-57 just minutes from the Bradley/Kankakee/Bourbonnais area and less than an 1 hour from downtown Chicago. Maximum 2 pets up to 40lbs each allowed.
Route 50 Motel
Welcome! At the Route 50 Motel you can easily find us after a long day of driving. We are located on the highway and easy to spot. We offer fresh coffee as well as an outdoor pool, cozy beds and all the necesities you need. 96 rooms. Outdoor pool. Free HBO and ESPN


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I have stayed in Westin for almost two weeks. Best place to stay in Guam having stayed two other hotels I feel comfortable to write this. Great breakfast buffet. Good Cafe, and very good location. Beach is safe and clean
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Starwood APAC, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Orbitz, Booking.com, Odigeo, EasyToBook, Agoda, HotelTravel.com and Expedia so you can book your The Westin Resort Guam reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- The Westin Resort Guam Hotel Tumon
- Westin Hotel Tumon
- Westin Tumon
- Tumon Westin
- The Westin Resort Guam South Pacific

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Particle Technology and Fluidization
The Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of PLGA-Microparticles Produced by the Emulsion Extraction Method
Article first published online: 20 DEC 2012
DOI: 10.1002/aic.13968
Copyright © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
AIChE Journal
Volume 59, Issue 6, pages 1868–1881, June 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kiss, N., Brenn, G., Suzzi, D., Scheler, S., Jennewein, H., Wieser, J. and Khinast, J. (2013), The Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of PLGA-Microparticles Produced by the Emulsion Extraction Method. AIChE J., 59: 1868–1881. doi: 10.1002/aic.13968
Publication History
- Issue published online: 21 MAY 2013
- Article first published online: 20 DEC 2012
- Accepted manuscript online: 14 NOV 2012 12:27PM EST
- Manuscript Revised: 12 OCT 2012
- Manuscript Received: 4 APR 2012
Funded by
- Austrian Federal Government in the framework of the COMET competence centre
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- particle technology;
- mathematical modeling;
- controlled release formulations;
- computational fluid dynamics
Controlled release poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for use as active pharmaceutical ingredient carriers were prepared by the emulsion extraction method. Particle formation experiments were carried out in a stirred vessel. The local flow conditions in these experiments, that is, local shear rates and dissipation rates, and the extraction rate of the organic solvent were examined by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The local flow conditions in the stirred tank reactor have a significant influence on the final properties, specific surface area, skeletal density, organic solvent content, and size of the microparticles. We determined nondimensional correlations for predicting these particle properties as functions of the process parameters as, for example, the stirrer speed, emulsion injection point, and oil droplet size in the initial emulsion. The results demonstrate that CFD simulations offer insight into the particle formation process for different batch sizes and provide a basis for scale-up and optimization of the process. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1868–1881, 2013


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The Oregon Christian bakery owners who refused to bake a cake for a same-sex wedding on the grounds that it would violate their religious convictions have been ordered to pay $135,000 in emotional damages, and have also been prohibited from speaking about standing up for their Christian beliefs.
'Homeless Jesus' Statue May Find Permanent Home in Indianapolis With Help of UMC Church, Charities
A church in Indiana has joined several charity organizations to raise money to purchase a "Homeless Jesus" statue for the state capital.
4 Myths About the Fourth of July
Below, in no particular order, are four myths surrounding Independence Day, the first of which being the actual day it is celebrated on.
Glenn Beck, Born-Again Mormon Christian, Defends Fellowship Church Pastor Ed Young Amid 'Attacks'
Radio host and television personality Glenn Beck has come to the defense of megachurch pastor Ed Young amid criticism over the Dallas, Texas, minister inviting Beck, a Mormon, to speak to his evangelical congregation.
Ken Ham's AIG Advances Lawsuit Against Kentucky Over Life-Size Noah's Ark; State Argues Biblical Ark Is a Tool for Evangelism
Ken Ham's Answers in Genesis group is continuing its lawsuit against the state of Kentucky, accusing it of violating First Amendment religious freedom rights by denying its Ark Encounter project participation in the state tax incentive program because of its insistence on religious preference in hiring workers. The state is arguing that the Noah's ark theme park would be an evangelism tool.
Ed Young's Megachurch Says Glenn Beck Is Headlining July 4 'Freedom Experience' Because He's an American Patriot Who Loves God
Glenn Beck, conservative radio host and television personality, is the featured guest at pastor Ed Young Jr.'s Texas megachurch over the July 4th weekend because Beck, long affiliated with the Mormon Church, "is a man who is undoubtedly an American patriot, loves this country, and has shown his love for God in many ways," according to a spokesman.
Donald Trump 'Fired' From Macy's, NBC, Univision Amid Controversial Remarks Saying Immigrants Are 'Killers and Rapists'
Macy's is the latest big-name company, following NBC Universal and Univision, to sever its relationship with billionaire businessman Donald Trump following the GOP presidential candidate's controversial remarks that immigrants from Mexico and other countries coming into the U.S. illegally are "killers and rapists."
Franklin Graham Says LGBT Rainbow-Colored White House Is 'Slap in the Face' of 'Millions of Americans;' White House Calls It 'Victory'
Evangelical leader Rev. Franklin Graham has said that President Barack Obama's decision to light up the White House with rainbow colors celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on same-sex marriage is a "slap in the face" of "millions of Americans" who did not agree with the decision.
Indiana Pot Church to Hold Weed-Less 'Worship Service' Amid Concerns of Arrest for Illegal Use of Marijuana
The First Church of Cannabis, a so-called religious group, says it will abstain from using marijuana during its opening worship service, according to it's leader, amid concerns that police might arrest those in attendance because pot is illegal in Indiana.
'God Will Have to Judge America' or 'Apologize to Sodom and Gomorrah' After SC Marriage Ruling, Says John Hagee
Outspoken San Antonio, Texas pastor John Hagee joked Tuesday that "God will have to judge America" or "apologize to Sodom and Gomorrah" after last week's U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.
Two Men Spit on Catholic Priest, Fr. Jonathan Morris at Gay Pride Parade After Supreme Court Ruling
Fox News contributor Father Jonathan Morris, who serves in the Archdiocese of New York, said two men spat on him during Sunday's NYC Pride parade in an unprovoked attack, following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on same-sex marriage.
Why Homosexuality Is Not Like Other Sins, DesiringGod Writer Explains
Homosexuality is one of the nine sins mentioned in 1 Corinthians with reference to the unrighteous who will not inherit the kingdom of God, but it is different from all the rest, writes an author on the desiringGod blog, explaining why this difference is even more pronounced today.
Franklin Graham Warns Christians to 'Be Prepared' for Persecution Following Supreme Court Marriage Ruling; 'It's Coming' and So Is 'God's Judgement Upon America'
Leading Evangelist Franklin Graham is warning Christians nationwide that they should be ready to face persecution if they wish to stand by the biblical definition of marriage following last Friday's U.S. Supreme Court ruling, which legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States.
Texas Pastor Explains He Didn't Mean to Set Himself on Fire Over Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Decision
Rick Scarborough, a former pastor from Texas, clarified Friday he did not mean to say he would self-immolate if the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage, but was referring to the faith and furnace incident recorded in the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament.
New Jersey Jury Rules Gay Therapy Group JONAH Is Guilty of Fraud; One Judge in Case Says Homosexuality Is OK, Not 'Abnormal or a Disorder'
A jury in New Jersey has found a conversion therapy group guilty of committing fraud over claim that it offers services that can change a person's sexual orientation.
Franklin Graham: Obama Leading America to Sinful Course; 'God Will Judge Him, Us if We Don't Repent'
President Obama is calling the Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage a "victory for America," but the Rev. Franklin Graham warns Obama is leading the nation on a sinful course and "God will judge him and us as a nation if we don't repent."
Young Evangelicals More Like Old Evangelicals Than Peers on Gay Marriage, Study Finds
A new survey, conducted after the U.S. Supreme Court decision legalizing gay marriage, reveals that young "practicing" Christians have more in common with their older counterparts on the issue of same-sex marriage than they do with their peers.
Lakewood Church Is Not 'True Religion,' Claim Six Men From Controversial Church Group Arrested for Heckling Pastor Joel Osteen at Sunday Service
The six men arrested on Sunday for heckling pastor Joel Osteen at his Lakewood Church in Houston appeared in court on Friday and now face trespassing charges. The defendants, who are members of a controversial East Texas church, said they heckled the pastor during the Sunday service because they don't believe Lakewood Church is practicing "true religion."
Polygamist Says 'It's About Marriage Equality;' Threatens Lawsuit Against Montana If Officials Deny Marriage to 2 Women Amid Supreme Court Ruling on Gay Unions
A Montana polygamist who was excommunicated from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints said earlier this week that he plans to file a lawsuit against the state if it denies his application for a marriage license with his second wife.
ISIS' Ramadan Attacks 'Shock the Decency' of Muslims, All Killing of Innocents Is 'Great Affront' to Islam,' Says Duke University's Islamic Studies Director
Duke University's Islamic Studies Center director says the "violent and savage attacks" being carried out by ISIS terrorists during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan "shocks the decency" of Muslims around the world, and all slaughter of innocent life is a "great affront" to the teachings of Islam.
Satanic Temple in Search of New Home for Baphomet Statue After Oklahoma Supreme Court Orders Removal of Ten Commandments From Capitol Grounds
The Satanic Temple is searching for a new home for its 9 foot Baphomet monument that was originally crafted to stand alongside a Ten Commandments statue on Oklahoma's capitol grounds after both were barred from the area by a state Supreme Court ruling on Tuesday.
Indiana Pastor Says Local Drug Dealers Have Joined Rally Against Indiana Marijuana Church
An Indiana pastor says local drug dealers have joined with his church to rally against the First Church of Cannabis, an organization dedicated to the recreational use of marijuana that recently purchased a building in their Eastside neighborhood.
Controversial Condom Portrait of Pope Benedict XVI Displayed by Milwaukee Art Museum, Catholics Call It 'Attack on Faith'
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Milwaukee Jerome Listecki has criticized a portrait of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI made out of 17,000 colored condoms and displayed at the Milwaukee Art Museum as an "attack on the faith." The museum is arguing that the portrait, called "Eggs Benedict," is only meant to spark a discussion about the pontiff's opposition to condoms as a method to battle AIDS.
Reza Aslan Hits Back at Atheists Richard Dawkins and Bill Maher, Says It's 'Idiotic' to Blame Religion for Terrorism
Controversial "Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth" author, Reza Aslan, has hit back against atheists Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and Bill Maher, who've blamed Islam and religion as a whole for violence and terrorism around the world, arguing that conflicts are much more complex than a single cause.
Satanic Temple's 'Unveiling' of Goat-Headed Statue Includes VIP Tickets for Photos of Guests Seated on Pagan Idol
The Satanic Temple is selling tickets "for a night of chaos, noise, and debauchery" to mark the official unveiling of its Baphomet monument next month in Detroit, Michigan. Organizers are also offering guests an "exclusive opportunity" to have their photo taken while seated on the pagan idol.
Pennsylvania Media Group Apologizes for Labeling Traditional Marriage Support as Hate Speech
A Pennsylvania publication that announced Friday they were banning nearly all columns that support traditional marriage has issued an apology over their decision.
Pregnant Grad Student Gives Pro-Lifers 3 Days to Donate $1 Million to Her Unborn Baby or Else She Will Have an Abortion
A website claiming to have been created by a 26-year-old pregnant woman, who intends to have an abortion on July 10, has issued a challenge to pro-life donors, stating that if they want to save her unborn baby's life, they must donate $1 million in three days through the website or else she will have the abortion.
Another Christian Family-Run Business Closing After Refusing to Host Gay Wedding
The Christian owners of a gift shop and bistro in Iowa, who were earlier charged with discrimination and had to pay for a settlement after refusing to hold a same-sex wedding at the venue, say they are now having to close down their business completely.


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My Aperture library is accessible on my iPad regardless of whether Aperture sharing is enabled in the PMS. Everything is the new version(s).
Is this a bug? If it's not how do I turn off this access - I don't want my Aperture library available on my iPad.
Aperture Sharing
Started by Jimmdean , Nov 05 2011 03:00 PM
No replies to this topic


text:
- Grouping and Descriptive Categories (236)
- Mac (236)
- Linux (221)
- Modern (133)
- Windows (131)
- Solaris (49)
Top Apps
- Audio & Video
- Business & Enterprise
- Communications
- Development
- Home & Education
- Games
- Graphics
- Science & Engineering
- Security & Utilities
- System Administration
Nagios is a powerful, enterprise-class host, service, application, and network monitoring program. Designed to be fast, flexible, and rock-solid stable. Nagios runs on *NIX hosts and can monitor Windows, Linux/Unix/BSD, Netware, and network devices.25,134 weekly downloads
Scrollout F1
An easy-to-use anti-spam email gateway345,006 weekly downloads
A graphical network simulator to design and configure virtual networks10,191 weekly downloads
RSS Owl | RSS / RDF / Atom Feed Reader
RSS Owl is a powerful application to organize, search and read feeds.1,847 weekly downloads
Zenoss Core - Enterprise IT Monitoring
Zenoss Core is today's premier, open-source IT monitoring solution. Using a single, web-based console and agentless technology, you can monitor and manage the performance and availability of all devices in your IT infrastructure (network, server, storage, applications, converged infrastructure, virtualization/cloud). The power of Zenoss Core begins with its in-depth IT inventory and configuration database. Zenoss creates this database by discovering managed resources -- networks, servers, storage, and other devices -- in your IT environment. Once Zenoss Core discovers the IT infrastructure, it automatically begins monitoring the performance of each device and provides event and fault management capabilities. These capabilities help drive IT operational efficiency and productivity by automating many of the monitoring, notification, alert, escalation, and remediation tasks you perform each day.1,375 weekly downloads
X Certificate and Key management is an interface for managing asymetric keys like RSA or DSA. It is intended as a small CA for creation and signing certificates. It uses the OpenSSL library for the cryptographic operations.944 weekly downloads
ZK - Simply Ajax and Mobile
Ajax+Mobile Java Web framework. With 200+ Ajax components and event-driven, Ajax/RIA apps are as effortless and rich as desktop apps and HTML/XUL pages. Support JSP/JSF/JavaEE/Spring, Ajax Push and Client-fusion; also Java/Groovy/Python/JavaScript.600 weekly downloads
Ngspice project aims to improve the spice3f5 circuit simulator.572 weekly downloads
phpipam open-source IP address management580 weekly downloads
Full-featured enterprise network management tool362 weekly downloads
Tracks usage of TCP/IP network subnets and builds html files with graphs to display utilization. Charts are built by individual ip. Color Codes HTTP, TCP,UDP, ICMP, VPN, P2P, etc. Click on the release notes icon for the latest release for more info.461 weekly downloads
OpenSearchServer search engine
An open source search engine with RESTFul API and crawlers275 weekly downloads
openCRX - Enterprise Class CRM
professional CRM and groupware service, ready for the cloud281 weekly downloads
SSLScan - Fast SSL Scanner
SSLScan queries SSL services, such as HTTPS, in order to determine the ciphers that are supported. SSLScan is designed to be easy, lean and fast. The output includes prefered ciphers of the SSL service, the certificate and is in Text and XML formats.311 weekly downloads
Anope IRC Services
Anope Services are built off of the original Epona code written by Lara which is built off of IRC Services. These services have advanced the original Epona code and include new features such as Modules, Mysql, and Defcon Mode.239 weekly downloads
IPMItool provides a simple command-line interface to IPMI-enabled devices through an IPMIv1.5 or IPMIv2.0 LAN interface or Linux/Solaris kernel driver.712 weekly downloads
openQRM - Cloud Computing Platform
This is for legacy releases only! Please see http://www.openqrm.com !177 weekly downloads
MiXiM is a simulator for wireless and mobile networks using the OMNeT++ simulation engine.178 weekly downloads
Chan-SCCP channel driver for Asterisk
Replacement for the SCCP channel driver in Asterisk. Extended features include Shared Lines, Presence / BLF, customizable Feature Buttons, and Custom Device State. Visit our discussion mailing list for help and join us as a developer if you like.103 weekly downloads
The Nemesis Project
The Nemesis Project is designed to be a command line based, portable human IP stack for UNIX-like and Windows systems. The suite is broken down by protocol, and should allow for useful scripting of injected packets from simple shell scripts.248 weekly downloads
phpMyBitTorrent - The BitTorrent Tracker
phpMyBitTorrent: BitTorrent Tracker written in PHP. Features include: hosting torrents from remote trackers, DHT, Compact Announce, alternate links (eD2K, Magnet), HTTP-Basic Authentication, Passkey Authentication, embedded HTML Editor, Mass-upload of to78 weekly downloads
bogofilter -- Fast Bayesian Spam Filter
Fast Bayesian spam filter along lines suggested by Paul Graham99 weekly downloads
LiVES is a Video Editing System. It is designed to be simple to use, y55 weekly downloads
ARP handler inspection42 weekly downloads
360-FAAR Firewall Analysis Audit Repair
360-FAAR Analyze FW1 Cisco Netscreen Policy Offline Using Config/Logs34 weekly downloads


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Important legal information about the email you will be sending. By using this service, you agree to input your real email address and only send it to people you know. It is a violation of law in some jurisdictions to falsely identify yourself in an email. All information you provide will be used by Fidelity solely for the purpose of sending the email on your behalf. The subject line of the email you send will be "Fidelity.com: "
The possibility of a Greek exit from the eurozone could drive volatility in the coming weeks.
Volatility strategies
When markets get choppy, it pays to have a plan for your investments, and to stick to it.
Consider international
Reasons why investors should revisit their portfolios' international stock exposure.
Giving that gives back
Charitable trusts can be a way to give, provide for your family, and help manage taxes.
Things are improving for U.S. consumers. That bodes well for U.S. economy and stocks.
U.S. stock valuations may not be as high as some think, says Jurrien Timmer. Read why.
Lower valuations and the prospect of higher rates could help some bank stocks.
Charts show the first rate increase has not typically been a showstopper for investors.
Weigh the pros and cons of the options to help you decide what makes sense for you.
Two strategies for cautious investors to help balance growth with protection of principal.
Discuss beneficiaries, accounts, location of important documents, and an emergency plan.
When children must file tax returns, how to help reduce taxes on investments, and more.
If it's a stock picker's market, S&P Capital IQ offers some candidates for consideration.
Consider cybersecurity, health care technology, energy, and agriculture companies.
Check out In the Money, a new publication for more investing ideas and strategies.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investing involves risk, including risk of loss.
Stock markets are volatile and can decline significantly in response to adverse issuer, political, regulatory, market, or economic developments.
In general, the bond market is volatile, and fixed income securities carry interest rate risk. (As interest rates rise, bond prices usually fall, and vice versa. This effect is usually more pronounced for longer-term securities.) Fixed income securities also carry inflation risk, liquidity risk, call risk, and credit and default risks for both issuers and counterparties. Unlike individual bonds, most bond funds do not have a maturity date, so holding them until maturity to avoid losses caused by price volatility is not possible.
Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, Member NYSE, SIPC, 900 Salem Street, Smithfield, RI 02917


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I need to have specific current time in my test case to test some scenarios in application. How to do that?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free.
Some gems do just that. I'd recommend you use timecop.
Other alternatives are listed on the ever reliable ruby-toolbox, in the "time warp" category.


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Written on: 01/10/2013
Arrived within a few days and was available through Tredz at the most competitive price.
Will do business again.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Review of Karrimor Mount Mid Ladies Walking Boots - removed! " Read More
" Summer Escapes 4ft Semi-Rigid Paddling Pool " Read More
Written by Lindsay86
" English Schools Athletics Association " Read More
" Good service provided by at the Hendon branch " Read More
Written by kumariyer25
" Great all round service " Read More


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Section Information Systems (IS)
Information on Job Openings
Several PostDoc positions in Process Mining/Data Science
Data science, and process mining in particular, is growing in importance. Therefore, we have several postdoc vacancies for people with a strong background in data mining, machine learning, process analytics, predictive analytics, or Big Data. Currently, we are looking for:
PostDocs working on Process Mining/Data Science
The AIS group is one of the leading groups in the exciting new field of process mining (www.processmining.org). Process mining techniques focus on process discovery (extracting process models from event logs), conformance checking (comparing normative models with the reality recorded in event logs), and extension (extending models based on event logs). The work resulted in the development of the ProM framework that is widely used in industry and serves as a platform for new process mining techniques used by research groups all over the globe. Moreover, many of the techniques developed in the context of ProM have been embedded in commercial tools. See also www.processmining.org.
The Data Science Centre Eindhoven (DSC/e) is TU/e's response to the growing volume and importance of data (http://www.tue.nl/dsce/). For example, in TU/e's Impulse program we collaborate with innovative organizations such as Perceptive Software and Philips on topics related to data science and process mining.
In the context of various research projects we are looking for several PostDocs working on process mining and related topics:
- We are looking for a PostDoc working on Big Data and process mining. Events are growing and detailed analysis based on formal and precise models is often infeasible without distribution or innovative mining approaches.
- We are looking for a PostDoc working on process mining and software analytics in the context of the 3TU.BSR project.
- New projects and topics might be added in the near future.
Two PhD positions on Data Science
Two PhD positions on Data Science in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at TU Eindhoven
|Department of Mathematics & Computer Science
|Graduate Programs
|Computer Science
|Institutes and others
|Data Science Center Eindhoven
|Date off
|Reference number
Full professor in Data Mining
The Data Science Center Eindhoven (DSC/e) is an initiative of the Eindhoven University of Technology to set up a world leading research and education program in data science. Currently seven Research Programs have been identified (RP1-RP7). These programs build upon twelve disciplines, Data Mining being one of them.
|Full Professor
|Department of Mathematics & Computer Science
|Institutes and others
|Data Science Center Eindhoven
|Date off
|Reference number
6 PhDs and 3 Postdocs in Software Analytics and Data Science for 3TU.BSR "Big Software on the Run" research program
In the context of the 3TU.BSR "Big Software on the Run" research program we are looking for 6 PhDs and 3 Postdocs interested in Software Analytics and Data Science.
Postdoc: Process Analytics for the European Data Science Academy
|(Post-doctoral) Researcher
|Department of Mathematics & Computer Science
|Institutes and others
|Data Science Center Eindhoven
|Date off
|Reference number
We invite PhD students who have a full scholarship and thus do not need any financial support from our university.
Anyone interested in joining the IS group is kindly invited to apply, with CV, to Prof. dr. Paul M.E. De Bra.


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An electrophotographic copier having selectable magnification of the document image includes controls for preventing initiation of a copy production cycle during an operation changing optical elements from an existing magnification to a desired other magnification, and conversely for preventing initiation of a magnification change operation during a copy production cycle.
1. An operation control device for use in a reproducing apparatus having a reproduction-projection mechanism together with drive means therefor, said mechanism being operable to form an image of a document, and including projectionmagnification changing means operable to vary the size of the image to be formed by the reproduction-projection mechanism, wherein the improvement comprises:
means for producing a first signal in response to completion of a projection-magnification changing operation,
a first circuit for actuating the drive means, said first circuit being closed in response to a signal from the signalproducing means,
a second signal-producing means indicating completion of an operation of the mechanism,
a second circuit for actuating the projection-magnification changing means, said second circuit being closed in response to completion of an operation by the reproduction-projection mechanism, and
a manual control and memory means associated with said first circuit, said memory means being settable to a discrete state indicative of an operation of the manual control and said changing means being actuated in response jointly to the discrete state of the memory means and the signal from said second signal-producing means,
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for reproduction of images of variable sizes comprises a further mechanism for selective change of image magnification by movement of optical elements, including a normally disconnected source of energy for actuating said further mechanism, and means for initiating a change of magnification said means producing a signal indicative of completion of said change is a first signal-producing means; the mechanism for reproduction-projection is cyclic and includes a second signal-producing means indicating completion of a reproduction cycle; and wherein said first circuit comprises a first AND gate having two inputs and an output, one of the two inputs being connected to the first signal-producing means, the other input being connected to said energy source, and the output being connected to said drive means; a second AND gate having two inputs and an output, one of the two inputs being connected to the initiating means, the other input being connected to said second signal-producing means, and the output being connected to means operable to connect said normally disconnected source of energy to said further mechanism in response to passage of a signal through said second AND gate.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said change in magnification is effected by movement of a discrete one of a pair of optical elements to an imaging position, and further including: a two-position, manually operable, bi-stable magnification selection switch and at least three flip-flops, a first one of said flip-flops being settable to a "one" state to effect a cycle of reproduction by the reproducing mechanism and resettable to a "zero" state in response to completion of the cycle, the second and third flip-flops being settable to a "one" state to drive reversibly the magnification change mechanism in a respective direction for said movement of a discrete one optical element, the setting of said second and third flip-flops occurring through respective two-input AND gates having the "zero" state of said first flip-flop as one input and an enabling electrical control as the other input through said two-position switch when located in a related one of said two positions, means operative in response to the entry of each optical element into imaging position and effective to reset the set one of the second and third flip-flops; a print switch; another two-input AND gate having the reset state of said second and third flip-flops in combination as one input and an activating electrical control through said print switch when closed as the other input, the output of said another AND gate being connected to said one flip-flop to effect the setting thereof in response to a signal passing through said another AND gate.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the optical elements are lenses.
5. In an electrophotographic reporduction apparatus having a reproducing cycle together with mechanism operable to change the magnification of the image to be formed in a reproducing cycle, the improvement comprising
drive means for the magnification-changing mechanism,
first signal-producing means responsive to completion of the operation of the mechanism,
second signal-producing means responsive to completion of the reproducing cycle,
a first conditionally-enabled control operable to activate said drive means,
a second conditionally-enabled manual control for initiating a reproducing cycle,
first means enabling said second manual control in response to a signal from said first signal-producing means, and
second means enabling said first manual control in response to a signal from said second signal-producing means,
whereby mutually exclusive operation of said magnification changing means and said reproduction mechanism is provided.
6. The aparatus defined in claim 5, further including at least one respective relay assoicated with each of said first and second manual controls, each said relay having normally closed contacts thereof forming part of said enabling means.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said drive means comprise a motor having a pair of terminals said first enabling means comprises a pair of relays, each having a normally closed contact and a normally open contact, the second manual control and the normally closed all being connected in series and each normally open contact being connected to a discrete one of the pair of terminals; and said second enabling means comprise a third relay having a normally closed contact connected in common to the normally open contacts of the pair of relays.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said change in magnification is effected by movement of a discrete one of a pair of optical elements into an imaging position, said motor provides a reversible drive, and said first manual control comprises a two-position, bi-stable switch energizing a discrete one of said pair of relays in response to transfer of the switch from one of said two positions to the other of the two positions, the motor drive being reversed thereby.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said third relay is energized in response to operation of said second manual control, said relays are provided with holding circuits and a corresponding one of said pair of relays is energized and closes said normally open contact thereof in response to transfer of said switch, the closure being maintained because of the relay holding circuit, but being ineffective when said third relay is energized, said normally closed contact of this last-mentioned relay then being open thereby to prevent operation of said motor through the now closed normally open contact of the energized one of said pair of relays; and means operable to interrupt the holding circuit of the third relay in response to completion of the reproducing cycle initiated by the operation of the second manual control.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the optical elements are lenses.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to electrophotographic apparatus having selectable magnification of the document image. More particularly, it relates to apparatus of that type having a number of lenses or other optical elements which are differentially movable into the optical path in response to the operator's selection of a particular magnification.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrophotographic apparatus with selectable magnification of the document image is known, but is subject to production of poor copies if operated in a careless or uninformed manner.
At the time of image projection during a reproduction cycle, if the projection magnification is changed by mistake, there results a movement of the optical system and as a consequence the reproduced copy thus obtained is of no use. Likewise, if a reproducing-projecting cycle is carried out by mistake during a change in the projection magnification, then a photosensitive paper or the like is wasted. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide means for preventing such an erroneous operation or error in workmanship.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic copying apparatus which provides for changing the projection magnification in a manner such that during the changing of the projection magnification, a reproducing-projecting operation cannot be carried out, and during the reproducing-projecting operation a change in magnification is not allowed.
According to the present invention, there is provided an operation control device for use in an electrophotographic copying apparatus, which device allows initiation of a reproducing operation by an AND combination of a signal indicating the completion of the projection-magnification changing operation and an instruction signal for starting the reproducing operation, and which allows changing of the projection magnification only in the presence of a signal indicating completion of the reproducing operation.
Description of the present invention will now be given in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which indicates an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a general arrangement of the optical system of a reproducing apparatus which provides for changes in magnification;
FIG. 2 is a front view of projection lenses according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is an operation control circuit diagram; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the operation control circuit in a general form.
FIG. 1 shows a general arrangement of a reproducing apparatus which provides for a projection-magnification change. Shown at 1 is a document support, at 2 a mirror, and at 3 an image-forming surface of a photosensitive member. A and B are projection lenses having different focal lengths. In FIG. 1, lens A is positioned in the optical path of projection, and thus to change the magnification, the projection lenses A and B are moved in the horizontal direction such that projection lens B is put in the optical path. FIG. 2 is a front view of lenses A and B, which are held on a common frame 4, movable to the left and right by virtue of a pair of guide rods 5,5' on which it is slidably mounted. An endless wire loop 6 -- arranged with its runs in parallel with the guide rods 5,5' -- is trained around a pair of pulleys 7,7' located at the left and right, respectively, in FIG. 2. The pulleys 7,7' are rotated in a reversible manner by means of a motor M (not shown in FIG. 2). Since the upper run of wire 6 is secured to frame 4 at one point 4C, frame 4 will move either to the left or to the right upon rotation of the pulleys. More particularly, when the pulleys 7,7' rotate in the direction of the arrows shown, frame 4 moves to the left so that a projecting portion 4A (through which the guide rod 5 passes) abuts an actuator 8A of a microswitch 8 above the lens A, thereby closing the NO ("normally open") contact of microswitch 8. As will be seen more clearly from FIG. 3, due to closure of the NO contact of microswitch 8, a signal indicating completion of the switching operation with respect to projection magnification is issued to thereby stop the motor M which drives pulley 7. Likewise, clockwise rotation of pulleys 7,7' (i.e., opposite to the arrow direction) moves frame 4 to the right, so that the projecting portion 4B above lens B abuts an actuator 9A of microswitch 9, thereby closing the NO contact of that microswitch. Closure of the NO contact of microswitch 9 also issues a signal indicating completion of the magnification changing (or "lens switching") operation, thereby again stopping the motor M which drives pulley 7. The position of frame 4 when driven to the far right is the service position for lens A, while the position of frame 4 when driven to the far left is the service position for lens B.
FIG. 3 shows an operation control circuit according to the invention. This figure presents the condition where frame 4 in FIG. 2 is positioned to the far left, denoting that lens B is in service. At this time, the NO contact of microswitch 8 is closed and the NC ("normally closed") contact thereof is open, while the No contact of switch 9 is open and the NC contact thereof is closed. As mentioned above, a signal indicative of completion of the magnification switching operation can be issued either through microswitch 8 or microswitch 9. In FIG. 3, however, the next signal as to the completion of a magnification switching operation will issue by means of microswitch 8. In the circuit of FIG. 3, the magnification selection switch 10 is set on the side of its contact b, such that a lamp PB is supplied with electric current through switch 8 and its NO contact, the lit condition of PB indicating that lens B is in the service condition. Under these conditions, if a starting button PS for initiating reproduction is momentarily depressed, then electric current is supplied to a relay R3, since relays R1 and R2 are both de-energized at this time, their respective normally closed contacts 1b,2b therefore being in the closed condition. Upon energization of R3, its holding contact 3a is closed to maintain the energizing circuit through the normally closed contacts of a switch S1. Then, by virtue of closure of other normally open contacts of relay R3 (not shown), the reproducing operation is carried out in known fashion, the switch S1 being opened by means of a mechanism (not shown, but known) upon completion of reproduction with the result that the supply of electric current for the reproducing operation is stopped.
Relay R3 is thus maintained energized during the reproducing operating, and a normally closed contact 3b of relay R3 is opened. As is evident from FIG. 3, contact 3b is connected in the electric current supply circuit for the reversible rotation motor M. Since contact 3b is open, there is no possibility of motor M being operated by mistake during the reproducing operation, i.e., there is no possibility of either projection lens being moved during the reproduction. No such movement can occur until after the electric current supply to relay R3 is interrupted at the completion of the reproducing operation.
A detailed description for the case where the magnification is changed from that of lens B to tht of lens A will now be given. For this purpose, switch 10 is thrown to the contact a. Since the microswitch 9 is in the free condition, its NC contact therefore being closed, electric current is supplied to relay R2 through switch 10, contact a, switch 9 and its contact NC. On the other hand, since the contact b of switch 10 has opened. the lamp PB is no longer illuminated, but neither is the lamp PA illuminated, thus indicating that the magnification is in process of being changed. Now, when electric current is supplied to relay R2, its normally closed contact 2b is opened, thus breaking the circuit to relay R3, so that even if button PS is depressed by mistake, relay R3 cannot be energized, and accordingly such depression of PS will not commence the reproducing operation. On the other hand, the normally open contact 2a of relay R2 is now closed and electric current is supplied to motor M, so that the motor will drive pulley 7 in the direction opposite to the arrow direction shown in FIG. 2.
Even though the actuator 8A of switch 8 is free to close the NC contact of that switch as the lens frame 4 is moved to the right, electric current will not be supplied to relay R1 since switch 10 has been transferred to the side of contact a. When frame 4 has been moved to its rightmost position and the actuator of switch 9 is pressed, then the NC contact of switch 9 is opened, the NO contact closed, and relay R2 is de-energized again thus opening contact 2a and stopping motor M. Contact 2b is likewise closed, thus bringing about conditions for reproduction and, furthermore, electric current is supplied to lamp PA to indicate that lens A is ready for operation. If the button PS is depressed under these last conditions, then reproduction is commenced as previously described.
Lastly, a description will be given for the case where lens B is returned to the service condition. To this end, switch 10 is thrown to the side of contact b. Since lens frame 4 had been driven to the right, the NO contact of switch 9 is closed, whereas the NC contact of switch 8 is closed. Accordingly, electric current is supplied to relay R1 by way of switch 10, contact b, switch 8, and contact NC thereof so that relay R1 is energized, closing its normally open contact 1a with the result that motor M is rotated in a direction opposite to that previously described, thus driving pulley 7 in the arrow direction shown in FIG. 2. As a further result, since the normally closed contact 1b of relay R1 is now open, relay R3 is isolated such that even if button PS is depressed by mistake, a reproducing operation will not result. When lens frame 4 is driven to its leftmost position, then actuation of lever 8a opens the NC contact of switch 8 to interrupt the supply of electric current to relay R1, thereby stopping motor M. At the same time, the NO contact of switch 8 closes and electric current is supplied to lamp PB, thus indicating that lens B is again in service. Furthermore, since the normally closed contact 1b of relay R1 has again closed, a reproducing operation likewise becomes possible. Motor M is of a condensor starting type and thus the rotational direction of the motor M depends on which one of the two sets of field coils (not shown) is in series with the condensor.
FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram wherein completion of the magnification changing (lens switching) operation is detected by on-off operations of parallel-connected relays R1,R2. Alternatively, relays may be provided in series with motor M, so that the aforesaid completion of the lens switching operation may be detected by on-off operations of motor M.
Fig. 4 shows the circuit diagram of FIG. 3 in general form, wherein an AND gate A1 corresponds to the normally closed contacts 1b,2b of relays R1,R2 connected in series to the button PS as shown in FIG. 3, where the closed contacts 1b,2b signify that the relays R1 and R2 are not energized, i.e., a magnification changing operation is not being carried out. As a result, AND gate A1 is open in response to a signal representing the condition where the magnification changing operation is not under way, thus permitting copy production only in that case. The signal at the output of gate A1 sets a flip-flop F1, the set state of flip-flop F1 corresponding to the energizing of relay R3 in FIG. 3, and the storage function of the flip-flop representing the function of the holding circuit of relay R3. The reproducing mechanism 12 is operated by means of the set ("one") output of flip-flop F1. The flip-flop F1 is reset in response to a signal indicating completion of the reproducing operation. This resetting function is provided by the switch S1 of FIG. 3, it will be recalled.
Another AND gate A2 corresponds to the normally closed contact 3b of relay R3 inserted in the power circuit of motor M, thus indicating that the motor is operable only when flip-flop F1 is reset -- i.e., only when reproduction has been completed (this condition also being that prevailing prior to the start of reproduction) -- and that a change in magnification may not be carried out during a reproducing operation. A signal at the output of gate A2 sets a flip-flop F2. The set ("one") output of flip-flop F2 controls the magnification changing mechanism 14. As drawn, it drives motor M in a direction, for example, such that microswitch 8 is actuated and the NC contact thereof is opened, flip-flop F2 thus being reset. The reset output signal from flip-flop F2 is fed to AND gate A1 as a magnification change completion signal. The solid line of FIG. 4 is only representative of one of the lenses A and B, while the dotted line shows equivalent structure (A2', F2', 9NC) for the other of the lenses. This dotted line is connected in parallel to the above-described solid line circuit by way of an AND gate A3 and the magnification selection switch 10. Though AND gates A2 and A2', and flip-flop F2 and F2' are identical to each other, respectively, the relationship between F2, F2' and the circuit shown in FIG. 3 is not simple. For instance, the entire arrangement of the series system of A2 and F2 corresponds to the FIG. 3 arrangement including the microswitch 8, and NC contact thereof, relay R1, and normally closed contact 3B of relay R3. Accordingly, the closed condition of the NC contact of microswitch 8 corresponds to the set condition of flip-flop F2, while the closed condition of the NO contact of that microswitch corresponds to the reset condition of this flip-flop.
In passing, it may be noted that thus far the description has only referred to a reproducing apparatus in which reproduction magnification changes are achieved by switching lenses of different focal lengths into the optical path. Nevertheless, the present invention may be applied to a reproducing apparatus wherein the projecting lenses are fixed and a mirror in the optical path is moved so as to change the length of the optical path in order to change the reproduction magnification, and also applied to reproducing apparatuses of other types which likewise permit change in magnification for reproduction. In addition, although the description has been referred to a device which controls all the mechanisms within the apparatus, including the reproduction-projection mechanism, it will be understood from the viewpoint of the scope of the invention that the device need not necessarily control the entire reproduction apparatus, it being sufficient if the device only controls the reproductionprojection mechanism.
As is apparent from the foregoing description, the operation control device of the present invention prevents reproduction and projection during a magnification changing operation even if the button used in starting a reproduction cycle is depressed by mistake, and avoids possibility of the occurrence of a magnification changing operation during the reproduction and projection. Thus, this structure prevents failure in reproduction and the inadvertent but unwanted use of photosensitive paper.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
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Over $36 million dollars has been spent so far to help fight the wildfires burning in Northern and Eastern Humboldt.
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Publications (19)76.88 Total impact
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Article: Design and synthesis of a series of piperazine-1-carboxamidine derivatives with antifungal activity resulting from accumulation of endogenous reactive oxygen species.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study, we screened a library of 500 compounds for fungicidal activity via induction of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that piperazine-1-carboxamidine analogues with large atoms or large side chains substituted on the phenyl group at the R(3) and R(5) positions are characterized by a high ROS accumulation capacity in Candida albicans and a high fungicidal activity. Moreover, we could link the fungicidal mode of action of the piperazine-1-carboxamidine derivatives to the accumulation of endogenous ROS.ChemMedChem 09/2009; 4(10):1714-21. DOI:10.1002/cmdc.200900249 · 3.05 Impact Factor
Article: Structural adaptation in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes: influence of dynamic physical interaction with fibroblasts.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The mechanism of induction of cardiomyocyte (CM) dedifferentiation, as seen in chronic hibernating myocardium, is largely unknown. Recently, a cellular model was proposed consisting of long-term cocultures of adult rabbit CMs and cardiac fibroblasts in which typical structural characteristics of hibernation-like dedifferentiation could be induced. Only CMs in close contact with fibroblasts underwent these changes. In this study, we further investigated the characteristics of the fibroblast-CM interaction to seek for triggers and phenomena involved in CM dedifferentiation. Adult rabbit CMs were cocultured with cardiac or 3T3 fibroblasts. Heterocellular interactions and the structural adaptation of the CMs were quantified and studied with vital microscopy and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical analysis of several adhesion molecules, i.e., N-cadherin, vinculin, beta1-integrin, and desmoplakin, were examined. Upon contact with CMs, fibroblasts attached firmly and pulled the former cells, resulting in anisotropic stretch. Quantification of the attachment sites revealed a predominant binding of the fibroblast to the distal ends of the CM in d 1 cocultures and a shift towards the lateral sides of the CMs on d 2 of coculture, suggesting a redistribution of CM membrane proteins. Immunocytochemical analysis of cell adhesion proteins showed that these were upregulated at the heterocellular contact sites. Addition of autologous and nonautologous fibroblasts to the CM culture similarly induced a progressive and accelerated structural adaptation of the CM. Dynamic passive stretch invoked by the fibroblasts and/or intercellular communication involving cell adhesion molecule expression at the interaction sites may play an important role in the induction of hibernation-like dedifferentiation of the cocultured adult rabbit CMs.Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 02/2006; 44(1):119-28. DOI:10.1385/CBB:44:1:119 · 2.38 Impact Factor
Article: Azoles: Mode of Antifungal Action and Resistance Development. Effect of Miconazole on Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Candida albicans[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The synthetic class of azole antimycotics constitutes the largest group of antifungal agents currently in clinical use. Widespread use of azoles has led to the rapid development of multiple drug resistance, which poses a major hurdle in antifungal therapy. The generally accepted mode of action of azoles is the inhibition of 14α-lanosterol demethylase, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, resulting in depletion of ergosterol and accumulation of toxic 14α-methylated sterols in membranes of susceptible yeast species. For some azoles, their antifungal mode of action is not only characterized by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Recently, it was shown that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for the antifungal activity of miconazole, pointing to an ancillary mode of action for this azole. We further analysed the effect of other azole antifungals on ROS generation in Candida albicans and could demonstrate that only miconazole induces ROS production in C. albicans. Furthermore, we show that the miconazole induced ROS production is probably caused by inhibition of the enzymes implicated in breakdown of peroxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, i.e. peroxidase and catalase. Interestingly, only miconazole was found to exert its antifungal effect in a fungicidal way. In conclusion, further development of novel azole antimycotics, based on the chemical structure of miconazole and on its related ROS inducing capacity/fungicidal activity would be an interesting approach to address the problem of resistance occurrence.Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly ?Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Infective Agents) 12/2005; 5(1):3-13. DOI:10.2174/187152106774755554
Article: Partial cell fusion: A newly recognized type of communication between dedifferentiating cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Fibroblasts have been shown to couple to neonatal cardiomyocytes in heterocellular cultures through functional gap junctions. Our objective was to provide evidence for an additional type of heterocellular communication between fibroblasts and adult cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. The contact areas in heterocellular co-cultures were evaluated by specific labeling and the intercellular communication was studied using preloading of fibroblasts with tracer molecules. Heterocellular fibroblast-cardiomyocyte contacts present in the in vitro setting and in the border zone of a rabbit myocardial infarction in vivo were further examined by electron microscopy. Addition of fibroblasts preloaded with the fluorescent low molecular weight tracer calcein-AM to cultured myocytes indicated early dye transfer via connexin 43 functional gap junctions. At a later time-period after co-culturing, dye transfer of fibroblasts preloaded with the high molecular weight tracer dextran 10,000 suggested partial cell fusion. The membrane continuity giving rise to this partial cell fusion was confirmed by electron microscopy, clearly showing areas of intercytoplasmic contacts between fibroblasts and phenotypically adapted (dedifferentiated) cardiomyocytes. Fluorescein-labeled annexin V affinity studies revealed transient exposure of phosphatidylserine at the contact sites, suggesting that phosphatidylserine mediates the fusion process. Close contacts between cardiac fibroblasts and dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes accompanied by disruption of the basal lamina were observed in the border zone of a rabbit myocardial infarction in vivo. Our results suggest that the partial cell fusion-type of heterocellular communication in our co-culture model and the contacts observed in vivo may lead to new insights in cardiovascular disease.Cardiovascular Research 11/2005; 68(1):37-46. DOI:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.05.020 · 5.81 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is known to occur in infarct border zones, where cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, as seen in hibernating myocardium, can also be observed. The aim of the study is to determine whether dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes represent a population of cells stably surviving or undergoing apoptosis. Microinfarctions were induced in sheep (n=8) by intracoronary injection of polymer macrobeads. The sheep were killed when cardiac function was gradually decreased (ejection fraction 37+/-6%, mean+/-SEM), but not earlier than 6 weeks after embolization. Transmural biopsies were taken from embolized and remote areas, based on flow measurements with positron emission tomography. Cells were classified as dedifferentiated when sarcomere content was depleted by >10% and glycogen content increased. Apoptosis was detected using the Tdt-mediated nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method and activated caspase-3 immunolabelling. Dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes were identified by morphology and by immunohistochemical evaluation of dedifferentiation related expression patterns of desmin, titin, cardiotin and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected in both the infarction border zones and remote areas. Dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes accounted for up to 30% of the cells in embolized areas and were almost exclusively non-apoptotic. In embolization induced microinfarcted tissue, dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes are preferentially spared to undergo apoptosis. It is hypothesized that dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes and apoptotic cardiomyocytes represent two different cell populations. The dedifferentiated cells can be considered as stable surviving cells.European Heart Journal 06/2002; 23(11):849-57. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2001.2963 · 14.72 Impact Factor
Article: Adult rabbit cardiomyocytes undergo hibernation-like dedifferentiation when co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Little is known about the causal factors which induce the typical structural changes accompanying cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation in vivo such as in chronic hibernating myocardium. For identifying important factors involved in cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, as seen in chronic hibernation, an in vitro model mimicking those morphological changes, would be extremely helpful. Adult rabbit cardiomyocytes were co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts. The typical changes induced by this culturing paradigm were investigated using morphometry, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of several structural proteins, which were used as dedifferentiation markers, i.e., titin, desmin, cardiotin and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Close apposition of fibroblasts with adult rabbit cardiomyocytes induced hibernation-like dedifferentiation, similar to the typical changes seen in chronic hibernation in vivo. Both changes in ultrastructure and in the protein expression pattern of dedifferentiation markers as seen in chronic hibernating myocardium were seen in the co-cultured cardiomyocytes. Hibernation-like changes can be induced by co-culturing adult rabbit cardiomyocytes with fibroblasts. This cellular model can be a valuable tool in identifying and characterizing the pathways involved in the dedifferentiation phenotype in vivo, and already suggests that many of the structural changes accompanying dedifferentiation are not per se dependent on a decreased oxygen availability.Cardiovascular Research 09/2001; 51(2):230-40. DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00326-1 · 5.81 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of chronic hibernating myocardium is mainly based on results from clinical studies, because of the absence of appropriate and validated animal models. These clinical observations have given rise to two major controversies: the role of reduced blood flow and that of histological changes in the hibernating segments. In this review, these two subjects will be briefly discussed, and put into the perspective of findings emerging from recently developed animal models.Coronary Artery Disease 09/2001; 12(5):381-5. DOI:10.1097/00019501-200108000-00007 · 1.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between flow/metabolism, histology and functional follow-up in a sheep model of subacute myocardial infarction. In eight juvenile sheep, a myocardial infarction was induced by intracoronary injection of macrobeads. Left ventricular function was evaluated using echocardiography. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG)/nitrogen-13-labelled ammonia (13NH3) positron emission tomography (PET) was performed at 6 weeks and 16 weeks after embolization. In five sheep, a dynamic carbon-11 acetate study was performed. In each animal, two regions of interest were defined on the polar map, corresponding to the embolized and the non-embolized region. After the final measurements, the hearts were processed for histological evaluation. PET revealed a moderately decreased flow and oxidative metabolism in the embolized region at 6 weeks, without significant changes at follow-up. At 6 weeks, 18F-FDG uptake in the embolized area was more severely decreased as compared to the flow index in the embolized area (P < 0.05). At 16 weeks, 18F-FDG metabolism had significantly recovered (P < 0.05). Serial echocardiography showed a persistent decrease in global and regional left ventricular function. Histology revealed a mix of micro-infarcted and viable tissue in the embolized region. In this model of subacute myocardial infarction, a PET "reversed mismatch" pattern was observed, with partial recovery of 18F-FDG uptake at follow-up. The histological counterpart of this PET pattern appears to be patchy necrosis.European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 05/2001; 28(4):457-65. · 5.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between flow/metabolism, histology and functional follow-up in a sheep model of subacute myocardial infarction. In eight juvenile sheep, a myocardial infarction was induced by intracoronary injection of macrobeads. Left ventricular function was evaluated using echocardiography. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG)/nitrogen-13-labelled ammonia (13NH3) positron emission tomography (PET) was performed at 6 weeks and 16 weeks after embolization. In five sheep, a dynamic carbon-11 acetate study was performed. In each animal, two regions of interest were defined on the polar map, corresponding to the embolized and the non-embolized region. After the final measurements, the hearts were processed for histological evaluation. PET revealed a moderately decreased flow and oxidative metabolism in the embolized region at 6 weeks, without significant changes at follow-up. At 6 weeks, 18F-FDG uptake in the embolized area was more severely decreased as compared to the flow index in the embolized area (P<0.05). At 16 weeks, 18F-FDG metabolism had significantly recovered (P<0.05). Serial echocardiography showed a persistent decrease in global and regional left ventricular function. Histology revealed a mix of micro-infarcted and viable tissue in the embolized region. In this model of subacute myocardial infarction, a PET "reversed mismatch" pattern was observed, with partial recovery of 18F-FDG uptake at follow-up. The histological counterpart of this PET pattern appears to be patchy necrosis.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 03/2001; 28(4):457-465. DOI:10.1007/s002590000471 · 5.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Substantial evidence has accumulated that apoptosis, sometimes called "programmed cell death," is important in several cardiac diseases. Although most researchers focus on apoptosis in the hope that by understanding its mechanisms one can block this form of cell death, little attention has been given to programmed cell survival.News in physiological sciences 03/2001; 16:41-7.
Article: Bcl-2 protects neuronal cells against taxol-induced apoptosis by inducing multi-nucleation.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Taxol-induced peripheral neuropathy is a commonly-occurring side-effect in the treatment of cancer patients with taxoteres or taxanes. Taxol is known to induce apoptosis in a number of tumor cells. This report documents that, similar to proliferating cells, taxol induces apoptosis in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, as assessed by exogenous FITC-annexin-V binding and nuclear fragmentation. It is shown that PC12 cells that stably overexpress Bcl-2 are protected against the toxic effect of taxol, as evidenced by the XTT assay and by a decreased fraction of propididum iodide positive cells in a dye exclusion test. Also the number of annexin-V-positive cells and the number of fragmented nuclei are lower in the Bcl-2 transfected cells. The effect is similar to the protective effect of Bcl-2 against NGF deprivation in differentiated PC12 cells. Although taxol forced both wild-type and Bcl-2-overexpressing cells into a mitotic state, only in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells did this lead to the appearance of metabolically active, multi-nucleated cells. This suggests that Bcl-2 is able to induce an alternative escape pathway, downstream of the G2/M block, in taxol-treated differentiated PC12 cells.APOPTOSIS 11/2000; 5(4):335-43. DOI:10.1023/A:1009683425260 · 3.61 Impact Factor
Article: A nonsurgical porcine model of left ventricular dysfunction. Validation of myocardial viability using dobutamine stress echocardiography and positron emission tomography.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although several short-term animal models of stunning and hibernation have been studied extensively, it has been difficult to produce a consistent animal model of chronic hibernation. The aim of the present study was to develop a nonsurgical porcine stent model of coronary stenosis in order to investigate the relationship between chronic dysfunctional myocardium and viability using 2D-echo, dobutamine stress echo (DSE) and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS AND RESULTS: Focal progressive coronary stenosis was induced by implantation of an oversized stent in the left anterior descending (LAD) and/or circumflex (LCX) coronary artery in a total of 115 pigs, according to various experimental protocols: copper stent in the LAD (group I, n = 5); noncoated stainless steel stent in the LAD combined with balloon overstretch (group II, n = 7); poly(organo)phosphazene-coated stent in the LAD (group III, n = 77); and poly(organo)phosphazene-coated stent in both the LAD and the LCX (group IV, n = 26). Occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction was evaluated weekly by 2D-echo. At the time of left ventricular dysfunction the presence of viable myocardium within the dysfunctional region was investigated with DSE and PET, and confirmed by histology. The degree of coronary artery stenosis was measured by quantitative coronary angiography and morphometry. Severe coronary artery stenosis in the presence of dysfunctional, but viable, myocardium was induced in groups III and IV (47% and 11% of the animals, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The authors developed a nonsurgical porcine stent model of progressive coronary stenosis using an oversized polymer-coated stent resulting in chronically decreased myocardial function, with residual inotropic reserve and viable myocardium. This condition may arise from repetitive periods of ischemia, or from sustained hypoperfusion, or a combination of these processes eventually leading to myocardial hibernation.International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions 07/2000; 3(2):111-120. DOI:10.1080/14628840050516208
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ABSTRACT: It has been suggested that Ca(2+)content of atrial cardiomyocytes is increased at the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether this phenomenon is transient is currently unknown. Therefore, in this study the time-related changes in Ca(2+)location in atrial myocytes from goats with chronic AF have been investigated. The distribution of calcium was assessed with the electron microscope using the cytochemical phosphate-pyroantimonate and oxalate-pyroantimonate methods in atrial biopsies from goats in sinus rhythm and goats with 1-16 weeks of burst-pacing-induced AF. In atrial myocytes from control goats in sinus rhythm, a normal Ca(2+)distribution was observed, with regular deposits along the sarcolemma (an average of 3.4 deposits per microm at a regular distance). The number of sarcolemma-bound Ca(2+)deposits substantially increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation. After this period the amount of Ca(2+)precipitate decreased at 4 and 8 weeks, and became below control level at 16 weeks. A similar time-related redistribution of Ca(2+)occurred in mitochondria. Whereas mitochondria from control goats displayed very few Ca(2+)deposits (average 4.0 deposits per micro m(2)), their number markedly increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation, which indicates cellular Ca(2+)overload. From 4 weeks, Ca(2+)deposits reached control levels and were below control level after 16 weeks of atrial fibrillation (2.5 deposits per microm(2)). Our findings are consistent with the previously observed Ca(2+)overload early after the onset of atrial fibrillation. The present study shows that this overload persists for at least 2 weeks, after which the cardiomyocytes apparently adapt to a new Ca(2+)homeostasis, thereby avoiding Ca(2+)overload. This protection against Ca(2+)overload co-occurs with dedifferentiation like cellular remodeling.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 04/2000; 32(3):355-64. DOI:10.1006/jmcc.1999.1090 · 5.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Is the 'smart heart' smart enough? Since the introduction of the term 'hibernating myocardium', this has been referred to as the 'smart heart', however more recently several publications have suggested that cell death accompanies the hibernation process, so that revascularisation of patients with hibernating myocardium should be performed without delay. Other data, however, point to cellular dedifferentiation instead of cellular degeneration, which means that cardiac hibernation is an adaptive mechanism capable of preserving the myocardial viability for a prolonged period. In an attempt to find an answer to the above-mentioned question, this review summarises and discusses the findings in this field, also giving attention to possible explanations for the discrepant findings.Cardiovascular Research 03/2000; 45(3):696-703. DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00277-1 · 5.81 Impact Factor
Article: Cardiomyocyte remodelling during myocardial hibernation and atrial fibrillation: prelude to apoptosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Similar structural changes in the myocardium can be observed in chronic hibernating myocardium and in myocardium taken from hearts suffering chronic atrial fibrillation. We investigated whether or not these changes are indicative of apoptosis. Myocardial biopsies from 28 strictly selected patients with chronic hibernating myocardium and heart samples from 13 goats with pacing-induced chronic atrial fibrillation were used. Special attention was paid to processing the tissues immediately (fixation/freezing) in order to prevent artificial degenerative changes, thereby excluding false positive identification of apoptosis. Infarcted areas or infarcted border zones were excluded from our study. Apoptosis was detected with light and electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end-labelling. Immunohistochemistry was used for detecting Bcl-2, P53 and PCNA-proteins associated with apoptosis/DNA damage. The results obtained for chronic hibernating left ventricular myocardium were similar to those for chronic fibrillating atrial myocardium. No apoptotic nuclei, as characterised by extensive chromatin clumping, could be observed in normal or dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes under the electron microscope. The end-labelling assay did not reveal any cardiomyocytes with damaged DNA. Nor could we find any evidence of substantial expression of Bcl-2, P53 or PCNA, a result indicative of the absence of apoptotic threat or DNA damage. Cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, but not extensive degeneration through apoptosis, can be observed in chronic hibernating myocardium and chronic fibrillating atrium. Dedifferentiation may be the best way to survive prolonged exposure to the unfavourable conditions imposed by increased wall stress, a relative lowered oxygen environment, or both.Cardiovascular Research 09/1999; 43(4):947-57. DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00096-6 · 5.81 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To create a model of chronic heart failure in a large animal. Heart failure was induced in sheep by single intracoronary injection of polymer macrobeads, which were administered into left main coronary artery (n=3) or selectively into left anterior descending (n=4) or left circumflex (n=5) coronary artery. The animals were followed by echocardigraphy for 20 weeks. Measurements comprised fractional area change (FAC), and diastolic ventricular area (EDVA) and regional wall-thickening fraction (WT%). EDVA increased from 14.2+/-2.1 cm2 prior to embolization to 16.9+/-3.1 cm2 on day 1 (p<0.05), and remained significantly increased until completion of the follow-up period. FAC dropped from 47.9+/-4.6% at baseline to 29.3+/-4.4% on day 1 (p<0.001) and remained significantly depressed until 20 weeks later. In 9 selectively embolized animals WT% of the embolized area decreased from 33.8+/-8.0% at baseline to 5.3+/-2.6% on day 1 and remained significantly decreased. A simple model of chronic heart failure was developed. It shows relatively high stability over time and may prove beneficial in experimental work on ventricular assist devices.The International journal of artificial organs 08/1999; 22(7):499-504. · 1.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Left ventricular biopsies from 21 patients with clinically diagnosed chronic hibernating myocardium (CHM) were examined by light- and electron microscopy. A mean of 27% of cardiomyocytes were structurally altered and were characterized as hibernating, because of reduced amount of myofibrils and increased glycogen content. Electron microscopy of these cells showed reduction of T-tubules and numerous small mitochondria, but few changes associated with degeneration, acute ischemia or apoptosis. The structural changes found in CHM are reminiscent of dedifferentiation rather than degeneration. The expression patterns of some structural proteins show resemblance with those in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Histochemically, mitochondrial NADH-oxidase and proton translocating ATPase activities were absent, whereas cytochrome c activity was present. Intracellular calcium distribution indicated normally bound sarcolemmal calcium and absence of excess mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Nuclear chromatin ranged from normal to dispersed with only a few nuclei that were clumped. These results suggest that cardiomyocytes from human CHM hearts are structurally altered, but viable, and lack morphologic and cytochemical characteristics suggestive of apoptosis or acute ischemia.Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 10/1998; 186(1-2):159-68. DOI:10.1023/A:1006887803970 · 2.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: There is increasing evidence that apoptosis in postmitotic neurons is associated with a frustrated attempt to reenter the mitotic cycle. Okadaic acid, a specific protein phosphatase inhibitor, is currently used in models of Alzheimer's research to increase the degree of phosphorylation of various proteins, such as the microtubule-associated protein tau. Okadaic acid induces programmed cell death in the human neuroblastoma cell lines TR14 and NT2-N, as evidenced by fragmentation of DNA and attenuation of this process by protein synthesis inhibitors. In differentiated TR14 cells, okadaic acid increases the fraction of cells in the S phase, induces the appearance of cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 markers of the cell cycle, and triggers a time-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation after release of a thymidine block. Fully differentiated NT2-N cells are forced to enter the mitotic cycle as shown by DNA staining. Chromatin condensation and chromosome formation are initiated, but the cells fail to complete their mitotic cycle. These data suggest that okadaic acid forces differentiated neuronal cells into the mitotic cycle. This pattern of cyclin up-regulation and cell cycle shift is compared with apoptosis induced by neurotrophic factor deprivation in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.Journal of Neurochemistry 04/1998; 70(3):1124-33. · 4.24 Impact Factor
- Neurobiology of Aging 01/1996; 17(4). DOI:10.1016/S0197-4580(96)80624-5 · 4.85 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Maastricht University
Maestricht, Limburg, Netherlands
- • Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology
- • Department of Physiology
University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Flanders, Belgium


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COSAC Committee and Sub-Committee Members
How to Sign up for the COSAC Listserv
On behalf of the COSAC Committee, I would like to give a special Thank you to Cherise Oakley for not only taking the lead on initiating the COSAC Scholarship idea, but she was enthusiastically, dedicated to chairing our COSAC Scholarship Wine and Cheese Pairing/Basket Raffle fundraiser, which was a huge success.
We raised over $800.00 toward the COSAC Scholarship by individual donations and the Basket Raffle ticket sales. The COSAC Networking Committee would especially like to thank the following people for their support, in helping support the COSAC Scholarship fundraising event.
COSAC Committee:
Sandy Mullin, President, School of Education & Human Services, x2510
Lisa Noreck, Secretary, Computer Science, x2146
Mary Derleth, Sunshine, Business-Economics, x2985
Melissa Furness, Development Office, x2667
Cherise Oakley, Vice-President, Marketing Communications, x2754
Dawn Schmidt, Development Office, x5227
JoAnn Sigler, Sociology and African & African American Studies, x2619
Pam Turner, School of Health and Human Performance, x2350
Susan Vasquez, English, x2503
Please e-mail COSAC with suggestions and comments!
COSAC was established in the 1984 by President Emeritus John E. Van de Wetering in order to provide a response to the unique concerns of office support staff. COSAC's primary responsibilities are to provide suggestions for communication and morale improvement, make suggestions for in-service training, and coordinate functions and social gatherings to bridge communication gaps among various areas on campus. Members of the committee are representatives of the office support staff across campus…we try to have at least one person from each vice presidential division, including BASC and the EOC, serving on the committee. COSAC is well known and respected as a valuable campus organization. Members serve on various campus committees and provide input for campus activities, publications, etc. If you have any questions about COSAC or if you're interested in serving on the Committee, feel free to contact any member of the Committee.


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