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ARBITRATION Domestic & International Professor John Barkai William S. Richardson School of Law University of Hawaii at Manoa 2515 Dole Street · Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Phone (808) 956-6546 · Fax (808) 956-5569 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com CHINESE ARBITRATION The great Chinese Emperor Kang-hsi (during the Manchu Dynasty) issued the following decree, in response to complaints about his courts: "The Emperor, considering the immense population of the empire, the great division of territorial property and the notoriously litigious character of the Chinese, is of the opinion that lawsuits would tend to increase to a frightful extent if people were not afraid of the tribunals and if they felt confident of always finding in them ready and perfect justice. I desire, therefore, that those who have recourse to the courts should be treated without any pity and in such a manner that they shall be disgusted with the law and tremble to appear before a magistrate. In this manner ... the good citizens who may have difficulties among themselves will settle them like brothers by referring them to the arbitration of some old man." - National Geographic Magazine, June 1927 Arbitration Clause from George Washington's Will "... that all disputes (if unhappily any should arise) shall be decided by three impartial and intelligent men, known for their probity and good understanding; - two to be chosen by the disputants - each having the choice of one - and the third by these two - which three men then chosen, shall unfettered by law, or legal constructions, declare their sense of the testator's intention; and such decision is, to all intents and purposes, to be as binding on the parties as if it had been given in the Supreme Court of the United States." Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School - Page 1 - MAJOR FEATURES OF ARBITRATION Arbitration is a private, informal process by which all parties agree, in writing, to submit their disputes to one or more impartial persons authorized to resolve the controversy by rendering a final and binding award. It is used for a wide variety of disputes: from commercial disagreements involving construction, securities transactions, computers, or real estate (to name just a few), to insurance claims and labor union grievances. The major features of arbitration are: 1. A written agreement to resolve disputes by the use of impartial arbitration. 2. Informal procedures. 3. Impartial and knowledgeable neutrals to serve as arbitrators. 4. Final and binding awards which are enforceable in a court. From: American Arbitration Association: Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 1 - BINDING ARBITRATION ADVANTAGES * final and binding * less formal than litigation * less expensive than litigation * faster than litigation * hearing are private * awards are confidential * remedies are fixed by law * parties select the neutral arbitrator DISADVANTAGES * final and binding * less formal than litigation * very limited appeal rights * one party wins; one party loses * unlikely to reach creative solutions Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 2 - A GUIDE TO MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE American Arbitration Association (1999) INTRODUCTION In the normal course of day-to-day business affairs, disputes are often inevitable. Parties might disagree as to their individual rights and obligations no matter how carefully a contract is written. This can lead to delayed shipments, complaints about the quality of merchandise, claims of nonperformance, and similar misunderstandings. The resolution of such disputes, however, need not be costly and acrimonious. Alternative means of dispute resolution can SAVE TIME AND MONEY, and can help to put the dispute behind you while preserving valuable business relationships. Mediation A meeting between disputants, their representatives and a mediator to discuss settlement. The mediator's role is to help the disputants explore issues, needs and settlement options. The mediator may offer suggestions and point out issues that the disputants may have overlooked, but resolution of the dispute rests with the disputants themselves. A mediation conference can be scheduled very quickly and requires a relatively small amount of preparation time. The conference usually begins with a joint discussion of the case, followed by the mediator working with the disputants both together and separately, if appropriate, to resolve the case. Many cases are resolved within a few hours. Perhaps most important, mediation works! Statistics show that 85% of commercial matters and 95% of personal injury matters end in written settlement agreements. Arbitration Arbitration is referral of a dispute to one or more impartial persons for final and binding determination. Private and confidential, it is designed for quick, practical, and economical settlements. Parties can exercise additional control over the arbitration process by adding specific provisions to their contracts' arbitration clauses or, when a dispute arises, through the modification of certain of the arbitration rules to suit a particular dispute. Stipulations may be made regarding confidentiality of proprietary information used; evidence, locale, number of arbitrators; and issues subject to arbitration, as examples. The parties may also provide for expedited arbitration procedures, including the time limit for rendering an award, if they anticipate a need for hearings to be scheduled on short notice. THE ROSTER OF NEUTRALS Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 3 - To serve the community with mediators and arbitrators representing all fields of specialization, the AAA maintains a national roster of approximately 20,000 trained experts throughout the United States and the rest of the world. The AAA requires that applicants have 8 to 10 years of experience in their fields of expertise prior to being considered for the roster. ... A GUIDE TO MEDIATION FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE How Does Mediation Differ From Arbitration? Arbitration is less formal than litigation, and mediation is even less formal than arbitration. Unlike an arbitrator, a mediator does not have the power to render a binding decision. A mediator does not hold evidentiary hearings as would an arbitrator but instead conducts informal joint and separate meetings with the parties to understand the issues, facts, and positions of the parties. The separate meetings are known as caucuses. In contrast, arbitrators hear testimony and receive evidence in a joint hearing, on which they render a final and binding decision known as an award. ... The Benefits of Mediation The benefits of successfully mediating a dispute to settlement vary, depending on the needs and interests of the parties. The most common advantages are that: . parties are directly engaged in the negotiation of the settlement; . the mediator, as a neutral third party, can view the dispute objectively and can assist the parties in exploring alternatives which they might not have considered on their own; . as mediation can be scheduled at an early stage in the dispute, a settlement can be reached much more quickly than in litigation; . parties generally save money through reduced legal costs and less staff time; . parties enhance the likelihood of continuing their business relationship; . creative solutions or accommodations to special needs of the parties can become a part of the settlement. Occurrence of Mediation Mediations can originate in different ways. First, mediation can occur when a dispute initially arises and before a lawsuit is ever filed. Second, mediation can occur as an adjunct procedure to pending litigation. That is, as soon as the parties file a lawsuit, they can use mediation in an effort to resolve the dispute at the inception of litigation or at any time thereafter but prior to a trial being held. Third, mediation can occur during or immediately after a trial but before a decision is announced by a judge or jury. Fourth, mediation can occur after a judgment has been rendered in litigation. There might be a disagreement over the meaning or manner of carrying out a judgment, or concern about the possibility of lengthy court appeals. The parties can seek the assistance of a mediator to help them resolve these problems. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 4 - ... A GUIDE TO ARBITRATION FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE STAGES OF AN ARBITRATION I. The Agreement to Arbitrate The most important step in initiating arbitration is the agreement to arbitrate. This agreement can be of one of two kinds: it can take the form of a future-dispute arbitration clause in a contract or, where the parties did not provide in advance for arbitration, it can take the form of a submission of an existing dispute to arbitration. The parties can provide for the arbitration of future disputes by inserting the following clause into their contracts. Standard Arbitration Clause Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association under its Commercial Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Arbitration of existing disputes may be accomplished by the use of the following. We, the undersigned parties, hereby agree to submit to arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association under its Commercial Arbitration Rules the following controversy: (cite briefly). We further agree that the above controversy be submitted to (one) (three) arbitrator(s). We further agree that we will faithfully observe this agreement and the rules, that we will abide by and perform any award rendered by the arbitrator(s), and that a judgment of the court having jurisdiction may be entered on the award. Regardless of how the agreement to arbitrate was reached, filing of a claim with the AAA along with the appropriate filing fee, as provided in the schedule appearing on page 26, and serving the defending party are all that is required to set the machinery for arbitration into motion. Upon receiving the initiating papers together with the filing fee, the AAA assigns the case to one of its staff members, whose official title is case administrator or case manager and who, from that point onward, is at the disposal of the parties, expediting administration and assisting both sides in all procedural matters until the award is rendered. Pursuant to the rules, the parties and the AAA may use facsimile transmission, telegrams, or other written forms of electronic communication to give the notices required by the rules. ... II. Selection of the Arbitrator ... Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 5 - Unless the parties have indicated another method, the AAA uses the following simple and effective system for selecting the arbitrator. 1. Immediately after the filing of the submission ... , the AAA sends each party a copy of the same specially prepared list of proposed arbitrators to resolve the controversy... 2. Parties are allowed fifteen (15) days to study the list, strike names to which they object, and number the remaining names in the order of preference. ... 3. When these lists are returned to the AAA, the case administrator/manager compares indicated preferences and makes note of the mutual choices. Where parties are unable to find a mutual choice on a list, the AAA has the power to make the appointment without submitting additional lists, although additional lists may be submitted at the request of both parties. 4. If the parties cannot agree on an arbitrator, the AAA will make an administrative appointment, but in no case will an arbitrator whose name was crossed out by either party be appointed. Panels with Party-Appointed Arbitrators Under some arbitration clauses in use, each party to a dispute appoints one arbitrator ... and the two select a third arbitrator from the AAA's panels... IV. Presentation of the Case Arbitration hearings are conducted somewhat like court trials, except that arbitrations are less formal. Arbitrators are not required to follow strict rules of evidence. They must hear all of the evidence material to an issue but they may determine for themselves what is relevant. Arbitrators are therefore inclined to accept evidence that might not be allowed by judges. [The usual procedures are:] 1. An opening statement that clearly but briefly describes the controversy and indicates what is to be proved. Such a statement lays the groundwork and helps the arbitrator understand the relevance of testimony to be presented. 2. A discussion of the remedy sought. This is important because the arbitrator's power is conferred by the agreement of the parties. Each party should try to show that the relief that it requests is within the arbitrator's authority to grant. 3. Introduction of witnesses in a systematic order to clarify the nature of the controversy and to identify documents and exhibits. Cross examination of witnesses is important, but each party should plan to establish its case by its own witnesses. 4. A closing statement that should include a summary of the evidence and arguments and a refutation of points made by the opposition. After both sides have had an equal opportunity to present all of their evidence, the arbitrator declares the hearing closed. Under AAA rules, the arbitrator has thirty (30) days from that time within which to render an award, unless the agreement provides otherwise. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 6 - THE AWARD The award is the decision of the arbitrator on the matters submitted to him or her under the arbitration agreement. If the arbitration panel consists of more than one arbitrator, the majority decision, under AAA rules, is binding. The purpose of the award is to dispose of the controversy finally and conclusively. It is made within the limits of the arbitration agreement and it rules on each claim submitted. Arbitrators are not required to write opinions explaining the reasons for their decisions. As a general rule, AAA commercial awards consist of a brief direction to the parties on a single sheet of paper. Written opinions can generate attacks on the award because they identify targets for the losing party. ... INTERNATIONAL CASES In order to best serve the parties in international arbitrations, the AAA devised the Supplementary Procedures for International Commercial Arbitration, which may be used in conjunction with various sets of arbitration rules. These procedures do not supersede any provision in the applicable rules but merely codify various procedures that are used in international arbitrations. Among the more interesting features are provisions governing consecutive hearing days, language of the hearings, and opinions. The thrust of the procedures is to expedite international commercial arbitrations and to keep them as economical as possible. In a case involving a panel of U.S. nonnationals, for instance, the AAA attempts to appoint resident foreign nationals in order to minimize travel expenses. Pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules, a request for a foreign- national arbitrator must be made by the time set for the appointment of the arbitrator as agreed by the parties or set by the rules. In March 1991, the AAA also promulgated International Arbitration Rules. ADMINISTRATIVE FEES The AAA's administrative fees are based on the amount of the claim or counterclaim, ranging from $500 on claims below $10,000 to a negotiated rate for claims in excess of $5,000,000. In addition, there are service charges for hearings held and postponements. The fees cover AAA administrative services; they do not cover arbitrator compensation or expenses, if any, reporting services, or any postaward charges incurred by the parties in enforcing the award. The following charges are based on filing and service fees. Arbitrator compensation, if any, is not included in this schedule. Unless the parties agree otherwise, arbitrator compensation and administrative fees are subject to allocation by the arbitrator in the award. Filing Fees Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 7 - A nonrefundable filing fee is payable in full by a filing party when a claim, counterclaim or additional claim is filed, as provided below. Amount of Claim Filing Fee Up to $10,000 ......................... $500 Above $10,000 to $50,000 .............. $750 Above $50,000 to $100,000 ........... $1,250 Above $100,000 to $250,000 .......... $2,000 Above $250,000 to $500,000 .......... $3,500 Above $500,000 to $1,000,000 ........ $5,000 Above $1,000,000 to $5,000,000 ...... $7,000 Above $5,000,000 ................ Negotiated Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 8 - FORMS OF ARBITRATION from THE ABCS OF ADR: A DISPUTE RESOLUTION GLOSSARY 13 Alternatives to High Cost Litigation 147 (1995) Arbitration. The most traditional form of private dispute resolution. It can be "administered" (managed) by a variety of private organizations, or "non-administered" and managed solely by the parties. It can be entered into by agreement at the time of the dispute, or prescribed in pre-dispute clauses contained in the parties' underlying business agreement. Arbitration can take any of the following forms: Binding Arbitration. A private adversarial process in which the disputing parties choose a neutral person or a panel of three neutrals to hear their dispute and to render a final and binding decision or award. The process is less formal than litigation; the parties can craft their own procedures and determine if any formal rules of evidence will apply. Unless there has been fraud or some other defect in the arbitration procedure, binding arbitration awards typically are enforceable by courts and not subject to appellate review. Non-binding Arbitration. This process works the same way as binding arbitration except that the neutral's decision is advisory only. The parties may agree in advance to use the advisory decision as a tool in resolving their dispute through negotiation or other means. "Baseball" or "Final-Offer" Arbitration. In this process, used increasingly in commercial disputes, each party submits a proposed monetary award to the arbitrator. At the conclusion of the hearing, the arbitrator chooses one award without modification. This approach imposes limits on the arbitrator's discretion and gives each party an incentive to offer a reasonable proposal, in the hope that it will be accepted by the decision-maker. A related variation, referred to as "night baseball" arbitration, requires the arbitrator to make a decision without the benefit of the parties' proposals and then to make the award to the party whose proposal is closest to that of the arbitrator. "Bounded" or "High-Low" Arbitration. The parties agree privately without informing the arbitrator that the arbitrator's final award will be adjusted to a bounded range. Example: P wants $200,000. D is willing to pay $70,000. Their high-low agreement would provide that if the award is below $70,000, D will pay at least $70,000; if the award exceeds $200,000, the payment will be reduced to $200,000. If the award is within the range, the parties are bound by the figure in the award. Incentive Arbitration. In non-binding arbitration, the parties agree to a penalty if one of them rejects the arbitrator's decision, resorts to litigation, and fails to improve his position by some specified percentage or formula. Penalties may include payment of attorneys' fees incurred in the litigation. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 9 - SUGGESTED INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CLAUSES CHINA CHINA INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND TRADE ARBITRATION COMMISSION MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE - CIETAC Any dispute arising from or in connection with this contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission's arbitration rules in effect at the time for applying for arbitration. The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon both parties. HONG KONG HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CENTRE MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE FOR INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as at present in force and as may be amended by the rest of this clause. The appointing authority shall be Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre. The place of arbitration shall be in Hong Kong at Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC). There shall be only one arbitrator.* Any such arbitration shall be administered by HKIAC in accordance with HKIAC Procedures for Arbitration in force at the date of this contract including such additions to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as are therein contained. The language(s) to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be...... Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 10 - JAPAN JAPAN COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE All disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the parties hereto, out of or in relation to or in connection with this Agreement shall be finally settled by arbitration in (name of city), Japan in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of The Japan Commercial Arbitration Association. The award rendered by the arbitrator(s) shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto. KOREA KOREAN COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION BOARD MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE All disputes, controversies, or differences which may arise between the parties, out of or in relation to or in connection with this contract, or for the breach thereof, shall be finally settled by arbitration in Seoul, Korea, in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. The award rendered by the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon both parties concerned. SINGAPORE SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CENTRE MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC Rules") for the time being in force which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause. The law of the arbitration shall be the International Arbitration Act 1994 (Cap 143A)". Parties may add : The tribunal shall consist of ___________ arbitrators(s) to be appointed by the Chairman of SIAC". The governing law of this contract shall be the substantive law of ___________ " The language of the arbitration shall be ___________." Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 11 - UNITED STATES AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CLAUSE Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract shall be determined by arbitration in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules of the Asia/Pacific Center. Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach, termination, or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules in effect on the date of this contract. The appointing authority shall be the American Arbitration Association. The case shall be administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its "Procedures for Cases Under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in [city], [country]. The language(s) of the arbitration shall be [specify]. The arbitrator appointed to hear and decide disputes under this provision shall be a citizen of [country]. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 12 - VERY SIMPLE ARBITRATION CLAUSE All disputes arising out this contract shall be submitted to arbitration. VERY SIMPLE MEDIATION CLAUSE All disputes arising out this contract shall be submitted to mediation. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 13 - 2 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FOR INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION Sovereignty - supreme power - freedom from external control Jurisdiction - the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law. - the authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 14 - Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards The New York Convention of 1958 When parties to a contract involving international trade include an arbitration clause in their agreement, one of their major concerns is securing the enforcement of this provision as well as the ensuing award in a foreign jurisdiction. The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is an international treaty specifically designed to facilitate such enforcement among its member states. The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (also known as the New York Convention and the United Nations Convention was adopted by the United Nations Conference on International Commercial Arbitration on June 10, 1958 and came into force officially on June 7, 1959. On February 1, 1971, the United States ratified the United Nations Convention, thus creating a mechanism whereby international arbitration agreements and awards are specifically, speedily, and uniformly enforceable in federal courts. Over the last 25 years, U.S. courts have consistently and vigorously supported the Convention. Since its adoption in 1958, over 130 countries have become parties to the Convention, through ratification, accession or succession. The New York Convention of June 10, 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is the most important multilateral convention on international arbitration. Basically, it requires courts of each contracting state: - to recognize arbitration agreements in writing and to refuse to allow a dispute to be litigated before them when it is subject to an arbitration agreement; - to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards. Before entering into an international arbitration agreement, a party is advised to check whether the states of the other contracting party and, if appropriate, of the place of arbitration, have ratified the New York Convention or have signed other multilateral or bilateral treaties offering the same guarantees. There are two reasons why a country might not apply the Convention to an international arbitration award. (1) Some countries will only apply the Convention to arbitration awards made in another country that has also signed the convention. (2) Some countries will only apply the Convention to differences arising out of legal relationships which are considered as "commercial" under the national law. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 15 - VACATING INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AWARDS U.N. CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS Article V 1. Recognition and enforcement of the award may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought, proof that: (a) The parties to the agreement referred to in article II were, under the law applicable to them, under some incapacity, or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of the country where the award was made; or (b) The party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or (c) The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contain decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognized and enforced; or (d) The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place; or (e) The award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which, that award was made. 2. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought finds that: (a) The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of that county; or (b) The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country. Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 16 - United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards The New York Convention 134 Signatories as of December 2003 Albania Georgia Nicaragua Uzbekistan Algeria 1/ 2/ Germany b/ 1/ 11/ Niger Venezuela 1/ 2/ Antigua and Barbuda 1/ 2/ Ghana Nigeria 1/ 2/ Vietnam 1/ 2/ 3/ Argentina 1/ 2/ Greece 1/ 2/ Norway 1/ 5/ Yugoslavia Armenia 1/ 2/ Guatemala 1/ 2/ Oman Zambia Australia Guinea Pakistan Zimbabwe Austria Haiti Panama current as of (12/03) Azerbaijan Holy See 1/ 2/ Paraguay Bahrain 1/ 2/ Honduras Peru Footnotes: Bangladesh Hungary 1/ 2/ Philippines 1/ 2/ 1/ State will apply the Convention Barbados 2/ Iceland Poland 1/ 2/ only to recognition and enforcement Belarus 1/ 3/ India 1/ 2/ Portugal c/ 1/ of awards made in the territory of Belgium 1/ Indonesia 1/ 2/ Qatar another Contracting State. Benin Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 1/2/ Republic of Korea 1/ 2/ 2/ State will apply the Convention Bolivia Ireland 1/ Republic of Moldova 1/ only to differences arising out of legal Bosnia and Herzegovina 1/ 2/ Israel Romania 1/ 2/ 3/ relationships ... which are considered Botswana 1/ 2/ Italy Russian Federation d/ 1/ 3/ as commercial under the national law. Brazil Jamica 1/ 2/ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3/ With regard to awards made in Brunei Darussalam 1/ Japan 1/ 1/ 2/ the territory of non-contracting States, Bulgaria 1/ 3/ Jordan San Marino State will apply the Convention only to Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia the extent to which these States grant Cambodia Kenya 1/ Senegal reciprocal treatment. Cameroon Kuwait 1/ Singapore 1/ Canada Kyrgyzstan Slovakia For Updates to this list see: Central African Republic 1/ 2/ Lao People's Democratic Republic Slovenia 1/ 2/ www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm Chile Latvia South Africa China 1/ 2/ Lebanon 1/ Spain Colombia Lesotho Sri Lanka Costa Rica Lithuania 3/ Sweden Côte d' Ivoire Luxembourg 1/ Switzerland Croatia 1/ 2/ Madagascar 1/ 2/ Syrian Arab Republic Cuba 1/ 2/ 3/ Malaysia 1/ 2/ Thailand Cyprus 1/ 2/ Mali The former Yugoslav Republic of Czech Republic Malta 1/ 12/ Macedonia 1/ 2/ Denmark 1/ 2/ Mauritania Trinidad and Tobago 1/ 2/ Djibouti Mauritius 1/ Tunisia 1/ 2/ Dominica Mexico Turkey 1/ 2/ Dominican Republic Monaco 1/ 2/ Uganda 1/ Ecuador 1/ 2/ Mongolia 1/ 2/ Ukraine 1/ 3/ Egypt Morocco 1/ United Kingdom of Great Britain El Salvador Mozambique 1/ and Northern Ireland 1/ Estonia Nepal 1/ 2/ United Republic of Tanzania 1/ Finland Netherlands 1/ United States of America 1/ 2/ France 1/ New Zealand 1/ Uruguay Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 17 - Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 18 - INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CENTERS Compilied by John Barkai, Dec. 2002 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 http://www.worldbank.org/icsid International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 38, Cours Albert 1er 75008 Paris http://www.iccwbo.org London Court of International Arbitration The International Dispute Resolution Centre, 8 Breams Buildings, Chancery Lane, London EC4A 1HP World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 34, chemin des Colombettes 1211 Geneva 20 http://www.arbiter.wipo.int Australia Australian Commercial Disputes Centre Level 4 50 Park Street Sydney NSW 2000 The Institute of Arbitrators and Mediators Australia Level 1, 450 Little Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000 Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration ACN 006 404 664 Level 1, 22 William Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. http://www.acica.com Bangladesh Bangladesh National Office of the ICC Dhaka Chamber Building (Ground floor) 65-66, Motijheel Commercial Area GPO Box 858 - Dhaka 1000 Bahrain Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 18 - P.O. Box 248 Manama, State of Bahrain E-mail: email@example.com GCC Commercial Arbitration Centre P.O. Box 2338, Manama, Bahrain Cambodia Cambodia Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCCR) c/o Cambodia Development Resource Institute P.O. Box 622 Phnom Penh Cambodia Canada British Columbia International Commercial Arbitration Centre P.O. Box 27, Suite 1140 1090 West Georgia Street Vancouver, BC, Canada V6E 3V7 http://www.bcicac.com China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) 6/F, Golden Land Building 32 Liang Ma Qino Rd. Chaoyung District Beijing 100016, P.R. China http://www.arbitration.org.cn Germany German Institution of Arbitration Schedestraße 13, 53113 Bonn Germany National Office of the ICC Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer, Mittelstrasse 12-14, D - 506 72 Köln, Postfach 10 08 26, D - 50448 Köln Hong Kong Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre 38th Floor Two Exchange Square 8 Connaught Place Hong Kong, China E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.hkiac.org India Indian Council of Arbitration Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 19 - Federation House Tansen Marg New Delhi 110001 http://www.ficci.com/icanet Indonesia Indonesian Alternative Dispute Resolution Centre Jalan Sisingamangaraja No 33-35, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12120 Indonesian National Arbitration Board Indonesian Chamber of Commerce, c/o Kadin Indonesia-Gedung Chandra Lt5 Jalan M.H., Thamrin No.20, Jakarta 10350 Indonesia National Office of the ICC c/o P.T. Prima Comexindo BRI II Building, 24th Floor JL. Jend. Sudirman 44-46 - Jakarta 10210 Japan Japan Commercial Arbitration Association Taishoseimei Hibiya Bldg. 9 1, Yurakucho 1 chome Chiyoda ku, Tokyo 100 0006 http://www.jcaa.or Japan Shipping Exchange Inc. Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commission, Wajun Building 3F, Koishikawa 2-22-2, Bukyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0002 Korea Korean Commercial Arbitration Board World Trade Center, 43rd Floor 159 Samsung-Dong Kangnam-Ku Seoul 135-729 http://www.kcab.org Malaysia Regional Centre for Arbitration Kuala Lumpur 12, Jalan Conlay, 50450 Kuala Lumpur http://www.klrca.org Nepal Nepal Council of Arbitration Ramshah Path, Kathmandu G.P.O. Box 4865 Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 20 - New Zealand Arbitrators' and Mediators' Institute of New Zealand Inc. PO Box 1477, Wellington 6015 Philippines Philippine Dispute Center Inc. of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry G/F, East Wing Secretariat Building Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) CCP Complex Roxas Blvd., Pasay City Russia St. Petersburg International Commercial Arbitration Court Admiralteiski pr. 12, St. Petersburg 190000 International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation 6 Ilynka Street, Moscow 103012 Singapore Singapore International Arbitration Centre 1 Coleman Street #05-08 The Adelphi Singapore 179803 http://www.siac.org.sg Sweden Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce P.O. Box 160 50 S-103 21 Stockholm http://www.chamber.se Taiwan Commercial Arbitration Association of the Republic of China Suite 803, 8th Floor, Lotus Building 136, Jen-ai Rd., Sec. 3 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Thailand Thai Arbitration Institute Ministry of Justice Arbitration Office, Ministry of Justice Criminal Court Building, 5th Fl. Ratchadaphisake Rd. Bangkok 10900 Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 21 - United Kingdom London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Hulton House, 6th Floor 161-166 Fleet Street London EC4A 2DY http://www.lcia-arbitration.com United States American Arbitration Association (AAA) 40 West 51st Street New York, NY 10020-1203 http://www.adr.org Vietnam Vietnam International Arbitration Centre 33 Ba Trieu Street Ha Noi To find the www sites for these centers, go to http://www.internationaladr.org Professor John Barkai --- University of Hawaii Law School -Page 22 -
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|ESPN.com: NFL
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Edgerrin James discusses the deal he signed with the Cardinals on Sunday.
|Manning Reacts To Losing Edge
Colts quarterback Peyton Manning talked to ESPN's Chris Mortensen on Sunday night about losing Edgerrin James to the Arizona Cardinals.
"This is bittersweet news for me personally and for the Colts. I'm happy for Edgerrin because he got a great deal from the Cardinals. But I'm sad because I just lost one of the best teammates that I've ever had -- for the past seven years. This is the business side of the NFL but the tough side for the relationships that you build on in this league."
Manning said he tried calling James on Sunday evening but didn't get through.
"I just left him a long lengthy voicemail to tell him everything that he's meant to me."
Manning added he and James were able to spend time together recently, in what Manning called "kind of a farewell night."
"The one thing that I am really glad about besides the fact that I got to play with Edgerrin for seven years was that my wife, Ashley, and I recently spent some time in Miami and Edgerrin took us out, and we had an absolutely great time together."
Chris Mortensen covers the NFL for ESPN.
Senior writer Len Pasquarelli covers the NFL for ESPN.com. Information from The Associated Press was used in this report.

subset: commoncrawl


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Stem cells grow fully functional new teeth
(Medical Xpress) -- Researchers from Japan recently published a paper in PLoS One describing their successful growth and transplantation of new teeth created from the stem cells of mice.
(Medical Xpress) -- Researchers from Japan recently published a paper in PLoS One describing their successful growth and transplantation of new teeth created from the stem cells of mice.
Scientists in Japan have created a microscopically thin film that can coat individual teeth to prevent decay or to make them appear whiter, the chief researcher said.
With age, postmenopausal women with osteoporosis are at greater risk of losing their teeth. But what treatment for tooth loss provides women with the highest degree of satisfaction in their work and social lives?
Can you ditch the strips and dump the dentist for whiter teeth? From "The Dr. Oz Show" to YouTube videos, experts say you can reclaim those pearly whites simply by mixing fruit, such as strawberries, with ...
(HealthDay)—Taking care of your gums plays an important role in protecting your teeth.
(HealthDay)—Lifestyle factors, including personal effort in oral hygiene, can have long-term effects on perceived facial age, according to a study published online Jan. 27 in the British Journal of Dermatology.
(Medical Xpress)—How to grow new teeth for people who are missing teeth because of old age, accidents, or disease has been an area of interest among researchers. Scientists in China say they have grown ...
Advice on how we should brush our teeth from dental associations and toothpaste companies is 'unacceptably inconsistent', finds new UCL (University College London) research.
(Medical Xpress)—University of Adelaide researchers have discovered that stem cells taken from teeth can grow to resemble brain cells, suggesting they could one day be used in the brain as a therapy for stroke.
(Medical Xpress) -- Two groups working independently have found that patients who suffer from nighttime teeth grinding, a condition known as nocturnal bruxism, found relief after being injected in their temple ...
A mouthwash or therapeutic rinse can complement brushing and flossing, but it's not a license to abandon proven oral health care. Here are a few things to consider before incorporating one into your daily ...
A big sack of candy is the top priority for most children on Halloween, but with some easy substitutions, adults can offers kids treats that preserve dental health and Halloween fun.
The first ever survey of oral health in three-year-olds in England has been conducted by Public Health England, which released its report this week. It made shocking reading – some 12 per cent of toddlers ...
New research from the University of Adelaide shows the acid in wine can make teeth vulnerable to erosion within minutes, prompting renewed calls for professional wine tasters to protect their teeth.
It's that time of year again: back-to-school and back to the books. While you're busy buying your texts at the Dal Bookstore and getting organized for (and, sometimes, stressed out about) your classes, your ...
Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, and chew food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or defense. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness.
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. Paleontologists use teeth to identify fossil species and determine their relationships. The shape of the animal's teeth are related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so herbivores have many molars for chewing. Carnivores, on the other hand, need canines to kill prey and to tear meat.
Mammals are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. In humans, the first set (the "baby," "milk," "primary" or "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can be painful.
Some animals develop only one set of teeth (monophyodont) while others develop many sets (polyphyodont). Sharks, for example, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, maintaining relatively constant length. Many rodents such as voles (but not mice) and guinea pigs, as well as rabbits, have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors.
This text uses material from Wikipedia licensed under CC BY-SA


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Discover a selection of top forums caddy wheels on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums caddy wheels and meet other fans of caddy wheels. Then, why don't you create your own forum of caddy wheels ?
Free forum : A FORUM FOR VANNERS TO CHAT ABOUT ALL THINGS VAN RELATED.
free, majestic, vanners, australia, forum, chat, about, things, related, shaggin, wagon, shagging, love, truck, van's, rockin', rocking, vans, #wheels, panel
Free forum : TV Show discussionCurrent and Older shows. Also movies
free, forum, talk, show, arrow, person, interest, shield, castle, walking, dead, summer, glau, game, thrones, breaking, dexter, hell, #wheels, survivor, vampire, diaries, vikings, bates, motel, continuum
This site is an alternative to the other mundane golf forums. We've got a personality here. We talk everything golf and occasionally things that have nothing to do with golf. This site is not for t
#caddy, shack, this, site, alternative, other, mundane, golf, forums, we've, personality, here, talk, everything, occasionally, things, that, have, nothing


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Narrow your search
Technically Incorrect: After being told to remove dye from his own hair, the student finds a picture of his principal with purple hair and posts it. And he's said to have added some choice comments. The school is not amused.
Technically Incorrect: A Florida principal's short message in support of the police officer in the now-infamous pool party video was deemed insensitive and lacking in common sense by the school district.
Technically Incorrect: A YouTube video shows a spirited argument between a parent and a Philadelphia school principal. It also shows the problems of tech in schools.
Technically Incorrect: A group of British school principals send a letter to parents saying that violent adult-rated video games risk getting them into serious trouble.
Technically Incorrect: In Massachusetts, Stormtroopers are seen as a threat. At least by one school principal.
Technically Incorrect: In a document intended for a broad audience, the pope describes the earth as "an immense pile of filth."
Technically Incorrect: You thought dinosaur movies were done? Not quite, as the latest Jurassic movie heads for an enormous weekend of money-grabbing, said to be the biggest June hit of all time.
Technically Incorrect: An elementary-school teacher goes on Facebook to declare "blacks are the problem." She is the second educator this week to be removed from her job for a Facebook posting.
Technically Incorrect: A Belgian smartphone store thinks it would help prevent broken phone screens to draw lanes where people can walk and text. Like that's going to work.
Technically Incorrect: The famous proponent of relaxation and enjoying life insists he is the right man for the job.


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Bridger-Teton National Forest
Contact Information
Bridger-Teton National Forest
340 N. Cache P.O. Box 1888 Jackson,WY 83001 (307) 739-5500
Contact Us
The Hoback Campground is situated along the designated Wild and Scenic Hoback River. This is a small but pretty campground that offers excellent fishing just a few minutes walk from your campsite. If you want to visit the hustle and bustle of the Snake River or Jackson but wish to camp where things are quiet this is a great place to stop and rest.
Map showing recreational areas.
Map Information
Forest Service Home | USDA.gov | recreation.gov | USA.gov | Whitehouse.gov
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The African Rungu massage is an African massage using a small wooden baton, the Rungu. Its a deeply stimulating massage which will leave you feeling completely relaxed, is excellent for tired or painful muscles, while also ensuring lymph drainage and release of endorphins. This massage offers you a full holistic massage pampering your body with a natural product designed to ensure you have the maximum benefit of a deep tissue massage.
Skin Clinic
Online bookings let you pick date/time for your visit.
If you purchase an eVoucher you will need to book with the venue directly.
Our old Wahanda Gift Vouchers can still be redeemed at over 3,000 locations. Use them to pay as you would with cash. Please note, the Wahanda Gift Voucher's successor – the Wahanda Gift Card – can only be used for online purchases.


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Jinda Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Jinda Hotel Dali
Travel Blogs from Dali
A day around Dali
... These were built by the king. There is also a temple complex with a few monks. The temple complex was rebuilt in the early 2000's as earth quakes and the cultural revolution had done much damage to it. Again it was a very peaceful place. Lunch a nd people watching although we were stared at and photographed regularly. Westerners are definitely a rarity. Next a boat trip which was exciting. The boat was flat bottomed and rolled all ...
Everybody Was Kung-Fu Fighting
... 1497; 501; מושקע 97;ם (החלק המועד 07; ביום :-)) ולאחר מכן תרגיל 97;ם בסיסי 97;ם של בעיטו 14;, אגרופ 97;ם וקפיצ ...
Hello Dali!
... the feeling while I was here that this is what Venice California would like to be. The town and surrounding villages are full of old houses, and hold an indigenous Bai population. To the east lies the great lake, Er Hai, while the invitingly green valleys and clouded peaks of the fifty-kilometre-long Cang Shan range rear up behind town, the perfect setting for a few days' walking or relaxation. The largely undiscovered Bai town of Shaxi is a good focus for a day trip. I want to go ...
... spending more days there than I initially intended. The first few days were spent in similar fashion: moseying over to a cafe in the old town for breakfast, meeting other travelers with nothing to do and ending up spending the whole day chatting, basking in the sun and drinking beer. I spent the last two days hiking in the nearby Cangshan mountains, which was pleasant enough but nothing really ...
Dali: Appropriately Surreal (Was it all a dream?)
... because I haven't explored all the sights and I've seen most of the places while under the haze of illness, so it's a bit patchy in places. But I can say, it's a great gateway to the rest of Yunnan and I'd be happy to come back again and really give the area the what for. Tomorrow, I'm heading off to Lijiang, the old new mecca of backpackers. Let's see if it's the stuff of legends, or end up being the substance of bitter regret.


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Renewal of CLTC Designation
To maintain the CLTC designation, all designees are required to complete the CLTC renewal course biennally. This course contains the most current information in the long-term care industry and is a great refresher for our designees. Along with the renewal course, all designees are required to pay an annual renewal fee.


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Hopton Holiday Village is a green and beautifully landscaped park fronted by miles of sandy beach stretching from Great Yarmouth to Lowestoft. Haven take great pride in this park and this is evident in how clean and tidy the communal spaces are kept.
Laid back or lively? You decide. Whilst the park is adjacent to the beach and offers a large variety of activities and entertainment it has a country park feel with plenty or areas to stroll and take in the views, with caravan communities positioned harmoneously around the landscape.
In addition the park is a conveniently located base for the many attractions that the area has to offer including the resorts of Great Yarmouth (approximately 10 minutes by car) with it's piers, the pleasure beach and sea life centre, Lowestoft (approximately 10 minutes by car) with it's stunning beaches and Pleasurewood Hills and the Norfolk Broads amongst others...
With facilities galore though you might decide that you don't even need to leave the park. The 4 star facilities include :-
Indoor and outdoor swimming pool with indoor splashzone and slide9 hole golf courseAdventure golfAll weather sports court plus tennis courtsArchery and fencing rangeBowling greenRestaurant and barPapa Johns pizza (your pizza can be delivered to your caravan)AmusementsShowbar with entertainment options for all the familyReasonably priced Spar convenience store
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Teen bride Courtney Stodden shopped with her mom at West Hollywood's The Grove on May 9, 2012, wearing a super short LBD.
Elizabeth Olsen totally had a Marilyn Monroe moment. …
Summer is upon us and that could only mean one thing: Swimsuit season is finally here.
Caitlyn Jenner is giving thanks for the freedom to be herself on this very special Independence Day.


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|Amazon Price
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—Library Journal, starred review
"Fans of Fay's first novel, Shelter Me (2009), will spot a familiar face in Sean's hometown, and readers old and new will fall in love with the flawed, endearing cast of characters. A beautifully written novel infused with Fay's generous spirit."
"Fay's third novel (after Deep Down True) is a touching exploration of a damaged family working to repair itself, with universal appeal."
—Publishers Weekly
"Full of humorous and tender moments as well as subtle revelations, The Shortest Way Home is a quietly powerful exploration of one man's journey back to himself."
"The Shortest Way Home is as complex and full of surprises as the well-examined life. This is one beautiful novel, rich with depth and heart."
—Julianna Baggott, bestselling author of Pure
"The Shortest Way Home is Juliette Fay's best yet and shows us that loving the people in your life can be as exciting, as daring, as difficult an adventure as any."
—Marisa de los Santos, New York Times bestselling author of Falling Together and Love Walked In
"The Shortest Way Home is full of heart and of understanding about the often awkward
collection we call 'family.'"
—Meg Waite Clayton, bestselling author of The Wednesday Sisters
"If you've ever thought you or anyone in your family might be just a bit less than perfect, read this book."
—Nancy Thayer, author of Summer Breeze
"With trademark wit and grace, Juliette Fay portrays a man forced to rescue his family as he reaches for his own freedom. She keeps you turning the pages, even as you want to stop and admire her writing."
—Randy Susan Meyers, author of The Murderer's Daughters
"Insightful, funny, and tender-hearted…full of truths about family, falling in love, and finding out who we are meant to be."
—Amy Hatvany, author of Best Kept Secret and Outside the Lines
"A touching and engrossing story about the lengths to which we'll go to avoid where we're meant to be, and the way the heart leads us gently back."
—Nichole Bernier, author of The Unfinished Work of Elizabeth D.
"A smart, sincere look at the meaning of home, the complicated nature of family ties, and how the things we run from are often what we need the most."
—Allie Larkin, author of Why Can't I Be You
"Heartfelt... Juliette Fay does a wonderful job creating this quirky, lovable cast of characters finding their way in life and love."
—Shilpi Somaya Gowda, New York Times bestselling author of Secret Daughter
"Powerful, beautifully written, and at times heartbreaking… a meditation on the impossibility and the inevitability of finding our way home."
—Julie Buxbaum, author of After You
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The story was predictable and the characters could have had more depth. However, the script was entertaining, plots thoughtfully connected and triggered the emotions. Read morePublished 2 months ago by J
This book was a little slow for me at first, perhaps due to things going on in my life, but once I got into it, I couldn't put it down. Read morePublished 14 months ago by Sandra
I enjoyed this author's writing. It was an easy read and held my interest. I will read another book by this author.Published 15 months ago by Reader
I love all of Juliette Fay's novels and have read them all. In the Shortest Way Home, she introduces readers to a boy with sensory processing disorder. Read morePublished 20 months ago by Rachel Quatkemeyer, author of This Extraordinary Life


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Davao Gulf
Davao Gulf is a gulf found in Mindanao in the Philippines. It has an area of 308,000 hectares.[1] Davao Gulf cuts into the island of Mindanao from Philippine Sea. It is surrounded by all five provinces in the Davao Region. The largest island in the gulf is Samal Island. Davao City, on the gulf's west coast, is the largest and busiest port on the gulf. The Bagobo, a tribe known in Davao, are living in the Davao Gulf. With the thrust of Davao City towards Information Technology and IT-Enabled Services (ITES), Davao City and the Davao Gulf area have also earned the moniker Silicon Gulf.
The gulf water is regarded as one of most diverse cetacean habitats in the nation, being home for at least 10 species of toothed whales and dolphins such as Sperm Whales and Beaked Whales. Also Whale Sharks are seen frequently. Furthermore, several ecological phenomena have been observed in the Davao Gulf such as a previously unknown predator of the Crown-of-Thorns starfish,[2][3] new species records[4][5] and species discoveries[6] underlining the uniqueness of the marine resources in the Davao Gulf.
Davao Gulf is surrounded by six cities namely:
- ^ Lacorte, Germelina. "Davao chamber hosts concert to save sea turtles". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Bos A.R., G.S. Gumanao and F.N. Salac (2008). "A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish". Coral Reefs 27: 581. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0364-9.
- ^ Ocaña O., J.C. den Hartog, A. Brito and A.R. Bos (2010). "On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae)". Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias XXI (3-4): 9–34.
- ^ Bos A.R. and H.M. Smits (2013). "First Record of the dottyback Manonichthys alleni (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from the Philippines". Marine Biodiversity Records 6 (e61). doi:10.1017/s1755267213000365.
- ^ Arthur R. Bos and Girley S. Gumanao (2013). "Seven new records of fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) from coral reefs and pelagic habitats in Southern Mindanao, the Philippines". Marine Biodiversity Records 6 (e95): 1–6. doi:10.1017/s1755267213000614.
- ^ Bos A.R. (2014). "Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 745–753.


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IRISH TO BE NAKED bare bum St Patricks day design Accessories.
Design ID: 12246711
I draw cute things, funny things and obscure things. Need a Colour change to one of my designs? email me. (jazzydevil at iinet.net.au) or alternately if you like my style and want to work on a project with my help, email or head on over to my Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/JazzydesignerIllustrations
Graphic Design, Illustration and Kids books. and VECTOR's VECTOR's, VECTORS!!! made all in Illustrator Cs5
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Make your iPhone as unique as you are. Customize your premium cover with your own personal style. What's so special? You can print on its back and sides so that your iPhone 5/5S shows off a seamless image of your favorite design without losing important details.
still to fill


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I'd like to understand what happen under the hood when you do an web upload.
I guess one of these:
- The file is loaded in memory by the browser, sent to the web server buffer memory, and then the app is notified to collect it.
- The file is being readed by the browser and at the same time sent to the web server, that can start to save the bytes progresively.
I've tried to upload a very large file, and put a breakpoint on the frist line of the method receiving the upload. I've seen how the browser toke a lot of time loading... but the breakpoint was still not hit, and after a while the breakpoint is hit.
I want to understand this, because in the worst scenario, if I allow big uploads, they could blow up the server memory at some point.
What does happen if I upload a 2Gb file? (considering that the web server/app accepts that length) would it take 2Gb of server memory?


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The National Association of Chain Drug Stores announced on Thursday that VP of state government affairs Sandra Guckian has been named chair of the associate member advisory committee of the National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations for 2014-2015.
Mars Chocolate's global president Grant F. Reid has been named by the company's board of directors as president, effective Jan. 2, 2015. Reid will take over for current Mars president Paul S. Michaels, who plans to retire at the end of the year.
Consumer Reports has ranked Wegmans No. 1 in its list of supermarkets across the country with a score of 88, according to a report in USA Today published Thursday.
In lead-up to a House Panel hearing on Thursday, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores submitted a statement expressing its support for the leadership and efforts of Congress and the Food and Drug Administration in taking common-sense approaches in safeguarding the process of delivering prescription medications to patients.
The National Association of Chain Drug Stores is urging a Senate Committee to help preserve pharmacy access and choice for Tricare patients, citing in a written statement the importance of advancing policies that control healthcare costs and preserve patient access to the nation's community pharmacies.
Sales of specialty medicines are shifting toward hospitals and specialty pharmacies and away from independent physician owned-and-operated clinics, according to a report released Tuesday by HDMA's non-profit research foundation, The Center for Healthcare Supply Chain Research.
The National Association of Chain Drug Stores has announced that it is using short video tutorials on NACDS-TV to help registrants prepare for the upcoming 2014 NACDS Total Store Expo.
The American Pharmacists Association has announced the selection of the 2014 Awards and Honors Program recipients.
In a statement, HDMA president and CEO John Gray said the national association representing primary healthcare distributors applauds U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder's weekly address concerning the nation's prescription drug abuse epidemic.
Citing pharmacist-administered medication therapy management, recognition of pharmacists as healthcare providers, the need for fair and accurate pharmacy reimbursement in state Medicaid programs and other pharmacy services, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores has sent a statement to lawmakers urging them to consider pharmacy provisions within the "Fiscal 2015 Budget," released by the administration last week.
The Healthcare Distribution Management Association, the national association representing primary healthcare distributors, has honored Elizabeth Gallenagh, SVP government affairs and general counsel, with the Distribution Management Award for Industry Leadership.
Bipartisan legislation that would designate pharmacists as healthcare providers under the Medicare program was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives on Tuesday. The bill would amend The Social Security Act of 1935 to enable pharmacists to work to their full capability by providing underserved patients in the Medicare program with services not currently available to them.
Diplomat Pharmacy on Friday announced it will be hosting college students from across the nation this week.
As one of the most accessible healthcare providers in the community, pharmacists are an ideal resource for consumers on the risks of illegal Internet drug sellers. That was a key message that the National Association of Chain Drug Stores stressed in a statement submitted to a congressional panel.
Dollar Tree on Wednesday posted sales of $2.2 billion for the fourth quarter ended Feb. 1, down slightly by 0.9%.
In recognition of a career dedicated to the advancement of public health, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation has announced a gift of $50,000 to the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy to establish the Anthony N. Civello Pharmacy Scholarship.
U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee vice chair Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn., and Rep. Tom Marino, R-Pa., have introduced legislation that would establish a work group to explore opportunities to reduce prescription drug abuse without compromising access to medications for patients who legitimately need them.
As part of the National Governors Association's ongoing effort to help states reduce prescription drug abuse, findings from the Prescription Drug Abuse Reduction Policy Academy were the focus of the Health and Human Services Committee session at NGA's 2014 Winter Meeting, the association announced Sunday.
Hispanic consumers are outpacing non-Hispanics in their adoption of mobile, social and online sources for local shopping, according to BIA/Kelsey's Consumer Commerce Monitor study released Tuesday.
The National Association of Chain Drug Stores Retail Advisory Board will be heading to London on Feb. 25 to examine key marketplace trends, including multigenerational retailing, how the omni-channel is improving the shopping experience, urban retailing and managing OTC medications.
The National Association of Chain Drug Stores has announced that Haley Barbour, former governor of Mississippi and former chairman of the Republican Governor's Association, will be the keynote for the NACDS Chain Members and Political Action Committee Breakfast at the 2014 NACDS Annual Meeting.
Tricare for Life beneficiaries soon will receive letters guiding them to Tricare Pharmacy Home Delivery or a military pharmacy for some prescriptions as part of a congressionally mandated pilot program, officials of the military healthcare plan reported Tuesday.
Legislation recently introduced by U.S. Rep. Tom Marino, R-Pa., which is intended to reduce the abuse of prescription drugs by fostering greater collaboration among stakeholders and implementing new safeguards, has received the endorsement of the National Community Pharmacists Association.
It may be about six months until the doors open for the 2014 National Association of Chain Drug Stores Total Store Expo, but energy is already building, with more than 90% of the show-floor already sold out.
The Food Marketing Institute and Matrix Group, a digital agency specializing in web design, development and e-marketing in the Washington D.C., area, on Friday announced the release of a new animated video as part of the trade association's "Supermarket Fact Video Series."


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Why did you choose this product?
This is such a beautiful ring! I'm so glad that I reorder this ring after being stolen and now I have it back!!...
Make a statement with this sterling silver diamond accent jewelry by Dolce Giavonna. Choose between the earrings, ring, pendant or go with the whole set.
ITEM#: 15643529Make a statement with this sterling silver diamond accent jewelry by Dolce Giavonna. Choose between the earrings, ring, pendant or go with the whole set. These pieces feature sterling silver construction highlighted by London blue topaz stones.
- Style: Stud
- Clasp: Butterfly
- Gemstone colors: Blue
- Gemstone shapes: Square
- Two prong-set cushion-cut London blue topaz each measures 5 mm
- Total gemstone weight: 1 3/4 carats
- Metal: Sterling silver
- Metal weight: 1.6 grams
- Finish: High polish
- Earring dimensions: 8.22 mm wide x 8.22 mm long
- Style: Pendant
- Gemstone colors: Blue
- Gemstone shapes: Square
- One prong-set cushion-cut London blue topaz measures 7 mm
- Total gemstone weight: 1 1/3 carats
- Metal: Sterling silver
- Metal weight: 2.4 grams
- Finish: High polish
- Chain: Cable
- Chain length: 18 inches
- Clasp: Spring ring
- Pendant dimensions: 18.20 mm long x 9.90 mm wide
- Chain dimensions: 18 inches long x 1.5 mm wide
- Gemstone colors: Blue
- Gemstone shapes: Square
- One prong-set cushion-cut London blue topaz measures 10.3 mm wide x 10.3 mm long
- Total gemstone weight: 1 1/3 carats
- Metal: Sterling silver
- Finish: High polish
- Metal weight: 3.3 grams
- Band dimensions: 2 mm wide
All carat weights and measurements are approximate and may vary slightly from the listed dimensions. Treatment code E. See Treatment Guide for further information.
|Sterling Silver
|Diamond Color
|Ring Style
|Diamond Cut
|Gemstone Color
|Stone Shape
|Band Width
|1-2 mm 2-3 mm
|Birthstone Month
|December November
|Jewelry Setting
|Metal Color
|See Description
|See Description
|Model Number
Customer Reviews
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This is such a beautiful ring! I'm so glad that I reorder this ring after being stolen and now I have it back!!Read More
delicate and sophisticated for formal or informal attire. mUCH, MUCH NICER THAN i HAD HOPED.Read More
London Blue Topaz
The ring is really pretty. I was very impressed until I noticed the topaz gem could move easily inside the silver ring. I think they should have tightened the metal prongs around the gem; I am afraid it will fall out.Read More
London Blue Topaz Ring
Stone was smaller than it looked online but the color is beautiful and the diamonds sparkle.Read More
Dolce Giavonna London Blue Topaz Ring
I think this ring is so beautiful. Great quality London Blue gemstone so sparkly and shimmery. It looks like I paid so much more for this ring. It really sparkles and the color is so gorgeous. I love this ring. One of my favorites for certain. Thanks so much for the great deals.Read More
Looks Cheap
The picture is misleading because it looks as if there are diamond chips encircling the stone, which it doesn't have. The chain is extremely cheap. Looking up close on the stone, it looks plastic. I wanted to give this to my daughter for a birthday gift, since it's her birth stone, but I think I'll return it and look for something nicer.Read More
Is NOTHING like the picture
You would think there are diamonds encircling the topaz by the picture and also the description that lists "diamond accent", but pay particular attention to the fact that the word "diamond" is singular. My ring came with exactly 1, count them, 1 extremely miniscule, poor quality, highly imperfect and opaque diamond chip set to 1 side of the topaz. I would return this ring, but it is not worth my time and effort. I am so disappointed Overstock.com...Read More
Pretty from afar, but YOU KNOW.
Honestly, I will agree with the previous two comments, there is only one diamond in the ring, and in each of the earrings. I did not purchase the necklace so I have no comment on the chain used. I got these on black Friday and they were only about $25 for the earrings and the same for the ring. While I was surprised to say the least about the one diamond in the jewelry, it still looks since. No one who is looking at you are going to have the same scrutiny that you might have when looking at these. I've contemplated returning them, but they were a good price and if they break or you loose them it isn't the end of the world. I'd recommend them of course with the catch that there is only one diamond. Misleading sales technique but if you look at the pictures it is hard to even make out one diamond.Read More
Questions & Answers
Replacing the ring that had been stolen when I had the ring before.
can this ring be sized?
Hi grovishdt, we were able to verify this information with our support team. This ring can not be sized. Thanks for shopping with us.
Hello I just purchased this item and I received only the earrings I thought it all comes with ring and neck pice or is going to be different shipment? Can you get back to me ASAP please. Thank you.
Hello thomas911t, This has an options tab where you would pick if you want the set or an individual piece. I looked at your account and it looks like you just picked the earrings. Have a great day.
Does the ring come in a ring box?
Hello jaimestrain, This ring is stunning! This ring ships in a velvet pouch. I hope this helps. Thanks for shopping with us.
No; it doesn't come in any kind of box. Just a ziplock bag.
How many carats are in the ring. How many carats in the earrrings.
Thank you for your question dandydi7777. This set has 4 diamond stones that measure 1.25 mm each. The carat weight per stone is .01 carats. This makes the total carat weight for the set .04 carats. The total carat weight for the ring is .01 carat. The rest of the stones are just metal which gives it the look of multiple stones. Have a great day.
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Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.26 / 5.00 5,213 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.25 / 5.00 17,691 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.20 / 5.00 14,986 Views
Ok this is a cool and funny video, but I'm afraid that this vid isn't the best though.This video will be rated 2 and a half stars.
How in the hell do you kill a cow with a single punch? Hiddenblade?
This... Is... STUPID!!!
This is so dumb. What if a teen called his little brother and it was the teen's first time watching it. What the heck it says Rated E for everyone and when they start and the lil bro hears the bad word even if it was censored he would tell on you and you will get grounded
cool! i like it brooo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


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By Jim Halley, USA TODAY
A grand jury report into the death of George County (Lucedale, Miss.) running back Billey Joe Johnson Jr. concluded Thursday the recruit shot himself by accident with his 12-gauge shotgun during a traffic stop..
While his family was relieved his death was no longer being ruled a suicide, the report left unanswered questions, said Jerome Carter, the family's attorney.
"I ain't buying (the grand jury ruling)," Johnson's mother, Annette, said at the George County Courthouse. "We are going further and we are going higher."
GRAND JURY RULING: Findings of facts (PDF)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People said it would submit its evidence to the U.S. Justice Department and seek a federal probe.
Johnson, a 5-11, 220-pound junior who ran for 1,559 yards and 24 touchdowns last season and was receiving interest from Alabama, Mississippi and LSU, among others, died on Dec. 8, 2008, in Lucedale.
The circumstances surrounding the death of the black teen led his family and the local chapter of the NAACP to question a white deputy's role in the death.
According to the grand jury report, Johnson, 17, left his home before dawn to go deer hunting but made an unexpected visit to the home of an ex-girlfriend and tried to wake her by tapping on her window. Her family called 911 and reported a burglary. After hearing sirens, Johnson drove away but was stopped by Lucedale police deputy Joe Sullivan, who said Johnson ran a red light. When Sullivan went to his vehicle to check on Johnson's license, the report said, Johnson tried to move his shotgun in the cab portion of his truck and accidentally discharged a blast into the left side of his head.
When other officers arrived, Johnson was on the ground outside of the driver's side door with a shotgun on top of him, the barrel pointing toward his head, police have said.
"The family has a sense of relief that comes from the removal of any criminal wrongdoing on (Johnson's) part or activity related to any alleged burglary," Carter said. "They are still dismayed with what is deemed to be an accidental shooting. They've asked us to remain in the case."
Carter said the family needs to see the same evidence the grand jury, made up of 14 white and two black members, has seen and has been told unofficially by Judge Robert Krebs that the exhibits would be made available. Carter said the biggest question the report didn't answer was why gunpowder residue was found only on Johnson's left hand and why was the gunpowder residue found on Deputy Sullivan's hands deemed insignificant.
"There are too many questions that need to be answered," Carter said. "Our plan is to get all of the information that was to be presented to the grand jury. They used minimizing language in the report about the gunpowder residue on the deputy's hands, but I don't understand why, if he had just reported to work and had not fired his weapon, why would he have gunpowder residue on his hands?"
"It's a tragic accident, and I know it's hard for some people to accept that," county District Attorney Tony Lawrence said.
Contributing: Associated Press
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.


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Bolton News
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Charlamagne Tha God vs. Damon Dash
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Home › Forums › 2-Cycle Racing › BEARING COLLAPSE
This topic contains 10 replies, has 5 voices, and was last updated by Walt Gifford 1 year, 4 months ago.
February 13, 2014 at 3:19 pm #21984
Anyone having trouble with the crank bearings on their Leopards losing the plastic ball bearing spacer? This has just happened again to me. It has happened 3 times in the last 50 engines I have done. The cranks are dead nuts on run out. The bearings come from a reliable vender also. I do place the balls facing in and the spacer facing outward. Any clues appreciated. thanks, chi wa waFebruary 13, 2014 at 7:39 pm #21992
Glenn L RiggsParticipant
I had a batch of fag 6205 shifter bearings that would fail the same way. They are good bearings but made in different countries forgot which country I had the problem ones. Maybe this might help. also have to watch endplay if slightly tight heats up and melts the plastic part. Hope this may helpFebruary 14, 2014 at 9:23 am #22024
Go to full compliment.
GifFebruary 14, 2014 at 10:46 am #22030
Giff, where do I buy them please? Full comp means more rollers? not really up on that term, thanksFebruary 18, 2014 at 11:25 am #22209
Jim GerardParticipant
I would be interested in trading some parts for dyno time if your interested.February 18, 2014 at 11:52 am #22218
It's like all star wrestling all balls no cage. lol, I think you have to make them, that's what I did.
GifFebruary 18, 2014 at 1:35 pm #22235
Giff, I did check this out with my guru from Plattsburgh Ny and he made a point. Take the cage out and add balls would make more friction with ball rubbing on ball. Now that's a ball of a deal like Mr Gerard wants, sure Sunday will be fine but early. Daytona comes on at 1pm.February 18, 2014 at 3:18 pm #22239
Your guru needs more meditation. The balls rotate in their own spaces. If you've blown 50 engines I'd try something different.
GifFebruary 18, 2014 at 3:40 pm #22241
Jim Russell, JrParticipant
Check your seals. Leaking seals can cause loss of lubrication and hot spots. Then the bearing fails.
Otherwise it could be a bad batch of separator material.
We have had the best luck with the SKF bearings.
Jim jr.February 18, 2014 at 5:59 pm #22247
Giff, with no cage your saying they don't touch? c'mon
Mr Russell, the seals were new, the axial clearance was .012,balls inward, and crank dead nuts. thanks for the inputFebruary 20, 2014 at 10:35 am #22348
After installation and the cases cool, can you feel some play on the inner race? Are you using C4 fit? When you put the bearing in do you weight it down with a big aluminum block to keep the bearing cool and seated? The hot case can push the bearing up. There is supposed to be a hole that connects the transfer passage with the space between the bearing and the crank seal, is it open? This draws lube through the bearing from differential of pressures. After you run it on track does it still have end play in the crank? The bearings could be drifting out of the pockets. Do you have a bent axle or sprocket that could be jerking the engine shaft, does your chain pulsate are your tires balanced, frame cracked? Pull the spark plug and crank the motor over fast and listen for any metallic clank, piston hitting something. Does the piston twist going up and down? Sorry for the unicorns I ran out of zebras.
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Sermon by St. John (Maximovich, +1966) of Shanghai and San Francisco on the Holy Pentecost
Trinity. Andrei RublevThe Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit share one nature, one essence, one substance. That is why the Three Faces are the Trinity, one-in-substance. Humans also have one nature, one substance.
But while God is the Indivisible Trinity, divisions occur in mankind constantly… The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit have common thought, common will, common actions. What the Father desires, the Son also desires, and the Holy Spirit also desires. Whatever the Son loves, so do the Father and the Holy Spirit also love. Whatever is pleasing to the Holy Spirit, is pleasing to the Father and Son. Their actions are also common among them, all act in conjunction and in accord.
This is not so with man. We are in constant disagreement, we have differing desires. Even a small child expresses his own wishes, willfulness, disobedience to his loving parents. As he grows older, he separates from their more, and so often in our day becomes completely alienated from them. People simply don't share identical opinions, on the contrary, there are perpetual divisions in all things, quarrels and conflicts between individuals, wars between nations.
Adam and Eve, before their Fall, were in full accord and of common spirit with one another at all times. Having sinned, alienation was immediately sensed. Justifying himself before God, Adam blamed Eve. Their sin divided them and continues to divide all of mankind. Emancipated from sin, we approach God, and, filled with His grace, we sense our unity with the rest of mankind. Such unity is very imperfect and lacking, since in each person some portion of sin remains. The closer we approach God, the closer we approach each other, just as the closer rays of light are to each other, the closer they are to the Sun. In the coming Kingdom of God there will be unity, mutual love and concord. The Holy Trinity remains eternally unchanging, all-perfect, united in essence and indivisible.
The One, Indivisible Trinity ever remains the Trinity. The Father always remains the Father, the Son remains the Son, the Holy Spirit remains the Holy Spirit. Besides Their personal Properties, They all share all in common and in unity. That is why the Holy Trinity is One God.
25 / 06 / 2013
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