text:
*Widget & MTC use System Safety Level setting (Auto-Kill service got its own setting)*
New Widget Options: (Please re-add)
- Disable battery & free memory status
- Enable date on top
- Optimized for speed & battery usage
What's New
Watchdog Task Manager Lite
NOTE: There is an Android issue where Watchdog might crash upon launching after an upgrade. It seems to be related to the upgrade of the app while the old version happens to be executing in the background. It doesn't affect your phone's operation at all. If this happens, re-launch and goto the menu and hit restart for proper monitoring.
Package verification problems: If you installed the Lite version via the Amazon app store, you'll have to upgrade it there(should be available shortly), or uninstall and reinstall the market version. This will solve your problem.
You don't need a task killer. But you do need a way to make sure a background app doesn't lose control and eat up all your CPU. Watchdog monitors your apps and alerts when one loses control, allowing you to kill just that single app. Killing apps blindly can cause them to stop working as designed, and most app developers won't even take a bug report from you if you are using a task killer!
From Android 2.2 on, the kill command works only on background apps, and they will likely restart immediately. Watchdog removes the app immediately from the list, since there isn't feedback about whether it was successful. Having lots of apps running doesn't hurt your phone at all unless they are doing something. In fact, killing an app and having it immediately restart simply consumes your phones resources. If you just leave the apps running, they will start immediately when you want to go back to it.
The paid version has all the features of the lite, removing the ads, while adding a "blacklist" feature. This allows you to pick a single app that is constantly misbehaving and assign a CPU % threshold to it. When that app exceeds the threshold, it will be automatically killed.
So stop blindly killing all your apps; be smart by managing them instead. Good for all versions of Android.
Task Killer
Do you want to speed up your phone with just one click?
Task Killer can help you!
Task Killer can help you to kill (close or stop) the running apps of your phone, free up the memory and increase the speed of your phone!
* Kill selected apps: You can select the running apps and kill them with just one click.
* Auto Kill: Kill the apps automatically to prevent the apps to restart after being killed. Keep your phone in good condition all the time.
* Ignore List: Add or remove app from ignore list so that you can filter important apps.
* Memory status: Show the usage of your total memory, and show the usage of every running apps so that you know which app consumes the most memory.
Zapper Task Killer & Manager
❐ About Zapper Task Killer & Manager
Zapper Task Killer & Manager is an easy way to kill the processes that are slowing down your phone - by zapping them!
✰ "Simple to use and simply amazing! Kills unnecessary apps and doesn't lag like other task killers."
✰ "Killer! Just like their security app. Top notch!"
✰ "Great program! Does what it says and does it easily!"
Ever suspect that your phone is running slowly because of an app you downloaded? Lookout Zapper Task Killer helps you find the real culprit behind battery drain and slower phone performance by showing you a list of every active app on your phone.
Apps are sorted by CPU usage, with those that are using the most processing power at the top. If you see something that seems like it is making your phone run slower or making your battery life suffer, select the app and zap to kill it. Once you zap the app, it immediately closes down, stopping it from taking up any more of your phone's precious resources.
Want to kill all processes and start from scratch? Hit select all and kill all active apps with one click.
Zapper Task Killer & Manager also provides real-time charts to help you visualize how much memory and processing power your phone is using overall.
Note: Zapper Task Killer & Manager can only kill background processes. If the app is running an important task, like Pandora streaming music or Gmail sending a message, it can not be killed. These can only be stopped through the Running Apps menu of the Android System Settings.
❐ About Lookout Labs
Zapper Task Killer & Manager is a project of the Labs division of Lookout Mobile Security. The goal of Lookout Labs is to explore new ideas and push the boundaries of mobile apps. Labs projects are experimental by nature, and may only be available for a limited time.
❐ About Lookout Inc.
Lookout builds security technology that protects people, businesses, governments, and critical infrastructure from the growing threats in the post-PC era.
Visit our website https://www.lookout.com/ to learn more about us.
❐ About Lookout Security & Antivirus
Zapper Task Killer & Manager is not a replacement for Lookout Security & Antivirus.
Downloading Lookout Security & Antivirus (http://ap.lookout.com/SH3q) is the best way to keep your phone & tablet safe from malware and spyware, back up your data, and locate, scream, lock, or wipe a lost or stolen mobile device.
Lookout Security & Antivirus is available in German, French, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified), Korean, Russian and Polish.
© 2012 Lookout, Inc. All rights reserved. Patents pending.
Task Manager
1. CPU usage and free memory monitor.
2. Kill all tasks with one tap.
3. Uninstall running app.
4. Check app details.
5. Cool apps recommendation to help you meet with more amazing apps.
Super Task Killer-Fast Booster
Over 10,000,000 users are using Super Task Killer -Fast Booster. Join them and Download for Free Now!
►Compact and easy on battery
As one of the most lightweight apps on Android devices, Super Task Killer helps you save power & memory by killing unnecessary apps while using very few power itself.
►Easy to use
Detailed lists of killed apps and amount of released memory along with an Intuitive interface enable you to release memory and boost your phone speed with a one simple tap.
►Compatible with low-end phones
Supports lower Android versions and is also compatible with small-screen phones
►Totally free and no ads
All features are free without any advertisement plug-ins
Main Features
☆Intelligent Power Saving☆
► Battery Status: Detects battery status in real time and shows usage time
► Power-saving Mode: You can customize various power-saving modes or choose from four different modes to extend stand-by time
☆Phone Boost☆
► One-tap Boost: Releases memory and boost your phone
► Regular Cleaning: Automatically closes background apps, keeping your phone at best speed
► Whitelist: Add frequently-used apps to your whitelist
► Cool Rocket Man: Lively home screen pet to help you release memory
☆App Management☆
► App List: Lists all apps and their footprints in different categories
► Easy Uninstall: Uninstalls third-party apps to free more storage space
Why kill running apps (tasks)
☆Boost phone performance☆
It is easy to fill your Android with apps when you first get it, but the more apps you have, the slower your Android becomes. STK kills the apps that you aren't using, thereby freeing up memory to be used by more important apps.
☆Save battery☆
Complex games and apps can be hard on battery life. Some apps even keep running in the background and consume power after you closed them. Killing these background apps can stop unnecessary battery drain.
Supported Languages:
English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Indonesian, Portuguese Brazil.
Please send feedback and help us improve the app if you encounter any problems while using the product.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Task Manager
- Processes list
- Fast clear button
- Manage processes
- Forced stopping processes
- Killing processes with root shell
- Widgets (4x1 and 1x1)
Free Advanced Task Manager
Use Free Advanced Task Manager to end applications, speed up phone, and save battery!
1) Tablet support with specific layouts for large screens
2) Charts and visuals to view system information
3) Terminate Apps via App Detail Page
4) Shows Battery, Memory, & device Info
5) Shortcuts to useful tools
6) SD Card Management (Move apps between phone and sd card. Requires you to be on Android 2.2 at least).
7) Bulk Uninstall
8) Press-to-End Shortcut (instead of widget).
The press-to-end shortcut (accessible by long pressing home screen and choosing shortcut) replaces the widget.
The INTERNET and ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permissions are required for the ads.
The new interface requires Android 2.2.
Fast Task Killer
Releases the memory by terminating running and background-waiting app processes.
Just one tap the app icon to instantly release memory.
This app has omitted the functionalities which take several seconds (3 seconds) for processing, to achieve the processing of fastest class.
This app is recommended for those who are focusing on speed.
This app is absolutely free and without any troublesome advertisements.
A must-have app to easily maintain your smartphone.
When the memory is released
- Improves processing speed.
- Battery lasts longer.
Recommended for those who want:
- An app with high memory release rate
- An app with fast processing speed
- No troublesome settings
- An app which works with one tap
- An app with no advertisements
- A non-resident app for memory release (task killer)
- No need to set apps to exclude (The app seeks to be extremely easy-to-use by eliminating settings.)
How to use this app:
(1) Install the app.
(2) Tap the app icon.
(3) Smartphone is refreshed after the memory is released.
(4) The app automatically completely finish.
(No need to install widget)
Simple Task Killer
Simple-Task-Killer enforces the applications to terminate their tasks simply and in safety. Then it increases available memory, improves activity of the device, eventually minimizes battery consumption. Free Simple Task Killing tool, is this !
It has been designed for even beginners of an intelligent-phone to handle intuitively !
- Momentarily termination of tasks
- Transition to a detail page of application
- Transition to an uninstall pane of application
- Displays a ratio of CPU occupation
- Displays available memory
- Displays a quantity of remainder of the battery
- The ignore-list which is used for registering applications to be excluded or masked
- Registers recommended applications into the ignore-list
- Terminates both applications and STK itself
1. Non-resident software-Andriod2.3 or more
Popular task-killing softwares are continuing to be activated, and consuming memories. However, STK goes on the other way !
STK quits itself very fast just after terminating its action by a RETURN or HOME button.
Task-killing function itself continues to be a permanent resident ? A nuisance, isn't it ?
Such a contradictory feature shouldn't be implemented. Just for this reason STK has been designed like that.
Especially, the following function would never be implemented now and in the future.
One-tap-killing by using widget
Automatic-killing by supervising the activity of an application in background
Though the paid STK has similar one-tap-killing function to an widget, but big difference is non-resident behavior that has been fulfilled by using a quite unique short-cut.
The users of ICS or later (Android 4.0 or more), can use this function, just try it !
2. Fastest operation
The operation getting a task list is very much faster than that of pre-installed other task-killing applications or task managers !
3. Particular looks
A ratio of CPU occupation, available memory, a quantity of remainder of the battery, are shown on a display. That isn't cool enough !?
4. Manages active applications
By selecting a task from the task list pane, the management pane will appear, then you can uninstall an application or delete cache memory.
Therefore you would never be bothered to open the application management pane.
Q. Want to kill application by one-toutch. Doesn't STK implement an widget ?
A. An widget is always a resident, so STK does not implement it. Paid STK is equipped with a one-toutch killing function. (Android4.0 or more)
Q. Even after terminating a application, however it immediately appears again. Why ?
A. This is caused by the specification of Android OS. The pre-installed application which belongs to the configuration type, that needs to be continuing activated such as Facebook, is structured to reboot automatically .
Any function can terminate operation of an application temporarily, but no function would be able to re-terminate such application that reboots itself even after terminated once.
Q. Want STK that will not re-boot an application.
A. STK's basic concept is not to implement a resident function, therefore STK has no plan to implement a supervisory function that requires an application to suppress self-reboot.
Q. How to use the ignore-list ?
A. Those applications registered in the ignore-list will disappear from the application list, which appears after STK is activated.
This means that STK ignores whether they are operating or not. In other words they have already been put outside of STK's management.
Such applications that need to be always activated as "An alarm clock" and "E-mail", should not to be registered in the ignore-list to avoid a risk of terminating their operation.
When add an application in the ignore-list, first tap its name in the application pane, then next pane will pop up, finally tap "Add to ignore list".
Advanced Task Manager
Use Advanced Task Manager to end applications, speed up phone, and save battery!
1) Tablet support with specific layouts for large screens
2) Charts and visuals to view system information
3) Terminate Apps via App Detail Page
4) Shows Battery, Memory, & device Info
5) Shortcuts to useful tools
6) SD Card Management (Move apps between phone and sd card. Requires you to be on Android 2.2 at least).
7) Bulk Uninstall
8) Press-to-End Shortcut (instead of widget).
The press-to-end shortcut (accessible by long pressing home screen and choosing shortcut) replaces the widget.
For Cliq users, your android version is not at least 1.6. It should not have been shown to you as an upgradeable version. This is a glitch via the Android Market since I require at least Android 1.6. This is why you guys are unable to download or install the application.
The new interface requires Android 2.2.
Root Task Manager
Unlike any other manager, Root Task Manager can find user or system running services, background tasks and foreground processes that you can easily manage by multiple unique root options.
Helps you to speed up a frequently used tasks or a performance demanding tasks for a better gaming experience and a lag free app launching.
Boost sets high priority to a task. The task will obtain as much memory as it needs and will never be killed by Android OS.
Helps you to save your battery power by hibernating your tasks.
If you use hibernation, everything associated with the task will stop working and the task will not use any of the power of your device.
Helps you clean your memory.
This option uses a kill command that will end the task processes to free up and clean your RAM. It can be used for releasing and optimizing memory.
Helps you to increase security and privacy of your apps with password lock protection.
It can lock SMS, settings, contacts, gallery,e-mail, Facebook or any other app with pin. You don't have to be worry about your private information when your phone is exposed to other people and you don't have to be worry that your kids will change your settings.
Helps you fast uninstall applications and get rid of bloatware.
Remove duplicate apps on your SD card. You can free up space from your internal memory by removing system apps pre-installed by manufacturer.
Helps you get rid of unwanted system and installed apps that drain your battery and performance.
Disables the whole application. The application will behave like uninstalled, but you can enable it any time. This option is suitable for freezing unwanted system apps pre-installed by manufacturer, because if something goes wrong you can get back the changes without a backup and restore.
Helps you set up apps to factory settings. (App cleaner)
Removes all the data from an application cache, folders and residual files to reclaim your internal storage or external SD card storage.
Note: Works better with rooted devices
Task Manager Shortcut SAMSUNG
Different Samsung devices have different built-in Task Manager.
Most of new Samsung devices do NOT come with a Task Manager.
Custom ROM may NOT be supported.
To check whether your device has a Task Manager:
1. Open the recent task by either long-pressing the Home button or pressing the recent task button
2. If there is a Task Manager icon on the bottom (like our app), then your device has a Task Manager
See section 'More by ACTIVE SOFT ' for other useful apps.
Ultimate Task Killer
Ultimate Task Killer (with Shake to Kill) is the best solution to better manage open applications on your smartphone.
Light and fast! with Shake to Kill (free to all!!) try it! ;)
Allows a dynamic view of all open processes and memory currently in use.
If you have a device you have root access to advanced features to kill applications.
*kill (simple, root and force close)
*ignore apps
*show/not show ignore app
*new and old UI (if you prefer it)
*short click to ignore/not ignore
*long click to access the popup menu (kill, details, uninstall, show on market)
*autokill (schedule or on standby)
*shake to kill
Plus version:
*no ads
It 's simple and intuitive ... you can not do without it;)
*Chinese (simplified)
*Chinese (traditional - thanks to Ren Rainer)
*polish (thanks to Niado)
*French (thanks to Jean Luc Depret)
*Brazilian Portuguese (thanks to José Claudio Silva)
For any communication, bugs, feedback or send me an email to email@example.com
Follow me on twitter: mariobuonomo
It Works! Try It!
Task Manager
With this application you can touch free up memory (swapping out all unnecessary processes) and clear the cache, which in turn will affect the economy of the battery and speed up your system. You can set up automatic cleanup of the time, the application will automatically clean the system memory, marked by closing the application. You can also use the automatic cleaning of the attenuation screen. In the application also has built-in automatic cache cleanup schedule, even better impact on the operation of the device. You are free to choose which application you want to automatically shut down, and which to leave. Important applications you can add to the list of exceptions.
- Add important applications in the exclusion list
- To display the menu, press and hold on the application
- Annex feature automatic closing applications in the damping screen (we recommend using automatic cleanup time intervals of 30-60 minutes);
- In the application has built-in automatic cleaning cache (recommended cleaning time set from 0:00 to 7:00 pm).
Task Manager – System booster
☆ Features
▽ Task Manager
- Clear memory to boost the system
- Simple but high performance and clean design
▽ Memory Booster
- Clear app caches
- Release the memory of unused apps
- Easy boost in 1 tap only!
▽ Overview screen
Displays the following at once:
- RAM usage
- ROM usage
- Installed apps
- Battery charge
▽ Useful uninstaller
- Easily uninstall memory consuming apps
- Delete data securely
- History of uninstalled apps is removed as well
▽ Easy operation
- No tedious configuration required
- Just hit the "Boost" button to speed up your smartphone
▽ Long lasting battery
- This task killer can kill the processes running in background, making the battery life longer
▽ Designed for a lot of kinds of tablets and smartphones
- Supports smartphones from Android 3.0 and up (Xperia, Galaxy, Galaxy Note, Nexus... and much more)
- Also available for tablet such as Nexus 7, Nexus 10, ASUS MeMO Pad...
▽ Preserve the "Bluelight Filter" app
If your are using Bluelight Filter to protect your eye from hurting light, you might have noticed that other task managers and app killers forcibly turn off the filter. This task manager will preserve the Bluelight filter.
▽ Remove ads with the paid version
Follow the link below to purchase the paid version.
Smart Task Killer
Different from other task killers, this app will not always stay on the notice bar,it only appears to remind you when memory is running low or depending on your phone status.
You can also select to turn the reminder on notice bar on or off by going to the "settings" of the menu.
This app has 2 modes: normal mode and entertainment mode. If you like to play games or take photos, you can select entertainment mode. Easier to use.
More from developer
Memory Task Cleaner II
+ Auto enable/disable accounts auto-sync
+ Auto enable/disable Wi-Fi connectivity
+ Running apps' memory status
+ Auto-sync between app and widget
+ Ignore List
+ Auto-kill List
+ Hide Processes
+ Enhanced Mode
+ Power Saving Mode
+ Performance Mode
+ Auto-Optimize
+ Update Widget Info
+ Auto-Maintenance
+ Auto-kill List Only
+ Battery and memory status
+ Self-terminated upon exiting app
+ Intelligent auto-kill when using widget


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Yes, yes, y'all, it's Nuit Blanche! This Saturday brings with it the best excuse to stay up all night since the last Star Trek marathon on Space TV. Grab your friends and family and hit the streets and cultural centres of the Montréal, open all night and jam-packed with special programming. All-night art The only bad thing about Nuit Blanche is figuring out how to divide your time – there's just that much to do. The best strategy this Saturday, February 28, is to start with all your favourite places, whether that's the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Phi Centre, the Olympic Stadium, Fonderie Darling or the Belgo Building, because you'll get to access them for free. Plus you can be sure they'll be pulling out all the stops for this special night with unusual and exciting programming, whether that's live music, workshops, free performances and more. But afterwards, it's time to discover. Nuit Blanche is really about broadening your perspectives, while having a good time, so an adventurous attitude is de mise. This year you might be tempted by the film screening night at Nouveau Palais restaurant. Or maybe you'll want to try the all-night collage party at Monastiraki? And,… / Read More →
Search Results
Results for montreal en lumiere
Nuit Blanche: Montréal's all-nighter lets your wild side be your guide
A wild night out might include a zip line or an ice slide. Or rock climbing, rock concerts or underground adventures. Maybe a veritable gourmet buffet, nighttime acrobatics or a dance club ski lodge and spa. But what about all of those things, and much more, on one single night? It would have to be, by anyone's measure, the wildest night of the year. Welcome to Montréal's Nuit Blanche. Starting on Saturday, February 28 and wrapping up pretty much whenever you want it to wrap up in the morning hours of Sunday, March 1, this 12th edition of Montréal's "white night" is practically incandescent with activities. Nuit Blanche puts an exclamation point on the city's MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE winter festival, closing out the annual extravaganza with an all-night citywide party. Some 211 separate activities – 178 of which are absolutely free – will be spread out across three city districts: Old Montréal, most of downtown and the Plateau/Mile End. And don't worry your head about transportation. Montréal's metro system will be open all night long, and a free shuttle service (4 routes and 65 stops) connecting the aforementioned districts will run every 10 minutes from 8 pm to 3 am. But more importantly, the fun stuff. Montréal… / Read More →
Montréal celebrates food all year round
Montrealers love to celebrate anything and everything, especially food and drink. Here are the top 15 food events that you need to look out for! Je t'aime en chocolat A weekend-long event dedicated to all things chocolate. Join chocolate vendors and experience seminars by the Academy of Chocolate and a chocolate fashion show, all for free at Bonsecours Market. Annually in February (2016 dates to be confirmed). La Poutine Week Some 40 restaurants around the city create signature poutines – our official-unofficial dish – in a bid to win the title of the city's best poutine. Annually in February (2016 dates to be confirmed). Mondial des cidres Taking place at the Grande-Place of Complexe Desjardins, this event introduces over 300 varieties of sparkling, still, and ice cider made locally in Québec. Annually in February (2016 dates to be confirmed). MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE The 16th edition runs until March 1. One of the largest festivals in the world celebrating winter, Montréal en Lumiere pairs world renowned chefs with some of the city's finest tables to create menus and wine pairings offering unforgettable experiences. Aperitivo Montréal's Little Italy invites you to experience the Italian tradition of "Aperitivo" (a European version of happy hour). From February 4 to March 25different… / Read More →
Activities for all ages during Spring Break in Montréal
"Spring Break" is a misnomer – it should be called "Spring Blast." Whether you call it Spring Break, March Break or as we say in French, "la semaine de relâche," the weeks ending February and beginning March in Montréal are exploding with entertainment and events tailored to the kids and the kid in you. It begins with the end of massive winter arts and culture festival MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE (February 19 to March 1), which takes place in the Quartier des Spectacles in downtown Montréal. The festival presents an action-packed program of performing arts, culinary creations and a dynamic range of outdoor activities. The free and family-friendly outdoor site is alive with interactive installations, dining areas, a Ferris wheel, ice slides (one each for adults and the little ones) and, new this year, zip lines that run the length of the festival site. MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE concludes with the epic Nuit Blanche all-nighter on February 28, which consists of more than 200 (mostly free) activities including live music, film, performance art, interactive installations and visual arts. Nuit Blanche takes over three districts of aboveground Montréal (served by shuttles) as well as underground Montréal. In fact, the city's renowned "Underground City"… / Read More →
Meet a Montrealer: Laurent Saulnier
Laurent Saulnier is arguably one of Montréal's most powerful musical tastemakers. It's a notion that would doubtless make the amiable and unassuming Vice-President of Programming and Production for three of the city's largest festivals – MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE, the Festival International de Jazz de Montréal and Les FrancoFolies – erupt in a fit of his signature laughter. Saulnier began working for the festivals 15 years ago after sharpening his skills as a music connoisseur at French-language alt-weekly Voir where he was music editor. Now Saulnier applies those same discerning tastes to the selection of the hundreds of artists of all genres who perform at the festivals' indoor and outdoor stages. He is, in short, the VP of your good time. Job: Vice-President of Programming and Production at MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE, the Festival International de Jazz de Montréal and Les FrancoFolies. What exactly do you do? "I'm responsible for all the stages and what's on those stages, both indoors and outdoors. So it's about choosing the artists, but it's also about the lights, the sound and everything that's on the stages themselves." What's the coolest thing about your job? "The coolest thing is being able to bring new faces, new talent, new… / Read More →
Best #MTLMOMENTS from Montréal en Lumière and Nuit Blanche
This past week, Montréal en Lumière and Nuit Blanche illuminated the city with vibrant lights and unique cultural highlights. We sourced some of the best pictures from Montrealers and visitors who came out to enjoy the food, fun, art, night, and lights… The pulsating crowd in Quartier des Spectacles during Montréal en Lumière. (Photo by benkiraneahmed) The now famous slide during Montréal en Lumière. Watching the joy on children's faces when they whiz down is enough to warm your heart for the rest of Nuit Blanche! (Photo by susanmossphotography) This penguin at the Biodome on Nuit Blanche needs no introduction. (Photo by clemmtl) The brave took to the ice during Montréal en Lumière even though the temperature dipped well below freezing. (Photo by votretourdumonde) A stunning photo of the Grande Roue in Quartiers des Spectacles. Must have used a tripod… (Photo by vesia514) Two vibrant panoramas of the festival- such a whimsical sight! (Photo by photojpl) A special menu of edible art at Globe for the Montréal en Lumière festival. (Photo by montrealglobe) Keeping cozy and warm while fueling up on a snack around a fire pit during Nuit Blanche. (Photo by chenyunlv) Intricate alien-like body paintings at Hotel Le Germain on Nuit Blanche…. / Read More →
Things to Do in Montreal: February 28-March 6
The city lights up this week for the all-night festivities of Nuit Blanche, a Quebec-made beer festival, internationally-acclaimed circus, theatre, dance and live music, and even keeps family spirits bright throughout spring break…
Things to Do in Montreal: February 21-27
With a winter festival in full swing downtown, feats of outdoor athleticism in the Old Port, and an array of theatrical and music performances at dozens of venues, this week keeps winter brighter than ever…
Night Magic at Montreal's Nuit Blanche
Everyone turns into a night owl on March 1 in Montreal as the entire city centre gets in on the Nuit Blanche celebrations, with over 200 free indoor and outdoor activities and entertainment for all ages all night long…
Watch as Montreal flutters through a night in this gorgeous timelapse entitled "Night Lights" by Simon Huang. The phenomenal video features viewpoints of Montreal's skyline from Mont-Royal, blinking lights and massive projections from Quartier des Spectacles, the spinning spotlight on Place Ville-Marie, and mesmerizing footage from Montréal en Lumière. The 2014 edition of Montréal en Lumière runs from February 20 – March 2, 2014, with Nuit Blanche (the all-nighter cultural event) taking place the evening of March 1, 2014. Take advantage of your stay in Montreal with this Sweet Deal package!

subset: commoncrawl


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Museum Store Company
The Museum Store - Museum quality jewelry replicas, reproductions and works of art
The Museum Store Company brings together the best of the world's history and art museum shops. Select from the finest museum replicas including jewelry, fossils, and art, statue and sculpture masterpieces.
Special Offer from Museum Store:Get $6.95 Flat Rate Shipping on your first item
Your discounted shipping offer will be applied automatically at checkout on Museum Store Company's website.
(offer expires: 07-05-2015) Click to report savings error
What's Inside:
- Magnificent museum jewelry -- Choose from outstanding museum replicas of beautiful historic jewelry, including reproductions of pieces from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the Victorian era and the early 20th century.
- Fine art reproductions -- Bring the greatest works of art into your home or office when you choose works of ancient, classical and modern art, statue and sculpture from the Museum Store. Whether you prefer a sculpture from ancient Greece or China, or a print of a famous photograph, you are sure to be delighted with the outstanding quality of each and every item in their collection.
- Artifacts from the natural world -- Learn about the treasures of nature when you select from a facinating collection of repoduction fossils, prehistoric skulls, and human skulls, perfect for a collector or the classroom.
- Collectible home decor -- Accent your home or add to a collection of fine art reproductions of celebrated ancient and modern vases, bowls, figurines, tapestries, sculpture, wall accessories and more gathered from museum shops around the world. Each item has been reproduced with painstaking-attention to historic accuracy
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Add design elements to every area of your home with art decor from framed art to outdoor garden decor
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Other great Museum Store Company departments:


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Headlining in Chicago: Bill Clinton, stumping for Rahm Emanuel
Former President Bill Clinton visits Chicago to support Rahm Emanuel's bid for mayor.
M. Spencer Green / AP
Former President Bill Clinton injected star power into the Chicago mayoral race Wednesday, delivering a speech in downtown Chicago to support candidate Rahm Emanuel. He said that his former fundraiser and top advisor would become "a gale force of leadership" for the city if elected.
Mr. Clinton called the involvement of Mr. Emanuel in his first presidential campaign one of the "pivotal" reasons for his election and said he possessed "the skill set and the values and the sheer raw determination" to be mayor.
But did Emanuel need the help? He is already polling in the double digits ahead of his competition, he has the greatest name recognition and war chest, and the challenge to remove his name from the ballot due to residency issues appears to be languishing in the state court system.
US Rep. Danny Davis (D), an early candidate in the race who dropped out to endorse former US Sen. Carol Moseley Braun, warned Clinton in late December not to come to Chicago on Emanuel's behalf, saying it would jeopardize the former president's goodwill within the black community that had supported him for nearly two decades.
"Some of that relationship may be fractured and perhaps even broken should [Clinton] … participate overtly in efforts to thwart the legitimate political aspirations of Chicago's black community," Davis said in a statement.
Clinton ignored the call and arrived in town anyway. His appearance shows both the resilience of his support within Chicago's black community, and also Emanuel's need for credibility within those circles.
"The combination of Clinton and [President] Obama is overwhelming" in Chicago's black neighborhoods, says William Grimshaw, professor of political science at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, so it's no surprise that Emanuel is exploiting his White House connections: six years as Clinton's political director plus two years as Mr. Obama's chief of staff.
But Dr. Grimshaw, author of "Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991" calls Clinton's connection to the black community dubious, a perception born in 1998 when writer Toni Morrison dubbed him the nation's "first black president" and that he embraced thereafter for political advantage. The reality about his relationship with black voters is more complex than what Grimshaw calls "superficial links."
"[Clinton] was kind of duping them," Grimshaw says. "He would go to church and then reform the welfare system in a way that put them at a disadvantage."
Emanuel's commitment to Chicago's mostly black and low-income South and West sides has been questioned, as he has made few public appearances at forums and other public meetings there. For instance, over the past weekend, as other candidates participated in candidate forums or made speeches at local churches and halls in mostly black neighborhoods, Emanuel stuck to the West Loop near downtown, where he greeted diners in a local restaurant.
His opponents frequently use his absences to suggest a lack of accountability. "It's very important that [Emanuel] be held to account to he fact that [he is] not here tonight and we are to answer your questions," Ms. Braun told a group of about 300 people at a public forum Saturday morning.
Emanuel's "rose garden strategy," a preference for controlled, as opposed to open, forums, will not put his campaign at a disadvantage, Grimshaw says, because he is outspending his competition with advertising. "His money is the key, his connections are the second key on the South Side. So he's reaching a lot of people but he's using money more than public appearances," he says.
While no other candidates have had an endorsement as high-profile as Clinton's, most have enjoyed single-issue support from local and even national leaders. For example, US Rep. Luis Gutierrez is endorsing the immigration reform of Gery Chico, former chief of staff to departing Mayor Richard J. Daley. Mr. Chico's education agenda is similarly backed by former Chicago Public Schools President Paul Vallas, who is now the superintendent of Louisiana's Recovery School District. The National Organization for Women Equality PAC endorsed Braun for her work with women's issues.
Vying for endorsements that have national visibility is new in Chicago, says John Mark Hanson, a political scientist at the University of Chicago. "This is the first celebrity election in a good while. [Chicago] has tended to be a place with pretty well-defined career paths and you just sort of waited your turn," Mr. Hanson says.


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VIEWS: 381 PAGES: 19 CATEGORY: Education POSTED ON: 12/31/2009 Public Domain
Articles and clipping about education psychology, environmental education, attitude, behavior, scale and measurement, adult education, most of all due to my recent research. (Kumpulan artikel tentang pendidikan, psikologi pendidikan, pendidikan lingkungan hidup, skala dan pengukuran sikap dan perilaku, semua berkaitan dengan penelitian baru-baru ini).
Environmental Attitude – Behaviour Correlations in 21 Countries Malcolm Wright and Babs Klÿn Abstract We used data from the International Social Survey Program to investigatethe correlation between 'green' attitudes and 'green' consumption behaviours in 21 different countries. Despite avoiding the methodological problems often blamed for poor attitude-behaviour correlations, we found lower correlations than reported in a recent meta-analysis of this subject. Furthermore, the correlations varied considerably between countries, and in some countries were not significant at all. These results suggest that previous findings on attitude-behaviour correlations are not generalisable to all countries, and that attitudes seldom explain more than 10% of the variance in behaviour. Malcolm Wright is a Senior Research Associate at the Marketing Science Centre, University of South Australia. Babs Klÿn is a Trade Remedies officer at the New Zealand Ministry of Commerce; at the time of the research she was an Assistant Lecturer in the Marketing Department at Massey University. The authors would like to thank Phil Gendall for access to the ISSP data and helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper, Esther Chong and Erica Riebe for reviewing the final draft of this paper, and the JEMS reviewers. Correspondence should be addressed to Malcolm Wright at: Marketing Science Centre City West Campus, University of South Australia North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000 AUSTRALIA Email: email@example.com Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 42 Introduction Much consumer and market research is based on the assumption that knowledge of consumer attitudes will help to predict consumer behaviour. This is, in fact, not as straightforward as it might seem. For over sixty years the strength and direction of the link between attitudes and behaviour has been subject to critical examination (eg. La Piere 1934, Wicker 1969, East 1993, Foxall 1993, Kraus 1995, Foxall 1997). This paper contributes to the study of the attitude-behaviour link by analysing the correlations between 'green' (environmentally concerned) attitudes and 'green' behaviours in 21 countries. Green attitudes and behaviours are certainly of interest to marketers. Environmental concern reached unprecedented levels in the 1990s (Smith 1990; Dunlap and Scarce 1991; Young 1991, Berger 1993; Dunlap, Gallup, and Gallup 1993; Saunders and Saker 1994; Witherspoon 1994, Zimmer, Stafford, Stafford, and Royne. 1994), and manufacturers in many countries seek to take account of this concern in their product design and promotion. We proceed by describing the data we used from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), explaining our method, including the method used to identify general attitudes and behavioural propensities, and then presenting our results, including analyses at different levels of aggregation and specificity. Whilst our research represents a replication of past studies of attitude-behaviour correlations, it also contains some important extensions. These include the extension to 'green' attitudes and behaviour, the extension to identify latent attitudes and behavioural propensities, and the extension of attitude-behaviour analysis to 21 different countries. Furthermore, the recent meta-analysis by Kraus (1995) only analysed 88 attitudebehaviour correlations, while our work provides over 40 additional results. Replication and extension of existing results are recognised as vital to the development of empirical generalisations (Lindsay and Ehrenberg 1993, Hubbard and Armstrong 1994, Wright and Kearns 1998). Similarly, comparisons of results from different situations are required to help identify the boundary conditions of current theories and findings (Greenwald, Pratkanis, Leippe, and Baumgarder 1986, Wright and Kearns 1998). Consequently, while there is nothing particularly innovative about the work we present, we believe that this sort of research is essential to the development of normal scientific Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 43 knowledge. Our results provide important evidence about the strength of attitude – behaviour correlations and about their variations across different countries. The Link Between Attitudes and Behaviour One of the first and most frequently cited studies on the link between attitudes and behaviour was La Piere's investigation into racial prejudice conducted in the early 1930s (La Piere 1934). La Piere travelled across the United States with a young Chinese couple to determine whether the couple would be refused service on the basis of race. Of the 251 hotels, restaurants and other establishments visited only one refused service. La Piere sent a letter to each of the establishments some six months later asking whether they would serve "members of the Chinese race." Of the 128 establishments that replied to the letter, over 90 per cent claimed that they would not accept members of the Chinese race as their guests. La Piere concluded that, although attitudes could be measured quantitatively, they were ineffective predictors of behaviour. Researchers largely ignored La Piere's warning until the 1960s, when concerns about the usefulness of attitudes became more prominent. This culminated in an influential article by Wicker in 1969. Wicker reviewed 47 empirical studies of attitudes and behaviour and found that attitude-behaviour correlations were rarely above 0.30, and often nearer to zero, a finding later supported by McGuire (1985). Wicker concluded that "It is considerably more likely that attitudes will be unrelated or only slightly related to overt behaviours than that attitudes will be closely related to actions". More recently, Kraus (1995) published a comprehensive meta-analysis and review of this attitude-behaviour link. He questioned the results of Wicker (1969) and McGuire (1985) upon finding that the average correlation of the 88 studies he examined was 0.38 and that 52% of these were above 0.30 (Kraus 1995). Kraus interpreted this as a high level of attitude-behaviour correlation, but as we indicated earlier, we still regard this a rather weak relationship. In the area of environmental attitudes and behaviour, Hines et al. (1987, cited in Peattie 1995, p. 162) reviewed 51 studies and found only a moderate correlation. While there appears to be a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of personal consumption (Berger 1993), studies in this area have generally failed to show any clear relationship between environmental concern and environmentally oriented consumer behaviour (Gillroy, Crosby and Taylor 1986; Martin and Simintiras 1995). These results are consistent with the findings of La Piere (1934), Wicker (1969), and Kraus (1995), Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 44 suggesting that the strength of the relationship between environmental attitudes and behaviour is similar to that found for other attitudes and behaviours. Some researchers have also questioned the direction of the attitude-behaviour link. East suggests that "the precedence in the attitude-behaviour relationship varies with the subject matter" (1993, p. 66). Foxall suggests four possible causal relationships between attitudes and behaviour: (i) attitudes cause behaviours; (ii) behaviours cause attitudes, (iii) attitudes and behaviours are reciprocally causative, or (iv) attitudes and behaviours are unrelated (1983, p. 45). Foxall proposes that behaviour may be "the result, not of intrapersonal events [attitudes], but of the consequences of previous behaviour in similar situations. The reward or reinforcement of that behaviour shapes and sustains present and future behaviour of the same or similar kind" (1983, p. 3). Consequently, there is often a strong link between past and present behaviour, but this link may be maintained by environmental (non-green) influences rather than attitudes; that is, by the reinforcers normally encountered by an individual in their daily life (Foxall 1997). This difficulty of establishing that attitudes cause behaviour prompted many attitude researchers to offer possible explanations for the poor research results. After all, as East states, "finding no evidence is not the same as there being no evidence" (East, 1993, p. 65). Kraus (1995) divides the explanations for poor results into moderator variable explanations and methodological explanations. In examining moderator variable explanations, Kraus (1995) found that the attitudebehaviour relationship was moderated by attitudinal variables (stability, certainty, affectivecognitive consistency, direct experience, and accessibility), the topic of the research, the personality trait of self-monitoring, and certain situational variables such as self-awareness and time pressure. We have not examined these moderator variable explanations in this research. Methodological explanations included the inappropriate reliance on student samples, the use of different respondents for measurements of attitude and behaviour, temporal lags between measurements during which attitudes might change, and the artificial nature of experimental choices (Kraus 1995). In his meta-analysis, Kraus found that self reported behaviours and non-student samples both tended to give higher attitude-behaviour correlations. The ISSP data used in this research relies on self reported behaviours from non-student samples, so we might reasonably expect relatively high correlations between attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, the ISSP data does not suffer from any of the other methodological problems cited by Kraus, 1995. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 45 The most important methodological explanation comes from Azjen and Fishbein, who argued that the correlation between attitudes and behaviours would be higher if the measurements corresponded in their 'target' and 'action' elements (Azjen and Fishbein 1977). Kraus gives the following exposition of this point. Attitude measures that specify a target and no specific action should predict behaviour measures that specify a target but no specific action; similarly, attitude measures that specify both a target and a specific action should predict behaviour measures that specify a target and a specific action. For example, general attitudes towards the environment should predict a "multiple-act" criterion consisting of relevant actions such as recycling, donating to environmental groups, and so on; "attitudes towards an action" like attending church should predict a "single-act" criterion of church attendance. (Kraus 1995, p 60). Kraus (1995) found from his meta analysis that attitudes and behaviour were more highly correlated (with an average value greater than 0.50) when they were measured at corresponding levels of specificity. As it happens, the ISSP data, when combined with our method of analysis, almost perfectly corresponds to the hypothetical environmental example of corresponding specificity used by Kraus (1995). Therefore we sought to use the ISSP data on the environment to investigate whether we could achieve levels of attitude-behaviour correlation similar to those summarised by Kraus, and to investigate how these correlations varied across the countries in our sample. The ISSP Data As mentioned previously, this research draws on data from the 1993 International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The ISSP surveys are administered by leading academic institutions in each of the member countries, and involve annual surveys of economic and social policy issues, with the specific topics varying in a five-year cycle. This resulting data is freely available to all ISSP participants. The survey methodology and sample size varies slightly from country to country. Some use mail surveys, others face-to-face interviewing. However, the questionnaire is developed in consultation with all member institutions, ensuring that a comparable instrument is used in all countries. The sample size also varies between countries; in 1993, Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 46 the smallest sample size was 767 (Northern Ireland) while the highest was 1931 (Russia), and the average was 1263 across the 21 countries for which data was available. The main topic in 1993 was attitudes towards the environment. Researchers in twenty-one countries provided data to the central archive in Cologne on a total of 26,522 respondents. The survey contained twelve related questions about the perceived danger posed by various threats to the environment, four related questions about environmentally motivated changes in consumption behaviour, and four related questions about environmental activism. The questions regarding the perceived danger to the environment consisted of six questions measuring the level of concern for the 'danger to the environment' and six for the 'danger to self and family' from various environmental threats. These environmental threats were: air pollution by industry; water pollution; nuclear power stations; rise in the world temperature; air pollution by cars; and the use of pesticides and chemicals in farming. The questions on danger to 'the environment' were seen as the most relevant to general attitudes to the environment, or general environmental concern, so these were used in the research rather than the questions on danger to 'self and family'. Concern was measured on a five point scale and, following Witherspoon (1994), we took responses on the top two points ('extremely' or 'very' dangerous) to be an expression of environmental concern. The questions about environmentally motivated changes in consumption behaviour included whether respondents: made an effort to sort materials for recycling; bought fruits and vegetables grown without pesticides or chemicals; cut back on driving a car for environmental reasons; or refused to eat meat for moral or environmental reasons. These behaviours were measured on a four point scale, and the top two points ('always' or 'often') were taken to be environmentally motivated changes in consumption behaviour. The questions about environmental activism asked whether respondents: were members of an environmental group; had signed an environmental petition in the last five years; had made a donation to an environmental group in the last five years; or had participated in an environmental protest or demonstration in the last five years. Respondents answered 'yes' or 'no'. This environmental activism is also a form of consumption behaviour. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 47 Method Our investigation primarily concerned Kraus' (1995) example of general attitudes to the environment and 'multiple act criterion' of various relevant actions. In particular, we were interested in 'environmental concern', which has been a major focus of the investigation of attitudes to the environment (see Van Liere and Dunlap 1980, Zimmer, Stafford, Stafford, and Royne 1994). The behavioural propensities (or 'multiple act criterion') have had somewhat less investigation in the literature. The overall levels of environmental concern and behavioural propensities were assumed to be reflected in the answers of individual ISSP questions in the relevant areas, although the individual questions may also have included some extraneous 'noise', or elements which were unrelated to the underlying attitude and behaviours of interest. For example, attitudes to Nuclear Power might have been influenced by attitudes towards Nuclear Weapons as well as by general environmental concern. Therefore, before undertaking the analysis, we sought to identify and extract latent variables expressing the underlying general attitude and behavioural propensities of interest, namely environmental concern, the propensity for environmentally motivated consumption behaviour, and the propensity for environmentally motivated activism. As a test of the existence of these latent variables, we undertook global (across all 21 countries) factor analysis with varimax rotation. If each set of variables loaded onto a separate factor, and only three factors were retained, then these three factors could be taken to represent the relevant latent variables. Conducting a single factor analysis for all 14 variables ensured that the resulting factors were orthogonal. As we were interested in examining correlations between latent variables the extraction of orthogonal factors was somewhat problematic. Moreover, a case with a missing value on one question would be excluded from all three factors, maximising the number of missing values. Consequently, once we had established that latent variables could be identified, we undertook a separate factor analysis for each set of questions. The results of this second analysis were used to address our objectives, and we have labelled the resulting factors 'concern' (for general environmental concern), 'consume' (for the propensity for environmentally motivated consumer behaviour), and 'activism' (for the propensity for environmentally motivated activism. We considered constructing and testing additive indices, but concluded that this was an inappropriate approach to identifying a latent variable. In particular, such indices Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 48 necessarily include 'noise' irrelevant to the latent variables, whereas factor analysis could be expected to relegate such 'noise' to the rejected components. Hini, Gendall, and Kearns (1995) had used regression on New Zealand ISSP data to assess whether environmental attitudes explained the variations in environmental behaviours (they found adjusted r-square values ranging from 3% to 26%), but we not want to undertake regression for two reasons. First, we wanted to avoid implying a direction of causation. Second, we wanted to produce results that could be directly compared with those of Kraus (1995). We therefore investigated the correlations between 'concern', 'consume', and 'activism'. We did this first for all the data (a 'global' or pooled correlation), and then on a country-by-country basis. This enabled us to both minimise the effect of missing values and to look for differences between countries. To extend the analysis, we also considered the global correlation between 'concern' and the eight individual behaviours. Furthermore, we took advantage of the data gathered on 'danger to self and family' to examine some correlations between specific attitudes and specific behaviours. Results Factor Analysis The factor analysis using all 14 variables did retain just three factors, with all variables loading as expected (see Appendix One for factor loadings). The three individual factor analyses then each extracted only a single factor, with all variable loadings above 0.5, and 11 of the 14 loadings above 0.6. The Eigenvalues and explained variance of both sets of analysis are summarised in Table 1. While our statistical program (SPSS 5.0) used the Eigenvalue greater than one rule for factor retention, the scree plots also indicated that, in both sets of analysis, these factors should be the only ones retained. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 49 Table 1: Summary of Factor Analysis Results Eigenvalue All 14 Variables - Factor 1 (Concern) - Factor 3 (Consume) - Factor 2 (Activism) Concern Variables Only Consume Variables Only Activism Variables Only 3.0 1.3 1.8 2.6 1.6 1.8 Explained Variance 21 9 13 43 40 45 These results confirmed the hypothesised latent variables that we have labelled 'concern', 'consume', and 'activism'. These factors each accounted for approximately 40% of the variance in the set of items on which they were based, indicating that the original questions did indeed contain considerable "noise", and supporting the decision not to use additive indices. Correlations Using Pooled Data The global correlations between the individually extracted factor scores are detailed in Table 2. There were a large number of missing values in 'consume' due to widespread reports that some behaviours, such as car driving and recycling, were 'not applicable' or 'not available'. Nevertheless, there were still at least 11,000 cases in each of the global correlations. Table 2: Correlations Between Latent Variables Correlation Concern and Consume Concern and Activism Consume and Activism .23 .09 .24 n 11,664 19,925 11,355 All correlations were significant at the 0.1% level. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 50 Table 2 clearly demonstrates that while the attitude-behaviour correlations were significant, they were not particularly high. This was despite the fact that self reports of behaviour were obtained from a non-student sample, two factors that Kraus (1995) found tended to increase the attitude-behaviour correlation. In fact we found that the behaviour-behaviour correlation (between 'consume' and 'activism') was the largest of the three correlations, suggesting that environmental behaviours can be better predicted by other behaviours than by attitudes. This supports Foxall's comments on the importance of behaviour as an explanatory and predictive variable, especially when individuals' situations (and thus reinforcers) remain unchanged (Foxall 1997). Correlations Using Individual Country Data The large number of missing values and the aggregation across 21 countries in Table 2 may obscure more important results at an individual country level. Consequently Table 3 presents the attitude-behaviour correlations on a country by country basis. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 51 Table 3: Correlations between concern and behaviour by country Correlation with 'consume' Northern Ireland New Zealand Netherlands Great Britain Canada USA East Germany W. Germany Norway Ireland Hungary Israel Slovenia Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia Bulgaria Poland Spain Philippines a n Correlation with 'activism' .21 c .28 c .25 c .25 c .20 c no data .13 c .18 c .18 c .15 c ns .12 c .12 c .10 c .08 a .09 a ns ns ns ns ns n .37 c .32 c .29 c .28 c .28 c .27 c .26 c .23 c .23 c .21 c .20 b .18 c .17 c .17 c .15 c .15 a ns ns ns ns ns b 423 950 1095 759 983 1047 568 687 796 415 222 401 430 668 539 200 270 197 456 425 133 c 575 994 1575 950 1149 no data 945 901 1122 862 867 799 832 1112 917 841 1320 747 1208 1036 1173 sig. at 5% level; sig. at 1% level; sig. at 0.1% level; ns not significant. Table 3 makes it apparent that the correlations are reasonably low, and that they vary considerably between countries. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 52 The highest correlation is just .37, and there are only two correlations greater than .30. The average (weighted by sample size) of the significant correlations between 'concern' and 'consume' is .25 while the average (weighted by sample size) of the significant correlations between 'concern' and 'activism' is .17. These are considerably lower than might have been expected, given that none of the methodological problems, thought to lower attitude – behaviour correlations, were present in this data. In fact these results appear remarkably similar to those obtained by Wicker (1969). It is not clear why the correlations are lower than Kraus' (1995) meta-analysis would suggest. There may be a moderating variable affecting environmental attitude – behaviour correlations (eg. see the range of moderating variables examined by Kraus, 1995). Alternatively, it may be that studies that report significant findings are more likely to be published, resulting in over-estimates of effect sizes (Greenwald 1975). Table 3 also demonstrates considerable variation in correlations between countries. English speaking countries all appear to have relatively high correlations, as do Western European countries. Poorer and less developed countries have weaker correlations, while in Russia, Bulgaria, Poland, Spain, and the Philippines there were no significant correlations. This last finding may be due to the small sample sizes after the deletion of missing values for 'consume'. Nevertheless, the sample sizes for 'activism' for these countries were still quite respectable. This variation between countries is an important finding. First, it casts doubt on the generalisability of the finding from the English language literature summarised by Kraus. The results in Table 3 suggest that these findings can only be reliably applied to English speaking or Western European countries, and that the relationship is considerably different in other countries. Second, it demonstrates that in some countries there is no detectable attitude - behaviour correlation . In such circumstances, it is hard to see how the study of elicited attitudes serves any purpose. Some might object that this failure is due to the subject material (environmental attitudes and behaviours), but in this case it is difficult to explain why significant correlations were found in other countries. The order of results for 'consume' and 'activism' are very consistent between countries. Northern Ireland and Hungary are exceptions to this rule, but relatively minor ones. This consistency between two different types of behavioural propensities provides a small within-country replication, confirming that genuine differences between the countries are likely to be the reason for the differences in attitude – behaviour correlations. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 53 Correlations with Individual Behaviours The latent variables represent non-specific targets and actions, and some may wish to claim that this is the reason they yielded lower attitude-behaviour correlations. However Kraus' (1995) exposition of Azjen and Fishbein's (1977) work specifically used the example of general attitudes towards the environment being likely to "predict a 'multiple act' criterion consisting of relevant actions such as recycling, donating to environmental groups, and so on". The 'consume' and 'activism' latent variables would seem to be just such multiple act criteria. Nevertheless, to help explore this issue thoroughly, Table 4 breaks the latent behavioural variables back down to individual behaviours, and explores the global correlations between the general attitude 'concern' and these individual specific behaviours. This procedure also reduces the effect of missing values. To avoid unnecessary loss of information on the first four behaviours, the original scales have been used rather than the dichotomies on which the population proportions and factor analyses were based. We have assumed that the scales represent interval level data, but in fact the Spearman and Pearson correlations for these variables were virtually identical. Table 4: Correlations Between "Concern" and Individual Behaviours Correlation Sort glass Buy organic Cut back driving Refuse meat Signed petition Given money Joined env. group Protested .07 .21 .15 .17 .10 .03 .03 .09 n 18,069 18,361 15,069 21,849 21,582 20,315 21,858 21,274 All correlations were significant at the 0.1% level. A comparison of Table 4 with Table 2 demonstrates that only one of the individual behaviours has a higher correlation with 'concern' than the relevant behavioural latent Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 54 variable. Most of the individual behaviours yield lower correlations, further undermining the attitude-behaviour link in an environmental context. The higher correlations in Table 2 also illustrate the value of the factor analysis in eliminating extraneous 'noise'. Specific Attitudes and Specific Behaviours A further objection can be raised against the results of Table 3 and Table 4. Despite Kraus' (1995) earlier comments about general attitudes and general behaviour, some may argue high attitude-behaviour correlations actually require specific attitudes linked to specific behaviours. Fortunately, the ISSP data did contain specific attitudinal and specific behavioural questions on both air pollution, and pesticides and chemicals in farming. Earlier, it was mentioned that the attitudinal questions were asked on the perceived danger of air pollution caused by cars, both the environment and to 'self and family', and that self reports of cutting back on car driving for environmental reasons were also obtained. The correlation between these specific attitudes and the specific behaviour was 0.15 for danger to the environment (significant at the 0.1% level, n = 17,068), and 0.13 for danger to self and family (significant at the 0.1% level, n = 17,003). This was no higher than the correlation between the non-specific environmental concern and cutting back on car driving for environmental reasons. It could be argued that the benefits of cutting back on car driving were too indirect, and that this was why the correlation was still low. A more direct link was found between the attitudinal question on the perceived danger of pesticides and chemicals in farming (both to the environment and to 'self and family'), and the self reported behaviour of buying fruits and vegetables without pesticides or chemicals. In this case the correlation between the specific attitude and specific behaviour was .20 for danger to the environment (significant at the 0.1% level, n = 21,099), and .21 for danger to self and family (significant at the 0.1% level, n = 21,048). Again, there was no noteworthy difference between the specific attitude - specific behaviour link, and the general attitude - general behaviour link. Discussion and Conclusion Despite following the methodological advice provided by a recent meta-analysis (Kraus 1995), we were unable to obtain attitude – behaviour correlations higher than .37, and in general could only obtain correlations considerably less than this. Furthermore, these Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 55 correlations varied considerably between countries, and in some cases no significant correlations could be detected despite respectable sample sizes. These results suggest that previous findings on attitude-behaviour correlations are not generalisable to all countries. This has important implications for international marketers, implying that standard attitude based consumer research will be of limited usefulness in some countries. Furthermore, only two out of forty-one correlations were greater than .30, implying that in only two cases did the attitudes explain more than 10% of variation in behaviour. While the correlations were (usually) statistically significant, the fact that attitudes explain so little of the behavioural variation makes them of questionable use in marketing decision making. However, we must acknowledge that this is a subjective interpretation; others may view correlations of this size as quite adequate to inform marketing decisions. There is no obvious way to resolve such disputes objectively. Clearly it would be desirable to obtain a similar range of cross-country data for other attitudes and behaviours relevant to marketing decision making. This would enable the magnitude and range of attitude-behaviour correlations to be more thoroughly investigated. This is important, as it may be that there is something specific to environmental issues which contributes to the results found in this work (although we cannot think what this might be). It would also be interesting to further investigate the between-country differences; the fact of the differences has been established, but the reasons remain unclear. These reasons would represent important boundary conditions for generalisations about attitudebehaviour correlations. For now, however, we must conclude that the reasons offered to explain relatively low attitude-behaviour correlations in the past are not adequate. Even when these reasons are taken into account, we find correlations that we believe are too low to enable standard attitude-based consumer research to provide much assistance to marketing managers. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 56 REFERENCES Azjen, Icek, and Fishbein, Martin (1977). Attitude-behaviour relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918. Berger, Ida (1993). The Relationship Between Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour. 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The Design of Replicated Studies. The American Statistician, 47, 3, 217-228. Martin, Bridget and Simintiras, Antonis C. (1995). The Impact of Green Product Lines on the Environment: Does what they know affect how they feel? Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 13 (4), 16-23. McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindsay & E. Aronson (Eds.) Handbook of social psychology 3rd ed., 2, 233-346. Peattie, Ken (1995). Environmental Marketing Management: Meeting the Green Challenge. London: Pitman Publishing. Saunders, John and Saker, Jim (1994). The Changing Consumer in the UK. International Journal of Research in marketing, December, 11 (5), 477-489. Smith, Greg (1990). How Green is my Valley? Marketing and Research Today, June, 18 (2), 76-82. Van Liere, Kent D. and Dunlap, Riley E. (1980). The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence. Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer, 44 (2), 181-197. Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioural responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 35, 41-78. Witherspoon, Sharon (1994). The Greening of Britain: romance and rationality. In R. Jowell, J Curtice, L. Brook and D. Ahrendt (eds), British Social Attitudes: the 11th report. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Wright, Malcolm and Kearns, Zane (1998). Progress in Marketing Knowledge, Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Knowledge, 3, 1–21. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 58 Young, Ken (1991). Shades of Green. In Roger Jowell, Lindsay Brook, Bridget Taylor and Gillian Prior (eds), British Social Attitudes: The 8th Report. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Zimmer, Mary R., Stafford, Thomas F., and Stafford, Marla Royne (1994). Green Issues: Dimensions of Environmental Concern. Journal of Business Research, 30 (1), 63-74. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998 Page 59 APPENDIX ONE Rotated Factor Matrix Using All 14 Variables Across All Countries (Varimax Rotation) FACTOR 1 Water Poll. Air Poll. Industry Pesticides World Temp. Air Poll. Cars Nuclear Power .70 .70 .68 .67 .59 .56 FACTOR 2 .02 .08 -.01 .06 .07 .02 FACTOR 3 .06 .02 .16 .06 .07 .02 Buy Organic Cut Back Driving Refuse Meat Recycle .17 .09 .05 -.02 -.06 .05 .14 .20 .68 .64 .62 .52 Give Money Sign Petition Member Protest .01 .13 - . 0 01 .06 .76 .72 .65 .48 .04 .07 .04 .18 1 Actual value -.004. Page 60 Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Volume Three, 1998
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COMUИE was formed from the idea that there will always be people out there who not only embrace the rawness and imperfections of everyday life but use it to creatively push the boundaries of what's possible in skateboarding, fashion, art, and music their own way, with complete disregard of the consequences.
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Since yesterday my vaginal muscles and lower abdomen have been hurting so bad. Sometimes it's stabbing, sometimes it's a lasting long constant shooting aching pain. It really hurts where I had my previous c-section. IT feels like a massive bruise. Today the pain in my vagina is unbearable. When I pee the muscles hurt so bad I don't even want to go. I called my Dr. and he said its the pelvic floor muscles stretching/contracting....but if I'm not having contractions to not worry. If it continues to hurt tomorrow should I call dr again? I don't want to keep worring...but man this sucks. I didn't make it this far in my last pregnancy..I delivered at 35 weeks and I am 36 weeks on Friday. I just had my last progesterone shot last week Tuesday too ;( UGH so much to worry about!
anyone else with crazy pains?


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H.R.2683 - HEAL Act112th Congress (2011-2012)
|Rep. Griffin, Tim [R-AR-2] (Introduced 07/28/2011)
|House - Armed Services
|Latest Action:
|09/20/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on Military Personnel.
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
Subject — Policy Area:
- Armed Forces and National Security
- View subjects
Summary: H.R.2683 — 112th Congress (2011-2012)All Bill Information (Except Text)
There is one summary. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Introduced in House (07/28/2011)
Honoring Ezeagwula and Long Act or the HEAL Act - Requires that Armed Forces members who were killed or wounded in the attack that occurred at a recruiting station in Little Rock, Arkansas, on June 1, 2009, be treated as having been killed or wounded in a combat zone as the result of an act of an enemy of the United States for the purposes of all applicable federal laws, regulations, and policies.


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|Reviews for Chat
| Phoenix13 chapter 1 . 12/11/2009
ROFLMAO! Oh God, at last, someone else sees the femmes arriving on base like I do - LOTS OF ROBOT SEX~! XD
Arcee appears to be catching the echoes of it. Don't know how Ratchet is going to combat THAT, unless he locks the medbay doors and... ::COUGH:: LOL ;-)
Please, please, PLEASE - I know you have 'completed' this, but I beg of you, a bit more? Another chapter? PLEASE? Lennox must go face-to-face with Ironhide for the 'aftermath'. HE NEEDS TO! Please...?
| VisualIDentificationZeta chapter 1 . 12/10/2009
hey! Isn't Chromia just one of three Arcee's components?
When will you continue Kinship and Undercover? It's been a LONG time.
| Isis the Sphinx chapter 1 . 12/10/2009
*stifled giggles*
Keep writing!


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The Internet Honors American Hero Charles Ramsey
So, Charles Ramsey — the guy who saved the three abducted women in Ohio — went full meme this morning. It's rare to see this happen to someone for noble reasons.
1. Right off the bat people realized he looks A LOT like the character Sho Nuff from The Last Dragon.
Huggy Lowdown
Here's to you Charles Ramsey! A Sho Nuff Hero!
@knowtheledge I figured out Charles Ramsey secret!
3. He also looks a lot like Eddie Murphy as the barber from Coming To America.
Has anyone ever seen Ohio Hero Charles Ramsey and Eddie Murphy in the same room?? #charlesramsey— The_Reyes (@David Reyes)
David Reyes
Has anyone ever seen Ohio Hero Charles Ramsey and Eddie Murphy in the same room?? #charlesramsey
5. And then, of course, there are macros.
Casey in the Morning
The Charles Ramsey Memes have begun
Charles Ramsey
Chef Gordon Ramsey…. #CharlesRamsey
8. His interviews have so many quotable one-liners, though, you don't even have to add anything.
Charles Ramsey is the man. #Cleveland Listen Live: http://t.co/hnTQpTbP97— DBlundellShow (@Dean Blundell Show)
Dean Blundell Show
Charles Ramsey is the man. #Cleveland Listen Live: http://t.co/hnTQpTbP97
World of Isaac
YES! RT @guyism: Charles Ramsey = SO. MUCH. SWAG.
10. And there are GIFs galore!
13. And you know there can't be an amazingly hilarious news interview without a few remixes.
16. Welcome to meme-dom, American Hero Charles Ramsey!
- Greece voted "no" on sweeping new austerity measures tied to further bailout funds. Its future in the eurozone is uncertain, and its creditors are unimpressed.
- The U.S. faces Japan in Vancouver in the final match of the FIFA Women's World Cup. The Americans scored 4 goals in the first 15 minutes of the game ⚽
- Captured New York prison escapee David Sweat has been released from hospital and is back in jail.


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Home » Soup » Vegetable Soup » Zucchini Soup » Cream Zucchini Soup » Cream Of Zucchini Soup
Cream Of Zucchini Soup
3 Jun 2010
|Diced zucchini
|1 Large
|Condensed chicken broth
|2 Can (20 oz)
|500 Milliliter
|Diced celery
|50 Milliliter
|Diced onion
|200 Milliliter (3/4 Cup)
|1 Dash
|Evaporated skim milk
|125 Milliliter
Combine all ingredients except milk in saucepan.
Bring to a boil, reduce heat.
Cover; simmer for 10 minutes or until zucchini is very tender.
Cool slightly.
Place half the mixture in blender container; puree until smooth.
Repeat with remaining mixture.
Return to saucepan; stir in milk.
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Cream Of Zucchini Soup Recipe


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As for me I grew up in the midwest (although I moved here from California) and I like to think that my great work ethic and affinity for hard work are a product of my mother who raised me my brother and sister (and helped put all three of us thru college and post graduate school) by herself. I actually enjoy hard work I would rather be busy than bored. I am not exactly sure what I am looking for, I would not say I have a type per-se I can appreciate all types of people however I do think looks are important, sorry if that sounds conceited but I work hard to stay in shape and I would like to find a person who is on the same page. I am a nice guy, so If you are the type of woman who loves the bad boys or assholes then I am probably not the guy for you. I would love to meet someone, and explore all that NYC has to offer.
***Back from Australia but with trips Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Paris, Nice, Venice, and Hawaii up next sometimes it takes me a while to respond, please take no offense***


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Turn the clock back a few decades, and personal style was a different fashion beast.
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To whom it concerns: I live on Grasslake Road and both bypasses will take my house. This road has been needed for years and has been well known. If the eastern bypass group get their way, Lake County Division of Transportation will not fund the bypass and will wait for the state to do it, some 20 years. Let us not stop the project and get traffic going, improve the traffic at 45-Grasslake-Millburn roads.
Terry Bruner
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