text:
Originally written on MyTeamRivals.com | Last updated 10/7/12
The Ravens' offense hasn't converted a third down yet, but they are on the board. Justin Tucker hit a 28-yard field goal to give the Ravens a 3-0 lead over the Kansas City Chiefs in the first quarter. Rookie Courtney Upshaw recovered a Matt Cassel fumble that set up the Ravens' drive. Ray Rice got the Ravens inside the 10-yard line which set up Tucker's field goal. That's all the scoring so far.
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text:
Monica vs. Brandy
The feud between these similarly matched R&B talents stretches back to before their chart-topping duet "The Boy Is Mine." The 1998 single was actually driven by the perceived rivalry between the two teens, and the release confirmed that they had squashed whatever beef they may have had. Plus, the remarkable success had to make it hard for either to harbor any hostility.
(Photo: Frank Micelotta/ImageDirect/Getty Images)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
News and Events
Celebrating Today's Historic Victory for Marriage Equality
Pacific School of Religion and its Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies in Religion and Ministry (CLGS) celebrated today's landmark Supreme Court ruling as a victory for loving, same-gender ...
PSR Leadership Opposes Laws Criminalizing Homeless Community
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Exhibition: Mining the Collection: Finding Meaning in the Mess
The Center for the Arts, Religion, and Education and the Badè Museum of Biblical Archaeology present "Mining the Collection: Finding Meaning in the Mess. Works by Judith Selby Lang and ...
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text:
A bubble trap having a cylindrically symmetrical chamber, a filter covering an outlet and offset from the axis of the chamber, an inlet with a plurality of vertically aligned orifices, the orifices arranged to produce circumferential flow within the chamber. Bubbles in the liquid coalesce on the filter and are removed. A method of removing bubbles is also disclosed.
1. A bubble trap for removing gas bubbles from a flowing liquid comprising a chamber having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet arranged to form a flow of liquid which is directed to impinge upon a barrier.
2. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
3. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
4. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
5. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
6. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
7. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
8. A bubble trap according to
claim 1
9. A method of removing gas bubbles and solids from a flow of liquid comprising forming a directed flow of liquid from an inlet to impinge upon a barrier.
10. A method as claimed in
claim 9
11. A method of removing gas bubbles from a flow of liquid comprising forming a directed flow of liquid from an inlet to impinge upon a barrier.
12. The method of
claim 11
13. The method of
claim 11
14. The bubble trap of
claim 1
[0001] The present invention relates to a bubble trap for removing gas bubbles and, in some embodiments, also solids from a flowing liquid.
[0002] Bubble traps are commonly used where there is a need to remove gas bubbles from a flowing liquid, for example, in hydraulic circuits or in liquid chromatography. The presence of gas bubbles in the flowing liquid would be detrimental to the action of the functional parts of a hydraulic system or the integrity of the solid phase of a chromatography column.
[0003] Filters are commonly used where there is a need to remove solids from a flowing liquid, for example, in liquid chromatography. The solid may be, for example, an undissolved component of the chromatography column buffer or a solid present within the liquid sample. This is especially likely if the liquid sample is a biological sample.
[0004] In U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,135 a bubble trap is described for removal of emboli from blood prior to transfusion. The device allows blood to pass through a filter arranged so that solid components, such as red blood cells, pass through the filter but entrained bubbles do not. This separation is achieved by introducing the blood in a tangential direction relative to the axis of rotation of the chamber. The introduction of the blood is above the level of the filter and with a low velocity so the bubbles rise from the blood as the blood rotates within the body of the bubble trap before reaching a filter below the level of the fluid inlet. The filter can be a wide mesh filter as it is not required to trap bubbles.
[0005] Frequently there is a need to remove gas bubbles efficiently from a rapidly flowing liquid which U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,135 cannot perform. In other cases the removal of both gas bubbles and solids from a rapidly flowing liquid is required. Typically the removal of both gas bubbles and solid components from a rapidly flowing liquid has necessitated the use of a filter and a bubble trap arranged in series, each independently performing its function.
[0006] There is therefore a need for simple compact devices that can perform the removal of bubbles, or both bubbles and solids, from a rapidly flowing liquid.
[0007] The present invention is as claimed in the claims.
[0008] The flow of the liquid is directed from the inlet to impinge upon the barrier which causes bubbles present within the flow of the liquid to coalesce on the surface of the barrier and then float to the top of the bubble trap.
[0009] When the bubble trap of the invention combines the functions of a filter with a bubble trap the barrier takes the form of a filter covering the outlet. The bubble trap may have a plurality of filters and outlets. The filter has openings of a diameter which prevent the passage of bubbles through the filter. The surface tension of the liquid covering the filter openings is quite strong and it requires a considerable trans-filter pressure differential to force the bubbles through the filter openings. The bubbles may then aggregate before they float free from the surface of the filter or be dislodged by the flow of the liquid onto the filter surface.
[0010] The upper and lower levels of the liquid within the chamber may be regulated by a sensor to be maintained above the top of the filter.
[0011] The bubble trap is arranged to avoid vortex formation in the liquid as vortex formation could lower the liquid level sufficiently to allow air through the filter.
[0012] Conveniently the chamber is generally cylindrical in which case vortex formation in the chamber can be avoided by positioning the filter, and optionally filter outlet, off the central axis of the chamber.
[0013] Preferably the inlet has one or more vertically aligned orifices directed to produce circumferential flow of the liquid. Impingement of the liquid upon the filter also acts to dislodge coalesced bubbles on the filter surface.
[0014] An inlet with a plurality of orifices provides circumferential flow of the liquid throughout the entire height of the filter such that the liquid impinges more effectively upon the filter and ensures good vertical distribution of liquid over a wide range of flow rates.
[0015] Conveniently, the one or more orifices are selected from slits, holes and nozzles or any of the types of orifice known to those skilled in the art.
[0016] Preferably the filter openings are less than 1.2 im. A typical flow rate for the bubble trap would be 5-40 liters/min. A low liquid residence time is desirable, such a residence time is typically 30-3 seconds. The effective size of the opening is dependent upon several factors, for example, the viscosity of the liquid and the internal pressure of the bubble chamber.
[0017] Preferably if sterile filtration is required the opening size should be less than 0.22 im.
[0018] Preferably the filter may be a removable cartridge filter. The size of the cartridge filter, and of the inlet, reduce the interior volume of the chamber so reducing the stagnant holding volume of the chamber. Such cartridge filters are widely available having a wide range of opening sizes and structural tolerances. Such filter cartridges are available in a number of standard lengths which can be used interchangeably within the limitation of the maximum size of the bubble trap chamber. For example, Milligard Standard™ and Milligard™ Low Protein-Binding Cartridge filters may be used, both manufactured by Millipore Corporation, US. Preferably these filters may be either 4″ or 10″ in height.
[0019] The presence of the filter in the bubble trap device results in a small interior volume to minimise the stagnant or holding volume, It is capable of sterile operation, if such is required, and has a minimum number of easy-to-produce components. The simple construction reduces the need for complex valving arrangements and associated hardware. The general design of the device is sanitary to enable cleaning of the device with, for example, sanitizing chemicals or steam. The replacement of the cartridge is possible whilst remaining sterile.
[0020] A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
[0021]FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view through a bubble trap in accordance with the invention.
[0022] The bubble trap 10 comprises a cylindrical tube 20 secured between an upper securing plate 22 and a lower securing plate 24. A gasket 26 is used to produce a fluid tight seal between the cylindrical tube 20 and the upper securing plate 22. A gasket 26′ is used to produce a fluid tight seal between the cylindrical tube 20 and the lower securing plate 24. The cylindrical tube 20 is preferably made from clear material such as TPX, glass or Perspex to allow the user to view the inside of the cylindrical tube 20; or may be made from stainless steel. The securing plates may be made from stainless steel.
[0023] The upper securing plate 22 and the lower securing plate 24 are held in place by connecting rods 27 each secured by an upper screw 28 and a lower screw 28′. In the preferred embodiment there are six connecting rods 27, two of which are shown in FIG. 1.
[0024] A cover 30 having a gas outlet 32 is sealed to the neck 34 of the upper securing plate 22. The cover 30 is removably attached to the upper securing plate 22 by a clamp (not shown) securing an upper securing plate flange 23 to a cover flange 31. A gasket 33 is used to produce a fluid tight seal between the cover 30 and the upper securing plate 22.
[0025] In the preferred embodiment the neck 34 of the upper securing plate 22 has a large diameter which allows a hand to access the inside of the cylindrical tube 20. The access may be, for example, to replace a filter cartridge 60. The gas outlet 32 allows the exit of accumulated gas from the bubble trap 10. If removal of solids is not required, the filter can be replaced by a barrier to present a surface for coalescence of the bubbles in the fluid flow.
[0026] Removably attached to the lower securing plate 24 is a base unit 40. The base unit 40 has an inlet passage 42 and an outlet passage 44. The base unit 40 is formed to provide an inlet fitting 46 mounted on the upper surface of the base unit 40 and arranged so that the inlet fitting 46 is off the central axis of the cylindrical tube 20 and is not in contact with the inner wall of the cylindrical tube 20. The inlet fitting 46 has one or more jetting orifices 48. The jetting orifices may be holes or slots or any means for directing fluid flow. The jetting orifices 48 are arranged so that the liquid flows tangentially in the cylindrical tube 20. The delivery of the liquid may be pulsatile if a peristaltic pump (not shown) is used.
[0027] The base unit 40 is removably attached to the lower securing plate 24 by a clamp (not shown) securing a lower securing plate flange 25 to a base unit flange 62. Sandwiched between the base unit 40 and the lower securing plate is a gasket 64 which makes the assembly fluid tight.
[0028] The base unit 40 is arranged so that the outlet passage 44 has a filter securing means 50 which allows a filter 60, in this case a removable cartridge filter, to be secured to the base unit 40.
[0029] In the preferred embodiment the filter 60 is off the central axis of the chamber. The filter securing means 50 is positioned so that the filter 60 is not in contact with the inner wall of the cylindrical tube 20. This position of the filter 60 helps to avoid the formation of a liquid vortex within the cylindrical tube 20.
[0030] A sensor (not shown) detects the upper and lower level of the liquid in the cylindrical tube 20 so that the level of the liquid is controlled to be above the filter 60 by controlling venting of accumulated gas from the outlet 32. The inlet fitting 46 is arranged such that the jetting orifices 48 jet the liquid onto the filter 60 below the top of the filter 60.
[0031] The bubble trap 10 has a low stagnant volume due to the arrangement of the inlet fitting 46 and the filter 60 and allows sanitary operation having no dead spaces. An advantage of the present embodiment is that there is only one inlet passage 42, one gas outlet 32 and one outlet passage 44 consequently the need for complex valving and hardware arrangements is reduced
[0032] In operation the filter surface 66 does not allow bubbles present in the liquid flow to pass through the filter 60. The bubbles coalesce on the filter surface 66 and then float to the surface of the liquid, exiting via the gas outlet 32. Solid material present in the liquid is also filtered by the filter 60. The present invention thus acts to remove both solids and gas bubbles from a liquid flow.
[0033] If no filtering is required, a solid flow barrier, optionally with surface texture to encourage bubble formation, can be located in the bubble trap instead of the filter, with the outlet positioned to allow liquid to exit the bubble trap.
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Ali Pro
2310 W. Altorfer Dr
Peoria, IL 61615
Phone: 309-689-9033
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100 - 249
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text:
Use of an initiator system comprising:
An initiator system as described is of the formula VI:
Particular examples of initiator compounds include, trimethylol propane tris(3-(2-methyl aziridino))propionate and trimethylol propane tris-3-N-aziridinyl propionate.
1. A polymerisable adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate to a similar or different substrate, comprising:
a) at least one free-radically polymerisable monomer component, and
b) an effective amount of an initiator system for initiating polymerisation of the free-radically polymerisable monomer, said initiator system comprising:
a combination of an organoborane and a polyaziridine, in a ratio of aziridine groups to boron atoms of greater than 1.3:1, provided that the initiator system does not contain more than a trace amount of a complex of organoborane with a complexing agent selected from:
an amine other than a polyaziridine;
a complexing agent comprising at least one hydroxide;
a complexing agent comprising at least one alkoxide; or
an amidine complexing agent and provided that the initiator system is substantially free of amine.
2. A composition according to
3. A two-part polymerisable adhesive composition according to
part A) an effective amount of a polymerisation initiator system comprising:
a combination of an organoborane and a polyaziridine, in a ratio of aziridine groups to boron atoms greater than 1.3:1,
provided that the initiator system does not contain more than a trace amount of a complex of organoborane with a complexing agent selected from:
an amine other than a polyaziridine;
a complexing agent comprising at least one hydroxide;
a complexing agent comprising at least one alkoxide; or
an amidine complexing agent and provided that the initiator system is substantially free of amine; and
part B) at least one (meth)acrylate monomer, together with a compound reactive with the initiator system to free the organoborane therefrom, and optionally with a toughener, filler or thickener.
4. A composition according to
This invention relates to polymerisation initiator systems, polymerisable compositions, particularly acrylic adhesive compositions, and uses thereof for bonding low surface energy substrates such as polyolefins to each other or to other substrates such as metals.
It is well known that the bonding of polyolefin substrates and other low surface energy substrates causes particular difficulties. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by extensive and expensive substrate surface preparation, for example by oxidation, plasma treatment, corona treatment or flame treatment, or by priming the surface with a high surface energy primer. However it is desired to develop adhesive compositions which will bond low surface energy substrates without such surface preparation.
The chemistry of organic boron compounds has been studied in detail (see "Comprehensive Organic Chemistry" by Barton D. and Ollis W. D., Volume 3, Edited by Jones D. N., Pergamon Press, 1979, Part 14). The use of organoboranes such as the trialkylboranes including triethylborane and tributylborane for initiating and catalyzing the polymerisation of vinyl monomers is well known. However such organoborane compounds are known to be flammable in air so that the compounds and compositions containing them require special handling and the compositions have poor shelf stability (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,236,823 Jennes et al., and the Background section of U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,711 Pocius et al., at column 2).
Certain boron alkyl compounds and their use as initiators of polymerisation are described in a series of patents of Wolfgang Ritter assigned to Henkel KgaA, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,515,724, 4,638,092, 4,638,498, 4,676,858 and 4,921,921 (hereinafter referred to as "the Ritter patents"). However the adhesive systems developed from these patents require the manufacture of trialkyl boranes from long chain fatty acids.
A series of patents of Skoultchi or Skoultchi et al. disclose a two-part initiator system for acrylic adhesive compositions in which the first part includes a stable organoborane amine complex and the second part includes a destabilizer or activator such as an organic acid or an aldehyde (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,106,928; 5,143,884; 5,286,821; 5,310,835 and 5,367,746).
Japanese patent publication No. S48-18928 describes a method for adhering polyolefin or vinyl polymers using an adhesive obtained by adding trialkylboron to a vinyl monomer or vinyl monomer and vinyl polymer. Examples of trialkylboron include triisopropylboron, tri-n-butylboron, tripropylboron and tri-tert.-butylboron.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,611, Mottus et al. describes a process for polymerising unsaturated monomers with a catalyst comprising an organoboron compound, a peroxygen compound with an amine complexing agent for the boron compound. Use of the polymerisation products as adhesives is not discussed.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,070 of Zharov et al. assigned to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company and a series of patents of Alphonsus V. Pocius or Pocius et al. also assigned to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, including in particular U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,616,796, 5,621,143, 5,681,910, 5,684,102, 5,686,544, 5,718,977, 5,795,657 and 5,935,711 describe organoborane amine complexes which can be used in systems that initiate the polymerisation of acrylic monomers in compositions useful for bonding low surface energy plastics substrates such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene. PCT Publication No. WO 99/64528 also of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company describes low odour polymerisable compositions comprising monomer blends and organoborane amine complex initiators. The amine may be any primary or secondary amine, polyamine containing a primary or secondary amine, or ammonia. However these systems require the preparation of trialkyl borane amine complexes to achieve the desired performance and shelf stability. The manufacture of such complexes is an undesirably complicated process. Furthermore the presence of the amines results in cured adhesives that have a tendency to become yellow in colour on ageing.
PCT Publication No. WO 01/32716 of 3M Innovative Properties Company describes initiator systems comprising:
PCT Publication No. WO 01/32717 also of 3M Innovative Properties Company describes initiator systems comprising:
PCT Publication No. WO 01/44311 of Dow Chemical Company describes the use of other amine organoborane complex polymerisation initiators in compositions for bonding low surface energy substrates. The amine is selected from the group of amines having an amidine structural component; aliphatic heterocycles having at least one nitrogen in the heterocyclic ring wherein the heterocyclic compound may also contain one or more nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulphur atoms, or double bonds in the heterocycle; primary amines which in addition have one or more hydrogen bond accepting groups wherein there are at least two carbon atoms between the primary amine and the hydrogen bond accepting group, such that due to inter- or intramolecular interactions within the complex the strength of the B—N bond is increased; and conjugated imines. Included within this broadly defined group of amines are aliphatic heterocycles having at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocycle, one example of which is aziridine. Table 1 contains the results of testing of 68 borane/amine combinations, the last of which is tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) with trimethylolpropane tris (2-methyl-1-aziridine)propionate. However the results columns show that this combination at a molar ratio B:Amine of 1:1.3 was pyrophoric and that the adhesion in lap shear tests on polypropylene was zero. It may be inferred therefore that the polyaziridine as used in this test did not form a satisfactory complex, as it does not meet either of the two principal criteria for "complexes of the invention" set out at page 5 line 5 and lines 11-13 of the reference. In Table 2, binding energy calculations are listed for a substantial number of complexes of TBB with amines including aziridine and methylaziridine but no test results for performance of such complexes are stated.
It is known to use aziridine-functional materials, particularly polyaziridines, in polymerisation initiator systems based on an organoborane amine complex, the aziridine-functional material being a carrier or diluent for the organoborane amine complex, as described for example in PCT Publication No. WO 98/17694 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,711) or PCT Publication No. WO 99/64528. The above-mentioned PCT Publication Nos. WO 01/32716 and WO 01/32717 also describe the use of aziridine-functional materials as diluents for the alternative initiator complexes concerned therein. Although the aziridine-functional materials are described as "reactive diluents", it is stated that, generally, the diluent should not be reactive towards the complex and functions as an extender for the complex. It has hitherto been considered to be important that the organoborane should be used in the form of a complex with a complexing agent in order to achieve the desired level of stability and in particular to reduce the well-known pyrophoricity of organoborane compounds. As already noted, the manufacture of such complexes is an undesirably complicated process and the presence of amines results in cured adhesives that have a tendency to become yellow in colour on ageing.
So far as the present inventors are aware, it has never been suggested that a polyaziridine could be used successfully as a complexing agent with an organoborane. It has now surprisingly been found that an initiator system comprising a combination of an organoborane with a polyaziridine at a higher molar ratio than that described in example 68 of PCT Publication No. WO 01/44311 shows no significant pyrophoric activity and forms adhesive compositions with good bonding performance on low surface energy substrates.
There is a need for commercially acceptable compositions for bonding low surface energy substrates such as polyolefins and for end users to have a variety of such compositions which achieve that result through different technical strategies. Despite the work of many researchers in this field, there is a need for polymerisation initiators which reduce the problems described above and which provide alternative systems to those available hitherto. It is desirable to provide initiators which are commercially available compounds and/or which are relatively easy to handle compared to known initiator compounds.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of an initiator system comprising:
a combination of an organoborane and a polyaziridine, in a ratio of
aziridine groups to boron atoms of greater than 1.3:1,
as an initiator of polymerisation in an adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate;
provided that the initiator system does not contain more than a trace amount of a complex of organoborane with a complexing agent selected from:
an amine other than a polyaziridine;
a complexing agent comprising at least one hydroxide;
a complexing agent comprising at least one alkoxide; or
an amidine complexing agent.
Desirably the ratio of aziridine groups to boron atoms is greater than 2:1, especially at least 3:1, particularly at least 4:1, more particularly at least 5:1, for example at least 8:1, and suitably not more than 40:1, more particularly from 8:1 to 11:1.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of an initiator system comprising:
a combination of an organoborane and a polyaziridine, in a molar ratio of
aziridine to organoborane greater than 1.3:1,
as an initiator of polymerisation in an adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate;
provided that the initiator system does not contain more than a trace amount of a complex of organoborane with a complexing agent selected from:
an amine other than a polyaziridine;
a complexing agent comprising at least one hydroxide;
a complexing agent comprising at least one alkoxide; or
an amidine complexing agent.
Suitably the molar ratio of aziridine to organoborane is at least 2:1, particularly 3:1. Suitably the molar ratio of polyaziridine to organoborane is not more than 15:1.
It is the intention of the above provisos to exclude all complexes of organoboranes with complexing agents which are known in the prior art as initiator systems in adhesive systems for bonding low surface energy substrates. Preferably no significant amount of such a complex is present. However a trace of such a complex may be present, for example as an impurity arising from preparation procedures, without departing from the scope of the claim. Desirably there is no significant amount, or effective amount, or more than a trace, of another agent (apart from the polyaziridine) which complexes with the organoborane.
Organoboranes for use as polymerisation initiators are well known. Particularly suitable compounds are alkylboranes, i.e. having at least one alkyl group. Trialkylboranes are preferred. The organoborane may suitably be of the formula I:
An alkyl group may suitably have 1-6 carbon atoms, for example 1-4 carbon atoms. An alkyl group may be straight-chain or branched. A carbocyclic ring may be bridged by the boron atom in formula I.
Polyaziridines have more than one aziridine group
R6 and R7 which may be the same or different are H or C1-C10 alkyl, particularly C1-4 alkyl, especially methyl, and
y is a number of at least 2, particularly 2-4, especially 3.
The polyvalent radical R5 may be any suitable polyvalent alkyl, aryl or alkaryl radical or it may be a phosphine oxide group. In the definition of R5, alkyl may suitably have 1-60 carbon atoms, particularly 4-40 carbon atoms; aryl may suitably have 6-65 carbon atoms, particularly 6-45 carbon atoms; alkaryl may suitably have 7-66 carbon atoms, particularly 7-46 carbon atoms. Alkyl or the alkyl moiety of alkaryl may be straight chain or branched. Alkyl, aryl or alkaryl may be substituted or interrupted by one or more hetero atoms or hetero atom-containing groups that do not substantially affect the performance of the polyaziridine, such as alcohols, esters or ethers. A hetero atom may be selected from O, S or N, particularly O. R5 may suitably contain a carbonyl group. According to one feature of the invention, R5 is an acetate or propionate of a polyvalent alcohol.
The polyaziridine may suitably be of the formula III:
R8 is C1-C10 alkylene, and
R6, R7 and y are as defined above.
In the definition of R9, alkyl may suitably have 1-40 carbon atoms, particularly 4-24 carbon atoms; aryl may suitably have 6-45 carbon atoms, particularly 6-30 carbon atoms; alkaryl may suitably have 7-46 carbon atoms, particularly 7-31 carbon atoms. Alkyl or the alkyl moiety of alkaryl may be straight chain or branched. Alkyl, aryl or alkaryl may be substituted or interrupted by one or more hetero atoms or hetero atom-containing groups that do not substantially affect the performance of the polyaziridine, such as alcohols, esters or ethers. A hetero atom may be selected from O, S or N, particularly O.
Particularly suitable polyaziridines are commercially available compounds such as trimethylol propane tris(3-(2-methyl aziridine)propionate), trimethylol propane tris-3-N-aziridinyl propionate, pentaerythritol tris(3-(2-methyl aziridine)propionate) and tris(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide.
In one aspect therefore the invention relates to the use of an initiator system of the formula VI:
the value of x multiplied by y is greater than 1.3,
as an initiator of polymerisation in an adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate.
The organoboranes and polyaziridines used in the present invention are commercially available or readily prepared by available methods. The initiator systems of the invention do not require the use of the amines which have been used in the past to for complexes with organoboranes. Once the organoborane of such known complexes has reacted in a polymerisable composition, the amine can cause yellowing of a cured composition after ageing. A reduction or elimination of yellowing is a particular advantage for adhesives which are to be used in locations where appearance is important, e.g. in automobile manufacture. Amines may also give rise to odour problems.
The invention provides a polymerisable adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate to a similar or different substrate, which includes:
The polymerisable composition may suitably be a two-part composition in which at least one free-radically polymerisable monomer component is provided in one part and the initiator system is provided in the other part. Alternatively the composition could be a one-part composition with suitable stabilisation and activation systems such as a moisture-latent acid or oxygen-latent acid. In a further alternative, the initiator system could be provided as a primer which is applied to a substrate separate from the polymerisable monomer component. In another alternative, the initiator system could be provided in the polymerisable monomer component and an activation system such as an acid could be provided as a primer or as a separate component.
The polymerisable monomer or monomers may suitably include one or more (meth)acrylic monomers.
In one aspect the invention provides a two-part polymerisable adhesive composition for bonding a low surface energy substrate to a similar or different substrate, which includes:
part A) an effective amount of a polymerisation initiator system comprising a combination of an organoborane and a polyaziridine as defined above, and
part B) at least one (meth)acrylate monomer, optionally with a toughener, acidic monomer, filler or thickener.
Part B may suitably be a (meth)acrylic component. The terms (meth)actylic and (meth)acrylate are used synonymously herein with regard to the monomer and monomer-containing component. The terms (meth)acrylic and (meth)acrylate include acrylic, methacrylic, acrylate and methacrylate.
No amines (other than polyaziridines, if they are regarded as amines) are required as complexing agents in the initiator systems of the invention. In preferred compositions no amine (other than the polyaziridine(s)) is present in the initiator system.
The adhesive compositions disclosed herein are useful for bonding low surface energy substrates e.g. those having a surface energy of less than 45 mJ/m2, more particularly polyolefins including polyethylene and polypropylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polytetrafluoroethylene, or relatively low surface energy substrates such as polycarbonate, to similar substrates, to each other, or to different substrates including metals, other plastics and glass.
Furthermore the invention provides a method for bonding a low surface energy substrate to a similar or different substrate, wherein the method comprises applying an adhesive composition as defined above to at least one of the substrates, bringing the substrates together and allowing the composition to cure. In one aspect, the invention provides a method as defined above for bonding polyolefin substrates.
In particular the invention provides a method for bonding a low surface energy substrate to a similar or different substrate, wherein the method comprises mixing parts A and B of a two part adhesive composition as defined above immediately prior to use in order to initiate polymerisation, applying the mixed adhesive composition to at least one of the substrates, bringing the substrates together and allowing the composition to cure by completion of the polymerisation initiated on mixing of the two parts A and B.
In one type of organoborane, R1-R3 may suitably be the same or different alkyl groups and each may suitably be a C1-C10 alkyl group, particularly a C1-C6 alkyl group, more particularly a C2-C6 alkyl group. Large or bulky alkyl groups are considered to be less likely to provide desirably active initiators, as will be understood by those skilled in free-radical chemistry.
In another type of organoborane, one or both of R2 and R3 may be phenyl. Desirably not more than one of R2 and R3 contains a phenyl group and at least two of R1-R3 are C1-C3 alkyl. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that a phenyl group (if present) may be substituted in the ring by one or more substituents which do not affect the activity of the compound of formula I as a polymerisation initiator. Such ring-substituents include C1-C10 alkyl, for example C1-C6 alkyl, particularly methyl.
The quantity of the initiator system as defined above may suitably be such as to provide 0.01% to 5% by weight, particularly 0.01% to 2% by weight, such as 0.01 to 0.6% by weight, of boron in the total composition.
According to one feature of the present invention, the free radically polymerisable monomer is monofunctional i.e. has one olefinically unsaturated bond per molecule. Suitable monomers include monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomers including acrylate and methacrylate esters and substituted derivatives thereof such as hydroxy, amide, cyano, chloro, and silane derivatives. Such monomers include tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, isobomyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, butyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, decylmethacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, tert.-butyl methacrylate, acrylamide, gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, 3-cyanopropyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl chloroacrylate, and glycidyl (meth)acrylate.
Blends of two or more monomers, particularly two or more (meth)acrylate monomers, may desirably be used, the choice of monomers in the blend being determined by the end use application of the compositions, as known to those skilled in the art.
In addition, the free radically polymerisable monomer(s) may include a minor proportion, e.g. up to 20%, particularly upo tp 15%, by weight based on the total composition, of difunctional or poltfunctional monomer(s) selected from olefinically unsaturated systems such as acrylates, methacrylates, styrene, maleate esters, fumarate esters, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, thiol-ene compositions, and acrylate, methacrylate, or vinyl terminated resins including silicones and urethanes. Among suitable acrylates and methacrylates are those used in polymerisable systems such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,295,909, 4,018,851, 4,963,220 to Baccei et. al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,209 to Ray-Chaudhuri et. al. or polyfunctional methacrylates, silicone diacrylates and polyfunctional acrylated urethanes of the type known to be useful in formulating adhesives e.g. as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,376 to Douek et. al.) or a thiol-ene (e.g. as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,661,744, 3,898,349, 4,008,341 or 4,808,638). The contents of the above-mentioned patents are incorporated herein by reference.
The addition of an acid (which term includes a latent acid) in the monomer component, in a separate part of the composition from that which contains the initiator system as defined above, is desirable. For certain substrates and/or certain polymerisation speeds, the presence of an acid may be required. In other cases, acidic residues, for example in the monomers, may be sufficient. Alternatively, or in addition, the initiator system as defined above may react with another compound in the composition (particularly in Part B of a two-part composition), thus freeing the organoborane to initiate polymerisation of the polymerisable composition. In the case of a 2-part composition, the reaction takes place after mixing of the two parts, one containing the initiator system as defined above and the other containing the compound reactive therewith.
The acid when added may suitably be a weak acid. Lewis acids may be used (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,070 to Zharov et al., the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). The pKa of the weak acid normally is no lower than about 0.5 with the desirable limit being about 0.9. The upper limit normally is about 13, or less, such as 11.5. However, carboxylic acids which have a pKa of up to about 8, such as 6 or 7, are particularly suitable.
The carboxylic acids may contain one or more carboxyl groups, suitably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 2, carboxyl groups. Suitable aliphatic carboxylic acids ordinarily include C1-18 chains, such as C1-10 monocarboxylic acids.
Suitable acids may be monobasic or polybasic. Typical but not limiting examples of suitable acids are formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, acrylic acid and copolymers thereof, methacrylic acid and copolymers thereof, pyruvic acid, itaconic acid, nadic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acids, cinnamic acid, trichloroacetic acid and saccharin. It is particularly suitable to use an acidic monomer which can itself be polymerised, so that it is bound into the cured polymer composition, for example a part-ester of a polyfunctional acid wherein the ester group contains a free-radically polymerisable component, particularly a (meth)acrylic halfester of a difunctional acid such as maleic, fumaric or succinnic acid e.g. 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl maleate, 2-(meth)acryloxyethyl fumarate or 2-(meth)acryloxyethyl succinate. The effective amount of the acid (or the acid residue of an acidic monomer or residue resulting from preparation of a monomer) is suitably within the range from about 0.1 to about 20%, particularly from about 0.1 to about 10%, such as from about 0.5 to about 5%, by weight based on the weight of the polymerisable composition. The amount of an acidic monomer is suitably within the range from about 0.1% to about 25%, such as about 0.5% to about 15%, by weight based on the weight of the polymerisable composition.
In a two-part composition, part B suitably contains at least two monomers, one of which is an acidic monomer.
The acid may be present as a latent acid, particularly a masked carboxylic acid compound hydrolyzable on contact with moisture, such as an acid anhydride, as described in EP-A-0 356 875 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,436, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or a compound from which an acid is released in contact with oxygen. A latent acid may be used in Part B of a two-part composition, in which the acid is released on mixing the two parts, or in a one-part composition.
The presence of air or oxygen is desirable at the time of initiation of polymerisation e.g. when the two parts of a two-part composition are mixed.
Suitable polyaziridines are described as diluents in PCT Publication No. WO 99/64528, which in turn refers to PCT Publication No. WO 98/17694, equivalent to U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,711. Polyfunctional aziridines such as trimethylolpropane tris(3-(2-methylaziridino) propionate are particularly suitable. The polyaziridine may also act as a cross-linking agent in the polymerisable composition, e.g. by reaction with an acid monomer or polymeric acid which may suitably be present in the composition as described above.
The polyaziridine should be generally soluble in monomers included in the polymerisable composition, such that the parts of the two-part composition can be readily mixed. By "soluble" is meant that no evidence of gross phase separation at room temperature (i.e., about 20� C. to about 25� C.) is visible to the unaided eye. Similarly, the organoborane should also desirably be soluble in thepolyaziridine, although slightly warming a mixture of the organoborane and the polyaziridine may be helpful in forming a solution of the two at room temperature (i.e., about 22� C. to about 25� C.). Preferably, the polyaziridine is a liquid at or near room temperature (i.e., within about 10� C. of room temperature) or forms a liquid solution with the organoborane at or near room temperature.
Suitable carriers for the initiator system may be present including liquid polyethers, liquid polyethers capped with non-reactive groups being groups which are not susceptible to free-radical polymerisation such as epoxies, liquid polyesters, polyisoprene or polybutadiene. A thickened solvent could also be used as a carrier. Polytetrahydrofuran could be used as both solvent and carrier. The quantity of carrier may suitably be in the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight, for example 5% to 25% by weight, particularly 5% to 10% by weight, of the total composition.
The initiator system as described above, optionally with a thickener or filler, is usually contained in Part A—the initiator component—of a two-part composition.
The monomer-containing component may suitably include a toughener to improve the impact resistance and peel resistance of the bond while maintaining adhesive strength. Suitable tougheners include elastomeric materials such as polybutadiene rubbers, polyisoprene (.e.g. available under the trade name Kratan), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (e.g. available under the trade name Hycaror or as core-shell polymers under the trade name Blendex), or polystyrenes. For bonding polyolefins it is desirable to use a core-shell polymer. The use of core-shell polymers in (meth)acrylate-based compositions is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,546 and 4,942,201 Briggs et al. assigned to Illinois Tool Works. Core shell polymers are suitably graft copolymer resins (e.g. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene graft copolymers or others described in the above-mentioned patents of Briggs et al.) in the form of particles that comprise rubber or rubber—like cores or networks that are surrounded by relatively hard shells. In addition to improving the impact resistance of the bond, core-shell polymers can also impart enhanced spreading and flow properties to the composition (see WO 99/64528). These enhanced properties include a reduced tendency for the composition to leave an undesirable "string" upon dispensing from a syringe-type applicator, or sap or slump after having been applied to a vertical surface. The quantity of toughener may suitably be in the range from about 1% to about 40% by weight, particularly about 5% to about 25% by weight, of the total composition.
The composition may optionally further comprise oxidising agents, reducing agents, thickeners, fillers, non-reactive colourants and pigments, metal salts (particularly transition metal salts) and free radical polymerisation stabilisers. The optional additives are used in an amount that does not significantly adversely affect the polymerisation process or the desired properties of polymerisation products made thereby.
Suitable reducing agents may be, but are not limited to, acetylphenylhydrazine, tetramethylthiourea or thiocaprolactam. Suitable oxidising agents may be, but are not limited to, peroxides and hydroperoxides.
Polymeric thickeners may be present in the compositions in a minor amount, up to about 50%, and may be thickeners such as a polymer or prepolymer of low or high molecular weight. Suitable polymeric thickeners are a commercially available methacrylate polymer sold by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, under the trademark Elvacite, as well as styrene-methyl methacrylate co-polymers and polybisphenol A maleate or propoxylated bisphenol-A-fumarate polyester (sold under the trademark Atlac). It is also possible to add inert filling materials such as finely divided silica, fumed silica (treated or untreated), montmorillonite, clay, bentonite and the like. The use of micronized silica would result in a paste-like thixotropic composition.
It is an advantage of the present invention that a broader range of thickeners can be used than with an initiator system containing amine. Additionally, it is conventional to include in adhesive formulations certain "inert" fillers such as wood flour, glass fibres and hollow glass spheres, cotton linters, mica, alumina, silica and the like to modify viscosity, improve impact resistance and for other purposes such as spacing to provide a minimum bond thickness in the case of hollow glass spheres, e.g. at least 100 micrometers. Such fillers could be incorporated in the formulations of the present invention. The quantity of filler is suitably from about 0.5% to about 20%, for example about 1.0% to about 5.0%, by weight of the composition. Small percentages of silane monomers could also be added to increase moisture resistance, as well as to enhance bonding of an adhesive to glass and similar surfaces. Other substances such as dyes, fire retarders, stabilizers such as quinones and hydroquinones, thixotropes, plasticizers, antioxidants, and the like may also be included, although such additives may often be furnished in the principal ingredients, making their separate introduction unnecessary.
It is a particular advantage of the invention that polyolefin materials can be used as fillers in the composition. Polyolefin powders such as polyethylene powder or polypropylene powder are relatively inexpensive and in a composition which readily bonds to a polyolefin the filler becomes securely adhered into the cured composition. Polyethylene or polypropylene powders can be used with particle sizes in the range from 0.01 mm to 1 mm, particularly 0.02 mm to 0.3 mm, allowing a good control of the gap between substrates (i.e. the depth of adhesive). Particularly suitable polyethylene powders are commercially available under the trade name Microthene. Polyethylene flock and polyolefin chopped fibre can also be used as fillers. The amount of polyolefin filler may suitably be 0.5% to about 20%, particularly 1.0% to about 10%, by weight of the composition.
Compositions of the present invention may be used as adhesives, sealants, surface coatings, moulding resins and composite matrices, for example with "fleece" or "padding" materials of glass fibre, carbon fibre, metal fibre, polyethylene or polypropylene fibre or foams, or any combination of them, in which bonding to a low surface energy polymer is required.
The compositions may be used in an un-polymerised state, in which case polymerisation occurs in situ, or they may be used in a part-polymerised state, in which case polymerisation is completed in situ.
The components of a two-part composition may suitably be mixed immediately prior to use in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
The compositions of the invention are suited for use with conventional, commercially available dispensing equipment for two-part adhesives, for example a dual syringe applicator and a static mixer nozzle. In general the compositions are suitable for curing at room temperature, i.e. 20-25� C. without added heat or other energy input although heat input may be desirable in some instances, for example to accelerate cure.
The compositions of the present invention may suitably comprise about . . . % to about . . . % by weight of the initiator system as defined above, about 5% to about 50% by weight of additional non-polymerisable carrier (if present), about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the acid (if present), about 5% to about 85% by weight of the polymerisable monomer(s) and about 1% to about 40% by weight of the toughner (if present).
The compositions of the invention may suitably consist essentially of the ingredients defined in the preceding sentence, together with conventional ingredients such as fillers, thickeners or stabilizers, making up the total composition as 100%.
In a two-part composition, the parts may suitably be provided in a weight ratio in the range from 1:10 to 1:1 of initiator-containing part A to monomer-containing part B, for example from 1:10 to 1:2, or from 1:10 to 1:4.
The following example will illustrate the invention. In the example the trimethylolpropane tris(3-(2-methyl-aziridine)propionate) used is commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich Ireland Limited of Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland. The core-shell toughener used is commercially available from GE Speciality Chemicals via Blagden Chemical Specialities Limited, London WC1X 8NJ, England under the tradename Blendex 336.
In the example the mixed adhesive composition is prepared using a MIXPAC System 50 dual syringe applicator having volume ratio as described, and a 17 stage static mixer nozzle, both commercially available from METIX (UK) Limited of Kettering NN16 8PX, England.
The tests on polypropylene substrates were carried out on filled polypropylene (i.e. polypropylene PP-HWST supplied by Simona U.K. (Limited) of Stafford, England) unless otherwise indicated.
In carrying out the tests, no tendency to catch fire was observed during the handling of the initiator system.
Initiator Component (Part A)
Part A was formulated by mixing, under nitrogen, trimethylolpropane tris(3-(2-methyl-aziridine)propionate) (3 g) and triethyl borane 1 molar solution in tetrahydrofuran (2 g) i.e. a molar ratio of polyaziridine to organoborane of 3.2:1, corresponding to a ratio of aziridine groups to boron atoms of 9.6:1. Surprisingly the Part A component showed no pyrophoric activity when tested by applying samples to filter paper and exposing to air.
Adhesive Component (Part B)
A core-shell toughner (10 g), available commercially under the tradename Blendex 336 from GE Speciality Chemicals, was added to tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (25 g), 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (83 g), and hydroxy ethyl methacrylate monoester of succinic acid (6.7 g) with heating to a temperature up to about 50� C. and stirring to form a homogeneous solution.
Mixed Adhesive Composition
The initiator component A (5 g) and adhesive component B (45 g) were packaged respectively into the two syringes of a MIXPAC System 50 1:10 volume ratio 50 ml dual syringe applicator having a 1:10 volume ratio between the syringes holding the components A and B respectively. The two components were mixed by the simultaneous extrusion through a 17 stage static mixer nozzle. The mixed adhesive composition was tested on a range of substrates as follows:
Samples of the adhesive were spread onto an untreated test-piece (4�1 inches)−101.6�25.4 mm) to form a film of approximately 0.1 mm in depth. Following which a second test-piece was brought against the adhesive to form an overlap adhesive joint with 0.25 inch (6.3 mm) overlap. A clamp was applied to the overlap area and the adhesive joint allowed to cure overnight, approximately 24 hours, at room temperature. The bond strengths for bonds assembled using the above procedure were tested on a Instron tester according to ASTM-D1002 and are presented in the table below.
The adhesive showed good performance on polyolefin substrates as well as meal substrates.
GBMS is grit-blasted mild steel.
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Peer pressure can have many causes, including curiosity, the desire to fit in and a lack of structure at home. Peer pressure is the influence that children and teens often feel to conform to certain standards or engage in certain practices. Common examples of choices influenced by peer pressure include using drugs or alcohol, fashion choices and skipping school.Know More
Many children give in to peer pressure as a result of simple curiosity. They might experiment with practices such as drugs or sex in order to find out what all their peers are talking about. This is an example of passive peer pressure, in which kids recognize standardized behaviors among their peer group and then engage in these practices through imitation. Active peer pressure occurs when kids are directly confronted with an activity, such as a teenager who is offered a drink at a party. Teens often go along with these suggestions in order to fit in. Nearly all humans have an inherent desire to be accepted by others, and peer pressure is a clear example of this quality. Kids may also give in to peer pressure due to a lack of structure or stability in their home lives. Kids from chaotic households with less-defined sets of guidelines may seek out the structure and standards that come along with allegiance to a peer group.Learn more about Psychology
Solutions to peer pressure include taking personal action by standing up to bullies and saying no, enlisting the support of like-minded friends to advocate against improper and immoral behavior and speaking to teachers, counselors and parents about pressures from other students. Individuals and groups alike resist peer pressure. Individual students can reduce negative pressures from classmates by listening to gut instincts and feelings, responding to intimidating actions with an assertive stance and by walking away from potentially harmful situations.Full Answer >
One of the disadvantages of pressure groups is that they tend to present only one-sided arguments. This means that they sometimes give a distorted voice to the few people that are involved in such groups. Because of this under-representation, pressure groups can be criticized for being undemocratic, as they can influence elected representatives on the basis of a small set of opinions.Full Answer >
Positive peer pressure is the attitude of a peer group that encourages good behavior rather than deviant behavior, according to Kids Helpline. Positive peer pressure is based upon the feelings and intentions behind the pressure placed upon individuals in a group of friends. An example of positive peer pressure is when people encourage someone to give up smoking or to stop drinking alcohol.Full Answer >
Peer pressure is when someone influences another person's decision about what to do or not to do, which can be positive or negative. Although peer pressure can occur at any age, it's most often experienced by young people. Common examples of peer pressure include the pressure to try drugs, engage in sexual activities, ditch school, cheat on tests or not be friends with certain people.Full Answer >


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The Makers of RomePaperback Penguin Classics
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- Publisher: PENGUIN CLASSICS
- Format: Paperback | 368 pages
- Dimensions: 132mm x 193mm x 23mm | 249g
- Publication date: 28 August 1975
- Publication City/Country: London
- Edition statement: Reprint
- Illustrations note: maps
- Sales rank: 25,554
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These nine biographies illuminate the careers, personalities and military campaigns of some of Rome's greatest statesmen, whose lives span the earliest days of the Republic to the establishment of the Empire. Selected from Plutarch's "Roman Lives", they include prominent figures who achieved fame for their pivotal roles in Roman history, such as soldierly Marcellus, eloquent Cato and cautious Fabius. Here too are vivid portraits of ambitious, hot-tempered Coriolanus; objective, principled Brutus and open-hearted Mark Anthony, who would later be brought to life by Shakespeare. In recounting the lives of these great leaders, Plutarch also explores the problems of statecraft and power and illustrates the Roman people's genius for political compromise, which led to their mastery of the ancient world.
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The Prince
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Plutarch's life spanned the second half of the 1st century AD. He was highly educated in rhetoric and philosophy at Athens but his deep interest in religion led him to Delphi, where he was eventually appointed a priesthood. He travelled, most crucially to Rome, where he lectured and made friends of considerable influence. He wrote and taught throughout his life. Ian Scott-Kilvert was Director of English Literature at the British Council and Editor of Writers and their Works. He has tranlsated three other of Plutarch's works for the Penguin Classics. He died in 1989.
Editorial reviews
A classic selection of nine 'lives' which range from the start of the republic to the dawn of the empire. Three famous histories which are crucial background for Shakespeare scholars are included: Coriolanus, Brutus and Mark Antony. The introduction covers Plutarch's themes - the tenacity of the Roman people and their gift for compromise - and his gifts as a biographer; a helpful appendix deals specifically with the Antony and Cleopatra background; and there are also maps. The translation is of the usual high standard for Penguin Classics, readable in itself and enhanced with sufficient footnotes to clarify the text. A vital handbook for students and fascinating also for the general reader. (Kirkus UK)
Table of contents
Makers of RomeIntroduction 1. Coriolanus 2. Fabius Maximus 3. Macellus 4. Cato the Elder 5. Tiberius Gracchus 6. Gaius Gracchus 7. Sertorius 8. Brutus 9. Mark Antony Appendix Maps


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ibis Bristol Temple Meads Quay3
Avon Street, BRISTOL, BS2 0PS
Price From 124.28 AUDView Rooms
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
80% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
the beds
are as comfortable as they claim to be.
Very good hotel, it is near of the city centre.
Good convenient location.
Room was good, had to request change due to smell of paint in original room. Receptionist very polite and changed straight away (they had warned me of paint smell before i checked in). Value for money very good. Nothing spectacular but clean, quiet and comfortable. Would stay again
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Good location if travelling by train, as very near the station, but a bit of a walk to the city centre shops, restaurants, etc.
The check out time is earlier than many hotels, 12 noon, which is handy. Whilst some of the rooms have a good view over the station and waterside, those at the back face a wall.
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brilliant one night stay
Best value that we could find on line that day....basic, but good and comfy.
Very clean. Staff very helpful.
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Location from train station was great only about 10 walk (5 minutes if you no the short cut) If you get off on platform 4 you can actually see the hotel.
There was two things that did not work for me. First you could hear the trains at night (depending on which side you get the room) and the other if you wants to leave your bags after checkout you have to pay £2 per bag.
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Nice, quiet hotel. Veru close to the city center.
Best Budget Hotel By Far
Me and my partner regularly stay in hotels, usually budget ones, as a treat or celebration, for either 1 2 or 3 nights and the IBIS has been the best by far of all the hotels we have stayed in over the past 18 months.
Our stay at the IBIS was to celebrate my birthday and neither of us could fault anything at the hotel. Right from the moment we stepped inside the door to handing in the key card the next morning, we were impressed - the staff were not only polite but friendly and smiley and bent over backwards to help us with everything - from signing in to showing us how the television in our room worked, supplying us with an extra pillow. We had booked a meal out elsewhere but decided to stay and eat in the hotel restaurant and again we received extremely courteous, friendly and smiling service and the food was delicious. We also prepaid for eat-all-you-can breakfasts which again was delicious,varied and endless in amounts with friendly smiling staff keeping everything regularly topped up. The room was wonderful - we were on the top floor with superb views of Bristol especially Templemeads Railway Station (I'm a train buff!) The room was light, airy and spacious, very clean, the bed extremely comfortable and the bathroom quirky - we loved the laminate-type flooring. We didn't want to leave and if it wasn't for the fact i had to go to work, we would've stayed another night. The whole experience was faultless.
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Ok but there are better
Average at best hotel parking a few hundred yards away which is paid parking over night.
Room was small but was clean food over priced for quality but again average not bad just nothing to shout about.
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Cheap and Cheerful
Brill location for travelling to and from Rail Station, only a short walk.
A little distance away from the nightlife but that just means a quieter nights rest and a short taxi ride if you require something more lively. Only problem I was there had obviously been some redecoration going on at the hotel and my room had a strong smell of paint (27/9/13)
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text: Normally I think of a Quality Inn property as a step below top notch, something a bit cheaper, without the added frills . That was not the case with this property; it was top notch all the way. We were greeted by Perry (the general manager) at check in. The property was completely booked and we had reserved several months... More


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DrumTrack no. 4 is an open collab, in which I invite anyone to add an additional instrument on top of the drums or write an entire song and ensemble -- whatever you want. All I request is that you post your work as a video response or somehow link back to my original track. That makes it easier for people to find other works and the original.
You are also welcome to download it and use it for practice for example.
The goal is to see, how many songs, we can make from a single drum track. Suppose A downloads my track and adds a bass to it, B adds a guitar to it, and so on.
If you can't merge and mix videos yourself, send it to me and I will mix it together to a new video featuring you and me.
This time, I decided to go for a jumpy 16th-note based funk/rock groove. I used to play this type of groove a lot back in 1995 to 2000 with my band then; Present Past.
The audio only link is here and works until April 04 (after this date, send me a message if you still need the MP3):
Have fun -- the tempo is 103 BPM and there is a one-measure count-in.
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A taste of the tropics is inside each individually wrapped FRS Pineapple Mango Soft Chew. Bursting with sweet pineapple and luscious mango flavors, FRS Soft Chews conveniently deliver all the great benefits of the FRS patented formula at just 40 calories per mouth-watering serving.
* Percent Daily Values based on 2000 cal diet
† Daily Values not established


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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
It's all in the title....,
This review is from: Venezia: Food and Dreams (Hardcover)
...as Tessa presents her views of life and the food of Venice in this lavish volume with the opening dedication:
'For Venice - may you stand strong & beautiful forever'
Not surprisingly featuring a high percentage of fish and seafood recipes, 'Scallops' (Capesante al forno) adorn the appealing front cover which opens to 287 shiny, gold-edged pages, split into main chapters (with a main title and 'sub-title'):
* Rules & Rossini
'Essential Recipes'
* Prosecco & Meatballs
'Cicchetti (small bites)'
* Clans & Carpaccio
* Zuppa & Zattere
* Patience & Risotto
* Galoshes & High Heels
* Radicchio & Roses
'Contorni (sides)'
* Sweets & Secrets
'Dolci (sweet things)'
sandwiched between 'A Letter', along with 'Eating in Venice' and a concise index.
Predominantly written in gold text, or white on gold, this book has a truly luxurious feel and is suitably finished with a thick black velvet ribbon, to keep your page! Interspersed with the most stunning photography, from Manos Chatzikonstantis, who also did the shots for Apples for Jam.
From the introduction (A Letter):
'There is not much I can tell you about Venice....you will have to come and see it for yourself.......
The city is like a beautiful mysterious woman who everyone wants to watch and stand as close to as possible; an ever-changing powerful lady who flows with the cycle of nature and commands profound respect for her beauty and uniqueness. Like a mermaid sprung unruffled from the deepest waters she moves and gives with the tides. She is, I find, most beautiful from a distance.
These are the things I ate in Venice.........
Venice is like when you hear a piece of music that scoops down into your soul, or notice a real tear getting ready to drop from the eye of an unlucky child.
One of those rare moments when you grasp the magnificence of this world.
Yes, Venice is one of those moments.......
Love Tess X
- a sample of the typical atmospheric writing style which flows throughout.
Each chapter has a dedicated 3 double-page spread opening, consisting of:
* an eye-catching stripy double-page spread for the first title
* a relevant note on the next left-hand page and the chapter 'sub-title' with a list of recipes on the right
* a double-page spread regional photograph
Each recipe has its title in Italian/English, along with a descriptive note, the list of ingredients and the method and winds up with the number of servings. Some have a full page photograph, (perhaps a little on the light side in a tome this size, but the on-location shots help to make up for this shortfall, in my opinion).
A small taste of the recipes within:
* Spritz
* Fried Mozzarella Toasts
* Octopus & Potatoes
* Roast Sardines
* Andrea's Anchovies
* Sergia's Brew
* Marinated Bass
* Meat Carpaccio
* Split Pea Soup
* Pumpkin Gnocchi
* Crab Linguini
* Vegetable Risotto
* Liver & Onions
* Osso Buco with Rice & Peas
* Calamari with Tuna Mayonnaise
* Sausages & Polenta
* Chicken in Tomato
* Pork in Milk
* Tiramisù
* Mascarpone Cream
* Amaretti Tart
winding up with:
'Venetian Focaccia - This has little in common with the bread called Focaccia, but is more a brioche-pandoro thing. I tasted one from the pasticceria Puppa in Cannareggio and was completely sold on it, so I found a recipe in my sister-in-law's old book, 'A Tola co I Nostri Veci: La Cucina Veneziana' by Mariù Salvatori de Zuliani (thank goodness, I had Luisa to translate the Venetian dialect instructions to me).'
My favourite recipe, to date, is the most delicious(and remarkably filling)
'Seafood Lasagne' (pages 132/133).
Tess recommends using a rectangular dish of 35 cm x 25 cm, for this recipe which is deep enough to take 3 layers of pasta (c 18 cm x 9 cm, and winds up with 'serves quite a few'!
And that is certainly no understatement!
A delightful book, punctuated with those personal little Tess-style observations, sometimes near conundrums, e.g.:
'As many times as I went out was as many times as I got lost. But I was never lost.
I was always somewhere in Venice'
which is the footnote for 'Clams and Mussels', on page 79, and also the rather fitting, gold finishing note on the back cover.
Review Details
(55 customer reviews)
�25.00 �22.95


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M-F: 10am - 6pm
Sat: 10am - 5pm
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Regular Store Hours
We will be closed Independence Day Saturday, July 4th