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A method or apparatus for offering multiple switch access to selected lines and trunks of a multiple telecommunications switch complex. The selected lines and trunks are connected to peripheral units whose outputs are distributed by a network to a group of switches. The switches are interconnected by a second network. Advantageously, the selected lines can be served by several switches so that the failure of one switch does not deprive these lines of service. Advantageously, the two networks and the group of switches form a giant switch having high reliability.
1. A telecommunications network complex comprising:
a plurality of switching systems;
a plurality of peripheral units each connected to a plurality of customers and each having a plurality of outputs;
a first switching network for switchably interconnecting outputs of said peripheral units with said plurality of switching systems; and
a second switching network controlled by said plurality of switching systems for interconnecting said plurality of switching systems;
wherein each of said peripheral units serves a plurality of customer terminals;
wherein said first network connects each of at least one of said peripheral units to more than one of said plurality of switching systems;
wherein connections from and to at least some of customers connected to said at least one of said peripheral units are connected at different times to different ones of said more than one of said plurality of switching systems.
2. The complex of claim 1 wherein each of said plurality of switching systems has at least one TSI (time slot interchange) unit, and wherein said TSI interconnects time slots from said first and said second network.
3. The complex of claim 1 wherein said second network comprises a plurality of non-switchable connections.
4. The complex of claim 1 wherein said second network comprises a third switching network for flexibly interconnecting said switching systems.
5. The complex of claim 4 wherein said third switching network comprises an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) switch.
6. The complex of claim 5, wherein each of said plurality of switching systems is connected to said third network by at least one TSI (time slot interchange) unit.
7. The complex of claim 6 wherein said at least one TSI unit connected to said ATM switch comprises a PCM/ATM (pulse code modulation/ATM) converter.
8. The complex of claim 1 wherein said first network comprises non-switchable connections for interconnecting said peripheral units and said switching systems.
9. The complex of claim 1 wherein one of the at least one of said peripheral units is a stand alone switch.
10. The complex of claim 1 wherein said at least one of said plurality of said peripheral units is a processor controlled switching module for performing switching functions.
11. The complex of claim 1 further comprising a data network for interconnecting said plurality of switching systems and for transmitting signaling messages among said plurality of switching systems.
12. The complex of claim 11 wherein said data network is also for interconnecting at least some of said peripheral units with said plurality of switching systems.
13. The complex of claim 1 further comprising peripheral units connected to said first network, for serving trunks.
14. In a telecommunications network complex for interconnecting a plurality of customer terminals comprising a plurality of interconnected switches, a method of establishing a call between an ingress customer terminal and an egress customer terminal of the complex comprising the steps of:
providing access via a switching network for ones of said plurality of customer terminals to more than one of said plurality of interconnected switches;
in a serving switch of said interconnected switches, receiving an ingress message from an ingress customer terminal;
receiving data for identifying an egress customer terminal for said call in said serving switch;
said egress customer terminal connected to a peripheral unit having access to more than one of said plurality of interconnected switches;
determining whether the ingress and egress customer terminal can be accessed by the serving switch; and
if the ingress and egress customer terminal can both be accessed by the serving switch, connecting the ingress customer terminal and the egress customer terminal to the serving switch and establishing a connection between the ingress and the egress terminal through the serving switch.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising the step of:
maintaining a supervisory state for a terminal in any switch to which that terminal has access.
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for improving the reliability, efficiency and flexibility of service offered to telecommunications users.
A trend in modern telecommunications switching systems is to have ever larger systems for handling large communities of interest, and for handling a large volume of traffic for each line. The increasing concentration of activities having high telecommunications needs, such as the financial markets, has also provided pressure for increasing the size and capacity of switching systems.
At the same time, there is also a trend toward ever increasing reliance on such telecommunication switching systems. The potential losses arising from even a few minutes of down time of a major exchange, for example New York's Wall Street area, is probably in the millions of dollars. The very large systems do not generally possess extra reliability.
A problem of the prior art is that no economically satisfactory solution has been found to have both very large switching systems and to provide such very large systems with backup facilities in an economic manner.
The above problem is solved and an advance is made over the teachings of the prior art in accordance with this invention wherein selected lines of a network complex, whose switches are interconnected by a data network, are provided access to any of a plurality of switches (switching systems), of the network complex for originating and receiving telecommunications calls even when all the switches of the complex are in good working order; however, if a switch of a network complex fails, the other switches to which the selected lines have access can serve these lines for both incoming and outgoing telecommunications traffic.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment of applicant's invention, lines and trunks are connected to switching systems via peripheral units. These peripheral units are connected to one or a plurality of multiplexing circuits which are in turn connected to one or a plurality of switching systems of the network complex; at least one of the "one or a plurality" is a plurality. The switches of the network complex communicate among themselves to determine which switching system is to communicate control messages with which peripheral unit. The peripheral units can be simple units such as a subscriber loop carrier, or a line unit which may be equipped with a processor, or more complex units such as a switch module which is processor controlled and performs switching functions (such as AT&T's Remote Switch module) or even a complete autonomous switch connected via a peripheral unit connection, not a trunk connection. The peripheral units communicate with the switch/peripheral unit network 7 (FIG. 1) via the PCM (pulse code modulation) or ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) signals. In the preferred embodiment, PCM signals are used. According to one feature of applicant's invention, the switching systems further communicate among themselves to determine which switching system is to serve which time slot or ATM packet header of each peripheral unit.
The peripheral units typically communicate with the switching systems through one or more signaling channels and through a plurality of communication channels for serving a telecommunication call. In one preferred embodiment, the signaling channel is switchably connected via the facility (network 7), interconnecting the peripheral unit and the plurality of switching systems of the network complex, to one of the switches of the network complex. When an origination is detected in the peripheral unit, a message is sent to that switching system which either assigns a channel for connecting the caller to one of the switching systems, or passes the message to another switch of the complex for performing the assignment. Thereafter, the call proceeds in basically a normal fashion; however, the network complex, because of its ability to communicate freely among its switches of the network, can be used advantageously to establish a minimum cost connection, for example, by connecting the terminating customer or a trunk leaving the network complex to the same switch which is processing the origination.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment of applicant's invention, the switches are connected to an inter-switch network 9 (FIG. 1) and each switch has access to a limited number of time slots or ATM headers in that network. In one embodiment, attached to the network is a time slot interchanger or ATM switch (preferred mode) for flexibly switching the time slots or ATM headers so that any of a subset or complete set of time slots or ATM headers from one switching system can be connected to any other switching system.
In accordance with one aspect of applicant's invention, each peripheral unit has its signaling channels connected to one switch; or connected to several switches but only processed by one switch. This switch maintains a record of which of the calls or lines of the peripheral unit are assigned to which switch of the network complex and forwards all signaling messages for that call or line to that switch. When a switch fails, the signaling channel is reassigned and the other switches are polled to see which calls of each of the peripheral units are being processed by that switch. Only a single switch is required to control each call entering or leaving the network complex.
In an alternate arrangement as soon as a switch has been assigned to a call, the headers for any messages associated with that call identify that switch; such messages are then automatically routed to that switch via the data network or equivalent used by that switching system to communicate data messages to other switches of the network complex.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the telecommunications complex applicant's invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the arrangements for exchanging data among switching systems of the complex;
FIGS. 3-A and 3-B is a flow diagram illustrating the method of establishing calls;
FIG. 4-6 are block diagrams illustrating blocks of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 7 is a memory layout diagram illustrating data maintained in a switch of the complex.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a network configuration of applicant's invention in one preferred embodiment. Shown are two switching systems 1 and 2 of a group arranged to provide multiple homing to selected lines and trunks. Each of the connected lines 5 and trunks 11, shown in a bundle 13, is connected to either a multiple access peripheral unit 3 or a single access (i.e., direct access to only one switching system) peripheral unit 4. The multiple access peripheral units 3 are connected to multiplex/demultiplex (M/D) units 12 (see FIG, 4) inside the switch/peripheral unit network 7 to gather a large bundle of time slots and the M/D units 12 are in turn connected to the plurality of switching systems 1, . . . ,2. M/D units 6, inside each switch, are connected to single access peripheral units 4 which serve those lines or trunks which do not require multiple access. Note however, that in this type of configuration, the added cost of the extra access of a multiple access peripheral unit 3, versus a single access peripheral unit 4, is low, so that the advantages of the access to multiple switches may well outweigh the cost differential, especially as the technology advances. All switches in good working order are active and serve calls. To the extent that most lines are connected to multiple access peripheral units 3, the entire complex 10 acts predominantly like one giant switch having the efficiencies of such a giant switch; the giant switch has enhanced reliability because its individual components are distributed over a plurality of switching systems 1, . . . , 2.
The M/D units 6 have outputs that are connected to one or more time slot interchangers (TSIs) 8 within a switch. While the preferred mode uses TSIs, other modes of switching, such as ATM can also be used, and the connected blocks appropriately modified. In the preferred embodiment of applicant's invention, the time slot interchanger is that of a 5ESS� SM 2000 unit (manufactured by AT&T Network Systems) which is one-sided and sufficiently large that many switching systems will only contain a single such unit. TSI 8 is connected to the M/D units 6, to M/D units 12 of the network 7, and to an interswitch network 9 for interconnecting switching systems 1, . . . ,2. The connection between TSI 8 and network 9 is such that each TSI has access to all of the other switches of the group of switches 1, . . . ,2.
The object of network 7 (see FIG. 4), is to distribute the outputs of multiple access peripheral units 3 to the various TSI units 8 in the various switching systems 1, . . . ,2. Network 7 comprises a group of fiber optic transmission systems, each transmission system connected from one of the M/D units 12 and to one of the plurality of TSI units 8, wherein each M/D unit is connected to a plurality of TSI units. The result is that any M/D unit 12 communicates with plurality of TSI units 8 via a plurality of time slots. Each of the multiple access peripheral units 3 has access to a plurality of the M/D units 12. The total arrangement gives each peripheral unit 3 access to a large number of time slots in a large number of TSIs of the complex 10.
For clarity of the description of FIG. 3, telephone calls are categorized as an intra-complex call (a call from a line on any switching system of the complex to another line on any switch of the complex), an incoming call (a call from a trunk to a switching system of the complex terminating on a line served by a switching system of the complex), an outgoing call (originating on a line served by a switching system of the complex and connected to a trunk served by a switching system of the complex), and a tandem call (a call received on a trunk served by a switch of the complex and terminating on another trunk served by a switch of the complex). In this specification, in order to treat the common features of all these calls without redundant descriptions, any call is treated as a call from an ingress terminal, (which may be either a line or a trunk) to an egress terminal (which may also a line or a trunk).
It is also possible to connect a peripheral unit to two (or more) complexes, by connecting the unit to two (or more) distinct networks 7, each network 7 being connected to switches interconnected by a network 9. In that case, a line on such a peripheral unit can complete an intra-complex call to a very large number of lines and have access to a large number of trunk groups.
FIG. 2 illustrates the control arrangement. Each of the switches 1, . . . ,2 has a processor 101. This processor includes a memory 111. The data stored in this memory includes both transient data such as the supervisory state of each line and relatively permanent data such as the translation data for that line. (Translation data provides an indication of the features available to a line, and provides data relating a customer's directory number to a line position within the switching network of a switch.)
The switches are interconnected by a data network 120 for exchanging information about the lines and trunks in the system. The data network in this embodiment comprises data links from each of the switches 1, . . . ,2 to each of a pair of data switches 121, 122. Duplicate switches are provided for reliability.
In the preferred embodiment, all switches that are capable of serving a particular line maintain in their own database the full translation information as well as the supervisory state of the line. In such an arrangement it is desirable to broadcast any changes of supervisory state to the other switches capable of serving that line so that each switch can directly make its own busy test to determine whether a line is busy, but make a test for availability using a designated home switching system.
In an alternate embodiment, each multiple access line, i.e., each line connected to a multiple access peripheral unit, as well as each single access line, is assigned one home switch and the data for that line is stored in that switch. If a call is originated on switch 2 and is terminated on a line whose home switch is switch 1, then switch 2 obtains data from switch 1 for completing the call; note that for either embodiment, if the call is to a multiple access line, then the entire call can be handled by switch 2 and it is only necessary to inform switch 1 of the change of the supervisory state.
A storage system 130, duplicated for reliability as two data bases 131, 132, is also available and connected to the data network 120. If one of the switches fails, then this storage system is used to initialize the translation information for multiple access lines previously treated as being "homed" on the failed switch to other switches which will become the new home switches for these lines.
An important consideration in the design of modern switching systems for the US and other markets is the presence of competition in the local exchange area. This requirement for competition means that customers may select which of a plurality of service providers (carriers) will handle their traffic. In general it is expected that a carrier will supply its own switches, although it is conceivable that a carrier may lease the services of the switch of another carrier. For those cases in which a carrier supplies its own switches, traffic from lines served by that carrier or trunks belonging to that carrier are normally connected only to the switches of that carrier. For special cases, requiring a high degree of reliability, the customer may be allowed to specify that, while the first carrier normally carries traffic for that customer, in an emergency, an alternate carrier may be used. Further there is a possibility that a customer may elect to have a portion of the traffic served by one carrier and another portion served by another carrier.
However, for the most frequent case, a call is normally established using a switch of the preferred carrier belonging to or leased by the preferred carrier. Calls to that customer from outside the network complex 10 will be routed over a trunk and via a switch belonging to that carrier, based on data supplied by a number portability data base which provides information as to which carrier serves each customer.
In order to steer a call, arriving from an incoming trunk connected to a multiple access peripheral unit, to a switch of the preferred carrier, the switch receiving the incoming common channel signaling message is a switch of the preferred carrier and this switch can signal to the controller of the peripheral unit 3 to make a connection to one of the switches of the preferred carrier. If a line originates a call, then either the multiple access peripheral unit 3 containing that ingress terminal has memory identifying the preferred carrier for that line and the contents memory are accessed by the controller in order to steer an origination message to an appropriate switch, or the peripheral unit 3 sends an origination signaling message to a connected switch which knows the preferred carrier for each line and sends the basic origination message to a switch of the preferred carrier.
Signaling messages are sent over certain dedicated time slots in the same way as the communications for which they provide signaling. Each of the switching systems 1, . . . ,2 provides a data switching capability to send messages to any of the other switches in the complex 10. The capability can consist simply of the ability to alter headers and send messages to a data switch, 121, 122, which will switch messages based on the header information. Alternatively, the data switch 121, 122 can contain translation information indicating the preferred carrier for each line of the peripheral unit, such as a subscriber loop carrier SLC, which will automatically route each message to a switch of that carrier. Alternatively, the peripheral units can send their messages to the data network 120, which will automatically route each message to a switch of that carrier.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, each of the switching systems 1, . . . 2 contains complete translation information for all of the lines and trunks of the complex which can be served by that switch. If the complex contains lines and trunks of several carriers, then the information for the lines and trunks of one carrier is retained only in switches of that carrier unless a line or trunk is served by more than one carrier. Each line or trunk has an associated home switching system and the identity of this home switching system will be changed under emergency conditions if the home switching system fails. In addition, each switching system maintains the current supervisory status of the lines for which it has such translation information. When a terminating call is received in a switching system for one of these lines, if it is a line whose supervisory state is stored in that switching system, that switching system initially makes a busy test by consulting its own record; before finally accepting the call on the basis of availability of the line, the switching system makes a request to change the supervisory state of the record maintained in the home switch for that line which home switch then updates the records of the supervisory state of the line in the other switches. Advantageously by maintaining translation information in each switching system, it is not necessary to send all of this information to the switching system receiving a call. Advantageously by using the supervisory state of the home switching system before finally determining that a line is available, race conditions and false connections of a line to inputs are avoided. For the special case in which the peripheral unit is a sophisticated unit having a highly flexible controller and substantial memory (one example of such a flexible peripheral unit is the remote switch module of the 5ESS� switch manufactured by AT&T Network Systems), the supervisory state of a line terminating on such a peripheral unit may be maintained only in the peripheral unit. Because each switch has translation information for such a line, each switch knows that it can access the peripheral unit in order to obtain this supervisory state.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the process of establishing a call in accordance with applicant's invention. An ingress message pertaining to an ingress terminal on a multi-access peripheral unit is received in a first switching system (action block 301).
Test 302 determines whether the ingress terminal homes on more than one carrier's switch. It is possible that one or more of the switches 1, . . . ,2 of complex 10 can switch calls from more than one carrier. Generally, however, it is necessary to process a call using the switch from the preferred carrier. In case of switch failure, it may be desirable to serve calls from an alternate switch possibly belonging to a different carrier, in order to continue to provide service. This would be the case for emergency calls and might well be the case for calls of customers subscribing to premium, high reliability service.
If the result of test 302 is negative, then the actions of action block 303 and subsequent action blocks are carried out. If the result of test 302 is positive, i.e., the ingress terminal does home on switches of more than one carrier, then test 341 is used to determine whether the switch of the preferred carrier is available. If so, then the ingress terminal is routed to the preferred carrier switch (action block 343). Thereafter, actions of block 311 et. seq. are followed. If not, then the ingress terminal is routed to a preferred alternate carrier (action block 345) if such a preferred alternate carrier has been specified; in the absence of the specification of such an alternate preferred carrier, the call is simply not served.
The ingress message may be a message representing an origination by a line or it may be a message representing a seizure by an incoming trunk. In the latter case, the message may either be a common channel signaling (SS7) message which would include the entire data identifying the terminating number, or, if multi-frequency signaling is used, then the message would include a request to be connected to a multi-frequency receiver which then reports the data (digits) needed to identify the destination. The first switching system determines (test 303) whether the ingress terminal is served by this switching system. An example in which test 303 would have a negative result is if the ingress terminal is served by a carrier other than the carrier that owns or has leased the first switching system. If test 303 has a negative result, then the ingress message is transmitted to a second switching system, serving the ingress terminal (action block 305). The second switching system then establishes a connection to the ingress terminal (action block 307). Subsequently, the actions described hereinafter with respect to the first switching system and with respect to blocks 311-319, are executed in the second switching system. The actions of block 307 are also discussed in more detail with respect to action block 309 executed in the first switching system.
If the result of test 303 is positive, then the ingress terminal is connected to the first switching system (action block 309). To clarify this discussion and to concentrate on the primary flow, all blockage situations are not shown in this flow diagram. With respect to action block 309, a test is made to determine whether any channels are available for connecting the first switch to the ingress terminal. If no such channels are available an attempt is made to connect the ingress terminal to another switch of the same carrier as the first switching system. If such a switch is available and such a switch has a channel available to the ingress terminal then the other serving switch processes the call in essentially the same way as the first switch processes the call as discussed below with respect to actions blocks 311-319. If no other switch of the same carrier as the first switch has an available channel to the ingress terminal (or if there is no other switch of the same carrier in the complex 10) then the call is either blocked, or, if the customer has been provided with service (not available today) wherein in case of blockage, an alternate carrier is used, an attempt is made to route the call via a serving switch of the alternate carrier.
The first switch receives data for identifying the egress terminal or processes previously received data. Previously received data includes the case wherein the ingress terminal is an SS7 trunk, wherein the initial message included the the telephone number of the called party, or is an ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) station wherein the original signaling message included the telephone number of the called party. Examples where data has not been previously received are multi-frequency trunks or conventional telephone lines wherein the ingress terminal is first connected to the receiver, for receiving dialed or transmitted digits identifying the terminating telephone number; in that case a connection established in the first switch to a digit receiver.
After data has been received for identifying the terminating directory number, the egress terminal is identified (action block 313). If the directory number is that of a line served by the complex 10, then the egress terminal is a line and is identified using translation data stored in the complex. Otherwise a trunk is required and translations will provide the identity of primary and alternate trunk groups, the selection of which is performed in the serving switch. The hunt of a trunk within a group is performed by a switch that has been assigned this function and which maintains availability data of all the trunks in that group. In this network complex, it is desirable to group all outgoing or two-way trunks having a common destination and common characteristics into a single list of trunks. The hunting of a trunk within such a list whose trunks are spread over a plurality of switches is normally assigned to one of the switches which maintains a record of the status (busy, available, out-of-service) of each of the trunks in the list; the hunting switch selects a trunk and informs the serving switch of the selection. The selection may be biased toward completion of calls within the serving switch by selecting on available trunk accessible to the serving switch via either a single access or a multiple access peripheral unit. These remarks also apply to lines of a multi-line hunt group. Note that trunk groups are assigned to a specific carrier so that the serving switch will select only trunk groups for normally serving the calls of the preferred local or toll carrier (unless at some future time, overflow to trunks of another carrier is allowed).
Once the egress terminal has been identified, test 315 is used to determine whether the egress terminal is busy. Note that the result of test 315 is negative performed if the egress terminal is a trunk. Part of the process of determining the identity of the egress terminal is the determination of the home switch for that terminal. The home switch has the responsibility for maintaining a master record of the supervisory state of a line. If the line is considered busy in any switch, it is considered busy for that call. If the line is considered available in any switch, the seizure and change to busy is not accepted until confirmed by an acknowledgment from the home switch. All changes in supervision are forwarded to all switches serving the line whose supervisory state has changed.
If the egress terminal is an available line, or is a trunk, then test 317 is used to determine whether the egress terminal is accessible from the serving switch. Test 317 is used to determine whether the egress terminal accessible from the serving switch. If so, then the ingress terminal is connected to the egress terminal via the serving switch via a channel from the serving switch to the egress terminal. If the result of test 317 is negative, then the availability of paths to the egress terminal is determined (action block 321). A path, if any, is selected to the egress terminal and a path is selected to the switch connectable to that path (action block 323). Paths are then set up between the serving switch and that other switch by connecting the two switches via network 9, and the ingress and egress terminals are connected through the two switches. If the other switch is also connectable to the ingress terminal, then the entire path can be set up in that other switch by disconnecting the original path from the first switch to the ingress terminal and establishing a connection in the second switch between the ingress and egress terminals via the TSI of the other switch (action block 319).
The busy test may require accessing of the home switch (designated as having primary control of a line). If the busy test as performed in the first switch indicates that the line is busy, then this result may be accepted as representing a busy state. However if the busy test indicates that the line is available, it is necessary to heck with the switch having primary responsibility for the terminating line. (This may be the serving switch but it may be another switch of the complex 10.) In order to update the busy-idle status of that line, and in order to control the updating of the busy idle-status of that line for other switches in the complex, the busy test is both a check to see if the terminating line is already busy and a change in the status of the terminating line if it is not busy.
If the terminating line is busy as determined by a positive result of test 315, then test 331 is used to determine whether the egress terminal has call waiting. If not, then busy tone returned to the ingress terminal (terminal action block 333). If the egress terminal does have call waiting then the ingress terminal is connected to the switch supervising the present call to the egress terminal (action block 335) in order to allow that switch to handle both the present call to the busy egress terminal and the waiting call from the ingress terminal.
As previously mentioned, the purpose of network 7 as shown in FIG. 4, is to bring time slots from multiple access peripheral units (MA/PU) 3 to the various switches. Each MA/PU 3 is connected to a plurality of the M/D units 12 that comprise the network 7. Each M/D unit 12 is connected to at least one, but preferably to a plurality of TSI units 8. While simple dual homing could be accomplished by connecting each MA/PU 3 to two M/D units 12, it is advantageous to connect each peripheral unit 3 to as many M/D units as possible in order to further enhance reliability and to maximize the number of calls that can be advantageously established as intra-complex calls. Having made the connection to an M/D unit 12, it is no longer necessary to connect each M/D unit to more that one switch, although it is often desirable to do so. For example this may be advantageous if each MA/PU 3 has access to 4 M/D units 12 and there are 8 switches in the total complex. Under these circumstances, it would be desirable for each M/D unit 12 to be connected to two switches. For example, an arrangement like that of FIG. 4 can serve a complex of 4 switching systems wherein each MA/PU 3 has access to 4 M/D units 12, and each M/D unit 12 has access only to a single switching system. Switching systems then have access to any peripheral unit via the M/D unit 12 to which they are connected. Alternatively, a MA/PU 3 can be connected to only one M/D unit 12 provided that the M/D unit accesses two or more switches. Ideally, each peripheral unit accesses multiple M/D units, and each M/D unit accesses multiple switches.
FIG. 4 illustrates one preferred implementation of network 7. Each multiple access peripheral unit 3 is connected to a plurality of M/D units 12. Each of the M/D units 12 in turn is connects to one or more TSI units 8 which, depending on the number of switches, are in a single or in several switches. In this preferred embodiment, each MA/PU 3 can access any TSI of the switching complex. The links between the MA/PUs 3 and the M/D units 12 in one specific case are T-carrier links, for example, the 4 T-carrier links emanating form one subscriber loop carrier system. The links from M/D units 12 to the TSI units 8 in the preferred embodiment are input links of the TSI unit. In the case of the 5ESS-2000, these input links are carried over fiber optic systems and each carry 512 64 kilobit/second channels.
FIG. 1 shows a single network for network 7. Since many of the peripheral units are remote, it may be desirable to associate a separate switch/peripheral unit network 7, connected to a plurality of the switches in switching complex 10, with a group of these peripheral units.
Some of the MA/PUs 3 can serve wireless stations, so that the connection to "lines" can be wireless connections. Further, some of the "lines" can be connected to a private branch exchange (PBX). More broadly, the peripheral units serve customer terminals.
FIG. 5 illustrates one preferred embodiment of network 9. Network 9 is used to carry traffic between ingress and egress terminals when each of these terminals is connect to a single access peripheral unit 4 and the single access peripheral units 4 are connected to different ones of the switching systems 1, . . . ,2. Network 9 can also be used when there is blockage in the access to the MA/PU 3 connected to the egress terminal in the network 7 and it is necessary to go via another switch in order to access that peripheral unit. Network 9 can also be used to insert a third switch, used as a tandem between two switches, into a connection. In the specific example shown if FIG. 5, network 9 interconnects four TSI units 8 and each of these four TSI units are in a different switch. Each of the TSI units 8 are interconnected by one direct link of FIG. 5, and in addition all four units are interconnected by one common overflow link. Other alternative interconnection patterns are also possible; the principles of such interconnection patterns are well known in the field of switching networks. For example, a random slip multiple where subsets of only 3 TSIs are multipled together can be used.
FIG. 6 illustrates the use of two switching network 601, 602 as part of network 9 to interconnect the switches of the network complex 10. One example of networks 601, 602 for accomplishing this function are two large ATM switching networks. In that case, interfaces to the TSI unit must be provided or an ATM switch substituted for the TSI 8.
For lines having multiple access capabilities, a number of different trunk groups can be used for routing calls to that line. A data base such as a number portability database used for determining which telephone numbers are accessed via which trunk groups, (usually by specifying a route index that leads to an ordered examination of these trunk groups) can store data to allow for the broader range of trunk groups for completing the call. The choice of trunk groups can further be influenced by the identity of the carrier seeking to complete the call.
FIG. 7 illustrates information which is retained in the various switches of switching complex 10 in order to implement applicant's invention. It illustrates the data which is maintained for a multi-access line. Block 710 is the translation data which is accordance with principles of applicant's invention is maintained in each of the switches to which the line may have access. In the case of a switching complex in which each line does not have access to all switches, for example if switches belong to several different carriers and the line is not served by all of these carriers, translation data and for that matter supervisory data and call records need not be maintained in those switches to which the line has no access. Translation data, which includes feature data for the line such as indications whether the line may use add-on, has the call waiting feature, can conference calls or has an abbreviated dialing list, is, in accordance with applicant's invention, maintained in each of the switches, which can serve the multi-access line. In alternative embodiments some or all of this translation data may be retained only in the home switch and can then be accessed via the data network as needed to process a call. The equipment location of the line as identified by its directory number (block 712) and the directory number of the line as identified by its equipment location (block 713) are also maintained here. The equipment location is maintained for incoming calls in order to translate the directory number to an equipment location for completing a call; the directory number is maintained in order to make a billing record for an outgoing calls and in order to provide an automatic number identification (ANI) signal to be forwarded with a call. Additionally, in accordance with applicant's invention, the identification of the home switch is stored. In this embodiment this identification is stored twice, once in the translation data block, which block is carefully controlled as far as writing access is concerned, and once in the supervisory data block where it is used as described below.
A supervisory data block for a multi-access line (block 720) includes: information on the supervisory state (block 721) (busy, idle or temporarily or permanently out of service); a home switch identifier (block 722) used on an incoming call to confirm that the terminating line is available, and a call serving switch identifier (block 723) used, for example, for a line which has call waiting service and is occupied on a call so that a second call can be routed to the switch serving that call. If the switch is actively serving a call, a call record 730 is used to record in the conventional fashion the various details of a call (such as the path used for providing a connection in the call, the time of answer used in order to build up a billing record, and special information for call waiting calls and calls which have been temporarily put on hold during a call waiting situation).
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2005 Ford Thunderbird "Cashmere" Limited Edition This is number 1276 of 1500 Top-of-the-Line "Cashmere" Limited Editions made. Cashmere tri-coat metallic paint with matching removable top. Only... More
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Two tops, power steering, power brakes, power seat, power windows, A/C. Nice paint, interior and chrome. Frame-on restoration in early 2000s. This Thunderbird is not... More
2005 Ford Thunderbird Premium, Only 2,090 actual miles. Never driven in rain. Never any paintwork or damage. Looks, runs, smells like a new car. ... More
For sale a beautifully restored 1962 Ford Thunderbird. rebuilt 390c.i. V8 bored .40 over stock. rebuilt transmission. freshly repainted, base coat clear in Thunderbird... More
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1956 Ford Thunderbird. Finished in factory correct Red with a White removable hardtop. This 1956 Thunderbird is a very well-preserved example of the classic... More
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subset: commoncrawl


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It's 1995 in Israel, and the peace process is in full swing. In the small town of Atlit, Cali meets with her sisters, Darel and Asia, to sell their childhood home which they have inherited from their parents. Between moments of complicity and hysterical laughter, old doubts and tensions resurface, and the appearance of unexpected guests adds to the chaos and confusion. On November 4, any hope of peace is suddenly shattered, but the three sisters refuse to abandon hope.
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Nitsa Rosenthalis Lavi, Eyal Elhadad


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Availability: Out of stockDraper's Moo'd Enhancer Beef Rub is the latest in beef rubs from Shane Draper of Draper's BBQ. Draper's Moo'd Enhancer Beef Rub brings the depth and complexity any BBQ enthusiast would come to expect in Draper's rubs. Learn More
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Medical Verdicts
Child has congenital disorder after negative prenatal testing … and more
Child has congenital disorder after negative prenatal testing
WHEN A POSSIBLE FETAL ABNORMALITY WAS SEEN on ultrasonography, the ObGyn suggested both parents have DNA testing for a hormonal disorder. Blood samples were taken in the hospital laboratory and sent to an outside lab. The parents were told that the results were negative.
The child was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, causing hormonal imbalance and development of ambiguous genitalia. She underwent genital reconstruction surgery at 4 months, and is expected to require additional surgery and lifelong hormone replacement therapy and monitoring.
PATIENTS' CLAIM The hospital lab technician ordered the wrong test. The ObGyn was at fault for not confirming the test's name. The parents would have terminated the pregnancy if they had been correctly informed of the child's condition.
DEFENDANTS' DEFENSE The test requested by the lab technician was similar in name to that ordered by the ObGyn. The ObGyn denied negligence; she relied on the lab to order the test she requested. The hospital claimed the error had been the fault of other entities involved in the handling and testing of the blood samples.
VERDICT A New Jersey jury found the hospital 75% and the lab technician 25% liable. The $1 million verdict included $625,000 for the child and $375,000 for her parents. A defense verdict was returned for the ObGyn.
Decision-to-delivery time challenged
A WOMAN WAS ADMITTED to the hospital for induction of labor for vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). Because of fetal distress, the child was delivered by cesarean and later given a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. He has deficits involving grip, writing, and gait, and developmental delays.
PATIENT'S CLAIM Cesarean delivery should have been performed earlier because of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate.
PHYSICIAN'S DEFENSE The child's heart rate was properly monitored in utero, and there were no contraindications to VBAC. As soon as the fetal tracings were disturbing, the physician converted to cesarean delivery. Only 18 minutes elapsed from the time of that decision until delivery. The child's injury was mild and he has no cognitive impairment.
VERDICT A Mississippi defense verdict was returned.
Hematoma following vaginal hysterectomy
A 32-YEAR-OLD WOMAN underwent a vaginal hysterectomy. She developed a hematoma and was readmitted a week later for emergency surgery that included a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She was scheduled for drainage of an abscess using interventional radiology, but the abscess ruptured during the preprocedure physical examination. The patient was discharged but returned the next day with serious pulmonary problems.
PATIENT'S CLAIM She chose vaginal hysterectomy to avoid scarring; now her abdomen was scarred from emergency surgery. The drainage procedure should have been performed despite the rupture. She was discharged prematurely after emergency surgery. A different antibiotic should have been prescribed.
PHYSICIAN'S DEFENSE A hematoma is a known complication of surgery. The drainage procedure was unnecessary after the rupture; the patient appeared to improve before she was discharged. Appropriate antibiotics were prescribed.
VERDICT A Ohio defense verdict was returned.
Oxygen deprivation blamed for fetal brain damage
LABOR WAS INDUCED after a mother reported a decrease in fetal movement. The child, age 9 at time of trial, has the developmental, motor, and language skills of a toddler.
PATIENT'S CLAIM The child's grandparents, his legal guardians, claimed the doctors and nurses failed to properly monitor the oxytocin medication given to the mother, leading to oxygen deprivation that caused traumatic brain and neurological injuries.
DEFENDANTS' DEFENSE The case was settled before trial.
VERDICT An Illinois settlement of $7.5 million was reached with the medical center before trial. Claims against the delivering ObGyn are still pending.
Infection following hysteroscopy
A 38-YEAR-OLD WOMAN underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy. During the procedure, visualization was poor and the gynecologist inadvertently perforated the uterus and rectum. Massive infection developed. Surgery to treat the infection and repair the injury included hysterectomy.
PATIENT'S CLAIM The gynecologist did not properly perform the hysteroscopy, and did not investigate for perforations at the end of the procedure. A small hole in the rectum allowed fecal contents to spill into the abdomen and pelvis, and caused the infection. The patient is now incapable of bearing children.
PHYSICIAN'S DEFENSE The infection that developed came solely from the perforation of the uterus, a known complication of hysteroscopy. The rectal perforation occurred during diagnostic laparoscopy and hysterectomy that was performed to treat the infection.
VERDICT A $650,000 Virginia settlement was reached.
12 lb, 7 oz baby, brachial plexus injury
A DIABETIC MOTHER GAINED 62 LBS during pregnancy. The baby, delivered vaginally, weighed 12 lbs, 7 oz. He suffered a brachial plexus injury, with avulsion injuries at C5, C6, and C7. The child's right hand is in a pronated position; he cannot supinate without using his other hand to assist, despite three operations.
PATIENT'S CLAIM The ObGyn never discussed the risk of a large baby. Three weeks before delivery, ultrasonography estimated fetal weight at 9 lbs, 2 oz. The mother asked if cesarean delivery would be safer; the ObGyn responded that he believed the child weighed less than 10 lbs, and that a vaginal delivery would be appropriate.
PHYSICIAN'S DEFENSE The ObGyn did not offer cesarean delivery because he believed there was no medical necessity for that discussion.
VERDICT A $1,174,365 Ohio verdict was returned.
Despite gastroschisis, neonatal team called after birth
ULTRASONOGRAPHY showed fetal gastroschisis with a moderate amount of exposed bowel. The mother went into labor at 38 weeks. Electronic external fetal heart-rate tracing showed fetal bradycardia at 60–70 beats per minute (bpm). When the membranes were artificially ruptured, the amniotic fluid was full of thick meconium. A fetal scalp electrode showed a heart rate of 30–120 bpm; a second electrode confirmed the range.
The baby was delivered vaginally with Apgar scores of 2, 2, and 4 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. The newborn was depressed, flaccid, blue, and unresponsive, with thick meconium below the vocal cords.
When the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) team arrived, the baby was making no respiratory effort, and had a heart rate of 60 bpm. Meconium blocked the airway; he was intubated at 4 minutes of life. Arterial blood
sampling showed severe metabolic acidosis from hypoxia. Gastroschisis ruled out fetal cooling, which might have ameliorated the brain injury. The child suffered hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy from intrapartum asyphyxia that led to microcephaly. He requires a feeding tube and lifetime care.
PATIENT'S CLAIM Knowing that gastroschisis was present, the NICU team should have been called to the patient's bedside before her membranes were ruptured. A cesarean delivery should have been performed when fetal distress was evident.
DEFENDANTS' DEFENSE The case was settled before trial.
VERDICT A $2.8 million Virginia settlement was reached: $1.8 million for the child; $1 million for the mother.
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
A WOMAN EXPECTING TWINS had multiple ultrasonographic studies during pregnancy; all were read as normal. The babies were born prematurely and both died shortly after birth.
PATIENT'S CLAIM The radiologist and two ObGyns failed to correctly analyze the sonograms and diagnose and treat twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
PHYSICIANS' DEFENSE The case was settled before trial.
VERDICT A $375,000 Virginia settlement was reached.
These cases were selected by the editors of OBG Management from Medical Malpractice Verdicts, Settlements & Experts, with permission of the editor, Lewis Laska (www.verdictslaska.com). The information available to the editors about the cases presented here is sometimes incomplete. Moreover, the cases may or may not have merit. Nevertheless, these cases represent the types of clinical situations that typically result in litigation and are meant to illustrate nationwide variation in jury verdicts and awards.
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Microsoft Lync 2010: Unified communications comes of age
Microsoft's seamlessly integrated IM, VoIP, and videoconferencing put users in touch and in control
Every once in a very long while, I get to review a product that strikes me as a stepping stone toward the future. Microsoft Lync 2010 combines instant messaging, VoIP calling, live meetings, and videoconferencing, but it's more than the sum of these parts. Although Lync integrates with almost any PBX, it puts the PC at the center of communications so effectively that it could send your current phone system packing.
Lync provides clear VoIP calling and crisp videoconferencing without requiring special network accommodations. It integrates with Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft SharePoint, and Microsoft Office, bringing user presence information to Outlook and SharePoint team sites and allowing instant messages and phone calls to be initiated with a click.
[ What's new, what's old, and what's in desperate need of improvement in Office 365? See "InfoWorld preview: Office 365 beta." | Follow the latest Windows developments in InfoWorld's Technology: Microsoft newsletter. ]
Lync provides a much richer communications experience than any traditional PBX, all at a compelling price. The RFP competition at the Orlando 2010 VoiceCon, for example, tossed out a stunning result: Even when evaluated only on its voice capabilities, Lync was less expensive than the Asterisk-based solution, while still largely fulfilling the RFP. Microsoft argues that many of the RFP requirements missing from Lync (such as automatic callback) are unnecessary in a presence-based, unified communications solution.
It's a fair argument. The days of the hard phone definitely seem to be dwindling as a new generation of users live and breathe software-based communications devices. Looking at my computer's desktop, which shows three different IM connections while beside it my office telephone sits buried under papers, I have to think that traditional telephony vendors are missing the point when trying to duplicate an office telephone in software. Lync really is a step forward into a new era of the combined comfort zone of IM, voice, and video in a single manageable client.
|Test Center Scorecard
|Microsoft Lync Server 2010
Very Good
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ATHENS, Greece (AP) — Greece is known the world over for its historic sites, sparkling sea, and lovely, vine-shaded restaurants. Add riot police, shuttered banks, and lines at cash machines and the picture clouds.
France said on Tuesday its special forces in Mali killed an Al-Qaeda commander who had been released from prison in a swap for a French hostage. The army said Ali Ag Wadossene, one of the "operational leaders" of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), died on Sunday in the northeastern town of Kidal, while two other "terrorists" were captured. The operation "has dealt another heavy blow to armed terrorist groups in the Sahel", the army said, adding that it had destabilised AQIM's chain of command in that part of the lawless, arid region.


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Antiques Roadshow
Tucson, Hour 3
- Episode Description
ANTIQUES ROADSHOW host Mark L. Walberg and appraiser Colleene Fesko tour the Tucson Museum of Art, rounding up works of art depicting horses. Highlights include: a rare collection of 1956 Olympics memorabilia; World War II American propaganda posters; and a trio of paintings by acclaimed 20th-century French "outsider" artist Gaston Chaissac, given an auction estimate of $50,000-$100,000.
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|Home » Discuss » Latest Breaking News
|Judi Lynn (1000+ posts) Send PM | Profile | Ignore
|Sat Jan-28-06 02:15 AM
Original message
|Pinochet daughter sent packing
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|-Pinochet daughter sent packing
|Judi Lynn
|Jan-28-06 02:15 AM
|- Pinochet's daughter 'drops US asylum claim'
|Judi Lynn
|Jan-28-06 10:32 AM
|- Sorry. I goofed. n/t
|Judi Lynn
|Jan-28-06 02:27 PM
|- Pinochet's daughter in custody in Chile
|Jan-28-06 02:19 PM
|- Stupendous! Whoever initiated that Senate investigation of the Riggs Bank
|Judi Lynn
|Jan-28-06 02:29 PM
|- I wonder if she called Henry?
|Jan-28-06 02:21 PM
|- None of the original crimes would have been possible without him. n/t
|Judi Lynn
|Jan-28-06 02:31 PM
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If you buy a new print edition of this book (or purchased one in the past), you can buy the Kindle Edition for FREE. Print edition purchase must be sold by Amazon. Learn more.
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This is not particularly innovative but it IS a handy reminder of some great games.Published 5 months ago by Traysie Amick
Lots of new ideas for little kids in kindergarten. I am always looking for new drama games!Published 7 months ago by Anne


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Immigrant Profiles & Demographics
Immigrant Profiles & Demographics
Recent Activity
Belgium is often overlooked as a country of immigration because of its size and its less known history of immigration. Yet over the last three decades Belgium has become a permanent country of settlement for many different types of migrants. Our updated Belgium profile delves into modern migration flows and policies in Belgium which are inching away from a piecemeal approach towards a well-needed, long-term strategy.
In 2011, more than 1 million people were granted lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Nearly two-thirds of new LPRs were immigrants with family ties in the United States, report MPI's Joseph Russell and Jeanne Batalova in this updated look at the latest statistics on legal immigration.
In 2011, the United States granted humanitarian protection to nearly 81,000 immigrants, including some 56,000 refugees and 25,000 asylum seekers. This article takes a detailed look at the most recent refugee and asylum data in the United States – finding that asylum grants in 2011 reversed a downward trend observed since 2007.
In the past 50 years, the number and share of European immigrants in the United States have declined significantly. A look at the population's size, geographic distribution, admission categories, and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
There were 1.8 million immigrant health care workers employed in the United States in 2010, accounting for 16 percent of all civilians working in health care occupations. MPI's Kristen McCabe examines the demographic and labor characteristics of this population, including countries of origin, occupations, gender, and educational and linguistic proficiency.
Recent Activity
This fact sheet examines the number and growth of students in U.S. schools in need of English instruction.
Slightly more than 2.1 million unauthorized immigrant youth and young adults could be eligible to apply for legal status under the 2010 DREAM Act, though historical trends indicate that perhaps fewer than 40 percent would obtain legal status because of a variety of limitations. This policy brief offers detailed estimates of potential DREAM Act beneficiaries.
This panel discussion provided a brief overview of Mexican immigrants in the U.S., the role and function of Mexican consular officials in aiding this population, and reviewed the structure and foci of the Mexican government's Institute of Mexicans Abroad.
Mexico's efforts to help its migrants succeed in the U.S. offer a new example of an immigrant-sending country looking to improve its emigrants' lives and connect with its diaspora. This report examines Mexico's approach to its migrants and details the activities of the government's attempt to map the expanding range of its educational, health care, financial, and civic programs.
The enlargement of the European Union has fundamentally changed migration patterns to the United Kingdom. Since May 2004 an estimated 1.5 million workers have moved to the UK from new EU member states. This report looks at the challenges ahead as migration patterns shift across the UK.
The size and characteristics of immigration to the UK have changed significantly. Immigrants are more numerous, more mobile, and more diverse than ever before. This report looks at the differing immigration patterns.
This report, commissioned by the BBC World Service, seeks to explore the myriad impacts of the global financial crisis that began in September 2008 on migration flows, immigration policies, remittances, and on migrants themselves. Select countries and regions are examined in detail to highlight overarching trends and regional differences.
This report explores the fundamental question of how successful integration and immigrant social mobility is in Europe and North America. The authors examine the economic performance and rate of labor market assimilation for first and second generation immigrants, and outline what policymakers can do to promote the social mobility and integration of immigrants and their children.


text:
Marlenes Hash Brown Supreme
3 Jan 2010
|3 Tablespoon
|Frozen hash brown potatoes
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs), cubed
|Diced onion
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Diced green pepper
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Diced tomato
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Sliced mushrooms
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Diced cooked ham
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Shredded swiss cheese
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|To Taste
|To Taste
In a medium nonstick skillet, melt butter.
Add the next six ingredients; mix well.
Cook over medium-high heat for 10-15 minutes, stirring occasionally, or until potatoes are browned.
Season with salt and pepper.
Sprinkle with cheese.
Cover and cook over low heat for 2 minutes longer or until cheese is melted
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Marlenes Hash Brown Supreme Recipe


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Arizona Wildcats
Arizona Wildcats to be a Pac-12 South surprise?
Back in late July, the Arizona Wildcats were picked to finish fourth in the Pac-12 South in the preseason media poll.
The finish was not all that surprising, as they were listed behind UCLA, USC and Arizona State, while ahead of Utah and Colorado.
However, ESPN's Ivan Maisel, in a piece listing bold predictions for the upcoming season, says one is that Arizona will be a surprise contender in the division.
If you think Rich Rodriguez lost his touch at Michigan, you haven't been paying attention to what the Wildcats have done the past two seasons. Rodriguez went 8-5 both years playing with a team not recruited for his spread system. He's in year three now, and as long as redshirt freshman quarterback Anu Solomon takes care of the ball, Arizona will put up points. The Wildcats skip Stanford and Oregon State and get two weeks off in the first eight weeks of the season, which should keep them healthy for the stretch run. This is a good dark horse.
The schedule doesn't set up too badly for Arizona, true, and there's little doubt Rodriguez has the program heading in the right direction.
And with arguably the best WR depth in the conference and a defense that showed marked improvement last season, there's plenty of reason for optimism in the Old Pueblo.
Yet, Arizona is also going to be starting its fourth different quarterback in four seasons, with the untested Solomon getting the early nod, while also looking to replace school record holder Ka'Deem Carey at running back.
What it will all add up to is anyone's guess, though it's possible Maisel will be proven right. Or, maybe, his 10th bold prediction will end up being the most accurate:
My last bold prediction -- most of the above will be wrong.
Most Popular
Wildcats Audio
- Bearing Down with Adam and JarrettAdam and Jarrett discuss the UA players selected (and not selected) in the NBA Draft
- Kyle Dodd, ASU basketball radio analystKyle Dodd discusses some of the big men that will be available in the NBA draft.
- Corona Del Sol Star Basketball Player Marvin Bagley III Marvin Bagley talks about winning the state title, recruiting, and shows off his musical talent.
- Bearing Down with Adam and Jarrett - May 6, 2015Adam and Jarrett talk about zero Wildcats being drafted by an NFL team.
- Bearing Down with Adam and Jarrett - April 24, 2015Adam and Jarrett talk about what Arizona basketball has lost and what it moves forward with.


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- Product Highlights
- Provides essential nutrients otherwise not produced in the body
- Provides antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals
- May support energy production, the nervous system and brain health
- May support immune function
SKU 759051050310 Quantity 32 fl oz Liquid Serving Size 1 oz Liquid Servings Per Container 32 Flavor Fruit Punch Dietary Needs Gluten Free Contains Dairy, Soy Residues Directions Drink cold. Best if taken with food. Take 1 oz 2 times a day for the first month, then a maintenance dose of 1 oz per day. Refrigerate after opening. Warnings Note: It is not possible to specify exact amounts of nutrients as nutrient levels vary from plant to plant. Ingredients …for product label information including a complete list of ingredients, click all product images above. Other Ingredients Purified water, glycerin, fructose, citric acid, natural flavors, xanthan gum, potassium sorbate, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, contains milk & soy.
- Product Details
Heaven Sent Naturals Balanced Essentials is the most innovative and complete nutritional supplement derived entirely from natural sources. Balanced Essentials also replaces outdated supplementation programs that include up to 5-10 pills a day in an easier to use and the most bioavailable form. In only one ounce daily, Balanced Essentials supplies your body with all the daily essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, along with Omega 3, 6, 9 oils and ORAC super concentrates. Welcome to the world of Balanced Essentials, essential for a lifetime of health!
Balanced Essentials uses only natural source vitamins to ensure your body receives the nutrients the way nature intended. Nearly every other vitamin manufactured today uses synthetic vitamins. These synthetics do not give your body what it needs and may be harmful as well. Your body is the most valuable and precious thing you will ever care for. Give it what it needs, give it Balanced Essentials!
Capsule and tablet vitamins are packed with inert filler material called "excipients." These excipients don't do anything except get in the way of your body's absorption of the vitamins. Worse yet, pill makers may not disclose which excipients they are using. This can be very dangerous for people with allergies. Our liquid vitamins offer the highest absorption rates with the fewest inactive ingredients.
3 Essential Fatty Acids - EFA's (or Essential Fatty Acids) are naturally occurring unsaturated fats that are considered essential because they are not produced by the human body. The major role of EFA's in the body is as structural components of all cell membranes.
12 Natural Source Full-Spectrum Vitamins - Including critical antioxidants A, natural vitamin E and C to help fight free radical damage and prevent oxidative stress on the body.
17 Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids - Bioavailable amino acids help make neurotransmitters, the chemicals that convey messages in the brain. They also help produce hormones such as insulin. They are essential for the repair and maintenance of organs, glands, muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin, hair, hair and nails.
62 Major, Trace & Ultratrace Minerals - The proper balance of minerals is a vital factor in your health and wellness. The only way to achieve that balance is through your diet.
8 High ORAC Super Concentrates - ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) has become a valuable and popular method for measuring the antioxidant or radical scavenging capacity.
10 Phytonutrient Rich Types of Sea Vegetation - Phytonutrients are biologically active compounds in plants. High doses of a number of phytonutrients have pharmacological effects in the body and even today, plants remain important sources of a range of therapeutic drugs.
Natural Source Vitamins
Heaven Sent Naturals
94 Vital Nutrients
13 Natural Vitamins
18 Amino Acids
Omega 3, 6, 9
62 Major & Trace Minerals
10 Phytonutrient Rich Plants
Dietary Supplement
Balance Essentials- 94 Vital Nutrients Brand: Heaven Sent Naturals5 stars, based on 1 review(s).Rating: Heaven Sent Naturals Balanced Essentials is the most innovative and complete nutritional supplement derived entirely from natural sources. Balanced Essentials also replaces outdated supplementation programs that include up to 5-10 pills a day in an easier to use and the most bioavailable form. In only one ounce daily, Balanced Essentials supplies your body with all the daily essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, along with Omega 3, 6, 9 oils and ORAC super concentrates. Welcome to the world of Balanced Essentials, essential for a lifetime of health!Price: $27.99 - In stock
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Heaven Sent Naturals Balance Essentials- 94 Vital Nutrients, Fruit Punch, 32 fl oz Liquid Reviews Showing 1 out of 1 reviews for Heaven Sent Naturals Balance Essentials- 94 Vital Nutrients, Fruit Punch, 32 fl oz Liquid
94 essentials
Balance Essentials- 94 Vital Nutrients review posted by Super Supplement customer on 1/12/13
This product makes people healthy and can cure many ailments should be in every store on every shelf!!!
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Feds probe Dodge Charger alternator complaints
First Published Jul 25 2014 12:21PM • Last Updated Jul 25 2014 12:21 pm
Detroit • The U.S. government's road safety agency is investigating complaints about engine stalling and alternator failures in Dodge Charger sedans.
The probe covers about 123,000 Chargers from the 2011 and 2012 model years.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says it has 14 complaints of alternator failure and stalling. All the cases happened while the cars were going 40 or more miles per hour.
In one case a car stopped in traffic with smoke coming from the alternator, which generates electricity to recharge the battery and run other devices. No injuries have been reported to the agency.
Chrysler says it's cooperating in the probe. Investigations can lead to recalls but there haven't been any so far.


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Top 10 Rajesh Khanna Songs
Rajesh Khanna. A name that was enough for a movie to mint money. People would go to the movie expecting a great story and knowing that songs in a Rajesh … Continue reading Top 10 Rajesh Khanna Songs
A statue of late Rajesh Khanna, considered Bollywood's original "superstar", will be unveiled in the country's film capital here Thursday on his first death anniversary. Channel UTV Stars Wednesday announced … Continue reading Rajesh Khanna's statue to be unveiled
The Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards will be bestowed on singer Asha Bhosle, actress Mala Sinha, late filmmaker Yash Chopra, and late superstar Rajesh Khanna among several others at a ceremony … Continue reading Asha Bhosle, Mala Sinha to get Phalke Academy awards


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I just got discharged from the hospital after a really nasty fight with clostridium difficile. I got sick last Friday and thought that my stomach upset was due to the NSAIDs I've been on for my upcoming knee surgery. I got progressively worse and started medical treatment on Monday. Monday night I went to the ER because I was dehydrated. Tuesday I started with violent vomiting that required ER intervention and I was finally admitted on Wednesday after intractable pain was added to the whole mess. The dehydration caused hypokalemia that was severe enough to affect my heart. It was a scary and urgent situation. I'm finally home, but still have a long way to go.
C. diff wasn't even on my radar in the beginning because I haven't been on any kind of antibiotics lately. I haven't visited a nursing home or hospital. I had one fight with C. diff in 2010 when I worked at the regional trauma center. I had gotten infected while on the job and this was covered under workers comp. I was actually let go from my job while out on disability for the C. diff. I couldn't come back until my lab work showed I was no longer shedding the toxin and I guess my boss couldn't wait that long for me to come back. I was getting treatment from the employees clinic at the trauma center, but after I was let go, I couldn't continue my care that as it was for employees only. I transferred my care to my PCP. The doctors believe that it wasn't fully eradicated the first time and has been lying dormant in my system. Due to the damage my GI tract has suffered, I will need to be on daily meds my entire life. The doctor also said that this may not be my last run in with C. diff. :( Frankly, the news kind of sucks.
My dad told me today that he wants me to find a worker's compensation lawyer and sue the trauma center as this was a work related illness from the start. While I understand his point, I don't want to get involved in something that is so over my head. Is it even worth it to try to pursue this? I've never been one to have gimme syndrome and certainly don't want to add to the multitude of petty cases that are currently clogging the judicial system. But, I honestly don't know if this situation holds merit.
If I do decide to consult a lawyer, how do I weed the good from the bad? This is so beyond my comfort zone. I told my family this but they seem hell bent on "sticking it to the man". :dead: Oy. It was an overwhelming family discussion on the way home from the hospital to put it mildly.


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سكس حيوان با انسان Soon as I saw the first teaser, I knew I shouldn`t put up in any hope into this movie. سكس ايطالي By contrast, Spirit Iron Knife found the invisible Zartan and saved Snake Eyes who had gotten beaten to submission from Zartan.
The series focuses around many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. سكس ايطالي Even the filler episodes, which plagued Part 1 for nearly 3 seasons and have not also been known to kill anime i. e. `Inuyasha`, haven`t been too bad in Part 2. And of course, various characters named after foods. سكس اطفال مع كبار It feels like they made this movie for the people who hate the anime. So as far as I am concerned Sigma Six gets a thumbs up from me! سكس حيوان با انسان I think the show is also excellent and deserves a lot of credit. Sigma Six is also a well worth effort and I say big up to the producers! سكس اطفال مع كبار Watching DBE i can immediately tell the directors and everyone else involved have not watched more than a few episodes of the entire Dragonball series.
Wardrobes, props to makeup, nothing fits together! Being able to find invisible enemies is a standard Ninja skill that Snake Eyes always had, but now it is Spirit Iron Knife that is has all the special tracking and fighting skills.


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I'm about 5 weeks along. Doctor suggested I lay off running because of the bouncing until 12 weeks but are crunches okay? How about ab exercises with a medicine ball? I'm 26, first pregnancy and "fit" - 5'5/120lbs! Not running is driving me nuts!! Thanks!!!
I've been told to keep up with my normal workouts, but I would definitely consult your doctor about ab workouts. My doctor also said running was fine for me so obviously there's a conflict in the advice each of us was given.
Mine said to keep running as well, as king as I was used to it and did it before. The only thing she cautioned was hot yoga bc were more likely to pass out but really it's all fair game right now. I'm still running, doing kettlebell workouts, etc like normal but of course everyone's doctor is different
Every doctor is so different! I think mine is just being extra cautious because it is my first and I'm nervous. Thanks for all the responses!
Sorry we couldn't give a direct yes or no. I know most people are okay with planks and such, but if your that nervous and the dr told you to lay of running, then I would even suggest doing that. This was the advice I was given for my first pregnancy so I'm just continuing on with it since I have the same doctor and am in better shape this time around. Listen to your body if your that unsure of things and consult with your doctor for a more detailed description of what you can dido you know what your have available.
Moderate level running has never been correlated with miscarriage. There was one meta-analysis study, done in Europe that showed a correlation between high intensity/high volume/high impact exercise, (such as running at a fast pace for more than 30 miles a week) and miscarriage. Other types of impact exercise, such as ballet, soccer, plyometric training, etc. have never been associated with miscarriage.
Somehow this has been translated down that all women "shouldn't run in the 1st tri." However, women who follow this advice miss out on a key benefit: building a larger placenta. The placenta stops growing at 20 weeks, so a fit women who maintains moderate level cardio activity will grow a larger placenta compared with a fit women who stops cardio for 14 weeks, then resumes in the 2nd tri. The bigger placenta, the greater it's capacity to transport oxygen, glucose, nutrients in, and waste products out.
Moms with bigger placentas can workout at a higher intensity throughout pregnancy, and this greatly enhances fetal health. Babies born to fit moms have stronger cardiovascular systems from birth, are leaner, and have enhanced neural development.
Please discuss the advisement to stop running with your OBGYN. Certainly, you can do stationary bike and elliptical (non and low impact exercises) safely, until you have this sorted out, so that you continue cardiovascular training and not loose out on these important benefits.
Crunches can be done in the 1st tri, but a lot of us in the fitness industry consider the exercise to be marginally beneficial at best. Ab exercises on a fit ball are much better. Do as much lower spine flex as possible. Continue doing core stability exercises.
I still run, but it's a lot slower and shorter now as am exhausted.
I continued to run throughout my entire pregnancy! Just tone it down a bit and listen to your body!
Curious as to why your OBGYN said not to run, as recreational level running has been proven safe. Impact exercise has never been shown to interfere with implantation or placenta development.
Crunches can be done before your belly pops out, but these types of exercises tend to work the external abdominal muscles, at the expense of the deep abs. In general, core stability exercises are the way to go during pregnancy.
If you have access to a gym, fitness walking on thread mill at an incline will give you a killer low impact alternative to running. Since women who do cardio in the first half of pregnancy build bigger placentas, along with a lot of other maternal and fetal health benefits, it would be a shame for you to cut out cardio now.
For more on running during pregnancy, consult Clapp's book, "Exercising Through Your Pregnancy" the "bible" on prenatal exercise physiology.
I am a Zumba instructor and have been told that it's fine for me to continue with teaching - dr. Said my body is used to doing zumba, my baby is meant to be born to a fitness instructor. it is excellent if I to continue at my current pace she said, but to pay attention to my body and rest or take it down a peg as needed. She also said no dramatic ab movements or crunches (so my core songs and Pilates are out :( ) and to not start anything new unless it is tame for me - such as prenatal yoga, brisk walks. She also recommended that I stop the weights program I had recently started. There seems to a lot of differing opinions on what exactly is okay which seems strange to me.
I think my OB is of the opinion that if I'm running and miscarry (even though medically unrelated) I will blame miscarrying on the running and ergo blame myself. He knows I am a little crazy/a worrier! I started to introduce it slowly back but tapered down mileage and speed. His main suggestion was waiting until seeing the heartbeat and then not overdoing it. I'm about 10 weeks.


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Pediatrician, Critical Care Specialist, Pediatric Specialist
6 years of experience
Accepting new patients
6 years of experience
Accepting new patients
133 E Frederick St
Lancaster, PA 17602 Phone number & directions
133 E Frederick St
Lancaster, PA 17602 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Michael Bell:
View the full profile to get information on:
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- What's important to you
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Write a Review
Specialties & Research
Dr. Michael Bell, DO, MD is board certified in Pediatric Critical Care.
Education & Awards
Dr. Bell graduated from Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Dr. Bell has 3 hospital affiliations:
- Lancaster General Hospital
- Children`s Hospital
- Lancaster General, Women & Babies Hosp.
- English
- Spanish
Home > Find a Pediatrician > PA > Lancaster Pediatricians > Dr. Michael Bell, DO, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Michael E Bell DO and MD is a male Pediatrician, has 6 years of experience and practices in Pediatrics and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Michael E. Bell practice?
- Dr. Michael Bell has 1 office location.
Dr. Michael Bell practices Pediatrics and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine near Lancaster, PA.
See Lancaster Pediatricians.


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Nicole Richie and Joel Madden Buy a House For Harlow
Young parents with a second on the way Nicole Richie and Joel Madden have decided to settle their growing family down in a 5,380-square-foot, 4-bedroom, 5.5-bath home in Laurel Canyon, CA, purchasing the property for under $2 million.
The "Aspen Lodge meets Tropical Paradise" pad is an anomaly of sorts, compared to the modern celebrity homes of their young Hollywood peers. The property was purchased from NFL and XFL linebacker Mike Croel, whose décor choices were uninspired to say the least. It would be interesting to see how budding designer Richie accessorizes her new home. But beyond furnishings, the home has a lot of assets in its bare bones, including soaring ceilings, a huge sky dome, an expansive eat-in kitchen, a full guest house, and a lagoon pool. To see more photos,
Celebrity Homes
Joel Madden
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text: Marcel Granollers (left) and Roger Federer leave the court at the U.S. Open in Flushing, N.Y., last August. Commentator Frank Deford says with all that baggage, tennis needs caddies. Leslie Billman/Ai Wire/Landov hide caption itoggle caption Leslie Billman/Ai Wire/Landov Sweetness And Light The Quieter Sports Season, And Why Tennis Needs Caddies June 24, 2015 Summer is finally here and commentator Frank Deford rounds up some of the sights and (softer) sounds of the season. And he says it's time for a new job on the courts of Wimbledon. Listen Loading… 3:30 Playlist Download Embed Embed Close embed modal <iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/416822378/417045209" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">


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Family Practitioner, Primary Care Doctor
44 years of experience
44 years of experience
Bala Cynwyd
191 Presidential Blvd
Suite C130
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 Phone number & directions
191 Presidential Blvd
Suite C130
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Marshall Sager:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Sager? Share your experience.
Write a Review
Write a Review
Specialties & Research
- He has special expertise in 2 areas:
- Acupuncture
- Holistic Health
Education & Awards
Dr. Sager graduated from Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Home > Find a Family Doctor > PA > Bala Cynwyd Family Physicians > Dr. Marshall Sager, DO
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Marshall Harris Sager DO is a male Family Practitioner, has 44 years of experience and practices in Family Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Marshall H. Sager practice?
- Dr. Marshall Sager has 1 office location.
Dr. Marshall Sager practices Family Medicine near Bala Cynwyd, PA.
See Bala Cynwyd Family Physicians.