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Original recipe yields 12 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
Here is another good Persian recipe! You can't go wrong with this. Remember...the longer you marinate the better!
I love saffron, and this recipe was divine. I served it with an herbed rice pilaf, and it was super delish. I marinated overnight, and suspect the longer it marinates, the better it tastes. He...

subset: commoncrawl


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Youth and Drugs: a Legal Overview* Paula Nunes Correia** Teresa Albuquerque e Sousa*** INTRODUCTION The aim of this presentation is to inform you, in a very simple manner, about how the Macanese legal system deals with the issue "youth and drugs". In other words, what are the legal effects in case a minor or a major (young) person practices an action which is somehow related with drugs? The answer is divided into two main parts, according to the different type of legal consequences that may then occur: civil-juridical effects 1 and criminal-juridical effects2. PART I: CIVIL-JURIDICAL EFFECTS 1. Preliminary note: What is "civil law"? Before responding to this question, allow us to briefly explain the difference between "Civil Law", with capital letters, and "civil law". We refer to Civil Law, whenever we talk about a model of law which is normally "opposed" to the Common Law model. As you are probably aware of, Macau legal system is part of the first model, while Hong Kong legal order, for instance, is part of the second one. Differently, when we refer to "civil law", with minuscule letters now, the concept that actually is the object of our concern, by that we just mean a certain branch of the law, within the legal system. Other than civil law, we have, for example, commercial law, criminal law, administrative law, and so on. Moreover, within the Civil Law model, we distinguish between private and public law. Private law protects interests that are predominantly private, while public law cares for the ones which are mainly public. To be more precise, private law governs the * The present paper has been written for the 22nd World Conference of the IFNGO (International Federation of Non-Government Organizations for the Prevention of Drug and Substance Abuse), on the general theme "Drugs Are Not Child's Play. Wholesome Families – No Drugs", held in Macau on May 14 -18, 2007. ** PhD candidate (Universidade de Macau, China); Master of Law (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium); Bachelor of Law (Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal). Assistant professor at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Macau, responsible for the annual courses of Teoria Geral do Direito Civil and Teoria Geral do Direito; Coordinator of the Bachelor of Law in Portuguese Language and member of the Academic Council in the same Academy. Effective member of the Conselho Superior da Advocacia de Macau. *** Master of law candidate (Universidade de Macau, China); Bachelor of Law (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal). Lecturer at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Macau, responsible for the annual course of Direito Criminal. 1 Paula Nunes Correia is the author of Part I: Civil-juridical effects. 2 Teresa Albuquerque e Sousa is the author of Part II: Criminal-juridical effects. 1 relationships that are established among private persons, or even among these and the State or other public entities, provided that the latter intervene in their quality of private persons, i.e., without ius imperium3. This being said, civil law is private law, to be more exact is the general or common private law, while criminal law is public law. Civil law, on its turn, still contains other branches, or sub-branches of law if you prefer, which are: law of obligations, property law, family law and succession law. Therefore in case, under the influence of drugs, a youngster gets married, or sells his/her mother's china tea set, or offers his/her golden chain to his/her friend, it's the civil law that tells us whether such acts are valid or not. However, if the youngster goes into the drug dealing business, or robs a bank under the influence of drugs, for instance, we face the violation of essential juridical values that are also protected by the law, but this time by the criminal law, as such infringements are classified as crimes, belonging the violated interests to the community in general. The issue is: in spite of having practiced such acts, would the youngster be, in some way, protected by the law? We will try to respond to this query in a few moments, but before we recall that we still have a previous unanswered question… What is "civil law" then? "Civil" comes from the Latin word "cives", which means citizens. Hence, civil law is located in the most intimate and fundamental part of society4. It contains the set of rules that regulate human interests emerging from the relationships that people establish with each other. Briefly, we may describe it as the branch of law that regulates the everyday life of common people 5. Civil law governs our lives, from the moment we get up in the morning, until the instant we go back to sleep at night: all those ordinary events of or daily lives, like taking a taxi or the bus to go to work, going to the restaurant for lunch or dinner, buying the newspaper, going shopping or to the movies, even having a car accident, if we are unlucky enough (…), are ruled by this branch of the law. When we talk about the civil-juridical effects that may occur in case a minor, or even a (young) major person, practices an act legally relevant, that is, an act that has legal consequences, under the influence of drugs, we mean by that the legal effects that are produced within the civil law, of course. 2. Youth and drugs: What protection? Law protects young people who may have practiced an act under the effect of drugs in three different ways: through the minority regime, as long as the youngster is a minor, of course; by means of the inabilitation regime, or via the accidental incapacity regime, in case the person is already a major. 3. Minors and drugs 3 Carlos Alberto da MOTA PINTO, Teoria Geral do Direito Civil, 3ªedição actualizada, Coimbra Editora, p. 28 and 29. This is called the criterion of the subjects. 4 Carlos Alberto da MOTA PINTO, op. cit., p. 44. 5 Carlos Alberto da MOTA PINTO, op. cit., p. 44. 2 To start with, who is a minor for (civil) law? Anyone under the age of eighteen years old is considered a minor [article 111 of the Civil Code of Macau (Código Civil de Macau, CCM)6]. In principle minors, like all other people, have juridical or legal capacity, that is, the aptitude to be entitled to a more or less restricted circle of juridical relationships (article 64). What minors do not, normally, have is the so-called acting capacity, meaning by that the aptitude to act legally, by performing rights or fulfilling obligations, personally and autonomously, or through a voluntary representative (article 112). That acting capacity is attained when he/she becomes a major, i.e., when he/she turns eighteen years old (articles 117 and 118). However, it may be reached earlier, in case the minor becomes emancipated by marriage (articles 117, 120 and 121). Regarding his/her emancipation, which can only be attained by celebrating a valid matrimony, it gives the minor the full acting capacity as if he/she were a major7. Minors, of both sexes, are not allowed to get married under the age of sixteen (article 1479, paragraph a). However, in spite of the fact that they can lawfully get married as long as they have attained the minimum age of sixteen, they ought to obtain their parents' consent without which the matrimony is submitted to special sanctions8. Minors, who are deprived from the mentioned acting capacity, in the case a permanent, natural and generic acting incapacity as it concerns all the acts in general, are automatically protected by the minority regime9. 3.1. Minority regime This protection consists in the fact that the legal transactions in which the minor intervenes are, in principle, non-valid transactions, to be more precise they can be annulled according to the provisions of article 114. In spite of this generic acting incapacity, there are some exceptions, that is, some acts that the minor can lawfully practice himself/herself and autonomously, as follows: those regarding assets that the minor has acquired with his/her work; legal transactions specifically concerning the minor's current life, as long as they go along with his/her natural capacity and imply a small amount of money; legal transactions relating to the job that the minor has been allowed to take by his/her legal representative 10 [article 116, paragraph 1, subparagraphs a) to c)]. Finally, this acting incapacity of the minor is overcome by legal representation, that is, the minor's legal representatives are supposed to surmount the minor's acting incapacity by means of acting instead of the minor, under the name of the minor and in the interest 6 All articles mentioned from now on belong to the CCM, if not referred otherwise. 7 Except for the special sanctions previewed in article 1521, in case the minor gets married without the parents' consent. 8 Pls. see previous footnote. 9 Articles 111 to 121. 10 According to D.L. 24/89/M, 3/4, the minimum age to be employed is, in principle, sixteen years old (article 39). 3 of the minor: parental authority is the normal way to overcome the minor's general incapacity for acting, while tutorial authority only prevails subsidiary, i.e., in case the parents, due to different reasons, cannot perform their authority (article 1778). As a complement to either parental or tutorial authority, the minor's incapacity may also be surmounted by the assets' administration (article 113, paragraphs 1 and 2). Therefore, parents or tutors, and eventually the assets' administrator, all are legal representatives of the minor as they act to overcome the minor's general non-capacity for acting, performing instead of the minor, under the name of the minor and in the interest of the minor. The acts practiced by the minor's legal representative are, of course, valid ones. In case the minor practices an act for which he/she does not have the required capacity, that act is, as already mentioned, a non-valid one. Therefore, the minor's legal representative, the minor itself or any heir of the minor may require the annulment of that act, within a delay of one year11 [article 114, paragraph 1, subparagraphs a) to c)]. This minority regime is, of course, meant to protect the minor due to his/her natural non- capacity for acting legally. 3.2. Parental responsibility Children are under parental responsibility until their majority, or earlier until their emancipation in case they get married before they attain the age of eighteen (article 1732). As we have said before, parental authority is the common way to overcome the minor's acting incapacity. The rights that are comprehended in parental authority are special ones, as they are simultaneously rights and duties: they are actually named "rights-duties", or "functional rights". In fact such rights are not freely performed by the parents, in the sense that the parents cannot perform them if they wish to, or the way they wish to. Such prerogatives, which are obligations at the same time, are necessarily performed in the interest of the children. Hence, parents have the following rights-duties, in the interest of their children: to care for their security and health, to support them, to direct their education, to represent them and to administrate their assets; on their turn, children have the duty to obey their parents. Nonetheless, parents, according to their children's maturity, must take into account their opinion in important family issues, as well as confer them autonomy in organizing their own lives (article 1733, paragraphs 1 and 2). Briefly, parental authority is performed regarding both the person and the assets of the children: concerning the former, parents have rights on education (including physical, intellectual and moral development), custody and mutual respect / (moral) support (articles 1739 to 1741 and article 1729); with reference to the children's assets, parents have a right of administration over them (articles 1733, paragraph 1 and 1743 and subsequent), other than a duty, reciprocal by the way, on alimony (article 1729, paragraph 2). Besides, parents have rights on representation, as well as on authority or command over their children, as mentioned above (article1733, paragraphs 1 and 2). 11 Counting from different moments, according to the person who requires the annulment of the act. 4 More generically, parents have the right and the duty to both educate and maintain their children [articles 2, paragraph 2, 5, paragraph e), 7, paragraph 2 and 15 of the Family Politics Basis Law (Lei de Bases da Política Familiar, Law 6/94/M, August 1); and article 18, paragraphs 1 and 4 of the International Pact on Political and Civil Rights (Pacto Internacional sobre os Direitos Civis e Políticos; see also article 40 of Macau Basic Law, Lei Básica de Macau)]. 4. Majors and drugs A person becomes a major when he/she turns eighteen years old (article 111, a contrario sensu). The major person acquires the full capacity to act legally (article 118), in other words, acquires the full capacity to perform rights or to fulfill obligations, personally and autonomously, or by means of a voluntary representative. Nonetheless, this capacity may be attained earlier in case the minor becomes emancipated by marriage, as the emancipated minor is compared to the major (articles 117, 120 and 121)12. Not anymore under the protection of the minority regime, what happens if a major person (or an emancipated minor person) practices a legal act under the influence of drugs? Would there still be a way to protect him/her? Would the fact of being young, although already a major, confer him/her any special protection? The answer is yes to the first question and no to the second one. Actually, there is not one, but two ways to care for those, no matter how young or old they may be, who are no more under the protection conferred by the minority regime: by means of the so-called inabilitation regime, which offers some protection in case of a permanent and non-generic incapacity, namely caused by the regular consumption of alcohol and drugs (article 135 and subsequent); through the accidental incapacity regime, which may also provide some protection in case of a non-permanent, or accidental, incapacity namely caused by the use of alcohol or drugs as well (article 250). Inabilitation regime Inabilitation corresponds to a permanent, non-generic incapacity, which can only be judicially decided 13 in three types of situations affecting a major, or an emancipated minor person: psychical anomaly, deafness-dumbness or blindness, being permanent although not very serious incapacities14; habitual prodigality, affecting the capacity to administrate the person's patrimony; consumption of alcohol or drugs with effects not only on the person's character, but also on the capacity to administrate his/her assets (article 135). 12 Supra 3. 13 And needs to be judicially decided, under requirement, as such incapacity does not work automatically. 14 In case of permanent and serious psychical anomaly, deafness-dumbness or blindness, the proper way to protect the affected person is by means of a more comprehensive regime, the so-called interdiction regime, which corresponds to a generic incapacity, equivalent to minority (article 122 and subsequent). 5 Those affected by this incapacity cannot, autonomously, practice some kinds of acts (although not all the acts in general, as this incapacity, unlike the one derived from minority or from interdiction, is not a generic one). Inabilitation comprehends the practice of acts of disposition inter vivos, as well as those acts that may be specified in the relevant judicial decision. Regarding the practice of such acts, in case the incapacity is not overcome, they are non-valid acts as they can be annulled in the terms of the law (articles 139, 123 and 114). However, such incapacity may be normally surmounted by the so-called assistance. Besides, legal representation regarding the administration of the person's assets can also be decided by the court (articles 136 and 137). The assistant, or curator, will not act instead or under the name of the affected person, but will simply assist the person who still has the capacity to act personally, although not autonomously: this being said, a legal act for which practice the person does not have the required acting capacity, although personally performed by him/her, has to be authorized or ratified by the assistant, otherwise it is an invalid act. Therefore, for instance, if a drug addicted person is put under the inabilitation regime, he/she cannot, on his/her own, decide to buy or sell a house: the validity of such act depends on the authorization or the ratification of the assistant. Whenever the cause of the incapacity ceases, inabilitation regime can be removed. Though, namely in case of consumption of alcohol or drugs, the court will not decide on the extinction of the regime before a minimum period of trial 15 on the person's rehabilitation has run (article 138). Accidental incapacity Finally, the accidental incapacity regime can also provide some protection in case a major person, or a minor emancipated person, not covered neither by the minority regime, nor by the inabilitation regulations, practices a legal act under the effect of drugs, as long as some conditions are fulfilled. In the terms of the law (article 250), a transactional declaration performed by someone who, due to any (external) cause – among which we may include intoxication originated by the consumption of alcohol or drugs –, was accidentally or transitorily (non- permanently) incapacitated or deprived from understanding its meaning or from acting willingly, is an annullable 16 declaration, as long as the fact, i.e., the said psychical momentary perturbation, is notorious or known by the addressee (article 250, paragraph 1)17. For example, in case a major, momentarily under drug effect, sells his/her motorbike to his/her friend, there may be a chance to see such transaction declared annulled if the following above mentioned conditions are proven to the court: that, at the moment when the trade was done, he/she was transitorily deprived either from understanding its meaning, or from acting willingly, and that the fact that he/she was then psychically disturbed was known by his/her friend, or at least recognizable by a normally diligent 15 Judged adequate according to the leges artis (article 138). 16 Annulment regime is contained in article 280 and subsequent. The annulment can only be required by those whose interests are affected by the act and only within one year following the cease of its cause. 17 Paragraph 2 of this same article specifies when a fact is considered notorious. 6 person placed in his/her friend's situation. As one easily realizes, such facts may be quite hard to prove. Among the three regimes that have just been briefly described, the protection offered by the accidental incapacity is, understandably, the most vulnerable one. As a final point, (simply) annullable acts become definitely valid if their non-validity is not required, by the legitimate persons entitled to do so, within the legal delays [of only one year, although counted from different moments – articles 280, paragraph 1, 114, paragraph 1, subparagraphs a) to c), 139, 123 and 250]. In case the act or the legal transaction that has been practiced by the minor, or the major person, under any of the above stated regimes, is judicially declared annulled, the result is that everything that has been provided must be given back, or in case the restitution in specie in not possible, its correspondent value, as the declaration of annulment has retroactive effect (article 282, paragraph 1). PART II: CRIMINAL-JURIDICAL EFFECTS 1. Brief introduction to criminal law From now on, we are going to talk a little bit about criminal law in a very particular point of view: on one hand we find the problem of the criminal treatment of the crimes related to the traffic and consumption of drugs and, on another hand, we cannot avoid to goon with a subject which is for us quite familiar and very appreciated: the legal treatment, in a criminal perspective, of the youngsters when they commit not really a "crime" but an "unlawful and noticed action". As the topics inserted on this second part are all of them related to the criminal law, it is better to do a general overview about it. In fact, criminal law can be seen in both objective and subjective point of views. In relation to the first one, we can say that criminal law can be described as a "conjunction of legal norms which make the connection between certain human behaviours (the crimes) and certain legal consequences specially linked to the criminal law"18. These consequences are two: the criminal penalty and the security measures. There is only a penalty when a crime was committed. Under legal theory, a crime is composed by five elements, which are accumulative: an action, the notice (which means that such action is previewed in the Criminal Code and, in accordance to the principle of the legality19, it is clearly described, as well as its consequence), the illicit, the fault and the 18 Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Direito Penal, Parte Geral, Tomo I, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 2004, p. 3. 19 Which can be found in the article 1 of the Criminal Code of Macau, as well in the article 29 of the Basic Law, and means that all the crimes (actions) and penalties must be described in the law in a very clear manner, must be certain avoiding to create any doubts, strict, written accurately, and the law must be already existent at the moment it will be applied - it must be previous to the action and also to the penalty, with the exceptions of the article 2, which protect the agent. This is the meaning of the Latin expression "nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege". 7 punishableness. Only when all of them are proved in a certain situation a penalty can be applied to the agent and this one can affect his patrimony or his freedom, both of them rights recognized in a constitutional point of view to all the citizens (e.g. in Macau, we can take into consideration article 28 and, in an certain way, article 103 of the Basic Law). When it affects the property, the penalty is a fine and when it affects the freedom it is the prison. As a curiosity, article 64 of the Criminal Code provides that "if depriving liberty and non-depriving liberty penalty are alternatively applicable to the crime, the court prefers the second whenever the execution of the latter is adequate and sufficient for the purpose of punishment"20 and the reason is to protect the agent, taking into consideration the fact that the criminal law is an invasion by the State into his fundamental rights, as we will see bellow. When the agent of the crime is a child or a youngster aged up to 16 years old (or a person with a mental disease), the legislator has correctly decided that a fault analysis cannot be done, as they are not able to understand the consequences of their acts. In fact, and in accordance to the Finalist conception (which has its roots in Welzel (1904-1977) and is still followed at the moment by many authors 21 ) the fault is simply 22 a devalue appreciation. As taught by Teresa Beleza23, for the modern school (the post-finalism one) the fault is composed by two elements: on one hand, the agent shall have the consciousness that his behavior is unlawful and, on another hand, he shall have the freedom to decide to act or not in accordance to the mentioned knowledge of the unlawfulness. So, it is a "devalue appreciation", in terms that if a person really knows that his/her behavior is against the law and is free to understand his/her acts, having decided to breach the law, his/her behavior and, accordingly, his/her personality, are censurable. This is the reason why minors under 16 years old are not imputable (criminally responsible), as well as persons acting with a disease of the mind: due to these circumstances, even if they can for any reason have the consciousness that their behavior is unlawful (for example, a youngster of 15 years old knows that to kill a person is not an act in accordance to the law, as well as he knows that to traffic drugs is not licit), the fact is that they do not have the freedom to really understand that they can act in another way, because their personality is not yet constructed or, in the case of persons having mental diseases, their personality is not perfect comparing with a person who does not have this 20 Translation of the Portuguese Criminal Code, available at: http://www.verbojuridico.net/download/portuguesepenalcode.pdf 21 This conception defends that "(…) the basis of the human action is that all the persons orientate their actions in a final direction, their procedures are in accordance to the finalities mentally anticipated, choosing the proper ways (…)", in Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 230. To be noted that this is not the conception adopted by this author, who defends the personal illicit conception (for further information, see idem, p. 232). 22 When it is said that "the fault is simply a devalue appreciation", the meaning is that the finalism conception has expelled the intent and the negligence from the fault and inserted them in the category of the notice, because this analysis is related to the notice that criminalizes the behaviour; as the fault is a personal approach, it does not matter if the agent has acted intentionally or with negligence to know if his behaviour is censurable or not, because what is important is to know if he, knowing that his behaviour was unlawful, has decided to goon with it, being free to do this option. 23 Teresa PIZARRO BELEZA, Direito Penal, 2.º volume, Lisboa, AAFDL, 1980, p. 292 and 293. 8 kind of problems. This is, finally, the reason of the articles 18 and 19 of the Criminal Code of Macau. But, as a matter of fact, both of them can be agents of "crimes" (to be correct we cannot talk about crimes because technically these persons do not act with fault and, as the fault is one of the five accumulative elements that make a crime, what we do have is an "unlawful and noticed action") – a child aged 10 years old can kill another person, as well as a person with mental disease; so, as the penalty requires that a crime was committed and in these cases they are not considered as "crimes", the consequence for the acts practiced by these persons is the security measure. Below we will see how minors under 16 years old who commit "crimes" (in particular the traffic and consumption of drugs) are treated by the law. In relation to the criminal law, there is also a subjective perspective, which means that there is a ius puniendi, a punitive power on the hands of the State, in terms of choosing which human behaviors shall be considered as crimes and linking specific sanctions to them. Hence, as the State has this kind of power, there was the necessity to create some limits to the legislature24 in terms of protecting the citizens who see their fundamental rights affected. Criminal law can be divided into two perspectives: a domestic one, related to the law created and applied into a certain State or Territory (as Macau), and an international perspective. In relation to this last point, which is growing since the 20th century, there are many norms that are applied to Macau, as e.g. the Declaration of Human Rights (see the Joint Declaration, annex 1, for its application to Macau), the International Pact on Civil and Political Rights and the International Pact on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which continue to be applied in Macau due to the article 40 of the Basic Law. The 2nd paragraph of this last article provides that the restrictions to the rights of the residents of Macau can only occur as a consequence of the law which cannot oppose the provisions of the mentioned Pacts. Taking into consideration these Pacts, we would like to point out the article 24 of the first one and the article 10, paragraph 3, of the second one, to clarify that the States shall create special measures to protect children and youngsters who need to be protected, namely those who come from problematic families. In our opinion, as bellow it will be seen, these children shall be distinguished from the ones who commit "crimes" and the legal regime shall be different, which unfortunately was not the decision taken by the legislator in some countries in the past. Finally, and doing the transaction to the following point to be studied, the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, which was signed in 1988 and taken into force in Macau since July 14th 1998 shall be pointed out, due to the Decree of the President of the Portuguese Republic ordering the extension to Macau of the said Convention. 24 Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 6. 9 Taking into consideration the stated Convention, we would like to mention some points directly related to youngsters and drugs. One of the preoccupations that has been on its roots was "(…) the fact that children are used in many parts of the world as an illicit drug consumers market and for proposes of illicit production, distribution and trade in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (…)". Then, the articles of the Convention establish which behaviors shall be considered as infractions (as e.g. the production, offering, distribution or sale of drugs, as well as the possession of drugs for personal consumption in case the constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system allow the parties to incriminate them) and, in the same article (3), paragraph 5, points f) and g) preview that the victimization or use of minors as well as the fact of committing the offence in an educational institution or in its immediate vicinity or in other places to which school children and students resort for educational, sports and social activities shall be taken into consideration by the court, in terms of transforming the previously established offences in "particularly serious offences". It means that the International Community has really the perception of the danger that means the use of children in the process of traffic of drugs, as well as to introduce them in the drug's world. Traffic of drugs is in fact an underworld able to destroy the basis of the State, originating and having already in its bases the organized crime and the money laundry, as well as the corruption and the subversion of the most important principles which were gained with the story of evolution and conservation of the fundamental rights of all the citizens. Using minors for this purpose is dangerous. Very dangerous, in fact, because their personality is not yet formed and they cannot distinguish the good from the bad values, they cannot understand which is the best choice for their lives, they will prefer the easiest way - particularly if they do not have the chance to have a solid familiar structure (and even those who have it are a very good "bait" for the big "sharks" which swim in the said world). On another hand, as all of us know, drugs create the vice and, if they start as small consumers with 14 years old, it is not hard to imagine them as small or big drug dealers some years later. These are the most important preoccupations which, in connection to our point of study, can clearly be found in this Convention. 2. Traffic and consumption of drugs Doing the transition from an international to a domestic point of view, in Macau the Decree-Law 5/91/M, of January 28th, is the one where the legal regime of traffic and consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances can be found, as well as some measures to eradicate drug addiction. First of all, in article 1 the legislator annunciates that the interpretation of the norms of this decree-law shall be done in accordance to the conventions related to this matter which are in force in Macau and this points out the recognition that this subject is really very particular and important and the fight against the drugs is being made internationally. So, for better results, even if this is already a consequence of the international principles, he felt the necessity to reinforce the idea. 10 In Chapter II entitled "the prevention, traffic and penalties" we find many "notices" (which are articles describing and incriminating a behavior and previewing a penalty, in a very clear manner in accordance to the said principle nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), as e.g. the article 8, where the "traffic and unlawful activities" are punishable. In paragraph 1 whoever, without authorization, e.g. produces, fabricates, prepares, offers, sells, buys or detains illicitly the substances described in tables I to III, and not being the case of possession for consumption, will be punished with a penalty of prison from 8 to 12 years and also with a fine (paragraph 1); if the substances involved are the ones of table IV the penalty of prison will vary from 1 to 2 years and also a fine may be applicable (paragraph 3). The penalty can also vary from 12 to 16 years of prison and a fine in the case previewed in paragraph 2 (the person who has the authorization given by article 6 and who acts in an illegal manner, abusing of the said authorization). So, in a general point of view, the penalty varies from 8 to 12 years, which is very high comparing for example with the one for the simple homicide which varies from 10 to 20 years (article 128 of the Criminal Code), and not forgetting that human life is the most important property for the legislator. It shows how the matter is important and sensible in all the countries and the Executive and the Legislature are using the penalties not only to move the agents away from the society and reintegrate them, but also to discourage the citizens or residents of a State or Territory to undertake those activities. In article 9 is said that if the acts described in article 8 are related to "small quantities" (which are equivalent to not more than the necessary for 3 days of an individual consumption) and if they are the ones of table I to III, the penalty will vary from 1 to 2 years of prison and a fine and if it concerns to table IV it will not be higher than 1 year of prison and a fine. An important article which demonstrates that minors are a real preoccupation also for the domestic legislator is (as seen in article 3, paragraph 5 of the above mentioned Convention) the article 10, point a), in terms of augmentation of the penalties previewed in the previous articles in case the substances were handed over a minor or a person with mental disease. Article 11 is related to anyone acting in the way described in article 8 with the only purpose of having the substances for personal use. In such cases the penalty is considerable lower, having a limit of 2 years of prison and a fine (and, in case of substances mentioned in table IV, the penalty of prison can be converted into a fine or it can be suspended in case the drug addicted submits himself/herself to a medical treatment – paragraph 2). This article must be distinguished from the article 28, inserted in Chapter III entitled "consumption and Drug Addiction". This article establishes that, excepting the cases of article 11, the illicit acquisition or possession of the substances of any table is punishable with a penalty of prison up to 3 months and a fine (a) or, if the substances had a therapeutic finality, (only) with a fine (b). So, it means that, unlike the recent tendencies in some European countries as e.g. in Portugal since 2000 (Law 30/2000, of November 11 29th), where the consumption of drugs is no longer a crime but an infraction belonging to the administrative law, in Macau the legislator still submits the consumer to the court and eventually to the prison. But it must be clarified that in Portugal the consumption of drugs is not free, it is not an irrelevant subject for the legislator: in accordance to the principle of the subsidiary intervention of the Criminal law - taking into consideration its effects and the protection of the most relevant properties – he decided to transfer the subject to another law field which is able and sufficient to deal with it and protect the related values of the society. Finally, we would like to point out two of the remaining crimes related to the traffic of drugs which are present in this decree-law, which are the undue possession of pipes, syringes or other material with the intention to use drugs, in article 12, because it is not hard to imagine minors who are drug addicted in their possession, and the penalty of prison (for imputables, naturally) is up to 1 year or a fine; the other article to be mentioned is the 16, paragraph 4 point a), where the legislator previews an augmentation of the penalties for the incitation of the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in case the agent does it in prejudice of a minor or a person with mental disease (or another case previewed in the said point). So, it means that the preoccupations of the legislator for the minors, already pointed out above in relation to the international law, are the same as the ones of the domestic legislator. 3. Other crimes and misdemeanors directly or indirectly related to drugs After having gone through a general overview about the crimes of traffic and consumption of drugs, it is time to do an approach to some special crimes where the drugs play an important role. These crimes are the dangerous driving of a means of transport (article 277 of the Criminal Code) and the dangerous driving of a road vehicle (article 279 of the Criminal Code). On another hand, there is a particular misdemeanor in the Road Code, which is the driving being under the influence of alcohol, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or some products with a similar effect. For example, we can imagine a youngster aged 15 years old driving a motorcycle after having consumed drugs. Is his behavior a criminal one or a misdemeanor and shall a special measure be taken against him? The real distinction between articles 277 and 279 of the Criminal Code is the means used to commit a certain conduct: in the first situation, a person is driving an aerial vehicle (for example an airplane or a helicopter), an aquatic vehicle (e.g. a boat) or a vehicle to be used in a railway (e.g. a train) and in the second one the person is driving a (land) vehicle (e.g. a car or a motorbike), with or without motor, in a public or similar road. Even if the article 279 clearly specifies, in point a) of paragraph 1, in which situations a person is driving a vehicle not having the necessary conditions to do it (as for example because he/she is drunk or under the influence of drugs) and the article 277 does not do this kind of specification in paragraph 1, Paula Ribeiro de Faria25 defends that "(…) in relation to this notice, all the circumstances that affect the driver are prone to affect the driving 25 Paula RIBEIRO DE FARIA, "Notation to article 289 of the Portuguese Criminal Code", Comentário Conimbricense do Código Penal, Parte Especial, Tomo III, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1999, p. 1065. 12 security (…)" as e.g. the extreme fatigue, the drunkenness or the influence of drugs or medicine – or even both of them, in terms of a conjugation of alcohol with medicine. So, what is relevant in both situations is that the agent, driving such vehicles not being in good conditions to do it in security (for example driving the vehicle after having consumed drugs and in case it affects the required security to drive in good conditions) and consequently creating a danger for the life or personal integrity of another person or for patrimonial goods of an elevate value will be punished. So, in both situations we have "concrete danger" crimes, what means that, with his behavior, the agent has also created a danger for the mentioned properties. The penalty varies in each situation. In the case of dangerous driving of a means of transport, the penalty of prison varies from 1 to 8 years, and in the case of dangerous driving of a road vehicle the penalty of prison can go up to 3 years or simply be a fine. The reason of this difference can be easily understood with this example: the situation of a pilot of an airplane driving it after having consumed hashish is completely different to the situation of a car driver driving it after having consumed the same substance: the danger created to the properties evolved by the first one is, without any doubt, higher than the danger created by the second one. But a question can emerge: how can the article 279 be distinguished from the article 292 of the Portuguese Criminal Code – driving a (road) vehicle in a situation of drunkenness or under the influence of drugs, taking into account that here the penalty is lower than the one of article 291 (this one is correspondent to our 279)? The question is important because if for the time being this behavior is only a misdemeanor in Macau, it seems that it will be transformed into a crime in the next future. The article 292 of the Portuguese Criminal Code criminalizes the behavior of driving a car having an alcohol rate similar to or higher than 1.2 grahams per blood liter, doing it at least with negligence, as well as doing it not being in good conditions for, because he/she is under the influence of drugs. In both cases the penalty of prison has the limit of 1 year or is a fine, "(…) if a seriously penalty shall not be applied in consequence of another legal provision". It means that, on one hand, this legal provision shall only be applied in the case that another one shall not. On another hand, this case is not so serious as the one of the article 291 (article 279 of the Criminal Code of Macau), because in this last one not only the driver is going on with a dangerous behavior in itself, but it must create a special danger for life, physical integrity or other properties. In the case of article 292 we can see that there is a mere behavior that is punishable because it, in itself, creates an abstract danger for a certain number of properties, even if in the special situation no one was in danger. For example, article 291 (equivalent to the article 279 of the Criminal Code of Macau) is not to be applied if James, aged 15, drives a motorcycle after having consumed drugs – and not being, for this fact, in conditions to do it in a safe way – but there is neither other car in the road, nor other person or object that could be damaged (for example, it happens during the night in a street of Coloane). But if we would have a similar legal provision in the 13 Criminal law of Macau, a special measure would be applied to him (if other requirements would be present too), because he would have practiced an "unlawful and noticed action", taking into consideration the article 292 of the Portuguese Criminal Code. And what about if it happens, in fact, in Macau? Even if in Macau the mentioned behavior is not considered as a crime, it is a misdemeanor. So, the legislator has considered (at least up to this moment) that this situation is unlawful but the criminal law is not necessary to protect the evolved properties. In fact, crimes and misdemeanors are both of them "a kind of criminal infraction" and, in accordance to Germano Marques da Silva 26, the difference between them is the "(…) objective element of the infraction which, in misdemeanors, is only the disobedience of preventive provisions of laws or regulations. It is not the damage or the risk of damage of a property that is in the roots of the legal objectivity of misdemeanors, but the mere possibility that the ongoing or omitted activity, disregarding the law, causes eventual and even not determined dangers, dangers that the norms establishing misdemeanors want to prevent – the misdemeanor is essentially the disrespect of caution rules imposed by the law". The penalty for this kind of behaviors (in general) is namely the fine and when it is the prison the legal limit is 6 months (article 123, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code). So, it is a lower criminal infraction and has a specific legal regime. So, answering to the above question, if it happens in Macau and if the agent is an imputable, he/she will commit the misdemeanor specially previewed in article 68, paragraph 5 of the Road Code, being his/her behavior punishable with a fine from 3.000 to 15.000 patacas. 4. Minors in a criminal law point of view Non-imputability due to the age – recent tendencies in other legal systems The reason why the criminal law stipulates that minors up to a certain age cannot be imputable is that they do not have enough maturity. In fact, they are constructing their personality and in such ages they are not, using the words of Teresa Beleza27, so free to understand the consequences of their acts and to be able to oppose themselves to a certain instinct to commit a crime. Consequently, they cannot be treated in the same way as other persons having the mentioned maturity, as well as persons with mental disease who are also considered as non-imputable in accordance to the article 19 of the Criminal Code (also because these 26 Germano MARQUES DA SILVA, Direito Penal Português, Parte Geral, I – Introdução e teoria da lei penal, Lisboa, Editorial Verbo, 1997, p. 113. 27 Teresa PIZARRO BELEZA, Ibidem. 14 persons do not have the freedom to decide not to act, even if they have the conscience of the unlawfulness of their action28). There are other reasons for the non-imputability of minors up to a certain age. On one hand, the principle of the humanity29, in terms that the State or Territory shall avoid that a penalty, namely of prison, could be applied to a child, because this one cannot understand the real meaning of such penalty, the purpose of it and the reason why he/she will be deprived from his/her freedom in that way. On another hand, it would be incredibly worse if a child went to prison, living with the other prisoners who would teach him/her everything about the crime, in such terms that when the latter would come out from the prison he/she would be a real crime expert. In Macau, the legislator has considered that the age of non-imputability goes up to 16 years old (less one day) – as well as e.g. in Portugal. But, in fact, there are other legislations where the age of non-imputability is lower, as for example in Germany and Italy30 where the imptability can start from 14 years old, but from this age up to 18 years the imputability (or not) will be determined case by case. Or the (incredible) case of Hong Kong, where a child of 10 years old shall be considered as imputable, and the one of Singapore where the said age is of 7 years old. At the time being, there is a discussion in Macau in terms of analyzing the eventual diminution of the age of imputability to 14 years old, with the argument that a youngster aged 14 can already distinguish the "good from the bad". In my point of view, even if we take into consideration the fact that the criminality is growing in many countries of the world and not rarely the protagonists are children or young people, there is a big confusion in relation to this problem. The question is that we cannot lower so much the age of imputability in such terms that the reasons for the said non-imputability would disappear in an incomprehensible "manoeuvre" of the law, using values that cannot be touched for the fight against the criminality, because we cannot forget that children or youngsters who are not considered as imputable by a fair law which takes into consideration their maturity are still being punished – but not with a penalty of prison. Who can imagine a child of 14 years old in a prison, in the company of adults and some big "sharks" of the criminality? It is because of this that there is a legal regime applied to children up to 16 years old who commit a crime, which is adequate to them as we are going to analyze below. We can just think in the case of Brazil where the tax of the infantile criminality is so high and, nevertheless, the age of non-imputability goes up to 18 years old31 (however, there is an ongoing discussion about its decrease to 16). Some aspects of the legal regime applied to the minors 28 Teresa PIZARRO BELEZA, Ibidem. 29 Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 548. 30 See Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 552. 31 Article 27 of the Criminal Code of Brazil, available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/Decreto- Lei/Del2848compilado.htm. 15 The Educative Regime applied to the minors aged from 12 to 16 years old who commit crimes is, for the time being, foreseen in Decree-Law 65/99/M. "For the time being" because there is a new Law (Law 2/2007) which will come into force in October and will regulate this subject in a different way (a better way, in fact, because this last law protects better the minors, clarifying their rights and duties, e.g. clearly stipulating that they can be defended by a lawyer – what is not so clear in the article 22 of the said Decree-Law, where we can read that "the intervention of a lawyer is not compulsory, except in the case of appeal" - or that they can appeal no matter their age – and this is a right conferred only for minors aged more than 14 years, in article 39, paragraph 2 of the mentioned Decree- Law). The problem of this Decree-Law is that it does not give the same guaranties to the minors that the criminal procedure law gives to imputables, which shows an idea of protection by the State that shall be denied because of the lack of its legitimacy32. On another hand, this decree-law regulates many subjects, as the regime applied to the said minors, a protection regime applied to minors aged less than 12 years old who have committed a crime and minors who have social problems – as the ones who are victims of bad treatments, who are prostituting themselves, who consume alcohol, etc. and, finally, some procedures related to the minority as for example the adoption. It should be considered in separate ways and the mentioned children who need a real protection should not be present to a Court but be accompanied by special institutions, in our point of view. In relation to the measures that can be applied to the minors aged from 12 to 16 years old that have committed a crime are the admonition (the judge does a solemn warning to the minor, censuring him for his behavior and adverting him to correct himself, according to article 9), the imposition of certain behaviors or duties as for example the duty of repairing the damages caused or apologizing himself (article 10), the educative accompany or the semi-internment or the internment, when none of the previous measures are enough. In such cases he will go to the Minor's Institute and, depending on the cases, he can remain there only part of the day - going to school or to work and returning at the end of these activities - or during all day. The principal finality of these measures is a special prevention33 in terms of re-socialization of the minor and educating him for the legal values which are in force in the legal system of Macau. The problem of youths aged between 16 and 21 years old After having seen the legal regime applied to the minors, there are two conclusions to be pointed out. On one hand, if a minor has committed a crime being aged from 12 to 16 years old (less one day), an educative measure will be applied even if the procedure starts 32 For more developments see Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 549 and 550 and Anabela MIRANDA RODRIGUES, Comentário da Lei Tutelar Educativa, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 2003, p. 11 and following. 33 Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 55. 16 later, up to when he is 21 years old (article 16 of the mentioned Decree-Law 34 ). On another hand, if the minor commits a crime since the day he is 16 years old, he is automatically considered as imputable by the law (article 18 of the Criminal Code) and, if the Court considers him as guilty and applies a penalty of prison, he will directly go to prison. The problem is that in Macau there is not a special regime for young adults. What should be taken into consideration is the fact that they have less maturity comparing to older majors; in consequence – and not forgetting that the prison is a "school of crime" – the penalty of prison should be avoided whenever possible and, when applied, it should be particularly mitigated35. It would be also good if these young adults could be imprisoned in a special prison just for them or in a special section of a general prison, avoiding the contact with older adults36. 5. Imputability – some particularities Finally, after doing an approach to the legal system applied to minors aged up to 16 years old (less one day) who commit "crimes", it is time to conclude our ideas, but not before asking what can happen to an imputable agent who consumes drugs and commits a crime in this situation. If he is committing it in such circumstances that he did not have the necessary capacity to appreciate the unlawfullness of his behavior or, even having appreciated it, he could not conform his conduct in accordance to that appreciation 37, he shall be considered as non-imputable, in accordance to the article 19, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code. However, an imputable person can create intentionally – or by negligence – a situation of non-imputability willing, in that situation, to commit a crime. For all of us applying to this agent the mentioned article could sound as an abuse. And it is, in fact. If e.g. a man, Pitter, aged 35 years old, wants to kill his wife but does not have enough courage to do it when he is sober, he goes to a bar and drinks so much that, in these circumstances, he arrives at home and kills her, he will not benefit (we can ask if it would really be a benefit to go to an Institute concerning persons with mental disease and not to have a certain limit for the end of the security measure, in contrary to the penalty) from the regime of article 19. In fact, he will be treated as if he had committed the crime without any disorder of the mind – as can be seen in paragraph 4 of the same article. This is the subject of actiones liberae in causa, which means that the case where the author, in a first moment, was free to place himself in a situation of non-imputability with the purpose to commit, in a second moment, the crime. As he had this freedom to decide what to do, how to commit the crime, it is a decision taken by him in the same way of the decision to commit the crime. So, if Pitter consumes heroine with the purpose to have the 34 When the Law 2/2007 comes into force the said limit will be of 18 years old – article 31. 35 Jorge de FIGUEIREDO DIAS, Idem, p. 553. 36 Anabela MIRANDA RODRIGUES, Idem, p. 19. 37 Taking into consideration the expressions used in the English translation of the Portuguese Criminal Code, mentioned above. 17 necessary courage to kill his wife, he will be punished for the crime of homicide previewed in article 128 of the Criminal Code and will be subject to a penalty of prison from 10 to 20 years. This is the consequence if the crime was committed in such circumstances that, having the author decided to place himself intentionally in that situation (at least with a direct or necessary intent – article 13, paragraph 1 and 2), he commits the mentioned crime (or another one). And what about if the author had the same behavior, but with an eventual intent or only with negligence (article 13, paragraph 3 and article 14)? In these cases, Américo Taipa de Carvalho 38 clarifies that he shall be punished in accordance to the article 284, entitled "drunkenness and intoxication". It means that, e.g. if Pitter had been thinking, for a long time, to kill his wife and he knew that he would never have the courage to do it and, in spite of not having consumed drugs with that purpose but still knowing that it is a risk for other properties when he is under their influence ( he thinks: "I know that I become dangerous when I consume drugs; however, I strongly believe and I am sure that nothing will happen to my wife) but, in fact, he kills her being under the influence of drugs, he is acting with negligence and shall be punished with a penalty of prison up to 5 years and not only up to 3 years, in accordance to article 134, paragraph 1 related to the negligent homicide. These are some points related to "imputables and drugs" that we could not avoid to introduce at this moment because of the sensitivity of the subject and not forgetting that Pitter could be not a man aged 35 but a youngster aged 17 years old – and the consequence would be the same, because from 16 years old on he is imputable from a criminal law point of view (except if, naturally, he has a mental disorder). CONCLUSION In what civil-juridical effects are concerned, one may briefly conclude that a person acting under the influence of drugs is entitled to some legal protection, which may be more or less comprehensive, depending on whether the person is still a (non-emancipated) minor or already a major (or a minor, although emancipated): the former is automatically protected by the minority regime, while the latter can only obtain some protection either by means of the inabilitation regime, judicially required and decided under specific circumstances, or via the accidental incapacity tight regulation, depending on whether the incapacity caused by the use of drugs is permanent, or just a transitory one. In any circumstance, the protection conferred by these incapacities regimes is limited to the invalidation of the acts practiced by the incapacitated person. With reference to criminal-juridical effects, both minority up to 16 years old and consumption of drugs have a legal treatment. On one hand, minors up to that age are not considered as imputable agents, because they are not considered as having acted with fault. Consequently, if a minor consumes drugs he will be present to court – not to a 38 Américo TAIPA DE CARVAHO, "Notation to article 295 of the Portuguese Criminal Code", Comentário Conimbricense do Código Penal, Parte Especial, Tomo III, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1999, p. 1112. 18 criminal court but to a family and minors one –, for one of the mentioned "security (educative) measures" to be applied. On another hand, if the person who consumes drugs is still a minor from a civil-juridical point of view but already criminally responsible, because he/she is 16 years old or more and undertakes the same behavior, he/she will be present to criminal court and a penalty may then be applied. However, if for example the person was forced to consume drugs and, under such circumstances, he/she commits a crime, he/she will not be punished neither for the crime of consumption of drugs (because he/she had not the intent to do it), nor for the practiced crime, because the person will be considered as non-imputable and just a security measure may be applied. Macau, April 25, 2007. REFERÊNCIAS ANDRADE, Manuel A. Domingues de. Teoria Geral da Relação Jurídica, vols. I e II, Almedina, Coimbra 1997 e 1998; BELEZA, Teresa Pizarro. Direito Penal, 2.º volume, Lisboa, AAFDL, 1980; DIAS, Jorge de Figueiredo. Comentário Conimbricense do Código Penal, Parte Especial, Tomo III, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1999; DIAS, Jorge de Figueiredo. Direito Penal, Parte Geral, Tomo I, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 2004; LIMA, Pires de; VARELA, Antunes. Código Civil Anotado, Vol. I, 4ªedição revista e actualizada com a colaboração de M. Henrique Mesquita, Coimbra Editora, 1987; PINTO, Carlos Alberto da Mota. Teoria Geral do Direito Civil, 3ªedição actualizada, Coimbra Editora, 1996; PINTO, Carlos Alberto da Mota. Teoria Geral do Direito Civil, 4ª edição por António Pinto Monteiro e Paulo Mota Pinto, Coimbra Editora, 2005; RODRIGUES, Anabela Miranda; DUARTE-FONSECA, António Carlos. Comentário da Lei Tutelar Educativa, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 2003; SILVA, Germano Marques da. Direito Penal Português, Parte Geral, I – Introdução e teoria da lei penal, Lisboa, Editorial Verbo, 1997. 19
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 2/1/12
BUFFALO, NY - FEBRUARY 10: Clarke MacArthur#41 of the Buffalo Sabres looks on against of Florida Panthers on February 10, 2008 at HSBC Arena in Buffalo, New York. (Photo by Rick Stewart/Getty Images)
James Reimer stopped all 25 shots he faced and Clarke MacArthur scored in the third period to lift the Toronto Maple Leafs over the Pittsburgh Penguins 1-0 on Wednesday night. The win gave the Maple Leafs a split of a home-and-home set with Pittsburgh one night after the Penguins erased a 4-1 deficit in the third period before pulling out a 5-4 shootout win. It looked as if overtime would again be necessary Wednesday until MacArthur took a pass from Mikhail Grabovski and deked around Brent Johnson with 6:05 to go in regulation. It was the second shutout this season for Pittsburgh. Reimer, who was starting for only the second time in 14 games, registered his first shutout since opening night against Montreal in October. It was also a rare appearance for Johnson, who gave Marc-Andre Fleury a rest for the second time in 19 games. The game featured decidedly less energy than what was on display 24 hours earlier in Pittsburgh, when both coaches were left with some defensive concerns...
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How can we Jewish liberals be cured and turned again into good Jews? All we need to do is shut down our brains. According to Netanyahu & Co., this is the road to redemption.By Carlo Strenger 0 comments
One day a year you can hear yourself think. And take a moment to appreciate those people who, without fanfare and often at great cost to themselves, keep us safe.By Bradley Burston 3 comments
A Jerusalem-Sephardic dish from the kitchen of Rachelle Sasson.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
Easy to create and visually attractive.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
A rich, satisfying but lightly seasoned dish that won't make the diner thirsty.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
Many readers don't even know how to pronounce the name of this dish, while others who are familiar with it will be overtaken by nostalgia at its very sound.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
An easy-to-make dish for the last meal before Yom Kippur begins.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
An easy and tasty soup for their pre-fast meal.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
A low-fat dish with for the last meal before Yom Kippur begins.By Nira Rousso 0 comments
A Moroccan specialty.By City Mouse Online 0 comments
A Moroccan treat to break the fast.By City Mouse Online 0 comments
This cake that was popular among Greek Jews is airier and lighter than the other semolina cakes.By Doram Gaunt 0 comments
A refreshing lemonade for breaking the fast.By Doram Gaunt 0 comments
Chicago White Sox says reached an agreement with Cleveland Indians to change game time, pleasing Jewish fans.By JTA 0 comments
Drink cold, to break the fast.By Doram Gaunt 0 comments


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We asked our Facebook fans where the best ice cream spot it in Central Florida is. See which places made the top 5!
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Great sound
great tracks you guys have chosen here to showcase your rich, soulful vocal sound..particularly loving your acoustic version of "used to know"..just wonderful! and really diggin the vocal and writing for "old stone"..there's some real solid musicianship on this playlist!!
Dropping by to show support and wish you much success with your music. Have a great Sunday and week. Eddie Ray
You have a great sound here! The vocals and lyrics on Old Stone are awesome. I enjoyed your unique sound! Best wishes! --Slam Horse
Great Songs!!!


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I have skied for years at Snowshoe and since I took up golf, I have always wanted to visit this course. I have a WV Golf Association VIP card which made my trip to Snowshoe very economical. I played a Jack Nicklaus course the day before and it was special to then play a Gary Player course. This is predominantly a mountain layout and was beautiful. The fairways and green were in very good condition. All the staff members, particularly Chris were very helpful. This course is in the mountains of WV and is a trip from almost everywhere, but it is worth it.
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DynCorp's 'Strategic' Defense In Drug Crop Spraying Suit
The House Energy and Commerce Committee convened a markup session on June 2 and 3, 2015, to consider a slightly revised version of the TSCA Modernization Act of 2015 as H.R. 2576. As reported in our June 3, 2015, memorandum,...more
With a back story sparked by the tragedy of 9/11 and that at times reads like a novel teeming with alleged government cover-up, fraud and employee persecution, EPA has agreed to a March 31, 2016, deadline for deciding whether...more
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Information Sharing regarding the sharing of data and other confidential...more
December 19, 2014 marked the deadline for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to announce its final decision regarding a new regulatory scheme for coal ash disposal (Coal Combustion Residuals or CCR). The new...more
On December 10, 2014, EPA released a prepublication version of its long-awaited final rule revising regulations affecting hazardous materials recyclers under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"). The rule,...more
On December 10, 2014, the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA" or the "Agency") signed a final rule revising the definition of "solid waste" for purposes of the federal hazardous waste regulatory...more
Today EPA issued a final rule regulating coal combustion residuals (CCR) as solid waste under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This ends years of speculation regarding whether EPA might decide...more
"A long time ago in a [May 19, 1980 Federal Register] far, far away [or so it seems]," the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declared its authority to regulate all hazardous secondary material, whether discarded or...more
The U.S. EPA recycling rules for "hazardous secondary materials" have been like the mathematical word problems you wanted to avoid on the algebra test: complicated and mind-bending. But what wastes are exempted from...more
The U.S. EPA's efforts to develop a new regulatory path for coal ash ("Coal Combustion Residuals" or "CCR") by regulating the material either as a hazardous waste or as a solid but non-hazardous waste, are nearing a...more
EPA's current estimate of the completion time for a draft of its study of the risks posed by hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") to drinking water is now projected by the agency to be developed in early 2015. This is based on...more
EPA Schedules SAP Meeting On Endocrine Activity: On September 16, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it has scheduled a four-day meeting of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide...more
On October 1, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) for 15 related chemical substances commonly known as nonylphenols (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE). For 13...more
Following the release last week of our Firm Clients and Friends Memorandum "Summary of Changes in the Chemical Safety Improvement Act (CSIA, S. 1009) and the Boxer TSCA Version Released September 18, 2014," Bergeson &...more
The Green Chemistry Clearinghouse Conference held on September 16, 2014, in San Francisco included several interesting panels discussing topics including California Safer Consumer Products Regulations' (SCPR) recently...more
While spring is typically the time of year we think of for cleaning, I find fall a good time to do it. I probably never got over the feeling of new beginnings that come with fall and school starting. So, as I was cleaning my...more
IARC Classifies Dichloromethane, Other Substances As Human Carcinogens: In June, an expert panel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that dichloromethane, a chemical substance used to make...more
Under Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 3(e), a registrant may distribute or sell its registered product under another person's name and address instead of (or in addition to) its own without...more
EPA Extols Pesticide Civil Penalty, But The Decision Could Be Problematic For Registrants And EPA: On June 6, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that Liphatech, Inc. (Liphatech), a pesticide...more
On June 6, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that Liphatech, Inc. (Liphatech), a pesticide manufacturer based in Milwaukee, WI, paid a $738,000 civil penalty for Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,...more
The Democratic Minority has circulated a redline version of the April 22, 2014, discussion draft of the Chemicals in Commerce Act (CICA2). A copy of the redline version of CICA2 is available online. The redline version is an...more
Federal Court of Appeals strikes down a portion of the EPA's rule limiting a Court's authority for imposing civil fines for equipment failures. While upholding portions of EPA's new rules for air toxic emissions for cement...more
EPA's efforts to regulate certain types of wastes as hazardous wastes -- some decades in the making -- are starting to see the light of day. Ranging from "very hot" to "simmering," a number of EPA's rules under the Resource...more
EPA Makes TSCA Notifications Of Substantial Risk Amendable To Electronic Reporting: On March 19, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that notifications of substantial risk under Section 8(e) of the...more
EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Updates EDSP Comprehensive Management Plan: On February 21, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) updated its Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)...more
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Town Square
County implements drive-throughs for voters
Original post made on Jun 5, 2012
Read the full story here Web Link posted Tuesday, June 5, 2012, 11:15 AM
Comments (3)
a resident of Whisman Station
on Jun 5, 2012 at 2:28 pm
Drive through elections, but no drive through restaurants?
a resident of Shoreline West
on Jun 5, 2012 at 3:23 pm
Matt, they only implement bans that hurt and stifle businesses. I thought the same thing when I read this article.
a resident of Old Mountain View
on Jun 6, 2012 at 3:50 pm
Chick-fil-a please!!!
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Lutticken's owner opens Main & Elm in Redwood City
By Elena Kadvany | 7 comments | 2,386 views
OK I Changed The Title
By Laura Stec | 22 comments | 1,642 views
TV for Tots: A Lesson In Deceptive Marketing
By Caroline Fleck | 8 comments | 663 views
Relay for Life, Menlo Park, August 8
By Chandrama Anderson | 0 comments | 606 views


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Juan Diego was born in 1474 in the calpulli or ward of Tlayacac in Cuauhtitlan, which was established in 1168 by Nahua tribesmen and conquered by the Aztec lord Axayacatl in 1467; and was ... continue reading
Born in France in 1567, Francis was a patient man. He knew for thirteen years that he had a vocation to the priesthood before he mentioned it to his family. When his father said that he ... continue reading
"Jesus loved Martha and Mary and Lazarus." This unique statement in John's gospel tells us of the special relationship Jesus had with Martha, her sister, and her brother. ... continue reading | shop
English martyr. He was born at Stocksteads, Hampshire, and was a convert. He was arrested the day he received his first Communion. A husbands man by trade, Ralph was allowed a leave from prison and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
St. Joan of Arc is the patroness of soldiers and of France. On January 6, 1412, Joan of Arc was born to pious parents of the French peasant class, at the obscure village of Domremy, near the province of Lorraine. At a very early age, she heard voices: those of St. ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
David, the youngest son of Scotland�s virtuous queen, (Saint) Margaret, succeeded his brother to the Scottish throne in 1124. David�s friend, (Saint) Aelred, abbot of the English monastery of ... continue reading
Abbess and model of the conventual life. Agnes was a friend of the poet Venantius Fortunatus, who visited her in the Holy Cross convent in Poitiers, France. Recognized for her holiness and ... continue reading
By Justin Soutar
During his visit to the United States this coming September, Pope Francis will canonize Blessed Junipero Serra, the heroic 'Apostle of California.' Once that happens, the Golden State will have its own patron saint and the Church will have another great missionary role ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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Diabetes Treatment Center - Brandon, FL
Brandon Endocrinologist Doctors for Diabetes Treatment
Type of Physician: Endocrinologist
What is a Endocrinologist?
A subspecialty certification by the Board of Internal Medicine; practitioners treat disorders of the internal (endocrine) glands such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. Endocrinology also deals with disorders such as diabetes, metabolic and nutritional disorders, pituitary diseases, and menstrual and sexual problems.
Specialty: Endocrinology
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The major goal in treating diabetes is to minimize any elevation of blood sugar (glucose) without causing abnormally low levels of blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes is trea...!--*ICCChunk-219*-->
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text:
What a better place to stay in Arenal than at the base of the volcano in a clean and quiet cabin with air conditioning. We had a room at the back of the property with the best view of the volcano. Every morning we awoke to it smoking at the top. Booking our trip was easy thanks to Keilyn, the front desk manager. She arranged our shuttle to the airport and our excursions to the volcano and hot springs.
The breakfast here was included and was some of the best typical breakfast that we had during our entire trip. I highly recommend that you stay here. The price is more than right and you get breakfast included in the price. It's a short walk to town or a $4 cab ride, either way, it's well worth it.
The absolute only downside was the bed, it wasn't too comfortable, but it was okay for our three night stay.


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NRCS announces funding for organic initiative
USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is taking applications for a 2011 nationwide Organic Initiative to encourage more organic agriculture production. Funding for the initiative is being made available as part of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP).
"EQIP has always been available to organic producers, but with the new Farm Bill, specific funds are being set aside to assist organic producers," stated Al Garner, Mississippi State Conservationist for NRCS. "The goal of this state-wide organic farming program is to assist producers with making beneficial, cost effective changes to production systems for cool and warm season vegetables and herbs.."
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text:
To be considered, Technology Fast 500 entrants must meet the following criteria:
The complete 2009 Deloitte Technology Fast 500 report is available online: http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/Technology/technologyfast500/index.htm.
About Actinic Keratoses
Actinic keratoses are rough-textured, dry, scaly patches on the skin caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, such as sunlight. They occur most frequently on sun exposed areas such as the face, scalp, ears, neck, hands and arms. They form on the outermost layer of skin and they can range in color from skin toned to reddish brown. They can also range in size from as small as a pinhead to larger than a quarter.
About DUSA Pharmaceuticals
DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(R)( )is an integrated dermatology pharmaceutical company focused primarily on the development and marketing of its Levulan(R) Photodynamic Therapy technology platform, and complementary dermatology products. Levulan PDT is currently approved for the treatment of Grade 1 and 2 actinic keratoses of the face and scalp. DUSA also markets other dermatology products, including ClindaReach(R). DUSA is researching Levulan PDT for the treatment of AKs and the reduction of new
|SOURCE DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
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text:
MTV's TEEN MOM Soundtrack to Benefit Teen Pregnancy Prevention Campaign
MTV today announced the commercial release of the soundtrack to its hit docu-series, "Teen Mom." The 12 track playlist includes emerging artists whose songs have been featured in "Teen Mom" and "Teen Mom 2." Available exclusively on iTunes, proceeds will go to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
"This marks the first time MTV has used sales of a series soundtrack to promote and support a cause," said Joe Cuello, Senior Vice President of Creative Music Integration, MTV. "Young people around the country have learned about teen pregnancy prevention through 'Teen Mom,' and now we're giving them a way to support this issue while connecting with music from talented indie artists."
In conjunction with the release of the album, the up-and-coming artists included on the soundtrack will be featured in MTV's PUSH campaign. In addition, fans will be treated to the world premiere of Andy Davis' music video for "Solution to Run" on Soundtrack.MTV.com. Additional videos, interviews, performances and exclusive clips from all the artists will be available on-air and online. The soundtrack includes MTV/HYPE MUSIC artists:
1. E For Explosion - "This Is Me Being Honest"
2. The Wealthy West - "Give Me Resurrection"
3. Automatic Empire - "Nothing Real Can Last Forever"
4. One Hundred Paces - "Rise"
5. Lennon Sloane - "Bigger Than Us"
6. Ian Love - "Take My Hand"
7. Desert Noises - "Tell Me You Love Me"
8. Andy Davis - "Hard To Believe"
9. Dave Thomas Junior - "Until We Head Into The Stars"
10. Blackchords - "Raise My Hands"
11. The Rocketboys - "On The Other Side"
12. Jay Malinowski - "There's A Light"
Proceeds from the soundtrack sales beginning today through July 17, 2012 will go toward teen pregnancy prevention. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, more than 700,000 teenage girls in the U.S. become pregnant each year and one out of every ten children in the U.S. is born to a teenage mother. The vast majority of these pregnancies are unintended. Despite impressive declines in the teen pregnancy and birth rates, the United States still has the highest rate of teen pregnancy and teen birth in the entire developed world.
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