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TOPICAL PAPER Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass
E-Print Network [OSTI]
TOPICAL PAPER Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels, Chemicals that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, improve the economy, dispose of such products, and sugar costs are predicted to drop with plant size as a result of economies of scale
California at Riverside, University of
Refinements in Effective Potential Calculations in the MSSM
The one-loop effective potential is a powerful tool in studying the electroweak symmetry breaking of supersymmetric theories, whose precise calculation may have important phenomenological consequences. In this work, we are correctly treating the contribution of the Higgs sector to the effective potential and refine the radiative corrections to the Higgs mixing parameter $\\mu$, which is known to affect greatly the supersymmetric spectrum. Working at the average stop scale to minimize the effect of the stop sector, we find additional corrections which can play a dominant role in the Focus Point region of the parameter space of the MSSM. The comparison of our results with those of the literature is discussed. We also discuss the gauge dependence of the effective potential and its effect on the $\\mu$ parameter in analyses where this is determined from the 1-loop minimization conditions of the effective potential.
M. Argyrou; A. Katsikatsou; I. Malamos
More evidence for a refined Gribov-Zwanziger action based on an effective potential approach
The purpose of this proceeding is twofold. Firstly, we shall make the refining of the Gribov-Zwanziger action more complete by taking into account more condensates than considered so far. Secondly, we shall provide more evidence for the refined Gribov-Zwanziger action based on an effective potential approach.
N. Vandersickel; D. Dudal; S. P. Sorella
Refinement of the $n-?$ and $p-?$ fish-bone potential
The fishbone potential of composite particles simulates the Pauli effect by nonlocal terms. We determine the $n-\\alpha$ and $p-\\alpha$ fish-bone potential by simultaneously fitting to the experimental phase shifts. We found that with a double Gaussian parametrization of the local potential can describe the $n-\\alpha$ and $p-\\alpha$ phase shifts for all partial waves.
E. Smith; R. Woodhouse; Z. Papp
Neutron and X-ray diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement modelling of magnesium stabilised amorphous calcium
Neutron and X-ray diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement modelling of magnesium online xxxx Keywords: Amorphous calcium carbonate; EPSR modelling; Neutron diffraction; X-ray diffraction Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) plays a key role in biomineralisation processes in sea organisms. Neutron
Benning, Liane G.
Anomalous Scaling and Refined Similarity of an Active Scalar in a Model of Homogeneous Turbulent Convection
Anomalous scaling in the statistics of an active scalar in homogeneous turbulent convection is studied using a dynamical shell model. We extend refined similarity ideas for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence to homogeneous turbulent convection and attribute the origin of the anomalous scaling to variations of the entropy transfer rate. We verify the consequences and thus the validity of our hypothesis by showing that the conditional statistics of the active scalar and the velocity at fixed values of entropy transfer rate are not anomalous but have simple scaling with exponents given by dimensional considerations, and that the intermittency corrections are given by the scaling exponents of the moments of the entropy transfer rate.
Emily S. C. Ching; W. C. Cheng
The potential impact of proposed hazardous air pollutant legislation on the US refining industry. Final report, Task 9
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
The Administration has recently submitted a Clean Air Act Bill to Congress which would significantly modify the regulatory treatment of industrial hazardous air pollutants (air toxics). The adverse economic impacts of this legislation on the petroleum refining industry could be substantial. Depending on how EPA interprets the legislative language, the capital costs of compliance for the proposed bill could range from $1.3 to $15.0 billion. At the upper end of the range, costs of this order of magnitude would be over 2.5 times larger than the combined estimated cost of EPAs gasoline volatility (RVP) regulations and the proposed diesel sulfur content regulations. Potential compliance costs could be as much as $0.40 per barrel processed for large, complex refineries and as much as $0.50 per barrel for some small, simple refineries. For perspective, total refining costs, including a normal return on investment, are $4--5 per barrel. Because foreign refineries supplying the US will not be affected by the US air toxics regulations, US refineries may not be able to raise prices sufficiently to recover their compliance costs. For this reason, the air toxic legislation may put US refineries at an economic disadvantage relative to foreign competitors. Even under the best petroleum product market conditions, costs of $0.40 to $0.50 per barrel processed could reduce US Gulf refiner cash operating margins by as much as 29 percent. Under less favorable market conditions, such as the mid-80`s when refiners were losing money, the hazardous air pollutant regulations could greatly increase US refiner operating losses and potentially lead to closure of some marginal refineries.
Not Available
Decorrelation of neural activity during fixational instability: Possible implications for the refinement
for the refinement of V1 receptive fields MICHELE RUCCI1 and ANTONINO CASILE2 1 Department of Cognitive and Neural June 10, 2004) Abstract Early in life, visual experience appears to influence the refinement in the experience-dependent refinement of cell response characteristics. To investigate the possible influences
Rucci, Michele
Biocatalysis in Oil Refining
Biocatalysis in Oil Refining focuses on petroleum refining bioprocesses, establishing a connection between science and technology. The micro organisms and biomolecules examined for biocatalytic purposes for oil refining processes are thoroughly detailed. Terminology used by biologists, chemists and engineers is brought into a common language, aiding the understanding of complex biological-chemical-engineering issues. Problems to be addressed by the future R&D activities and by new technologies are described and summarized in the last chapter.
Borole, Abhijeet P [ORNL; Ramirez-Corredores, M. M. [BP Global Fuels Technology
Structure of 2 molar NaOH in aqueous solution from neutron diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement
Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution has been used to investigate aqueous solutions of 2M NaOH in the liquid state. The data were modeled using empirical potential structure refinement which allows for the extraction of the ion-water and water-water correlations. The data show that the ion-water radial distribution functions are in accordance with those found by previous studies on NaOH solutions and follow a trend which is dependent on the concentration of the solute. In particular, the shape of the hydroxide hydration shell is found to be concentration independent, but the number of water molecules occupying this shell increases with dilution. Additionally, the water-water correlations show that there is still a measurable effect on water structure with the addition of ions at this concentration, as the second shell in the water oxygen radial distribution function is compressed relative to the first shell. The data are also used to discuss the recent claims that the published radial distribution functions of water are unreliable, showing that data taken at different neutron sources, with different diffraction geometry and systematic errors lead to the same structural information when analyzed via a realistic modeling regime.
McLain, Sylvia E.; Imberti, Silvia; Soper, Alan K.; Botti, Alberto; Bruni, Fabio; Ricci, Maria Antonietta [ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OXON OX11 0QX (United Kingdom); ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OXON OX11 0QX, United Kingdom and CNR-ISC, Sezione di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Finland) (Italy); ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OXON OX11 0QX (United Kingdom); Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome (Italy)
Refined blowups.
Categorical resolution of singularities has been constructed in arXiv:1212.6170. It proceeds by alternating two steps of seemingly different nature. We show how to use the formalism of filtered derived categories to combine the two steps into one. This results in a certain rather natural categorical refinement of the usual blowup of an algebraic variety in a closed subscheme.
D. Kaledin; A. Kuznetsov
Reductions in Northeast Refining Activity: Potential Implications for Petroleum Product Markets
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary) " ,"ClickPipelines About U.S.30NaturalThousand Cubic Feet) OmanThousand36,610.05
Rietveld Refinement
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmosphericNuclear Security Administration the1 -the Mid-Infrared0 Resource Program September Department ofRiehle. DorothyRefinement
Modern refining and petrochemical equipment
Petroleum refining and petroleum chemistry are characterized by a whole set of manufacturing processes and methods, whose application depends on the initial raw material and the final products. Therefore, refining and petrochemical equipment has many different operational principles, design solutions, and materials. The activities of the Russian Petroleum Industry are discussed.
Pugach, V.V.
Refining the Elliptic Genus
We show how special forms of an $N=2$ Landau-Ginzburg potential directly imply the presence of an $N=2$ super-$W$ algebra. If the Landau-Ginzburg model has a super-$W$ algebra, we show how the elliptic genus can be refined so as to give much more complete information about the structure of the model. We study the super-$W_3$ model in some detail, and present some results and conjectures about more general models.
D. Nemeschansky; N. P. Warner
Refined Hopf Link Revisited
We establish a relation between the refined Hopf link invariant and the S-matrix of the refined Chern-Simons theory. We show that the refined open string partition function corresponding to the Hopf link, calculated using the refined topological vertex, when expressed in the basis of Macdonald polynomials gives the S-matrix of the refined Chern-Simons theory.
Amer Iqbal; Can Koz�az
Refined matrix models from BPS counting
We construct a free fermion and matrix model representation of refined BPS generating functions of D2 and D0 branes bound to a single D6 brane, in a class of toric manifolds without compact four-cycles. In appropriate limit we obtain a matrix model representation of refined topological string amplitudes. We consider a few explicit examples which include a matrix model for the refined resolved conifold, or equivalently five-dimensional U(1) gauge theory, as well as a matrix representation of the refined MacMahon function. Matrix models which we construct have ordinary unitary measure, while their potentials are modified to incorporate the effect of the refinement.
Piotr Su?kowski
Reaping Energy Savings from Petroleum Refining
REAPING ENERGY SAVINGS FROM PETROLEUM REFINING Alan Deng, Project Manager, San Francisco, CA, Ron Cascone, Project Manager, White Plains, NY, Nexant, Inc. ABSTRACT The refining industry is one of the largest energy users in Pacific Gas... years� energy conservation and demand-side management program participation. The PG&E�s refinery energy efficiency program (REEP) is designed to address key market barriers and tap into the savings potential from energy-intensive refining processes...
Deng, A.; Cascone, R.
ITP Petroleum Refining: Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining Processes ITP Petroleum Refining: Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining Processes bandwidth.pdf More Documents & Publications ITP Petroleum...
ITP Petroleum Refining: Profile of the Petroleum Refining Industry...
Profile of the Petroleum Refining Industry in California: California Industries of the Future Program ITP Petroleum Refining: Profile of the Petroleum Refining Industry in...
Romanian refining industry assesses restructuring
The Romanian crude oil refining industry, as all the other economic sectors, faces the problems accompanying the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. At present, all refineries have registered as joint-stock companies and all are coordinated and assisted by Rafirom S.A., from both a legal and a production point of view. Rafirom S.A. is a joint-stock company that holds shares in refineries and other stock companies with activities related to oil refining. Such activities include technological research, development, design, transportation, storage, and domestic and foreign marketing. This article outlines the market forces that are expected to: drive rationalization and restructuring of refining operations and define the targets toward which the reconfigured refineries should strive.
Tanasescu, D.G. (General Consulting and Procurement, Poolgec Ltd., Bucharest (RO))
Spectral-element adaptive refinement
Spectral-element adaptive refinement magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the island coalescence;Abstract A recently developed spectral-element adaptive refinement incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD statically refined and dynamically refined grids. The island coalescence instability is a fundamental MHD
Ng, Chung-Sang
Refines Efficiency Improvement
Refinery processes that convert heavy oils to lighter distillate fuels require heating for distillation, hydrogen addition or carbon rejection (coking). Efficiency is limited by the formation of insoluble carbon-rich coke deposits. Heat exchangers and other refinery units must be shut down for mechanical coke removal, resulting in a significant loss of output and revenue. When a residuum is heated above the temperature at which pyrolysis occurs (340 C, 650 F), there is typically an induction period before coke formation begins (Magaril and Aksenova 1968, Wiehe 1993). To avoid fouling, refiners often stop heating a residuum before coke formation begins, using arbitrary criteria. In many cases, this heating is stopped sooner than need be, resulting in less than maximum product yield. Western Research Institute (WRI) has developed innovative Coking Index concepts (patent pending) which can be used for process control by refiners to heat residua to the threshold, but not beyond the point at which coke formation begins when petroleum residua materials are heated at pyrolysis temperatures (Schabron et al. 2001). The development of this universal predictor solves a long standing problem in petroleum refining. These Coking Indexes have great potential value in improving the efficiency of distillation processes. The Coking Indexes were found to apply to residua in a universal manner, and the theoretical basis for the indexes has been established (Schabron et al. 2001a, 2001b, 2001c). For the first time, a few simple measurements indicates how close undesired coke formation is on the coke formation induction time line. The Coking Indexes can lead to new process controls that can improve refinery distillation efficiency by several percentage points. Petroleum residua consist of an ordered continuum of solvated polar materials usually referred to as asphaltenes dispersed in a lower polarity solvent phase held together by intermediate polarity materials usually referred to as resins. The Coking Indexes focus on the amount of these intermediate polarity species since coke formation begins when these are depleted. Currently the Coking Indexes are determined by either titration or solubility measurements which must be performed in a laboratory. In the current work, various spectral, microscopic, and thermal techniques possibly leading to on-line analysis were explored for measuring the Coking Indexes.
The Refined Topological Vertex
We define a refined topological vertex which depends in addition on a parameter, which physically corresponds to extending the self-dual graviphoton field strength to a more general configuration. Using this refined topological vertex we compute, using geometric engineering, a two-parameter (equivariant) instanton expansion of gauge theories which reproduce the results of Nekrasov. The refined vertex is also expected to be related to Khovanov knot invariants.
Amer Iqbal; Can Kozcaz; Cumrun Vafa
Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Microbial Activity on Drift Chemistry
''Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Microbial Activity on Drift Chemistry'' focuses on the potential for microbial communities that could be active in repository emplacement drifts to influence the in-drift bulk chemical environment. This report feeds analyses to support the inclusion or exclusion of features, events, and processes (FEPs) in the total system performance assessment (TSPA) for the license application (LA), but this work is not expected to generate direct feeds to the TSPA-LA. The purpose was specified by, and the evaluation was performed and is documented in accordance with, ''Technical Work Plan For: Near-Field Environment and Transport In-Drift Geochemistry Analyses'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 172402], Section 2.1). This report addresses all of the FEPs assigned by the technical work plan (TWP), including the development of exclusion arguments for FEPs that are not carried forward to the TSPA-LA. Except for an editorial correction noted in Section 6.2, there were no other deviations from the TWP. This report documents the completion of all assigned tasks, as follows (BSC 2004 DIRS 172402, Section 1.2.1): (1) Perform analyses to evaluate the potential for microbial activity in the waste emplacement drift under the constraints of anticipated physical and chemical conditions. (2) Evaluate uncertainties associated with these analyses. (3) Determine whether the potential for microbes warrants a feed to TSPA-LA to account for predicted effects on repository performance. (4) Provide information to address the ''Yucca Mountain Review Plan, Final Report'' (NUREG-1804) (NRC 2003 [DIRS 163274]) and Key Technical Issues and agreements, as appropriate. (5) Develop information for inclusion or exclusion of FEPs.
Y. Wang
Renewable Energy Project Refinement Webinar
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
Attendees will become familiar with the three components of project refinement: project financing strategies, off-taker agreements, and vendor selection. Project refinement obstacles, particularly...
Direct Refinement against ProtonProton Dipolar Couplings in NMR Structure Determination of Macromolecules
Direct Refinement against ProtonProton Dipolar Couplings in NMR Structure Determination in macromolecular structure refinement are pre- sented. Potentials are described for direct refinement against 1 H1 dipolar coupling refinement is illustrated using the small protein ubiquitin. It is shown that direct 1 H
Clore, G. Marius
Refiners get petchems help
The U.S.Refining Industry is facing hard times. Slow growth, tough environmental regulations, and fierce competition - especially in retail gasoline - have squeezed margins and prompted a series of mergers and acquisitions. The trend has affected the smallest and largest players, and a series of transactions over the past two years has created a new industry lineup. Among the larger companies, Mobil and Amoco are the latest to consider a refining merger. That follows recent plans by Ashland and Marathon to merge their refining businesses, and the decision by Shell, Texaco, and Saudi Aramco to combine some U.S. operations. Many of the leading independent refiners have increased their scale by acquiring refinery capacity. With refining still in the doldrums, more independents are taking a closer look at boosting production of petrochemicals, which offer high growth and, usually, better margins. That is being helped by the shift to refinery processes that favor the increased production of light olefins for alkylation and the removal of aromatics, providing opportunity to extract these materials for the petrochemical market. 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Wood, A.; Cornitius, T.
Refining threshold resummations
We describe some recent refinements of the techniques of threshold resummation, with emphasis on the usefulness of dimensional regularization when applied to nonabelian exponentiation. Threshold resummation is now under theoretical control for DIS and electroweak annihilation cross sections all the way to the fourth tower of logarithms and up to corrections suppressed by powers of the threshold variable.
Eric Laenen; Lorenzo Magnea
Issues in adaptive mesh refinement
In this paper, we present an approach for a patch-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) for multi-physics simulations. The approach consists of clustering, symmetry preserving, mesh continuity, flux correction, communications, and management of patches. Among the special features of this patch-based AMR are symmetry preserving, efficiency of refinement, special implementation offlux correction, and patch management in parallel computing environments. Here, higher efficiency of refinement means less unnecessarily refined cells for a given set of cells to be refined. To demonstrate the capability of the AMR framework, hydrodynamics simulations with many levels of refinement are shown in both two- and three-dimensions.
Dai, William Wenlong [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Effect of the strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process on the tensile properties of a new developed super high strength aluminum alloy modified by Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner
In this study, the effect of Al-5Ti-1B grain refiners and modified strain-induced melt activation process on an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was studied. The optimum level of Ti was found to be 0.1 wt.%. The specimens subjected to deformation ratio of 40% (at 300 Degree-Sign C) and various heat treatment times (10-40 min) and temperature (550-600 Degree-Sign C) regimes were characterized in this study. Reheating condition to obtain a fine globular microstructure was optimized. Microstructural examinations were conducted by optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometry. The optimum temperature and time in strain-induced melt activation process are 575 Degree-Sign C and 20 min, respectively. T6 heat treatment including quenching to room temperature and aging at 120 Degree-Sign C for 24 h was employed to reach to the maximum strength. Significant improvements in mechanical properties were obtained with the addition of grain refiner combined with T6 heat treatment. After the T6 heat treatment, the average tensile strength increased from 283 MPa to 587 and 332 MPa to 617 for samples refined with 2 wt.% Al-5Ti-1B before and after strain-induced melt activation process and extrusion process, respectively. Ultimate strength of Ti-refined specimens without SIMA process has a lower value than globular microstructure specimens after SIMA and extrusion process. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The effect of Al-5Ti-1B on the aluminum alloy produced by SIMA process was studied. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Al-5Ti-1B is an effective in reducing the grain and reagent fine microstructure. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Reheating condition to obtain a fine globular microstructure was optimized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The optimum temperature and time in SIMA process are 575 Degree-Sign C and 20 min respectively. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer UTS of globular structure specimens have a more value than Ti-refined specimens.
Haghparast, Amin [School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)] [School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Nourimotlagh, Masoud [Young Researchers Club, Dareshahr Branch, Islamic Azad university (Iran, Islamic Republic of)] [Young Researchers Club, Dareshahr Branch, Islamic Azad university (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Alipour, Mohammad, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)] [School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
A Theory of Program Refinement�
We give a canonical program refinement calculus based on the lambda calculus and classical first-order predicate logic, and study its proof theory and semantics. The intention is to construct a metalanguage for refinement in which basic principles...
Denney, Ewen WKC
Worldwide refining and gas processing directory
Statistics are presented on the following: US refining; Canada refining; Europe refining; Africa refining; Asia refining; Latin American refining; Middle East refining; catalyst manufacturers; consulting firms; engineering and construction; US gas processing; international gas processing; plant maintenance providers; process control and simulation systems; and trade associations.
Bioindication Potential of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Anemones
bioindication. While oysters and many other bivalves are predisposed to accumulate heavy metal pollutants from polluted vs pristine ®eld sites. CA activity was found to be de- creased with increase in metal. Keywords: carbonic anhydrase; metal pollution; anemo- nes; coral reefs; Panama. The activity of the zinc
Bermingham, Eldredge
Refining thick subcategory theorems.
We use a $K$-theory recipe of Thomason to obtain classifications of triangulated subcategories via refining some standard thick subcategory theorems. We apply this recipe to the full subcategories of finite objects in the derived categories of rings and the stable homotopy category of spectra. This gives, in the derived categories, a complete classification of the triangulated subcategories of perfect complexes over some commutative rings. In the stable homotoy category of spectra we obtain only a partial classification of the triangulated subcategories of the finite $p$-local spectra. We use this partial classification to study the lattice of triangulated subcategories. This study gives some new evidence to a conjecture of Adams that the thick subcategory $\\C_2$ can be generated by iterated cofiberings of the Smith-Toda complex. We also discuss several consequences of these classification theorems.
Sunil K. Chebolu.
Conducting polymers as potential active materials in electrochemical supercapacitors
Electronically,conducting polymers represent an interesting class of materials for use in electrochemical capacitors because of the combination of high capacitive energy density and low materials cost. Three generalized types of electrochemical capacitors can be constructed using conducting polymers as active material, and in the third of these, which utilizes conducting polymers that can be both n- and p-doped, energy densities of up to 40 watt-hours per kilogram of active material on both electrodes have been demonstrated.
Rudge, A.; Davey, J.; Raistrick, I.; Gottesfeld, S. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Ferraris, J.P. [Texas Univ., Richardson, TX (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
Rudge, A.; Davey, J.; Raistrick, I.; Gottesfeld, S. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States)); Ferraris, J.P. (Texas Univ., Richardson, TX (United States). Dept. of Chemistry)
Potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity and DNA damage in swallows
Potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity and DNA damage, to evaluate the potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity in brain and gonads and DNA damage in blood cells. The tritiated water-release aromatase assay was used to measure aromatase
Mora, Miguel A.
Potential Health Effects of Marcellus Shale Activities: The Need for Public
. #12;Implications of the Gulf Oil Spill to Marcellus Shale Activities - Environmental and human health salt (Proprietary) 10.0 - 30.0% #12;Implications of the Gulf Oil Spill to Marcellus Shale ActivitiesPotential Health Effects of Marcellus Shale Activities: The Need for Public Health Surveillance
Sibille, Etienne
Integrated process for the solvent refining of coal
DOE Patents [OSTI]
A process is set forth for the integrated liquefaction of coal by the catalytic solvent refining of a feed coal in a first stage to liquid and solid products and the catalytic hydrogenation of the solid product in a second stage to produce additional liquid product. A fresh inexpensive, throw-away catalyst is utilized in the second stage hydrogenation of the solid product and this catalyst is recovered and recycled for catalyst duty in the solvent refining stage without any activation steps performed on the used catalyst prior to its use in the solvent refining of feed coal.
Garg, Diwakar (Macungie, PA)
Refinement of Inequalities among Means
In this paper we shall consider some famous means such as arithmetic, harmonic, geometric, root-square means, etc. Some new means recently studied are also presented. Different kinds of refinement of inequalities among these means are given.
Inder Jeet Taneja
Generic refinements for behavioral specifications�
This thesis investigates the properties of generic refinements of behavioral specifications. At the base of this investigation stands the view from algebraic specification that abstract data types can be modeled as ...
Petria, Marius
Model Refinement for Economic Assessments of
Model Refinement for Economic Assessments of Hawai`i Clean Energy Policies: Scenario Selection agency thereof. #12;Model Refinement for Economic Assessments of Hawaii Clean Energy Policies Selection
NORTHEAST REGIONAL REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCT RESERVE | Department...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
NORTHEAST REGIONAL REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCT RESERVE NORTHEAST REGIONAL REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCT RESERVE The Northeast region of the U.S. is particularly vulnerable to gasoline...
Refining the shifted topological vertex
We study aspects of the refining and shifting properties of the 3d MacMahon function C{sub 3}(q) used in topological string theory and BKP hierarchy. We derive the explicit expressions of the shifted topological vertex S{sub {lambda}}{sub {mu}}{sub {nu}}(q) and its refined version T{sub {lambda}}{sub {mu}}{sub {nu}}(q,t). These vertices complete results in literature.
Drissi, L. B.; Jehjouh, H.; Saidi, E. H. [Faculte des Sciences, Laboratory/UFR-Physique des Hautes Energies, Rabat, 1014 (Morocco); Groupement National de Physique des Hautes Energies (GNPHE), Siege focal:FS, Rabat, 1014 (Morocco)
Mechanisms Underlying Developmental Changes in the Firing Patterns of ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells during Refinement
Cells during Refinement of their Central Projections Karen L. Myhr,1 Peter D. Lukasiewicz,1,2 and Rachel School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Patterned neuronal activity is implicated in the refinement patterns of spontaneous activity as their axonal projections undergo refinement. OFF RGCs be- come
Myhr, Karen
DSm Vector Spaces of Refined Labels
In this book the authors introduce the notion of DSm vector spaces of refined labels. They also realize the refined labels as a plane and a n-dimensional space. Further, using these refined labels, several algebraic structures are defined. Finally DSm semivector space or refined labels is described. Authors also propose some research problems.
W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy; Florentin Smarandache
Conformal refinement of unstructured quadrilateral meshes
We present a multilevel adaptive refinement technique for unstructured quadrilateral meshes in which the mesh is kept conformal at all times. This means that the refined mesh, like the original, is formed of only quadrilateral elements that intersect strictly along edges or at vertices, i.e., vertices of one quadrilateral element do not lie in an edge of another quadrilateral. Elements are refined using templates based on 1:3 refinement of edges. We demonstrate that by careful design of the refinement and coarsening strategy, we can maintain high quality elements in the refined mesh. We demonstrate the method on a number of examples with dynamically changing refinement regions.
Garmella, Rao [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Assembling, analyzing, refining, and cataloging molecular interaction network
Mak, Huajiang Craig
Executive functions in schizophrenia : defining and refining the constructs
Schizophrenia: Defining and Refining the Constructs By Gauriin Schizophrenia: Defining and Refining the Constructs A
Savla, Gauri Nayak
TreeRefiner: A Tool for Refining a Multiple Alignment on a Phylogenetic Tree
TreeRefiner: A Tool for Refining a Multiple Alignment on a Phylogenetic Tree Aswath firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract We present TreeRefiner, a tool for refining multiple alignments of biological sequences. Given a multiple alignment, a phylogenetic tree, and scoring parameters as input, TreeRefiner
Batzoglou, Serafim
Method for refining contaminated iridium
Contaminated iridium is refined by alloying it with an alloying agent selected from the group consisting of manganese and an alloy of manganese and copper, and then dissolving the alloying agent from the formed alloy to provide a purified iridium powder.
Heshmatpour, B.; Heestand, R.L.
Heshmatpour, Bahman (Waltham, MA); Heestand, Richard L. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Refining the Shifted Topological Vertex
We study aspects of the refining and shifting properties of the 3d MacMahon function $\\mathcal{C}_{3}(q) $ used in topological string theory and BKP hierarchy. We derive the explicit expressions of the shifted topological vertex $\\mathcal{S}_{\\lambda \\mu \
Lalla Btissam Drissi; Houda Jehjouh; El Hassan Saidi
Green Petroleum Refining - Mathematical Models for Optimizing Petroleum Refining Under Emission Constraints.
??Petroleum refining processes provide the daily requirements of energy for the global market. Each refining process produces wastes that have the capacity to harm the� (more)
Ali Yusuf, Yusuf
A design flow based on modular refinement
We propose a practical methodology based on modular refinement to design complex systems. The methodology relies on modules with latency-insensitive interfaces so that the refinements can change the timing contract of a ...
Dave, Nirav H.
Sharp Retrenchment, Modulated Refinement and Simulation
retrenchment is introduced and briefly justified informally, as a liberalisation of refinement. In sharp as a liberalisation of the notion of refinement, whose purpose was to enable more of the informal aspects of de
Banach, Richard
Firing of pulverized solvent refined coal
An air-purged burner for the firing of pulverized solvent refined coal is constructed and operated such that the solvent refined coal can be fired without the coking thereof on the burner components. The air-purged burner is designed for the firing of pulverized solvent refined coal in a tangentially fired boiler.
Derbidge, T. Craig (Sunnyvale, CA); Mulholland, James A. (Chapel Hill, NC); Foster, Edward P. (Macungie, PA)
Refinement in cases of Twinning Lothar Esser
Refinement in cases of Twinning Lothar Esser National Cancer Institute Despite working in crystallography for a number of years, it was only recently that I was asked to refine a structure against twinned was twinned using a model of > 99% sequence identity. As the refinement did not progress as it should
Arnold Schwarzenegger REFINING ESTIMATES OF WATER-
Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor REFINING ESTIMATES OF WATER- RELATED ENERGY USE IN CALIFORNIA Energy Technologies · Transportation Refining Estimates of WaterRelated Energy Use in California is the final report for the Refining Estimates of EnergyRelated Energy Use in California project (contract
Solvent dramatically affects protein structure refinement
Solvent dramatically affects protein structure refinement Gaurav Chopraa , Christopher M. Summab structure), also known as the protein structure refinement problem. It has been shown that improve- ment in protein structure refinement. Molecular dynamics in explicit sol- vent and energy minimization in both
Summa, Christopher M.
Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Petroleum Refining Industry
Manufacturing and Petroleum Refining Industries. Office of1994. Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics, 3 rdProfile of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry, Office of
Worrell, Ernst; Galitsky, Christina
ITP Petroleum Refining: Impacts of Condition Assessment on Energy...
ITP Petroleum Refining: Impacts of Condition Assessment on Energy Use: Selected Applications in Chemicals Processing and Petroleum Refining ITP Petroleum Refining: Impacts of...
ITP Petroleum Refining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the...
and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry (November 2007) ITP Petroleum Refining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry...
Petroleum Refining Energy Use in Relation to Fuel Products Made
In recent years crude oils available to refiners have required more energy to refine and refiners have adjusted their processes to obtain better energy efficiency. In addition, the shift to lead-free gasoline has led to refining adjustments...
White, J. R.; Marshall, J. F.; Shoemaker, G. L.; Smith, R. B.
Representations of finite groups The Alperin-McKay refinement
Representations of finite groups The Alperin-McKay refinement The Isaacs-Navarro refinements The Mc-McKay refinement The Isaacs-Navarro refinements The basics Some history The McKay conjecture (for now) Let G groups The Alperin-McKay refinement The Isaacs-Navarro refinements The basics Some history The Mc
Cossey, James P.
TRP Activators Inhibitors Putative Interacting Proteins Proposed Functions Activation potentiated by PLC pathways Gd, La TRPC4, TRPC5, calmodulin, TRPC3,
potentiated by PLC pathways Gd, La TRPC4, TRPC5, calmodulin, TRPC3, TRPP1, IP3Rs, caveolin-1, PMCA Homodimer-based olfactory cues; pheromone sensing C3 Diacylglycerol, [Ca2+ ]I, activation potentiated by PLC pathways BTP2, flufenamate, Gd, La TRPC1, calmodulin, PLC, PLC, IP3R, RyR, SERCA, caveolin-1, SNAP, NCX1 Potential role
Clapham, David E.
More refined enumerations of alternating sign matrices
We study a further refinement of the standard refined enumeration of alternating sign matrices (ASMs) according to their first two rows instead of just the first row, and more general "d-refined" enumerations of ASMs according to the first d rows. For the doubly-refined case of d=2, we derive a system of linear equations satisfied by the doubly-refined enumeration numbers A_{n,i,j} that enumerate such matrices. We give a conjectural explicit formula for A_{n,i,j} and formulate several other conjectures about the sufficiency of the linear equations to determine the A_{n,i,j}'s and about an extension of the linear equations to the general d-refined enumerations.
Ilse Fischer; Dan Romik
Potentiation of melphalan activity in the KHT sarcoma by the radiosensitizer RSU 1069
The radiation sensitizer misonidazole (MISO) has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxic action of a variety of anti-cancer agents. Even larger enhancement ratios than those observed with MISO have been found with certain other nitroimidazoles. One agent reported to be particularly effective in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan is the sensitizer RSU 1069. The present studies therefore were designed to evaluate the effect of combining these two agents in the treatment of intramuscularly growing KHT sarcomas. Tumor response was assessed using an in vivo to in vitro clonogenic cell survival assay. When given at times ranging from 60 min before to 30 min after melphalan exposure, RSU 1069 was found to increase the tumoricidal activity of the chemotherapeutic agent. Complete dose response curves combining RSU 1069 and a range of melphalan doses then were determined. For comparison the effects of combining MISO or benznidazole (BENZO) with melphalan also were evaluated. When combined with melphalan, doses of RSU 1069, BENZO and MISO were found to yield dose modifying factors of 1.6, 1.5, and 1.4, respectively. These results indicate that potentiation of melphalan activity occurs at RSU 1069 doses which are approximately 10-fold lower than those of MISO, making this sensitizer as effective a potentiator of melphalan as so far tested in the KHT sarcoma.
Siemann, D.W.; Maddison, K.; Wolf, K.
Refined Black Hole Ensembles and Topological Strings
We formulate a refined version of the Ooguri-Strominger-Vafa (OSV) conjecture. The OSV conjecture that Z_{BH} = |Z_{top}|^2 relates the BPS black hole partition function to the topological string partition function Z_{top}. In the refined conjecture, Z_{BH} is the partition function of BPS black holes counted with spin, or more precisely the protected spin character. Z_{top} becomes the partition function of the refined topological string, which is itself an index. Both the original and the refined conjecture are examples of large N duality in the 't Hooft sense. The refined conjecture applies to non-compact Calabi-Yau manifolds only, so the black holes are really BPS particles with large entropy, of order N^2. The refined OSV conjecture states that the refined BPS partition function has a large N dual which is captured by the refined topological string. We provide evidence that the conjecture holds by studying local Calabi-Yau threefolds consisting of line bundles over a genus g Riemann surface. We show that the refined topological string partition function on these geometries is computed by a two-dimensional TQFT. We also study the refined black hole partition function arising from N D4 branes on the Calabi-Yau, and argue that it reduces to a (q,t)-deformed version of two-dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills. Finally, we show that in the large N limit this theory factorizes to the square of the refined topological string in accordance with the refined OSV conjecture.
Mina Aganagic; Kevin Schaeffer
Development of the electron beam melting and refining in the Eastern Europe
A open research potential for the many R & D projects, as well as developed industrial structures exist in the Central and Eastern Europe countries. Now the economy crisis in this part of the world, due to the positive exiting democratic changes and to the transition from central planned to the market economy are a challenge. Bridging the research and industrial potential of the Eastern Europe to the developed economies is a way to keep the knowledge and people with activity in this field and to extend the future market of EB products. A brief revue of the institutions and a very short general information for the EB melting and refinement development in the Eastern Europe countries is given.
Mladenov, G.M. [Institute of Electronics, Sofia (Bulgaria)
We study the evolution of the observed photospheric magnetic field and the modeled global coronal magnetic field during the past 3 1/2 solar activity cycles observed since the mid-1970s. We use synoptic magnetograms and extrapolated potential-field models based on longitudinal full-disk photospheric magnetograms from the National Solar Observatory's three magnetographs at Kitt Peak, the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun vector spectro-magnetograph, the spectro-magnetograph and the 512-channel magnetograph instruments, and from Stanford University's Wilcox Solar Observatory. The associated multipole field components are used to study the dominant length scales and symmetries of the coronal field. Polar field changes are found to be well correlated with active fields over most of the period studied, except between 2003 and 2006 when the active fields did not produce significant polar field changes. Of the axisymmetric multipoles, only the dipole and octupole follow the poles whereas the higher orders follow the activity cycle. All non-axisymmetric multipole strengths are well correlated with the activity cycle. The tilt of the solar dipole is therefore almost entirely due to active-region fields. The axial dipole and octupole are the largest contributors to the global field except while the polar fields are reversing. This influence of the polar fields extends to modulating eruption rates. According to the Computer Aided CME Tracking, Solar Eruptive Event Detection System, and Nobeyama radioheliograph prominence eruption catalogs, the rate of solar eruptions is found to be systematically higher for active years between 2003 and 2012 than for those between 1997 and 2002. This behavior appears to be connected with the weakness of the late-cycle 23 polar fields as suggested by Luhmann. We see evidence that the process of cycle 24 field reversal is well advanced at both poles.
Petrie, G. J. D. [National Solar Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85719 (United States)
Oil and gas technology transfer activities and potential in eight major producing states. Volume 1
In 1990, the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (the Compact) performed a study that identified the structure and deficiencies of the system by which oil and gas producers receive information about the potential of new technologies and communicate their problems and technology needs back to the research community. The conclusions of that work were that major integrated companies have significantly more and better sources of technology information than independent producers. The majors also have significantly better mechanisms for communicating problems to the research and development (R&D) community. As a consequence, the Compact recommended analyzing potential mechanisms to improve technology transfer channels for independents and to accelerate independents acceptance and use of existing and emerging technologies. Building on this work, the Compact, with a grant from the US Department Energy, has reviewed specific technology transfer organizations in each of eight major oil producing states to identify specific R&D and technology transfer organizations, characterize their existing activities, and identify potential future activities that could be performed to enhance technology transfer to oil and gas producers. The profiles were developed based on information received from organizations,follow-up interviews, site visit and conversations, and participation in their sponsored technology transfer activities. The results of this effort are reported in this volume. In addition, the Compact has also developed a framework for the development of evaluation methodologies to determine the effectiveness of technology transfer programs in performing their intended functions and in achieving desired impacts impacts in the producing community. The results of that work are provided in a separate volume.
Environmental-control considerations in the production and use of solvent-refined coal
This report presents the results of an environmental-control study of the solvent-refined-coal (SRC) process. The report complements a previous Argonne report: Assessment of Status of Technology for Solvent Refining of Coal (ANL/ECT-3, Appendix B). The current review separates discussion of environmental control into two broad sections: production of SRC fuels, both solid and liquid, and their utilization. Control technologies are briefly reviewed for the gas, liquid, and solid wastes generated by the production of SRC. For an SRC-I plant, producing solid product, potential waste streams are then identified and discussed in terms of applicable control technologies and promulgated EPA standards. The SRC-production section concludes with a discussion of the biological activity of certain products of an SRC-II plant, producing liquid fuel. The author summarizes recent experimental findings and recommends accelerated research at SRC plants to quantify the effects of biological activity and develop measures needed to reduce those effects. No unusual environmental-control problems have been detected in the combustion of SRC fuels. It is recommended, however, that more SRC combustion studies be made and that the solid and liquid fuels used in them be derived from a variety of parent coals. Such studies will establish the broad data base needed to demonstrate that SRC fuels burn efficiently within environmentally safe limits.
Huang, H.S.
Pneumatic conveying of pulverized solvent refined coal
A method for pneumatically conveying solvent refined coal to a burner under conditions of dilute phase pneumatic flow so as to prevent saltation of the solvent refined coal in the transport line by maintaining the transport fluid velocity above approximately 95 ft/sec.
Lennon, Dennis R. (Allentown, PA)
North Dakota Refining Capacity Study
According to a 2008 report issued by the United States Geological Survey, North Dakota and Montana have an estimated 3.0 to 4.3 billion barrels of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil in an area known as the Bakken Formation. With the size and remoteness of the discovery, the question became 'can a business case be made for increasing refining capacity in North Dakota?' And, if so what is the impact to existing players in the region. To answer the question, a study committee comprised of leaders in the region's petroleum industry were brought together to define the scope of the study, hire a consulting firm and oversee the study. The study committee met frequently to provide input on the findings and modify the course of the study, as needed. The study concluded that the Petroleum Area Defense District II (PADD II) has an oversupply of gasoline. With that in mind, a niche market, naphtha, was identified. Naphtha is used as a diluent used for pipelining the bitumen (heavy crude) from Canada to crude markets. The study predicted there will continue to be an increase in the demand for naphtha through 2030. The study estimated the optimal configuration for the refinery at 34,000 barrels per day (BPD) producing 15,000 BPD of naphtha and a 52 percent refinery charge for jet and diesel yield. The financial modeling assumed the sponsor of a refinery would invest its own capital to pay for construction costs. With this assumption, the internal rate of return is 9.2 percent which is not sufficient to attract traditional investment given the risk factor of the project. With that in mind, those interested in pursuing this niche market will need to identify incentives to improve the rate of return.
Dennis Hill; Kurt Swenson; Carl Tuura; Jim Simon; Robert Vermette; Gilberto Marcha; Steve Kelly; David Wells; Ed Palmer; Kuo Yu; Tram Nguyen; Juliam Migliavacca
A burner for the firing of pulverized solvent refined coal is constructed and operated such that the solvent refined coal can be fired successfully without any performance limitations and without the coking of the solvent refined coal on the burner components. The burner is provided with a tangential inlet of primary air and pulverized fuel, a vaned diffusion swirler for the mixture of primary air and fuel, a center water-cooled conical diffuser shielding the incoming fuel from the heat radiation from the flame and deflecting the primary air and fuel steam into the secondary air, and a watercooled annulus located between the primary air and secondary air flows.
Lennon, Dennis R. (Allentown, PA); Snedden, Richard B. (McKeesport, PA); Foster, Edward P. (Macungie, PA); Bellas, George T. (Library, PA)
Geologic evolution of the Jemez Mountains and their potential for future volcanic activity
Geophysical and geochemical data and the geologic history of the Rio Grande rift and the vicinity of the Jemez Mountains are summarized to determine the probability of future volcanic activity in the Los Alamos, New Mexico area. The apparent cyclic nature of volcanism in the Jemez Mountains may be related to intermittent thermal inputs into the volcanic system beneath the region. The Jemez lineament, an alignment of late Cenozoic volcanic centers that crosses the rift near Los Alamos, has played an important role in the volcanic evolution of the Jemez Mountains. Geophysical data suggest that there is no active shallow magma body beneath the Valles caldera, though magma probably exists at about 15 km beneath this portion of the rift. The rate of volcanism in the Jemez Mountains during the last 10 million years has been 5 x 10/sup -9//km/sup 2//y. Lava or ash flows overriding Laboratory radioactive waste disposal sites would have little potential to release radionuclides to the environment. The probability of a new volcano intruding close enough to a radioactive waste disposal site to effect radionuclide release is 2 x 10/sup -7//y.
Burton, B.W.
Refining and Extending the Business Model with Information Technology: Dell Computer Corporation
REFINING ANDEXTENDING THE REFINING AND EXTENDING THE BUSINESS MODELfinal version 5-99.doc REFINING AND EXTENDING THE BUSINESS
Kraemer, Kenneth L; Dedrick, Jason; Yamashiro, Sandra
Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Relativistic MHD
We solve the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics equations using distributed parallel adaptive mesh refinement. We discuss strong scaling tests of the code, and present evolutions of Michel accretion and a TOV star.
David Neilsen; Eric W. Hirschmann; Matthew Anderson; Steven L. Liebling
Introducing Reference Semantics via Refinement Graeme Smith
Introducing Reference Semantics via Refinement Graeme Smith Software Verification Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia email@example.com Abstract. Two types of semantics have been given
Smith, Graeme
Refined similarity hypotheses in shell models of turbulence
A major challenge in turbulence research is to understand from first principles the origin of anomalous scaling of the velocity fluctuations in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. One important idea was proposed by Kolmogorov [J. Fluid Mech. {\\bf 13}, 82 (1962)], which attributes the anomaly to the variations of the locally averaged energy dissipation rate. Kraichnan later pointed out [J. Fluid Mech. {\\bf 62}, 305 (1973)] that the locally averaged energy dissipation rate is not an inertial-range quantity and a proper inertial-range quantity would be the local energy transfer rate. As a result, Kraichnan's idea attributes the anomaly to the variations of the local energy transfer rate. These ideas, generally known as refined similarity hypotheses, can also be extended to study the anomalous scaling of fluctuations of an active scalar, like the temperature in turbulent convection. In this paper, we examine the validity of these refined similarity hypotheses and their extensions to an active scalar in shell models of turbulence. We find that Kraichnan's refined similarity hypothesis and its extension are valid.
Emily S. C. Ching; H. Guo; T. S. Lo
Diameter-Refined Metallic Carbon Nanotubes as Optically Tunable...
Diameter-Refined Metallic Carbon Nanotubes as Optically Tunable Transparent Conductors Home > Research > ANSER Research Highlights > Diameter-Refined Metallic Carbon Nanotubes as...
Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-782A, "Refiners...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Gallons per Day Motor Gasoline No. 2 Distillate Residual Fuel Oil 5. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Volumes Figure Percentages of Refiner Wholesale Volumes 1995...
Annual Energy Outlook 2013 [U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)]
Gallons per Day Motor Gasoline No. 2 Distillate Residual Fuel Oil 5. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Volumes Figure Percentages of Refiner Wholesale Volumes 1997...
Gallons per Day Motor Gasoline No. 2 Distillate Residual Fuel Oil 5. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Volumes Figure Percentages of Refiner Wholesale Volumes 1996...
Improving NMR Protein Structure Quality by Rosetta Refinement...
NMR Protein Structure Quality by Rosetta Refinement: A Molecular Replacement Study. Improving NMR Protein Structure Quality by Rosetta Refinement: A Molecular Replacement Study....
The 1987 refining and petrochemical technology yearbook
This annual covers the latest in refining and petrochemical technology written by the experts in the field. Opening with a foreword by Richard Corbett, Refining and Petrochemical Editior of the Oil and Gas Journal. The annual includes nearly 100 articles from the 1986 issues of the Oil and Gas Journal, comprising a collection of new technical information, methods of analysis, forecasts and trends in such subject areas as plants, fuels, gasolines, coking, processing, contents, hydrocracking, equipment, catalysts, and petrochemicals.
Steam System Opportunity Assessment for the Pulp and Paper, Chemical Manufacturing, and Petroleum Refining Industries: Main Report
This report assesses steam generation and use in the pulp and paper, chemical, and petroleum refining industries, and estimates the potential for energy savings from implementation of steam system performance and efficiency improvements.
Green Petroleum Refining -Mathematical Models for Optimizing Petroleum Refining Under Emission Constraints
Green Petroleum Refining - Mathematical Models for Optimizing Petroleum Refining Under Emission understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. #12;iii Abstract Petroleum and treating options for petroleum refinery waste streams. The performance of the developed model
Anderson, Charles H.
Refined Topological Strings and Toric Calabi-Yau Threefolds
The refined topological vertex formulation computes the refined topological string partition function for non-compact toric Calabi-Yau threefolds which engineer N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories. For geometries such as the local P^2, which do not give rise to gauge theories, the refined topological vertex alone is not sufficient for directly calculating the refined amplitudes. In this paper, we extend the refined topological vertex formalism and propose a complementary new vertex which, together with the refined topological vertex, determines the refined amplitudes for all toric Calabi-Yau threefolds.
Amer Iqbal; Can Kozcaz
Refined Topological Vertex and Instanton Counting
It has been proposed recently that topological A-model string amplitudes for toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds in non self-dual graviphoton background can be caluculated by a diagrammatic method that is called the ``refined topological vertex''. We compute the extended A-model amplitudes for SU(N)-geometries using the proposed vertex. If the refined topological vertex is valid, these computations should give rise to the Nekrasov's partition functions of N=2 SU(N) gauge theories via the geometric engineering. In this article, we verify the proposal by confirming the equivalence between the refined A-model amplitude and the K-theoretic version of the Nekrasov's partition function by explicit computation.
Masato Taki
Lattice Refining LQC and the Matter Hamiltonian
In the context of loop quantum cosmology, we parametrise the lattice refinement by a parameter, $A$, and the matter Hamiltonian by a parameter, $\\delta$. We then solve the Hamiltonian constraint for both a self-adjoint, and a non-self-adjoint Hamiltonian operator. Demanding that the solutions for the wave-functions obey certain physical restrictions, we impose constraints on the two-dimensional, $(A,\\delta)$, parameter space, thereby restricting the types of matter content that can be supported by a particular lattice refinement model.
William Nelson; Mairi Sakellariadou
An independent refiners approach to RFG
This report was presented by Mike Czeskleba,Senior Business Analyst for Ashland Petroleum Company in Ashland, Kentucky. Ashland is one of the largest independent refiners and a leading marketer of gasoline and other petroleum products in the U.S. The issues addressed in this report concern the use of ethanol as a gasoline extender and renewable oxygenate, and its use in Reformulated Gasolines (RFG). The impact of Clean Air Act requirements for 1995 and beyond on petroleum refiners and producers is discussed. Some of the strategies which Ashland Petroleum Company is using to meet regulation requirements is also presented.
Czeskleba, M.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in an active medium and the equivalent Schrdinger equation with an energy-dependent complex potential
Electromagnetic wave propagation in an active medium and the equivalent Schrödinger equation with an energy-dependent complex potential H. Bahlouli,* A. D. Alhaidari, and A. Al Zahrani Physics Department to provide an alternative, but equivalent, representation of plane electromagnetic em wave propagation
Relativistic MHD with Adaptive Mesh Refinement
This paper presents a new computer code to solve the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) equations using distributed parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The fluid equations are solved using a finite difference Convex ENO method (CENO) in 3+1 dimensions, and the AMR is Berger-Oliger. Hyperbolic divergence cleaning is used to control the $\
Matthew Anderson; Eric Hirschmann; Steven L. Liebling; David Neilsen
Focus on Venezuelan heavy crude: refining margins
Of six crudes refined in the US Gulf Coast, heavy Venezuelan crude Lagunillas (15/sup 0/ API) provides the best margin per barrel. Data for end of December 1983 and the first three weeks of January show that margins on all crudes are on the rise in this market, due to a turnaround in product prices. The lighter crudes are showing the greatest increase in Gross Product Worth. This is having a modest shrinking effect on the margin differential between light and heavy crudes in this market. The domestic crude West Texas Intermediate, at 40/sup 0/ API, provides the highest GPW in this crude slate sample, over US $31 per barrel, compared to GPW of under US $28 per barrel for Lagunillas. Still, as Lagunillas cost about US $8 less than does WTI, refiners with sufficient residue conversion capacity can be earning about US $3.50 more in margin per barrel than they can with WTI. Although few refiners would be using a 15/sup 0/ API crude exclusively for any length of time, heavier oil's inclusion in modern refiners' diets is enhancing their competitive position more than any other single factor. This issue of Energy Detente presents the fuel price/tax series and industrial fuel prices for January 1984 for countries of the Western Hemisphere.
Refiners boost crude capacity; Petrochemical production up
Continuing demand strength in refined products and petrochemical markets caused refiners to boost crude-charging capacity slightly again last year, and petrochemical producers to increase production worldwide. Product demand strength is, in large part, due to stable product prices resulting from a stabilization of crude oil prices. Crude prices strengthened somewhat in 1987. That, coupled with fierce product competition, unfortunately drove refining margins negative in many regions of the U.S. during the last half of 1987. But with continued strong demand for gasoline, and an increased demand for higher octane gasoline, margins could turn positive by 1989 and remain so for a few years. U.S. refiners also had to have facilities in place to meet the final requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's lead phase-down rules on Jan. 1, 1988. In petrochemicals, plastics demand dept basic petrochemical plants at good utilization levels worldwide. U.S. production of basics such as ethylene and propylene showed solid increases. Many of the derivatives of the basic petrochemical products also showed good production gains. Increased petrochemical production and high plant utilization rates didn't spur plant construction projects, however. Worldwide petrochemical plant projects declined slightly from 1986 figures.
Corbett, R.A.
Transforming and Refining Abstract Constraint Specifications
Transforming and Refining Abstract Constraint Specifications Alan M. Frisch1 , Brahim Hnich2 , Ian choose model transformations to reduce greatly the amount of effort that is required to solve a problem by systematic search. It is a consid- erable challenge to automate such transformations. A problem may be viewed
Walsh, Toby
Refining industry trends: Europe and surroundings
The European refining industry, along with its counterparts, is struggling with low profitability due to excess primary and conversion capacity, high operating costs and impending decisions of stringent environmental regulations that will require significant investments with hard to justify returns. This region was also faced in the early 1980s with excess capacity on the order of 4 MMb/d and satisfying the {open_quotes}at that point{close_quotes} demand by operating at very low utilization rates (60%). As was the case in the US, the rebalancing of the capacity led to the closure of some 51 refineries. Since the early 1990s, the increase in demand growth has essentially balanced the capacity threshold and utilization rates are settled around the 90% range. During the last two decades, the major oil companies have reduced their presence in the European refining sector, giving some state oil companies and producing countries the opportunity to gain access to the consumer market through the purchase of refining capacity in various countries-specifically, Kuwait in Italy; Libya and Venezuela in Germany; and Norway in other areas of Scandinavia. Although the market share for this new cast of characters remains small (4%) relative to participation by the majors (35%), their involvement in the European refining business set the foundation whereby US independent refiners relinquished control over assets that could not be operated profitably as part of a previous vertically integrated structure, unless access to the crude was ensured. The passage of time still seems to render this model valid.
Guariguata, U.G.
phenix.refine: crystallographic structure refinement in PHENIX Pavel V. Afonine, Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve, Peter H. Zwart, Thomas C. Terwilliger, Nigel
phenix.refine: crystallographic structure refinement in PHENIX Pavel V. Afonine, Ralf W. Grosse of automation and robustness in structure refinement. Their implementation in phenix.refine state-of-the-art refinement module of PHENIX package resulted in a complete set of tools that cover most of refinement needs
Refined Error Estimates for the Riccati Equation with Applications to the Angular Teukolsky Equation
We derive refined rigorous error estimates for approximate solutions of Sturm-Liouville and Riccati equations with real or complex potentials. The approximate solutions include WKB approximations, Airy and parabolic cylinder functions, and certain Bessel functions. Our estimates are applied to solutions of the angular Teukolsky equation with a complex aspherical parameter in a rotating black hole Kerr geometry.
Felix Finster; Joel Smoller
Grain Refinement of Permanent Mold Cast Copper Base Alloys
Grain refinement is a well established process for many cast and wrought alloys. The mechanical properties of various alloys could be enhanced by reducing the grain size. Refinement is also known to improve casting characteristics such as fluidity and hot tearing. Grain refinement of copper-base alloys is not widely used, especially in sand casting process. However, in permanent mold casting of copper alloys it is now common to use grain refinement to counteract the problem of severe hot tearing which also improves the pressure tightness of plumbing components. The mechanism of grain refinement in copper-base alloys is not well understood. The issues to be studied include the effect of minor alloy additions on the microstructure, their interaction with the grain refiner, effect of cooling rate, and loss of grain refinement (fading). In this investigation, efforts were made to explore and understand grain refinement of copper alloys, especially in permanent mold casting conditions.
M.Sadayappan; J.P.Thomson; M.Elboujdaini; G.Ping Gu; M. Sahoo
Hardware/Software Co-Design via Specification Refinement
. The Rosetta refinement capability extends this by allowing a system's functional behavior and its implementation details to be described separately. The Rosetta Refinement Tool combines the functional behavior and the implementation details to form a system...
Peck, Wesley Graham
5.067 Crystal Structure Refinement, Fall 2007
This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and ...
Mueller, Peter
5.841 Crystal Structure Refinement, Fall 2006
Refined Cigar and Omega-deformed Conifold
Antoniadis et al proposed a relation between the Omega-deformation and refined correlation functions of the topological string theory. We investigate the proposal for the deformed conifold geometry from a non-compact Gepner model approach. The topological string theory on the deformed conifold has a dual description in terms of the c=1 non-critical string theory at the self-dual radius, and the Omega-deformation yields the radius deformation. We show that the refined correlation functions computed from the twisted SL(2,R)/U(1) Kazama-Suzuki coset model at level k=1 have direct c=1 non-critical string theory interpretations. After subtracting the leading singularity to procure the 1PI effective action, we obtain the agreement with the proposal.
Yu Nakayama
In quantum gravity, summing is refining
In perturbative QED, the approximation is improved by summing more Feynman graphs; in non-perturbative QCD, by refining the lattice. Here we observe that in quantum gravity the two procedures may well be the same. We outline the combinatorial structure of spinfoam quantum gravity, define the continuum limit, and show that under general conditions refining foams is the same as summing over them. The conditions bear on the cylindrical consistency of the spinfoam amplitudes and on the presence of appropriate combinatorial factors, related to the implementation of diffeomorphisms invariance. Intuitively, the sites of the lattice are points of space: these are themselves quanta of the gravitational field, and thus a lattice discretization is also a Feynman history of quanta.
Carlo Rovelli; Matteo Smerlak
Parabolic refined invariants and Macdonald polynomials
A string theoretic derivation is given for the conjecture of Hausel, Letellier, and Rodriguez-Villegas on the cohomology of character varieties with marked points. Their formula is identified with a refined BPS expansion in the stable pair theory of a local root stack, generalizing previous work of the first two authors in collaboration with G. Pan. Haiman's geometric construction for Macdonald polynomials is shown to emerge naturally in this context via geometric engineering. In particular this yields a new conjectural relation between Macdonald polynomials and refined local orbifold curve counting invariants. The string theoretic approach also leads to a new spectral cover construction for parabolic Higgs bundles in terms of holomorphic symplectic orbifolds.
Chuang, Wu-yen; Donagi, Ron; Pantev, Tony
Dinosaurs can fly -- High performance refining
High performance refining requires that one develop a winning strategy based on a clear understanding of one`s position in one`s company`s value chain; one`s competitive position in the products markets one serves; and the most likely drivers and direction of future market forces. The author discussed all three points, then described measuring performance of the company. To become a true high performance refiner often involves redesigning the organization as well as the business processes. The author discusses such redesigning. The paper summarizes ten rules to follow to achieve high performance: listen to the market; optimize; organize around asset or area teams; trust the operators; stay flexible; source strategically; all maintenance is not equal; energy is not free; build project discipline; and measure and reward performance. The paper then discusses the constraints to the implementation of change.
Treat, J.E. [Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., San Francisco, CA (United States)
Using supercritical fluids to refine hydrocarbons
This is a method to reactively refine hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils with API gravities of less than 20.degree. and bitumen-like hydrocarbons with viscosities greater than 1000 cp at standard temperature and pressure using a selected fluid at supercritical conditions. The reaction portion of the method delivers lighter weight, more volatile hydrocarbons to an attached contacting device that operates in mixed subcritical or supercritical modes. This separates the reaction products into portions that are viable for use or sale without further conventional refining and hydro-processing techniques. This method produces valuable products with fewer processing steps, lower costs, increased worker safety due to less processing and handling, allow greater opportunity for new oil field development and subsequent positive economic impact, reduce related carbon dioxide, and wastes typical with conventional refineries.
Yarbro, Stephen Lee
Improve corrosion control in refining processes
New guidelines show how to control corrosion and environmental cracking of process equipment when processing feedstocks containing sulfur and/or naphthenic acids. To be cost competitive refiners must be able to process crudes of opportunity. These feedstocks when processed under high temperatures and pressures and alkaline conditions can cause brittle cracks and blisters in susceptible steel-fabricated equipment. Even with advances in steel metallurgy, wet H{sub 2}S cracking continues to be a problem. New research data shows that process conditions such as temperature, pH and flowrate are key factors in the corrosion process. Before selecting equipment material, operators must understand the corrosion mechanisms present within process conditions. Several case histories investigate the corrosion reactions found when refining naphthenic crudes and operating amine gas-sweetening systems. These examples show how to use process controls, inhibitors and/or metallurgy to control corrosion and environmental cracking, to improve material selection and to extend equipment service life.
Kane, R.D.; Cayard, M.S. [CLI International, Houston, TX (United States)
fCourse: Learn to Swim Level 5: Stroke Refinement
fCourse: Learn to Swim Level 5: Stroke Refinement Purpose To further learn how to coordinate and refine strokes Prerequisites Valid American Red Cross Learn-to-Swim Level 4: Fundamental Aquatic Skills, but not required) Course: Learn to Swim Level 5: Stroke Refinement #12;
Hemmers, Oliver
Parametric Rietveld Refinement Prof. John S.O. Evans
Parametric Rietveld Refinement Prof. John S.O. Evans APD IV Gaithersburg, 2013 Durham Chemistry Outline · What is parametric Rietveld refinement? · Should you do it? · How do you do it? · What can you., 40, 2007, 87 X+N refinements Jean Francois Berar, XND #12;email@example.com www
Magee, Joseph W.
Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Redistribution on Distributed Memory Computers
Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Redistribution on Distributed Memory Computers C. ¨ Ozturan Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12181 Abstract A procedure to support parallel refinement and redistribution the required adjacency information. Mesh refinement is done by employing links back to the geometric
Bystroff, Chris
RDOCK: Refinement of Rigid-body Protein Docking Predictions
RDOCK: Refinement of Rigid-body Protein Docking Predictions Li Li,1 Rong Chen,1 and Zhiping Weng1 RDOCK for refining unbound predictions generated by a rigid-body docking algorithm ZDOCK, which has been, RDOCK represents the simplest approach toward refining unbound docking predictions. Despite its simplic
Weng, Zhiping
Error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement for aerodynamic flows
Error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement for aerodynamic flows Ralf Hartmann, Joachim Held-oriented mesh refinement for single and multiple aerodynamic force coefficients as well as residual-based mesh refinement applied to various three-dimensional lam- inar and turbulent aerodynamic test cases defined
Hartmann, Ralf
Validating Process Refinement with Ontologies , Gerd Groener2
Validating Process Refinement with Ontologies Yuan Ren1 , Gerd Groener2 , Jens Lemcke3 , Tirdad University of Koblenz-Landau, 3 SAP AG Abstract. A crucial task in process management is the validation of process refinements. A process refinement is a process description in a more fine-grained representation
Staab, Steffen
Predictive Simulations to Assess Potential Effect of Mining Activities on Groundwater
Effect of Mining Activities on Groundwater April 23, 2010 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Modifications to Groundwater Flow Model to Simulate Pond Seepage and Pumping.. 6 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................9 3.1 Changes to the Groundwater Flow Model
Netoff, Theoden
Assessment of Energy Efficiency Improvement in the United States Petroleum Refining Industry
Profile of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry, prepared byBandwidth for Petroleum Refining Processes, prepared byKaiser, M.J. , Petroleum Refining Technology & Economics,
Morrow III, William R.
Surface free-carrier screening effect on the output of a ZnO nanowire nanogenerator and its potential as a self-powered active gas sensor
potential as a self-powered active gas sensor This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please on the output of a ZnO nanowire nanogenerator and its potential as a self-powered active gas sensor Xinyu Xue1 as a power source, but also as a response signal to the gas, demonstrating a possible approach as a self-powered
Wang, Zhong L.
MECS 2006 - Petroleum Refining | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious RankCombustion | Department of Energy Low-Temperature CombustionGlass MECS 2006 - GlassPetroleum Refining
Norwegian Silicon Refining AS | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 No revision hasInformation Earth's HeatMexico:CommunityNorthwest Basin and RangeNorvento USA LLC JumpRefining
Valero Refining Company - NJ | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of InspectorConcentrating SolarElectric Coop,Save Energy NowNew HampshireValero Refining Company - NJ Jump to:
Volcanology and volcanic activity with a primary focus on potential hazard impacts for the Hawaii geothermal project
This annotated bibliography reviews published references about potential volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii that are pertinent to drilling and operating geothermal wells. The first two sections of this annotated bibliography list the most important publications that describe eruptions of Kilauea volcano, with special emphasis on activity in and near the designated geothermal subzones. References about historic eruptions from Mauna Loa`s northeast rift zone, as well as the most recent activity on the southern flank of dormant Mauna Kea, adjacent to the Humu`ula Saddle are described. The last section of this annotated bibliography lists the most important publications that describe and analyze deformations of the surface of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes.
Moore, R.B. [Federal Center, Denver, CO (United States); Delaney, P.T. [2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ (United States); Kauahikaua, J.P. [Geological Survey, Hawaii National Park, HI (United States). Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells - Refining the Message Initiating a National Dialogue and Educational Agenda
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the Message Initiating aHydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the Message Initiating a
Eggert, Anthony; Kurani, Kenneth S; Turrentine, Tom; Ogden, Joan M; Sperling, Dan; Winston, Emily
A CSP Account of Event-B Refinement
Event-B provides a flexible framework for stepwise system development via refinement. The framework supports steps for (a) refining events (one-by-one), (b) splitting events (one-by-many), and (c) introducing new events. In each of the steps events can moreover possibly be anticipated or convergent. All such steps are accompanied with precise proof obligations. Still, it remains unclear what the exact relationship - in terms of a behaviour-oriented semantics - between an Event-B machine and its refinement is. In this paper, we give a CSP account of Event-B refinement, with a treatment for the first time of splitting events and of anticipated events. To this end, we define a CSP semantics for Event-B and show how the different forms of Event-B refinement can be captured as CSP refinement.
Schneider, Steve; Wehrheim, Heike; 10.4204/EPTCS.55.9
Refining the Radius-Luminosity Relationship for Active Galactic Nuclei
We have measured the host-galaxy starlight contribution to four lower-luminosity AGNs (NGC 3516, NGC 4593, IC 4329A, and NGC 7469). We include these objects with new broad line region measurements for NGC 4151 and NGC 4593 to present a revised version of the radius-luminosity relationship for AGNs.
Misty C. Bentz; Kelly D. Denney; Bradley M. Peterson; Richard W. Pogge
Mirror of the refined topological vertex from a matrix model
We find an explicit matrix model computing the refined topological vertex, starting from its representation in terms of plane partitions. We then find the spectral curve of that matrix model, and thus the mirror symmetry of the refined vertex. With the same method we also find a matrix model for the strip geometry, and we find its mirror curve. The fact that there is a matrix model shows that the refined topological string amplitudes also satisfy the remodeling the B-model construction.
B. Eynard; C. Kozcaz
Electron beam skull melting and refining of secondary copper
Electron Beam Melting is the most efficient technology for metals and alloys refining. For secondary metals processing the Electron Beam Skull Melting (EBSM) with the electromagnetic stirring (EMS) of melt in the crucible was shown to be the most appropriate. The copper produced by EBSM with EMS possesses higher density and electric conductivity in comparison with other refining methods. The details for high power electrical machines were cast of the copper waste refined by EBSM technology.
Bychkov, Y.; Ladokhin, S. [Donetskvtortsvetmet, Donetsk (Ukraine)
Refined Chern-Simons Theory and Topological String
We show that refined Chern-Simons theory and large N duality can be used to study the refined topological string with and without branes. We derive the refined topological vertex of hep-th/0701156 and hep-th/0502061 from a link invariant of the refined SU(N) Chern-Simons theory on S^3, at infinite N. Quiver-like Chern-Simons theories, arising from Calabi-Yau manifolds with branes wrapped on several minimal S^3's, give a dual description of a large class of toric Calabi-Yau. We use this to derive the refined topological string amplitudes on a toric Calabi-Yau containing a shrinking P^2 surface. The result is suggestive of the refined topological vertex formalism for arbitrary toric Calabi-Yau manifolds in terms of a pair of vertices and a choice of a Morse flow on the toric graph, determining the vertex decomposition. The dependence on the flow is reminiscent of the approach to the refined topological string in upcoming work of Nekrasov and Okounkov. As a byproduct, we show that large N duality of the refined topological string explains the ``mirror symmetry`` of the refined colored HOMFLY invariants of knots.
Mina Aganagic; Shamil Shakirov
Table 19. U.S. Refiner Residual Fuel Oil Prices
Prices," source for backcast estimates prior to January 1983. 19. U.S. Refiner Residual Fuel Oil Prices 36 Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1996...
Prices," source for backcast estimates prior to January 1983. 19. U.S. Refiner Residual Fuel Oil Prices 36 Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1997...
Table 44. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Formulation, Sales...
250 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 Table 44. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Formulation, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons...
- - - - W W - - - - - - See footnotes at end of table. 44. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Formulation, Sales Type, PAD District, and State 292 Energy...
Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type...
220 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1998 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons per...
220 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons per...
Table 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type...
Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Cents per Gallon...
134 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1998 Table 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Cents per Gallon...
Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons per...
250 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1998 Table 44. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Formulation, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons...
Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 44. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Formulation, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Thousand Gallons...
134 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 Table 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State (Cents per Gallon...
Petroleum Products Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes...
by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State 262 Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1996 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type,...
by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State 262 Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1997 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type,...
New Process for Grain Refinement of Aluminum. Final Report
A new method of grain refining aluminum involving in-situ formation of boride nuclei in molten aluminum just prior to casting has been developed in the subject DOE program over the last thirty months by a team consisting of JDC, Inc., Alcoa Technical Center, GRAS, Inc., Touchstone Labs, and GKS Engineering Services. The Manufacturing process to make boron trichloride for grain refining is much simpler than preparing conventional grain refiners, with attendant environmental, capital, and energy savings. The manufacture of boride grain refining nuclei using the fy-Gem process avoids clusters, salt and oxide inclusions that cause quality problems in aluminum today.
Dr. Joseph A. Megy
On Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Atmospheric Pollution Models
On Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Atmospheric Pollution Models Emil M. Constantinescu and Adrian res- olution system for modeling regional air pollution based on the chemical transport model STEM. Keywords: Air Pollution Modeling, Adaptive Mesh Refinement. 1 Introduction Inadequate grid resolution can
Sandu, Adrian
11 California Petroleum Supply, Transportation, Refining and Marketing Trends
11 California Petroleum Supply, Transportation, Refining and Marketing Trends Chapter 2 CALIFORNIA PETROLEUM SUPPLY, TRANSPORTATION, REFINING AND MARKETING TRENDS INTRODUCTION California is an integral part of the world oil market as a world-scale petroleum consumer. Historically, about 50 percent of this petroleum
Refining Landscape Change Models through Outlier Analysis in the
Refining Landscape Change Models through Outlier Analysis in the Muskegon Watershed of Michigan significantly to the state economy, accounting for nearly 20% of its economic output (Michigan Land Use, 1965; Lee, 1973; Wegener, 1994), and model refinement/advancement, in large part due to advances
Walker, Robert T.
Refined BPS state counting from Nekrasov's formula and Macdonald functions
It has been argued that the Nekrasov's partition function gives the generating function of refined BPS state counting in the compactification of M theory on local Calabi-Yau spaces. We show that a refined version of the topological vertex we proposed before (hep-th/0502061) is a building block of the Nekrasov's partition function with two equivariant parameters. Compared with another refined topological vertex by Iqbal-Kozcaz-Vafa (hep-th/0701156), our refined vertex is expressed entirely in terms of the specialization of the Macdonald symmetric functions which is related to the equivariant character of the Hilbert scheme of points on C^2. We provide diagrammatic rules for computing the partition function from the web diagrams appearing in geometric engineering of Yang-Mills theory with eight supercharges. Our refined vertex has a simple transformation law under the flop operation of the diagram, which suggests that homological invariants of the Hopf link are related to the Macdonald functions.
Hidetoshi Awata; Hiroaki Kanno
Steel refining with an electrochemical cell
Disclosed is an apparatus for processing a metallic fluid containing iron oxide, container for a molten metal including an electrically conductive refractory disposed for contact with the molten metal which contains iron oxide, an electrolyte in the form of a basic slag on top of the molten metal, an electrode in the container in contact with the slag electrically separated from the refractory, and means for establishing a voltage across the refractory and the electrode to reduce iron oxide to iron at the surface of the refractory in contact with the iron oxide containing fluid. A process is disclosed for refining an iron product containing not more than about 10% by weight sulfur, comprising providing an electrolyte of a slag containing one or more of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, silica or alumina, providing a cathode of the iron product in contact with the electrolyte, providing an anode in contact with the electrolyte electrically separated from the cathode, and operating an electrochemical cell formed by the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte to separate oxygen or sulfur present in the iron product therefrom.
Blander, M.; Cook, G.M.
Apparatus is described for processing a metallic fluid containing iron oxide, container for a molten metal including an electrically conductive refractory disposed for contact with the molten metal which contains iron oxide, an electrolyte in the form of a basic slag on top of the molten metal, an electrode in the container in contact with the slag electrically separated from the refractory, and means for establishing a voltage across the refractory and the electrode to reduce iron oxide to iron at the surface of the refractory in contact with the iron oxide containing fluid. A process is disclosed for refining an iron product containing not more than about 10% by weight oxygen and not more than about 10% by weight sulfur, comprising providing an electrolyte of a slag containing one or more of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, silica or alumina, providing a cathode of the iron product in contact with the electrolyte, providing an anode in contact with the electrolyte electrically separated from the cathode, and operating an electrochemical cell formed by the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte to separate oxygen or sulfur present in the iron product therefrom. 2 figs.
GRChombo : Numerical Relativity with Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Numerical relativity has undergone a revolution in the past decade. With a well-understood mathematical formalism, and full control over the gauge modes, it is now entering an era in which the science can be properly explored. In this work, we introduce GRChombo, a new numerical relativity code written to take full advantage of modern parallel computing techniques. GRChombo's features include full adaptive mesh refinement with block structured Berger-Rigoutsos grid generation which supports non-trivial "many-boxes-in-many-boxes" meshing hierarchies, and massive parallelism through the Message Passing Interface (MPI). GRChombo evolves the Einstein equation with the standard BSSN formalism, with an option to turn on CCZ4 constraint damping if required. We show that GRChombo passes all the standard "Apples-to-Apples" code comparison tests. We also show that it can stably and accurately evolve vacuum black hole spacetimes such as binary black hole mergers, and non-vacuum spacetimes such as scalar collapses into black holes. As an illustration of its AMR capability, we demonstrate the evolution of triple black hole merger, which can be set up trivially in GRChombo.
Katy Clough; Pau Figueras; Hal Finkel; Markus Kunesch; Eugene A. Lim; Saran Tunyasuvunakool
Numerical relativity has undergone a revolution in the past decade. With a well-understood mathematical formalism, and full control over the gauge modes, it is now entering an era in which the science can be properly explored. In this work, we introduce GRChombo, a new numerical relativity code written to take full advantage of modern parallel computing techniques. GRChombo's features include full adaptive mesh refinement with block structured Berger-Rigoutsos grid generation which supports non-trivial "many-boxes-in-many-boxes" meshing hierarchies, and massive parallelism through the Message Passing Interface (MPI). GRChombo evolves the Einstein equation with the standard BSSN formalism, with an option to turn on CCZ4 constraint damping if required. We show that GRChombo passes all the standard "Apples-to-Apples" code comparison tests. We also show that it can stably and accurately evolve vacuum black hole spacetimes such as binary black hole mergers, and non-vacuum spacetimes such as scalar collapses into b...
Clough, Katy; Finkel, Hal; Kunesch, Markus; Lim, Eugene A; Tunyasuvunakool, Saran
Electron beam cold hearth refining in Vallejo
Electron Beam Cold Hearth Refining Furnace (EBCHR) in Vallejo, California is alive, well, and girding itself for developing new markets. A brief review of the twelve years experience with EBCHR in Vallejo. Acquisition of the Vallejo facility by Axel Johnson Metals, Inc. paves the way for the development of new products and markets. A discussion of some of the new opportunities for the advancement of EBCHR technology. Discussed are advantages to the EBCHR process which include: extended surface area of molten metal exposed to higher vacuum; liberation of insoluble oxide particles to the surface of the melt; higher temperatures that allowed coarse solid particles like carbides and carbonitrides to be suspended in the fluid metal as fine micro-segregates, and enhanced removal of volatile trace impurities like lead, bismuth and cadmium. Future work for the company includes the continued recycling of alloys and also fabricating stainless steel for the piping of chip assembly plants. This is to prevent `killer defects` that ruin a memory chip.
Lowe, J.H.C. [Axel Johnson Metals, Inc., Vallejo, CA (United States)
Apparatus for processing a metallic fluid containing iron oxide, container for a molten metal including an electrically conductive refractory disposed for contact with the molten metal which contains iron oxide, an electrolyte in the form of a basic slag on top of the molten metal, an electrode in the container in contact with the slag electrically separated from the refractory, and means for establishing a voltage across the refractory and the electrode to reduce iron oxide to iron at the surface of the refractory in contact with the iron oxide containing fluid. A process is disclosed for refining an iron product containing not more than about 10% by weight oxygen and not more than about 10% by weight sulfur, comprising providing an electrolyte of a slag containing one or more of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, silica or alumina, providing a cathode of the iron product in contact with the electrolyte, providing an anode in contact with the electrolyte electrically separated from the cathode, and operating an electrochemical cell formed by the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte to separate oxygen or sulfur present in the iron product therefrom.
Blander, Milton (Palos Park, IL); Cook, Glenn M. (Naperville, IL)
Changing System Interfaces Consistently: a New Refinement Strategy for CSP B
Changing System Interfaces Consistently: a New Refinement Strategy for CSP B Steve Schneider refinement in the context of CSP B. Our motivation to include this notion of refinement within the CSP B to change the events of a CSP process and the B machines when refining a system. Notions of refinement based
Doran, Simon J.
Re-refining of Waste Oil Solvent Is Used in Treatment/Distillation Process
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. A combination solvent treatment/distillation process has been designed for re-refining industrial waste oil (such as equipment lubricants, metal-working oil, and process oil) and used automotive lubricants (engine oil, hydraulic oil, and gear oil) for reuse. WASTE ENERGY RECOVERY. Recycling of waste oil in the United States has the potential to save the energy equivalent of 7-12 million bbl of crude oil annually.1 WASTE OIL RECOVERY. Prior to 1960, a significant portion of the demand for automotive lubricating oil was met by re-relined used oil. At the time, 150 re-refineries produced 300 million gal of motor oil annually. Since 1960, however, the production of re-refined oil has steadily declined. In 1981, for example, out of about 1.2 billion gal of automobile lubricating oil and 1.6 billion gal of industrial lubricating oils purchased, 25 U.S. rerefineries
unknown authors
Flop Invariance of Refined Topological Vertex and Link Homologies
It has been proposed recently that the topological A-model string theory on local toric Calabi-Yau manifolds has a two parameter extension. Amplitudes of the two parameter topological strings can be computed using a diagrammatic method called the refined topological vertex. In this paper we study properties of the refined amplitudes under the flop transition of toric Calabi-Yau three-folds. We also discuss that the slicing invariance and the flop transition imply a simple formula for the homological sl(N) invariants of the Hopf link. The new expression for the invariants gives a simple refinement of the Hopf link invariant of Chern-Simons theory.
Multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement
In this paper we describe in detail the computational algorithm used by our parallel multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement. Our code uses truncation error estimates to adaptively refine the grid as part of the solution process. The presentation includes a discussion of the orders of accuracy that we use for prolongation and restriction operators to ensure second order accurate results and to minimize computational work. Code tests are presented that confirm the overall second order accuracy and demonstrate the savings in computational resources provided by adaptive mesh refinement.
J. David Brown; Lisa L. Lowe
Refined Analytic Torsion as an Element of the Determinant Line
We construct a canonical element, called the refined analytic torsion, of the determinant line of the cohomology of a closed oriented odd-dimensional manifold M with coefficients in a flat complex vector bundle E. We compute the Ray-Singer norm of the refined analytic torsion. In particular, if there exists a flat Hermitian metric on E, we show that this norm is equal to 1. We prove a duality theorem, establishing a relationship between the refined analytic torsions corresponding to a flat connection and its dual.
Maxim Braverman; Thomas Kappeler
Refining Social Justice Through Collaborative Inquiry: Key Rewards and Challenges for Teacher Educators
Researcher, 25 (5), 5-15. Cooper�Refining Social Justice�35social justice. Cooper�Refining Social Justice�27 REFERENCESCollege Press. Cooper�Refining Social Justice�28 Cochran-
Cooper, Camille Wilson
Error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement for aerodynamic flows Ralf Hartmann1 and Paul Houston2 1 Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology DLR (German Aerospace Center) Lilienthalplatz 7
S O N D 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1995 Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes Retail < or 1% Wholesale < or 1% Retail > 1% Wholesale > 1% 7. U.S. Refiner Residual Fuel Oil Prices and...
150.0 2,026.7 W W 234.5 161.7 - 396.3 See footnotes at end of table. 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State 262 Energy Information...
253.2 2,222.4 W W 206.4 134.3 - 340.7 See footnotes at end of table. 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District, and State 262 Energy Information...
Japan`s refiner/marketers headed for major shakeout
Japan`s downstream oil industry is in a state of crisis and headed for a major shakeout. The major catalyst for this was a dramatic deregulation step during April 1996 that allowed refined petroleum product imports by non-refiners. The move, together with a sharp drop in refining margins, falling retail gasoline prices, and a service station sector on the brink of collapse, are all leading to massive changes in the way the country`s refiners and marketers do business. This paper reviews the collapse of corporate profits during this period of deregulation; the development of a new price system geared toward bringing the prices of gasoline, fuel oil, and kerosene into line with each other to offset the fall in gasoline prices; and industry restructuring including mergers, acquisitions, and marketing consolidation. The paper then makes predictions on the outcome of these changes on the Japanese oil industry.
Polygons in Buildings and their Refined Side Lengths
1999. [Bro] K. Brown, Buildings, Springer, 1989. [BuBI] D.AMS, 2001. [D] M. Davis, Buildings are CAT(0), in �Geometryat Springerlink.com POLYGONS IN BUILDINGS AND THEIR REFINED
Kapovich, Michael; Leeb, Bernhard; Millson, John J.
133.6 - 276.4 See footnotes at end of table. 220 Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 2000 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type,...
201.3 - 453.3 See footnotes at end of table. 262 Energy Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 43. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade, Sales Type,...
April 1, 2005 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the MessageHydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the Message Initiating athe communication problem. Hydrogen and fuel cells have now
Iterative model-building, structure refinement, and density modification with the PHENIX AutoBuild Wizard
Iterative model-building, structure refinement, and densitytool for iterative model- building, structure refinement andusing RESOLVE or TEXTAL model- building, RESOLVE statistical
Terwilliger, T. C.; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mailstop M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Building 64R0121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the Message Initiating aApril 1, 2005 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells � Refining the Messagethe communication problem. Hydrogen and fuel cells have now
Steps taken at Malelane refinery to improve refined sugar quality
The refinery at Malelane has in the past produced refined sugar for the consumer market. A decision was taken by the management of Transvaal Sugar (TSB) to produce a quality of refined sugar that would also be acceptable to the industrial and the export markets. The processes that were evaluated and implemented at the Malelane refinery during the past three seasons to achieve this objective, are described.
M Moodley; Pm Schorn
Ultrasonic Sensor to Characterize Wood Pulp During Refining
A novel sensor concept has been developed for measuring the consistency, the degree of refining, the water retention value (WRV), and the consistency of wood pulp during the refining process. The measurement time is less than 5 minutes and the sensor can operate in a slip-stream of the process line or as an at-line instrument. The consistency is obtained from a calibration, in which the attenuation of ultrasound through the pulp suspension is measured as a function of the solids weight percentage. The degree of refining and the WRV are determined from settling measurements. The settling of a pulp suspension (consistency less than 0.5 Wt%) is observed, after the mixer that keeps the pulp uniformly distributed is turned off. The attenuation of ultrasound as a function of time is recorded and these data show a peak, after a certain delay, defined as the �peak time.� The degree of refining increases with the peak time, as demonstrated by measuring pulp samples with different degrees of refining. The WRV can be determined using the relative peak time, defined as the ratio T2/T1, where T1 is an initial value of the peak time and T2 is the value after additional refining. This method offers an additional WRV test for the industry, because the freeness test is not specific for the WRV.
Greenwood, Margaret S.; Panetta, Paul D.; Bond, Leonard J.; McCaw, M. W.
Refining the fundamental plane of accreting black holes
The idea of a unified description of supermassive and stellar black holes has been supported by the extension of the empirical radio/X-ray correlation from X-ray binaries to active galactic nuclei through the inclusion of a mass term. This has lead to the so-called fundamental plane of black hole activity in the black hole mass, radio and X-ray luminosity space. Two incarnations of this fundamental plane have so far been suggested using different underlying models and using two different samples of accreting black holes. We present revised samples for both studies together with a refined statistical analysis using measured errors of the observables. This method is used to compare the two samples, discuss selection effects, and infer parameters for the fundamental plane in a homogeneous way. We show that strongly sub-Eddington objects in a state equivalent to the low/hard state of X-ray binaries follow the fundamental plane very tightly; the scatter is comparable to the measurement errors. However, we find that the estimated parameters depend strongly on the assumptions made on the sources of scatter and the relative weight of the different AGN classes in the sample. Using only hard state objects, the fundamental plane is in agreement with the prediction of a simple uncooled synchrotron/jet model for the emitted radiation. Inclusion of high-state objects increases the scatter and moves the correlation closer to a disk/jet model. This is qualitatively consistent with a picture where low-state objects are largely dominated by jet emission while high-state objects have a strong contribution from an accretion disk.
Elmar Koerding; Heino Falcke; Sephane Corbel
Refining inflation using non-canonical scalars
This paper revisits the Inflationary scenario within the framework of scalar field models possessing a non-canonical kinetic term. We obtain closed form solutions for all essential quantities associated with chaotic inflation including slow roll parameters, scalar and tensor power spectra, spectral indices, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, etc. We also examine the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and demonstrate the existence of an inflationary attractor. Our results highlight the fact that non-canonical scalars can significantly improve the viability of inflationary models. They accomplish this by decreasing the tensor-to-scalar ratio while simultaneously increasing the value of the scalar spectral index, thereby redeeming models which are incompatible with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in their canonical version. For instance, the non-canonical version of the chaotic inflationary potential, V(?) ? ??{sup 4}, is found to agree with observations for values of ? as large as unity! The exponential potential can also provide a reasonable fit to CMB observations. A central result of this paper is that steep potentials (such as V??{sup ?n}) usually associated with dark energy, can drive inflation in the non-canonical setting. Interestingly, non-canonical scalars violate the consistency relation r = ?8n{sub T}, which emerges as a smoking gun test for this class of models.
Unnikrishnan, Sanil; Sahni, Varun [Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007 (India); Toporensky, Aleksey, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetsky Prospekt, 13, Moscow 119992 (Russian Federation)
Counterexample-Based Refinement for a Boundedness
· Cycle Code Analysis · Graph Structure Analysis · Complexity · Experimental Results · Conclusion. · The idea behind: only cyclic behavior may cause unboundedness. concentrate on control flow cycles orders activation conditions of cycles cycle dependencies #12;8 An Incomplete Boundedness Test · What
Leue, Stefan
Adaptive mesh refinement for shocks and material interfaces
There are three kinds of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in structured meshes. Block-based AMR sometimes over refines meshes. Cell-based AMR treats cells cell by cell and thus loses the advantage of the nature of structured meshes. Patch-based AMR is intended to combine advantages of block- and cell-based AMR, i.e., the nature of structured meshes and sharp regions of refinement. But, patch-based AMR has its own difficulties. For example, patch-based AMR typically cannot preserve symmetries of physics problems. In this paper, we will present an approach for a patch-based AMR for hydrodynamics simulations. The approach consists of clustering, symmetry preserving, mesh continuity, flux correction, communications, management of patches, and load balance. The special features of this patch-based AMR include symmetry preserving, efficiency of refinement across shock fronts and material interfaces, special implementation of flux correction, and patch management in parallel computing environments. To demonstrate the capability of the AMR framework, we will show both two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations with many levels of refinement.
US refiners choose variety of routes to MTBE
This paper reports that refiners and merchant manufacturers in the U.S. are gearing up to produce the large volumes of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) needed to comply with oxygenated gasoline requirements. The 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments specify that, as of the first of this coming November, gasoline containing a minimum of 2.7 wt % oxygen must be sold in 39 CO-nonattainment cities. Refiners and others are scurrying to bring MTBE capacity on line in time to meet this requirement. Many U.S. refiners already have some operating MTBE capacity, but this will not be nearly enough to meet the looming increase in demand. As a result, additional capacity is being constructed worldwide.
Rhodes, A.K.
Trends in heavy oil production and refining in California
This report is one of a series of publications assessing the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production and is part of a study being conducted for the US Department of Energy. This report summarizes trends in oil production and refining in Canada. Heavy oil (10{degrees} to 20{degrees} API gravity) production in California has increased from 20% of the state`s total oil production in the early 1940s to 70% in the late 1980s. In each of the three principal petroleum producing districts (Los Angeles Basin, Coastal Basin, and San Joaquin Valley) oil production has peaked then declined at different times throughout the past 30 years. Thermal production of heavy oil has contributed to making California the largest producer of oil by enhanced oil recovery processes in spite of low oil prices for heavy oil and stringent environmental regulation. Opening of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, Elk Hills (CA) field in 1976, brought about a major new source of light oil at a time when light oil production had greatly declined. Although California is a major petroleum-consuming state, in 1989 the state used 13.3 billion gallons of gasoline or 11.5% of US demand but it contributed substantially to the Nation`s energy production and refining capability. California is the recipient and refines most of Alaska`s 1.7 million barrel per day oil production. With California production, Alaskan oil, and imports brought into California for refining, California has an excess of oil and refined products and is a net exporter to other states. The local surplus of oil inhibits exploitation of California heavy oil resources even though the heavy oil resources exist. Transportation, refining, and competition in the market limit full development of California heavy oil resources.
Olsen, D.K.; Ramzel, E.B.; Pendergrass, R.A. II
This report is one of a series of publications assessing the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production and is part of a study being conducted for the US Department of Energy. This report summarizes trends in oil production and refining in Canada. Heavy oil (10{degrees} to 20{degrees} API gravity) production in California has increased from 20% of the state's total oil production in the early 1940s to 70% in the late 1980s. In each of the three principal petroleum producing districts (Los Angeles Basin, Coastal Basin, and San Joaquin Valley) oil production has peaked then declined at different times throughout the past 30 years. Thermal production of heavy oil has contributed to making California the largest producer of oil by enhanced oil recovery processes in spite of low oil prices for heavy oil and stringent environmental regulation. Opening of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, Elk Hills (CA) field in 1976, brought about a major new source of light oil at a time when light oil production had greatly declined. Although California is a major petroleum-consuming state, in 1989 the state used 13.3 billion gallons of gasoline or 11.5% of US demand but it contributed substantially to the Nation's energy production and refining capability. California is the recipient and refines most of Alaska's 1.7 million barrel per day oil production. With California production, Alaskan oil, and imports brought into California for refining, California has an excess of oil and refined products and is a net exporter to other states. The local surplus of oil inhibits exploitation of California heavy oil resources even though the heavy oil resources exist. Transportation, refining, and competition in the market limit full development of California heavy oil resources.
Olsen, D.K.; Ramzel, E.B.; Pendergrass, R.A. II.
,"Weekly Refiner Net Production"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner GasolineAllRefiner Net Production"
Federal environmental standards of potential importance to operations and activities at US Department of Energy sites. Draft
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is now engaged in a program of environmental restoration nationwide across its 45 sites. It is also bringing its facilities into compliance with environmental regulations, decontaminating and decommissioning unwanted facilities, and constructing new waste management facilities. One of the most difficult questions that DOE must face in successfully remediating its inactive waste sites, decontaminating and decommissioning its inactive facilities, and operating its waste management facilities is: ``What criteria and standards should be met?`` Acceptable standards or procedures for determining standards will assist DOE in its conduct of ongoing waste management and pending cleanup activities by helping to ensure that those activities are conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and are accepted by the regulatory community and the public. This document reports on the second of three baseline activities that are being conducted as prerequisites to either the development of quantitative standards that could be used by DOE, or consistent procedures for developing such standards. The first and third baseline activities are also briefly discussed in conjunction with the second of the three activities.
Fowler, K.M.; Bilyard, G.R.; Davidson, S.A.; Jonas, R.J.; Joseph, J.
Technical support to the Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) demonstration projects: assessment of current research and development
A program to demonstrate Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) technology has been initiated by the US Department of Energy (DOE) in partnership with two industrial groups. Project management responsibility has been assigned to the Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO) of DOE. ORO requested that the Oak Ridge National Laboratory assess current research and development (R and D) activities and develop recommendations for those activities that might contribute to successful completion of the SRC demonstration plant projects. The objectives of this final report are to discuss in detail the problem areas in SRC; to discuss the current and planned R and D investigations relevant to the problems identified; and to suggest appropriate R and D activities in support of designs for the SRC demonstration plants. Four types of R and D activities are suggested: continuation of present and planned activities; coordination of activities and results, present and proposed; extension/redirection of activities not involving major equipment purchase or modifications; and new activities. Important examples of the first type of activity include continuation of fired heater, slurry rheology, and slurry mixing studies at Ft. Lewis. Among the second type of activity, coordination of data acquisition and interpretation is recommended in the areas of heat transfer, vapor/liquid equilibria, and physical properties. Principal examples of recommendations for extension/redirection include screening studies at laboratory scale on the use of carbonaceous precoat (e.g., anthracite) infiltration, and 15- to 30-day continuous tests of the Texaco gasifier at the Texaco Montebello facility (using SRC residues).
Edwards, M.S.; Rodgers, B.R.; Brown, C.H.; Carlson, P.K.; Gambill, W.R.; Gilliam, T.M.; Holmes, J.M.; Krishnan, R.P.; Parsly, L.F.
Seismic Activity of the Earth, the Cosmological Vectorial Potential And Method of a Short-term Earthquakes Forecasting
To the foundation of a principally new short-term forecasting method there has been laid down a theory of surrounding us world's creation and of physical vacuum as a result of interaction of byuons - discrete objects. The definition of the byuon contains the cosmological vector-potential A_g - a novel fundamental vector constant. This theory predicts a new anisotropic interaction of nature objects with the physical vacuum. A peculiar "tap" to gain new energy (giving rise to an earthquake) are elementary particles because their masses are proportional to the modulus of some summary potential A_sum that contains potentials of all known fields. The value of A_sum cannot be larger than the modulus of A_g. In accordance with the experimental results a new force associated with A_sum ejects substance from the area of the weakened A_sum along a conical formation with the opening of 100 +- 10 and the axis directed along the vector A_sum. This vector has the following coordinates in the second equatorial coordinate system: right ascension alpha = 293 +- 10, declination delta = 36 +- 10. Nearly 100% probability of an earthquake (earthquakes of 6 points strong and more by the Richter scale) arises when in the process of the earth rotation the zenith vector of a seismically dangerous region and/or the vectorial potential of Earth's magnetic fields are in a certain way oriented relative to the vector A_g. In the work, basic models and standard mechanisms of earthquakes are briefly considered, results of processing of information on the earthquakes in the context of global spatial anisotropy caused by the existence of the vector A_g, are presented, and an analysis of them is given.
Yu. A. Baurov; Yu. A. Baurov; Yu. A. Baurov Jr.; A. A. Spitalnaya; A. A. Abramyan; V. A. Solodovnikov
Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Petroleum RefiningIndustry
Information has proven to be an important barrier inindustrial energy efficiency improvement. Voluntary government programsaim to assist industry to improve energy efficiency by supplyinginformation on opportunities. ENERGY STAR(R) supports the development ofstrong strategic corporate energy management programs, by providingenergy management information tools and strategies. This paper summarizesENERGY STAR research conducted to develop an Energy Guide for thePetroleum Refining industry. Petroleum refining in the United States isthe largest in the world, providing inputs to virtually every economicsector, including the transport sector and the chemical industry.Refineries spend typically 50 percent of the cash operating costs (e.g.,excluding capital costs and depreciation) on energy, making energy amajor cost factor and also an important opportunity for cost reduction.The petroleum refining industry consumes about 3.1 Quads of primaryenergy, making it the single largest industrial energy user in the UnitedStates. Typically, refineries can economically improve energy efficiencyby 20 percent. The findings suggest that given available resources andtechnology, there are substantial opportunities to reduce energyconsumption cost-effectively in the petroleum refining industry whilemaintaining the quality of the products manufactured.
Mutually refining DPCM system with applications in frame erasure channels
We consider the design of a mutually refining DPCM (MR-DPCM) system and its applications to frame erasure channels. MR-DPCM is a system that uses diversity to overcome channel impairments. In this thesis the design for a two channel system...
Sutharsan, Thirunathan
A Refined Difference Field Theory for Symbolic Summation
In this article we present a refined summation theory based on Karr's difference field approach. The resulting algorithms find sum representations with optimal nested depth. For instance, the algorithms have been applied successively to evaluate Feynman integrals from Perturbative Quantum Field Theory.
Carsten Schneider
Note on refined topological vertex, Jack polynomials and instanton counting
In this article, we calculated the refined topological vertex for the one parameter case using the Jack symmetric functions. Also, we obtain the partition function for elliptic N=2 models, the results coincide with those of Nekrasov instanton counting partition functions for the $N=2^{\\ast}$ theories.
Jianfeng Wu
Refined Chern-Simons Theory and Knot Homology
The refined Chern-Simons theory is a one-parameter deformation of the ordinary Chern-Simons theory on Seifert manifolds. It is defined via an index of the theory on N M5 branes, where the corresponding one-parameter deformation is a natural deformation of the geometric background. Analogously with the unrefined case, the solution of refined Chern-Simons theory is given in terms of S and T matrices, which are the proper Macdonald deformations of the usual ones. This provides a direct way to compute refined Chern-Simons invariants of a wide class of three-manifolds and knots. The knot invariants of refined Chern-Simons theory are conjectured to coincide with the knot superpolynomials -- Poincare polynomials of the triply graded knot homology theory. This conjecture is checked for a large number of torus knots in S^3, colored by the fundamental representation. This is a short, expository version of arXiv:1105.5117, with some new results included.
Refined functional relations for the elliptic SOS model
In this work we refine the method of [1] and obtain a novel kind of functional equation determining the partition function of the elliptic SOS model with domain wall boundaries. This functional relation is originated from the dynamical Yang-Baxter algebra and its solution is given in terms of multiple contour integrals.
W. Galleas
#PRL --A Proof Refinement Calculus for Classical Reasoning
#µPRL -- A Proof Refinement Calculus for Classical Reasoning in Computational Type Theory Nuria, 14482 Potsdam, Germany {brede,email@example.com Abstract. We present a hybrid proof calculus #µPRL to con structive proofs and show that the restriction of #µPRL to µsafe proof terms is sound
Kreitz, Christoph
PRL A Proof Refinement Calculus for Classical Reasoning
µPRL A Proof Refinement Calculus for Classical Reasoning in Computational Type Theory Nuria Brede, Germany {brede,firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. We present a hybrid proof calculus µPRL that combines and show that the restriction of µPRL to µ-safe proof terms is sound and complete for intuitionistic
Kenney: The USSOCOM Trinity The USSOCOM Trinity: Refining Special Operations
was that the American military would plan, train, and equip to conduct major combat operations on opposite sidesKenney: The USSOCOM Trinity 1 The USSOCOM Trinity: Refining Special Operations Commitment to 21st on the United States Special Operations Command and recommends means and methods to capitalize on current
Electron beam melting and refining state of the art 1995
This is the proceedings of the Electron Beam Melting and Refining - State of the Art 1995 Conference. It contains 23 of the 30 scheduled papers. Papers cover an array of electron beam melting applications, from industrial plating of metal strip, through government work on manufacturing and processing fissile alloys. Separate abstracts have been prepared for articles from this proceedings.
Bakish, R. [ed.
4. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Prices Figure J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1996 Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes Kero-jet Propane No. 1 Distillate No....
4. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Prices Figure J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1995 Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes Kero-jet Propane No. 1 Distillate No....
4. U.S. Refiner Wholesale Petroleum Product Prices Figure J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1997 Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes Kero-jet Propane No. 1 Distillate No....
71.8 W 70.5 78.9 W 76.0 83.6 W 69.2 75.2 See footnotes at end of table. 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District and State 176 Energy Information...
W 68.4 70.8 W W 78.6 W 85.7 81.8 W 69.3 73.8 See footnotes at end of table. 35. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, Sales Type, PAD District and State 176 Energy Information...
Time Critical Isosurface Refinement And Smoothing V. Pascucci
the global geometry of the embedding (no self- intersections) of any approximated level of detail: (i) a progressive al- gorithm that builds a multi-resolution surface by successive refine- ments so of the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under
Texas at Austin, University of
An accuracy study of mesh refinement on mapped grids
An accuracy study of mesh refinement on mapped grids D. Calhoun and R. J. LeVeque, October, 2003 on a highly skewed portion of a mapped grid. Smooth and shock-wave solutions to the Euler equations are used interface. Key words: gas dynamics, finite-volume, finite-difference, Cartesian grid, mapped grids
Calhoun, Donna
Department of Computing Stepwise Refinement in Event-B||CSP
in Event-B||CSP Part 1: Safety Steve Schneider, Helen Treharne and Heike Wehrheim March 12th 2011 #12;Stepwise Refinement in Event-B CSP Part 1: Safety Steve Schneider1 Helen Treharne1 Heike Wehrheim2 1, 2011 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 CSP 3 2.1 Notation
Effects of Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure on Motor Coordination, Activity Levels and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Adult Mice
, open field and Morris water maze were used to test for changes in coordination, activity levels, spatial learning and memory. Differences were observed between control and MeHg groups in rota-rod, footprint analysis, open field and Morris water maze...
Mackey, Jessica
The energy sector is comprised of a wide range of businesses involved in the exploration, extraction, production, refining, distribution, and sale of energy. The primary
, extraction, production, refining, distribution, and sale of energy. The primary industries within this sector of ways. Some examples include: · Using global surface hourly data for studies of wind energy potentialOVERVIEW The energy sector is comprised of a wide range of businesses involved in the exploration
Development of miscella refining process for cottonseed oil-isopropyl alcohol system: laboratory-scale evaluations
A technologically feasible cottonseed oil-isopropyl alcohol (IPA) miscella refining process was developed to produce high quality cottonseed oil. Individual steps necessary to refine cottonseed oil-IPA miscella were determined and improved...
Chau, Chi-Fai
ASSESSMENT AND REFINEMENT OF REAL-TIME TRAVEL TIME ALGORITHMS FOR USE IN PRACTICE Final Report AND REFINEMENT OF REAL-TIME TRAVEL TIME ALGORITHMS FOR USE IN PRACTICE 5. Report Date June 2007 Final Report 6
Bertini, Robert L.
WELDABILITY OF GRAIN-REFINED Fe-12Ni-0.25Ti STEEL FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
of the Cryogenic Nickel Steels, WRC Bull, 205, May, 1975.REFINED Fe-12Ni-0.25Ti STEEL FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS D.E.REFINED Fe-12Ni-0.25Ti STEEL FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS D.
Morris Jr., J.W.
Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Coupled Elliptic-Hyperbolic Systems
We present a modification to the Berger and Oliger adaptive mesh refinement algorithm designed to solve systems of coupled, non-linear, hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations. Such systems typically arise during constrained evolution of the field equations of general relativity. The novel aspect of this algorithm is a technique of "extrapolation and delayed solution" used to deal with the non-local nature of the solution of the elliptic equations, driven by dynamical sources, within the usual Berger and Oliger time-stepping framework. We show empirical results demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique in axisymmetric gravitational collapse simulations. We also describe several other details of the code, including truncation error estimation using a self-shadow hierarchy, and the refinement-boundary interpolation operators that are used to help suppress spurious high-frequency solution components ("noise").
Frans Pretorius; Matthew W. Choptuik
A refined position catalog of the Swift XRT afterglows
We present a catalogue of refined positions of 68 gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows observed by the Swift X-ray Telescope (XRT) from the launch up to 2005 Oct 16. This is a result of the refinement of the XRT boresight calibration. We tested this correction by means of a systematic study of a large sample of X-ray sources observed by XRT with well established optical counterparts. We found that we can reduce the systematic error radius of the measurements by a factor of two, from 6.5" to 3.2" (90% of confidence). We corrected all the positions of the afterglows observed by XRT in the first 11 months of the Swift mission. This is particularly important for the 37 X-ray afterglows without optical counterpart. Optical follow-up of dark GRBs, in fact, will be more efficient with the use of the more accurate XRT positions.
A. Moretti; M. Perri; M. Capalbi; L. Angelini; J. E. Hill; S. Campana; D. N. Burrows; J. P. Osborne; G. Tagliaferri; G. Cusumano; P. Giommi; P. Romano; T. Mineo; J. Kennea; D. Morris; J. Nousek; C. Pagani; J. Racusin; A. F. Abbey; A. P. Beardmore; O. Godet; M. R. Goad; K. L. Page; A. A. Wells; G. Chincarini
Direct Reduction of Waste through Refining of DOE Metal Assets - 13632
CVMR{sup R} presents a technology for refining nickel from the enrichment barrier materials of the DOE that is proven through 100 years of use by the metals industry. CVMR{sup R} applies modern controls, instrumentation for process and monitoring of the system, and innovative production methods to produce a wide spectrum of products that generate new technology applications and improvements to our society and economy. CVMR{sup R} will receive barrier materials as a secure operation and size reduce the metal to a shred that is fed to a carbonylation reactor where nickel is reacted with carbon monoxide and generate nickel carbonyl. The carbonyl will be filtered and decomposed with heat to form a variety of products that include high value nano powders, coated substrates, net shapes and pure nickel. The residue from the reactor will retain radionuclides from enrichment activities. The carbon monoxide will only react and extract nickel under the operating conditions to leave volumetric contamination in the unreacted residue. A demonstration plant was designed and built by CVMR{sup R} and operated by BWXT, to demonstrate the systems capabilities to DOE in 2006. A pilot plant operation precedes the detailed design of the nickel refinery and provides essential data for design, safe work practices, waste characterizations and system kinetics and confirms the project feasibility. CVMR{sup R} produces nickel products that are cleaner than the nickel in U.S. commerce and used by industry today. The CVMR{sup R} process and systems for nickel refining is well suited for DOE materials and will provide value through environmental stewardship, recovery of high value assets, and support of the DOE environmental remediation programs as the refined nickel generates additional long term benefits to local communities. (authors)
Hargett, Michael C.; Terekhov, Dimitri; Khozan, Kamran M. [Chemical Vapour Metal Refining - CVMR (United States)] [Chemical Vapour Metal Refining - CVMR (United States)
Compilation of data to estimate groundwater migration potential for constituents in active liquid discharges at the Hanford Site
A preliminary characterization of the constituents present in the 33 liquid waste streams at the US Department of Energy's Hanford Site has been completed by Westinghouse Hanford Company. In addition, Westinghouse Hanford has summarized the soil characteristics based on drill logs collected at each site that receives these liquid wastes. Literature searches were conducted and available Hanford-specific data were tabulated and reviewed. General literature on organic chemicals present in the liquid waste streams was also reviewed. Using all of this information, Pacific Northwest Laboratory has developed a best estimate of the transport characteristics (water solubility and soil adsorption properties) for those radionuclides and inorganic and organic chemicals identified in the various waste streams. We assume that the potential for transport is qualified through the four geochemical parameters: solubility, distribution coefficient, persistence (radiogenic or biochemical half-life), and volatility. Summary tables of these parameters are presented for more than 50 inorganic and radioactive species and more than 50 organic compounds identified in the liquid waste streams. Brief descriptions of the chemical characteristics of Hanford sediments, solubility, and adsorption processes, and of how geochemical parameters are used to estimate migration in groundwater-sediment environments are also presented. Groundwater monitoring data are tabulated for wells neighboring the facilities that receive the liquid wastes. 91 refs., 16 figs., 23 tabs.
Ames, L.L.; Serne, R.J.
p-Adic refinable functions and MRA-based wavelets
We described a wide class of $p$-adic refinable equations generating $p$-adic multiresolution analysis. A method for the construction of $p$-adic orthogonal wavelet bases within the framework of the MRA theory is suggested. A realization of this method is illustrated by an example, which gives a new 3-adic wavelet basis. Another realization leads to the $p$-adic Haar bases which were known before.
A. Yu. Khrennikov; V. M. Shelkovich; M. Skopina
Refined topological amplitudes in N=1 flux compactification
We study the implication of refined topological string amplitudes in the supersymmetric N=1 flux compactification. They generate higher derivative couplings among the vector multiplets and graviphoton with generically non-holomorphic moduli dependence. For a particular term, we can compute them by assuming the geometric engineering. We claim that the Dijkgraaf-Vafa large N matrix model with the beta-ensemble measure directly computes the higher derivative corrections to the supersymmetric effective action of the supersymmetric N=1$ gauge theory.
This document summarizes all of the work conducted as part of the Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. There were several distinct objectives set, as the study developed over time: (1) Demonstration of a Refinery Accepting Coal Liquids; (2) Emissions Screening of Indirect Diesel; (3) Biomass Gasification F-T Modeling; and (4) Updated Gas to Liquids (GTL) Baseline Design/Economic Study.
China`s refining/petrochemical industry continues expansion
China`s downstream petroleum industry decreased refinery throughput and increased petrochemical production in 1994, compared to 1993 data. A report titled ``China Petroleum Industry `94,`` issued by China Petroleum Newsletter, a publication of China Petroleum Information Institute, summarized China`s refined products and petrochemical production figures for 1994. The report also listed important construction projects at China`s downstream plants. This paper presents data from this report.
Refining Bio-Oil alongside Petroleum | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious Rank EERE: AlternativeEnvironment,Institutes and Launches theResidentialRecoveryWaste and SaveRefining
Protein extraction in the refinement of Coastal Bermudagrass
, phosphoric acid, gaseous hydrochloric acid, anhydrous ammonia and ethylendiamine (Chang et aL, 1981; Wylie and Steen, 1988). Also the use of organic solvents such as hexane or cadoxen ([Cd(ethylendiamine)3](OH)2, cadmium ethylendiamine) (Ladisch et al... and lignin. Integrated conversion of the entire "barrel of biomass" (also referred to as biomass refining), is essential to obtain good system economics. This study evaluated the use of the Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) process in an integrated conversion...
De La Rosa Perez, Luis Bernardo
Lattice refining loop quantum cosmology, anisotropic models and stability
A general class of loop quantizations for anisotropic models is introduced and discussed, which enhances loop quantum cosmology by relevant features seen in inhomogeneous situations. The main new effect is an underlying lattice which is being refined during dynamical changes of the volume. In general, this leads to a new feature of dynamical difference equations which may not have constant step-size, posing new mathematical problems. It is discussed how such models can be evaluated and what lattice refinements imply for semiclassical behavior. Two detailed examples illustrate that stability conditions can put strong constraints on suitable refinement models, even in the absence of a fundamental Hamiltonian which defines changes of the underlying lattice. Thus, a large class of consistency tests of loop quantum gravity becomes available. In this context, it will also be seen that quantum corrections due to inverse powers of metric components in a constraint are much larger than they appeared recently in more special treatments of isotropic, free scalar models where they were artificially suppressed.
Martin Bojowald; Daniel Cartin; Gaurav Khanna
Refinements of the Weyl tensor classification in five dimensions
We refine the null alignment classification of the Weyl tensor of a five-dimensional spacetime. The paper focusses on the algebraically special alignment types {\\bf {N}}, {\\bf {III}}, {\\bf {II}} and {\\bf {D}}, while types {\\bf {I}} and {\\bf {G}} are briefly discussed. A first refinement is provided by the notion of spin type of the components of highest boost weight. Second, we analyze the Segre types of the Weyl operator acting on bivector space and examine the intersection with the spin type classification. We present a full treatment for types {\\bf {N}} and {\\bf {III}}, and illustrate the classification from different viewpoints (Segre type, rank, spin type) for types {\\bf {II}} and {\\bf {D}}, paying particular attention to possible nilpotence, which is a new feature of higher dimensions. We also point out other essential differences with the four-dimensional case. In passing, we exemplify the refined classification by mentioning the special subtypes associated to certain important spacetimes, such as Myers-Perry black holes, black strings, Robinson-Trautman spacetimes, and purely electric/magnetic type {\\bf {D}} spacetimes.
Alan Coley; Sigbjorn Hervik; Marcello Ortaggio; Lode Wylleman
U. S. refiners move into another challenging technical era
With the transition to unleaded gasoline scarcely behind us, another new era is dawning for the U.S. refiner. No one yet knows the exact configuration of the refinery of the future and no two refineries are likely to adapt in exactly the same way. What is certain, however, is that by the year 2000, refineries will be more technologically advanced, their products will be more environmentally acceptable, and their operators will be more highly trained. The typical U.S. refinery in the year 2000 will be located at an existing refinery site because economic and environmental considerations will make it impossible to build new grassroots capacity. As a result of the Clean Air act, the refinery of tomorrow will produce cleaner fuels The entire U.S. gasoline pool will likely be reformulated. Most of the diesel fuel pool will consist of ultralow-sulfur product. And jet fuel-which is experiencing rapid demand growth-will be an increasingly important product. Many existing refining process will remain in use, but they will be more efficient and more technologically advanced. Energy efficiency will be a primary concern, as refiners seek to combat ever-increasing crude oil costs and refinery operating expenses. The refinery of the future also will be much more environmentally acceptable. The article is a closer look at the refinery of the future.
Hall, J.R. (Ashland Oil Inc., Ashland, KY (US))
Evolutions in 3D numerical relativity using fixed mesh refinement
We present results of 3D numerical simulations using a finite difference code featuring fixed mesh refinement (FMR), in which a subset of the computational domain is refined in space and time. We apply this code to a series of test cases including a robust stability test, a nonlinear gauge wave and an excised Schwarzschild black hole in an evolving gauge. We find that the mesh refinement results are comparable in accuracy, stability and convergence to unigrid simulations with the same effective resolution. At the same time, the use of FMR reduces the computational resources needed to obtain a given accuracy. Particular care must be taken at the interfaces between coarse and fine grids to avoid a loss of convergence at higher resolutions, and we introduce the use of "buffer zones" as one resolution of this issue. We also introduce a new method for initial data generation, which enables higher-order interpolation in time even from the initial time slice. This FMR system, "Carpet", is a driver module in the freely available Cactus computational infrastructure, and is able to endow generic existing Cactus simulation modules ("thorns") with FMR with little or no extra effort.
Erik Schnetter; Scott H. Hawley; Ian Hawke
Protein NMR Structures Refined with Rosetta Have Higher Accuracy Relative to Corresponding Xray Crystal Structures
Protein NMR Structures Refined with Rosetta Have Higher Accuracy Relative to Corresponding Xray Information ABSTRACT: We have found that refinement of protein NMR structures using Rosetta with experimental in the PDB using standard refinement protocols. Using 40 pairs of NMR and X-ray crystal structures determined
Baker, David
proteinsSTRUCTURE O FUNCTION O BIOINFORMATICS A combination of rescoring and refinement
proteinsSTRUCTURE O FUNCTION O BIOINFORMATICS A combination of rescoring and refinement in protein docking allow for atomic-scale protein complex predictions,3 yet work needs to be done to refine,10,11 reranking,12 and structural refinement13 of the initial set of predictions. Structural
Refinement of the differential gravimetry approach for future inter-satellite observations Matthias Weigelt, Wolfgang Keller
Refinement of the differential gravimetry approach for future inter-satellite observations Matthias Applicability to GRACE Follow On Refinement of the approach Conclusions: Loss of accuracy of several order. For the GRACE Follow-On mission this approach is not working anymore and thus a refinement of the solution
Stuttgart, Universität
A comparison of spectral element and finite difference methods using statically refined
A comparison of spectral element and finite difference methods using statically refined elements on a refined grid, using spectral method (polynomials of order p). · Accuracy convergence rate refinement dynamically or statically. Why considering spectral element? #12;Motivation · Since the main
Three Dimensional Adaptive Mesh Refinement on a Spherical Shell for Atmospheric Models with Lagrangian Coordinates
Three Dimensional Adaptive Mesh Refinement on a Spherical Shell for Atmospheric Models blocks and splits a block as refinements occur. The current functionality provides automatic generation the use of a longer time step. We have developed an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) dynamical core
Jablonowski, Christiane
ASSESSMENT AND REFINEMENT OF REAL- TIME TRAVEL TIME ALGORITHMS FOR USE IN PRACTICE (OTREC PHASE I) Final Report #12;#12;ASSESSMENT AND REFINEMENT OF REAL-TIME TRAVEL TIME ALGORITHMS FOR USE IN PRACTICE ASSESSMENT AND REFINEMENT OF REAL-TIME TRAVEL TIME ALGORITHMS FOR USE IN PRACTICE (OTREC PHASE 1) 5. Report
A Multi-Tiered Genetic Algorithm for Data Mining and Hypothesis Refinement
. The second stage of testing was on the ability to take results from a previous algorithm and perform refinement on the data model. Initially, Arcanum was used to refine its own data models. Of the six data models used for hypothesis refinement, Arcanum...
Taylor, Christopher M.
Refining GAL4-Driven Transgene Expression in Drosophila With a GAL80 Enhancer-Trap
LETTER Refining GAL4-Driven Transgene Expression in Drosophila With a GAL80 Enhancer-trap element, P{GAL80}, that encodes the yeast GAL80 repressor to refine expression of transgenes driven neurons. This line was used to refine GFP expression from a set of over 200 neurons to a subset of 20
Sokolowski, Marla
Comment on "Data for Refinement and Deposition/Publication" Mariusz Jaskolski (July 13, 2014)
Comment on "Data for Refinement and Deposition/Publication" Mariusz Jaskolski (July 13, 2014) 1. My and should be included in the refinement. Therefore, I do not truncate my data only because the high used in the refinement. 3. My leniency toward completeness at high-resolution does not extend
Linear iterative refinement method for the rapid simulation of borehole nuclear measurements: Part I --Vertical wells
Linear iterative refinement method for the rapid simulation of borehole nuclear measurements: Part a new linear iterative refinement method to simulate nuclear borehole measurements accurately included in the in- tegral form of Boltzmann's equation. The linear iterative refine- ment method accounts
Torres-Verdín, Carlos
Refinement and verification of concurrent systems specified in ObjectZ and CSP
Refinement and verification of concurrent systems specified in ObjectZ and CSP Graeme SmithZ and CSP. A common semantic basis for the two languages enables a unified method of refinement to be used, based upon CSP refinement. To enable statebased techniques to be used for the ObjectZ components
Linear iterative refinement method for the rapid simulation of borehole nuclear measurements: Part 2 --High-angle and horizontal wells
Linear iterative refinement method for the rapid simulation of borehole nuclear measurements: Part refinement method to rapidly simulate borehole nuclear measurements acquired in vertical wells neutron and density measurements. Based on new research, we implemented the linear iterative refinement
Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) process. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1979-March 1979
This report summarizes the progress of the Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) Project by the Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Co. for the Department of Energy for the period January 1, 1979 to March 31, 1979. Activities included the operation and modification of the Solvent Refined Coal Pilot Plant at Fort Lewis, Washington; the Process Development Unit P-99 at Harmarville, Pennsylvania; and research at Merriam Laboratory in Merriam, Kansas. The Pilot Plant processed Powhatan No. 5 Coal in the SRC-II mode of operation studying the effect of coal particle size and system temperature on coal slurry blending and the effect of carbon monoxide concentration in the reaction feed gas on process yields. January and February were spent completing installation of a fourth High Pressure Separator on Process Development Unit P-99 to better simulate operating conditions for the proposed Demonstration Plant. During March, one run was completed at P-99 feeding Pittsburgh Seam Coal from the Powhatan No. 5 Mine. Merriam investigations included a study of the effect of iron containing additives on SRC-I operation, the addition of carbon monoxide to the feed gas, utilization of a hydrogenated solvent (Cresap process solvent) in the SRC-I mode under both normal and short residence time operating conditions, and development of a simulated distillation technique to determine the entire boiling range distribution of product oils.
Evolving a puncture black hole with fixed mesh refinement
We present an algorithm for treating mesh refinement interfaces in numerical relativity. We detail the behavior of the solution near such interfaces located in the strong field regions of dynamical black hole spacetimes, with particular attention to the convergence properties of the simulations. In our applications of this technique to the evolution of puncture initial data with vanishing shift, we demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously maintain second order convergence near the puncture and extend the outer boundary beyond 100M, thereby approaching the asymptotically flat region in which boundary condition problems are less difficult and wave extraction is meaningful.
Breno Imbiriba; John Baker; Dae-Il Choi; Joan Centrella; David R. Fiske; J. David Brown; James R. van Meter; Kevin Olson
Exact results on ABJ theory and the refined topological string
We study the partition function of the ABJ theory, which is the N=6 superconformal Chern-Simons matter theory with gauge group U(N)xU(N+M) and Chern-Simons levels (k,-k). We exactly compute the ABJ partition function on a three sphere for various k, M and N via the Fermi gas approach. By using these exact data, we show that the ABJ partition function is completely determined by the refined topological string on local P^1 x P^1, including membrane instanton effects in the M-theory dual.
Masazumi Honda; Kazumi Okuyama
Bethe roots and refined enumeration of alternating-sign matrices
The properties of the most probable ground state candidate for the XXZ spin chain with the anisotropy parameter equal to -1/2 and an odd number of sites is considered. Some linear combinations of the components of the considered state, divided by the maximal component, coincide with the elementary symmetric polynomials in the corresponding Bethe roots. It is proved that those polynomials are equal to the numbers providing the refined enumeration of the alternating-sign matrices of order M+1 divided by the total number of the alternating-sign matrices of order M, for the chain of length 2M+1.
A. V. Razumov; Yu. G. Stroganov
Changing Trends in the Refining Industry (released in AEO2006)
Reports and Publications (EIA)
There have been some major changes in the U.S. refining industry recently, prompted in part by a significant decline in the quality of imported crude oil and by increasing restrictions on the quality of finished products. As a result, high-quality crudes, such as the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude that serves as a benchmark for oil futures on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), have been trading at record premiums to the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Basket price.
Cogeneration handbook for the petroleum refining industry. [Contains glossary
The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the petroleum refining industry. Appendices B through O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.
Fassbender, L.L.; Garrett-Price, B.A.; Moore, N.L.; Fassbender, A.G.; Eakin, D.E.; Gorges, H.A.
The refined transfer, bundle structures and algebraic K-theory.
We give new homotopy theoretic criteria for deciding when a fibration with homotopy finite fibers admits a reduction to a fiber bundle with compact topological manifold fibers. The criteria lead to a new and unexpected result about homeomorphism groups of manifolds. A tool used in the proof is a surjective splitting of the assembly map for Waldhausen's functor A(X). We also give concrete examples of fibrations having a reduction to a fiber bundle with compact topological manifold fibers but which fail to admit a compact fiber smoothing. The examples are detected by algebraic K-theory invariants. We consider a refinement of the Becker-Gottlieb transfer. We show that a version of the axioms described by Becker and Schultz uniquely determines the refined transfer for the class of fibrations admitting a reduction to a fiber bundle with compact topological manifold fibers. In an appendix, we sketch a theory of characteristic classes for fibrations. The classes are primary obstructions to finding a compact fiber smoothing.
John R. Klein; Bruce Williams
Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Supersonic Molecular Cloud Turbulence
We performed a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations of supersonic homogeneous Euler turbulence with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and effective grid resolution up to 1024^3 zones. Our experiments describe non-magnetized driven supersonic turbulent flows with an isothermal equation of state. Mesh refinement on shocks and shear is implemented to cover dynamically important structures with the highest resolution subgrids and calibrated to match the turbulence statistics obtained from the equivalent uniform grid simulations. We found that at a level of resolution slightly below 512^3, when a sufficient integral/dissipation scale separation is first achieved, the fraction of the box volume covered by the AMR subgrids first becomes smaller than unity. At the higher AMR levels subgrids start covering smaller and smaller fractions of the whole volume, which scale with the Reynolds number as Re^{-1/4}. We demonstrate the consistency of this scaling with a hypothesis that the most dynamically important structures in intermittent supersonic turbulence are strong shocks with a fractal dimension of two. We show that turbulence statistics derived from AMR simulations and simulations performed on uniform grids agree surprisingly well, even though only a fraction of the volume is covered by AMR subgrids. Based on these results, we discuss the signature of dissipative structures in the statistical properties of supersonic turbulence and their role in overall flow dynamics.
Alexei G. Kritsuk; Michael L. Norman; Paolo Padoan
A refined model for characterizing x-ray multilayers
The ability to quickly and accurately characterize arbitrary multilayers is very valuable for not only can we use the characterizations to predict the reflectivity of a multilayer for any soft x-ray wavelength, we also can generalize the results to apply to other multilayers of the same type. In addition, we can use the characterizations as a means of evaluating various sputtering environments and refining sputtering techniques to obtain better multilayers. In this report we have obtained improved characterizations for sample molybdenum-silicon and vanadium-silicon multilayers. However, we only examined five crystals overall, so the conclusions that we could draw about the structure of general multilayers is limited. Research involving many multilayers manufactured under the same sputtering conditions is clearly in order. In order to best understand multilayer structures it may be necessary to further refine our model, e.g., adopting a Gaussian form for the interface regions. With such improvements we can expect even better agreement with experimental values and continued concurrence with other characterization techniques. 18 refs., 30 figs., 7 tabs.
Oren, A.L.; Henke, B.L.
California refiners move smoothly into next phase of RFG
The California RFG program (CARB RFG) began at the refinery level in March, the terminal level in April and will begin being enforced at the retail level June 1. By all accounts, early implementation is proceeding smoothly, with prices for both gasoline and oxygenates remaining fairly steady. Analysts labeled the introduction of the world`s cleanest gasoline {open_quotes}a non-event{close_quotes}. By April 1, more than half of the retail gasoline stations in California had fully complying CARB RFG. With cumulative investments of more than $3 billion, California`s refiners will be looking to recapture as much of the cost in the marketplace as possible. The incremental cost of CARB RFG production over federal RFG is estimated by refiners to be about 10{cents}/gal, mainly due to the capital investments needed for hydrotreating to reduce sulfur levels. Early batches of fuel on the spot market sold for about 8{cents}/gal over conventional prices, about 4.5{cents}/gal above federal RFG, according to the Oil Price Information Service (OPIS).
Schaffer, S. [ed.
Influence of Alloy and Solidification Parameters on Grain Refinement in Aluminum Weld Metal due to Inoculation
The goals are: (1) Establish how much Ti/B grain refiner is need to completely refine aluminum weld metal for different alloys and different welding conditions; (2) Characterize how alloy composition and solidification parameters affect weld metal grain refinement; and (3) Apply relevant theory to understand observed behavior. Conclusions are: (1) additions of Ti/B grain refiner to weld metal in Alloys 1050, 5083, and 6082 resulted in significant grain refinement; (2) grain refinement was more effective in GTAW than LBW, resulting in finer grains at lower Ti content - reason is limited time available for equiaxed grain growth in LBW (inability to occlude columnar grain growth); (3) welding travel speed did not markedly affect grain size within GTAW and LBW clusters; and (4) application of Hunt CET analysis showed experimental G to be on the order of the critical G{sub CET}; G{sub CET} was consistently higher for GTAW than for LBW.
Schempp, Philipp [BAM, Germany; Tang, Z. [BIAS, Germany; Cross, Carl E. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Seefeld, T. [BIAS, Germany; Pittner, A. [BAM, Germany; Rethmeier, M. [BAM, Germany
Development of a performance-based industrial energy efficiency indicator for corn refining plants.
Organizations that implement strategic energy management programs have the potential to achieve sustained energy savings if the programs are carried out properly. A key opportunity for achieving energy savings that plant managers can take is to determine an appropriate level of energy performance by comparing their plant's performance with that of similar plants in the same industry. Manufacturing facilities can set energy efficiency targets by using performance-based indicators. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its ENERGY STAR{reg_sign} program, has been developing plant energy performance indicators (EPIs) to encourage a variety of U.S. industries to use energy more efficiently. This report describes work with the corn refining industry to provide a plant-level indicator of energy efficiency for facilities that produce a variety of products--including corn starch, corn oil, animal feed, corn sweeteners, and ethanol--for the paper, food, beverage, and other industries in the United States. Consideration is given to the role that performance-based indicators play in motivating change; the steps needed to develop indicators, including interacting with an industry to secure adequate data for an indicator; and the actual application and use of an indicator when complete. How indicators are employed in the EPA's efforts to encourage industries to voluntarily improve their use of energy is discussed as well. The report describes the data and statistical methods used to construct the EPI for corn refining plants. Individual equations are presented, as are the instructions for using them in an associated Excel spreadsheet.
Boyd, G. A.; Decision and Information Sciences; USEPA
Impact of Environmental Compliance Costs on U.S. Refining Profitability 1995-2001
This report assesses the effects of pollution abatement requirements on the financial performance of U.S. petroleum refining and marketing operations during the 1995 to 2001 period. This study is a follow-up to the October 1997 publication entitled The Impact of Environmental Compliance Costs on U.S. Refining Profitability, that focused on the financial impacts of U.S. refining pollution abatement investment requirements in the 1988 to1995 period.
Linkages between the markets for crude oil and the markets for refined products
To understand the crude oil price determination process it is necessary to extend the analysis beyond the markets for petroleum. Crude oil prices are determined in two closely related markets: the markets for crude oil and the markets for refined products. An econometric-linear programming model was developed to capture the linkages between the markets for crude oil and refined products. In the LP refiners maximize profits given crude oil supplies, refining capacities, and prices of refined products. The objective function is profit maximization net of crude oil prices. The shadow price on crude oil gives the netback price. Refined product prices are obtained from the econometric models. The model covers the free world divided in five regions. The model is used to analyze the impacts on the markets of policies that affect crude oil supplies, the demands for refined products, and the refining industry. For each scenario analyzed the demand for crude oil is derived from the equilibrium conditions in the markets for products. The demand curve is confronted with a supply curve which maximizes revenues providing an equilibrium solution for both crude oil and product markets. The model also captures crude oil price differentials by quality. The results show that the demands for crude oil are different across regions due to the structure of the refining industries and the characteristics of the demands for refined products. Changes in the demands for products have a larger impact on the markets than changes in the refining industry. Since markets for refined products and crude oil are interrelated they can't be analyzed individually if an accurate and complete assessment of a policy is to be made. Changes in only one product market in one region affect the other product markets and the prices of crude oil.
Didziulis, V.S.
The uses of the refined matrix model recursion
We study matrix models in the beta ensemble by building on the refined recursion relation proposed by Chekhov and Eynard. We present explicit results for the first beta-deformed corrections in the one-cut and the two-cut cases, as well as two applications to supersymmetric gauge theories: the calculation of superpotentials in N=1 gauge theories, and the calculation of vevs of surface operators in superconformal N=2 theories and their Liouville duals. Finally, we study the beta deformation of the Chern-Simons matrix model. Our results indicate that this model does not provide an appropriate description of the Omega-deformed topological string on the resolved conifold, and therefore that the beta-deformation might provide a different generalization of topological string theory in toric Calabi-Yau backgrounds.
Andrea Brini; Marcos Marino; Sebastien Stevan
Fuel and oxygen addition for metal smelting or refining process
A furnace 10 for smelting iron ore and/or refining molten iron 20 is equipped with an overhead pneumatic lance 40, through which a center stream of particulate coal 53 is ejected at high velocity into a slag layer 30. An annular stream of nitrogen or argon 51 enshrouds the coal stream. Oxygen 52 is simultaneously ejected in an annular stream encircling the inert gas stream 51. The interposition of the inert gas stream between the coal and oxygen streams prevents the volatile matter in the coal from combusting before it reaches the slag layer. Heat of combustion is thus more efficiently delivered to the slag, where it is needed to sustain the desired reactions occurring there. A second stream of lower velocity oxygen can be delivered through an outermost annulus 84 to react with carbon monoxide gas rising from slag layer 30, thereby adding still more heat to the furnace.
Schlichting, Mark R. (Chesterton, IN)
Refinements in electroweak contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment
Effects of strong interactions on the two loop electroweak radiative corrections to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, $a_\\mu=(g_\\mu-2)/2$, are examined. Short-distance logs are shown to be unaffected. Computation of long-distance contributions is improved by use of an effective field theory approach that preserves the chiral properties of QCD and accounts for constraints from the operator product expansion. Small, previously neglected, two loop contributions, suppressed by a $1-4\\sin^2\\theta_W$ factor, are computed and the complete three loop leading short-distance logs are reevaluated. These refinements lead to a reduction in uncertainties and a slight shift in the total electroweak contribution to $a_\\mu^{\\rm EW} = 154(1)(2)\\times 10^{-11}$ where the first error corresponds to hadronic uncertainties and the second is primarily due to the allowed Higgs mass range.
Andrzej Czarnecki; William J. Marciano; Arkady Vainshtein
A furnace for smelting iron ore and/or refining molten iron is equipped with an overhead pneumatic lance, through which a center stream of particulate coal is ejected at high velocity into a slag layer. An annular stream of nitrogen or argon enshrouds the coal stream. Oxygen is simultaneously ejected in an annular stream encircling the inert gas stream. The interposition of the inert gas stream between the coal and oxygen streams prevents the volatile matter in the coal from combusting before it reaches the slag layer. Heat of combustion is thus more efficiently delivered to the slag, where it is needed to sustain the desired reactions occurring there. A second stream of lower velocity oxygen can be delivered through an outermost annulus to react with carbon monoxide gas rising from slag layer, thereby adding still more heat to the furnace. 7 figs.
Schlichting, M.R.
Global refining beyond the year 2000 - A European perspective
A new French publication from Editions Technip contains a broad-based discussion on the economic and processing parameters that will shape the refinery of the future. Process experts from Institut Francais Du Petrole (IFP) have constructed a {open_quotes}road map{close_quotes} for refining and petrochemical flow schemes that should interest industry planners and decision makers throughout the world. The importance attributed to the characterization of crude oils and petroleum products is stressed. On a directional basis, the industry will see more emphasis on methodologies to improve existing conversion and separation processes. Buzzwords such as biorefining, refinery integrated information systems, petrochemical/refinery integration and many others will find a forum in future publications.
Gonzalez, R.G. [ed.
Quantitative Methods for Strategic and Investment Planning in the Oil-Refining
by one refinery Refinery Opera*onal Planning - Simulate the Refining Scenarios Supply Chain Investments Planning - Test the refinery best scenarios
Grossmann, Ignacio E.
E-Print Network 3.0 - administered refined olive Sample Search...
refined olive Page: << < 1 2 3 4 5 > >> 1 EUROMED SUSTAINABLE CONNECTIONS ANNA LINDH FOUNDATION Summary: most common to the Mediterranean region - the production of Olive Oil. The...
of Dell�s Direct Business Model Fuels Fifteenth ConsecutiveAND EXTENDING THE REFINING AND EXTENDING THE BUSINESS MODELBUSINESS MODEL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Table 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil...
Petroleum Marketing Annual 1998 295 Table 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil Volumes by PAD District and State (Thousand Gallons per Day) - Continued...
Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 337 Table 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil Volumes by PAD District and State (Thousand Gallons per Day) - Continued...
Petroleum Marketing Annual 1999 295 Table 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil Volumes by PAD District and State (Thousand Gallons per Day) - Continued...
Table A3. Refiner/Reseller Prices of Distillate and Residual...
Marketing Annual 1999 441 Table A3. RefinerReseller Prices of Distillate and Residual Fuel Oils, by PAD District, 1983-Present (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) - Continued...
Table 7. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales...
Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 7. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type (Million Gallons per Day) - Continued Year...
Table A1. Refiner/Reseller Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, PAD...
AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 401 Table A1. RefinerReseller Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, PAD District and State, 1984-Present (Cents per Gallon...
Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table A1. RefinerReseller Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, PAD District and State, 1984-Present (Cents per Gallon...
Table 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales...
Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 Table 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) - Continued...
Table 10. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Prices by...
AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1999 Table 10. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) Year Month...
Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1998 Table 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) - Continued...
Energy Information AdministrationPetroleum Marketing Annual 1998 Table 7. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type (Million Gallons per Day) - Continued Year...
Information Administration Petroleum Marketing Annual 1995 Table 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) - Continued...
E-Print Network 3.0 - alloys grain refinement Sample Search Results
in iron substitutional alloys (Grain size effects on iron... ;14 Objective Grain Size Varistors Hall- Petch Creep Grain refinement A crucial engineering consequence... of the...
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E-Print Network 3.0 - amerya petroleum refining Sample Search...
11 DOEBCW-31-109-Eng-38-1 (DE96001296) Summary: and Solutions in Exploration, Production and Refining, proceedings of the Second International Petroleum... , Production and...
Table A2. Refiner/Reseller Prices of Aviation Fuels, Propane...
Marketing Annual 1995 467 Table A2. RefinerReseller Prices of Aviation Fuels, Propane, and Kerosene, by PAD District, 1983-Present (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) -...
Marketing Annual 1999 421 Table A2. RefinerReseller Prices of Aviation Fuels, Propane, and Kerosene, by PAD District, 1983-Present (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) -...
Technology status in support of refined technical baseline for the Spent Nuclear Fuel project. Revision 1
The Spent Nuclear Fuel Project (SNFP) has undertaken technology acquisition activities focused on supporting the technical basis for the removal of the N Reactor fuel from the K Basins to an interim storage facility. The purpose of these technology acquisition activities has been to identify technology issues impacting design or safety approval, to establish the strategy for obtaining the necessary information through either existing project activities, or the assignment of new work. A set of specific path options has been identified for each major action proposed for placing the N Reactor fuel into a ``stabilized`` form for interim storage as part of this refined technical basis. This report summarizes the status of technology information acquisition as it relates to key decisions impacting the selection of specific path options. The following specific categories were chosen to characterize and partition the technology information status: hydride issues and ignition, corrosion, hydrogen generation, drying and conditioning, thermal performance, criticality and materials accountability, canister/fuel particulate behavior, and MCO integrity. This report represents a preliminary assessment of the technology information supporting the SNFP. As our understanding of the N Reactor fuel performance develops the technology information supporting the SNFP will be updated and documented in later revisions to this report. Revision 1 represents the incorporation of peer review comments into the original document. The substantive evolution in our understanding of the technical status for the SNFP (except section 3) since July 1995 have not been incorporated into this revision.
Puigh, R.J.; Toffer, H.; Heard, F.J.; Irvin, J.J.; Cooper, T.D.
Decommissioning samples from the Ft. Lewis, WA, solvent refined coal pilot plant: chemical analysis and biological testing
This report presents the results from chemical analyses and limited biological assays of three sets of samples from the Ft. Lewis, WA solvent refined coal (SRC) pilot plant. The samples were collected during the process of decommissioning this facility. Chemical composition was determined for chemical class fractions of the samples by using high-resolution gas chromatography (GC), high-resolution GC/mass spectrometry (MS) and high-resolution MS. Biological activity was measuring using both the histidine reversion microbial mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium, TA98 and an initiation/promotion mouse-skin tumorigenicity assay. 19 refs., 7 figs., 27 tabs.
Weimer, W.C.; Wright, C.W.
Aspects of Western Refining, Inc.'s Proposed Acquisition of Giant Industries, Inc.
Presentation of company-level, non-proprietary data and relevant aggregate data for U.S. refinery capacity and gasoline marketing of Western Refining and Giant Industries to inform discussions of Western Refining Inc.'s proposed acquisition of Giant Industries Inc. for a total of $1.5 billion, which was announced August 28, 2006.
Effects of wastewater from an oil-sand-refining operation on survival, hematology, gill histology,
Effects of wastewater from an oil-sand-refining operation on survival, hematology, gill histology the effects of various types of wastewater produced in oil-sand-refining on the survival, hematology, gill. In con- trast, all fish did not survive a 28-day period in any of the wastewaters tested and, in some
Farrell, Anthony P.
To appear in EPTCS. A CSP account of Event-B refinement
To appear in EPTCS. A CSP account of Event-B refinement Steve Schneider Department of Computing a CSP account of Event-B refinement, with a treatment for the first time of splitting events and of anticipated events. To this end, we define a CSP seman- tics for Event-B and show how the different forms
FDR3 --A Modern Refinement Checker for CSP Thomas Gibson-Robinson, Philip Armstrong,
FDR3 -- A Modern Refinement Checker for CSP Thomas Gibson-Robinson, Philip Armstrong, email@example.com Abstract. FDR3 is a complete rewrite of the CSP refinement checker FDR2, incorporating a significant number describe the new algorithm that FDR3 uses to construct its in- ternal representation of CSP processes
Oxford, University of
FDR3 -- A Modern Refinement Checker for CSP Thomas Gibson-Robinson, Philip Armstrong, email@example.com Abstract. FDR3 is a complete rewrite of the CSP refinement checker FDR2, incorporating a significant number describe the new algorithm that FDR3 uses to construct its internal representation of CSP processes
The overarching objective of the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) enzyme activity probe (EAP) effort is to determine if aerobic cometabolism is contributing to the attenuation of trichloroethene (TCE) and other chlorinated solvents in the contaminated groundwater beneath PGDP. The site-specific objective for the EAP assessment is to identify if key metabolic pathways are present and expressed in the microbial community--namely the pathways that are responsible for degradation of methane and aromatic (e.g. toluene, benzene, phenol) substrates. The enzymes produced to degrade methane and aromatic compounds also break down TCE through a process known as cometabolism. EAPs directly measure if methane and/or aromatic enzyme production pathways are operating and, for the aromatic pathways, provide an estimate of the number of active organisms in the sampled groundwater. This study in the groundwater plumes at PGDP is a major part of a larger scientific effort being conducted by Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM), Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), and North Wind Inc. in which EAPs are being applied to contaminated groundwater from diverse hydrogeologic and plume settings throughout the U.S. to help standardize their application as well as their interpretation. While EAP data provide key information to support the site specific objective for PGDP, several additional lines of evidence are being evaluated to increase confidence in the determination of the occurrence of biodegradation and the rate and sustainability of aerobic cometabolism. These complementary efforts include: (1) Examination of plume flowpaths and comparison of TCE behavior to 'conservative' tracers in the plume (e.g., {sup 99}Tc); (2) Evaluation of geochemical conditions throughout the plume; and (3) Evaluation of stable isotopes in the contaminants and their daughter products throughout the plume. If the multiple lines of evidence support the occurrence of cometabolism and the potential for the process to contribute to temporal and spatial attenuation of TCE in PGDP groundwater, then a follow-up enzyme probe microcosm study to better estimate biological degradation rate(s) is warranted.
Looney, B; M. Hope Lee, M; S. K. Hampson, S
Refined Properties of the HD 130322 Planetary System
Exoplanetary systems closest to the Sun, with the brightest host stars, provide the most favorable opportunities for characterization studies of the host star and their planet(s). The Transit Ephemeris Refinement and Monitoring Survey uses both new radial velocity measurements and photometry in order to greatly improve planetary orbit uncertainties and the fundamental properties of the star, in this case HD 130322. The only companion, HD 130322b, orbits in a relatively circular orbit, e = 0.029 every ~10.7 days. Radial velocity measurements from multiple sources, including 12 unpublished from the Keck I telescope, over the course of ~14 years have reduced the uncertainty in the transit midpoint to ~2 hours. The transit probability for the b-companion is 4.7%, where M_p sin i = 1.15 M_J and a = 0.0925 AU. In this paper, we compile photometric data from the T11 0.8m Automated Photoelectric Telescope at Fairborn Observatory taken over ~14 years, including the constrained transit window, which results in a dispos...
Hinkel, Natalie R; Henry, Gregory W; Feng, Y Katherina; Boyajian, Tabetha; Wright, Jason; Fischer, Debra A; Howard, Andrew W
Cosmos++: Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics on Unstructured Grids with Local Adaptive Refinement
A new code and methodology are introduced for solving the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) equations in fixed background spacetimes using time-explicit, finite-volume discretization. The code has options for solving the GRMHD equations using traditional artificial-viscosity (AV) or non-oscillatory central difference (NOCD) methods, or a new extended AV (eAV) scheme using artificial-viscosity together with a dual energy-flux-conserving formulation. The dual energy approach allows for accurate modeling of highly relativistic flows at boost factors well beyond what has been achieved to date by standard artificial viscosity methods. It provides the benefit of Godunov methods in capturing high Lorentz boosted flows but without complicated Riemann solvers, and the advantages of traditional artificial viscosity methods in their speed and flexibility. Additionally, the GRMHD equations are solved on an unstructured grid that supports local adaptive mesh refinement using a fully threaded oct-tree (in three dimensions) network to traverse the grid hierarchy across levels and immediate neighbors. A number of tests are presented to demonstrate robustness of the numerical algorithms and adaptive mesh framework over a wide spectrum of problems, boosts, and astrophysical applications, including relativistic shock tubes, shock collisions, magnetosonic shocks, Alfven wave propagation, blast waves, magnetized Bondi flow, and the magneto-rotational instability in Kerr black hole spacetimes.
Peter Anninos; P. Chris Fragile; Jay D. Salmonson
Biocide usage in cooling towers in the electric power and petroleum refining industries
Cooling towers users frequently apply biocides to the circulating cooling water to control growth of microorganisms, algae, and macroorganisms. Because of the toxic properties of biocides, there is a potential for the regulatory controls on their use and discharge to become increasingly more stringent. This report examines the types of biocides used in cooling towers by companies in the electric power and petroleum refining industries, and the experiences those companies have had in dealing with agencies that regulate cooling tower blowdown discharges. Results from a sample of 67 electric power plants indicate that the use of oxidizing biocides (particularly chlorine) is favored. Quaternary ammonia salts (quats), a type of nonoxidizing biocide, are also used in many power plant cooling towers. The experience of dealing with regulators to obtain approval to discharge biocides differs significantly between the two industries. In the electric power industry, discharges of any new biocide typically must be approved in writing by the regulatory agency. The approval process for refineries is less formal. In most cases, the refinery must notify the regulatory agency that it is planning to use a new biocide, but the refinery does not need to get written approval before using it. The conclusion of the report is that few of the surveyed facilities are having any difficulty in using and discharging the biocides they want to use.
Veil, J.; Rice, J.K.; Raivel, M.E.S.
Refining the associations of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalogs
The Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) First Source Catalog (1FGL) was released in February 2010 and the Fermi-LAT 2-Year Source Catalog (2FGL) appeared in April 2012, based on data from 24 months of operation. Since their releases, many follow up observations of unidentified gamma-ray sources (UGSs) were performed and new procedures to associate gamma-ray sources with potential counterparts at other wavelengths were developed. Here we review and characterize all the associations as published in the 1FGL and 2FGL catalog on the basis of multifrequency archival observations. In particular we located 177 spectra for the low-energy counterparts that were not listed in the previous Fermi catalogs, and in addition we present new spectroscopic observations of 8 gamma-ray blazar candidates. Based on our investigations, we introduce a new counterpart category of "candidate associations" and propose a refined classification for the candidate low-energy counterparts of the Fermi sources. We compare the 1FGL-assigned coun...
Massaro, F; Landoni, M; Paggi, A; Masetti, N; Giroletti, M; Ot�-Floranes, H; Chavushyan, V; Jim�nez-Bail�n, E; Pati�o-�lvarez, V; Digel, S W; Smith, Howard A; Tosti, G
Model Refinement Needs A model developed by Peters and Marmorek (2003) will be used to generate predictions for
449 Model Refinement Needs A model developed by Peters and Marmorek (2003) will be used to generate and will enable us in a future project to develop a refined model to evaluate reintroduction of sockeye
RAM: a Relativistic Adaptive Mesh Refinement Hydrodynamics Code
The authors have developed a new computer code, RAM, to solve the conservative equations of special relativistic hydrodynamics (SRHD) using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) on parallel computers. They have implemented a characteristic-wise, finite difference, weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme using the full characteristic decomposition of the SRHD equations to achieve fifth-order accuracy in space. For time integration they use the method of lines with a third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta scheme. They have also implemented fourth and fifth order Runge-Kutta time integration schemes for comparison. The implementation of AMR and parallelization is based on the FLASH code. RAM is modular and includes the capability to easily swap hydrodynamics solvers, reconstruction methods and physics modules. In addition to WENO they have implemented a finite volume module with the piecewise parabolic method (PPM) for reconstruction and the modified Marquina approximate Riemann solver to work with TVD Runge-Kutta time integration. They examine the difficulty of accurately simulating shear flows in numerical relativistic hydrodynamics codes. They show that under-resolved simulations of simple test problems with transverse velocity components produce incorrect results and demonstrate the ability of RAM to correctly solve these problems. RAM has been tested in one, two and three dimensions and in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. they have demonstrated fifth-order accuracy for WENO in one and two dimensions and performed detailed comparison with other schemes for which they show significantly lower convergence rates. Extensive testing is presented demonstrating the ability of RAM to address challenging open questions in relativistic astrophysics.
Zhang, Wei-Qun; /KIPAC, Menlo Park; MacFadyen, Andrew I.; /Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study
State of heavy oil production and refining in California
California is unique in the United States because it has the largest heavy oil (10{degrees} to 20{degrees}API gravity) resource, estimated to be in excess of 40 billion barrels. Of the current 941,543 barrels/day of oil produced in California (14% of the U.S. total), 70% or 625,312 barrels/day is heavy oil. Heavy oil constituted only 20% of California`s oil production in the early 1940s, but development of thermal oil production technology in the 1960s allowed the heavy industry to grow and prosper to the point where by the mid-1980s, heavy oil constituted 70% of the state`s oil production. Similar to the rest of the United States, light oil production in the Los Angeles Basin, Coastal Region, and San Joaquin Valley peaked and then declined at different times throughout the past 30 years. Unlike other states, California developed a heavy oil industry that replaced declining light oil production and increased the states total oil production, despite low heavy oil prices, stringent environmental regulations and long and costly delays in developing known oil resources. California`s deep conversion refineries process the nation`s highest sulfur, lowest API gravity crude to make the cleanest transportation fuels available. More efficient vehicles burning cleaner reformulated fuels have significantly reduced the level of ozone precursors (the main contributor to California`s air pollution) and have improved air quality over the last 20 years. In a state where major oil companies dominate, the infrastructure is highly dependent on the 60% of ANS production being refined in California, and California`s own oil production. When this oil is combined with the small volume of imported crude, a local surplus of marketed oil exists that inhibits exploitation of California`s heavy oil resources. As ANS production declines, or if the export restrictions on ANS sales are lifted, a window of opportunity develops for increased heavy oil production.
Olsen, D.K.; Ramzel, E.B. [BDM-Oklahoma, Inc., Bartlesville, OK (United States)
On Some Computations of Higher Rank Refined Donaldson-Thomas Invariants
We present some computations of higher rank refined Donaldson-Thomas invariants on local curve geometries, corresponding to local D6-D2-D0 or D4-D2-D0 configurations. A refined wall-crossing formula for invariants with higher D6 or D4 ranks is derived and verified to agree with the existing formulas under the unrefined limit. Using the formula, refined invariants on the $(-1,-1)$ and $(-2,0)$ local rational curve with higher D6 or D4 ranks are computed.
Wu-yen Chuang; Chien-Hsun Wang
Influence of Aluminum Content on Grain Refinement and Strength of AZ31 Magnesium GTA Weld Metal
The goal is to characterize the effect of Al content on AZ31 weld metal, the grain size and strength, and examine role of Al on grain refinement. The approach is to systematically vary the aluminum content of AZ31 weld metal, Measure average grain size in weld metal, and Measure cross-weld tensile properties and hardness. Conclusions are that: (1) increased Al content in AZ31 weld metal results in grain refinement Reason: higher undercooling during solidification; (2) weld metal grain refinement resulted in increased strength & hardness Reason: grain boundary strengthening; and (3) weld metal strength can be raised to wrought base metal levels.
Babu, N. Kishore [Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology; Cross, Carl E. [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Due to the successful use of the Saccharoflex 2000 reflectance measurement instrument on the estimation of refined sugar colour elsewhere in the world, it was decided by Tongaat-Hulett Sugar to evaluate the instrument at the refinery in Durban. Tests were carried out on first, second, third and fourth refined sugars, the results of which showed a good correlation between the ICUMSA colour measurement and the reflectance reading obtained from the Saccharoflex 2000. The instrument offers a number of advantages, the main one being that a refined sugar colour value can be obtained in less than a minute. The refinery has therefore purchased one for process control.
M Moodley; N K Padayachee; V Govender
Generated using version 3.0 of the official AMS LATEX template Voronoi, Delaunay and Block Structured Mesh Refinement for
Structured Mesh Refinement for Solution of the Shallow Water Equations on the Sphere HILARY WELLER NCAS meshes of the sphere and adaptive mesh refinement could be immensely beneficial for weather and climate forecasts but it is not clear how mesh refinement should be achieved. A finite-volume model which solves
Weller, Hilary Spencer
2009 US-Japan Workshop on Advanced Simulation Methods in Plasma Physics Plasma Particle Simulation with Adaptive Mesh Refinement Technique
with Adaptive Mesh Refinement Technique for Multi-scale Phenomena Masanori Nunami1,5 , Hideyuki Usui2,5 , Toseo electromagnetic plasma particle code by using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique. AMR technique, which dynamically according to certain refinement criteria, monitoring all cells where high-resolution is needed
Ito, Atsushi
Acta Cryst. (1978). A34, 931-935 Refinement of Large Structures by Simultaneous Minimization of Energy and R Factor
Acta Cryst. (1978). A34, 931-935 Refinement of Large Structures by Simultaneous Minimization method of crystallographic structure refinement, especially suitabte for large molecules, is described residual. The method has already proved its worth in the final stages of refinement of two structures
Levitt, Michael
Modeling LGN Responses during Free-Viewing: A Possible Role of Microscopic Eye Movements in the Refinement of Cortical
in the Refinement of Cortical Orientation Selectivity Michele Rucci,1 Gerald M. Edelman,2 and Jonathan Wray2 1 affect the refinement of orientation tuning in the presence of a Hebbian scheme of synaptic plasticity an important role for the eye movements occurring during fixation in the refinement of orientation selectivity
Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) process. [Runs 49 to 57 and 59 to 62
This report summarizes the progress of the Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) project for the period January 1, 1979 through December 31, 1979. The fourth quarter of 1979 is reported here in detail. Turnaround activities at the Fort Lewis SRC-II Pilot Plant were completed. During the shutdown, installation of Slurry Preheater B was completed. In addition, extensive modifications were completed to improve operability and slurry handling capabilities. The experimental program for testing Slurry Preheater B was revised to improve the data base for design scale-up considerations. Coal feed was established using Powhatan No. 6 coal. Twenty slurry survey tests were designed to establish the effects of varous slurry and heater inlet hydrogen flow rates on heat transfer, heater coil pressure drop, and heater operability. Additional tests were also added to the preheater evaluation program to study the effects of coal concentration, recycle pyridine insoluble concentration and preheater outlet temperatures. During 1979, PDU P-99 completed 13 runs (Runs 49 to 57 and 59 to 62). All these runs were made feeding coal from the Powhatan No. 5 Mine.
Improving transport fuel quality in China: Implications for the refining sector
The study reviews the state of the Chinese refining system and examines the relative costs of 10 scenarios to increase petroleum product quality to Euro III, IV, and V levels.
Yamaguchi, Nancy; Fridley, David; Xiaoming, Ke
Adaptive mesh refinement for a finite difference scheme using a quadtree decomposition approach
Some numerical simulations of multi-scale physical phenomena consume a significant amount of computational resources, since their domains are discretized on high resolution meshes. An enormous wastage of these resources occurs in refinement...
Auviur Srinivasa, Nandagopalan
Process for solvent refining of coal using a denitrogenated and dephenolated solvent
A process is disclosed for the solvent refining of non-anthracitic coal at elevated temperatures and pressure in a hydrogen atmosphere using a hydrocarbon solvent which before being recycled in the solvent refining process is subjected to chemical treatment to extract substantially all nitrogenous and phenolic constituents from the solvent so as to improve the conversion of coal and the production of oil in the solvent refining process. The solvent refining process can be either thermal or catalytic. The extraction of nitrogenous compounds can be performed by acid contact such as hydrogen chloride or fluoride treatment, while phenolic extraction can be performed by caustic contact or contact with a mixture of silica and alumina.
Garg, Diwakar (Macungie, PA); Givens, Edwin N. (Bethlehem, PA); Schweighardt, Frank K. (Allentown, PA)
Economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme : evidence from the refining sector
I study the economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the refining industry in Europe. I contrast previous ex-ante studies with the lessons from a series of interviews I conducted with ...
Lacombe, Romain H
Adjustable Speed Drives in the U.S. Petroleum Refining, Petrochemical, and Chemical Industries
This paper describes applications and incentives for the use of variable frequency drivers (VFD) in the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and chemical industries. VFDs are a particular type of adjustable speed driver (ASD) found prevalently...
Foley, D. J.; Chodorowski, A.
An Assessment of carbon reduction technology opportunities in the petroleum refining industry.
The refining industry is a major source of CO{sub 2} emissions in the industrial sector and therefore in the future can expect to face increasing pressures to reduce emission levels. The energy used in refining is impacted by market dictates, crude quality, and environmental regulations. While the industry is technologically advanced and relatively efficient opportunities nevertheless exist to reduce energy usage and CO{sub 2} emissions. The opportunities will vary from refinery to refinery and will necessarily have to be economically viable and compatible with each refiner's strategic plans. Recognizing the many factors involved, a target of 15-20% reduction in CO{sub 2} emissions from the refining sector does not appear to be unreasonable, assuming a favorable investment climate.
Petrick, M.
132.9 1,418.3 See footnotes at end of table. 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil Volumes by PAD District and State Energy Information Administration ...
839.2 135.0 1,251.9 See footnotes at end of table. 46. Refiner No. 2 Distillate, Diesel Fuel, and Fuel Oil Volumes by PAD District and State Energy Information Administration ...
A3. RefinerReseller Prices of Distillate and Residual Fuel Oils, by PAD District, 1983-Present (Cents per Gallon Excluding Taxes) Geographic Area Year No. 1 Distillate No. 2...
Using a conformation-dependent stereochemical library improves crystallographic refinement of proteins
The major macromolecular crystallographic refinement packages restrain models to ideal geometry targets defined as single values that are independent of molecular conformation. However, ultrahigh-resolution X-ray models of proteins are not consistent with this concept of ideality and have been used to develop a library of ideal main-chain bond lengths and angles that are parameterized by the {phi}/{psi} angle of the residue [Berkholz et al. (2009), Structure, 17, 1316-1325]. Here, it is first shown that the new conformation-dependent library does not suffer from poor agreement with ultrahigh-resolution structures, whereas current libraries have this problem. Using the TNT refinement package, it is then shown that protein structure refinement using this conformation-dependent library results in models that have much better agreement with library values of bond angles with little change in the R values. These tests support the value of revising refinement software to account for this new paradigm.
Tronrud, Dale E.; Berkholz, Donald S.; Karplus, P. Andrew (Oregon State U.)
Table 9. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Volumes by...
5.7 5.9 4.4 12.9 NA 17.3 See footnotes at end of table. 9. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 18 Energy Information Administration ...
98.0 98.0 86.6 75.0 - 80.1 See footnotes at end of table. 10. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 20 Energy Information Administration ...
Table 13. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Volumes by...
3.3 3.4 7.9 3.3 W 11.3 See footnotes at end of table. 13. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 26 Energy Information Administration ...
Table 12. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Prices by...
92.4 92.1 83.7 74.1 W 80.9 See footnotes at end of table. 12. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 24 Energy Information Administration ...
Table 8. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Prices by...
87.4 86.9 78.3 68.5 W 70.8 See footnotes at end of table. 8. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 16 Energy Information Administration ...
92.8 92.5 84.0 72.5 W 80.7 See footnotes at end of table. 12. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 24 Energy Information Administration ...
88.4 87.8 80.1 70.0 NA 72.6 See footnotes at end of table. 8. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 16 Energy Information Administration ...
94.0 93.9 83.2 73.8 - 79.3 See footnotes at end of table. 10. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 20 Energy Information Administration ...
3.6 3.7 7.9 3.1 W 11.0 See footnotes at end of table. 13. U.S. Refiner Reformulated Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 26 Energy Information Administration ...
5.7 5.9 3.9 12.7 W 16.6 See footnotes at end of table. 9. U.S. Refiner Conventional Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 18 Energy Information Administration ...
Fact #676: May 23, 2011 U.S. Refiners Produce about 19 Gallons...
Energy Savers [EERE]
U.S. barrel contains 42 gallons of crude oil which yields about 44 gallons of petroleum products. The additional 2 gallons of petroleum products come from refiner gains...
- W 73.5 See footnotes at end of table. A2. RefinerReseller Prices of Aviation Fuels, Propane, and Kerosene, by PAD District, 1983-Present Energy Information Administration ...
Parcel Per Parcel Toward A More Refined Carbon Emissions Estimation For Livermore, CA
A More Refined Carbon Emissions Estimation For Livermore, CAof lifestyle on carbon emissions in the residential sector [an all-time low in carbon emissions, though most use overall
�ivanovi?, Ana
A comparison of the performance of waterfloods using similar refined and crude oils
A COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WATERFI, GODS USING SIMILAR REFINED AND CRUDE OILS A Thesis By DAYLON L. WALTON Submitted to the Graduate School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements... for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August, 1960 Major Subject: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING A COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WATERFLOODS USING SIMILAR REFINED AND CRUDE OILS A Thesis By DAYLON L. WALTON Approved as to style and content by: (Chairman f...
Walton, Daylon Lynn
Refine your search Select options from the menu on the left hand
://psu.summon.serialssolutions.comhttp://psu.summon.serialssolutions.com F I N A L LY : RESEARCH AS EASYAS 1-2-3 #12;1 Enter search term into search box. 2 Refine results relevant articles were published in that year. Include or Exclude subject terms from your searchRefine your search Select options from the menu on the left hand side of the results screen
Yener, Aylin
Thickness-based adaptive mesh refinement methods for multi-phase flow simulations with thin regions
In numerical simulations of multi-scale, multi-phase flows, grid refinement is required to resolve regions with small scales. A notable example is liquid-jet atomization and subsequent droplet dynamics. It is essential to characterize the detailed flow physics with variable length scales with high fidelity, in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this paper, two thickness-based mesh refinement schemes are developed based on distance- and topology-oriented criteria for thin regions with confining wall/plane of symmetry and in any situation, respectively. Both techniques are implemented in a general framework with a volume-of-fluid formulation and an adaptive-mesh-refinement capability. The distance-oriented technique compares against a critical value, the ratio of an interfacial cell size to the distance between the mass center of the cell and a reference plane. The topology-oriented technique is developed from digital topology theories to handle more general conditions. The requirement for interfacial mesh refinement can be detected swiftly, without the need of thickness information, equation solving, variable averaging or mesh repairing. The mesh refinement level increases smoothly on demand in thin regions. The schemes have been verified and validated against several benchmark cases to demonstrate their effectiveness and robustness. These include the dynamics of colliding droplets, droplet motions in a microchannel, and atomization of liquid impinging jets. Overall, the thickness-based refinement technique provides highly adaptive meshes for problems with thin regions in an efficient and fully automatic manner.
Chen, Xiaodong [The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Yang, Vigor, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0150 (United States)
Sufficient Criteria for Consistent Behavior Modeling with Refined Activity Diagrams: Long Version
,firstname.lastname@example.com 3 Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Germany, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. In use case on the theory of graph transformation and paves the ground for a consistency analysis of the required system by a tool for graph transformation. 1 Introduction Requirements engineering is the process of gathering
Wichmann, Felix
Polyphenol-induced Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities in Breast and Colon Cancer: Potential Role of miRNA's in Cell Survival and Inflammation
and vivo. Pomegranate and Mango polyphenols exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antiproliferative activities in vitro and in vivo. Polyphenols inhibited cell proliferation of breast cancer cell line BT474 and suppressed tumor...
Banerjee, Nivedita
Can refiners successfully extend revenue streams through petrochemicals?
The petrochemical industry is actually an outgrowth of the need for new types of materials throughout the world. A recent estimate places the requirements for infra-structure investment (public works, housing, power, etc.) in developing Asia for the period 1995-2004 at $1.4 trillion. New petrochemical derived materials for construction will be required in record numbers to meet this need. For example, the use of fiber reinforced plastics will have a substantial potential in construction. Other chemically resistant materials have wide applications in humid, corrosive environments and could therefore find markets worldwide. Other sectors such as telecommunications, power plants and transportation are also areas of potential commercial applications for petrochemical derived materials. For refinery-based petrochemicals such as ethylene, the world`s largest volume organic chemical, and for aromatics and propylene, the building blocks for so many modern materials, these circumstances present challenges, risks, but perhaps most of all opportunity.
Fast and Effective Query Refinement Bienvenido V'elez 1 , Ron Weiss 1 , Mark A. Sheldon 2 , David K. Gifford 1
Fast and Effective Query Refinement Bienvenido V'elez 1 , Ron Weiss 1 , Mark A. Sheldon 2 , David K Corporation Abstract Query Refinement is an essential information retrieval tool that interactively recommends cal query refinement algorithm that refines multiple term queries by dynamically combining precomputed
Gifford, David K.
The third, use of quantum mechanics to evaluate the molecular energy and forces, holds promise for future refinements when applied wholesale,
for future refinements when applied wholesale, but is already capable of producing valuable insight when
Sali, Andrej
Need for refining capacity creates opportunities for producers in Middle East
Oil industry interest in refining has revived in the past few years in response to rising oil consumption. The trend creates opportunities, for countries in the Middle East, which do not own refining assets nearly in proportion to their crude oil reserved. By closing this gap between reserves and refining capacity, the countries can ease some of the instability now characteristic of the oil market. Some major oil producing countries have begun to move downstream. During the 1980s, Venezuela, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and other members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries acquired refining assets through direct total purchase or joint ventures. Nevertheless, the oil industry remains largely unintegrated, with the Middle East holding two thirds of worldwide oil reserves but only a small share downstream. As worldwide refining capacity swings from a period of surplus toward one in which the need for new capacity will be built. The paper discusses background of the situation, shrinking surplus, investment requirements, sources of capital, and shipping concerns.
Ali, M.S.S. (Bahrain National Oil Co., Awali (Bahrain))
Empirical examination of allegations of ''below-cost'' retail selling of gasoline by refiners: Research study No. 038
It is alleged by some dealers that (major) refiners consistently sell their gasoline through directly operated stations at retail prices below the prices charged to resellers. The results of this examination, involving more than 2000 price comparisons, failed to reveal a single instance where the average monthly retail price at refiner operated stations was below the price charged resellers by refiners. This result obtained not only for all gasoline sales by major refiners, but also for specific grades of gasoline sold by all refiners. Moreover, a large majority of the average monthly price differentials were greater than 6 cents per gallon, and exceeded 10 cents per gallon in a significant number of instances. Thus, the data do not support the allegation of widespread ''below-cost'' selling by refiners through outlets which they own and operate. Therefore, the rationale offered for legislation mandating retail divorcement, or prohibiting ''below-cost'' is not supported by the evidence. 3 figs., 5 tabs.
Hogarty, T.F.; Lindstrom, P.M.
Streamlining and Refining FEDS Loads Models - Final Report
The Facility Energy Decision System (FEDS) software is a powerful buildings energy analysis tool developed by Battelle at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with support from numerous organizations including several within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). FEDS is used extensively throughout the federal sector to examine building energy efficiency potential and recommend energy saving retrofit projects. The focus of this CRADA was to update the foundation of the FEDS loads models, to improve the core functionality and calculation methods and position the building efficiency analysis software for continued growth. The broader intent was to increase FEDS utility and user satisfaction via improving modeling accuracy, facilitating development and making possible a wide range of new and desired capability enhancements. This report provides an summary of the various tasks performed under the CRADA.
Dahowski, Robert T.; Dirks, James A.
Refined Topological Vertex, Cylindric Partitions and the U(1) Adjoint Theory
We study the partition function of the compactified 5D U(1) gauge theory (in the Omega-background) with a single adjoint hypermultiplet, calculated using the refined topological vertex. We show that this partition function is an example a periodic Schur process and is a refinement of the generating function of cylindric plane partitions. The size of the cylinder is given by the mass of adjoint hypermultiplet and the parameters of the Omega-background. We also show that this partition function can be written as a trace of operators which are generalizations of vertex operators studied by Carlsson and Okounkov. In the last part of the paper we describe a way to obtain (q,t) identities using the refined topological vertex.
Amer Iqbal; Can Kozcaz; Khurram Shabbir
Refined Glauber model versus Faddeev calculations and experimental data for pd spin observables
Spin-dependent observables in intermediate-energy pd elastic scattering within the framework of the refined Glauber model are considered. The improvements include an account of all ten pp and pn helicity amplitudes at respective energies constructed on the basis of modern phase-shift analysis, accurate deuteron wave functions taken from the modern NN force model and account of charge-exchange effects. Predictions of the refined diffraction model for differential cross section and analyzing powers are compared with exact three-body Faddeev calculations and the recent experimental data. An amazingly good agreement between the results of both theoretical approaches as well as between the refined Glauber model and experiment in a wide angular range not only for differential cross section but also for vector and tensor analyzing powers has been found for the first time. Possible reasons for this agreement are discussed.
Platonova, M. N.; Kukulin, V. I. [D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow RU-119991 (Russian Federation)
The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities Volume 2 of 3
This document presents the results of nearly six years (2002-2008) of historical research and field studies concerned with evaluating potential environmental liabilities associated with U.S. Atomic Energy Commission projects from the Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs. The Plowshare Program's primary purpose was to develop peaceful uses for nuclear explosives. The Vela Uniform Program focused on improving the capability of detecting, monitoring and identifying underground nuclear detonations. As a result of the Project Chariot site restoration efforts in the early 1990s, there were concerns that there might be other project locations with potential environmental liabilities. The Desert Research Institute conducted archival research to identify projects, an analysis of project field activities, and completed field studies at locations where substantial fieldwork had been undertaken for the projects. Although the Plowshare and Vela Uniform nuclear projects are well known, the projects that are included in this research are relatively unknown. They are proposed nuclear projects that were not executed, proposed and executed high explosive experiments, and proposed and executed high explosive construction activities off the Nevada Test Site. The research identified 170 Plowshare and Vela Uniform off-site projects and many of these had little or no field activity associated with them. However, there were 27 projects that merited further investigation and field studies were conducted at 15 locations.
Beck Colleen M.,Edwards Susan R.,King Maureen L.
The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities Volume 3 of 3
The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities Volume 1 of 3
Beck Colleen M,Edwards Susan R.,King Maureen L.
Liquid-liquid extraction as the means of refining cottonseed oil
LIBRARY A 4 AI CvLLEGE OF TEXAS LIOVID-LIQUID EXTRACTION AS THE MEANS OI REFINING CCTTONSEFZ OIL A Thesis By 1'RVUBHAI CHIINIBHAI PATEL a 0 U z A R 0 Submitted to the Graduate School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Auuust 1996 Major Subject Chemical ineeri LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION AS THE MEANS OF REFINING COTTONSEED OIL A Thesis By MANUBHAI CHUNIBHAI PATEL Approved as to style...
Patel, Manubhai Chunibhai
Circuit QED: Implementation of the three-qubit refined Deutsch-Jozsa quantum algorithm
We propose a protocol to construct the 35 $f$-controlled phase gates of a three-qubit refined Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm, by using single-qubit $\\sigma_z$ gates, two-qubit controlled phase gates, and two-target-qubit controlled phase gates. Using this protocol, we discuss how to implement the three-qubit refined DJ algorithm with superconducting transmon qutrits resonantly coupled to a single cavity. Our numerical calculation shows that implementation of this quantum algorithm is feasible within the present circuit QED technique. The experimental realization of this algorithm would be an important step toward more complex quantum computation in circuit QED.
Qi-Ping Su; Chui-Ping Yang
Comparison of the refined analytic and the Burghelea-Haller torsions
The refined analytic torsion associated to a flat vector bundle over a closed odd-dimensional manifold canonically defines a quadratic form $\\tau$ on the determinant line of the cohomology. Both $\\tau$ and the Burghelea-Haller torsion are refinements of the Ray-Singer torsion. We show that whenever the Burghelea-Haller torsion is defined it is equal to $\\pm\\tau$. As an application we obtain new results about the Burghelea-Haller torsion. In particular, we prove a weak version of the Burghelea-Haller conjecture relating their torsion with the square of the Farber-Turaev combinatorial torsion.
Design refinements and support systems for Texas A&M Automatic Marine Corer
DESIGN REFINEMENTS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE TEXAS AQf AUTOMATIC MARINE CORER A Thesis by HERMAN GLEN HENDERSON, JR. Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree... of MASTER OP SCIENCE May 1971 Major Sub]ect: Mechanical Engineering DESIGN REFINEMENTS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE TEXAS AAM AUTOMATIC MARINE CORER R m 8 CC m a m A Thesis by HERMAN OLEN HENDERSON, JR. Approved as to style and content by...
Henderson, Herman Olen
Cavity QED implementation of the multi-qubit refined Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm
We theoretically study the realization of a multi-qubit refined Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm using resonant interaction of many Rydberg atoms with a single-mode microwave cavity, in which the multi-qubit controlled phase gates could be accomplished efficiently. We show how to achieve a multi-qubit refined DJ algorithm in high fidelity, even in the case of a weak cavity decay and some imperfection. We argue that the required operations in our scheme are almost within the present experimental possibilities.
Wan Li Yang; Chang Yong Chen; Zhen Yu Xu; Mang Feng
Studies on design of a process for organo-refining of coal to obtain super clean coal
Organo-refining of coal results in refining the coal to obtain super clean coal and residual coal. Super clean coal may be used to obtain value added chemicals, products, and cleaner fuels from coal. In the present work, studies on the design of a semicontinuous process for organo-refining of one ton of coal have been made. The results are reported. This is only a cursory attempt for the design, and further studies may be required for designing this process for use in the development of a scaled-up process of organo-refining of coal.
Sharma, C.S.; Sharma, D.K. [Indian Inst. of Tech., New Delhi (India). Centre for Energy Studies
Simulation of multicomponent evaporation in electron beam melting and refining
Experimental results and a mathematical model are presented to describe differential evaporation rates in electron beam melting of titanium alloys containing aluminum and vanadium. Experiments characterized the evaporation rate of commercially pure titanium, and vapor composition over titanium with up to 6% Al and 4.5% V content as a function of beam power, scan frequency and background pressure. The model is made up of a steady-state heat and mass transport model of a melting hearth and a model of transient thermal and flow behavior near the surface. Activity coefficients for aluminum and vanadium in titanium are roughly estimated by fitting model parameters to experimental results. Based on the ability to vary evaporation rate by 10-15% using scan frequency alone, we discuss the possibility of on-line composition control by means of intelligent manipulation of the electron beam.
Powell, A.; Szekely, J. [Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA (United States); Van Den Avyle, J.; Damkroger, B. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Advancement and Refinement of HyperSoar Modeling
This report discusses the topic of periodic cruise trajectories for hypersonic flight. An extensive review of previous work associated with periodic cruise trajectories for subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flight is presented to provide the background for this investigation. The primary objective of this report is to discuss why periodic cruise trajectories lead to near fuel-optimal trajectories from a heuristic, mathematical and computational perspective with air breathing propulsion. Results to date indicate that periodic achieves greater fuel savings by exchanging kinetic and potential energy more efficiently. The vehicle attempts to chatter back and forth between where the vehicle wants to fly for optimum aerodynamic and propulsive performance. Results from computational simulations are inconclusive and require further work to define appropriate interfaces for aerodynamic and propulsion data decks for input into the POST software. The notional design of a vehicle to fly periodic hypersonic cruise trajectories was improved by including concepts for engine installation, flight controls and by including considerations for off-design performance. This notional design provides a better starting point for more serious and complete vehicle design studies.
Carter, P.H.; Pines, D.J.; vonRggers Rudd, L.
Cogeneration handbook for the petroleum refining industry. [Glossary included
This Handbook deals only with industrial cogeneration, that is, simultaneous production of both heat and electricity at the industrial plant site. The cogenerator has the option of either selling all cogenerated power to the utility while simultaneously purchasing power to satisfy his plant demand, or directly supplying the plant demand with cogenerated power, thus displacing utility-supplied power. This Handbook provides the refinery plant manager or company energy coordinator with a framework for making a preliminary assessment of the feasibility and viability of cogeneration at a particular plant. The handbook is intended to provide an understanding of the potential of several standardized cogeneration systems, as well as their limitations. However, because the decision to cogenerate is very site specific, the handbook cannot provide all of the answers. It does attempt, however, to bring to light the major issues that should be addressed in the decision-making process. The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. 39 figures, 37 tables.
NWS Product Definition Document (PDD) for: Refinement of SPC Experimental Enhanced Resolution Thunderstorm Outlook
NWS Product Definition Document (PDD) for: Refinement of SPC Experimental Enhanced Resolution replaces an existing PDD, whose evaluation period expired on 15 February 2008, and revises the current SPC will also evaluate changes in the distribution of SPC forecaster workload and the ability to maintain
Refinement of weed risk assessments for biofuels using Camelina sativa as a model species
Refinement of weed risk assessments for biofuels using Camelina sativa as a model species Philip B and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, PO Box 173120, Bozeman, MT 59717-3120, USA Summary 1. Biofuel. However, concerns have been raised on the invasiveness of biofuel feedstocks. Estimating invasion
Peterson, Robert K. D.
Error estimation and anisotropic mesh refinement for 3d laminar aerodynamic flow simulations
Error estimation and anisotropic mesh refinement for 3d laminar aerodynamic flow simulations Tobias Leichta,b , Ralf Hartmann,a,b aInstitute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, DLR (German Aerospace Center-dimensional laminar aerodynamic flow simulations. The optimal order symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin
proteinsSTRUCTURE O FUNCTION O BIOINFORMATICS Refinement of protein termini in
by template- based methods is particularly important.1 For example, in recent CASP (Critical Assessments of techniques for protein Structure Prediction) experiments refinement methods have been evaluated both by consider- ing the extent of model quality improvement over the best available templates for template
Lee, Jooyoung
Grain refinement and texture development of cast bi90sb10 alloy via severe plastic deformation
The purpose of this work was to study learn about grain refinement mechanisms and texture development in cast n-type Bi90Sb10 alloy caused by severe plastic deformation. The practical objective is to produce a fine grained and textured...
Im, Jae-taek
Proceedings of the conference on electron beam melting and refining - state of the art 1996
This conference proceedings summarizes state-of-the-art work in the field of electron-beam melting and refining, as presented at the 1996 conference. Papers are grouped as follows: invited papers; tutorial papers; electron beam melting related fundamentals; electron beam evaporation papers; and miscellaneous papers. Separate abstracts have been submitted to the energy database for some contributions to this proceedings.
REFINING AND MAINTAINING THE OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CEBAF SRF SYSTEMS * C. Reece, J. Benesch CEBAF at Jefferson Lab is striving to achieve its maximum reliability at the maximum deliverable energy beam time when CEBAF is run near its maximum energy. Operation at increased rf power levels has
Environmental Regulations and Changes in Petroleum Refining Operations (Released in the STEO June 1998)
Changes in domestic refining operations are identified and related to the summer Reid vapor pressure (RVP) restrictions and oxygenate blending requirements. This analysis uses published Energy Information Administration survey data and linear regression equations from the Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS). The STIFS model is used for producing forecasts appearing in the Short-Term Energy Outlook.
35.2 213.6 9.5 9.8 12.9 16.6 NA 29.5 See footnotes at end of table. 7. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 14 Energy Information Administration ...
71.6 92.3 78.2 101.8 83.6 87.5 74.7 See footnotes at end of table. A1. RefinerReseller Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade, PAD District, and State, 1984-Present 452 Energy Information...
62.2 68.5 90.1 89.6 82.4 70.9 NA 75.9 See footnotes at end of table. 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 12 Energy Information Administration ...
Table 11. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Volumes by...
- 4.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 - 0.7 See footnotes at end of table. 11. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 22 Energy Information Administration ...
61.5 67.3 89.8 89.5 82.2 69.4 71.1 74.9 See footnotes at end of table. 6. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Prices by Grade and Sales Type 12 Energy Information Administration ...
33.9 215.8 9.7 10.0 12.1 16.3 0.0 28.4 See footnotes at end of table. 7. U.S. Refiner Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 14 Energy Information Administration ...
W 5.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 - 0.9 See footnotes at end of table. 11. U.S. Refiner Oxygenated Motor Gasoline Volumes by Grade and Sales Type 22 Energy Information Administration ...
Rocky Mountain area petroleum product availability with reduced PADD IV refining capacity
Studies of Rocky Mountain area petroleum product availability with reduced refining capacity in Petroleum Administration for Defense IV (PADD IV, part of the Rocky Mountain area) have been performed with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Refinery Yield Model, a linear program which has been updated to blend gasolines to satisfy constraints on emissions of nitrogen oxides and winter toxic air pollutants. The studies do not predict refinery closures in PADD IV. Rather, the reduced refining capacities provide an analytical framework for probing the flexibility of petroleum refining and distribution for winter demand conditions in the year 2000. Industry analysts have estimated that, for worst case scenarios, 20 to 35 percent of PADD IV refining capacity could be shut-down as a result of clean air and energy tax legislation. Given these industry projections, the study scenarios provide the following conclusions: The Rocky Mountain area petroleum system would have the capability to satisfy winter product demand with PADD IV refinery capacity shut-downs in the middle of the range of industry projections, but not in the high end of the range of projections. PADD IV crude oil production can be maintained by re-routing crude released from PADD IV refinery demands to satisfy increased crude oil demands in PADDs II (Midwest), III (Gulf Coast), and Washington. Clean Air Act product quality regulations generally do not increase the difficulty of satisfying emissions reduction constraints in the scenarios.
Hadder, G.R.; Chin, S.M.
Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Multilevel Iteration for Flow in Porous Media
, including support from Mobil Exploration and Production Technical Center, Dallas. 2 Supported by NSF grant; Abstract An adaptive local mesh refinement algorithm originally developed for unsteady gas dynamics are provided. #12; 1 Introduction. The numerical treatment of fieldscale simulation of enhanced oil recovery
Trangenstein, John A.
Refined Asymptotics for the subcritical Keller-Segel system and Related Functional Inequalities
Refined Asymptotics for the subcritical Keller-Segel system and Related Functional Inequalities self-similarity for the subcritical Keller- Segel system in the radially symmetric two-dimensional case that the one-dimensional equation is a contraction with respect to Fourier distance in the subcritical case. 1
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Estimation and projection of the demand for refined petroleum products in Iran
The main purpose of this study is to construct an econometric model for estimation and projection of oil-refined products in Iran based on the situation of the Iranian energy market. Part 1 reviews the existing literature and contains the salient socio-economic futures of OPEC countries in general and of Iran in particular. Explanation of the structure of Iran's domestic energy market (demand, supply, and price) is the main purpose of this part. In Part 2, the demand function for each refined petroleum product is analyzed, formulated, and estimated. The price and income elasticities of the demands for gasoline, kerosene, gas oil and fuel oil are analyzed and compared with those of other countries. In Part 3, after analyzing and estimating the demand functions for total refined products, first, the full model, including all the estimated demand functions is dynamically simulated over the sample periods (1955-1978) in order to evaluate the performance power of the model, then the amount of consumption of each refined product for the next decade (1979-1988), under three scenarios of the rate of growth of real GNP, 9%, 7% and 5% is projected.
Kianian, S.A.; Amin, M.
A Characteristic Domain Decomposition and SpaceTime Local Refinement Method for
partial differential equations model the reactive transport of solutes in groundwater and surface water with other domain decomposition and local refinement schemes. 1 Introduction Firstorder linear hyperbolic interfaces that introduce extra difficulties. Physical interfaces arise, for example, in the modeling
Sharpley, Robert
model the reactive transport of solutes in groundwater and surface water, the movement of aerosols and local refinement schemes. 1 Introduction Firstorder linear hyperbolic partial differential equations that introduce extra difficulties. Physical interfaces arise, for example, in the modeling of transport processes
South Carolina, University of
A Characteristic Domain Decomposition and Space Time Local Refinement Method for
cause severe numerical difficulties [15]. Conventional finite difference or finite element methodsLagrangian methods; linear hyperbolic problems; local refinement techniques I. INTRODUCTION First-order linear hyperbolic partial differential equations model the reactive transport of solutes in groundwater and surface
Refinement and validation of a multi-level assessment method for Mid-Atlantic tidal wetlands
Refinement and validation of a multi-level assessment method for Mid-Atlantic tidal wetlands (EPA of wetland resources across the Mid-Atlantic physiographic region, efforts are currently underway in a number of states, most notably Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia, to develop and implement wetland
Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys were flown during fiscal year (FY) 2008 within the 600 Area in an attempt to characterize the underlying subsurface and to aid in the closure and remediation design study goals for the 200-PO-1 Groundwater Operable Unit (OU). The rationale for using the AEM surveys was that airborne surveys can cover large areas rapidly at relatively low costs with minimal cultural impact, and observed geo-electrical anomalies could be correlated with important subsurface geologic and hydrogeologic features. Initial interpretation of the AEM surveys indicated a tenuous correlation with the underlying geology, from which several anomalous zones likely associated with channels/erosional features incised into the Ringold units were identified near the River Corridor. Preliminary modeling resulted in a slightly improved correlation but revealed that more information was required to constrain the modeling (SGW-39674, Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Report, 200-PO-1 Groundwater Operable Unit, 600 Area, Hanford Site). Both time-and frequency domain AEM surveys were collected with the densest coverage occurring adjacent to the Columbia River Corridor. Time domain surveys targeted deeper subsurface features (e.g., top-of-basalt) and were acquired using the HeliGEOTEM{reg_sign} system along north-south flight lines with a nominal 400 m (1,312 ft) spacing. The frequency domain RESOLVE system acquired electromagnetic (EM) data along tighter spaced (100 m [328 ft] and 200 m [656 ft]) north-south profiles in the eastern fifth of the 200-PO-1 Groundwater OU (immediately adjacent to the River Corridor). The overall goal of this study is to provide further quantification of the AEM survey results, using ground based geophysical methods, and to link results to the underlying geology and/or hydrogeology. Specific goals of this project are as follows: (1) Test ground based geophysical techniques for the efficacy in delineating underlying geology; (2) Use ground measurements to refine interpretations of AEM data; and (3) Improve the calibration and correlation of AEM information. The potential benefits of this project are as follows: (1) Develop a tool to map subsurface units at the Hanford Site in a rapid and cost effective manner; (2) Map groundwater pathways within the River Corridor; and (3) Aid development of the conceptual site model. If anomalies observed in the AEM data can be correlated with subsurface geology, then the rapid scanning and non-intrusive capabilities provided by the airborne surveys can be used at the Hanford Site to screen for areas that warrant further investigation.
The Use of Re-Refined Oil in Vehicle Fleets Copyright 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
A literature search to identify deleterious effects of using re-refined oil did not disclose any validated occurrences. Significant engine testing using re-refined lubricating oil is reported and no cases were discovered in which engine operation was affected negatively by the use of re-refined oil. The American Petroleum Institute (AFT) allows the use of re-refined base stock oils in the blending of end use lubricants. Based on oil sample testing performed in this research as well as other authoritative sources, it was determined that no significant chemical or physical differences exist between rerefined and virgin oils. Differences noted in this research were related to higher levels of polynuclear aromatics (PNA�s) in the re-refined oil. PNA�s
Timothy T. Maxwell; Glen Hagler; Jesse C. Jones; Raghu Narayan; Atila Ertas
Experimental and Theoretical Examination of C-CN Bond Activation of Benzonitrile Using Zerovalent Nickel
are important in industrial petroleum refining.1 The transition metal catalyzed activation of C-C bonds has been used in organic synthesis, for which the beneficial features of atom economy and chemoselectivity have
Jones, William D.
A refined threshold theorem for (1+2)-dimensional wave maps into surfaces
The recently established threshold theorem for energy critical wave maps states that wave maps with energy less than that of the ground state (i.e., a minimal energy nontrivial harmonic map) are globally regular and scatter on (1+2)-dimensional Minkowski space. In this note we give a refinement of this theorem when the target is a closed orientable surface by taking into account an additional invariant of the problem, namely the topological degree. We show that the sharp energy threshold for global regularity and scattering is in fact twice the energy of the ground state for wave maps with degree zero, whereas wave maps with nonzero degree necessarily have at least the energy of the ground state. We also give a discussion on the formulation of a refined threshold conjecture for the energy critical $SU(2)$ Yang-Mills equation on (1+4)-dimensional Minkowski space.
Andrew Lawrie; Sung-Jin Oh
A one-parameter refinement of the Razumov-Stroganov correspondence
We introduce and prove a one-parameter refinement of the Razumov-Stroganov correspondence. This is achieved for fully-packed loop configurations (FPL) on domains which generalize the square domain, and which are endowed with the gyration operation. We consider one given side of the domain, and FPLs such that the only straight-line tile on this side is black. We show that the enumeration vector associated to such FPLs, weighted according to the position of the straight line and refined according to the link pattern for the black boundary points, is the ground state of the scattering matrix, an integrable one-parameter deformation of the O(1) Dense Loop Model Hamiltonian. We show how the original Razumov-Stroganov correspondence, and a conjecture formulated by Di Francesco in 2004, follow from our results.
Luigi Cantini; Andrea Sportiello
Refined Topological Vertex and Duality of Gauge Theories in Generic Omega Backgrounds
The partition functions of refined topological strings(A-models) are computed, which give rise to the circle-compactified five-dimensional supersymmetric linear quiver gauge theories in generic (not necessarily self-dual) Omega backgrounds. Based on the slicing independence conjecture of refined topological string partition functions, it is demonstrated explicitly that the duality exists between $SU(N)^{M-1}$ and $SU(M)^{N-1}$ supersymmetric linear quiver gauge theories, even in generic Omega backgrounds. It is found that the relations between string moduli and gauge moduli are deformed from the self-dual case. However if the duality map which preserves the ratio of the Omega background parameters q and t, is considered, duality maps of the gauge moduli are not changed from the self-dual case.
Kei Ito
Refined Partition Functions for Open Superstrings with 4, 8 and 16 Supercharges
We analyse the perturbative massive open string spectrum of even dimensional superstring compactifications with four, eight and sixteen supercharges. In each of such cases, we focus on universal states that exist independently on the internal geometry and other compatification details. We analytically compute refined partition functions that count these states at each mass level. Such refined partition functions are written in a super-Poincare covariant form, providing information on how supermultiplets transform under the little group and the R symmetry. Various asymptotic limits of the partition functions and their associated quantities, such as the leading and subleading Regge trajectories, are studied empirically and analytically. In the phenomenologically relevant case of four supercharges, the partition function can be cast into the most compact form and the asymptotic formula in the large spin limit is derived explicitly.
Dieter Lust; Noppadol Mekareeya; Oliver Schlotterer; Andrew Thomson
Analysis of cadmium in undissolved anode materials of Mark-IV electro-refiner
The Mark-IV electro-refiner (Mk-IV ER) is a unit process in the FCF (Fuel Conditioning Facility), which is primarily assigned to treating the used driver fuels. Mk-IV ER contains an electrolyte/molten cadmium system for refining uranium electrochemically. Typically, the anode of the Mk-IV ER consists of the chopped sodium-bonded metallic driver fuels, which have been primarily U-10Zr binary fuels. Chemical analysis of the residual anode materials after electrorefining indicates that a small amount of cadmium is removed from the Mk-IV ER along with the undissolved anode materials. Investigation of chemical analysis data indicates that the amount of cadmium in the undissolved anode materials is strongly correlated with the anode rotation speeds and the residence time of the anode in the Mk-IV ER. Discussions are given to explain the prescribed correlation. (authors)
Yoo, Tae-Sic; Fredrickson, G.L.; Vaden, D.; Westphal, B. [Separation Department, Materials and Fuels Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
A consistent approach to large eddy simulation using adaptive mesh refinement
The large eddy simulation of turbulent flows is discussed with particular attention paid to the issue of commutation of differentiation and filtering. Multi-level adaptive mesh refinement is proposed as a means of mostly avoiding commutation errors where increased grid resolution is required to capture key flow features. The strategy is to employ multiple uniform grids in a nested hierarchy using a constant-width filter for each grid. It is shown that commutivity of fine and coarse grid filters must be enforced in order to consistently relate variables at different refinement levels. Methods for treating fine grid boundaries and walls are also discussed. It is shown that errors associated with boundary treatments are small and localized.
Cook, A.W.
A refined Bloch group and the third homology of SL_2 of a field.
We use the properties of the refined Bloch group of a field to prove that H_3 of SL_2 of a global field is never finitely generated, and to calculate - up to some 2-torsion - H_3 of SL_2 of local fields with finite residue field of odd characteristic. We also give lower bounds for the 3-torsion in the H_3 of SL_2 of rings of S-integers.
Kevin Hutchinson
Grain refinement of cast niobium via equal channel angular extrusion/annealing
. Production of 11 km Long Nb3Al Strand by Jelly Roll??????????.......... 10 7. Cryogen-Free 23 T Hybrid Magnet???????????????????? 11 C. Niobium Based Variable Capacitors???????????????????.......... 11 D. Niobium Based Electrolyte Capacitors...????????????????????????. 17 3. Goforth?s Strain Model????????????????????????... 18 H. Grain Refinement of Tantalum via ECAE/Annealing??????????????... 18 I. Previous Work on Cold-Rolled Niobium Bicrystal???????????????... 19 J. Previous Work of the Effects...
Bryant, Don O.
Vacuum-induction melting, refining, and casting of uranium and its alloys
The vacuum-induction melting (VIM), refining, and casting of uranium and its alloys are discussed. Emphasis is placed on historical development, VIM equipment, crucible and mold design, furnace atmospheres, melting parameters, impurity pickup, ingot quality, and economics. The VIM procedures used to produce high-purity, high-quality sound ingots at the US Department of Energy Rocky Flats Plant are discussed in detail.
Jackson, R.J.
Characterization of U-6Nb ingots produced via the electron beam cold hearth refining process
A study was undertaken at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to characterize uranium, 6% niobium ingots produced via electron beam melting, hearth refining and continuous casting and to compare this material with conventional VIM/skull melt/VAR material. Samples of both the ingot and feed material were analyzed for niobium and trace metallic elements, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. This material was also inspected metallographically and via microprobe analysis.
McKoon, R.H.
,"U.S. Sales for Resale, Total Refiner Motor Gasoline Sales Volumes"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices"Sales Volumes
,"U.S. Sales to End Users, Total Refiner Motor Gasoline Sales Volumes"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices"SalesSales
Study on Evaluation of Project Management Data for Decommissioning of Uranium Refining and Conversion Plant - 12234
Some of nuclear facilities that would no longer be required have been decommissioned in JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). A lot of nuclear facilities have to be decommissioned in JAEA in near future. To implement decommissioning of nuclear facilities, it was important to make a rational decommissioning plan. Therefore, project management data evaluation system for dismantling activities (PRODIA code) has been developed, and will be useful for making a detailed decommissioning plan for an object facility. Dismantling of dry conversion facility in the uranium refining and conversion plant (URCP) at Ningyo-toge began in 2008. During dismantling activities, project management data such as manpower and amount of waste generation have been collected. Such collected project management data has been evaluated and used to establish a calculation formula to calculate manpower for dismantling equipment of chemical process and calculate manpower for using a green house (GH) which was a temporary structure for preventing the spread of contaminants during dismantling. In the calculation formula to calculate project management data related to dismantling of equipment, the relation of dismantling manpower to each piece of equipment was evaluated. Furthermore, the relation of dismantling manpower to each chemical process was evaluated. The results showed promise for evaluating dismantling manpower with respect to each chemical process. In the calculation formula to calculate project management data related to use of the GH, relations of GH installation manpower and removal manpower to GH footprint were evaluated. Furthermore, the calculation formula for secondary waste generation was established. In this study, project management data related to dismantling of equipment and use of the GH were evaluated and analyzed. The project management data, manpower for dismantling of equipment, manpower for installation and removal of GH, and secondary waste generation from GH were considered. Establishment of the calculation formula for dismantling of each kind of equipment makes it possible to evaluate manpower for dismantling the whole facility. However, it is not easy to prepare calculation formula for all kinds of equipment that exist in the facility. Therefore, a simpler evaluation method was considered to calculate manpower based on facility characteristics. The results showed promise for evaluating dismantling manpower with respect to each chemical process. For dismantling of contaminated equipment, a GH has been used for protection of the spread of contamination. The use of a GH increases manpower for installation and removal of GH etc. Moreover, structural materials of the GH such as plastic sheets, adhesive tape become a burnable secondary waste. To create an effective dismantling plan, it is necessary to carefully consider use of a GH preliminarily. Thus, an evaluation method of project management data such as manpower and secondary waste generation was considered. The results showed promise for evaluating project management data of GH by using established calculation formula. (authors)
Usui, Hideo; Izumo, Sari; Tachibana, Mitsuo [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1195 (Japan); Shibahara, Yuji [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1195 (Japan); University of Fukui, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507 (Japan); Morimoto, Yasuyuki; Tokuyasu, Takashi; Takahashi, Nobuo; Tanaka, Yoshio; Sugitsue, Noritake [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun, Okayama, 708-0698 (Japan)
Using high-order methods on adaptively refined block-structured meshes - discretizations, interpolations, and filters.
Block-structured adaptively refined meshes (SAMR) strive for efficient resolution of partial differential equations (PDEs) solved on large computational domains by clustering mesh points only where required by large gradients. Previous work has indicated that fourth-order convergence can be achieved on such meshes by using a suitable combination of high-order discretizations, interpolations, and filters and can deliver significant computational savings over conventional second-order methods at engineering error tolerances. In this paper, we explore the interactions between the errors introduced by discretizations, interpolations and filters. We develop general expressions for high-order discretizations, interpolations, and filters, in multiple dimensions, using a Fourier approach, facilitating the high-order SAMR implementation. We derive a formulation for the necessary interpolation order for given discretization and derivative orders. We also illustrate this order relationship empirically using one and two-dimensional model problems on refined meshes. We study the observed increase in accuracy with increasing interpolation order. We also examine the empirically observed order of convergence, as the effective resolution of the mesh is increased by successively adding levels of refinement, with different orders of discretization, interpolation, or filtering.
Ray, Jaideep; Lefantzi, Sophia; Najm, Habib N.; Kennedy, Christopher A.
Constrained-Transport Magnetohydrodynamics with Adaptive-Mesh-Refinement in CHARM
We present the implementation of a three-dimensional, second order accurate Godunov-type algorithm for magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD), in the adaptivemesh-refinement (AMR) cosmological code CHARM. The algorithm is based on the full 12-solve spatially unsplit Corner-Transport-Upwind (CTU) scheme. Thefluid quantities are cell-centered and are updated using the Piecewise-Parabolic- Method (PPM), while the magnetic field variables are face-centered and areevolved through application of the Stokes theorem on cell edges via a Constrained- Transport (CT) method. The so-called ?multidimensional MHD source terms?required in the predictor step for high-order accuracy are applied in a simplified form which reduces their complexity in three dimensions without loss of accuracyor robustness. The algorithm is implemented on an AMR framework which requires specific synchronization steps across refinement levels. These includeface-centered restriction and prolongation operations and a reflux-curl operation, which maintains a solenoidal magnetic field across refinement boundaries. Thecode is tested against a large suite of test problems, including convergence tests in smooth flows, shock-tube tests, classical two- and three-dimensional MHD tests,a three-dimensional shock-cloud interaction problem and the formation of a cluster of galaxies in a fully cosmological context. The magnetic field divergence isshown to remain negligible throughout. Subject headings: cosmology: theory - methods: numerical
Miniatii, Francesco; Martin, Daniel
Potential Ecological Effects of Marcellus Shale Activities
· Timber · Agriculture · Oil & Gas · Iron · Limestone · Water #12;Conceptual Model with Fresh water usage, management, recycling · Air fugitive emissions, diesel engines, gas is cleaner as fuel compared to coal & oil · Offgasing from · condensate and · storage tanks · Vs. oil and coal #12;Ecological Impacts Chemical Use
Jiang, Huiqiang
Acta Cryst. (1992). B48, 42-59 Refinement of Rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris at 1.0 ~ with and without
42 Acta Cryst. (1992). B48, 42-59 Refinement of Rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris at 1- ing R(I) factor between symmetry-related reflections was 5.8%. The model was refined by least parameters and isotropic temperature factors for non-H atoms were used in the refinement. There were 18532
MODIS Cloud-Top Property Refinements for Collection 6 BRYAN A. BAUM, W. PAUL MENZEL, RICHARD A. FREY, DAVID C. TOBIN, ROBERT E. HOLZ,
MODIS Cloud-Top Property Refinements for Collection 6 BRYAN A. BAUM, W. PAUL MENZEL, RICHARD A the Collection-6 refinements in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) operational cloud Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) instantaneous cloud products throughout the course of algorithm refinement
Baum, Bryan A.
Acta Cryst. (1990). B46, 833-841 Refinement of Glucose Isomerase from Streptomyces albus at 1-65/~ with Data from
833 Acta Cryst. (1990). B46, 833-841 Refinement of Glucose Isomerase from Streptomyces albus at 1 has been analysed and refined at 1-65 A. The space group is/222, with cell dimensions a = 93.9 (1), b data took less than 2 days. The coordinates of the Arthrobacterglucose isomerase refined
Adaptive Mesh Refinement Solution Techniques for the Multigroup SN Transport Equation Using a Higher-Order Discontinuous Finite Element Method
In this dissertation, we develop Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) techniques for the steady-state multigroup SN neutron transport equation using a higher-order Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method (DGFEM). We propose two error estimations, a...
Wang, Yaqi
On the Doubly Refined Enumeration of Alternating Sign Matrices and Totally Symmetric Self-Complementary Plane Partitions
We prove the equality of doubly refined enumerations of Alternating Sign Matrices and of Totally Symmetric Self-Complementary Plane Partitions using integral formulae originating from certain solutions of the quantum Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equation.
T. Fonseca; P. Zinn-Justin
Refined understanding of sulfur amino acid nutrition in hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops (male symbol) x M. saxatilis (female symbol)
to methionine supported the lowest responses. Inclusion of MHA or AlimetTM did not affect TAN excretion of HSB. These findings will aid in refining diet formulations for HSB to ensure adequate sulfur amino acid nutrition....
Kelly, Mark Christopher
Grain refinement using equal channel angular extrusion in bulk sections of copper 101 and aluminum alloys 3003 and 6061
GRAIN REFINEMENT USING EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR EXTRUSION IN BULK SECTIONS OF COPPER 101 AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS 3003 AND 6061 A Thesis by STEPHANE FERRASSE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas ARM University in partial fulfillment... of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 1995 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering GRAIN REFINEMENT USING EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR EXTRUSION IN BULK SECTIONS OF COPPER 101 AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS 3003 AND 6061 A Thesis by STEPHANE FERRASSE...
Ferrasse, Stephane
A modeling approach for the purification of group III metals (Ga and In) by zone refining
An 'experimental friendly' model for zone refining process is proposed which predicts effective zone length in each refining passes that would lead to maximal solute removal, thereby leading to ultrapurification of the material for use in high-end electronic applications. The effectiveness of the model is experimentally tested and validated by purifying gallium from 4N (99.99%) to 6N5 (99.99995%) purity level at 30% yield and {approx}6 N at 70% yield with respect to targeted metallic impurities such as, Zn, Cu, Al, Ca, Bi, Si, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Fe, as analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. The distribution coefficient (k) of all the targeted impurities, detected in the purified gallium, was found to be less than 1. By comparing the experimentally obtained axial concentration profiles with the theoretical calculations, the k values of some detected impurities, such as Ca and Al, are determined to be {approx}0.8, Pb and Bi to be 0.7, Cu to be 0.65, and Fe to be 0.68, which prove the efficiency of the proposed model in reducing the concentration of these vulnerable impurities significantly. Following the model and as evidenced from the theoretical predictions, degradation of material purification containing a mixture of impurities having k less than as well as greater than 1 was elucidated experimentally by zone refining of 4N6 indium. Only a 40% yield of 5N6 indium was obtained, thereby highlighting the intricacies and problem areas in ultrapurification of these types of material.
Ghosh, K.; Dhar, S. [Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009 (India); Mani, V. N. [Ultra-pure Materials Division, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), IDA Phase-III, Cherlapally, HCL (Post), Hyderabad 500051 (India)
A new refined theory of plates with transverse shear deformation for moderately thick and thick plates
In this paper we propose a new refined shear deformation plate theory which possesses a series of desirable features, the most salient of which are as follows: (i) The loads, which are generally considered to be applied on the middle surface of the plate, act on the upper surface of the plate; (ii) The equations are applicable to the calculation of the stresses in isotropic plates and provide the same order of accuracy as several theories with second order shear deformation effects; (iii) It constitutes a theory, in the sense defined by Love, since it gives easy expressions for application to problems in different fields in architecture and civil engineering
Valle, Jose Miguel Martinez
Refined reconstruction and calibration of the missing transverse energy in the ATLAS detector
The measurement of the missing transverse energy Etmiss is fundamental for many analyses at LHC. Good Etmiss resolution and calibration are essential for searches of new physics as well as precise measurements. We describe a refined reconstruction and calibration of Etmiss developed by ATLAS and its performances on events containing Z and W bosons. The data sample was collected in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of about 36 pb-1. The determination of the absolute scale of the Etmiss, fundamental for determining systematic uncertainties in all analysis involving Etmiss measurements, is also presented.
Marianna Testa on behalf of the ATLAS collaboration
Refined Cauchy and Littlewood identities, plane partitions and symmetry classes of alternating sign matrices
We prove and conjecture some new symmetric function identities, which equate the generating series of 1. Plane partitions, subject to certain restrictions and weightings, and 2. Alternating sign matrices, subject to certain symmetry properties. The left hand side of each of our identities is a simple refinement of a relevant Cauchy or Littlewood identity, allowing them to be interpreted as generating series for plane partitions. The right hand side of each identity is a partition function of the six-vertex model, on a relevant domain. These can be interpreted as generating series for alternating sign matrices, using the well known bijection with six-vertex model configurations.
Dan Betea; Michael Wheeler
Progress toward uranium scrap recycling via electron beam cold hearth refining
A 250 kW electron beam cold hearth refining (EBCHR) melt furnace at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been in operation for over a year producing 5.5 in.-diameter ingots of various uranium alloys. Production of in-specification uranium-6%-niobium (U-6Nb) alloy ingots has been demonstrated using Virgin feedstock. A vibratory scrap feeder has been installed on the system and the ability to recycle chopped U-6Nb scrap has been established. A preliminary comparison of vacuum arc remelted (VAR) and electron beam (EB) melted product is presented.
Progress toward uranium scrap recycling via Electron Cold Hearth Refining (EBCHR)
A 250 kW electron beam cold hearth refining (EBCHR) melt furnace at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been in operation for over a year producing 5.5 in.-diameter ingots of various uranium alloys. Production of in-specification uranium-6% - niobium (U-6Nb) alloy ingots has been demonstrated using virgin feedstock. A vibratory scrap feeder has been installed on the system and the ability to recycle chopped U-6Nb scrap has been established. A preliminary comparison of vacuum arc remelted (VAR) and electron beam (EB) melted product is presented.
A 250 kW electron beam cold hearth refining (EBCHR) melt furnace at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been in operation for over a year producing 5.5 in.-diameter ingots of various uranium alloys. Production of in-specification uranium 6% niobium (U-6Nb) alloy ingots has been demonstrated using virgin feedstock. A vibratory scrap feeder has been installed on the system and the ability to recycle chopped U-6Nb scrap has been established. A preliminary comparison of vacuum arc remelted (VAR) and electron beam (EB) melted product is presented.
McKoon, R.H. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States)
Studies of the refining of crude cottonseed oil and its solutions in commercial hexane
oil. In a more recent patent (17) Clayton used 1.5 per cent by weight of 29 per cent ammonium hydroxide to refine soybean oil. The well-mixed oil and ammonia solution is heated to 200?F., then rapidly cooled to 150?F., and then centrifuged... neutralized by soda ash. The soap- stock is removed in a multi-tray thickener. The neutralized miscella is then washed countercurrently with dilute caustic soda solution then with water. It is claimed that this method substantially reduces oil loss...
Zeitoun, Mohamed Ali
Growth of barley exposed to solvent refined coal (SRC) materials added to soil
The growth of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) grown in Ritzville silt loam soil, treated with solvent refined coal material, SRC solid (SRC I) and SRC liquid (SRC II) was examined. Although the SRC materials will not be introduced to soil or surface waters in normal uses, they could be spilled during transportation. Such spills could contaminate surface waters and agricultural, rangeland and forest soils, possibly causing acute or chronic damage to plants and also provide a way for certain inorganic and organic materials to enter food chains.
Cline, J.F.; Rickard, W.H.; Thiede, M.E.
Quantitative phase analysis of Mg:ZrO{sub 2} nanoparticles by Rietveld refinement method
To quantify the structural phases of nanocrystalline ZrO{sub 2} doped with Mg ions of varying concentrations (3, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) and annealed at different temperatures. Magnesia doped zirconia was prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and annealed up to 1000�C. The monoclinic and tetragonal phases present in Mg:ZrO{sub 2} were quantified using Rietveld refinement analysis of the X-ray diffraction data and compared with the Direct method based on peak intensity calculations. Tetragonal phase was dominant in the 600�C annealed Mg:ZrO{sub 2} for all Mg concentrations.
Balaji, V., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Senthilkumaran, S., E-mail: email@example.com; Thangadurai, P., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Center for Nano Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry- 605014 (India)
Microstructural refinement of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys by alloying additions
This communication describes the effect of alloying additions on grain refinement in tungsten heavy alloys and the resulting changes in mechanical properties. The body-centered-cubic refractory metals, like molybdenum and tantalum, have total solubility in tungsten and a high solubility in the matrix. The solubility of the additive in tungsten provides a means to increase the strength by solid-solution hardening. Alternatively, the solubility of tungsten in the matrix is the key to grain growth and possible strengthening by a reduction in the grain-growth size.
German, R.M.
Implementation of the refined Deutsch-Jozsa algorithn on a 3-bit NMR quantum computer
We implemented the refined Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on a 3-bit nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer, which is the meaningful test of quantum parallelism because qubits are entangled. All of the balanced and constant functions were realized exactly. The results agree well with theoretical predictions and clearly distinguish the balanced functions from constant functions. Efficient refocusing schemes were proposed for the soft z-pulse and J-coupling and it is proved that the thermal equilibrium state gives the same results as the pure state for this algorithm.
Jaehyun Kim; Jae-Seung Lee; Soonchil Lee; Chaejoon Cheong
,"U.S. Total Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2002; Level: National and Regional Data; Row: NAICS Codes; Column: EnergyShale ProvedTexas"BruneiReserves in Nonproducing Reservoirs (MillionNatural GasRefiner
Table 3a. Imported Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil, Projected vs. Actual
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ <Information Administration (EIA) 10 MECS Survey Data9c : U.S.Welcome toTotala. Imported Refiner
,"U.S. Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices" ,"Click
,"U.S. Motor Gasoline Refiner Sales Volumes"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ <Information Administration (EIA) 103. Relative2. Occupancy ofAviationPrices" ,"ClickRefiner
Ecological fate and effects of solvent-refined-coal (SRC) materials: a status report
Non-occupational health effects associated with SRC operation will be determined by environmental factors governing the form, transport, and persistence of SRC materials and wastes - factors which also mediate exposure to man. Accordingly, the research described is an attempt to determine the fate of disposed solid wastes and spilled SRC materials, and it necessarily focuses on water soluble, persistent materials with greatest potential for mobility and incorporation into water and food supplies. Initially, aqueous equilibrations of SRC-II liquid material and SRC-I nongasified mineral residue were subjected to chemical characterization. Subsequently, laboratory studies were performed on the interaction of aqueous equilibrates of SRC-II liquid and SRC-I non-gasified mineral residue with soil materials isolated suspended sediments, and bottom sediments. These studies were designed to identify effects of specific sorption reactions ion or induced-ion exchange reactions, and toxicity of water soluble, biologically active materials derived from liquid and solid wastes. Results of these experiments have applicability to the environmental fate and effects of biologically active compounds released under different scenarios from product spills and solid waste disposal.
Strand, J.A. III; Vaughan, B.E. (eds.)
Refined conceptual model for the Volatile Organic Compounds-Arid Integrated Demonstration and 200 West Area Carbon Tetrachloride Expedited Response Action
This report presents a refined geohydrologic and geochemical conceptual model of the host site (Hanford Reservation) for the Volatile Organic Compounds -- Arid Integrated Demonstration (VOC-Arid ID) and 200 West Area Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl{sub 4}) Expedited Response Action (ERA), based on the results from fiscal year 1992 site characterization activities. The ERA was initiated in December 1990 to minimize or stabilize CCl{sub 4} migration within the unsaturated (vadose) zone in the vicinity of three CCl{sub 4} disposal sites in the 200 West Area (216-Z-1A tile field, 216-Z-9 trench, and 216-Z-18 crib). Implementation of this ERA was based on concerns that CCl{sub 4} residing in the soils was continuing to spread to the groundwater and, if left unchecked, would significantly increase the area of groundwater contamination. A soil-vapor-extraction system began operating at the site in February 1992.
Last, G.V. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States); Rohay, V.J. [Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA (United States)
Refining Chandra/ACIS Subpixel Event Repositioning Using a Backside Illuminated CCD Model
Subpixel event repositioning (SER) techniques have been demonstrated to significantly improve the already unprecedented spatial resolution of Chandra X-ray imaging with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS). Chandra CCD SER techniques are based on the premise that the impact position of events can be refined, based on the distribution of charge among affected CCD pixels. ACIS SER models proposed thus far are restricted to corner split (3- and 4-pixel) events, and assume that such events take place at the split pixel corners. To improve the event counting statistics, we modified the ACIS SER algorithms to include 2-pixel split events and single pixel events, using refined estimates for photon impact locations. Furthermore, simulations that make use of a high-fidelity backside illuminated (BI) CCD model demonstrate that mean photon impact positions for split events are energy dependent leading to further modification of subpixel event locations according to event type and energy, for BI ACIS devices. Testing on Chandra CCD X-ray observations of the Orion Nebula Cluster indicates that these modified SER algorithms further improve the spatial resolution of Chandra/ACIS, to the extent that the spreading in the spatial distribution of photons is dominated by the High Resolution Mirror Assembly, rather than by ACIS pixelization.
Jingqiang Li; Joel H. Kastner; Gregory Y. Prigozhin; Norbert S. Schulz
A refined empirical stability criterion for nonlinear Schroedinger solitons under spatiotemporal forcing
We investigate the dynamics of travelling oscillating solitons of the cubic NLS equation under an external spatiotemporal forcing of the form $f(x,t) = a \\exp[iK(t)x]$. For the case of time-independent forcing a stability criterion for these solitons, which is based on a collective coordinate theory, was recently conjectured. We show that the proposed criterion has a limited applicability and present a refined criterion which is generally applicable, as confirmed by direct simulations. This includes more general situations where $K(t)$ is harmonic or biharmonic, with or without a damping term in the NLS equation. The refined criterion states that the soliton will be unstable if the "stability curve" $p(\\v)$, where $p(t)$ and $\\v(t)$ are the normalized momentum and the velocity of the soliton, has a section with a negative slope. Moreover, for the case of constant $K$ and zero damping we use the collective coordinate solutions to compute a "phase portrait" of the soliton where its dynamics is represented by two-dimensional projections of its trajectories in the four-dimensional space of collective coordinates. We conjecture, and confirm by simulations, that the soliton is unstable if a section of the resulting closed curve on the portrait has a negative sense of rotation.
Franz G. Mertens; Niurka R. Quintero; I. V. Barashenkov; A. R. Bishop
Hydrodynamical adaptive mesh refinement simulations of turbulent flows - II. Cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters
The development of turbulent gas flows in the intra-cluster medium and in the core of a galaxy cluster is studied by means of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmological simulations. A series of six runs was performed, employing identical simulation parameters but different criteria for triggering the mesh refinement. In particular, two different AMR strategies were followed, based on the regional variability of control variables of the flow and on the overdensity of subclumps, respectively. We show that both approaches, albeit with different results, are useful to get an improved resolution of the turbulent flow in the ICM. The vorticity is used as a diagnostic for turbulence, showing that the turbulent flow is not highly volume-filling but has a large area-covering factor, in agreement with previous theoretical expectations. The measured turbulent velocity in the cluster core is larger than 200 km/s, and the level of turbulent pressure contribution to the cluster hydrostatic equilibrium is increased by using the improved AMR criteria.
L. Iapichino; J. C. Niemeyer
Dealloying below the critical potential
Conventionally, the critical potential represents the potential marking the onset of bulk dealloying. The current density below the critical potential is only weakly dependent on potential, and the physical processes responsible for this passive-like behavior are poorly understood. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy was used to study the nature of the surface morphology which develops at potentials less than the critical potential. At fixed potential, the time-dependent evolution of the surface morphology was correlated with the observed current decay. This allowed the authors to identify and model the physical processes which control the current decay. They find two general regimes of power law behavior in the current decay corresponding to exhaustion of an activation-controlled dissolution process (t{sup {minus}1}) and the operation of one of three mechanisms of surface mass-transport control (t{sup {minus}5/8}, t{sup {minus}1/2}, and t{sup {minus}1/4}). Potential-pulsing experiments were performed in order to examine the effect of a blocking noble-metal layer on the nucleation and growth of the porous structure associated with bulk dealloying. These results were analyzed using a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis. The Avrami exponents found were fractional and in the range of 1.25 to 1.8. The fractional exponents were interpreted in terms of the fractal dimension characterizing the initial stages of porosity formation during bulk dealloying.
Wagner, K.; Brankovic, S.R.; Dimitrov, N.; Sieradzki, K. [Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Self-consistent QM/MM methodologies for structural refinement of photosystem II and other macromolecules of biological interest
The combination of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) is one of the most promising approaches to study the structure, function, and properties of proteins and nucleic acids. However, there some instances in which the limitations of either the MM (lack of a proper electronic description) or QM (limited to a few number of atoms) methods prevent a proper description of the system. To address this issue, we review here our approach to fine-tune the structure of biological systems using post-QM/MM refinements. These protocols are based on spectroscopy data, and/or partitioning of the system to extend the QM description to a larger region of a protein. We illustrate these methodologies through applications to several biomolecules, which were pre-optimized at the QM/MM level and then further refined using postQM/MM refinement methodologies: mod(QM/MM), which refines the atomic charges of the residues included in the MM region accounting for polarization effects; mod(QM/MM)-opt that partition the MM region in smaller parts and optimizes each part in an iterative. self-consistent way, and the Polarized-Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (P-EXAFS) fitting procedure, which fine-tune the atomic coordinates to reproduce experimental polarized EXAFS spectra. The first two techniques were applied to the guanine quadruplex. while the P-EXAFS refinement was applied to the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II.
Batista, Enrique R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Sproviero, Eduardo M [YALE UNIV; Newcomer, Michael [YALE UNIV; Gascon, Jose A [YALE UNIV; Batista, Victor S [YALE UNIV
Reasons and current outlook for the sale of federal royalty oil to small and independent refiners
The Department of Interior receives a royalty from oil production on federal lands. Interior can take the royalty as a cash payment or a portion of the oil itself, which it can then sell to small and independent refiners who are determined to be in need of crude oil supplies. Sales of this so-called royalty oil have been held about every 3 years since 1970. In early 1985, Interior announced its intention to terminate the program because of its declining importance and proposed legislation to that effect. While GAO sees no compelling need to legislatively restrict Interior's ability to hold future royalty oil sales now or in the future, it has identified several ways to improve the program's effectiveness. This report examines Interior's basis for the most recent sales and the current status and need for the royalty oil program and discusses ways in which its administration might be improved if future sales are held.
Features of the Refined Gribov-Zwanziger theory: propagators, BRST soft symmetry breaking and glueball masses
The present work discusses an approach to access the physical spectrum of the Yang-Mills theory quantized in the Landau gauge. By using recent lattice data on the gluon propagator, it is possible to study the two-point functions of gauge invariant composite operators, from which masses of glueballs can be extracted. It turns out that the momentum dependence of the gluon propagator is very well reproduced by the corresponding tree-level gluon propagator obtained from the Refined Gribov-Zwanziger theory, which takes into account the presence of the Gribov horizon as well as the effect of condensates of mass dimension two. The resulting glueball masses are in good agreement with the available lattice data
Silvio P. Sorella; David Dudal; Marcelo S. Guimaraes; Nele Vandersickel
A refined ephemeris and phase resolved X-ray spectroscopy of the Geminga pulsar
We present a refined phase-connected post-glitch ephemeris for the Geminga pulsar that is a good fit to all the post-glitch data from EGRET, ASCA, and XMM. We also present the results of phase-resolved spectroscopy of two XMM X-ray observations of the Geminga pulsar obtained in 2002 and 2004. An investigation is made into a previously claimed existence of a small hot spot on the neutron star surface. We conclude that that interpretation was more likely an artifact of an overly restrictive assumption used to fit the phase-resolved spectra, namely, that the spectral index of the non-thermal component is constant. When we allow the spectral index to vary as a function of rotation phase, we find systematic variations in spectral index, and such fits do not require an additional, hot blackbody component.
M. S. Jackson; J. P. Halpern
Lance for fuel and oxygen injection into smelting or refining furnace
The adaptivity refines approximate solutions of ill-posed problems due to the relaxation property
Adaptive Finite Element Method (adaptivity) is known to be an effective numerical tool for some ill-posed problems. The key advantage of the adaptivity is the image improvement with local mesh refinements. A rigorous proof of this property is the central part of this paper. In terms of Coefficient Inverse Problems with single measurement data, the authors consider the adaptivity as the second stage of a two-stage numerical procedure. The first stage delivers a good approximation of the exact coefficient without an advanced knowledge of a small neighborhood of that coefficient. This is a necessary element for the adaptivity to start iterations from. Numerical results for the two-stage procedure are presented for both computationally simulated and experimental data.
Larisa Beilina; Michael V. Klibanov
Goal-Oriented Adaptive Mesh Refinement for the Quasicontinuum Approximation of a Frenkel-Kontorova Model
The quasicontinuum approximation is a method to reduce the atomistic degrees of freedom of a crystalline solid by piecewise linear interpolation from representative atoms that are nodes for a finite element triangulation. In regions of the crystal with a highly nonuniform deformation such as around defects, every atom must be a representative atom to obtain sufficient accuracy, but the mesh can be coarsened away from such regions to remove atomistic degrees of freedom while retaining sufficient accuracy. We present an error estimator and a related adaptive mesh refinement algorithm for the quasicontinuum approximation of a generalized Frenkel-Kontorova model that enables a quantity of interest to be efficiently computed to a predetermined accuracy.
Marcel Arndt; Mitchell Luskin
Proceedings of the conference on electron beam melting and refining - state of the art 1994
The volume: Proceedings of the Conference on Electron Beam Melting and Refining-State of the Art 1994 covers many aspects of electron beam production, process control, components, and applications. Included were several papers from the defunct Soviet Bloc nations concerning the specifications and uses for their electron beam furnaces. Main topics of the conference were: Electron Beam (EB) Equipment; Safety and Analytical Aspects related to EB Melting; Material Processing with EB; Other Applications for EB; and A Look at EB in the East. EB has many uses, several papers mentioned the recycling of uranium scrap, the casting of heat resistant or corrosion resistant alloys, or the improved microstructure of alloys with the technique.
A furnace for smelting iron ore and/or refining molten iron is equipped with an overhead pneumatic lance, through which a center stream of particulate coal is ejected at high velocity into a slag layer. An annular stream of nitrogen or argon enshrouds the coal stream. Oxygen is simultaneously ejected in an annular stream encircling the inert gas stream. The interposition of the inert gas stream between the coal and oxygen streams prevents the volatile matter in the coal from combusting before it reaches the slag layer. Heat of combustion is thus more efficiently delivered to the slag, where it is needed to sustain the desired reactions occurring there. A second stream of lower velocity oxygen can be delivered through an outermost annulus to react with carbon monoxide gas rising from slag layer, thereby adding still more heat to the furnace. 7 figures.
An adaptively refined phase-space element method for cosmological simulations and collisionless dynamics
Dark matter numerical simulations and the N-body method are essential for understanding how structure forms and evolves in the Universe. However, the discrete nature of N-body simulations can affect its accuracy when modelling collisionless systems. We introduce a new approach to simulate the gravitational evolution of cold collisionless fluids by solving the Vlasov-Poisson equations in terms of adaptively refineable "Lagrangian phase space elements". These geometrical elements are piecewise smooth maps between three-dimensional Lagrangian space and six-dimensional Eulerian phase space and approximate the continuum structure of the distribution function. They allow for dynamical adaptive splitting to follow the evolution even in regions of very strong mixing. We discuss various test problems which demonstrate the correctness and performance of our method. We show that it has several advantages compared to standard N-body algorithms by i) explicitly tracking the fine-grained distribution function, ii) naturall...
Hahn, Oliver
Refined model of the {Fe9} magnetic molecule from low-temperature inelastic neutron scattering studies
We present a refined model of the {Fe9} tridiminished icosahedron magnetic molecule system. This molecule was originally modeled as being composed of two ({Fe3} and {Fe6}) clusters, with the Fe3+ ions within each cluster being coupled via exchange interactions, but with no coupling between the clusters. The present inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measurements were used to probe the low-lying energy spectrum of {Fe9}, and these results demonstrate that the previously published model of two uncoupled clusters is incomplete. To achieve agreement between the experiment and theory, we have augmented the model with relatively small exchange coupling between the clusters. A combination of Lanczos matrix diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo simulations have been used to achieve good agreement between the experimental data and the improved model of the full {Fe9} system despite the complexity of this model (with Hilbert space dimension >107).
Engelhardt, Larry [Francis Marion University; Demmel, Franz [Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Luban, Marshall [Ames Laboratory; Timco, Grigore A [The University of Manchester; Tuna, Floriana [The University of Manchester; Winpenny, Richard E [The University of Manchester
Verification, optimization and refinement of a direct-inverse transonic wing design method including weak viscous interaction
and Refinement of a. Direct-Inverse Transonic Wing Design Method Including Weak Viscous Interaction. (August 1989) Robert R. Ratcliff, B. S. , Texas A&M University Chair oi' Advisory Committee: Dr. Leland A. Carlson New developments in the direct-inverse wing... AND DISCUSSION . 92 VI V. 1 Bound&ary L&iyer and Wake Effects . . V. 2 Spanwise Grid Skewness V. 3 Wing Planform Effects V. 4 Initial Profile Efi'ects V. 5 Pressure Distribution Compatibility V. 6 Grid Refinement Effects . . V. 7 Fixed Trailing Edge...
Ratcliff, Robert R.
Characterization report. Romanian petroleum refining sector. A sector overview of capability, energy consumption, environmental impacts, May 1992. Export trade information
The objective of the report is to provide data that will serve as a basis for the modernization and optimization of the economic performance of the petroleum refining industry of Romania. The report addresses the current status of the petroleum refining industry so that recommendations providing low cost economies to improve energy efficiency and environmental control at each refinery can be prepared. Following the collection of data on operating variables, equipment, and refinery impact on the environment, a computerized data base was prepared, which is the subject of a separate report.
Claudio Schepke: Online Parallel Mesh Refinement for Climatological Applications Weather forecasts for long periods of time have emerged as increasingly important.
Claudio Schepke: Online Parallel Mesh Refinement for Climatological Applications Weather forecasts, this presentation discusses how to explore parallelism at different levels for climatological models, like OLAM
Hybrid Characteristics: 3D radiative transfer for parallel adaptive mesh refinement hydrodynamics
We have developed a three-dimensional radiative transfer method designed specifically for use with parallel adaptive mesh refinement hydrodynamics codes. This new algorithm, which we call hybrid characteristics, introduces a novel form of ray tracing that can neither be classified as long, nor as short characteristics, but which applies the underlying principles, i.e. efficient execution through interpolation and parallelizability, of both. Primary applications of the hybrid characteristics method are radiation hydrodynamics problems that take into account the effects of photoionization and heating due to point sources of radiation. The method is implemented in the hydrodynamics package FLASH. The ionization, heating, and cooling processes are modelled using the DORIC ionization package. Upon comparison with the long characteristics method, we find that our method calculates the column density with a similarly high accuracy and produces sharp and well defined shadows. We show the quality of the new algorithm in an application to the photoevaporation of multiple over-dense clumps. We present several test problems demonstrating the feasibility of our method for performing high resolution three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics calculations that span a large range of scales. Initial performance tests show that the ray tracing part of our method takes less time to execute than other parts of the calculation (e.g. hydrodynamics and adaptive mesh refinement), and that a high degree of efficiency is obtained in parallel execution. Although the hybrid characteristics method is developed for problems involving photoionization due to point sources, the algorithm can be easily adapted to the case of more general radiation fields.
Erik-Jan Rijkhorst; Tomasz Plewa; Anshu Dubey; Garrelt Mellema
proteinsSTRUCTURE O FUNCTION O BIOINFORMATICS Docking with PIPER and refinement
of near-native structures gener- ated. The interaction potential is also new, based on the DARS (Decoys
Vajda, Sandor
Global molecular structure and interfaces : refining an RNA : RNA complex structure using solution x-ray scattering data.
Determining the global architecture of multicomponent systems is a central problem in understanding biomacromolecular machines. Defining interfaces among components and the global structure of multicomponent systems is a central problem in understanding the biological interactions on a molecular level. We demonstrate that solution X-ray scattering data can be used to precisely determine intermolecular interfaces from just the subunit structures, in the complete absence of intermolecular NMR restraints using an example of a 30 kDa RNA-RNA complex. The backbone root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) between structures that are determined using the scattering data and using intermolecular distance restraints is about 0.4 {angstrom}. Further, we refined the global structure of the complex using scattering data as a global restraint. The rmsd in backbone structures that are determined with and without the scattering data refinement is about 3.2 {angstrom}, suggesting the impact of the refinement to the overall structure. Information about the 'global correctness' of solution RNA structures could not be practically obtained otherwise, due to the molecular nature of the RNA molecules, but could only be defined by the scattering data together by residual dipolar couplings. This method provides a powerful new approach for refining global structures of macromolecular complexes whose subunits are elongated.
Zuo, X.; Wang, J.; Foster, T. R.; Schwieters, C. D.; Tiede, D. M.; Butcher, S. E.; Wang, Y.-X.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; NCI-Frederick; Univ. of Wisconin at Madison; NIH
Using Knowledge-Based Neural Networks to Improve Algorithms: Refining the Chou-Fasman Algorithm for Protein Folding
for Protein Folding Richard Maclin Jude W. Shavlik Computer Sciences Dept. University of Wisconsin 1210 W learning Theory refinement Neural networks Finite-state automata Protein folding Chou-Fasman algorithm-Fasman algorithm, a method for predicting how globular proteins fold. Empirical evidence shows
Maclin, Rich
How smooth is the smoothest function in a given refinable space? Albert Cohen, Ingrid Daubechies, Amos Ron
of wavelets from multiresolution analysis, as well as in the study of subdivision algorithms is well are the univariate splines and the multivariate box splines (cf. [2]), and for these spline spaces the rigidHow smooth is the smoothest function in a given refinable space? Albert Cohen, Ingrid Daubechies
Ron, Amos
analysis, as well as in the study of subdivision algorithms is well-known, well-understood and well of such spaces are the univariate splines and the multivariate box splines (cf. [2]), and for these spline spacesHow smooth is the smoothest function in a given refinable space? Albert Cohen, Ingrid Daubechies
Liblit, Ben
LJournal of Alloys and Compounds 291 (1999) 94101 The simultaneous powder X-ray and neutron diffraction refinement of two
melting of metals in the The intermetallic ternary transition metal nitrides and presence of carbon]. These phases are of interest decomposition of transition metal trisethylenediamine to the solid state chemist diffraction refinement of two h-carbide type nitrides, Fe Mo N and Co Mo N, prepared by3 3 3 3 ammonolysis
zur Loye, Hans-Conrad
Multigroup radiation hydrodynamics with flux-limited diffusion and adaptive mesh refinement
Radiative transfer plays a key role in the star formation process. Due to a high computational cost, radiation-hydrodynamics simulations performed up to now have mainly been carried out in the grey approximation. In recent years, multi-frequency radiation-hydrodynamics models have started to emerge, in an attempt to better account for the large variations of opacities as a function of frequency. We wish to develop an efficient multigroup algorithm for the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES which is suited to heavy proto-stellar collapse calculations. Due to prohibitive timestep constraints of an explicit radiative transfer method, we constructed a time-implicit solver based on a stabilised bi-conjugate gradient algorithm, and implemented it in RAMSES under the flux-limited diffusion approximation. We present a series of tests which demonstrate the high performance of our scheme in dealing with frequency-dependent radiation-hydrodynamic flows. We also present a preliminary simulation of a three-dimensional p...
Gonz�lez, Matthias; Commer�on, Beno�t; Masson, Jacques
A Predictive Model of Fragmentation using Adaptive Mesh Refinement and a Hierarchical Material Model
Fragmentation is a fundamental material process that naturally spans spatial scales from microscopic to macroscopic. We developed a mathematical framework using an innovative combination of hierarchical material modeling (HMM) and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to connect the continuum to microstructural regimes. This framework has been implemented in a new multi-physics, multi-scale, 3D simulation code, NIF ALE-AMR. New multi-material volume fraction and interface reconstruction algorithms were developed for this new code, which is leading the world effort in hydrodynamic simulations that combine AMR with ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) techniques. The interface reconstruction algorithm is also used to produce fragments following material failure. In general, the material strength and failure models have history vector components that must be advected along with other properties of the mesh during remap stage of the ALE hydrodynamics. The fragmentation models are validated against an electromagnetically driven expanding ring experiment and dedicated laser-based fragmentation experiments conducted at the Jupiter Laser Facility. As part of the exit plan, the NIF ALE-AMR code was applied to a number of fragmentation problems of interest to the National Ignition Facility (NIF). One example shows the added benefit of multi-material ALE-AMR that relaxes the requirement that material boundaries must be along mesh boundaries.
Koniges, A E; Masters, N D; Fisher, A C; Anderson, R W; Eder, D C; Benson, D; Kaiser, T B; Gunney, B T; Wang, P; Maddox, B R; Hansen, J F; Kalantar, D H; Dixit, P; Jarmakani, H; Meyers, M A
Simulating hydromagnetic processes in star formation: introducing ambipolar diffusion into an adaptive mesh refinement code
Given the importance of simulating hydromagnetic processes that impact star formation, we have earlier developed a 3D adaptive mesh approach that allows us to include hydromagnetic processes during the formation and evolution of cores, discs, and stars in observed regions of star formation. In this paper, we take the next step in this program - namely - to develop a modified version of the 3D adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code FLASH in which the ambipolar diffusion of the magnetic field in poorly ionized molecular gas is implemented. We approach the problem using a single-fluid approximation to simplify numerical calculations. In this paper, we present a series of test cases including oblique isothermal and non--isothermal C-shocks. We also present a study of the quasi-static collapse of an initial uniform, self-gravitating, magnetized sphere that is initially supported by its magnetic field against collapse (i.e. magnetically subcritical). Applications to the collapse of a pre-stellar Bonnor-Ebert sphere are presented in a companion paper.
D. F. Duffin; R. E. Pudritz
Refined Astrometry and Positions for 179 Swift X-ray Afterglows
We present a refined catalog for the positions of 179 Gamma-ray burst (GRB) X-ray afterglows observed by the X-ray Telescope (XRT) on Swift prior to November 1, 2006. The positions are determined by detecting X-ray field sources in the deep X-ray images and comparing the centroids to those of optical sources in the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) red2 catalog or the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR-5 catalog. Half of the 90% confidence error region radii are 20 ksec) and cannot be generated nearly as rapidly after the GRB. The positions derived for >90% of 77 bursts with optical afterglows are consistent with the optical transient positions, without the need for systematic error. About 20% of the afterglows positions require a sizable shift in the Swift satellite aspect. We discuss the optical/X-ray properties of the field sources and discuss implications of the frame offsets for studies of optically dark GRBs.
N. R. Butler
Microstructural refinement and enhanced transport properties in binary doped NdFeAsO superconductor
We report the synthesis of Nd{sub 1?x}Ca{sub x}FeAsO{sub 1?2x}F{sub 2x} superconductors using CaF{sub 2} as a binary dopant that provides both holes and electrons by simultaneous substitution of Ca{sup 2+} ions and F{sup ?} ions at Nd{sup 3+} and O{sup 2?} sites, respectively. The sample with x?=?0.2 exhibits a maximum critical temperature (T{sub C}) of 52.3?K and transport critical current density (J{sub C}) of 1240?A/cm{sup 2} at 12?K. An interesting feature observed for binary doped samples is the preferential alignment of (00l) planes and the refinement of microstructure both in terms of grain size and grain connectivity. NdFeAsO based superconductors are already known for their very high critical fields and field independent J{sub C}(H) performance. However, the development of the bulk superconductors with oriented large grains and good grain connectivity has not been reported so far and hence the present work will be definitely a step towards the progress in NdFeAsO based conductor development.
Aswathy, P. M.; Anooja, J. B.; Varghese, Neson; Syamaprasad, U., E-mail: email@example.com [National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019 (India)
Decontamination and decarburization of stainless and carbon steel by melt refining
With many nuclear reactors and facilities being decommissioned in the next ten to twenty years the concern for handling and storing Radioactive Scrap Metal (RSM) is growing. Upon direction of the DOE Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Lockheed Idaho Technology Company (LITCO) is developing technologies for the conditioning of spent fuels and high-level wastes for interim storage and repository acceptance, including the recycling of Radioactive Scrap Metals (RSM) for beneficial reuse with the DOE complex. In February 1993, Montana Tech of the University of Montana was contracted to develop and demonstrate technologies for the decontamination of stainless steel RSM. The general objectives of the Montana Tech research program included conducting a literature survey, performing laboratory scale melt refining experiments to optimize decontaminating slag compositions, performing an analysis of preferred melting techniques, coordinating pilot scale and commercial scale demonstrations, and producing sufficient quantities of surrogate-containing material for all of the laboratory, pilot and commercial scale test programs. Later on, the program was expanded to include decontamination of carbon steel RSM. Each research program has been completed, and results are presented in this report.
Mizia, R.E.; Worcester, S.A.; Twidwell, L.G.; Webber, D.; Paolini, D.J.; Weldon, T.A.
Startup due for multi-national Gulf DRB demonstration. [Donor Refined Bitumen
October is the scheduled start-up date for a 450 barrels per day demonstration of the Gulf Donor Refined Bitumen (DRB) process in France. The project will be carried out by a joint venture consisting of Gulf Canada, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, and ASVAHL, a joint venture of three French companies. The Gulf DRB process is a liquid phase hydrocracking process in which hydrogen is made available from a donor rather than as high pressure gaseous hydrogen. Donor liquid is circulated between the feed cracking step and a re-hydrogenation step. The donor is a distillate stream containing substituted tetralins. It is derived from the feedstock in sufficient quantity for the process to be self-sufficient in donor. The DRB process is expected to perform with high reliability because of the simplicity of the process, operation at moderate pressure (800 psi), and the use of uncomplicated off-the-shelf equipment. The process and demonstration plant are described.
Dimensional reduction as a tool for mesh refinement and trackingsingularities of PDEs
We present a collection of algorithms which utilizedimensional reduction to perform mesh refinement and study possiblysingular solutions of time-dependent partial differential equations. Thealgorithms are inspired by constructions used in statistical mechanics toevaluate the properties of a system near a critical point. The firstalgorithm allows the accurate determination of the time of occurrence ofa possible singularity. The second algorithm is an adaptive meshrefinement scheme which can be used to approach efficiently the possiblesingularity. Finally, the third algorithm uses the second algorithm untilthe available resolution is exhausted (as we approach the possiblesingularity) and then switches to a dimensionally reduced model which,when accurate, can follow faithfully the solution beyond the time ofoccurrence of the purported singularity. An accurate dimensionallyreduced model should dissipate energy at the right rate. We construct twovariants of each algorithm. The first variant assumes that we have actualknowledge of the reduced model. The second variant assumes that we knowthe form of the reduced model, i.e., the terms appearing in the reducedmodel, but not necessarily their coefficients. In this case, we alsoprovide a way of determining the coefficients. We present numericalresults for the Burgers equation with zero and nonzero viscosity toillustrate the use of the algorithms.
Stinis, Panagiotis
Refinement, Validation and Application of Cloud-Radiation Parameterization in a GCM
The research performed under this award was conducted along 3 related fronts: (1) Refinement and assessment of parameterizations of sub-grid scale radiative transport in GCMs. (2) Diagnostic studies that use ARM observations of clouds and convection in an effort to understand the effects of moist convection on its environment, including how convection influences clouds and radiation. This aspect focuses on developing and testing methodologies designed to use ARM data more effectively for use in atmospheric models, both at the cloud resolving model scale and the global climate model scale. (3) Use (1) and (2) in combination with both models and observations of varying complexity to study key radiation feedback Our work toward these objectives thus involved three corresponding efforts. First, novel diagnostic techniques were developed and applied to ARM observations to understand and characterize the effects of moist convection on the dynamical and thermodynamical environment in which it occurs. Second, an in house GCM radiative transfer algorithm (BUGSrad) was employed along with an optimal estimation cloud retrieval algorithm to evaluate the ability to reproduce cloudy-sky radiative flux observations. Assessments using a range of GCMs with various moist convective parameterizations to evaluate the fidelity with which the parameterizations reproduce key observable features of the environment were also started in the final year of this award. The third study area involved the study of cloud radiation feedbacks and we examined these in both cloud resolving and global climate models.
Dr. Graeme L. Stephens
Development of refined MCNPX-PARET multi-channel model for transient analysis in research reactors
Reactivity insertion transients are often analyzed (RELAP, PARET) using a two-channel model, representing the hot assembly with specified power distribution and an average assembly representing the remainder of the core. For the analysis of protected by the reactor safety system transients and zero reactivity feedback coefficients this approximation proves to give adequate results. However, a more refined multi-channel model representing the various assemblies, coupled through the reactivity feedback effects to the whole reactor core is needed for the analysis of unprotected transients with excluded over power and period trips. In the present paper a detailed multi-channel PARET model has been developed which describes the reactor core in different clusters representing typical BR2 fuel assemblies. The distribution of power and reactivity feedback in each cluster of the reactor core is obtained from a best-estimate MCNPX calculation using the whole core geometry model of the BR2 reactor. The sensitivity of the reactor response to power, temperature and energy distributions is studied for protected and unprotected reactivity insertion transients, with zero and non-zero reactivity feedback coefficients. The detailed multi-channel model is compared vs. simplified fewer-channel models. The sensitivities of transient characteristics derived from the different models are tested on a few reactivity insertion transients with reactivity feedback from coolant temperature and density change. (authors)
Kalcheva, S.; Koonen, E. [SCK-CEN, BR2 Reactor Dept., Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol (Belgium); Olson, A. P. [RERTR Program, Nuclear Engineering Div., Argonne National Laboratory, Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States)
Decontamination of metals by melt refinings/slagging: An annotated bibliography
As the number of nuclear installations undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) increases, current radioactive waste storage space is consumed and establishment of new waste storage areas becomes increasingly difficult, the problem of handling and storing radioactive scrap metal (RSM) gains increasing importance in the DOE Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Program. To alleviate present and future waste storage problems, Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company (WINCO) is managing a program for the recycling of RSM for beneficial use within the DOE complex. As part of that effort, Montana Tech has been awarded a contract to help optimize melting and refining technology for the recycling of stainless steel RSM. The scope of the Montana Tech program includes a literature survey, a decontaminating slag design study, small scale melting studies to determine optimum slag compositions for removal of radioactive contaminant surrogates, analysis of preferred melting techniques, and coordination of large scale melting demonstrations (100--500 lbs) to be conducted at selected facilities. The program will support recycling and decontaminating stainless steel RSM for use in waste canisters for Idaho Waste Immobilization Facility densified high level waste. This report is the result of the literature search conducted to establish a basis for experimental melt/slag program development.
Mizia, R.E. [ed.; Worcester, S.A.; Twidwell, L.G.; Paolini, D.J.; Weldon, T.A.
Absolute Biodiesel Potential Country Name
Absolute Biodiesel Potential Country Name Production Cost ($/liter) Potential Biodiesel Volume,234 0% 0% #12;Absolute Biodiesel Potential Country Name Production Cost ($/liter) Potential Biodiesel;Absolute Biodiesel Potential Country Name Production Cost ($/liter) Potential Biodiesel Volume (liters
Wisconsin at Madison, University of
Mapping Biomass Distribution Potential
Mapping Biomass Distribution Potential Michael Schaetzel Undergraduate ? Environmental Studies ? University of Kansas L O C A T S I O N BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL o According to DOE, Biomass has the potential to provide 14% of... the nation�s power o Currently 1% of national power supply o Carbon neutral? combustion of biomass is part of the natural carbon cycle o Improved crop residue management has potential to benefit environment, producers, and economy Biomass Btu...
Schaetzel, Michael
EIS-0073: Solvent Refined Coal-I Demonstration Project, Daviess County, Kentucky
The U.S. Department of Energy developed this statement to assess the potential environmental, economic and social impacts associated with construction and operation of a 6,000 tons per stream day capacity coal liquefaction facility in Newman, Kentucky, and the potential impacts of a future expansion of the proposed facility to an approximately 30,000 tons per stream day capacity.
Refined Spectral Method as an extremely accurate technique for solving 2D time-independent Schrodinger equation
We present a refinement of the Spectral Method by incorporating an optimization method into it and generalize it to two space dimensions. We then apply this Refined Spectral Method as an extremely accurate technique for finding the bound states of the two dimensional time-independent Schrodinger equation. We first illustrate the use of this method on an exactly solvable case and then use it on a case which is not so. This method is very simple to program, fast, extremely accurate (e.g. a relative error of 10^(-15) is easily obtainable in two dimensions), very robust and stable. Most importantly, one can obtain the energies and the wave functions of as many of the bound states as desired with a single run of the algorithm.
P. Pedram; M. Mirzaei; S. S. Gousheh
Projections of the impact of expansion of domestic heavy oil production on the U.S. refining industry from 1990 to 2010. Topical report
This report is one of a series of publications assessing the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil (10{degrees} to 20{degrees} API gravity) production. This report provides a compendium of the United States refining industry and analyzes the industry by Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) and by ten smaller refining areas. The refining capacity, oil source and oil quality are analyzed, and projections are made for the U.S. refining industry for the years 1990 to 2010. The study used publicly available data as background. A linear program model of the U.S. refining industry was constructed and validated using 1990 U.S. refinery performance. Projections of domestic oil production (decline) and import of crude oil (increases) were balanced to meet anticipated demand to establish a base case for years 1990 through 2010. The impact of additional domestic heavy oil production, (300 MB/D to 900 MB/D, originating in select areas of the U.S.) on the U.S. refining complex was evaluated. This heavy oil could reduce the import rate and the balance of payments by displacing some imported, principally Mid-east, medium crude. The construction cost for refining units to accommodate this additional domestic heavy oil production in both the low and high volume scenarios is about 7 billion dollars for bottoms conversion capacity (delayed coking) with about 50% of the cost attributed to compliance with the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990.
Olsen, D.K.; Ramzel, E.B.; Strycker, A.R. [National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, OK (United States). ITT Research Institute] [National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, OK (United States). ITT Research Institute; Guariguata, G.; Salmen, F.G. [Bonner and Moore Management Science, Houston, TX (United States)] [Bonner and Moore Management Science, Houston, TX (United States)
FOIASI - Special Inquiry Review of Allegations InvolvingPotentialMisc...
Office of Environmental Management (EM)
Office of Environmental Management. The allegations involved potential violations of political activity restrictions, lack of impartiality in performing official duties, misuse of...
A field study evaluation of short-term refined Gaussian dispersion models
A tracer study was conducted at the Duke Forest Site in Chapel Hill, North Carolina in January, 1995 to evaluate the ability of three short-term refined Gaussian dispersion models to predict the fate of volume source emissions under field study conditions. Study participants included the American Petroleum Institute (API), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US Department of Energy (DOE), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and private consulting firms. The models evaluated were Industrial Source Complex--Short Term versions 2 and 3 (ISC2, ISC3) and the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulatory Model Improvement Committee (AERMIC) model, AERMOD. All three models are based on the steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion equation, which predicts concentrations at downwind receptor locations when integrated over the distance between the source and receptor. Chemicals were released at known rates and measurements were taken at various points in the study field using Tedlar bag point sampling and open-path Fourier Transform infrared (OP-FTIR) monitoring. The study found that ISC and AERMOD underpredicted the measured concentrations for each dataset collected in the field study. ISC and AERMOD each underpredicted the OPFTIR dataset by a factor of approximately 1.6. ISC underpredicted the Tedlar{reg_sign} dataset by approximately 2.1, while AERMOD underpredicted by a factor of approximately 2.6. Regardless of source configuration or measurement technique used, under-prediction with respect to the measured concentration was consistently observed. This indicates that safety factors or other corrections may be necessary in predicting contaminant concentrations over the distances examined in this study, i.e., in the near field of less than 200 meters.
Piper, A.
,"U.S. Sales for Resale Refiner Residual Fuel Oil and No. 4 Fuel Sales Volumes"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices"
,"U.S. Sales to End Users Refiner Residual Fuel Oil and No. 4 Fuel Sales Volumes"
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia:FAQ < RAPID Jump to:SeadovCooperativeA2.Reformulated, Average Refiner Gasoline Prices"Sales
-conventional hydrocarbons in Germany) Germany's potential for shale oil and shale gas NIKO seal gas-rich shale shale: sedimentary rock which contains quartz, carbonates and clay minerals #12;clay minerals in shales quartz
Generalized Fusion Potentials
Recently, DiFrancesco and Zuber have characterized the RCFTs which have a description in terms of a fusion potential in one variable, and proposed a generalized potential to describe other theories. In this note we give a simple criterion to determine when such a generalized description is possible. We also determine which RCFTs can be described by a fusion potential in more than one variable, finding that in fact all RCFTs can be described in such a way, as conjectured by Gepner.
Ofer Aharony
Field matric potential sensor
A method of determining matric potential of a sample, the method comprising placing the sample in a container, the container having an opening; and contacting the sample with a tensiometer via the opening. An apparatus for determining matric potential of a sample, the apparatus comprising a housing configured to receive a sample; a portable matric potential sensing device extending into the housing and having a porous member; and a wall closing the housing to insulate the sample and at least a portion of the matric potential sensing device including the porous member.
Hubbell, Joel M. (Idaho Falls, ID); Sisson, James B. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Pistons modeled by potentials
In this article we consider a piston modelled by a potential in the presence of extra dimensions. We analyze the functional determinant and the Casimir effect for this configuration. In order to compute the determinant and Casimir force we employ the zeta function scheme. Essentially, the computation reduces to the analysis of the zeta function associated with a scalar field living on an interval $[0,L]$ in a background potential. Although, as a model for a piston, it seems reasonable to assume a potential having compact support within $[0,L]$, we provide a formalism that can be applied to any sufficiently smooth potential.
Guglielmo Fucci; Klaus Kirsten; Pedro Morales
On scattering of slow particles by a 'weak' 2D potential
The problem of elastic scattering of low-energy particles by a 'weak' 2D potential U without an axial symmetry is considered. The expression for the scattering amplitude is found in this approximation, and it is shown that at U < 0 it has a pole at the energy E{sub 0} of the corresponding weakly bound state. An explicit expression in terms of the potential U is derived for the factor refining the known order-of-magnitude estimate for E{sub 0}.
Balagurov, B. Ya., E-mail: email@example.com [Russian Academy of Sciences, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics (Russian Federation)
Crystallization, crystal-structure refinement, and IR spectroscopy of a synthetic hexahydroborite analog
The crystal structure of the hexahydroborite analog Ca[B(OH){sub 4}]{sub 2} {center_dot} 2H{sub 2}O (a = 7.9941(3) Angstrom-Sign , b = 6.6321(2) Angstrom-Sign , c = 7.9871(3) Angstrom-Sign , {beta} = 104.166(4) Degree-Sign , V = 410.58(3) Angstrom-Sign {sup 3}, sp. gr. P2/c, Z = 2, {rho}{sub calc} = 1.891 g/cm{sup 3}; Xcalibur S CCD automated diffractometer, 1196 reflections with I > 2{sigma}(I), {lambda}MoK{sub {alpha}}), which was synthesized by the hydrothermal method via the recrystallization of calciborite CaB{sub 2}O{sub 4} (M) in the M - B{sub 2}O{sub 3} - H{sub 2}O system (t = 250 Degree-Sign C and P = 70-80 atm), was refined by the least-squares method with anisotropic displacement parameters (H atoms were located; R{sub 1} = 0.0260). The structure of synthetic hexahydroborite consists of infinite columns running along the c axis. The columns are formed by Ca polyhedra linked together and to [B(OH){sub 4}] orthotetrahedra by sharing edges. Along the two other axes, the translationally equivalent columns are linked only by hydrogen bonds. The presence of a stronger bond between the discrete (Ca-B-O) columns along the shortest (b = 6.6 Angstrom-Sign ) axis accounts for the possibility of the shift of the columns by 1/2T{sub b} and the formation of the second modification of Ca[B(OH){sub 4}]{sub 2} {center_dot} 2H{sub 2}O. The crystals of synthetic hexahydroborite were studied by IR spectroscopy. A crystal-chemical analysis was performed for a series of natural metaborates with the general formula CaB{sub 2}O{sub 4} {center_dot} nH{sub 2}O (CaO: B{sub 2}O{sub 3} = 1: 1, n = 0-6), including calciborite CaB{sub 2}O{sub 4} and hexahydroborite CaB{sub 2}O{sub 4} {center_dot} 6H{sub 2}O as the end members.
Yamnova, N. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Borovikova, E. Yu.; Dimitrova, O. V. [Moscow State University, Faculty of Geology (Russian Federation)
Hydropower Potential Screening Study
Hydropower Potential Screening Study Gillian Charles GRAC 5/28/14 #12;Latest Hydropower Potential Study Creating a Buzz 2014 DOE study on undeveloped stream reaches 84.7 GW undeveloped hydropower in undeveloped stream reaches hydropower in the PNW #12;Studies at both National
In recent years solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth due to the technological improvements resulting in cost reductions and also governments policies supportive of renewable energy development and utilization. In this paper we will present possibilities for development and deployment of solar energy. We will use Kosovo to compare the existing power production potential and future possible potential by using solar energy.
Loreta N. Gashi; Sabedin A. Meha; Besnik A. Duriqi; Fatos S. Haxhimusa
Potential Conservation Laws
We prove that potential conservation laws have characteristics depending only on local variables if and only if they are induced by local conservation laws. Therefore, characteristics of pure potential conservation laws have to essentially depend on potential variables. This statement provides a significant generalization of results of the recent paper by Bluman, Cheviakov and Ivanova [J. Math. Phys., 2006, V.47, 113505]. Moreover, we present extensions to gauged potential systems, Abelian and general coverings and general foliated systems of differential equations. An example illustrating possible applications of proved statements is considered. A special version of the Hadamard lemma for fiber bundles and the notions of weighted jet spaces are proposed as new tools for the investigation of potential conservation laws.
Michael Kunzinger; Roman O. Popovych
State of competition in gasoline marketing. The effects of refiner operation at retail (a study required by Title III of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act)
Title III of the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act requires the Secretary of Energy to report to the Congress on the extent to which producers, refiners, and other suppliers of motor fuel subsidize the sale of such fuel at retail or wholesale with profits obtained from other operations. This is Part I of the report required under that Title. It addresses a number of questions relating to the central issue - the state of competition in the gasoline marketing industry. Part II of the report, to be issued this fall, will discuss the subpoenaed documents of nine integrated companies, and will contain recommendations for action, if deemed necessary. The basic thrust of Part I is an examination of three issues: (1) Are integrated refiners subsidizing their company operated gasoline retail outlets; (2) Are integrated refiners moving gasoline away from their branded dealer network into their own retail outlets; and (3) Are integrated refiners manipulating the allocation system in favor of their own retail outlets to the detriment of other gasoline marketers. At a series of regional hearings, independent marketers charged that integrated refiners were engaging in each of these practices. In essence, integrated refiners were portrayed as using unfair or illegal competitive practices which would ultimately lead to their domination of retail gasoline markets. This report addresses each allegation, after providing a historical and theoretical framework for today's debate.
Delaney, J.B.; Fenili, R.N.
This project had goals of advancing the performance capabilities of the numerical general circulation model EULAG and using it to produce a fully operational atmospheric global climate model (AGCM) that can employ either static or dynamic grid stretching for targeted phenomena. The resulting AGCM combined EULAG's advanced dynamics core with the "physics" of the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM). Effort discussed below shows how we improved model performance and tested both EULAG and the coupled CAM-EULAG in several ways to demonstrate the grid stretching and ability to simulate very well a wide range of scales, that is, multi-scale capability. We leveraged our effort through interaction with an international EULAG community that has collectively developed new features and applications of EULAG, which we exploited for our own work summarized here. Overall, the work contributed to over 40 peer-reviewed publications and over 70 conference/workshop/seminar presentations, many of them invited. 3a. EULAG Advances EULAG is a non-hydrostatic, parallel computational model for all-scale geophysical flows. EULAG's name derives from its two computational options: EULerian (flux form) or semi-LAGrangian (advective form). The model combines nonoscillatory forward-in-time (NFT) numerical algorithms with a robust elliptic Krylov solver. A signature feature of EULAG is that it is formulated in generalized time-dependent curvilinear coordinates. In particular, this enables grid adaptivity. In total, these features give EULAG novel advantages over many existing dynamical cores. For EULAG itself, numerical advances included refining boundary conditions and filters for optimizing model performance in polar regions. We also added flexibility to the model's underlying formulation, allowing it to work with the pseudo-compressible equation set of Durran in addition to EULAG's standard anelastic formulation. Work in collaboration with others also extended the demonstrated range of validity of soundproof models, showing that they are more broadly applicable than some had previously thought. Substantial testing of EULAG included application and extension of the Jablonowski-Williamson baroclinic wave test - an archetype of planetary weather - and further analysis of multi-scale interactions arising from collapse of temperature fronts in both the baroclinic wave test and simulations of the Held-Suarez idealized climate. These analyses revealed properties of atmospheric gravity waves not seen in previous work and further demonstrated the ability of EULAG to simulate realistic behavior over several orders of magnitude of length scales. Additional collaborative work enhanced capability for modeling atmospheric flows with adaptive moving meshes and demonstrated the ability of EULAG to move into petascale computing. 3b. CAM-EULAG Advances We have developed CAM-EULAG in collaboration with former project postdoc, now University of Cape Town Assistant Professor, Babatunde Abiodun. Initial study documented good model performance in aqua-planet simulations. In particular, we showed that the grid adaptivity (stretching) implemented in CAM-EULAG allows higher resolution in selected regions without causing anomalous behavior such as spurious wave reflection. We then used the stretched-grid version to analyze simulated extreme precipitation events in West Africa, comparing the precipitation and event environment with observed behavior. The model simulates fairly well the spatial scale and the interannual and intraseasonal variability of the extreme events, although its extreme precipitation intensity is weaker than observed. In addition, both observations and the simulations show possible forcing of extreme events by African easterly waves. 3c. Other Contributions Through our collaborations, we have made contributions to a wide range of outcomes. For research focused on terrestrial behavior, these have included (1) upwind schemes for gas dynamics, (2) a nonlinear perspective on the dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, (3) numerical realism of thermal co
Gutowski, William J.; Prusa, Joseph M.; Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.
Refined Cauchy/Littlewood identities and six-vertex model partition functions: II. Proofs and new conjectures
We prove two identities of Hall-Littlewood polynomials, which appeared recently in a paper by two of the authors. We also conjecture, and in some cases prove, new identities which relate infinite sums of symmetric polynomials and partition functions associated with symmetry classes of alternating sign matrices. These identities generalize those already found in our earlier paper, via the introduction of additional parameters. The left hand side of each of our identities is a simple refinement of a relevant Cauchy or Littlewood identity. The right hand side of each identity is (one of the two factors present in) the partition function of the six-vertex model on a relevant domain.
D. Betea; M. Wheeler; P. Zinn-Justin
A study of solvent refining of cottonseed oil by use of a rotating core countercurrent extraction column
-oleic acid and solvent solutions were added. The mixture was shaken several times and placed 1n a 30 C . atmosphere to reach thermal equilibrium and for the layers to break. The following data were observed for each phase: l Relative volume 2...A STUDY OF SOLVENT REFINING OF COTTONSEED OIL BY USE OF A ROTATING CORE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION COLUMN A Thes1s by C. Ray Holbrook January- 1953 Approved as to style and content: aS a rman o u en s omm ee ea o epar men em ca -ng neer ng...
Holbrook, Charles Ray
Potentiation of chlortetracycline
H of the crop, proventriculus, giszsrd and duodenum and the serum chlortetrscycline levels of chicks fed sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid sa- potentiating agents. 35 The pH of the crap, proventri. culus, gizzard and duodenum... snd the serum chlortetracycline levels of chicks fed ammonium sulphate and sodium oxalate as potentiating agents' 36 12 The effect of dienestrol diacetste on the level of chlortetracycline in serum from three week old chicks . ~ . ?~ ~ . . ~ . 49...
Hesketh, Harold Robert
Circadian- and light-dependent regulation of resting membrane potential and spontaneous action potential firing of Drosophila circadian pacemaker neurons.
oscillations in membrane potential mediated by L-type voltage-voltage- gated channels and that sodium channel activity also contrib- utes to generation of slow-wave oscillations (voltage-gated calcium channels also contribute to spontaneous (and evoked) action potentials and or low-frequency membrane potential oscillations,
Sheeba, Vasu; Gu, Huaiyu; Sharma, Vijay K; O'Dowd, Diane K; Holmes, Todd C
SRC-I solvent refined coal demonstration facility, Daviess County, Kentucky
This volume of the Environmental Information Document on SRC-I contains appendices I-P. Information is provided for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement. Title listings of the appendices are: meteorology and air quality reports, December 1978 and March 1979; sound; economic, social, and cultural features; historical/architectural survey; archeological reports, 1979 and 1980; potential for burial and preservation of fossils; and alternate sites.
Rietveld refinement and dielectric studies of Bi{sub 0.8}Ba{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 0.95}V{sub 0.05}O{sub 3} ceramic
Polycrystalline Bi{sub 0.8}Ba{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 0.95}V{sub 0.05}O{sub 3} ceramic has been prepared by the conventional solid state reaction technique. The Rietveld refinement of x-ray powder diffraction revealed that the sample has a rhombohedral crystal structure (space group R3c) with average particle size of 29 nm. The values of dielectric constant (??) and dielectric loss (tan ?) increases with increasing temperature at different frequencies which may be the result of increase in the number of charge carriers and their mobilities due to the thermal activation. The Jonscher�s universal power law used to analyze the ac conductivity. In the measured temperature range, the values of frequency exponent �s� are less than one and shows a continous decrease which is attributed to the short range translational hopping assisted by large polaron hopping mechanisms.
Priyanka,, E-mail: email@example.com; Agarwal, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Ahlawat, N., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Sanghi, S., E-mail: email@example.com; Rani, S., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Applied Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana (India)
Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration for High-Order Discontinuous Finite Element SN Transport Schemes and Application to Locally Refined Unstructured Meshes
Diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) schemes compatible with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) grids are derived for the SN transport equations discretized using high-order discontinuous finite elements. These schemes are directly obtained from the discretized transport equations by assuming a linear dependence in angle of the angular flux along with an exact Fick's law and, therefore, are categorized as partially consistent. These schemes are akin to the symmetric interior penalty technique applied to elliptic problems and are all based on a second-order discontinuous finite element discretization of a diffusion equation (as opposed to a mixed or P1 formulation). Therefore, they only have the scalar flux as unknowns. A Fourier analysis has been carried out to determine the convergence properties of the three proposed DSA schemes for various cell optical thicknesses and aspect ratios. Out of the three DSA schemes derived, the modified interior penalty (MIP) scheme is stable and effective for realistic problems, even with distorted elements, but loses effectiveness for some highly heterogeneous configurations. The MIP scheme is also symmetric positive definite and can be solved efficiently with a preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Its implementation in an AMR SN transport code has been performed for both source iteration and GMRes-based transport solves, with polynomial orders up to 4. Numerical results are provided and show good agreement with the Fourier analysis results. Results on AMR grids demonstrate that the cost of DSA can be kept low on locally refined meshes.
Yaqi Wang; Jean C. Ragusa
Effect of acicular ferrite formation on grain refinement in the coarse-grained region of heat-affected zone
The microstructure of acicular ferrite and its formation for the grain refinement of coarse-grained region of heat-affected zone of high strength low-alloy bainite steels were studied using three-dimensional reconstruction technique. Crystallographic grain size was analyzed by means of electron backscatter diffraction. It was revealed that the microstructure in the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone consisted of predominantly bainite packets and a small proportion of acicular ferrite. Acicular ferrite was of lath or plate-like rather than needle or rod-like morphology. Tempering of the coarse-grained region of heat-affected zone showed that the acicular ferrite was more stable than the bainite, indicating that the acicular ferrite was formed prior to bainite. The acicular ferrite laths or plates divided the prior austenite grains into smaller and separate regions, and confining the bainite transformed at lower temperatures in the smaller regions and hence leading to the grain refinement in the coarse-grained region of the heat-affected zone.
Wan, X.L.; Wei, R. [Institute of Advanced Steels and Welding Technology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Systems Science on Metallurgical Processing, Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081 (China); Wu, K.M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Advanced Steels and Welding Technology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Systems Science on Metallurgical Processing, Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081 (China)
A high-order finite-volume method for hyperbolic conservation laws on locally-refined grids
We present a fourth-order accurate finite-volume method for solving time-dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on Cartesian grids with multiple levels of refinement. The underlying method is a generalization of that in [5] to nonlinear systems, and is based on using fourth-order accurate quadratures for computing fluxes on faces, combined with fourth-order accurate Runge?Kutta discretization in time. To interpolate boundary conditions at refinement boundaries, we interpolate in time in a manner consistent with the individual stages of the Runge-Kutta method, and interpolate in space by solving a least-squares problem over a neighborhood of each target cell for the coefficients of a cubic polynomial. The method also uses a variation on the extremum-preserving limiter in [8], as well as slope flattening and a fourth-order accurate artificial viscosity for strong shocks. We show that the resulting method is fourth-order accurate for smooth solutions, and is robust in the presence of complex combinations of shocks and smooth flows.
McCorquodale, Peter; Colella, Phillip
Crystal-structure refinement of zirconium-rich eudialyte and its place among calcium-poor eudialyte-group minerals
The repeated refinement of the crystal structure of zirconium-rich eudialyte based on the X-ray diffraction data set collected earlier revealed new structural features. The trigonal unit-cell parameters are a = 14.222(3) A, c = 30.165(5) A, V = 5283.9 A{sup 3}. The refinement resulted in the reduction of the R factor from 0.045 (2347F > 4{sigma}(F)) to 0.035 (3124F > 3{sigma}(F)). It was found that the ordering of Ca and Fe in six-membered rings leads to the lowering of the symmetry to R3. An excess amount of zirconium (more than three atoms per symmetrically independent unit) is located in the M2 microregion in square and five-vertex polyhedral positions. However, this amount is insufficient to be dominant, and the deficiency of zirconium is compensated for by sodium atoms. Based on the new data, zirconium-rich eudialyte can be assigned to the oneillite subtype, being a zirconium-rich and aluminum variety of raslakite.
Aksenov, S. M., E-mail: email@example.com; Rastsvetaeva, R. K. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography (Russian Federation)] [Russian Academy of Sciences, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography (Russian Federation)
Potential applications of high temperature helium
This paper discusses the DOE MHTGR-SC program`s recent activity to improve the economics of the MHTGR without sacrificing safety performance and two potential applications of high temperature helium, the MHTGR gas turbine plant and a process heat application for methanol production from coal.
Schleicher, R.W. Jr.; Kennedy, A.J.
This paper discusses the DOE MHTGR-SC program's recent activity to improve the economics of the MHTGR without sacrificing safety performance and two potential applications of high temperature helium, the MHTGR gas turbine plant and a process heat application for methanol production from coal.
Hands-On and Minds-On Modeling Activities to Improve Students' Conceptions of Microscopic Friction
Hands-On and Minds-On Modeling Activities to Improve Students' Conceptions of Microscopic Friction of microscopic friction. We will also present our investigation on the relative effectiveness of the use, it is possible to facilitate the refinement of students' ideas of microscopic friction. Keywords: friction
Zollman, Dean
Federal/Industry Development of Energy-Conserving Technologies for the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries
. Alternatives to aqueous waste incineration. 8. Coal-fired process furnaces. Our conclusions to-date in one of these tech nology areas -- integration of a coal/coke gasifier into a h~pothetical petroleum refinery -- are as follows: 1. Hedium...-btu gasification of coal or petroleum coke in a petroleum refinery can reduce imports to the refinery of scarce natural gas and can provide additional energy supplies through sale of high-btu refinery fuel gas. The potential gain in national energy supplies...
Alston, T. G.; Humphrey, J. L.
E-Print Network 3.0 - active methane weather Sample Search Results
Chemistry 48 Universitt Stuttgart Auslandsorientierter Studiengang Summary: Potential of Coalbed Methane Recovery during Active Coalmin- ing... Methane Recovery from Active...
Fusion potentials I
We reconsider the conjecture by Gepner that the fusion ring of a rational conformal field theory is isomorphic to a ring of polynomials in $n$ variables quotiented by an ideal of constraints that derive from a potential. We show that in a variety of cases, this is indeed true with {\\it one-variable} polynomials.
P. Di Francesco; J. -B. Zuber
INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION: THE POTENTIAL AND THE CHALLENGE A Summary Report 2003 #12;June 2003 To the Reader This report summarizes the second James L. Oberstar Forum on Transportation Policy and Technology. Over two days, we explored the chal- lenges and opportunities in intermodal transportation, addressing
Minnesota, University of
LABORATORY III POTENTIAL ENERGY Lab III - 1 In previous problems, you have been introduced to the concepts of kinetic energy, which is associated with the motion of an object, and internal energy, which is associated with the internal structure of a system. In this section, you work with another form of energy
Off-Shell NN Potential and Triton Binding Energy
The NONLOCAL Bonn-B potential predicts 8.0 MeV binding energy for the triton (in a charge-dependent 34-channel Faddeev calculation) which is about 0.4 MeV more than the predictions by LOCAL NN potentials. We pin down origin and size of the nonlocality in the Bonn potential, in analytic and numeric form. The nonlocality is due to the use of the correct off-shell Feynman amplitude of one-boson-exchange avoiding the commonly used on-shell approximations which yield the local potentials. We also illustrate how this off-shell behavior leads to more binding energy. We emphasize that the increased binding energy is not due to on-shell differences (differences in the fit of the NN data or phase shifts). In particular, the Bonn-B potential reproduces accurately the $\\epsilon_1$ mixing parameter up to 350 MeV as determined in the recent Nijmegen multi-energy NN phase-shift analysis. Adding the relativistic effect from the relativistic nucleon propagators in the Faddeev equations, brings the Bonn-B result up to 8.2 MeV triton binding. This leaves a difference of only 0.3 MeV to experiment, which may possibly be explained by refinements in the treatment of relativity and the inclusion of other nonlocalities (e.~g., quark-gluon exchange at short range). Thus, it is conceivable that a realistic NN potential which describes the NN data up to 300 MeV correctly may explain the triton binding energy without recourse to 3-N forces; relativity would play a major role for this result.
Y. Song; R. Machleidt
SPCDC: A user-friendly computational tool for the design and refinement of practical pulse combustion systems
This paper reports on the development and use of a user-friendly, PC-executable computer code that can assist engineers in designing pulse combustors for specific applications and in refining existing units. This code represents the culmination of over 10 years of research and development in the field of pulse combustion. The Sandia Pulse Combustor Design Code, or SPCDC, couples both the fuel-air injection and the energy release to the time-varying pressure wave. Because the injection and combustion processes both drive and are driven by the wave dynamics, this model couples the major processes that occur in a pulse combustor. SPCDC can supplement the time-proven method of actually building and testing a prototype unit, and significantly reduce the number of units that must be tested. It will help produce a superior pulse combustion system tailored to a specific application and should help widen the range of successful applications.
Barr, P.K.; Keller, J.O. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kezerle, J.A. [Gas Research Institute (United States)
Third-Party Evaluation of Petro Tex Hydrocarbons, LLC, ReGen Lubricating Oil Re-refining Process
This report presents an assessment of market, energy impact, and utility of the PetroTex Hydrocarbons, LLC., ReGen process for re-refining used lubricating oil to produce Group I, II, and III base oils, diesel fuel, and asphalt. PetroTex Hydrocarbons, LLC., has performed extensive pilot scale evaluations, computer simulations, and market studies of this process and is presently evaluating construction of a 23 million gallon per year industrial-scale plant. PetroTex has obtained a 30 acre site in the Texas Industries RailPark in Midlothian Texas. The environmental and civil engineering assessments of the site are completed, and the company has been granted a special use permit from the City of Midlothian and air emissions permits for the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
Compere, A L [ORNL; Griffith, William {Bill} L [ORNL
On quantum potential dynamics
Non-relativistic de Broglie-Bohm theory describes particles moving under the guidance of the wave function. In de Broglie's original formulation, the particle dynamics is given by a first-order differential equation. In Bohm's reformulation, it is given by Newton's law of motion with an extra potential that depends on the wave function--the quantum potential--together with a constraint on the possible velocities. It was recently argued, mainly by numerical simulations, that relaxing this velocity constraint leads to a physically untenable theory. We provide further evidence for this by showing that for various wave functions the particles tend to escape the wave packet. In particular, we show that for a central classical potential and bound energy eigenstates the particle motion is often unbounded. This work seems particularly relevant for ways of simulating wave function evolution based on Bohm's formulation of the de Broglie-Bohm theory. Namely, the simulations may become unstable due to deviations from the velocity constraint.
Sheldon Goldstein; Ward Struyve
Refinement of the Kansas City Plant site conceptual model with respect to dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL)
This document presents a refinement of the site conceptual model with respect to dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) at the US Department of Energy Kansas City Plant (KCP). This refinement was prompted by a review of the literature and the results of a limited study that was conducted to evaluate whether pools of DNAPL were present in contaminated locations at the KCP. The field study relied on the micropurge method of sample collection. This method has been demonstrated as a successful approach for obtaining discrete samples within a limited aquifer zone. Samples were collected at five locations across 5-ft well screens located at the base of the alluvial aquifer at the KCP. The hypothesis was that if pools of DNAPL were present, the dissolved concentration would increase with depth. Four wells with highly contaminated groundwater were selected for the test. Three of the wells were located in areas where DNAPL was suspected, and one where no DNAPL was believed to be present. The results demonstrated no discernible pattern with depth for the four wells tested. A review of the data in light of the available technical literature suggests that the fine-grained nature of the aquifer materials precludes the formation of pools. Instead, DNAPL is trapped as discontinuous ganglia that are probably widespread throughout the aquifer. The discontinuous nature of the DNAPL distribution prevents the collection of groundwater samples with concentrations approaching saturation. Furthermore, the results indicate that attempts to remediate the aquifer with conventional approaches will not result in restoration to pristine conditions because the tortuous groundwater flow paths will inhibit the efficiency of fluid-flow-based treatments.
Korte, N.E.; Hall, S.C. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Baker, J.L. [AlliedSignal Corp., Kansas City, MO (United States). Dept. of Environmental Protection
Analysis of multicomponent evaporation in electron beam melting and refining of titanium alloys
Experimental evidence and a mathematical model are presented to evaluate the effect of beam-scan frequency on composition change in electron-beam melting of titanium alloys. Experiments characterized the evaporation rate of commercially pure (CP) titanium and vapor composition over titanium alloy with up to 6 wt pct aluminum and 4.5 wt pct vanadium, as a function of beam power, scan frequency, and background pressure. These data and thermal mapping of the hearth melt surface are used to estimate activity coefficients of aluminum and vanadium in the hearth. The model describes transient heat transfer in the surface of the melt and provides a means of estimating enhancement of pure titanium evaporation and change in final aluminum composition due to local heating at moderate beam-scan frequencies.
Powell, A.; Szekely, J.; Pal, U. [Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; Avyle, J. van den; Damkroger, B. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Materials Processing Dept.
Lignin-Derived Carbon Fiber as a Co-Product of Refining Cellulosic Biomass
Lignin by-products from biorefineries has the potential to provide a low-cost alternative to petroleum-based precursors to manufacture carbon fiber, which can be combined with a binding matrix to produce a structural material with much greater specific strength and specific stiffness than conventional materials such as steel and aluminum. The market for carbon fiber is universally projected to grow exponentially to fill the needs of clean energy technologies such as wind turbines and to improve the fuel economies in vehicles through lightweighting. In addition to cellulosic biofuel production, lignin-based carbon fiber production coupled with biorefineries may provide $2,400 to $3,600 added value dry Mg-1 of biomass for vehicle applications. Compared to producing ethanol alone, the addition of lignin-derived carbon fiber could increase biorefinery gross revenue by 30% to 300%. Using lignin-derived carbon fiber in 15 million vehicles per year in the US could reduce fossil fuel consumption by 2-5 billion liters year-1, reduce CO2 emissions by about 6.7 million Mg year-1, and realize fuel savings through vehicle lightweighting of $700 to $1,600 per Mg biomass processed. The value of fuel savings from vehicle lightweighting becomes economical at carbon fiber price of $6.60 kg-1 under current fuel prices, or $13.20 kg-1 under fuel prices of about $1.16 l-1.
Langholtz, Matthew H [ORNL; Downing, Mark [ORNL; Graham, Robin Lambert [ORNL; Baker, Fred S [ORNL; Compere, A L [ORNL; Griffith, William {Bill} L [ORNL; Boeman, Raymond G [ORNL; Keller, Martin [ORNL
Three-dimensional local structure of photoexcited Cu diimine complex refined by quantitative XANES analysis.
The structural details of [Cu(dmp){sub 2}]{sup +} (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) at its metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited-state in acetonitrile were extracted using quantitative analysis of Cu K-edge X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES). The study combines two techniques: fitting experimental XANES spectra with a multidimensional interpolation approximation, and calculating theoretical XANES spectra with molecular potentials beyond the muffin-tin approximation. The results of the study show that the best fit of the experimental XANES data must include a solvent molecule binding to the Cu with a short Cu-N distance of 2.00 {angstrom}. This confirms that the formation of an exciplex is responsible for the excited-state quenching in coordinating solvents, such as acetonitrile. Moreover, the calculations suggest that the formation of this exciplex state is accompanied by significant rocking distortions of the dmp ligands resulting in a 108{sup o} angle between the N(solvent)-Cu bond and the C{sub 2} symmetry axis of the dmp ligand. This combined approach allows us to extract molecular configurations that would otherwise be missed in a conventional qualitative XANES analysis.
Smolentsev, G.; Soldatov, A. V.; Chen, L. X.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; Southern Federal Univ.; Northwestern Univ.
WP 3 Report: Biomass Potentials Biomass production potentials
WP 3 Report: Biomass Potentials 1 Biomass production potentials in Central and Eastern Europe under different scenarios Final report of WP3 of the VIEWLS project, funded by DG-Tren #12;WP 3 Report: Biomass Potentials 2 Report Biomass production potentials in central and Eastern Europe under different scenarios
WINDExchange: Wind Potential Capacity
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLasDelivered energy consumption byAbout Printable Version Bookmark and Wind Potential Capacity
Energy Resource Potential
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation ProposedUsing Zirconia Nanoparticles asSecondCareerFebruary 2005 1EnergyResource Potential of
Refined Parameters of Chelyabinsk and Tunguska Meteoroids and their Explosion Modes
This paper describes application of mathematical model that establishes relationship between parameters of celestial bodies motion in the spheres of activity of the Sun and the Earth with mass-energy characteristics of these objects and their explosion modes during destruction in the Earth atmosphere, that in turn are linked with phenomena observed on underlying surface. This model was used to calculate the characteristics of objects that caused the Chelyabinsk and Tunguska explosions with using of its trajectory parameters described in recent scientific publications (late 2013 - early 2014). It turned out that the size of Chelyabinsk meteoroid was equal to 180 - 185 meters, and its mass was close to 1.8 megatons. Energy of its explosion was equal to 57 megatons of TNT, size of Tunguska meteoroid was equal to 105 m, mass - 0.35 megatons, while energy of explosion was about of 14.5 megatons of TNT. Due to the common origin of these two celestial bodies their average density was equal - about of 570 kg/m^3.
Lobanovsky, Yury I
Potential of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Buildings in India
Evaporative cooling potential for building in various climatic zones in India is investigated. Maintainable indoor conditions are obtained from the load - capacity analysis for the prevailing ambient conditions. For the assumed activity level...
Maiya, M. P.; Vijay, S.
activity potential clinical: Topics by E-print Network
outcome (relative hazard, 0.722; P p.001), independent of virological suppression. In the multivariate analysis, virological response and immunologic response, which was measured...
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