text:
Talk:Child labour
|The article Child Work was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 2 May 2015 with a consensus to merge the content into Child labour. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use this talk page.
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|This article is written in British English (colour, realise, travelled, aeroplane), and some terms used in it are different or absent from other varieties of English. According to the relevant style guide, this should not be changed without broad consensus.
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
- 1 Non-exploitative labour in Indigenous communities
- 2 The Map of child labor is incorrect according to the references informed
- 3 general bias in these articles
- 4 Labor in Indigenous Cultures
- 6 Untitled
- 7 Friedman on child labour
- 8 Show business
- 9 child labour
- 10 Pre-industrial history
- 11 Indian poverty and child abuse
- 12 Involved Countries
- 13 See also
- 14 Truth or just totally misplaced sentence
- 15 Newspaper routes
- 16 Edit request from Swastin, 5 March 2011
- 17 Edit request from 188.8.131.52, 25 July 2011
- 18 Incorrect link
- 19 Consistency: Labour and Labor
- 20 Child Labor's Decrease Over the Years In USA
- 21 Child labor incidence reports and wikipedia's WP:UNDUE guidelines
- 22 History of Child Labour
- 23 POV Dispute
- 24 Edit request on 27 November 2012
- 25 topic Child labour laws and initiatives
- 26 Colonial Empires
- 27 Their is nothing about the benefits of child labour
- 28 Article on Child labour by country
- 29 Mother Mary Jones
- 30 Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2014
- 31 Eliminating Child Labor in the US
- 32 United States Industrial Revolution
- 33 Edit request: Definition of child labour
- 34 Semi-protected edit request on 30 July 2014
- 35 Major work on bonded child labour in India
- 36 The Politics of Raid and Rescue
- 37 Edit request for 22 October 2014
- 38 Europe respectively Switzerland and Wiedergutmachungsinitiative, Verdingkinder and Kinder der Landstrasse
- 39 Semi-protected edit request on 5 January 2015
- 40 Semi-protected edit request on 20 March 2015
- 41 Semi-protected edit request on 28 March 2015
- 42 ENGVAR, direct quotes, and hyperlinks
- 43 South Sudan
- 44 Child Work merger
- 45 Semi-protected edit request on 26 June 2015
Non-exploitative labour in Indigenous communities[edit]
I posted as a reply to almasmit already, but figure I'll put here too. There is information that non-exploitative labour can benefit child development, specifically in Indigenous communities. I also have a couple cites on the ILO's understanding of such practices. May I have access to add such notes to the page? Rmroush (talk) 21:29, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
The Map of child labor is incorrect according to the references informed[edit]
The colors of the map do not represent the data informed by UNICEF on the address http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php, used as reference.
For instance, according to Unicef´s statistics, Brazil has 3% of child labor rate, but it´s marked on the map as 10 - 20% of children working. On the other hand, Peru has 34% &india has 30% of children working according to Unicef´s data, but in the map it appears as having less than 10%. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 12:45, 21 October 2013 (UTC)
general bias in these articles[edit]
Why is it that the pro-capitalist position seems to get the last word in many articles about controversial topics such as child labor (or any of the myriad, unscrupulous practices employed by capitalists around the world)? This article seems to dance around these topics - especially when it comes to child labor in the U.S. It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labor; it was capitalism. Actually, no, it was education laws finally getting some federal teeth during the New Deal Era. I will be recommending to others that they find more scholarly and balanced sources; other than these wikipedia articles, which seem to be the purview of the Laissez-Faire set, only... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 16:21, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
Labor in Indigenous Cultures[edit]
As a student in an Upper Division UCSC Seminar class focused on indigenous learning, we have reviewed many examples of work that may be viewed as labor by the western world, but is in fact beneficial to the development of some indigenous children. Would there be a possibility of me/my classmates including some content dealing with this issue? Almasmit (talk) 20:59, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
I would like to add some information along these lines. Is it possible for me to have access? Rmroush (talk) 21:16, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
--CHANGES MADE BY HASHIR KHAN--[edit]
"Child Labor : Threatening children to work to earn a living.
In India, if a boy/girl wants to read and write ,which basically implies that if he/she wishes to go to a school or college,he/she cant afford because they don't even have money for their food.So how is it going to be possible for them to go to the school and obviously the great amount of money needed for registration is not affordable for them.So the only way to do this is "EARN AND LEARN".This means in the day time they can have a part-time job which is sufficient enough for their studies."
What is the typical lifespan of a child that starts to work at a very young age!? --Xalosj (talk) 18:45, 14 March 2009 (UTC) ~That's like asking the average lifespan of blonde people. 184.108.40.206 (talk) 21:44, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
child labor is bad
I am not sure but I am almost certain that it reduces the lifespan. It is NOT like asking the average lifespan of blonde people because the environment that a laboring child is in can cause much harm and can often reduce the lifespan, therefore reducing the average lifespan of a child that starts to work at a very young age. -epic93 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 16:15, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
- How can you assert that child labor reduces life span if you don't have any sources or statistics to back that up? And sure it "can" cause much harm or reduce lifespan like driving with your kid in your car "can" reduce lifespan. The word "can" means nothing. Also if we were to find stats about the lifespan of kids working vs not working, the stats would have to take into consideration family income levels because families that have kids working are more likely to be poor and therefore more likely to have poor health care, etc. 184.108.40.206 (talk) 15:57, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
The post was originally asking for sources. I second that they be provided.
Friedman on child labour[edit]
"According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation.[26]"
However, I can't seem to find any essay by Friedman discussing this issue. The source is utterly unhelpful, backing up the second sentence rather than the first. Is there an actual source for this? (18.104.22.168 (talk) 18:48, 22 October 2009 (UTC))
Show business[edit]
Involving children in show business, is it considered child labour? Are there any restrictions? Alone Coder (talk) 22:28, 24 September 2009 (UTC) mESSINA IS AWESOME
child labour[edit]
is children working as a supplier in mess is not an offence???????? plz give an answer....... and give an idea to eradicate this.... bcoz in my locality, lot of children were working as mess supplier....NOTE: chairmanship was an ex-politician(ex-mla)..... plz mail me... email@example.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 12:48, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
Hai friend I m also agree with u r feelings........... because I too see lot of children still work like a slave!! &I m the one who is seeing this thing & i can't stop my self,so called the police they came there & arrested that man, that child to hostel where such childrens were live. But there also that child don't want to live there.Why??????????????????????????? Can u tell me [my ID is firstname.lastname@example.com]so plz mail me what is the reason???????????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 17:19, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
The historical section begins at the Industrial Revolution. This excludes the important context of the continuing practice of child labor from agricultural days. Child labor, was, in fact, a social standard for many thousands of years. This is revealed in all kinds of sources... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 00:41, 18 October 2009 (UTC) so plz try to stop this offence —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 11:32, 8 December 2010 (UTC) Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.
In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores, in a family shop, or school-related work).[2] An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labor Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and for those who are younger than 16, need a written statement by a legal guardian acknowledging understanding of the duties and hours of employment and granting permission to work is required.[1] [3] except for the agricultural industry where children as young as 12 years of age can work in the fields for an unlimited number of non-school hours.In certain circumstances however news carriers may be employed at age 11 and juvenile performers in the entertainment area.[2] See Children's Act for Responsible Employment (CARE Act)
During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions.[5] Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while some poorer countries may allow or tolerate child labour. Child labour can also be defined as the full-time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age.
The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps.[6] Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay,[7] earning 10-20% of an adult male's wage. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.[8] In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. Two girls protesting child labour (by calling it child slavery) in the 1909 New York City Labor Day parade.
In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults.[9]These mines caused injury in their physical growth in the children. This was also the outcome of the hazardous factories and mills that they were forced to work in. They had to work in any situation or condition such as sickness which caused them to rather want to go to hell than go back to their assigned working places. Nunez, Sandra (1997). And Justice for All. Connecticut: Millbrook press.
- ^ "Child Labor Act". Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- ^ "Child Labor Act". Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Pre-industrial history[edit]
Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods.[7] Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.
Children as young as three were put to work. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.[10] Many children (and adults) worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days.
An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900.[11] In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States.[12]
Present day
Today child labor is the illegal employment of children. The laws now state that children may not work more than eight hours a day when school is not in session and no more than three hours when school is in session. These are some of the conditions set to deal with the complexity of the working lives of children. In farms, there used to be dangerous hazards and accidents from the hazardous machines. So today, they can only help pick crops or food to work at a farm. Greene, Laura (1992). Child Labor: Then and Now. New York: Franklin Watis.
Child labour is still common in some parts of the world, it can be factory work, mining,[13] prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a store's products, or cleaning. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, "selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses—far from the reach of official labour inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family poverty there will be child labour.[14]
According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour.[15] The United Nations and the International Labor Organization consider child labour exploitative,[16][17] with the UN stipulating, in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child that:
...States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. Although globally there is an estimated 250 million children working.[17]
In the 1990s every country in the world except for Somalia and the United States became a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC. Somalia eventually signed the convention in 2002; the delay of the signing was believed to been due to Somalia not having a government.[18] A boy repairing a tire in Gambia
In a recent paper, Basu and Van (1998)[19] argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty. That being so, they caution against the use of a legislative ban against child labour, and argue that should be used only when there is reason to believe that a ban on child labour will cause adult wages to rise and so compensate adequately the households of the poor children. Child labour is still widely used today in many countries, including India and Bangladesh. CACL estimated that there are between 70 and 80 million child labourers in India.[20]
Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.[21] The proportion of child labourers varies a lot among countries and even regions inside those countries.
Defence of child labour
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."[14]
According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation.[36] Austrian school economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went "voluntarily and gladly" to work in factories.[37]
British historian and socialist E. P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider (waged) labour market.[5] Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed. Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that:
"Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global."[36]
According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.[38]
The International Labour Organization's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour. It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world.[39] IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with
by.... ratnesh kanungo of rps — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 15:38, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
Indian poverty and child abuse[edit]
"Child labour is still widely used today in many countries, including India and Bangladesh. CACL estimated that there are between 70 and 80 million child labourers in India."
Involved Countries[edit]
is it possible to relate to other countries besides India today such as countries in Asia for example? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 14:50, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
Can Indian government do anything about it? too poor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Khalidshou (talk • contribs) 16:29, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
I think it should be spread upon in order to get a better view of the way child labor globally effects children instead of focusing primarily on one country. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Akatsuki21 (talk • contribs) 15:00, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
What about the childslavery in Europe. Dutch BJZ company for instance rent out children from the age of 6 to work all over Europe in factories, farms or other companies. The French government was the only one to ever protest to this, because children died on the job. and the French could not insure children for work related injuries. The work these children do takes up to 18 hours a day and there are no laws in place to make the owners buy safety gear for them. The children get no education and there is no law on this as they are exported to another country within the EU and therefore are exempt from the national law on education. Even if they were to get any education during the 6 hours a day they have left, it would not amount to them learning anything. If education is given the level of education would not be up to the standard of personal achivement. It would be to make them work better in their work environment only. Several thousand kids a year by one company only is just too much to ignore. And there are many such companies operating in Holland. Something wiki should definitly highlight. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 12:04, 29 October 2011 (UTC)
See also[edit]
shouldnt UNICEF be included with these links?
Truth or just totally misplaced sentence[edit]
Under the "Historical"-section,the first few sentences of the fifth paragraph mentions the following: "A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.[10] Children as young as three were put to work." Seriously, at the age of three? Does not make any sense at all.
AFAIK this was a part of a thorough edit by Graham87 half a year ago, and I chose not to remove it since at least a part of the whole paragraph have listed sources.If someone agrees with me, I would be delighted if they'd remove it. --Samohtas (talk) 18:13, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
Newspaper routes[edit]
Do you know if there are still children in America who have newspaper delivery routes? Didn't they have to start at 4 or 5 a.m.? I know there were all while I was growing up & not too long ago there were still many, but I don't think there are many now, or I just don't hear of any. Stars4change (talk) 16:33, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
Edit request from Swastin, 5 March 2011[edit]
{{edit semi-protected}}
pis save it Swastin (talk) 11:42, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
- Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. —GƒoleyFour— 23:10, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
Edit request from 220.127.116.11, 25 July 2011[edit]
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Please remove this sentence "And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family poverty there will be child labor", which occurs at the end of the first paragraph of the section titled "Present Day" Although it has a source I find the language overly dramatic and unnecessary. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 22:53, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
- Done. Feezo (send a signal | watch the sky) 06:44, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
Incorrect link[edit]
In the list of links at the end of the article the Newsboys' Strike needs to be corrected to 1899 not 1819. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 09:12, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
Consistency: Labour and Labor[edit]
There are several instances of both the words Labour and Labor in this article. However, even though there are only 36 instances of labor, there are over 100 instances of labour. Many thanks to command F.
Should it be made so there is only one? If so, which one? 184.108.40.206 (talk) 01:34, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
Does it really matter? The point is people whoever can read the English-language article will be able to read it. It really doesn't matter which way "labor" is spelled, or how many times it is spelled a certain way. 126.96.36.199 (talk) 10:20, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
Child Labor's Decrease Over the Years In USA[edit]
In 1916 and 1918, congress passed laws that would apply equally to all American children, however the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional because they denied children the freedom to contract work.
During the Great Depression, child labor decreased for adults more deserately needed a job more than children. During that time, there was a high unemployment rate along with a growing need for a better-educated work force. This gradually decreased the rate in child labor.
In 1938, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act, which set a minimum wage and maximum hour standards for all workers and it additionaly placed limitations on child labor (15 and under could not manufacture nor mine). The law was amended in 1949.
Even with the laws we have today, there are many illegal child labor in USA. Hine, Russell Freedman ; with photographs by Lewis (1994). Kids at work : Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labor. New York: Clarion Books. pp. 93–97. ISBN 0395587034.
|1916, 1918
|Congress passed laws, however they got rejected.
|Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act.
|Great depression.
|The law was amended.
Child labor incidence reports and wikipedia's WP:UNDUE guidelines[edit]
Wikipedia guidelines suggest each article fairly represents all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint. Giving due weight and avoiding giving undue weight means that articles should consider what to include and with how much relative emphasis.
The discussion about corporations such as GAP etc., while in good faith and relevant, is excessive. For what it is worth, 90%+ of world's child labor - from Azerbaijan to Zimbabwe - has little to do with these corporations. Yet, there is undue weight on corporate side, and lack of due weight on relevant regional / rural / topical / policy issues across the world.
In terms of coverage, I acknowledge that our western media has covered this prominently. But western media circulates in less than 15% of world's population. If we include media from Africa, Asia, Latin America, there is undue weight in these GAP and related stories, and deserve to be trimmed down (but not eliminated). Further, if we weigh the prominence of viewpoints in articles and publications from United Nations organizations such as ILO, UNICEF, other global institutions such as World Bank, IMF, peer reviewed journals covering child labor - then WP:DUE guidelines suggest that these corporate sections be significantly trimmed, and the encyclopedic summary in this wiki article include relevant regional / topical / policy viewpoints that these WP:RS sources prominently cover.
Comments on improving this part of this wiki article are welcome. ApostleVonColorado (talk) 21:49, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
History of Child Labour[edit]
There is no article History of child labour. I suggest, that it should be made from parts of this article. Sarcelles (talk) 20:05, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
- Why? Please note that unnecessary content forking makes wikipedia less useful to its readers, and multiple articles on the same topic are more difficult to maintain for content contributors. See WP:CFORK.
- If you have a lot more content to add to the history, please consider a temporary article in a sandbox. I do not support what you suggest: 'take parts of this article and make a new article.' ApostleVonColorado (talk) 21:05, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
POV Dispute[edit]
I notice that this article deals mainly with Great Britain and the United States. I am doing a research project that deals with German Child Labor, and there is next to nothing on Germany. I would ask that someone please get some facts on other european countries in here.Cbrittain10 (talk|contribs) 13:32, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
Edit request on 27 November 2012[edit]
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Add This Link For Child Labour Suggestions http://www.fmurdu.com/artist/design/508-child-labour Rohibook (talk) 12:42, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
- Not done: Please see the policy on external links. The external links section as it stands is already a bit excessive, and I'm not inclined to add to it. —KuyaBriBriTalk 15:50, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
topic Child labour laws and initiatives[edit]
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I think it shouldn't be "Three countries yet to domestically ratify the 1990 Convention include Somalia, South Sudan and the United States.[64][65]" but Three countries yet do domestically ratify the 1990 Convention include Somalia, South Sudan and the United States.[64][65]. As I'm not registered in the english Wikipedia long enough I can't change it myself, could smb? Thank you. --Macuser10 (talk) 15:56, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
- Not done: The syntax is a bit awkward but the grammar is correct. Your suggested wording would mean that they ratify it (in the present tense, which doesn't make sense). Rivertorch (talk) 06:09, 20 January 2013 (UTC)
- I simplified the wording. See if it makes more sense to you now. Rivertorch (talk) 06:13, 20 January 2013 (UTC)
Colonial Empires[edit]
The date 1650 seems arbitrary in the section on Colonial Empires. There is no source. This blog post (http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/12/the-laws-of-burgos-500-years-of-human-rights/) refers to the Laws of Burgos that had provisions in them concerning child labor. Maybe this section should be expanded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 19:22, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
Their is nothing about the benefits of child labour[edit]
I don't want to sound evil but just hear me out... Child labour in sweatshops can be a better alternative to other proffesions. Children are not forced into working in sweatshops and working in a sweatshop is often a better option than prostitution and scavenging — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 18:31, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
- I question your blanket statement that "children are not forced into working in sweatshops". However, the view you're expressing about the lesser of various evils is one I've heard before, and it may have some merit. To mention it in the article, it needs to be reliably sourced. If you find a good source, please provide a link to it here, along with some proposed text and an indication of where you want it to go. Rivertorch (talk) 20:07, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
Article on Child labour by country[edit]
I would like to write an article on child labour. I suggest that it should contain an introduction and a list of countries with more than a million children between 5 and 14 working, listed by the respective number of children working. Sarcelles (talk) 21:23, 25 January 2014 (UTC)
- That is a good idea. It would make it easier for people researching on Wikipedia to find specific info. Hendrick 99 (talk) 04:55, 31 January 2014 (UTC)
Mother Mary Jones[edit]
This shows that Jones called child workers slaves in the 20th Century USA (see #1) & details of their work/lives, & it has lots of great history, can you add it? http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAjonesM.htm Hillmon7500 (talk) 00:54, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2014[edit]
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18.104.22.168 (talk) 19:34, 2 April 2014 (UTC) Every day, millions of children in India wake up with nothing to look forward to except hours of back-breaking labour working everywhere from stone quarries to carpet factories to rice mills. Children as young as 5 years-old are kept from school, forced to work 7 days a week for up to 18 hours a day and end up with crippling injuries, respiratory disorders and chronic pain.
Because these children are often left illiterate and plagued with health problems, they are – in a cruel twist of fate – less likely to find employment once they reach adulthood. This continued enslavement of children traps generations of Indians in a vicious cycle of slavery, illiteracy and poverty.
Thankfully, the Indian Parliament is considering legislation called the "Child and Adolescent Labour Abolition Bill," which:
1. Prohibits the employment of children up until 14 years of age, 2. Outlines harsher sentences for violators of child labour laws and 3. Provides for monitoring of suspected instances of child slavery.
What is child labour :
Considerable differences exist between the many kinds of work children do. Some are difficult and demanding, others are more hazardous and even morally reprehensible. Children carry out a very wide range of tasks and activities when they work.
Defining child labour
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination. Children's or adolescents' participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling, is generally regarded as being something positive. This includes activities such as helping their parents around the home, assisting in a family business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays. These kinds of activities contribute to children's development and to the welfare of their families; they provide them with skills and experience, and help to prepare them to be productive members of society during their adult life.
The term "child labour" is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.
It refers to work that:
1.is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and 2.interferes with their schooling by: 3.depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; 4.obliging them to leave school prematurely; or 5.requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
In its most extreme forms, child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities – often at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of "work" can be called "child labour" depends on the child's age, the type and hours of work performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual countries. The answer varies from country to country, as well as among sectors within countries.
What is child labour?
Child labour is a complex problem and numerous factors influence whether children work or not. Poverty emerges as the most compelling reason why children work. Poor households spend the bulk of their income on food and the income provided by working children is often critical to their survival. However, poverty is not the only factor in child labour and cannot justify all types of employment and servitude. Countries may be equally poor and yet have relatively high or relatively low levels of child labour.
Other factors include:
1. Barriers to education 2.Culture and tradition 3.Market demand 4.The effects of income shocks on households 5.Inadequate/poor enforcement of legislation and policies to protect children
Effective abolition of child labour :
Children enjoy the same human rights accorded to all people. But, lacking the knowledge, experience or physical development of adults and the power to defend their own interests in an adult world, children also have distinct rights to protection by virtue of their age. One of these is protection from economic exploitation and from work that is dangerous to the health and morals of children or which hampers the child's development.
CHILD Protection & Child Rights :
Poverty and lack of social security are the main causes of child labour. The increasing gap between the rich and the poor, privatization of basic services and the neo-liberal economic policies are causes major sections of the population out of employment and without basic needs. This adversely affects children more than any other group. Entry of multi-national corporations into industry without proper mechanisms to hold them accountable has lead to the use of child labour. Lack of quality universal education has also contributed to children dropping out of school and entering the labour force. A major concern is that the actual number of child labourers goes un-detected. Laws that are meant to protect children from hazardous labour are ineffective and not implemented correctly.
A growing phenomenon is using children as domestic workers in urban areas. The conditions in which children work is completely unregulated and they are often made to work without food, and very low wages, resembling situations of slavery. There are cases of physical, sexual and emotional abuse of child domestic workers. The argument for domestic work is often that families have placed their children in these homes for care and employment. There has been a recent notification by the Ministry of Labour making child domestic work as well as employment of children in dhabas, tea stalls and restaurants "hazardous" occupations.
Bonded child labour is a hidden phenomenon as a majority of them are found in the informal sector. Bonded labour means the employment of a person against a loan or debt or social obligation by the family of the child or the family as a whole. It is a form of slavery. Children who are bonded with their family or inherit a debt from their parents are often found in agricultural sector or assisting their families in brick kilns, and stone quarries. Individual pledging of children is a growing occurrence that usually leads to trafficking of children to urban areas for employment and have children working in small production houses versus factories. Bonded labourers in India are mostly migrant workers, which opens them up to more exploitation. Also they mostly come from low caste groups such as dalits or marginalised tribal groups. Bonded child labourers are at very high risk for physical and sexual abuse and neglect sometimes leading to death. They often are psychologically and mentally disturbed and have not learnt many social skills or survival skills.
Child labour in India is addressed by the Child Labour Act, 1986 and National Child Labour Project.
- Not done: it's not clear what changes you want made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 23:02, 2 April 2014 (UTC)
Eliminating Child Labor in the US[edit]
Tprevo5728 (talk) 23:18, 6 April 2014 (UTC)It took many attempts for child labor to be regulated successfully in the United States. Many laws were passed but there were many loopholes in them and they were not always enforced. In fact, laws passed in 1916 and 1918 were said to be unconstitutional. However, the main reasons that child labor was stopped were not from laws, but from machinery. New machinery did what the children had done, and adults with at least some education and skills were needed to work these machines. Also, in 1938, The Fair Labor Standards Act was passed, which set a national minimum wage and limits on child labor including that children under 16 could not work in mines and manufacturing.[1] Tprevo5728 (talk) 23:18, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
- ^ "Childhood Lost: Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
United States Industrial Revolution[edit]
Tprevo5728 (talk) 23:46, 6 April 2014 (UTC)Child labor in the United States reached its height during the Industrial Revolution. Many immigrants came to the United States hoping for a better life, but many of them ended up doing physical labor with their children. Children were needed because they were nimble and small, so they could get in small spaces adults could not. It was difficult for children to organize unions, so they had no say in what they were paid and how long they worked. Therefore, children worked as long as 14 hours with few breaks. Most of them were just fighting to stay above the poverty level, so they did not go to school much or in some cases at all. They often had the most dangerous jobs like handling the dangerous tools and carrying heavy loads with the worst conditions. Many children got caught in machinery and got injured or killed, while others died from diseases like cancer.[1] [2] Tprevo5728 (talk) 23:46, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
- ^ "Childhood Lost: Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
- ^ "Child Labor". Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Edit request: Definition of child labour[edit]
In practice, there are two very different criteria in common use for classifying children's work as child labour. One is the criterion that you have here: serious hazards and any type of harm. There is general agreement that children should be protected from harm in such work, although there may be differences in assessing harm and hazards, and in what to do about them.
The other is the employment of children below a legal minimum age, focussing on employment and age irrespective of harm and hazards. This second criterion overlooks harmful work within the home, and prohibits much part-time work that could be beneficial to children outside school hours or school terms, or to children who for some other reason are out of school. The correlation between child labour thus defined and child labour as harmful work is widely assumed, but to my knowledge has never been verified by empirical data.In many situations, benign work is prohibited by minimu8m-age criteria. Although there is some overlap between the two criteria, enforcing minimum-age standards frequently deprives children of useful opportunities and do not always work for the best interests of children. Indeed, they discourage people from acknowledging the full value of children's contributions, and encourage exploiting their work as unpaid 'help'.
It is not appropriate for Wikipedia to get involved in this debate, but it should provide information on the very different criteria. The two criteria are frequently blurred in the media and by many organisations, sometimes deliberately for political purposes. Wikipedia should not endorse such blurring.
On two minor points, to cover harmful work of self-employed children and children undertaking harmful work outside employment, in the first line the word 'employment' should be changed to 'engaging'. Taken literally, the clause 'deprives children of their childhood' is meaningless. Notwithstanding ILO usage, you cannot deprive someone of childhood. But you can denigrate childhoods that are different and difficult, which is what this ethnocentric clause does. It offers no information and should be deleted.
I suggest the first paragraph of the article be edited to make two paragraphs something like this:
Child labour primarily refers to the engaging of children in any work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.[3] This practice is exploitative and is condemned by many international organisations.
The term 'child labour' is also widely used in a legal sense to refer to work that contravenes legislation establishing a minimum age for employment, whether or not such work is in any way harmful to children. Legislation across the world prohibits child labour in this sense.[4][5] These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, and others[6][7] ; but light economic work available to children in poor communities is not normally excepted. While legislation establishing a general minimum age for employment serves to keep children out of the labour force, there is debate over whether this serves their best interests, or whether rather it restricts opportunities for useful experience and chances for poor children to improve their lives.
See Bourdillon, Michael, Deborah Levison, William Myers, and Ben White. Rights and Wrongs of Children's Work. Rutgers Series in Childhood Studies. edited by Myra Bluebond-Langner New Brunswick, etc.: Rutgers University Press, 2010.
126.96.36.199 (talk) 19:12, 22 October 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Charles4597 (talk • contribs) 07:37, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 30 July 2014[edit]
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please give more in india 18.104.22.168 (talk) 19:12, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
- Not done: as you have not requested a specific change.
If you want to suggest a change, please request this in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ".
Please also cite reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to, or changed in, any article. - Arjayay (talk) 20:23, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
Major work on bonded child labour in India[edit]
Bonded Labour — Preceding unsigned comment added by Junned1098 (talk • contribs) 09:24, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
The Politics of Raid and Rescue[edit]
The Politics of Raids Junned Khan, who initiated an education programme for children working in zardozi units in Delhi, for the NGO Pratham, provided thought-provoking information on the politics of raids and the complications caused by media publicity. His experience raises several questions on the entire raid and rescue process. Khan had started the education project by hiring 100 teachers who went from workshop to workshop persuading employers to let them teach the children for one to two hours daily. The teachers identified 450 karkhanas in the city. The project ran successfully for nearly two years. In mid 2005 ILO (International Labour Organisation) representatives in Delhi and a senior Labour Department official requested Pratham to facilitate a visit by Mr. Mark Mittlehouser, Under Secretary, United States Department of Labour, to the embroidery factories. During the visit they saw hundreds of children working there. 55 Shortly after that, the Labour Department raided the Noor-e-Elahi area of East Delhi and rescued 180 children. The raids were conducted in some of the karkhanas where Pratham was taking classes, which created problems for the teachers and the NGO. In September-October 2005, NDTV began a series on child labour in the karkhanas in Delhi and once again the places where Pratham worked were focused on. Fearing trouble, some owners whisked away the children to distant places in Uttar Pradesh. They hired trucks, put the boys in them and disappeared overnight. The NGO feared that many of the children who had been shifted would become untraceable. Pressure began to mount from the Labour Department, political and bureaucratic sources, as well as media, for the rescue of the child workers. Although Khan believed that the alternative method of persuading employers to free children was preferable, he gave in to the pressure and agreed to cooperate with a rescue effort planned by the Labour Department. In June 2005, Pratham Mumbai was part of a big raid to rescue child workers from zardozi units in Mumbai. In Delhi, a detailed rescue plan was prepared with the help of Pratham teachers as they could identify the workshops where children were employed. The teachers secretly marked the doors of workshops in advance, so that the raiding parties could easily identify them. Sixty staffers of the Labour Department, male staff of Pratham, officials of the Delhi administration and nearly 300 men of the Delhi Police Armed Constabulary were deployed. They gathered at the IT Park in the trans-Yamuna area and planned the rescue operation. Khan said he was surprised that although this was supposed to be a secret operation, an OB van and a camera wielding reporter from NDTV was at the park, along with the Labour Department officials. He expressed his unhappiness about the leak to the channel. "As a result of this leakage we failed to rescue many children. We had aimed at rescuing 2000-2500 children. However, only 487 boys could be rescued. We kept wondering where the rest vanished. This apparently happened because of the leak. We also noticed the heavy presence of local policemen in the areas even before the whole rescue team could arrive at the scene. The rescue team was in 15 buses. The rescue operation lasted for several hours, from 9 a.m. in the morning to 3 p.m. in the afternoon. The 487 rescued kids were brought to the IT Park in the buses," he recounted. The problem was where to house them. The Labour Department approached some NGOs but they all refused. No one has the capacity to house such a large number and feeding them is very expensive. Earlier, the Labour Commissioner had sent an Inspector and a Pratham staffer to the Managing Director of HUDCO to ask for permission to house the children for one week in the empty August Kranti Bhawan near Bhikaji Cama Place in South Delhi. He agreed to the request. The 487 children were sent to August Kranti Bhawan with Pratham staff members. The next problem was to arrange bedding and food. "Somehow, food was organised by one of our team members Pooja Narain. The Labour Department eventually agreed to pay for food, if Pratham would give the money immediately," said Khan. 56 There were very few toilets in the building. The biggest problem was who would stay overnight with the children and ensure their security. "A senior officer of the Labour Department had promised to provide Department staff for 24 hours duty. The Labour Department had also promised to provide a doctor and cleaning staff. Problems arose because the Labour Department went back on their promise and did not provide anyone to help us. There was no cleaning staff and the doctor came for a short while." Meanwhile the Labour Department released some of the older boys who were not minors. For the next six days the Pratham staff took care of the remaining 427 children. "We faced tremendous problems cleaning the toilets ourselves, feeding them three times a day, cleaning the place after meals, sending sick children to hospital, sending staff members who were falling sick to hospital, facing the frenzy of parents and anti-social elements collecting outside the shelter and shouting slogans against us, facing the media frenzy, facing the unhealthy attitude of the Labour Department officials who showed up at intervals during day time, facing forced interventions from ILO and some other international organisations," complains Khan. Meanwhile, the officials were busy congratulating themselves and giving interviews to the Press. The boys' stories were making headlines all over the world. "At the same time," says Khan, "my staff and I were barred from making any statement to the Press. For nearly six days, we were cut off from the outer world. Our team began feeling like we were bonded children ourselves. Imagine how the rescued kids must have been feeling!" A majority of them were wearing just their inner garments because they had not had the time to pick up their belongings. Many who were on long term medical treatment had left behind their medicines and prescriptions. "When we requested a senior member of Pratham's Governing Board, who had come to Delhi, to sanction clothes for the boys, he refused. It was cold and several of the boys got sick. After all, these were underfed, weak children. For five days the administration made no alternative arrangements for them. "Finally, in disgust, I put some of the sick boys in a bus and took them to the Child Welfare Committee in Lajpat Nagar to ask that they be rehabilitated. After that, arrangements were made to keep them in various government run children's homes and send them back to Bihar. "Meanwhile, there was a showdown between me, the Pratham Governing Board member and a senior officer of the Labour Department. I had informed a reporter from the Hindustan Times of the terrible conditions that the children had been kept in, without proper arrangement for food, clothing and medical care. She passed on the information to the official who complained to the Board Member. All these people together barged 57 into the August Kranti Bhawan and charged at me and my team members. The Pratham Board member insulted me and my team members and threatened to fire us." "I called out all our staff of 50 people who were supervising the children. All of us together decided to immediately leave Pratham. As soon as the children came to know what was happening, they started rioting. The boys surrounded the reporter, the Pratham Board member and the Labour Department officer. The children were shouting, running up and down the place, throwing utensils and tearing apart the bedding. Then the lights went out. Some of my staff warned me that if the boys ran out of the building onto the busy main road, there could be accidents. I decided to control the situation. We went back inside, called out to the boys and calmed them". "Though the officer from the Labour Department and the Pratham Board member apologised, after the whole situation was sorted out I left Pratham. Several of my former team members also left Pratham. That was the end of Pratham's child labour project in Delhi". "The Labour Department did not bother to charge sheet or prosecute any of the karkhana owners. No one was punished," claims Khan. Unfortunately, it was not possible to get the Labour Department's version of the entire experience, but the problems highlighted require examination. The experience of Junned Khan and the Pratham team raises many issues about advance planning for the entire raid and rescue style of freeing the bonded children, the onus of responsibility when NGOs work in tandem with government departments, the question of providing a decent, clean and safe temporary shelter for rescued children, the question of financial liability for housing and feeding children and for providing them with toiletries and clothes while they are in a shelter. After the raid, even NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan who are far better equipped to house rescued children in their Mukti Ashram in Burari, seem anxious to quickly send children back to their home states. The NGO finds it's financial and personnel resources strained when bureaucratic delays require it to feed and care for children for several days at a stretch, while the government takes steps to issue them official documents, draw up charge sheets and make arrangements to send them home. Questions also arise about the use and misuse of media. Why, for instance, were the 427 boys not kept in state run homes in the first place, if no proper shelter had been arranged for them? Was one factor the presence of media, which was able to easily access the children in a temporary shelter, whereas the strict rules of government shelters would not have permitted such access and the resultant headlines and photo opportunities? It is strange that neither Delhi's Labour Department nor Pratham seemed to have learnt any lessons from the much publicised June raids in Mumbai where, despite political pressure and interest in organizing highly publicized raids, not enough children were rescued and those who were rescued were kept in railway waiting rooms and shelters from which half of them disappeared. 58 If state governments are determined to rescue more children through raids, these issues must first be addressed and adequate planning ensured, to avoid the chaos that raids cause and the accompanying trauma to innocent children. THE PROBLEM OF STATISTICS The Delhi Government's Department of Labour did not make available any data on the number of children rescued from bondage in zardozi units. Nor did they make available any data on the actual number of child workers in the industry. Officials granted interviews, but did not give a single document or data sheet. Persistent attempts to get the information failed. Data on the number of raids conducted and children rescued, based on NGO reports and news stories in the media, indicates that 899 children were rescued in nine raids spanning the two-year period January 2005-January 2007. In October 2006 the Resident Commissioner of Bihar wrote to Ashok Agarwal of Social Jurist that he had arranged for the repatriation of several children to Bihar. "I would like to inform you that very recently on 14.01.06 (32) and on 12.06.06 (73) and again on 18.09.06 (49) children have been received and sent back to the State," said his letter. These figures unfortunately do not tally wi — Preceding unsigned comment added by Junned1098 (talk • contribs) 09:29, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
Edit request for 22 October 2014[edit]
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In the section Colonial empires, second paragraph, second sentence, please change the wikilink [[Head Tax]] to [[tax per head|head tax]]. This will bypass what is currently a redirect to a disambiguation page, replacing it with a link to the correct article. Thanks in advance. 184.108.40.206 (talk) 19:12, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
Europe respectively Switzerland and Wiedergutmachungsinitiative, Verdingkinder and Kinder der Landstrasse[edit]
Hi, started the section Child labour#Other European countries (Russia is mentionned before), i.e. primarly those section Switzerland, focus on Wiedergutmachungsinitiative, Verdingkinder and Kinder der Landstrasse, affected around 100,000 children from the 1920s to the 1970s in Switzerland; so imho it's worth to be mentioned here. Some referernces are added in the wiki, among them originating from BBC News and New York Times. As not being my 'focus' within EN-WP, i hope it's a usefull minor start of Switzerland-related Child labour, and therefore i just allow to also mention the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills in 19th-century Switzerland, hoping a more engaged Wikipedia enthusiast may contribute some more adequate additions. Thx and kindly regards, Roland zh 21:33, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
- Hi,
2% of the article devoted to Switzerland are too much.Sarcelles (talk) 17:50, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
- Hi, i see, also a statistical question, therefore with the above mentioned restrictions, so you other Wikipedian enthusiasts are interested, Child labour in Switzerland will be just started, and some linkfixes within Child labour are done. Kindly regards, Roland zh 20:12, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 5 January 2015[edit]
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Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as "highly secret".[1] China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.[2][3] Abhilashajain950 (talk) 12:17, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
- Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — {{U|Technical 13}} (e • t • c) 13:08, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
When people use child labor, they are hurting the world and Gods people. STOP CHILD LABOR!!!!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FCC8:E141:7100:F8F1:897:CB4A:A58D (talk) 20:27, 10 March 2015 (UTC)
- ^ "Children's Rights: China". Law Library of Congress, United States. 2012.
- ^ Karine Lepillez (2009). "The dark side of labour in China" (PDF).
- ^ "Who is the culprit of child labor". Hichkey. 29 December 2014.
Semi-protected edit request on 20 March 2015[edit]
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labor is spelled wrong everywhere
Zac6502 (talk) 14:37, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
- Not done: See MOS:ENGVAR. Wikipedia accepts all varieties of English and there is no need to change one to another, with a few exceptions, such as if the subject is British (then it would be desirable to write the article in British English). Otherwise, if the article was originally written as British English, it should stay as British English. --I am k6ka Talk to me! See what I have done 14:43, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 28 March 2015[edit]
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Moeyzein (talk) 00:19, 28 March 2015 (UTC) cjild labour is about people who work at young ages
- Not done The article already has encyclopedic language stating much the same thing. --NeilN talk to me 00:22, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
ENGVAR, direct quotes, and hyperlinks[edit]
Just a note to be careful. This article is in British English and uses the spelling "labour" consistently in running text; that's fine.
But there are two important exceptions. First, you never change the spelling of a direct quote. If the quote says "labor", you say "labor", or else you paraphrase and remove the quotation marks.
Second, before I fixed it, there was a footnote with a hyperlink to a website of the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian's URL used "labor", but the hyperlink used "labour", so it was broken. My guess is that someone just went through and did a global replace at some point. Please don't do that. It's fine to scan through from time to time and make sure the article keeps the British spelling, but you have to do it in a way that takes the exceptions into account. --Trovatore (talk) 21:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)
- Another exception: Proper names. For example Labor Day (when referring to the American holiday) and National Child Labor Committee. --Trovatore (talk) 23:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)
South Sudan[edit]
I corrected the Child Labour Convention part of the article.
It said South Sudan didn't ratify the Convention yet, but it is not a party to the convention according to https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en. Other articles have sources such as http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78732.html?p=printme that claim South Sudan is the 195th participant (yet the un.org page states 194). I'm also not sure whether Somalia did or didn't ratify the Convention: some say it did but only domestically. As far as I can tell, that means that, officially, Somalia didn't ratify the Convention. Olivier Diotte (talk) 17:48, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
Child Work merger[edit]
I think the discussion at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Child Work was too brief and should be reviewed. Child Work and Child labour are different concepts. The former describes work which is beneficial to children while the latter describes work which is harmful to children. Biscuittin (talk) 11:44, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 26 June 2015[edit]
in our india the most common cases in child labour are in delhi sides.This information is very important to whole over the world — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 08:16, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
- Wikipedia level-4 vital articles in Society
- Wikipedia B-Class vital articles in Society
- Wikipedia B-Class level-4 vital articles
- India Education Program student projects
- Wikipedia articles that use British English
- B-Class organized labour articles
- Top-importance organized labour articles
- Organized Labour portal article of the day
- B-Class Human rights articles
- High-importance Human rights articles
- WikiProject Human rights articles


text:
"Game of Thrones" author George R.R. Martin has joined Twitter, and his first Tweet is pretty much exactly what you would expect from the reclusive writer. Though if his first Tweet is any indication, he might not be the most active person to follow:
I don't tweet all that much, please check out my live journal page. ;) #myfirstTweet
— George RR Martin (@GRRMspeaking) June 9, 2014
Martin isn't lying about livejournal, either. He links to the blog in his profile, and updates it almost daily. Considering Martin said recently that he also still uses MS DOS, it's not too big a surprise.
The writer already has 21.9 thousand Twitter followers as of this writing, though he follows only 15 people — most of them "Game of Thrones" actors, of course. We're sure he'll Tweet them his condolences after he kills them.
Martin's joined just in time, as the Season 4 finale is this Sunday, and we absolutely cannot wait to see the massive Twitter trolling Martin's going to do — fingers crossed — after it airs.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Robert & Kristen Anderson-Lopez Talk Composing for Disney's FROZEN
While the folks at Disney are chosing to call their highly anticipated animated film FROZEN "a movie with songs," the project is looking a lot like a musical. Especially with 'Avenue Q' and 'Book of Mormon' Tony-winning composer Robert Lopez, and his wife, Kristen Anderson-Lopez writing the music for the film. In an interview posted on today's Variety.com, the couple spoke about the exciting animated project.
"I think they wanted us to be funny," jokes Lopez of his Disney bosses. Adds Anderson-Lopez, "We thought, this is our chance to make a really funny Disney princess - a real person that our generation has been waiting for: the one that's not perfect, that gets pooped on, is clever and smart and has a sense of humor. I was really excited when (co-director) Jennifer Lee came on board. She had just come off 'Wreck-It Ralph.'
The husband and wife duo felt pressure to keep up with the high standards set by the award-composing writing team of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, who penned such classics as Beauty and the Beast and Little Mermaid. "Whenever we were feeling particularly lost, our battle cry was, 'What would Ashman do?' " says Anderson-Lopez, "because he was such a force not only as a lyricist but he understood how to tell a story using music."
The Lopezes took a year and a half in total to complete their work to their satisfaction, writing about 25 songs for the film, two-thirds of which were eventually discarded. "We wrote this whole song that ended with a list of terrible things that could happen to your feet, including plantar warts and athlete's foot," admits Anderson-Lopez. "John Lasseter heard it and he was like, 'What?! How did we get onto foot fungus?!' "
The writers didn't have to go far to be inspired to write music for the film which is set in the cold, snowy climate of the Scandinavian mountain pastures. "We don't have to go anywhere," quipped Lopez. "We live in New York City."
Read the article in full here!
About Author
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text:
American Idol
Nicki Minaj Shares Her Secret Beauty Tips
When you think of Nicki Minaj, you can't help but think of her crazy haircolors, intense makeup and colorful outfits.
The American Idol judge and rap superstar is world-renowned for her fantastical appearances and cartoonish costumes. Believe it or not though, there is a rhyme to this reason.
Below, we reveal her four beauty secrets that she revealed in an interview with Contact Magazine.
1. Never go to bed with make-up on. Ever.
2. Drink tons of water.
3. Slather yourself with cocoa butter.
4. Never wash your skin with anything that contains alcohol or ail.
Source: Contact Magazine


text:
JEFF POWELL: If Tim Bradley turns out to be Floyd Mayweather's next – and possibly last – choice of opponent then Saturday night's controversy in California will erupt into a full-blown conspiracy theory come September 12 in Las Vegas. Not for the first time the American who calls himself Desert Storm was the beneficiary of deeply dubious officiating. The arm-waving referee looked for all the world to have stopped this WBO title fight in favour of Jessie Vargas 10 seconds before the final bell, with Bradley reeling semi-conscious on his feet from a thunderbolt right hook. ...read
Jeff Powell for the Daily Mail's recent articles
Andy Murray and Rory McIlroy must step up this summer... but Novak Djokovic and Jordan Spieth can turn up the heat
JEFF POWELL: British sport's two darling buds of summer are about to come under the most severe pressure to validate their status since they first broke into the ranks of major championship winners. Andy Murray, at Wimbledon in the next fortnight, and Rory McIlroy, over four days at St Andrew's next month, now find themselves not only burdened by expectations but also threatened by increasingly impressive rivals. ...read
Floyd Mayweather's dallying may mean a rematch with Oscar De La Hoya... and then another date with Manny Pacquiao
JEFF POWELL: Oscar De La Hoya has one foot on the top rung of the ladder leading to a place in the opposite corner for what may be Floyd Mayweather's last hurrah. Whether he takes the final step into the Las Vegas ring depends upon whether the Golden Boy believes that as a 42-year-old man now he still has what it takes for a mega-millions fight against the best pound-for-pound boxer in the world. ...read
June 2015
- Andre Ward hasn't fought for 19 months... Paul Smith will fancy his chances of shocking ring-rusty American who 'doesn't have the power to damage me'
- England's pampered multi-millionaires are doing friendlies to death while USA play as if their honour depends on it... the Yanks are coming and we could learn from them
- Deontay Wilder carries the hopes of a nation and the heavyweight champ insists: The future is bronze
- After Sepp Blatter's fall, Lionel Messi and Andrea Pirlo can at least remind us how beautiful football is supposed to be
- Amir Khan's ambitions of Floyd Mayweather fight could be dealt blow as Juan Manuel Marquez hopes for a rematch
May 2015
- James DeGale driven by obsession to step through the ropes and into history books against Andre Dirrell
- Gareth Bale must recapture form like wizards of dribble Lionel Messi and Neymar or his race is run at Real Madrid
- Floyd Mayweather against Manny Pacquiao was the highest grossing fight of all time generating revenues of OVER $500million
- Floyd Mayweather plans to take over the boxing world when he hangs up his gloves... and his relationship with mystery man Al Haymon is a 'perfect match'
- Floyd Mayweather had no interest in turning his mega-fight against Manny Pacquiao into a night of excitement... here's why I scored the Las Vegas showpiece a draw and how you can win a piece of memorabilia
- Floyd Mayweather is the undisputed king... his win against Manny Pacquiao wasn't magical but it was a masterclass from the best illusionist in Las Vegas
April 2015
- Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao's weigh-in will be the first ever with paid-for tickets as Las Vegas gets ready to welcome up to 200,000 visitors during fight week
- Kell Brook could have had his much-craved Battle of Britain... if Eddie Hearn had not been so 'disrespectful', claims Amir Khan's dad Shah
March 2015
- Watson gets well deserved rub down after beating Garcia in front of home fans at Wimbledon Heather Watson could face Serena Williams in the third round
- NYPD Blue! Lampard poses with New York's finest and goes for a run in Central Park Chelsea legend Frank Lampard is settling into his new life in the USA
- Wawrinka and Krieger bare all ahead of crucial matches at Wimbledon and Women's World Cup Stan Wawrinka and USA defender Ali Krieger stripped for ESPN mag
- Gerrard meets the neighbours at plush Bel Air mansion in LA Steven Gerrard is getting used to his new surroundings as he settles into his LA home
- Guitar hero! Defoe shows off musical talents at open mic night Sunderland striker Jermain Defoe took to the stage at an open mic event as he played the guitar and sang
- Roma connect with supporters as they unveil new away kit with a map of the city embedded into the shirt New shirt combines history... with geography!
Kane on cloud nine as Tottenham striker posts snap on Top of the RockPoacher was brought back down to earth with England U21s but he is riding high again
- Best seat in the house! Djokovic left bemused as Blue Tit lands next to him on Centre Court World No 1 was up against Kohlschreiber... so, will he tweet about it?
- Schweinsteiger watches on as girlfriend Ivanovic breezes into SW19 second round Ivanovic starts strong at Wimbledon in front of Bayern Munich star
- American adventure continues for Bale as Galactico enjoys round of golf at Bethpage Welshman is making the most of his break before returning to Real Madrid
- Thought centre backs were giants? Think again! Mangala dwarfed by NBA star Mozgov Man City defender was made to 'feel so small' as he posed for picture
- PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Lewis Hamilton's ex-Nicole Scherzinger smooches with former Fulham man Pajtim Kasami on holiday Pussycat Doll in Greece.
- Ronaldo's son shows off his skills on the beach in Bahamas Ronaldo could have some competition on his hands if his son's skills are anything to go by
- Wozniacki laughs off engagement talk as she shows off her skills with an American football Caroline Wozniacki was relaxed in training ahead of Wimbledon opener
- He's Gunner keep cool! Wilshere dons Arsenal hat as he suns himself in Dubai Jack Wilshere has been soaking up the sun on a Dubai beach
- WAG Ann-Kathrin Brommel suffers an epic wardrobe malfunction on date night with World Cup winner Mario Gotze WAG's fashion boob
- Rihanna shuts Floyd Mayweather up with duct tape at awards do Signer used extreme measures to keep the loudmouth boxer quiet at BET Awards in LA
- Henderson making the most of summer break as he poses for holiday snap with friends Henderson not bound by pressures of shaving or... Premier League action
- New signing Depay raring to go for United Manchester United winger Memphis Depay shares holiday snap ahead of first Premier League season
- Catch of the day: Chelsea new boy Nathan enjoys spot of fishing on break Brazilian celebrating Fisherman's Day with brother
- Which former footballer collected an impressive array of wristbands after spending the weekend at Glastonbury? Star enjoys festival time
- Pirlo and Lampard watch New York City lose to rivals Red Bulls in Big Apple derby Bradley Wright-Phillips helped his side to a 3-1 win at Yankee Stadium
- Meet the Rooneys! Wayne and wife Coleen pose with their boys as Manchester United skipper enjoys time with his family ahead of start of pre-season training
- Mayweather and Snoop Dogg go head to head on the court Floyd Mayweather took part in a celebrity game and also attended an N.W.A. reunion gig
- US Open champ Spieth holidays in the Bahamas with girlfriend Verret Jordan Spieth is taking some time off after winning his second consecutive major
- Rosberg and Rossi join forces at Goodwood Festival of Speed Formula One star Nico Rosberg was joined for lunch by MotoGP icon Valentino Rossi
- Which former striker is ready to 'blame it on the boogie' in Jackson 5 fancy dress The striker enjoyed a fun day of fancy dress with his family and friends
- David Beckham leads tributes to England after they reach semi-finals England's women moved into the last four of the World Cup with a win over hosts Canada
- Serena joins Taylor Swift at Hyde Park gig ahead of Wimbledon Serena Williams let her hair down before SW19 as she joined Taylor Swift at a concert
- He's a keeper! England keeper Joe Hart married sweetheart Kimberly Crew in a lavish, star-studded wedding ceremony in Florence
- Gerrard arrives Stateside with wife Alex ahead of LA Galaxy bow Steven Gerrard has touched down in Los Angeles ahead of his next footballing venture
- Lucas and Henderson go under cover in Liverpool club shop The jokers posed as workers to surprise the public, including a pair of Everton supporters
- Rio fixed up and looking sharp at Glasto with Dizzee Rascal and Mark Ronson Ferdinand relaxed at the Glastonbury festival with a couple of guests
- He's already the 10th fastest man ever and dubbed 'the new Bolt' Trayvon Bromell is only 5ft 9in but can the 19-year-old give athletics hope again?
- United duo Van Persie and Blind visit Florida Beach as they continue to holiday together Van Persie and Blind can't get enough of each other at the moment
- Sealed with a kiss! Wilshere holidays with new girlfriend as Arsenal prepare to offer midfielder new deal to snub Manchester City Midfielder enjoys break
- New Direction? Sanchez sings One Direction's 'More Than This' as he gears up for Peru Copa clash Sanchez demonstrated his softer side
- Terry gets a head-start on pre-season training John Terry is already readying himself for next season in much the same way he did for the last - with hard work!
- Monfils takes time out of Wimbledon prep to snap picture with Schweinsteiger Flamboyant Frenchman met up with with Bayern Munich midfielder
- Hamilton celebrates his new ambassador role at Tedworth House Lewis Hamilton played in a wheelchair basketball game with injured ex-servicemen
- Van Persie has a ball with Pirlo in Miami Manchester United striker Robin van Persie joined up with Italy legend Andrea Pirlo and two Dutch team-mates
- Wozniacki went long before tumbling down Caroline Wozniacki drops out of her Aegon semi-final after warming up by playing American football
- 10 years since that Tszyu clash, Hatton's in Marbella Ex-welterweight champion Ricky Hatton was pictured partying on holiday
- Shallow waters for Cesc in Formentera Chelsea midfielder Cesc Fabregas is enjoying some well-earned rest with his family before pre-season
- Nasri's flying high Vincent Kompany might be back training for Manchester City but Samir Nasri is still in Dubai enjoying a spot of skydiving
- Hold on, we're going home! Drake parties with Cole in London Roma's Ashley Cole was back in the capital and partying alongside rapper Drake
- Dizzy City target Sterling in a spin with Coutinho and Ibe Raheem Sterling's head is spinning in transfer talk but penalties had him dizzy at Melwood
- THAT ring is on again as Ivanovic and United target Schweinsteiger mingle pre-Wimbledon Kensington Roof Gardens host WTA Wimbledon bash
- Selfies in the sun for Pirlo and Marcelo Andrea Pirlo and Real Madrid left-back Marcelo have been soaking up the sun in Miami ahead of next season
- Van Persie mulling over United future while away in Miami Striker Robin van Persie has reiterated his desire for regular first-team football
- Mata anything but sombre during break away Manchester United's Juan Mata is back in pre-season training next month and raring to go
City captain Kompany puts in the extra yards and shows off his skills as he prepares for the new seasonVincent Kompany has shown his dedication
- AC Milan star El Shaarawy makes the most of summer as he goes flyboarding Football was clearly the last thing on Stephan El Shaarawy's mind
Lewandowski enjoys Ibiza holiday by relaxing on a boat with his familyRobert Lewandowski is the latest footballer to enjoy his holidays in the party island of Ibiza
- Mata all smiles as United star kicks around with children for charity While many footballers have seem to head for Ibiza, Juan Mata is much a different person
- Liverpool legend Carragher reveals old photo from kids' TV with Michaela Strachan Liverpool legend Jamie Carragher has shared a throwback picture
- Jara is butt of the joke after ban from rest of Copa America after jabbing Cavani in bum Chile defender bizarrely poked Uruguay striker in the backside
- Van Persie duels with a shark while on holiday... and Manchester United ace loses! Robin van Persie came across more than he bargained for...
- For sale? De Gea adds fuel to Real Madrid rumours as the £2.75m Cheshire house he rents is put on the market Take a peek inside David de Gea's home
- Henderson and Palace striker Campbell relax with sunny holiday snap Jordan Henderson and Crystal Palace's Fraizer Campbell are enjoying an island break
- Chile 2-1 Peru: Eduardo Vargas nets stunner in double as hosts book place in Copa America final after Carlos Zambrano is sent off early on for plucky underdogs
- Portugal U21s 5-0 Germany U21s: Bernardo Silva stars as Rui Jorge's side inflict heavy defeat on Germans to reach Euro final
- Denmark U21s 1-4 Sweden U21s: John Guidetti scores penalty opener as Sweden win all-Scandinavian semi-final
- Argentina 0-0 Colombia (5-4 on pens): Carlos Tevez hits winning spot kick after David Ospina kept Lionel Messi and Co at bay
- China 0-1 USA: Carli Lloyd seals semi-final showdown with Germany
- Germany 1-1 France AET (5-4 on pens): Favourites hold their nerve in shootout
- Bolivia 1-3 Peru: Paolo Guerrero scores hat-trick to secure spot in Copa America last four and set up semi-final clash with hosts Chile
- Chile 1-0 Uruguay: Edinson Cavani's red card costs nine-man holders dear as Queens Park Rangers loanee Mauricio Isla sends Copa America hosts into the semi-finals with late winner
- England U21 1-3 Italy U21: Gareth Southgate's Young Lions crash out of U21 Euros after two goals in two minutes do the damage
- Nigel Pearson sacked by Leicester City a month after staving off Premier League drop
- Petr Cech: I could have joined Arsenal more than 10 years ago... I didn't really miss much
- Japan vs England Women's World Cup semi-final preview: Three Lionesses use Paul Gascoigne as source of...
- Liverpool should sell Raheem Sterling as soon as possible because Jordon Ibe will be better, believes John...
- Mo Farah changed asthma medication after moving to work with Alberto Salazar... but representatives say it...
- Is Mario Balotelli now the man nobody wants to employ after he failed at Liverpool?
- FIFA president Sepp Blatter will not attend women's World Cup final in Canada due to personal reasons
- Arsenal cashed in on Cesc Fabregas' move to Chelsea while Bournemouth won big as Adam Lallana joined...
- Andy Carroll forced to watch team-mates train as crocked West Ham striker continues recovery from knee...
- Bobby Adekanye set to join Liverpool from Barcelona... can he live up to his billing and comparisons to...
- Yohan Cabaye set to be offloaded by PSG as Crystal Palace lead the chase for former Newcastle midfielder
- Arda Turan keen on £29m Chelsea transfer as Turkish midfielder says he wants to leave Atletico Madrid
- Manchester United move pre-season game against San Jose Earthquakes to smaller stadium as Louis van Gaal...
- Arsenal transfers: the 10 best and 10 worst Premier League signings... Thierry Henry and Dennis Bergkamp...
- Seamus Coleman transfer to Manchester United could make him the best value player in Premier League history
- Steven Gerrard meets the neighbours at plush Bel Air mansion in LA as Liverpool icon settles in ahead of MLS...
- England's World Cup women: Meet Manchester City's famous five as Nick Cushing lifts the lid on class clowns...
- Sean O'Driscoll turned Doncaster into the Arsenal of the north, was sacked by Forest... and is now joining...
- Marcos Rojo insists Angel di Maria 'is one of the best in world' and backs his Manchester United team-mate...
- Cristiano Ronaldo could play at the 2016 Olympics, reveals Portugal FA president
- Copa America 2015 - Chile 2-1 Peru FINAL SCORE: Eduardo Vargas double wins semi-final for hosts after underdogs have Carlos Zambrano sent off just 20 minutes in
- Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich will unveil Stamford Bridge expansion plans as club aim to increase capacity to 60,000
- Sergio Ramos tells Real Madrid he wants to join Manchester United, as agent insists it's too late for him to stay at Bernabeu
- Rihanna shuts Floyd Mayweather up with duct tape as the pair attend BET Awards 2015 in Los Angeles
- Arsenal transfers: the 10 best and 10 worst Premier League signings... Thierry Henry and Dennis Bergkamp became club legends, but Andrey Arshavin failed to shine
- Floyd Mayweather to fight Timothy Bradley? Top Rank want it but Las Vegas bout could provoke conspiracy theories after 'Desert Storm's' controversial Jessie Vargas victory
- Eugenie Bouchard avoids punishment despite appearing to break strict Wimbledon dress code during defeat by Ying-Ying Duan
- Steven Gerrard meets the neighbours at plush Bel Air mansion in LA as Liverpool icon settles in ahead of MLS debut
- Stan Wawrinka and Ali Krieger bare all as pair pose with their kit off for 2015 edition of ESPN Magazine's The Body Issue
- Cristiano Ronaldo relaxes while his son shows off his skills on the beach as Real Madrid star puts worries about his happiness to bed
- Transfer news LATEST: Asmir Begovic, Christian Benteke, Yohan Cabaye and more
- Liverpool set to sign Barcelona's 16-year-old wonderkid Bobby Adekanye
- WAG Ann-Kathrin Brommel suffers an epic wardrobe malfunction on date night with footballer Mario Gotze as she exposes nipple plasters
- Petr Cech receives death threats on Twitter from users purporting to be Chelsea fans following his £10m move to rivals Arsenal
- Manchester United move pre-season game against San Jose Earthquakes to smaller stadium as Louis van Gaal looks to cut squad travelling time while in the USA
- Arda Turan keen on £29m Chelsea transfer as Turkish midfielder says he wants to leave Atletico Madrid
- Seamus Coleman transfer to Manchester United could make him the best value player in Premier League history
- Arsenal cashed in on Cesc Fabregas' move to Chelsea while Bournemouth won big as Adam Lallana joined Liverpool... the Premier League's greatest sell-on profits
- Petr Cech completes Arsenal transfer from Chelsea as keeper poses with new kit... and Arsene Wenger finally gets the man he has been chasing for years
- Chile 2-1 Peru: Eduardo Vargas nets stunner in double as hosts book place in Copa America final after Carlos Zambrano is sent off early on for plucky underdogs


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|Dieses Dokument enthält ggf. nicht die bewährten Methoden für die aktuelle Entwicklung. Außerdem sind Links zu Downloads und anderen Ressourcen u. U. nicht mehr gültig. Die aktuell empfohlene Version finden Sie hier.
Prepares for adding a new record to the table.
You must call the Requery member function to see the newly added record. The record's fields are initially Null. (In database terminology, Null means "having no value" and is not the same as NULL in C++.) To complete the operation, you must call the Update member function. Update saves your changes to the data source.
If you have implemented bulk row fetching, you cannot call AddNew. This will result in a failed assertion. Although class CRecordset does not provide a mechanism for updating bulk rows of data, you can write your own functions by using the ODBC API function SQLSetPos. For more information about bulk row fetching, see the article Recordset: Fetching Records in Bulk (ODBC).
AddNew prepares a new, empty record using the recordset's field data members. After you call AddNew, set the values you want in the recordset's field data members. (You do not have to call the Edit member function for this purpose; use Edit only for existing records.) When you subsequently call Update, changed values in the field data members are saved on the data source.
If you scroll to a new record before you call Update, the new record is lost, and no warning is given.
If the data source supports transactions, you can make your AddNew call part of a transaction. For more information about transactions, see class CDatabase. Note that you should call CDatabase::BeginTrans before calling AddNew.
For dynasets, new records are added to the recordset as the last record. Added records are not added to snapshots; you must call Requery to refresh the recordset.
It is illegal to call AddNew for a recordset whose Open member function has not been called. A CDBException is thrown if you call AddNew for a recordset that cannot be appended to. You can determine whether the recordset is updatable by calling CanAppend.
For more information, see the following articles: Recordset: How Recordsets Update Records (ODBC), Recordset: Adding, Updating, and Deleting Records (ODBC), and Transaction (ODBC).
See the article Transaction: Performing a Transaction in a Recordset (ODBC).


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Re: [PPLetterpress] request for assistance
Expand Messages
- Ed,O yes, there was a time . . .One of the advantages of the digital age is being able to leave the camera, scanner, and printer unused for weeks at a time and they are all ready and willing to work at a touch of the button. I recall several years ago, I worked for IBM supporting the IBM Composer. I had a customer who used the Composer to type names etc. to be used to print greeting cards. The names were coming out very uneven and unclear. Every couple weeks they would take the list, use a process camera to make a lith negative. The equipment were unused except for this application. The operator was the maint man in the facility. I arranged to be there the next time the application was run. He was using AB concentrate - I cannot remember the exact solution mix - He ran the hottest water from the spigot, added the concentrate, shot the neg. put the neg in the extremely hot developer, when the image appeared he pulled the neg and put into stop. When I suggested he needed to reduce the exposure, have the developer at 68 degrees and time the development, he had never such a thing.It took most of the morning but we got a good neg and that batch of greeting cards were properly exposed.My point - the equipment and material were capable of doing a good job. The fact that it was needed very infrequently lead to a attitude of relying on equipment rather than the skill of the operator.
Austin Jones
austin@...----- Original Message -----From: Ed InmanSent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 2:02 PMSubject: Re: [PPLetterpress] request for assistanceThe culture has become so accustomed to digital imaging we sometimes forget that letterpress and photography were thriving industries long before desktop computers ever came around, and that these older technologies still work as well as they ever have.Ed
-----Original Message-----
From: Austin JonesMaking a good negative the first time is a learned skill. And you gotta do it all the time to stay good.
- --- In firstname.lastname@example.com, "Susan MAKOV" <smakov@...> wrote:
>Sure. All my old suppliers have gone out of business, and manufacturers have been eliminating materials steadily. But at the moment I am using Pressline HD film (from Kelly paper) and long-life sigle-solution HD developer, with good results by tray development. It is not quite as good as hybrid film, which was a huge improvement over lith film and AB developer, but much better than RA film, which is not dense enough to use with photopolymer unless it is machine-processed.
> I wondered if anyone was having problems obtaining high contrast film and developer these days.
For really fine line work or tricky copy, I will shoot a thin neg for detail, then do a contact dupe for density.
--Eric Holub, SF
- Badger Graphics has been a supplier to small newspapers and printers for many years, and still lists lith film and developers in their catalog: http://www.badgergraphic.com/17ed.pdf . Badger also lists some basic letterpress supplies as well.
I used to purchase film from Freestyle Sales in Los Angeles, but in a quick look at their website offerings, I don't see lith film, but they do have A&B Lith developer listed. Perhaps they have the film also, but I just didn't see it.
John Henry
--- In email@example.com, "Susan MAKOV" <smakov@...> wrote:
> I wondered if anyone was having problems obtaining high contrast film and developer these days. I was trained to work with these materials, but have not used them in at least 6 years. Yes bypassing scanning and going from film would be helpful for images. Would type be fine as contacts from digital print-outs on digital film? How would an image requiring type work with old analog film/and developer without the use of a copy camera?
> Susan Makov
> Green Cat Press
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Walnut Gingerbread
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
Yield: 2 loaves, 8 servings each
Serves: 16
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- 2.50 c. all-purpose flour
- 1 c. light molasses
- 0.50 c. sugar
- 0.50 c. margarine or butter
- 1.50 tsp. baking soda
- 1 tsp. ground ginger
- 1 tsp. ground cinnamon
- 0.50 tsp. salt
- 1 large egg
- 1.50 c. walnuts
- Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Line two 8 1/2- by 4 1/2-inch loaf pans with foil.
- Into large bowl, measure all ingredients except walnuts; add 3/4 cup water. With mixer at low speed, beat ingredients until well blended, constantly scraping bowl with rubber spatula. Increase speed to high; beat 2 minutes, occasionally scraping bowl. With spoon, stir in walnuts.
- Pour batter into pans. Bake 1 hour or until toothpick inserted in center of loaf comes out clean, covering with foil during last 20 minutes to prevent overbrowning. Cool loaves in pans on wire rack 10 minutes; remove from pans and finish cooling on rack. Serve gingerbread with ham or turkey dinner, or serve with coffee or tea for afternoon snack.
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