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Claims The point of this chapter is twofold: to distinguish evidence from claims and to develop a category system applicable to both. The first section will describe both evidence and claims as problematic statements about facts and values. Claims and evidence are distinct from one another because one is the beginning of an argument and one is its destination. The second section will develop a system of classifying both evidence and claims into categories of definitions, descriptions, relational statements, and evaluations. Distinguishing Claims from Evidence When people make arguments, they move from a starting point (evidence) to a claim. An arguer begins with evidence which is more or less accepted by the audience then uses that evidence to convince the audience to accept a new claim or to believe more strongly in a claim which the audience already accepts to some degree. The distinction between evidence and claims is a subtle one–so subtle, that if viewed outside the context of a specific argument, evidence might be indistinguishable from a claim. For example, scientists asserting they have produced cold fusion in the laboratory are presenting a claim about events they observed in their laboratory. Similarly, a witness in a criminal trial who alleges that two men left the scene of a murder is presenting a statement that the prosecuting attorney will use as evidence in a later argument about the guilt of these two men. But if the situation is turned only slightly, each of these facts switches from claim to evidence and vice versa. Say for instance that the scientific community accepted the scientists" claim about the possibility of cold fusion.1 This "fact" could then be used as a evidence by other 1 This example is used purely for the purposes of illustration as this claim was actually rejected soundly by the scientific community. scientists applying for grants to further develop cold fusion technology for the clean and efficient production of energy. Their claim would be that the cold fusion technology provides the possibility for the production of energy. Their evidence would be that cold fusion was successfully produced in a laboratory. In this instance, a claim once accepted can become evidence for a new argument. Take the second example of the witness in the criminal trial. The prosecuting attorney is able to use the witness"s testimony as evidence for an argument only if the jury finds the testimony acceptable. If the attorney suspects that the jury does not find the testimony acceptable, then other evidence must be found to support the testimony. Say for instance, our hypothetical witness identifies the facial characteristics of both suspects, notes that both wore jeans and black sweat shirts, and drove away in a blue Ford coupe. Also assume that two other witnesses say the crime but neither were ale to identify the facial characteristics of the suspects. One of the additional witnesses confirms that both men wore jeans and black sweat shirts and the other confirms that they drove away in a blue Ford coupe. Now the statements of the two additional witnesses support the claim made by the prosecution"s main witness–the testimony of the additional witnesses becomes evidence for belief in the claim by the main witness. In this case, as well as in the case of the cold fusion example, evidence and claim are reversed depending on the circumstances of the argument. Both evidence and claims are statements about reality or values. The primary element that determines whether such a statement is evidence or a claim is whether or not it is the termination or the beginning of an argument. Evidence represents the beginning of an argument as the claim represents its termination point. The distinction between evidence and claim is important enough to warrant an extended discussion of their similarities and differences. First, as we have already said, evidence and claims are similar since both are statements about reality or values. The scientific and legal examples previously presented illustrate this similarity. Evidence such as the statements made by the prosecution witness are purportedly statements of fact. Likewise, the claims that cold fusion holds the possibility of clean and inexpensive energy and that such and such person is guilty of a crime also purport to be claims of fact. With just a little thought however, anyone can see how each of these so-called statements of fact carry underlying value implications as well–that is to say, they are not value free. Being guilty of a crime carries serious negative value implications just as the possibility of a new source of energy carries serious positive value implications. Whereas the examples above show factual evidence and claims which carry implicit value implications, others are more directly value laden. Clear examples are those where an arguer starts with an accepted value–such as freedom of the individual then makes a claim that democratic governments are preferable to totalitarian ones. All of these examples point to one clear similarity between evidence and claims–they are statements about facts and values. Second, evidence and claims are similar because both can be and frequently are problematic. Argumentative claims are believed more or less rather than absolutely. If a claim were to have such a hold on the truth that its believers saw it as representing an absolute truth, that claim has moved outside of the realm of argument. If something is absolutely true–that is to say it holds no possibility of being false, then it would never rise to the level of argument, for who would ever argue about something that was certain. The examples about cold fusion and the witness to a crime are problematic statements– they are controversial and require reasons for support. The scientists" claim to have produced cold fusion turned out to be quite problematic even though they presented reasons supporting their view at a press conference and later in publication. The witness"s claim to have seen the two men leaving the scene of the crime may also be problematic. Having been called to present this testimony, the witness should be prepared to give reasons to support the claim (e.g. I recognized the two men because one had a scar on his face and the other was old and balding). If claims inherently are problematic, evidence sometimes is problematic but sometimes is viewed, at least by the arguers, as absolutely true. For instance, the jury in our previous example may have absolutely no questions at all about either the veracity or the accuracy of the witness"s testimony, but may only believe more or less that the defendant is guilty of a crime. So the truth of the claim is, in this case, more of a question of how well the claim is connected to the evidence than to the truth of the evidence itself. Any statement that can be regarded as a significant argumentative claim necessarily is a problematic statement otherwise it would not be in the realm of argument. Finally, evidence and claims are similar to one another, because as problematic statements about reality, they can be divided into the same categories. Traditionally, texts have divided argumentative claims into categories of fact, value, and policy. 2 This text divides both evidence and claims into four categories: definitions, descriptions, relationships (of contingency and of similarity), and evaluations. This categorization system was chosen because it is offers a consistent explanation of how arguments function. 3 In addition to these similarities, evidence and claims are different in several ways. The first and most obvious difference between evidence and claims is that evidence represent the beginning of an argument whereas claims are the argument"s point of 2 An exception is Douglas Ehninger and Wayne Brockriede"s Decision by Debate which also included claims of definition. 3 The common system of dividing claims into the three categories of fact, value and policy fails by using only one category (claims of fact) to include disparate kinds of claims (claims of description, and claims of similarity and contingency). It also has two separate categories for kinds of claims that are not all that different (value and policy). The category system used in this text divides traditional claims of fact into two different categories: claims of fact and claims of relationship. A third kind, claims of evaluation, combines the traditional categories of value and policy. Claims of definition are then added as a fourth kind of claim. termination. This difference can be seen by using an analogy of travel. The evidence is the place where a trip begins and the claim is the destination of the claim. Second, evidence differs from claims in that the former are accepted by the audience whereas the audience generally disagrees with or is indifferent to the claim. Thus, claims require reasons for their support, evidence does not. The moment evidence requires support, it becomes a claim requiring evidence of its own. Thus, a statement can be a claim of one argument and that claim can later be used as evidence to establish another argument. So evidence and claims are problematic statements of fact or value that can be categorized as definitions, descriptions, relationship statements, or evaluations. Evidence is the beginning point of an argument and, if the argument has any chance of being successful, must be accepted (more or less) by the audience. A claim is the termination point of the argument. A successful claim may become evidence for a later argument. Categories of Claims As pointed out earlier, claims can be classified into four categories: definitions, descriptions, relational statements (of contingency and of similarity), and of evaluation.4 These categories, while they may not be exhaustive nor mutually exclusive, provide a coherent system for the discussion of claims. Definitions Definitions answer the question, "What is the proper meaning of X?"5 Arguing for a claim of definition involves two steps: positing the definition and making an 4 Obviously because of the similarities between claims and evidence, evidence can be divided into these four categories as well. 5 Perhaps a more accurate way of stating the question is "Does it best serve our purposes to say that Z is the proper definition of X." This way of phrasing the question more argument for that definition. In carrying out the first step, one simply states that "X" is defined in this way. "Rhetoric is an action humans perform when they use symbols for the purpose of communicating with one another."6 This sentence posits a definition of rhetoric. Much of the time arguers perform the first step of positing a definition without constructing an argument to support it. They may do this because the audience in the particular instant does not require them to make an explicit argument in favor of the argument. The definition may, by itself, create a frame of mind in the audience that does not lead the audience to demand an argument in support of the definition. For instance, anti-abortion forces in the United States succeeded in defining a procedure physicians called "in-tact dilation and extraction" as "partial-birth abortion."7 Their definition was successful because it dominated the discourse on abortion and turned the controversy away from the issue of choice and toward a particular medical procedure where anti- abortion forces could be more successful. On the surface, the definition of "in-tact dilation and extraction" as "partial-birth abortion" may have seemed so sensible that no further argument was required. An argument to support a claim of definition becomes necessary when the audience refuses to accept the definition that was posited without a supporting argument. An arguer"s opponent will frequently encourage the audience to demand support for a definition. When anti-abortion advocates defined their position as "pro-life," some in the "pro-choice" movement objected, claiming that "pro-choice" is also "pro-life." In cases clearly identifies the value dimensions of definitions–dimensions which will be discussed more fully later. 6 Sonja K. Foss, Karen A. Foss, & Robert Trapp. Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland, 1991, pp. 14 7 David Zarefsky, "Definitions." Keynote address to the Tenth NCA/AFA Summer Argumentation Conference, Alta, Utah, August 1997. like this one, the entire argument can turn on whether or not the arguer is able to successfully support a claim of definition. In those instances when an arguer chooses to construct an argument to support a definition, the argument frequently focuses around the reasonableness of the scope and breadth of the definition. Is the definition so narrow that it excludes instances of the concept that ought to be included? Is the definition so broad that it fails to exclude instances that do not properly belong to the concept? Thus, in constructing an argument for a definition, an arguer might posit a definition then argue that the definition is reasonable in terms of its scope and breadth. In fact, this is the criteria implicit in the objection to defining "anti-abortion" as "pro-life." Choice advocates claimed that the definition of "pro-life" was so narrow in scope that it excluded pro-choice advocates. So in some cases, the arguments supporting a claim of definition are important. In other cases, the definition becomes evidence (sometimes an implicit one) for further arguments whether or not a claim of definition was actually made. Definitions frequently are important themselves, but they are also important to subsequent argumentative moves. Definitions are important because they frequently do the work of argument without opening the arguer"s position to as much controversy as would otherwise be expected. In some cases, definitions avoid controversy in two ways: by implying descriptions and by implying values. Definitions imply descriptions by including elements in the definition that properly require the evidentiary support. For instance, an arguer might claim that affirmative action is unfair and might define affirmative action as "racial preference quotas." Whether or not affirmative action programs require racial preference quotas is a matter of much controversy. But if the definition is not contested by an audience or by an adversary, the definition shortcuts the argumentative process by avoiding controversy. Definitions imply values by including terms that are value laden. For instance, when anti-abortion advocates define the medical procedure of intact dilation and extraction as "partial birth abortion" or even as "partial birth infanticide," the values associated with birth and with infanticide are likely to be transferred to the medical procedure as well. In this case, anti-abortion forces succeeded in shortcutting the argumentative process by avoiding the value controversy that is inherent in their definition. So claims of definition are important. Ironically, they probably are less important when they are actually completed with supporting evidence than when they are implicitly used as descriptive and value evidence for further arguments. Descriptions Descriptions may characterize some feature of an object, concept, or event or may describe the object, concept, or event itself. Examples of descriptive claims include The rifle purported to have killed President Kennedy requires a minimum of 2.3 seconds between shots. Affirmative action programs must by their nature include hiring quotas. Jack Ruby was spotted in Parkland Hospital thirty minutes after President Kennedy was murdered. Each of these statements is descriptive because they provide a verbal account or characterization of something. They are claims in the argumentative sense because they are controversial8 and because they require reasons for support. Because some descriptions are not controversial, all descriptions are not descriptive arguments. Many 8 With regard to the first example, some people claim that this action requires closer to four seconds when one takes into account the fact that a shooter must reacquire the subject in the scope. Regarding the second example, some supporters of affirmative action argue that hiring quotas are only required for a company with a past record of discrimination. In the third example, the primary source of the claim regarding Jack Ruby was A.P. reporter Seth Kantor; the Warren Commission claimed that Kantor was mistaken in his report. or even most descriptions are not argumentative because they are not controversial. For instance, if a person simply describes observations of the colors of flowers--roses are red; violets blue--that person would not ordinarily give reasons to support these descriptions. One kind of descriptive claim is a claim of historical fact. All statements about history are not historical claims. In order to be an historical claim a statement must be controversial and must require reason for its support. The statement, "O. J. Simpson won the Heisman Award," is not controversial and therefore not an argumentative claim. On the other hand, the statement, "O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown-Simpson" not only is controversial, but requires an arguer present to reasons supporting or denying it. Another kind of description is a claim of scientific fact. Scientific facts are statements that command the belief of the scientific community: "the Earth is the third planet from the sun." A claim of scientific fact is a controversial scientific statement believed by a scientist or a group of scientists, but not yet accepted by the entire scientific community: "Cold fusion can be produced in the laboratory." Like other factual statements, all scientific statements are not claims of scientific fact either because they are not controversial or because they do not require reasons to be given in their support. To say "The Earth is the third planet from the sun," is not a claim because it is not controversial and because a person making that statement would not be expected to give reasons to support it. But the statement, "Cold fusion can be produced in a laboratory," is a controversial statement and the scientific community would challenge anyone making that statement to support it with reason and evidence. Illustrating different examples of descriptive claims is important in and of itself because people frequently argue about descriptive claims with no other goal than to try to settle a controversy regarding an account of science or history. As just one example, several hundred books and articles have been written presenting many different accounts of the assassination of John Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King. But beyond being important for their own sake, descriptive claims also are important because they are needed in order to argue about subsequent kinds of claims as well. Descriptive claims frequently are used as evidence in relational and evaluative arguments. A claim describing the nature of an object frequently is needed before one can argue that one object is related to another object. People might need to argue, for instance, that hiring quotas are essential features of affirmative action (a descriptive claim) before they can argue that affirmative action leads to differential treatment of persons in hiring pools (relational claim). Similarly, people may need to describe an object or phenomenon prior to evaluating that object. In this example, they would need to describe affirmative action before they argue that it is either good or bad. A scientific description can be the final product of an argument or can be used as evidence for the further development of another kind of argument. Whether the primary determinant of homosexuality is genetic or cultural is an interesting claim from a purely scientific perspective. People can argue the facts that support the genetic explanation or the cultural one. However, this claim frequently has been used in the debate about the morality of homosexuality.9 So in the case of the determinants of homosexuality, the descriptive claim is both important for its own sake and for the sake of other potential claims as well. Descriptive historical claims are interesting both because they make statements about whether or not an event occurred as asserted and because they can be used as evidence in making further arguments. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President John Kennedy. O. J. Simpson murdered Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. 9 Some argue, for instance, that because the tendency for homosexuality is genetic, it is not a "choice" and therefore cannot be considered moral or immoral. U. S. ships Maddox and Turner Joy were attacked by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin. Each of these are interesting and controversial claims of historical fact. These and other claims of historical fact also can be used as evidence for relational and evaluative arguments. For instance, the argument that the Maddox and Turner Joy were attacked by the North Vietnamese was used by President Johnson to persuade the Senate and the House of Representatives to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution giving Johnson a blank check to pursue the war in Vietnam. Subsequently arguments that the attack was at best provoked and at worse faked were used by opponents of the Vietnam War to show that Johnson"s actions were improper and even immoral. Relationship Statements Descriptive claims are about the nature of reality--what is the essence of X or Y. Claims of relationship depend on but go beyond the essence of X or Y to the relationship between X and Y. Claims of relationship assert a connection between two or more objects, events, or phenomena. Like descriptive claims, claims of relationship can be important in their own right or they can serve as evidence for the development of evaluative claims. Consider these claims: Second hand smoke contributes significantly to health problems. The scandals of the Clinton administration are like those of the Nixon administration. Advertising has changed the role of women in the U.S. All of these are claims of relationship because they assert a relationship between two objects or concepts (second-hand smoke and health, Clinton and Nixon, advertising and women). The relationships asserted in these examples are of two kinds: of contingency and of similarity. Contingency Some claims of relationship assert a relationship of contingency. The second- hand smoking example and the advertising example are of this kind. In each case, these claims assert that one object or phenomenon is dependent on another in one way or another. Sign and cause are two ways objects can be dependent on one another via some form of contingency. Relationships of sign are one way to show that one thing is dependent on another thing. Consider these: The pain in your child"s abdomen probably means she has appendicitis. The palm print on the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle proves that Oswald handled the rifle supposedly used to shoot President Kennedy. Both of the previous statements are claims about relationships of sign. The pain in the abdomen as a sign of appendicitis is dependent on the belief that the child actually has abdominal pain and a belief in the relationship between that pain and her appendix. The belief that Oswald handled the rifle that supposedly was used to shoot President Kennedy is dependent on the belief that he actually left his palm print on the murder weapon. Arguments of sign played a very important--perhaps crucial--role in the criminal trial of O. J. Simpson for the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown-Simpson. The prosecution claimed that the presence of a bloody glove near Simpson"s home was a sign that he was the murderer. In a dramatic turn of events, Simpson tried on the glove in the presence of the jury; it appeared to be too small to fit on his hand. This evidence allowed the defense to support their own claim in quite poetic language: "If the glove doesn"t fit, you must acquit." According to the prosecution"s claim, the glove was a sign of Simpson"s guilt. According to the defense"s claim, the glove signaled his innocence. This was a clear case where the argument centered around the relationship between the bloody glove and Simpson"s guilt or innocence. In the Simpson example, the claim of sign is important because if it were believed, the claim alone is sufficient to establish guilt (or innocence, depending on the nature of the argument). But like other claims, a claim of sign also can be used as evidence to establish a different claim. Say, for instance, that a person claims that "Photographs from the yacht, "Monkey Business," showed that Presidential candidate Gary Hart was an adulterer." The photographs are not direct evidence of adultery, but given their nature, they are strong signs of infidelity. One could then use this claim of sign to support an evaluative argument: "Gary Hart is not worthy of being President since he is an adulterer." In this case, the claim of sign becomes evidence to support an evaluative claim. Relationships of sign may or may not involve relationships of cause. The relationship between pain and appendicitis is one of both sign and cause. The pain is a sign of the appendicitis and the appendicitis is a cause of the pain. A causal relationship is not directly involved in the example of the double murder of Goldman and Brown- Simpson or in the example about Oswald"s palm print on the rifle. Although the palm print and the bloody glove were signs of murder, they were not causes of the murder.10 Thus, relationships of sign are different from relationships of cause at least in terms of their focus. Causal relationships are important in many forms of argument. The kind of causal claim varies from one instance to the next. A few examples include contributory causes, necessary and sufficient causes, blocking causes, and motive or responsibility. 10 One can make a case for a causal relationship between the murder and the bloody glove in that the act of committing the murder caused blood to get on the glove. The causal relationship between the palm print and the Kennedy murder is less direct although one could say that the act of murdering President Kennedy caused Oswald"s palm print to be on the murder weapon. This last claim is a weak one since the palm print could have been on the rifle long before the assassination. Contributory causes are special kinds of causal statements. In many or most cases, a single event is not the cause of an effect. Certain conditions predispose certain effects; other conditions influence the occurrence of those effects. Finally, some condition precipitates that effect. For example, consider these three possible claims about the causes of heart attacks: Genetics are the cause of heart attacks. A high cholesterol diet can cause heart attack. Vigorous exercise causes heart attacks. We know that some people are genetically more predisposed to heart attacks than others. If a person who already is predisposed to heart attacks regularly consumes a diet high in cholesterol, that diet contributes to the likelihood of heart attack. Suppose a person dies of a heart attack while on a morning jog. What was the cause? Genetics? Diet? Exercise? The answer is that all three factors may have been contributory causes. No single cause may have caused the heart attack, but all three conditions combined in combination may have resulted in a heart attack. Necessary and sufficient causes frequently deal with singular causes rather than contributory causes. "Money is essential to happiness" is an example of a claim of necessary causation. To say that money is a necessary cause of happiness is not to say that the presence of money automatically leads to happiness. The claim does, however, imply that without money happiness is impossible. If one wanted to make a claim of sufficient causation using the same example, one might claim "money is the key to happiness." Depending on how one interpreted that claim, it might mean that money brings happiness regardless of other conditions. In that case, one would have made a claim about a sufficient cause. Necessary and sufficient causes are useful when arguing about relationships between and among various phenomena. They are also useful as evidence from which to construct other kinds of claims, particularly claims that evaluate a course of action. When an arguer proposes a strategy to eliminate an undesirable effect, evidence derived from a claim about a necessary condition of that effect is useful. Having made a claim about a necessary cause, one can forward a proposal to eliminate that necessary cause and thus eliminate the effect. For instance, if one believes that overeating is a necessary condition of obesity, one could use this causal claim as evidence to convince someone that they need to quit overeating. Thus, making a claim about a necessary cause is a good way to support a plan for eliminating an effect. Similarly, evidence derived from a claim about a sufficient cause is a good way to support a plan for producing an effect. If one can present a proposal which adds a sufficient cause, one can then claim that the proposal will produce some good effect. For instance, some diet commercials claim that their products are sufficient to cause one to lose weight. Using this claim of a sufficient causal condition can then be used as evidence to convince buyers to try their diet programs. Implied in such a claim is that regardless of what else one does, following the proposed diet will lead to weight loss. Statements about motive are causal claims about the effects of human agents. Many causal claims such as those already discussed are related to physical or biological phenomena. The relationships among genetics, diet, exercise, and heart disease are biological relationships. Various elements in a biological system affect other elements in that same system. In a similar manner, motives are a kind of causal explanation when human choice is involved in creating effects. Why, for instance, do Senators and Representatives stall legislation for campaign finance reform? Why do corporations knowingly produce dangerous products? The answers to these questions involve causal claims, but causal claims of a different order than those discussed earlier. In an earlier example, genetics, diet, and exercise did not "choose" to cause heart disease. But in human systems choice is frequently an important element in determining what actions lead to what effects. One might claim that "Representatives" and Senators" self-interest motivated them to stall campaign finance reform" or that "profit motive induces corporations knowingly to produce dangerous products." The kinds of causal questions that deal with motives are very useful when arguing about the effects of human actions. Like other causal claims, claims about motive are useful as evidence in the construction of evaluative claims. A claim based on a Senator"s motive for stalling campaign finance reform might, for instance, be used as evidence to construct a further claim relevant to the wisdom of reelecting that Senator. A claim that a particular corporation"s profit motive led to the production of unsafe products might be used as further evidence to support a claim asking for a boycott of that corporation. The claims of relationship which have been discussed so far have involved relationships of contingency. In relationships of contingency, one phenomenon depends on or effects another. These claims of relationships have generally been divided into the categories of signs and cause. However, claims of contingency are not the only kind of claims of relationship. Claims of similarity are equally important kinds of relational claims. Similarity In addition to relationships which are based on contingency, other statements of relationship assert a relationship of similarity. A claim of similarity asserts that two or more objects or concepts are similar in important ways. Claims of similarity are frequently found in what is called argument by analogy or argument by parallel case. Examples of claims of similarity include: Abortion is virtually the same as infanticide. The Clinton administration is like the Nixon administration. Capital punishment is state-sanctioned murder. Each of these examples share certain characteristics. First, each example includes two objects or concepts (Clinton and Nixon, abortion and infanticide, and capital punishment and murder). Second, each example states that the two concepts or objects are similar in important regards. Claims of similarity are useful when an arguer wants to do nothing more than support the idea that two or more objects and concepts are similar. Although the claim focuses on the similarity between the objects, it frequently carries another implied claim of evaluation. The claim that capital punishment is state-sanctioned murder is not a value-neutral statement. When confronted with such a claim, most audiences begin with the assumption that murder is a negatively valued concept. An arguer who succeeds in supporting the claim of similarity also succeeds in transferring the negative value associated with murder to the concept of capital punishment. In all of the above examples of claims of similarity, the arguer have two different purposes: to show that the two concepts or objects have similar characteristics, or to show that the two concepts or objects are evaluated in similar ways. In some cases, the audience may not have enough familiarity with either of the two objects to understand the values associated with them. In such a case, a claim of similarity is sometimes the first step toward proving a claim of evaluation. Consider a hypothetical claim that states, "Senator X"s medical care plan is similar to one instituted in Canada." If the audience knew nothing about either Senator X"s plan or the Canadian one, the arguer might establish this claim to be used as evidence in a later evaluative claim that "Senator X"s plan should be accepted (or rejected)." In this case the arguer might present an evaluative claim regarding the success of the Canadian plan then combine the two claims--one of similarity and one regarding acceptance or rejection. Thus, claims of relationship fall into three broad categories: sign, causation, and similarity. In some cases, claims of relationship are supported by evidence built on claims of fact. Likewise, relational claims can be used to establish evaluative claims. Claims of Evaluation Evaluative claims go beyond descriptive claims and claims of relationship to the evaluation of an object, event, or concept. Evaluative claims are more complex kinds of claims because they ordinarily require some combination of other definitions, descriptions, and relational statements. Evaluative claims bear a family resemblance to one another because they attach a value to one or more objects or events. Still, evaluative claims are so vast in number and in characteristics that they can be more easily viewed in these three categories: those that evaluate a single object, those that compare two objects with respect to some value, and those that suggest an action with respect to some object. Claims that Evaluate a Single Object Some evaluative claims simply argue that an object is attached in someway (positively or negatively) with some value. These kinds of claims involve both an object of evaluation and some value judgment to be applied to the object: Capital punishment is immoral. Private property is the root of all evil. Capitalism is good. These examples of claims that attach a value to a single object all contain some object to be evaluated (capital punishment, private property, and capitalism) and some value judgment that is applied to the objects (immoral, evil, and good). Some claims, like those mentioned above, imply rather broad value judgments. Others may contain more specific ones: Capital punishment is unfair in its application to minorities. Private property has led to an uncontrolled and immoral ruling class. Capitalism provides incentive for individual prosperity. These examples contain value judgments that are more specific than the broad ones cited earlier. Claims that Compare Two Objects Instead of evaluating a single object, some claims compare two objects with respect to some value constitute a second category of evaluative claim. Unlike the previous category of evaluative claims, claims in this category include at least two objects of evaluation and at least one value judgment to be applied to those objects. Consider these claims: Lying is more proper than hurting someone"s feelings. Reagan was a better president than Clinton. Each of these examples contain two objects (lying and hurting someone"s feelings; Reagan and Clinton) and one value judgment to be applied to each object (more proper and better president). Claims of Action Claims of action, sometimes called claims of policy, are yet another category of evaluative claims: Capital punishment should be abolished. The United States should adopt a policy of free trade with Cuba. These claims evaluate a concept by suggesting that action be taken with respect to that concept. Because an action can only be evaluated by comparison or contrast to other possible actions, claims of action by necessity compare at least two objects. The claim that capital punishment should be abolished compares the presence of capital punishment with its absence. The claim regarding free trade with Cuba implies a comparison of a policy of free trade with the present policy of trade embargo. In this regard, claims of action are similar to claims that compare two objects. In a different regard, claims of action are different from the other categories of evaluative claims in that they rarely state the value judgment used to compare the two objects. The reason the value judgment is not ordinarily stated in the claim is that an action claim is frequently supported by a variety of other claims of evaluation each of which may be relying on a different value judgment. The claim about the abolition of capital punishment, for example, might be supported by other evaluative claims like Capital punishment is immoral. Capital punishment contributes to the brutalization of society. Capital punishment is racist. To complicate matters even more, evaluative claims of action inherently are comparative claims. To argue in favor of a particular action is possible only in comparison to other actions. For instance, the previous claims imply that capital punishment is less moral, more brutal, and more racist than the alternatives. Because action claims usually require multiple, comparative claims as evidence to support them, action claims generally are more complicated than the other categories of action claims. According to this category system, evaluative claims are generally divided into three types: claims that evaluate a single object, claims that evaluate two or more objects, and action claims. As indicated, one evaluative claim can sometimes be used as support for another evaluative claim leading eventually to complicated claims built on a web of other claims. In addition to the fact that evaluative claims are used both as the end product of an argument and as evidence for other evaluative claims, almost all evaluative claims are dependent on earlier descriptive claims and relational claims. Depending on whether or not the audience is familiar with and accepts these arguer"s descriptive of the concept to be evaluated, the arguer making an evaluative claim may also want to explicitly make prior descriptive claims as well. In the previous examples, for instance, one can easily see how an arguer might need to describe certain features of capital punishment, private property, lying, Clinton, Reagan, free trade, or Cuba before launching into an evaluation of those concepts. In many, but not all instances, an arguer also would need to use a claim of relationship as evidence to support the evaluative claim. To illustrate instances when a relational claim is and is not needed, consider the two examples of claims evaluating a single object. The claim that "capital punishment is immoral" can be supported by describing a feature of capital punishment (that it is the intentional taking of a human life) and evaluating that feature negatively (the intentional taking of a human life is an immoral act). A description and an evaluation are all that are necessary; relational evidence is not needed. The second claim that "private property is the root of all evil" is different. To make this claim, one first might describe the concept of private property then argue that private property leads to greed and selfishness (a relational claim), then argue that greed and selfishness are evil. A significant difference exists between the first argument and the second one: the first requires relational evidence and the second does not. In the first instance, the argument is evaluating an inherent feature of capital punishment; in the second, the argument evaluates an effect of private property. When arguing an inherent feature of a concept, relational evidence is unnecessary because the evaluation is of the feature rather than of an effect of the feature. But many times, by the nature of the claim, an arguer is forced to evaluate an effect of a concept. In those instances, the arguer is required to establish the effect by means of relational evidence. In summary, four categories of evidence and claims include definitions, descriptions, relational statements (of contingency and of similarity), and evaluations. Sometimes claims are the end products of arguments; at other times they are used as evidence for the construction of further claims. This chapter has presented a category system and begun to explain how various types of claims are related to one another when one is used as evidence for another. This chapter has done little or nothing toward explaining how one constructs arguments for these various types of claims. The methods and processes of constructing these claims are the topics of later chapters.
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The Federal Trade Commission challenged the merger
The Supreme Court legalized gay marriage in the U.S.
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Australia rules football coach stabbed to death
Australian rules football coach Phil Walsh has been stabbed to death and his son has been charged with his murder.
100 post le cruthú i mBleá Cliath idir seo agus 2018
Déanann an comhlacht KamaGames cluichí físe agus tá sé lonnaithe i mBaile Átha Cliath ó 2013. Cruthófar na postanna nua sna rannóga dearadh, margaíochta, airgeadas, acmhainní daonna agus forbairt gnó. Earcófar 50 fostaí nua laistigh de bhliain.
Six One News Web: 100 new jobs expected to be created in KamaGames
100 jobs promised by Dublin video gaming company
A Dublin-based company that makes social video games for a range of different devices is to create 100 jobs over the next three years.
Greek minister: 'No reason' deal cannot be done
Greek Finance Minister Yanis Varoufakis is hopeful a deal to release urgently needed bailout funds could be reached at a meeting tomorrow, but expressed frustration with the stance adopted by international creditors.
Today in the press
ESB International, the global consulting arm of the State energy incumbent, is gearing up for a period of significant growth following a series of new contract wins, including projects in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain
Oscar-winning composer dies in plane crash
Oscar-winning composer James Horner has died in a plane crash at the age of 61.
Pensioner hurt in hit-and-run 'devastated'
Two pensioners suffered profound and catastrophic injuries when a car which was being driven at a reckless speed while being pursued by gardaí hit them in a Co Clare village last September.
80 jobs promised for Roscommon, Dublin.
Two companies have announced the opening of separate facilities in Roscommon and Dublin, which will lead to the creation of 80 new jobs.
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Irish aircraft-leasing firms placed $11 billion (€9.87 billion) of orders at the Paris Airshow.


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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Fischer Hails India Supreme Court Ruling Outlawing Gay Sex: 'This Is Entirely Right And Entirely Appropriate'
Yesterday, the Supreme Court of India reinstated a law dating back to the 1860s which mandates that anyone who "voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal" be punished by up to 10 years in prison.
This decision outlawing consensual homosexual sex was predictably hailed by Bryan Fischer who rejoiced that the ruling demonstrates that making homosexuality illegal "can be done."
"This is entirely right and entirely appropriate," Fischer said of the law. "Same-sex behavior is unnatural, it is against the order of nature: you just look at the plumbing and you can tell that, what body parts are designed for what use and you can see right away that this is contrary to nature."
"So that shows," he continued, speaking of the court ruling,"ladies and gentlemen that it can be done. It shows that this cultural trend that we're dealing with can be reversed, because for four years it was open season for homosexuals in India and now that drift away from cultural norms and moral norms, that's been reversed in the country of India ... Good law in India upheld by the Supreme Court":
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May 15, 2012
Why must every treasury be so neat and tidy? I like a beautiful array of colors and to share a variety of beautiful items. I hope you enjoy and appreciate it, and if not, then I will just appreciate it myself :)
View Sarah Jane's other Treasury lists
May 15, 2012
This is sooo lovely! Much appreciated!!!
So beautiful! Thank you so much!
So cool! Love the bright colors!!!
Thanks for including our skirt!
Ooh La La....I absolutely love the color scheme, scattered and not so perfectly "neat and tidy" as you say, but completely balanced and beautiful!
Love it!
Thanks so much for including Still Tree feather earrings :)
Lovely, thank you!!
This really is a beautiful, vibrant and so...alive gathering. Thank you for including our Awaken wood carving!
May 16, 2012
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Pronunciation: thợ may
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Well, it hasn't the most original storyline I've ever seen but I am a big action hero fan and she is one of few female heroes. Plus how can I say 'no' to the samurai warrior, the coolest warrior of all?
I say we give it our 'ok'. I know I do. I just hope that things get more tangled up in the future,near future that is.
The actress that plays Heaven is relatively ok, I think they should train harder before filming the fighting scenes, she has to work a little on that.
If anybody noticed other things about the first episode, please do share.


text:
With its focus on education, the Jesuit order has been linked to some of the best universities in the world.
They either asked to leave the Jesuit order or Bergoglio expelled them or both.
Bergoglio, the first Jesuit pope, is from a country that has never produced a pope.
1540s, from Modern Latin Jesuita, member of the Society of Jesus, founded 1533 by Ignatius Loyola to combat Protestantism. Their enemies (in both Catholic and Protestant lands) accused them of belief that ends justify means, hence the sense "a dissembling person" (1630s), and jesuitical "deceitful" (1610s).


text:
To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
Choose from thousands of extra features and styles to make Firefox your own.Close
|User since
|January 9, 2013
|Number of add-ons developed
|0 add-ons
|Average rating of developer's add-ons
|Not yet rated
Seems to work great for RGB codes, but I could not find the way to get the hex code to copy. It gives the impression that this would work easily so that is the only reason i didn't give it a higher score :)This review is for a previous version of the add-on (1.2.1-signed).
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.


text: This boutique hotel is truly a jewel --superbly located right off the Rue St- Honore. The location is ideal for dining, shopping, or visiting major attractions. You will be pampered by an outstanding and friendly staff; all of whom are willing to go above and beyond whatever you may request. An added plus is the highly rated restaurant within the hotel. A bit of a splurge perhaps, but more than worth it!


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|Amazon Price
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"Please retry"
Recipe Excerpts from The Sriracha Cookbook
|Ultimate Sriracha Burger
|Sriracha Ceviche
Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
Gave it as a gift, no complaints. Lots of pretty cool ideas for recipes.Published 17 days ago by Crazy9
The Sriracha cookbook is really, really good, but (dang it)...a lot of the recipes I already knew "how" to make. I'll "gift" it to my children. Read morePublished 21 days ago by AlwaysUseWisdom
This is only the 2nd time I have written a bad review. Once for my kindle HD. 8/9 fire (and I don't want to get started on that -- just look at all the reviews on the... Read morePublished 27 days ago by TONI
I cant cook at all yet alot of this stuff was really easy. Some really cool ideas.Published 1 month ago by kevin mccoy


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bezel set rhinestone stretch ring
Statement bling with stretch to ensure a good fit. The segmented design also adds to its styling versatility. After you pair it with your Saturday night party wear, try it as a sparkly accent to a jeans look.
- Band of segmented, elastic-connected vertical bars
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- 7/8" tall
- Metal/Glass/Elastomer
- Imported


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
31 year old man | Washington, DC, USA | Seeking women 20-30 within 50 miles
So I used to be afraid of gardening, but that all changed when I finally grew a pear.
Hello, Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. So I'm out here in DC by way of California. I am typically a happy beach bum when I'm back home in San Diego and therefore love going to the beach out here on the East Coast. I'm passionate about photography (my grandpa taught me how to take a decent picture or two), being outdoors, and staying fit. As far as making money, my job/career is right where I want to be at in my "grand plan" in life and I enjoy it a lot. I get to build state of the art laboratories for the National Institutes of Health that may one day cure some exotic disease or pandemic. As they say, you spend 1/3 of your life working, so why not make the most of it!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Auto racing / Motorcross, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
University of Portland, Portland, OR
During my free time I'm usually out running, riding my motorcycle or listening to music. I love concerts whether it's at some divey bar or a huge ampitheater... But the dive bars are the best experiences.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
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Nudge: Awakening Each Other to the God Who's Already There - Unabridged Audiobook [Download]
Narrated By: Dean Gallagher
By: Leonard Sweet
Oasis Audio LLC / 2011 / Audio Download
$16.19 (CBD Price)|
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|Format: Audio Download
Vendor: Oasis Audio LLC
Publication Date: 2011
Availability: In Stock
Publisher's Description
Pay attention. Brace yourself. This audio book is set to revolutionize your understanding of evangelism. That revolution stands to affect not just your everyday habits, including encounters you have with other people, but the very roots of your faith, the range of your mission, and the limits of your freedom. In the tradition of The Gospel According to Starbucks, this groundbreaking audio book dares to ask: Instead of bringing people to Jesus, how about joining Jesus in what he is already doing? Author Leonard Sweet challenges you to use all five senses to interact with God and others. Nudge will remind you that for God to do something through us, God must be doing something in us.
Author Bio
Leonard Sweet is the E. Stanley Jones professor of evangelism at Drew University, a distinguished visiting professor at George Fox University, and a chief contributor to Sermons.com. Sweet is the author of hundreds of articles and numerous books, including The Gospel According to Starbucks, 11, So Beautiful, AquaChurch 2.0, and SoulTsunami. www.LeonardSweet.com
Editorial Reviews
"Startled me with insight and made me think harder about vital issues of evangelism than any recent book I've read. This book is meant to revolutionize our view of evangelism—and I think it just might."
-John G. Stackhouse Jr., Sangwoo Youtong Chee professor of theology and culture at Regent College, and author of Humble Apologetics: Defending the Faith Today
-John G. Stackhouse Jr., Sangwoo Youtong Chee professor of theology and culture at Regent College, and author of Humble Apologetics: Defending the Faith Today
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text:
There are 2 Landbank branches in Las Pinas:
Almanza Branch
Lalaine Building
No. 469 Real Street
Talon, Las Pinas
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel Nos: 800-4992 / 800-1902 / 800-1903
Las Pinas Branch
Valenzuela Building
NO. 263 Real St.
Pamplona, Las Pinas
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com
Tel Nos: 871-0653 / 874-9295 / 874-9277
You can pay your Pag-ibig monthly contributions and Pag-ibig loan amortizations at these Landbank branches in Las Pinas. Bring a xerox or scanned copy of your previous receipt.
LANDBANK Branches in Las Pinas
2 comments:
hi gud am po. ask ko lang kung pwede bang mag open ng account ang friend ko but she's in germany. pwede ba ko akong maging representative nya?
QUESTION from mama bear
Hi good am po. Can I open an account for my friend who is in Germany? Can I be her repsentative?
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The increase from 5,000 to 10,000 pesos took effect on May 1, 2014.


text:
An often-overlooked tenet of the green design process is the creation of objects that tell a story, that have a history, and that engage with the user to extend their life span beyond the disposable and ephemeral. Donna Piacenza of Studio 1a.m. (the creative genius behind eco-friendly jewelry like the Cork Cuff and Industrial Bloom) has just produced a new table concept that does just this, flirting with the boundaries of mass production and customization. The table concept, titled 'This Table Will Self Destruct,' is a simple, clean-lined design constructed of sorghum and concrete. With each order, a "pixel" is removed from the design, so that each owner receives a different, progressively deconstructed iteration of the original table. After x number of productions, the table will cease to exist. The table raises some interesting questions of sustainability, durability, disposability, and the mass production design market.
4 Comments
April 28, 2007 at 8:30 am
cute idea, nice execution, but has it really been thought out?
as you lose the pixels, each table becomes less valuable, not more. you would only make it to table# x and then there is either not enough material to call it a table, or none to buy at all.
a run of 1000 tables with a unique configuration will eventually sell 1000 tables. By this loss of pixels idea, only say, 800 willl be bought, the last 200 either too chiseled, or not "exclusive" enough and become less and less wanted or coveted, which is a waste. (see: limited edition cars, sports memorbillia, etc.)
the irony is that this by it's own logic, this is a very consumer demand project, not a responsible one. one-of is unique and worth the price, one of even a few losses it value on some scale.
intresting and thought provoking.
April 24, 2007 at 10:02 am
What's mass produced in this design… the sorghum wood base ? How do you 'mass produce' a 'one off' item ? Is this a 'test'… an April Fools day joke that's just later in the month ?
If they used 'PaperCrete'… THEN, they'd be onto something. At least then, if the tables tilted over… toes might survive the exprience.
April 24, 2007 at 8:41 am
Although it's made of concrete and is really very expensive for what it is, I think it's a very clever idea and would love one of these. I was going to say this could be made of wood, but the unique grain within any piece of wood would lose the homogenous nature of the tables.
April 23, 2007 at 8:56 pm
The Craft of Gimmick?
I guess I miss the heavy social commentary your find in this series of tables, as well as any design merit. And far more than telling a story of mass production, it tells a story of creating a limited production collectable through a unique approach. Clearly this table will not self destruct so the effort at clever pun (is Mission Impossible still cool?) escapes me. I'm curious if the studio will increase the sale price as production costs increase with the added complexity.


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I found out about the hotel through a guide book. My first thoughts about the hotel was really good, because the staff really made feel at home. When I staying there, I was able to see that one of the floors, was going through a remodel and I was able to see that the hotel, is always keeping up with its competitors. The room was nice and clean. I recomend this place for anyone who is looking for a place to stay.
Location: Brazil > State of Sao Paulo > Sao Paulo > Liberdade
Ranked #202 of 310 Hotels in Sao Paulo
Number of rooms: 85
- Also Known As:
- Banri Hotel Sao Paulo, Brazil


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I wouldn't mind borrowing the sons car, but that might just be me.


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Displaying gems 3961 - 3990 of 4590 in total
brstring 3.3.0
brstring é uma das gems que compoem o Brazilian Rails
148,091 Downloads
br_tag_models 0.1.4
Bleacher Report tag models extension
3,434 Downloads
brTerminacoes 0.0.3
gem para envio de sms através da brTerminações
6,573 Downloads
brtraducao 2.0.15
brtraducao é uma das gems que compoem o Brazilian Rails
38,413 Downloads
bruce-banner 0.1.2
wraps `puts' output with a banner
3,900 Downloads
bruce-bitmask-attribute 1.0.0
Simple bitmask attribute support for ActiveRecord
545 Downloads
bruce-bumpspark 1.0.4
Generates transparent PNG "bumpspark"-style sparklines. Use from Ruby directly or as a ...
2,651 Downloads
bruce-clingwrap 0.0.2
A simple library for wrapping Ruby methods using named or anonymous modules.
539 Downloads
bruce-jsonpath 0.8.1
JSONPath support for Ruby
1,075 Downloads
bruce-keyword_search 1.4.0
Generic library to parse GMail-style search strings for keyword/value pairs; supports d...
530 Downloads
bruno 0.0.2
Bruno is a small tool to convert your Localizable.strings (iOS) files into strings.xml ...
1,657 Downloads
brunoaalves-ar_mailer 2.0.1
Even delivering email to the local machine may take too long when you have to send hund...
1,067 Downloads
brunter 0.0.2.alpha
Package management for Sass components.
427 Downloads
brush 0.0.2
Brush is intended to be an interactive shell with the power of Ruby. As it is in i...
2,166 Downloads
brute-fuzzy 1.0.0
Fuzzy bit match 64-bit integer key set in java with performance test.
3,961 Downloads
bruter 0.0.2
Bruter is a miniature Ruby library that allows its bearer the ability to craft elegant ...
1,829 Downloads
brute_squad 0.0.0
Sick of authentication frameworks with all the sauces? Me too.
2,218 Downloads
brutetools 0.0.1
1,668 Downloads
brutish_sorts 1.1.0
Unpolished sorts: selection sort, insertion sort
367 Downloads
br_validator 0.1.0
Validators for the brazilian CPF and CNPJ
3,366 Downloads
brwsr 1.1.1
Do some browser detection with Ruby.
91,291 Downloads
bryan-ash-pcanusb 1.0.1
PCAN is a Controller Area Network (CAN) device that connects to a PC via USB. It ships ...
562 Downloads
bryan-ash-wx-nobbie 0.1.0
wx-Nobbie is a simple interface for driving wxRuby application development.
3,095 Downloads
bryanlarsen-railroad 0.7.7
RailRoad is a class diagrams generator for Ruby on Rails applications.
538 Downloads
bryanlarsen-rubydoctest 1.1.1
Ruby version of Python's doctest tool, but a bit different.
1,605 Downloads
bryanl-facebooker2 0.0.5.x1
Facebook Connect integration library for ruby and rails
878 Downloads
bryanl-gherkin 18.104.22.168
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bryanl-xmpp4r 0.3.2
XMPP4R is an XMPP/Jabber library for Ruby.
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bryanp-adviser 0.1.1
Adviser allows you to give advice to another object.
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All hotels in Winchester, Virginia, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
170 Getty Ln, Winchester, VA, 22603, United States of America, 855-239-9485
TownePlace Suites by Marriott Winchester, Winchester
Lowest price$89
Best Price Guarantee
No-frills Winchester hotel with outdoor pool
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 109 guestrooms
- Outdoor pool
- Coffee shop/café
- Business center
- Air conditioning
- Front desk safe
What's around
- Handley Regional Library (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)
- Jim Barnett Park (2.2 mi / 3.6 km)
- Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters (2.3 mi / 3.7 km)
very perfect one night stay
Great place for a great price
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4
From 180 reviews
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $89
- Suite, 1 Bedroom
- Studio, 1 King Bed
- Suite, 2 Bedrooms
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 109 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 4 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
Nearby Two Star Winchester hotels
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free continental breakfast
- Coffee shop/café
Things to do
- Outdoor pool
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Downhill skiing nearby
Working away
- Business center
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
In the room
Home comforts
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
Freshen up
- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- Cable TV channels
Stay connected
- Desk
- Free WiFi
Top Winchester hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Winchester
- Country Inn & Suites By Carlson, Winchester, VAFrom
- Hampton Inn Front RoyalFrom
"The hotel was very nice for the price. The rooms were clean, the beds comfortable, the breakfast provided much variety and was more than adequate for the price! I will look…"Jun 22, 2015
- Econo LodgeFrom
"Me and three other friends spent the night here after biking from DC to Harpers Ferry. We had a wonderful stay. The hotel offered a hose and rags to clean our bikes and they…"Jun 19, 2015
- Days Inn MartinsburgFrom
Nearby hotels
TownePlace Suites by Marriott Winchester, Winchester's small print
Also known as
- TownePlace Suites Marriott Hotel Winchester
- TownePlace Suites Marriott Winchester
- TownePlace Suites Winchester
Optional extras
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 75 per pet, per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Rule No. 3 of the 14-Day Slimdown? Downing at least 80 grams of protein a day. Protein puts your body into muscle-building high gear, especially key for when you pull back on calories. Here's how to get more protein in your diet.
more slideshows
5 Post-Sun Beauty Picks We Swear ByYou've had some fun—now it's time to refresh your hair
6 Healthy and Satisfying Summer Cocktails You'll Want To Make TonightWhip up a batch and enjoy all weekend long.
Girl Power! Life Lessons from the Littlest AthletesWe asked some of our favorite young sports stars what
Help Build Lean Muscle With These High-Protein Foods and Snacks
One large egg has 6 grams of protein and just 38 calories. The whites contain most of the protein (11 grams in three whites), but the yolks contain key nutrients, so make a scramble with at least one whole egg to get the full benefits. Think beyond breakfast: A poached or fried egg can turn a bowl of grains and veggies into a satisfying dinner, and a hardboiled egg makes a convenient snack.
Go #14in14 and try our 14-Day Slimdown!
KEYWORDS: High Protein,Muscle,Slim-down,Snacks


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Holistic Health
Create greater health, happiness and peace of mind in your life.
Posts filtered on Category
Promises Promises
What holds people back from accomplishing their goals & dreams and keeping the promises they make to themselves? Is it internal chatter, external or both? [Read More]
New Year, New You?
Love yourself as you are by becoming aware of who you are now and the resolutions you have made for 2015 will become character traits of the new you! [Read More]
Happy New Moment
The new year inspires many of us to make changes. According to a broadcast on NPR, 40-50 per cent of us make new year's resolutions. I think you can guess what we resolve to do most of the time: lose weight, exercise, stick to budget, {insert your favorite here}. According to Dr. Norcross this tradition […] [Read More]
Get Your Magnesium!
Don't forget the magnesium. It can have a huge impact on your bones and overall health. [Read More]
Just breathe
For many of us Holiday traditions mean family reunited, magic rekindled, resolutions renewed, and… stresses revisited. Preparing the perfect meal, shopping in congested malls, opening your home to annoying relatives, living up to last year's performance; all can add up to remembering everyone on your list, with the exception of yourself. Paradoxically, the addition of […] [Read More]
Antidepressants: Widely Used, But Practically Useless?
I've been writing a series of articles on prescription drugs, because the use of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. is at epidemic proportions, and it's important for everyone to understand that, and to know that taking medications is not a path towards getting you healthy but instead puts you on the slippery slope to more serious […] [Read More]
Gratitude feels Good!
I think it is very empowering for us to remember that the simple act of physical exercise along with appreciation of the blessings in our lives not only boosts our happiness but also our immune system leading to better physical and mental health. It is clearly a win win combination! [Read More]
"New Slow City" – an interview with William Powers
William Powers practices what he preaches. When the incessant pressure of life, and work, and seemingly endless deadlines and schedules mount to the boiling point, some can cope, other cannot. But Powers, author, expert on sustainable development and what's referred to as the global "Slow" movement, took it one step further. He modified his life […] [Read More]
Show More


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Orion, May 12, 2011 - Fiction - 256 pages
Curiosity was discouraged in the Greene tribe. Its members lived out their lives in cramped Quarters, hacking away at the encroaching ponics. As to where they were - that was forgotten.
Roy Complain decides to find out. With the renegade priest Marapper, he moves into unmapped territory, where they make a series of discoveries which turn their universe upside-down ...
Non-Stop is the classic SF novel of discovery and exploration; a brilliant evocation of a familiar setting seen through the eyes of a primitive.
What people are saying - Write a review
Review: Non-StopUser Review - Dave West - Goodreads
Great read. I have always been partial to the concept of a generation ship and I really found myself engaging with Roy Complain on his journey to discovering the truth of the Ship. Read full review
Review: Non-StopUser Review - Goodreads
Fine SF story. Not only a lot of fun to read but also intriguing in it's extended implication that our own universe may in fact be a very different sort of thing, place, system than we it's ... Read full review


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By clicking the "Submit" button, you agree to Avvo's Terms of Use. Please see our Community Guidelines and Privacy Policy for information on posting to Avvo and how we collect, use, and share information you provide to us.
827 West King StreetP.O. Box 409Boone, NC 28607
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O Say Can You See: The Greatest Patriotic Super Heroes of All-Time
Comic Books
Showing results 6541-1 of 1
Considering that the title of the movie is "Captain America: The Winter Soldier," the real surprise would be if Sebastian Stan weren't reprising his role as James "Bucky" Barnes in the Marvel sequel.
"Guardians of the Galaxy" confirmed as Marvel's next film! "Ant Man" test footage revealed at CCI! "The Dark Knight Rises" gets a new clip! Plus, more movie news out of CCI 2012!
Creator Vince Gilligan, stars Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul and the entire cast of "Breaking Bad" discuss what depths Walter White will sink to in the fifth and final season of the acclaimed AMC series.
A major Comic-Con International suprise was the return of Thomas Jane as the Punisher -- not in a new movie, but in a violent short called "Dirty Laundry" also starring Ron Perlman.
Will The Rock portray DC Comics' Main Man on the big screen? According, Dwayne Johnson himself, the answer is … possibly. SPINOFF has the latest details on a "Lobo" film adaptation.
While at Comic-Con International, producer Simon Kinberg sat down with SPINOFF to discuss visionary director Neill Blomkamp and their enigmatic new science fiction film "Elysium."
Nickelodeon screened the first footage from its upcoming "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series during a Comic-Con International panel that included a surprise appearance by a special guest.
Stars Elijah Wood and Jason Gann joined an audience at Comic-Con International for a screening of the season finale of FX's quirky comedy "Wilfred."
While the "Man of Steel" teaser that premiered at CCI revealed a decidedly darker take on the Superman story, director Zack Snyder avoided divulging many details - even dodging a question about General Zod.
Director Genndy Tartakovsky, acclaimed for his work on "Samurai Jack" and "Star Wars: Clone Wars," previewed his upcoming animated film "Hotel Transylvania" for a Comic-Con International audience.
CCI's packed Hall H "Iron Man 3" panel rolled out an extended reel of footage featuring confirmation of Ben Kingsley as The Mandarin and a stylish unveiling of the revamped suit.
Robert Downey Jr. made a surprise appearance during Marvel Studios' "Iron Man 3" Comic-Con International kids costume contest, playing to the crowd and interacting with the kids.
Jackson Publick and Doc Hammer, the masterminds behind Adult Swim's "Venture Bros.," gave fans a peek at the fifth season of the animated series, answering questions about inspiration and creating a "bad-ass" gay character.
Author Stephenie Meyer and director Andrew Niccol gave fans at Comic-Con International a first-ever look at numerous pieces of footage from Meyer's "Twilight" follow-up "The Host."
Marvel Studios returned to Hall H at CCI to thank confirm development of "Guardians of the Galaxy," reveal the titles of the "Thor" and "Captain America" sequels and show off Edgar Wright's test reel for "Ant-Man."
The CW premiered the pilot for "Arrow" Friday at Comic-Con, and the cast and crew spoke about making a show about DC Comics' Green Arrow and what they have in store for the first season.
Marvel Studios today confirmed "Ant-man" and "Guardians of the Galaxy" and announced titles for its Captain America and Thor sequels: "Captain America: The Winter Soldier" and "Thor: The Dark World."
Along with screening the well-received first footage of "Man of Steel" at Comic-Con International, Warner Bros. has released a teaser poster for Zack Snyder's reboot of the Superman franchise.
Marvel rewarded fans who completed a scavenger hunt through downtown San Diego with an exclusive screening of "Item 47," the short film included in "The Avengers" Blu-ray release. CBR has details.
Returning to Comic-Con International, Kevin Smith discussed his AMC reality series "Comic Book Men," his thoughts on the growth of the convention and the future of View Askew.
"Arrow" Executive Producer Marc Guggenheim talks about the upcoming CW series adapting DC's Green Arrow to television, discussing Christopher Nolan's "Dark Knight" trilogy's influence on the series and more.
Ahead of this afternoon's "Iron Man 3" presentation at Comic-Con International, Marvel has unveiled the first look at "the next evolution of Tony Stark's signature armor from the Shane Black-directed sequel.
Disney has announced that Phineas and Ferb will team with Marvel's Avenger's and Spider-Man in an epic 2013 television event on the Disney Channel. CBR has your first look at the crossover.
Kelly Hu, perhaps best known for playing Lady Deathstrike in "X2," will guest star as drug cartel leader China White on" Arrow," the upcoming CW drama based on DC Comics' Green Arrow.
Creator Vince Gilligan, stars Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul and the cast of "Breaking Bad" offered the audience at Comic-Con International a preview at what lies ahead in the final season of AMC's celebrated drama.
Author Stephenie Meyer joined the cast of "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2" at Comic-Con International to reveal the first seven minutes of the film and to discuss the finale of the blockbuster franchise.
At the Marvel TV panel at Comic-Con, Jeph Loeb formally confirmed "Avengers Assemble," announced several new Marvel Knights projects, showed test footage from upcoming series, and debuted the Spider-Ham episode of "Ultimate Spider-Man."
At Comic-Con International, Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger and the cast of "Expendables 2" discuss their highly anticipated sequel, as well as the past and present of the action genre.
Based on the classic 2000 AD character, "DREDD" is a dark, gritty, beautifully violent film with highly impressive 3D, a simple yet exciting story and a standout performance by Karl Urban's chin.
CBR sent Steve Sunu into the infected undead zone of Petco Park where he managed to get footage as he attempted to make his way from the infected area to evac in "The Walking Dead Escape."
Daniel Radcliffe will play he lead in "Horns," director Alexandre Aja of the bestselling 2010 novel by Eisner Award-winning "Locke & Key" writer Joe Hill.
Continuing its Comic-Con International tradition for a third straight year, AMC has debuted an action-packed 4-minute trailer for the next season of "The Walking Dead" featuring Michonne, the Governor and more.
According to sources, "Total Recall" actress Jessica Biel has been offered the part of HYDRA terrorist and mercenary Viper in James Mangold's upcoming sequel, "The Wolverine."
While "Goon" creator Eric Powell previously dismissed using Kickstarter to fund the stalled CG-animated adaptation of his comic, noting the estimated $45 million budget -- things have changed.
Only days after locking in "Chronicle" director Josh Trank to helm "Fantastic Four," Fox is finalizing a deal with up-and-coming writer Jeremy Slater to pen the franchise reboot.
Dolph Lundgren, Randy Couture and Terry Crews joined CBR TV to discuss "Expendables 2" and the franchise's old-school approach to action films, eschewing cgi effects for live stunts.
Contrary to widely circulated reports, 58-year-old action legend Jackie Chan says he isn't retiring from the genre, telling a Comic-Con International audience that "CZ 12" is not his last action film.
The fourth clip from director Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight Rises" features Selina Kyle being questioned by Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Officer John Blake about Bane and the whereabouts of Bruce Wayne.
Ken, Ryu and Akuma will make their live-action television debut in "Street Fighter: Assassin's Fist," a series created by the duo behind the popular fan film "Street Fighter: Legacy."
Director and producer Chris Columbus will develop an anthology film based on the long-running Warren horror series "Creepy Magazine," with plans to direct one of its four story segments.
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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Articles tagged glen bradford
29 Jul 2005 // 1:00 AM
Here, as elsewhere, the film shows Binh's experience in lyrical, subtle, often extraordinary imagery.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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Boost your home Wi-Fi with one of the five best wireless routers
Latest Visioneer Peripheral reviews.
A battery-powered scanner means you're no longer tied to a PC, or even a notebook, though a phone still can be handy.
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HP intent on making Sprout the 3D printer's best friend
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ASRock G10 brings gaming features to MU-MIMO Wi-Fi
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Recommended by Edward at Beach Bistro- glad we came. Cool , chill, great vibe. The owner, Patrick, is a pro with the perfect personality for the biz. After crappy tiki bar experience (did not know that could possibly exist!!??!!)we appreciated this even more. Great drinks and prices, I threw out my back, and couldn't go out last night, my hubby went alone and was made to feel at home! Thanks- we'll be back!!!
If you own or manage D Coy Ducks Bar and Grille, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


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The unicorn lived in a lilac wood, and she lived all alone. She was very old, though she did not know it, and she was no longer the careless color of sea foam but rather the color of snow falling on a moonlit night. But her eyes were still clear and unwearied, and she still moved like a shadow on the sea.
The unicorn discovers that she is the last unicorn in the world, and sets off to find the others. She meets Schmendrick the Magician--whose magic seldom works, and never as he intended--when he rescues her from Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival, where only some of the mythical beasts displayed are illusions. They are joined by Molly Grue, who believes in legends despite her experiences with a Robin Hood wannabe and his unmerry men. Ahead wait King Haggard and his Red Bull, who banished unicorns from the land.
This is a book no fantasy reader should miss; Beagle argues brilliantly the need for magic in our lives and the folly of forgetting to dream. --Nona Vero
Terrible. Strangest story ever & very poorly written. It felt like a grade school book that was made into an adult one? They added in big worlds & creepy parts. But it was a fail. Read morePublished 2 months ago by Buyer Lady
This is not as advertised. I expected an illustrated version of PETER BEAGLE'S LAST UNICORN as it is printed on the cover. Read morePublished 6 months ago by pr
As for the novel itself? Well there is no better book. As for this particular copy? I'm not really a fan. Read morePublished 6 months ago by Sharon Zimmerman
better than the movie everyone should read it not just for childrenPublished 8 months ago by Ann Margaret
I love the last unicorn. So when my moms dog chewed up my book I bought this to replace it. I love Beagle's story and some of the reviews on here are funny. Read morePublished 9 months ago by cndhoneybee
I don't have a problem with this, but would not have bought it if I had known. Nowhere do I see "Graphic Novel" or anything to suggest that this is not simply the original... Read morePublished 14 months ago by ghfghfhjg
You can read this classic over and over again.Better than the Movie, this epic fairy tale that was one of the first to capture my heart as a child. I recommend for all ages.Published 14 months ago by Amazon Customer


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SailNet Community (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/)
- Irwin (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/irwin/)
- - 1983 Irwin 37 (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/irwin/23512-1983-irwin-37-a.html)
1983 Irwin 37
I have a 1983 Irwin 37 Mark V.
Anyone have any idea how many 37s Irwin made in 1983? I think that mine had to be one of the last ones made. I don't see any others listed anywhere.
Try this website
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Part of
The Goetz Collection12 Month / 12 Films – Explorations in SpaceApril 17, 2015 – May 1, 2016
In cooperation with Goetz collection, Munich.
CHINA 8 is being organised by the Stiftung für Kunst und Kultur e.V. Bonn. The exhibition is sponsored by the Brost-Stiftung and Evonik Industries AG. Exclusive partners of the exhibition are Finnair Plc and Düsseldorf Airport.
The exhibition is supported by Süddeutsche Zeitung and Wolff Gruppe.
Organised by Tate Modern, London in association with Museum Folkwang, Essen and Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden.
Sponsored by the Savings Bank Finance Group, consisting of Sparkasse Essen and Sparkassen-Kulturfonds des Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverbandes as well as the Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung Rheinland.


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3 Counties 2011 (45)
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