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No April Fool's — time to get serious about filing taxes for 2014
Here's my latest MoneySense blog. Now that it's April and Easter is almost here, you know what that means! It's tax-filing time: April 15th for Americans, April 30th for Canadians.
As the piece recounts, even if you've been staying on top of inputting tax slips and receipts, if you have taxable income you're better off waiting a few days before filing.
But the good news is that once you file, the onerous task is over for another year, and many can also expect a refund. Plus, of course, winter is finally all but over. Read more
Family Income Splitting and choosing more leisure over work
Here's my latest MoneySense blog, which looks at recent criticisms of Income Splitting for Families with children under age 18: aka the Family Tax Cut.
Its headline is Can the Family Tax Cut Entice Families to Work Less? Read more
The Single Best Investment
The Single Best Investment: Creating Wealth with Dividend Growth, is the title of a classic investment book first published in 2006 by Lowell Miller, who heads Miller/Howard Investments.
It came to my attention via Wes Moss, who I interviewed for an upcoming MoneySense column, whose book You Can Retire Sooner Than You Think we reviewed here at the Hub. I mentioned the book in passing last week in this MoneySense blog last week. That blog focused on asset allocation but provided a big hint about Miller's philosophy: there's no place for bonds in Lowell's investment worldview.
The book's first chapter sets the tone in its title: Say goodbye to bonds and hello to bouncing principal. Like many stock believers and bond haters, Miller takes it as a given that the investing environment generally includes inflation. Since "safe" investments like t-bills, bonds, money market mutual funds and CDs (Certificates of Deposits in his native USA; known as GICs in Canada) are all "poor investments because what they give is less than inflation takes away." Read more
Work because you'll live longer or will work help you live longer?
Here's my latest MoneySense blog, which they've titled Working to Live Better, Longer. Since it's based on a reading of books about Longevity and even Immortality, we're housing it in the Reviews, Encore Acts and Longevity & Aging blog categories of our sister site, the Financial Independence Hub.
Click on the blue link above to reach the MoneySense version or if you want to see images of the book covers discussed, they are in the version posted below. (The two sites tend to use different images to illustrate):
By Jonathan Chevreau
Whenever I suggest in a blog that investors might want to rethink Early Retirement, I usually hear from a few readers who insist that after 30 or 40 or more years in the workforce, they have a "right" to spend their last decade or so in the pursuit of leisure.
Readers are of course perfectly free to reject exhortations to "just keep working" but if I end up in email correspondence with them, I may reply that my stance is not predicated on the desire to give the financial industry still more assets to place under management.
Rather, it's based on my growing perception that life expectancies are on the rise and the pace of medical breakthroughs in biotech and gene therapy does not appear to be slowing. Read more
A longevity guru's tips on Happiness
Happiness, longevity, health and money are all (as you might expect) intertwined. In his book, You Can Retire Sooner Than You Think (also reviewed at the Hub), Wes Moss focuses on the five money secrets of the happiest retirees.
One of the books he mentions is Dan Buettner's The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People Who've Lived the Longest. We will review that book, first published in 2008, in due course.
In the meantime, we're going to look at Buettner's followup book on happiness: Thrive: Finding Happiness the Blue Zones Way, originally published by National Geographic in 2010.
To research the book, Buettner travelled to four of the world's allegedly happiest countries, two of which I've visited myself: Denmark and Mexico, and two I haven't: Singapore and San Luis Obisco (in California). In each locale he contacts local elders known for their wisdom about happiness and how the city or country built its infrastructure to maximize it.
He then wraps it all up by summing up what these nations have in common with a chapter entitled Lessons in Thriving.
He concludes there are six "life domains" that can be shaped to boost one's chances for happiness. These six "thrive centers" are:
1.) Community
Where you live is hugely important to happiness and the happiest spots tend to promote economic freedom, a high employment rate, tolerance, quality government, more community space, limited shopping hours, a limited workweek (37 hours in Denmark), support for the Arts, walkability, quiet surroundings and plenty of sidewalks and bike lanes.
2.) Workplace
The happiest workers are in jobs that don't have long commutes, limit the workweek to 40 hours, take six weeks of vacation a year, socialize with co-workers and have the right boss. However, the self-employed and business owners report higher levels of well-being.
3.) Social Life
The wider your social network, the happier you're likely to be. Buettner suggests joining clubs, creating your own Moai (a group of mutually committed friends), reconnecting with your faith, marrying the right person (someone similar to you with similar tastes and earning ability).
4.) Financial life
The book quotes Ed Diener to the effect "the key to greater well-being is to have money but not to want it too much." (author's emphasis). He recommends paying off your house (consistent with the Hub's stance that the foundation of financial independence is a paid-for home, something Wes Moss also advocates), enrolling in automatic savings programs, avoid credit cards, create a giving account and invest in experiences rather than stuff. (also consistent with the motto in Findependence Day: "Freedom, Not Stuff!").
5.) Home
The happiest homes have fewer television screens, ideally only one, they cancel their cable TV, own a pet, create a meditation space, create a "pride shrine" of family awards and trophies, grow a garden, maximize sunlight and reserve bedrooms for sleep, not electronic distractions.
6.) Self & Purpose
To yield well-being benefits for the long run, the book suggests you "recognize your values, strengths, talents, passions and gifts." Once you do, this should help you realize your life purpose: determining "your reason for getting up in the morning." He mentions Richard Leider's bestselling The Power of Purpose, which uses the simple formula G+P+V=C. That is, Gifts plus Passion plus Values equals Calling.
How my novel harness-race betting strategy relates to investing
Here's my latest MoneySense blog, which bears the headline When dividend investing trumps a balanced portfolio.
That's an accurate depiction of the content but here at the Hub we're sticking with the more offbeat headline used above. Because this column really does begin with a true story about harness racing in Florida.
How can that possibly relate to asset allocation and dividend investing? Click the above link to find out, or the Hub's version below. And yes, the happy winner depicted below clutching a winning ticket is my wife, Ruth Snowden.
She's known in her industry by that name. When we got married more than a quarter century ago she was concerned I might take offence that she didn't want to use my surname in business circles. My response won't surprise those who know us: "Honey, you can call yourself whatever you want as long as you pay half the mortgage!". Of course, the mortgage has long been paid off, consistent with the Hub's philosophy that "the foundation of Financial Independence is a paid-for home." Read more
Life after Employment: What's your Encore Act?
I've been reading several books on Encore Careers, second acts and the like. A few weeks ago, we reviewed Marc Freedman's The Big Shift. Over a one-week break in Florida, I read Freedman's earlier book, Encore, subtitled Finding Work That Matters In the Second Half of Life.
Last year, on this site, we also reviewed Stephen Pollan's 2003 book on the same topic: Second Acts.
Work that matters
If you believe that living to 100 is a distinct possibility rather than a one-in-a-thousand outlier event, then it follows that financial planning needs to take these extra years into account.
All these books start with the premise that the baby boom generation may end up living a lot longer than they may have once imagined, which goes double for their own children and the generations coming after them.
Freedman's Encore does suggest that a lot of American boomers (that's the book's focus) may need to keep working in part because of limited financial resources, but as the subtitle suggests, it's mostly about finding "work that matters" in the second half of life.
There's a lovely quote Freedman uses at the outset, attributed to Marge Piercy in the book "To be of use":
The pitcher cries for water to carry and a person for work that is real.
A new stage of life
Freedman suggests there's an entire new life stage between MidLife and what used to be called Full Retirement. This phase may begin after either an involuntary or voluntary departure from paid employment in giant corporate or government organizations. It could last 20 years, meaning there's enough time to reinvent oneself and find an entirely new career, even if that means going back to school to qualify for it.
"The emerging reality looks like this: Retirement as we have known it is in the midst of being displaced as the central institution of the second half of life. It is being supplanted by a new stage of life opening up between the end of midlife and the arrival of true old age, a period that essentially amounts to the second half of life, at least adult life. And that's just the half of it: The new phase under development is every bit as much a new stage of work."
Funding Encore Careers
Freedman describes some Encore acts that were funded by raiding 529 plans, which are the equivalent of Canadian RESPs (Registered Education Savings Plans). Canadian RRSPs (like IRAs in the US) are similarly well-suited since the government has made it possible to tap retirement savings for higher education, as long as the money is eventually repaid.
All this also is strongly connected to the other blog category over at our sister site, The Financial Independence Hub, which we call Longevity & Aging. Read this post from last week on Why Longevity Changes Everything: Why you should think twice about Early Retirement.
Great online resources
But back to Encore. This is one book I'd suggest buying as an e-book because the appendix contains many pages of useful web links to useful resources in government, education, health, the non-profit sector and much more. I've touched on a few here:
Retirement Jobs: http://www.retirementjobs.com
Nonprofit Times: http://www.thenonprofittimes.com
USAJOBS: https://www.usajobs.gov
Exploring Careers in Aging: http://www.exploringcareersinaging.com
Troops to Teachers: http://www.proudtoserveagain.com
The American Medical Association: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama
The Career Key: http://www.careerkey.org/
2Young2Retire: http://www.2young2retire.com/
Couple celebrate silver anniversary of their Findependence
By Billy and Akaisha Kaderli,
Special to FindependenceDay.com
At the age of 62, we are beginning our 25th year of financial independence. That is quite a feat!
From the beaches on Nevis, West Indies, to the shores of Phuket, Thailand we have travelled extensively through these decades, and what a ride it's been!
Young and strong in those early years, we were willing and able to tackle just about anything. Now we tend to be a bit more cautious but we're not letting up. We still climb into the backs of pickup trucks, ride the chicken buses and soak in volcanic hot pools. The time has passed quickly from when we were the youngest, grayless couple in a group of retirees, to now where we blend in with the retiree crowd.
Still, no one can take away the dance we danced and we are filled with gratitude for all the miles and smiles.
You can do it too!
How do you want to live the next five, ten, twenty years or more? Only you can decide what is best on your path and how to get to your goal.
We were often told retiring early couldn't be done successfully and that we would fail. These self-supported 24 years have proven the naysayers wrong, and we believe that since we have done it, you can too. In our books and on our website we share the tools we have used to get us here so that you, too, can create your own successful retirement, early or not.
We maintain that one must keep one's dreams alive. No one will do it for you. Besides, it's much more fun to be led by one's dreams instead of being pushed by one's problems.
Time-tested tools
No matter where you are on your path to Retirement (Findependence?), here are some time-tested tools we have used. Take advantage of what we know.
Track spending
This is basic and oh-so-essential. When you track what you are spending you know exactly where your money is going and you are able to make decisions clearly and in real time about your cash outlay. This one habit will change your financial life.
Manage cost per day and annual net spending
Once you track your spending, you are able to figure out the yearly amount of money you are devoting to live the lifestyle you are currently enjoying. Divide your yearly amount by 365 days a year and you have your Cost per Day. Manage these figures assertively and you will be in control of your money. We have been retired for a full 24 years (beginning our 25th year January 14, 2015) and our annual spending for these years has been well under $30K per year.
4 categories of spending
In any household, there are four major spending categories: housing, transportation, taxes and food. If you make adjustments here – and there are lots of ways to do so – you are on your way to financial independence. Open yourself up to options such as house sitting, moving to a less costly area to live, paring down the number of vehicles you own, and being aware of your entertainment outlays.
Positive attitude and mental flexibility
Some people think having a positive and flexible mental attitude is small stuff and inconsequential. But without a sense of wonder, an open mind to new things and even to Change itself, making the transition into a satisfying new life of retirement is more difficult. There are so many opportunities and different ways to live, travel and experience life! Why get in your own way? Embrace your retirement and get a mitt and get in the game!
So, as we begin our 25th year we encourage you to dust off that dream and create a clear vision. Strengthen your will to move into your new life and put your solid financial plan into action. If you do these simple things, you, too, can live the life of your dreams.
Editor's note: On the date of our retirement, January 14, 1991, the S&P 500 was at 312.49. It has averaged better than 8% yearly plus dividends over these decades. Our average annual spending is well below $30K yearly.
About the Authors
Billy and Akaisha Kaderli are recognized retirement experts and internationally published authors on topics of finance and world travel. With the wealth of information they share on their popular website RetireEarlyLifestyle.com, they have been helping people achieve their own retirement dreams since 1991. They wrote the popular books, The Adventurer's Guide to Early Retirement and Your Retirement Dream IS Possible.
Twice as many retirees now rely on home equity: Fidelity survey
Seniors are now twice as likely to rely on their home equity to fund their retirement than before the financial crisis, says a Fidelity retirement survey. They're also more likely to work in retirement, provided they can find employment.
Since 2005, the number of Canadian retirees relying on home equity to fund retirement has more than doubled from 14% to 36%, says the survey, commissioned by Fidelity Investments Canada ULC.
Conducted by The Strategic Counsel, the 10th Fidelity Canadian Retirement Survey of retirees or workers 45 or older also finds:
• Since the financial crisis, the number of retirees saying it has been more difficult than expected to retire has dropped from 28% in 2009 to 20% in 2014
• More pre-retirees expect to work full or part-time in retirement (62% in 2014 compared with 55% in 2005)
• An increase in reliance on savings held inside a RRSP or RRIF (58% in 2014 compared with 53% in 2005)
• Despite changing trends over the past decade, the vast majority (85%) of Canadian retirees have a positive outlook on life in retirement
Half retired earlier than planned
Fidelity says 48% of retirees polled had retired earlier than planned, often for involuntary reasons. Of this group, 19% had to retire early because of health problems. Another 9% attribute early retirement to work stress and another 9% said "work stoppage" was the reason for early retirement.
Of those retirees not working, one in five would like to work if they could. The main reasons for retirees not being able to work are heath (38%), feeling employers are not interested in employing retirees (23%) and not being able to find a job (15%).
Planning to work is not a retirement plan
"Planning to work in retirement is not a retirement plan," says Peter Drake, vice president of retirement for Fidelity Canada. "Having a viable plan in place to generate sustainable income in retirement is arguably the most important aspect of retirement planning. Working with a financial advisor and setting goals for retirement is the best way to ease uncertainty and reduce stress around how to create the retirement paycheque. A good retirement plan should have flexibility in case circumstances change, as they often do."
The survey of 1,390 adult Canadians was conducted online between October 22 and November 3, 2014.
Longevity changes everything: rethinking early retirement
Here's my latest MoneySense blog, entitled Why you should re-think Early Retirement. This is a topic I've been researching for several months, going back to some blogs I wrote on Mark Venning's ChangeRangers.com, which challenges readers to "envision the promise of longevity." He also sensibly counsels that we should "plan for Longevity, not for Retirement."
As you can see by clicking through to the blog (also reproduced below), some of this message was articulated in a speech delivered Wednesday evening at the Financial Show, and which I also gave Monday night at the Port Credit chapter of Toastmasters.
By Jonathan Chevreau
I recently delivered a talk about how longevity changes everything. I began by showing the front cover of the latest Bloomberg Business magazine, which shows a woman celebrating her 173rd birthday. Read more


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The freeze and the fire
Obama's budget freeze: hard to imagine a worse conclusion to draw from the Massachusetts election, or a more telling lesson for working people.
Democratize the Federal Reserve Bank
Ben Bernanke should be replaced, and the Federal Reserve needs fixing to serve working people's needs.
Musicians' victory is good for all workers
CLEVELAND - Musicians at this city's famous orchestra are taking heat from phony populists, but their union's firmness sets an example that is good for the entire labor movement.
Stock market gets giddy over Massachusetts
The stock market might not be a useful economic indicator, but at times it just might be an indicator of the class struggle.
The Obama challenge to the banks
The president has taken a decidedly more combative, populist tone. It's time.
Jobs! Jobs! Jobs! That's what we need!
Diehard conservatives - mostly Republicans - are willing to let the elderly, the disabled and the children die, while they themselves do nothing but scream, "No new taxes!"
Three schools of thought on financial reform
There is going to be a real problem moving ordinary people into action on any financial reform that does not a) restore their lost pensions, or b) give them back their foreclosed home.
The big minus
Without a rapid draw-down in unemployment numbers, Obama will be unlikely to resurrect the coalition he needs to address other important questions.
Who's to blame for city's crisis?
DETROIT - This beleaguered city is in danger of running out of money, but it's not because of city officials' incompetence or city workers' "greed."
Forward to the phone banks!
I am weighing the Paul Krugman vs. Howard Dean approaches to what's left of health care reform.

subset: commoncrawl


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Commemorating an Indian friend with a love of the near indescribable spice. Everything is now yellow at my house, but my MacBook never smelled so good.
I needed an initial sketch for this one, as I'm only slightly familiar with Arabic on a whole, much less Diwani style. Please see the full size image and assorted details in the attachments!
Also launching my new tumblr, foodtypography.com for the latest in tasty design. Also on twitter and instagram!
More Danielle Evans
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Seasonal Flu Shot Information
The Student Health Center, in conjunction with AHealthyU, will be administering free seasonal flu 2014-2015 vaccine provides protection against A/H1N1 and two other influenza viruses.
The flu vaccinations that the student health center will be administering are trivalent vaccines.
If you haven't received your flu shot yet, you can walk into the Student Health Center from 9am-11am on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday or Friday or from 2pm-4pm Monday-Friday.
The Student Health Center will also be administering shots to faculty and staff during the Benefit and Wellness fair on Thursday, Nov. 6 from 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. in MGC. Room 2-5. Appointment are not required. Bring your AU ID to your appointment.
We will administer flu shots on a first come, first served basis while supplies last.
Please remember:
You must bring your AU ID card to receive a flu shot.
- If you have any questions, please contact your medical provider before you arrive for your flu shot. Student Health Center staff members will not be able to advise you on whether or not you should receive a flu shot based on your medical history.


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VIEWS: 0 CATEGORY: Communications POSTED ON: 9/28/2011 Public Domain
Embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and systems for user interface customization.BACKGROUND Imaging devices such as printers, copiers, scanners and fax machines can have a wide array of functions and capabilities to fit specific uses or combinations of uses. Imaging devices often take the form of a multi-function peripheral device(MFP) that combines the functions of two or more of the traditionally separated imaging devices. An MFP may combine any number of imaging devices, but typically comprises the functions of a printer, scanner, copier and fax machine. Some imaging devices may contain computing resources for data storage and processing such as processors, hard disk drives, memory and other devices. As imaging devices add more features and functions, they become more costly and complex. More complex imaging devices and MFPs may comprise network connectivity to provide communication with other computing devices, such as personal computers, other imaging devices, network servers and other apparatus. This connectivity allows theimaging device to utilize off-board resources that are available on a connected network. Imaging devices typically have a user input panel with an array of buttons, knobs and other user input devices. Some devices also have a display panel, which can be for display only or can be a touch panel display that enables user inputdirectly on the display. Devices with touch panel displays or displays with buttons arranged in cooperation with the display can display menu data that may be selected by user input. This menu data is typically driven by an on-board server module within the imagingdevice.SUMMARY Some embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and systems for user interface customization based on user login. The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjun
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"Methods And Systems For User Interface Customization - Patent 7978618"Please download to view full document


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Posted 10 January 2005 - 17:05
Posted 11 January 2005 - 07:35
GraphicsPath GetStringPath( string s, float dpi, RectangleF rect, Font font, StringFormat format) { GraphicsPath path = new GraphicsPath(); // Convert font size into appropriate coordinates float emSize = dpi * font.SizeInPoints / 72; path.AddString(s, font.FontFamily, (int)font.Style, emSize, rect, format); return path; } void Form_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) { Graphics g = e.Graphics; string s = "Outline"; RectangleF rect = this.ClientRectangle; Font font = this.Font; StringFormat format = StringFormat.GenericTypographic; float dpi = g.DpiY; using( GraphicsPath = GetStringPath(s, dpi, rect, font, format) ) { g.DrawPath(Pens.Black, path); } }
Posted 11 January 2005 - 16:37
It's possible.
I want it to have an inner white color and a shadow. Do you think it is possible ?
Graphics g = e.Graphics; string s = "Outline"; RectangleF rect = this.ClientRectangle; Font font = this.Font; StringFormat format = StringFormat.GenericTypographic; float dpi = g.DpiY; using( GraphicsPath path = GetStringPath(s, dpi, rect, font, format) ) { g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias; RectangleF off = rect; off.Offset( 5, 5 ); using( GraphicsPath offPath = GetStringPath(s, dpi, off, font, format) ) { Brush b = new SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(100, 0, 0, 0)); g.FillPath(b, offPath); b.Dispose(); } g.FillPath(Brushes.White, path); g.DrawPath(Pens.Black, path); }
Edited by weenur, 11 January 2005 - 16:46.
Posted 11 January 2005 - 22:16
No sweat. I'm just giving you grief.
Yes - I'm really sorry that I bother you I didn't mean to do it. I was too rude it's not urgent so if you have time I'll apprreciate your answer.
Posted 11 January 2005 - 22:30
Posted 11 January 2005 - 23:54
Posted 12 January 2005 - 00:08
I'm converting the GraphicsPath to a Region, and then from a Region to a Bitmap to perform raster operations on it. I see what Bob is doing. That's cool. The guy is a guru. I was actually going to do a gaussian blur on the shadow and make it adjustable. I'm just drawing a blank on how to make a Bitmap from a Region.
Region class
Posted 12 January 2005 - 02:11
Yes but a Region is simply that - a region. So to turn it into a Bitmap you need to use the region on a Bitmap e.g. Create a new Bitmap of the appropriate dimensions then use Graphics.FillRegion with a suitable Brush. Or am I missing something?


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58 year old man | Charlotte, NC, USA | Seeking women 30-55 within 50 miles
Active within 1 week
Genuine, warm, funny, attractive, educated guy looking for just the same kind of darling lady.
I enjoy complexity, rich moments that leave us both moved to tears in some moments, laughter in others, sometimes within moments of each other. That being said....sometimes simplicity is one of the MOST beautiful and "complex" things....LOL. Honesty, integrity, a joyful sense of humor, warmth, loving affection, and good values are what I have to offer, and what I'm looking for. I'm a professional, have launched several businesses in N. GA area, but I've now returned to my hometown of Charlotte. I love good conversation, love to get beneath the surface, and beyond the mundane. I enjoy good music (I play classical guitar for my own mental health), love to laugh and cut up, as well as embrace and explore the more serious sides of life that we all have to cope and deal with. I enjoy "encounter"...heart and soul stuff...where we each come away with something we could not have created on our own...being stretched and blessed having had a mutual encounter...in the midst of sharing life's wonderful moments together. BTW...I'm not threatened by strong women...I adore them...as long as they also are not threatened by strong men...there's room for each other's strengths...and weaknesses...and the reality is...that we're all a mixture of them. I firmly believe in a mutual nurturing of each other's selfhood in a relationship...encouraging growth and personal development. It's the loving thing to do...it's what I'm about... My close friends have called me a "Renaissance Man"...if that means anything to you...but what I want to emphasize here is that I'm stimulated by life, emotionally open...so if men's tears leave you uncomfortable, we probably won't work well together. If you're comfortable with them...this says something also about you...and that's appealing to me. If we find that we have a genuine soulful connection, and can laugh and play together...I'd like to make this permanent. (Hell, I can't imagine who wouldn't! LOL...isn't this what we're all secretly/not so secretly looking for?) Look forward to meeting you....
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Basketball, Bowling, Golf, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats, Fish
I like Birds, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Horses, Other
Middle of the Road
The person makes the spot...
Seizing the moment...
Too many things to list here...ahhhh...things evolve and change...
Science News...
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|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Salt and pepper
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Spiritual but not religious
|Graduate degree
|No preference


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Water (SOW) -- California's official statewide water conservation education program -- is launching a new public ..... communications " " OC water district funds two-year water conservation research project " ###
based financing and revenue resources can be most efficiently and effectively invested in Bay restoration and water conservation activities. The conclusion of the report is a call for harnessing private technology and innovation, such as that
watersheds and development sites to intimate rain gardens George Radnovich (Sites Southwest, Albuquerque, N.M.): Water conservation on sites and landscapes Mark Boyer (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark.): Ongoing work on grading and
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Influenza Vaccine:
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GAO-05-984: Published: Sep 30, 2005. Publicly Released: Nov 3, 2005.
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In early October 2004, the nation lost about half its expected influenza vaccine supply when one of two major manufacturers announced it would not release any vaccine for the 2004-05 season because of potential contamination. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had earlier recommended vaccination for 188 million individuals, including those at high risk of severe complications from influenza (such as seniors and those with chronic conditions), and other groups (such as their close contacts). Although health officials took actions to distribute the limited supply of influenza vaccine, reports persisted of high-risk individuals and others in priority groups who could not find a vaccination, including those who were turned away and never returned when supplies became available. Such reports raised questions about the adequacy of U.S. preparedness to respond to significant vaccine shortages. GAO was asked to examine actions taken at federal, state, and local levels to ensure that high-risk individuals had access to influenza vaccine during the shortage, including any lessons learned.
Federal, state, and local health officials took several actions beginning in October 2004 to help ensure that individuals at high risk of severe complications from influenza had access to vaccine. Federal officials, for example, quickly revised vaccination recommendations to target available vaccine to high-risk individuals and to other priority groups. Additional actions were aimed to distribute vaccine expeditiously and to communicate with providers and the public as events unfolded and vaccine supplies changed. Beginning in mid-December, health officials took steps to distribute additional vaccine, broadening recommendations on who should be vaccinated. Although these actions helped achieve vaccination rates approaching past levels for certain priority groups, such as those aged 65 years and older, several lessons emerged, including some that could help with future shortages. First, unless planning for problems is already in place, action is delayed. CDC's lack of a contingency plan contributed to delays and uncertainty about how to ensure that high-risk individuals had access to vaccine. Second, when actions occur late in the influenza season, they are likely to have little effect. Third, effective response requires communication that is both clear and consistent. CDC has taken a number of steps, including issuing interim guidelines in August 2005, to respond to possible future shortages. It is too early, however, to assess the effectiveness of these efforts in coordinating actions of federal, state, and local health agencies and others. In commenting on a draft of this report, HHS concurred with GAO's finding that contingency planning would improve response efforts, and the agency indicated that additional preparations were under way.
Jun 29, 2015
Medicaid:Service Utilization Patterns for Beneficiaries in Managed CareGAO-15-481: Published: May 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 29, 2015.
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Medicaid Demonstrations:More Transparency and Accountability for Approved Spending Are NeededGAO-15-715T: Published: Jun 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 24, 2015.
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VA Health Care:Actions Needed to Improve Monitoring and Oversight of Non-VA and Contract CareGAO-15-654T: Published: Jun 1, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 1, 2015.
Medicare Administrative Contractors:CMS Should Consider Whether Alternative Approaches Could Enhance Contractor PerformanceGAO-15-372: Published: Apr 30, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 1, 2015.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act:Despite Some Delays, CMS Has Made Progress Implementing Programs to Limit Health Insurer RiskGAO-15-447: Published: Apr 30, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 1, 2015.
Private Health Insurance:Premiums and Enrollment for New Nonprofit Health Insurance Issuers Varied Significantly in 2014GAO-15-304: Published: Apr 30, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 1, 2015.
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 25(2): 392–401 (April 2009) C 2009 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00259.x Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) depredation resulting in larynx strangulation with gill-net parts MARTINA - URAS GOMERCIC D ˇ ´ Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia E-mail: email@example.com ANA GALOV Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ˇ ´ TOMISLAV GOMERCIC Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ˇ DARINKA SKRTIC ´ ˇ SNJEZANA C´ URKOVIC ´ HRVOJE LUCIC´ ˇ SNJEZANA VUKOVIC ´ Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ´ HAIDI ARBANASIC Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ˇ ´ HRVOJE GOMERCIC Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT Cetacean interactions with fishing gear are reported regularly and most frequently involve incidental capture. However, limited records exist related to depredation resulting in fishing gear ingestion. Here, we present cases of depredation resulting from ingestion of gill-net parts and larynx strangulation documented for the first time in a cetacean species. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the only 392 D ˇ ´ - URAS GOMERCIC ET AL.: LARYNX STRANGULATION IN TURSIOPS 393 resident species in the Adriatic Sea, where small-scale commercial and private fisheries use gill nets throughout the year. A total of 120 dead-stranded bottlenose dolphins found along the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea were examined from 1990 to March 2008; 12 of them (10%) were affected by larynx strangulation with gill-net parts. The larynx of all affected animals showed at least one of the following pathological changes: edema, mucosal injury, and hypergranulation. In the majority of cases, it was a chronic condition. Larynx strangulations were found only in adult animals and appeared more often in animals with reduced ability to catch free-swimming prey. Key words: bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, Adriatic Sea, depredation, gill net, net ingestion, larynx strangulation. Interaction with fishing gear is an important factor in cetacean pathology. In- teractions of cetaceans with fishing gear occur because of their strategy to increase the rate of feeding while decreasing the energy expenditure associated with foraging (Fertl and Leatherwood 1997). The most frequently reported form of interaction with fisheries is incidental capture, for example, entrapment and entanglement in fishing nets, which has a high mortality rate and even impacts the population dynamics of small or localized cetacean populations (Northridge 1984). Although incidental capture usually results in the death of the animal concerned, there are also instances where cetaceans are injured or affected in some way during fishing operations so that their survival probability or reproductive potential is compromised (Northridge 2002). Some cetacean body parts, namely the respiratory, musculoskeletal, and diges- tive systems are especially exposed to fishing gear interactions. Two cases of fishing gear (fishing hook and lure) ingestion by bottlenose dolphins from Florida were documented by Gorzelany (1998). Our paper deals with 12 bottlenose dolphins from the Adriatic Sea affected with larynx strangulation by gill-net parts. The position of the larynx in toothed whales makes it vulnerable to foreign bodies, for example, fishing-net parts, during deg- lutition. The larynx is elongated into a tubular extension, the laryngeal spout, that transverses the digestive tract into the nasal cavity, where it remains in the erect position during deglutition (Fig. 1). This position of the larynx provides a direct conduit for inspired air from the blowhole and nasal cavity to the larynx, trachea, and lungs, while the food is swallowed through wide food channels lateral to the larynx (Reidenberg and Laitman 1987), and not over it as in terrestrial mammals. As larynx strangulation with gill-net parts has not yet been described within the cetacean pathology, our goal is to present pathological findings and hypothesizes on the pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of a long-term project to investigate marine mammal strandings, 120 bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) carcasses found in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea were examined from 1990 to March 2008. Postmortem examinations included determination of species, sex, body mass, external measurements, and a pathoanatomical dissection according to a standard protocol (based on Kuiken and ı Garc´a Hartmann 1991). The depth of blubber was measured at fixed positions. 394 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009 Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the larynx position in the bottlenose dolphin: (A) blowhole, (B) laryngeal spout, (C) larynx, (D) trachea, (E) esophagus. In animals with signs of larynx strangulation with gill-net parts, the finding was examined macroscopically and photographed; both the larynx and pharynx were dissected. The wet specimens are stored permanently in 4% formalin at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. Necropsy protocols of all 120 examined bottlenose dolphin carcasses were reviewed and data on animals found with gill-net parts in the stomach were analyzed. Teeth sections were prepared according to Slooten (1991) and the age was estimated by counting growth layer groups (GLGs) according to Hohn et al. (1989). RESULTS Animals Affected by Larynx Strangulation and/or Ingested Gill-Net Parts In 12 bottlenose dolphins (10%), the larynx was strangulated with a gill-net part. Four of them also had gill-net parts in their forestomachs. An additional eight animals had gill-net parts in their forestomach, but no signs of larynx strangulation. The gill-net parts in the forestomachs ranged in number from one to 13, and in size from 20 × 20 cm to 80 × 90 cm. A majority of the gill-net parts were made of cotton, with the mesh size ranging from 20 to 40 mm. All animals affected either by larynx strangulation or by ingestion of gill-net parts were older than 7 yr and a majority were older than 17 yr (Fig. 2, Supporting Table S1). The affected animals were found throughout the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 3) during the whole year (Supporting Table S1). Larynx Strangulation A fishing-net part hanging from the mouth (Fig. 4) was the first indication of larynx strangulation in the examined animals. In two of the affected animals (No. 141 and 170) no net was present. When present, the fishing-net part originated from gill nets made of cotton or nylon with a string thickness of 0.3–0.5 mm and net mesh size of 30 or 40 mm. In some cases the gill-net part was a combination of nylon and D ˇ ´ - URAS GOMERCIC ET AL.: LARYNX STRANGULATION IN TURSIOPS 395 Figure 2. Percentage of bottlenose dolphins affected by larynx strangulation and/or ingested gill-net parts in each age group. Here, N represents the total number of examined animals in each age group for whom age determination was possible. Figure 3. Geographic location of findings of dead bottlenose dolphins with larynx stran- gulation in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. cotton, which is often the result of damaged net patching. Multispecies, small-scale commercial and private fisheries use such gill nets set at different depths year round throughout the eastern Adriatic Sea. The gill-net part causing larynx strangulation was usually in the form of an interweaved cord encircling the dorsolateral wall of the laryngeal spout and forming a U. In some cases, the left and right strips of the U were hanging as two separate strips in front of the larynx. More often, these two strips intertwined oral to the laryngeal spout and formed a unique cord with a length of 30 cm to 1 m hanging out of the mouth. The gill-net part encircled the basal 396 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009 Figure 4. Gill-net part causing larynx strangulation and protruding from the mouth of a bottlenose dolphin. part of the laryngeal spout, whereas the top of the spout was affected only in dolphin No. 136. The gill-net part caused mucosal injury but was not overgrown and could be removed from the region without any tissue damage. The nylon net meshes were ingrown in the surrounding pharyngeal mucosa only in dolphin No. 36. The larynx of all affected animals showed at least one of the following pathological changes: edema, mucosal injury, and hypergranulation. The mildest changes (Fig. 5B) were found in dolphins No. 80 and 112. In these animals, the fishing-net part caused a lesion in the form of a shallow (ca. 2 mm) semicircular groove, up to 5 mm wide, in the mucosa and submucosa of the dorsal wall at the laryngeal spout base. A strong edema affected the laryngeal spout, especially the top, and the surrounding pharynx. In dolphin No. 102, the edema was accompanied by strong hypergranulation stretching from the injury at the base of the laryngeal spout to its top; the mucosal injury was up to 1.5 cm deep (Fig. 5C). The most severe lesions were found in half of the affected animals. In these ani- mals, the top of the laryngeal spout was edematous and there was hypergranulation surrounding the mucosal injury. The mucosal injury was in the form of a deep semi- circular groove penetrating all mucosal layers with the larynx cartilages protruding at the bottom of the groove (dolphins No. 36, 66, 136) or there was even a dorsolateral opening into the laryngeal lumen (dolphins No. 39, 141, 171) (Fig. 5D). As already stated, in dolphin No. 136 the gill-net part, just one mesh string, was encircling only the top of the laryngeal spout and not the base as in other affected animals. In dolphins No. 105 and 170, the deep semicircular groove penetrated all mucosal layers, but no hypergranulation was present (Fig. 5E). D ˇ ´ - URAS GOMERCIC ET AL.: LARYNX STRANGULATION IN TURSIOPS 397 Figure 5. Healthy bottlenose dolphin larynx (A). Different cases of larynx injuries caused by gill-net strangulation: edema, shallow mucosal, and submucosal injury (B); edema, shallow broader mucosal and submucosal injury, and hypergranulation (C); edema, hypergranulation, and arrow showing open laryngeal lumen (D); edema, dorsolaterally open laryngeal lumen, without hypergranulation (E). Other Pathological Findings in Dolphins Affected by Larynx Strangulations The other most common pathological conditions were found on lungs. Diffuse pneumonia was determined in three animals (No. 66, 80, 102); while in dolphin 398 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009 No. 112 a ruptured cavern was found on the right lung causing pyothorax and death. Strong infestation by Anisakis simplex was found in two dolphins (No. 80 and 136) followed by heavy forestomach ulceration in dolphin No. 80. Another heavy forestomach and esophageal ulceration was found in dolphin No. 170, but with no evidence of parasites. Arthritis was found in the occipital joint of dolphin No. 80 and in the left shoulder of dolphin No. 141. Other pathological conditions observed only in a single animal are listed in Supporting Table S1. The teeth of six dolphins were heavily worn down; one animal (No. 80) had partly broken and partly missing teeth. Reduced blubber thickness was observed in three dolphins (No. 39, 136, and 170). Although cachectic, dolphin No. 39 had food remains in its forestomach (Supporting Table S1). In dolphin No. 148, the fishing net surrounding the larynx was the only proof of larynx strangulation; other pathological changes could not be determined due to the advanced decomposition of the carcass. DISCUSSION The most probable scenario leading to larynx strangulation is that dolphins tear off a part of the gill net while feeding on fish entangled in the fishing nets. Sometimes the torn gill-net part gets swallowed completely together with prey and no larynx strangulation occurs. This is supported by findings of dolphins with gill-net parts in their forestomachs, but without larynx strangulation (Fig. 2). However, the torn gill-net part might only partly pass into the esophagus during the swallowing of the prey while the rest of it hangs through the pharynx and the oral cavity out of the mouth (the hanging part can be as long as 1 m). Such gill-net parts cannot be sucked into the oral cavity and swallowed completely. A partially swallowed gill-net part causes muscular actions of the pharynx inducing regurgitation. This muscular action brings the swallowed part of the gill net out of the esophagus and into the pharynx. The subsequent events are probably crucial for strangulation to occur. When regurgitating, the pharyngeal muscular action might direct the swallowed part into the same lateral food channel where the hanging part lies; then the gill-net part can slip out from the oral cavity with no consequences for the animal. On the other hand, if the swallowed part is directed into the opposite food channel, it will encircle the laryngeal spout and protrude from the mouth. In most cases the two ends of the gill-net part hanging from the mouth will tangle up into a unique cord. During swimming the long cord hanging from the mouth is pulled backward, which makes the part encircling the laryngeal spout move forward and rub the dorsolateral wall. The result of this action is the penetration of the net into the wall of the laryngeal spout causing semicircular injuries. The severity of the pathological changes experienced by the laryngeal spout reflects the time interval between the moment of larynx strangulation and the moment of the death of the animal. In dolphins with mild changes (shallow mucosal injuries with strong edema) the time interval was presumably the shortest. If the time interval is longer, the stimulus of rubbing the dorsolateral wall of the laryngeal spout is present over a longer period causing severe hypergranulation around the mucosal injury. The gill- net part encircling the laryngeal spout cannot be overgrown because it shifts as the animal moves. The shifting gill-net part does not allow the mucosa to regenerate. It penetrates increasingly deeper into the laryngeal wall making it thinner and thinner, until all the layers are penetrated and the lumen of larynx is opened. If the affected animal does not die due to some other cause, it will most probably reach this stage of D ˇ ´ - URAS GOMERCIC ET AL.: LARYNX STRANGULATION IN TURSIOPS 399 larynx strangulation. Nevertheless, its overall health condition is debilitated because the strong edema aggravates respiration while the injuries of the laryngeal spout wall make the respiratory system vulnerable to aspiration of foreign bodies. In animals with severe injuries but no signs of hypergranulation, the lesions occur rapidly. We presume that this pathological change develops because of an extremely vigorous pulling of the gill-net part hanging from the mouth. It might be a consequence of a dolphin partially swallowing a gill net without tearing a piece of it off in the first place and then trying to free itself with forceful jerks. We presume this kind of lesion causes death very quickly because no signs of injury reparation, that is, hypergranulation, are found. Still, larynx strangulation does not seem to cause sudden death frequently as the majority of the affected animals had chronic larynx strangulation reflected in hypergranulation. The pathological findings determined in the affected animals are inconclusive regarding the effect of the larynx strangulation on other organ systems. Larynx strangulation might interfere with the dolphin's ability to feed, as three affected animals had reduced blubber thickness (Supporting Table S1). Nonetheless, in most cases, larynx strangulation does not prevent subsequent feeding, as half of affected animals had food remains in their forestomachs and a majority of them were not cachectic. Interaction of cetaceans with fishing nets as part of their feeding strategy is a well- known behavior. Bottlenose dolphins biting and damaging nets and forming small ı o holes on fish farm cages were observed off Sardinia (D´az L´ pez 2006a). We presume that feeding on fish from gill nets is not an inborn behavior in bottlenose dolphins, and that it is instead learned from other conspecifics. This is supported by the estimated age distribution of the affected animals (all animals were older than 7 yr) (Fig. 2). The residency of the animals in the region where such fishing gear is used is probably contributing to a common use of this feeding strategy. Namely, the bottlenose dolphin is the only resident cetacean species in the Adriatic Sea (Gomerˇ i´ and cc Huber 1989, Gomerˇ i´ et al. 1998, Galov et al. 2008) where identifiable bottlenose cc - dolphins also show a degree of residence in certain areas (Bearzi et al. 1999, Duras Gomerˇ i´ et al. 2003). A study made off the coast of Sardinia confirms that when cc gill nets are present, there is regular, year-round interaction between bottlenose ı o dolphins and fisheries (D´az L´ pez 2006b). Fish entangled in gill nets present a source of concentrated prey all year round and are probably the only feeding source for animals with reduced hunting ability, as a large number of affected animals had problems within the feeding apparatus, for example, worn teeth (see teeth condition, Supporting Table S1). The examined carcasses of other cetacean species did not show signs of larynx strangulation (Gomerˇ i´ et al. 2002); therefore, we conclude that larynx strangula- cc tion with gill-net parts is a pathology restricted to the bottlenose dolphin species inhabiting coastal areas of eastern Adriatic Sea where small-scale commercial and private fisheries that use gill nets are predominant. Our results also indicate that larynx strangulations are found only in adult animals, that is, animals that acquired the feeding behavior of taking fish from gill nets; and appear more often in animals with reduced ability to catch free-swimming prey. There are different measures proposed to reduce dolphin interactions with gill nets. Such measures involve reducing fishing seasons or regions (Murray et al. 2000), establishing marine protected areas free of gill-net fishing (Dawson and Slooten 1993), and gear modifications (Dawson 1991). All the options for mitigating the 400 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009 problem of dolphin larynx strangulation should be explored through controlled field tests. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS e We would like to thank N´ lio B. Barros and Paul D. Jepson for valuable comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. This research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport of Republic of Croatia (Project No. 0053317) and Gesellschaft zur Rettung der Delphine, Munich, Germany with annual permits of Croatian authorities. LITERATURE CITED BEARZI, G., E. POLITI AND G. NOTARBARTOLO DI SCIARA. 1999. Diurnal behavior of free- c ranging bottlenose dolphins in the Kvarneri´ (Northern Adriatic Sea). Marine Mammal Science 15:1065–1097. DAWSON, S. 1991. Modifying gillnets to reduce entanglement of cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 7:274–282. DAWSON, S., AND E. SLOOTEN. 1993. Conservation of Hector's dolphin: The case and process which led to establishment of the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3:207–221. ´ D´AZ LOPEZ, B. 2006a. Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) predation on a marine fin fish I farm: Some underwater observations. Aquatic Mammals 32:305–310. ´ D´AZ LOPEZ, B. 2006b. Interactions between Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops I truncatus) and gillnets off Sardinia, Italy. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:946–951. - URAS GOMERCIC, M., T. GOMERCIC, H. LUCIC, H. GOMERCIC, D. SKRTIC, S. CURKOVIC AND D ˇ ´ ˇ ´ ´ ˇ ´ ˇ ´ ´ ´ ´ S. VUKOVIC. 2003. Abundance and distribution of whale species (Order: Cetacea) in the area of Zadar. Pages 254–255 in V. Besendorfer and N. Kopjar, eds. Proceed- ings of Abstracts of 8th Croatian Biological Congress. Hrvatsko bioloˇko druˇtvo s s 1885, Zagreb. Available from http://www.vef.hr/dolphins/radovi/kongresHBD2003/ gomercic%20duras%202003,%20HBD%208.pdf (accessed 5 October 2008). FERTL, D., AND S. LEATHERWOOD. 1997. Cetacean interactions with trawls: A preliminary review. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 22:219–248. ˇ GALOV, A., G. LAUC, N. NIKOLIC, Z. SATOVIC, T. GOMERCIC, M. - URAS GOMERCIC, ´ ´ ˇ ´ D ˇ ´ ˇ ˇ ´ I. KOCIJAN, B. SEOL AND H. GOMERCIC. 2008. Records and genetic diversity of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. JMBA2 Biodiversity Records 1:1–6. Available from http://www.mba.ac.uk/jmba/ jmba2biodiversityrecords.php (accessed 5 October 2008). ˇ ´ GOMERCIC, H., AND D. HUBER. 1989. Research and conservation of marine mammals of the Adriatic Sea. (In Croatian). Page 19 in P. Grgi´ , ed. Plenarni referati I izvodi saopˇtenja c s ˇ s c Cetvrte konferencije o zaˇtiti Jadrana. Savjet Republiˇ ke konferencije SSRNBiH za s ˇ ˇ s zaˇtitu covjekove okoline I Organizacioni odbor Cetvrte konferencije o zaˇtiti Jadrana, Neum. Available from http://www.vef.hr/dolphins/radovi/pdf/gomercic%20huber% 201989,%20morski%20sisavci%20jadrana,%20neum.pdf (accessed 5 October 2008). GOMERCIC, H., - . HUBER, T. GOMERCIC, H. LUCIC, D. MIHELIC AND M. - URAS. 1998. ˇ ´ D ˇ ´ ´ ´ D Estimation of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population in the Croat- ian part of the Adriatic Sea. Report conducted for the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. (UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan) and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 48 pp. Available from http://mavef.vef.hr/∼gomercic/dolphin/ (accessed 5 October 2008). ˇ ´ ´ ˇ ´ GOMERCIC, H., M. CURAS, H. LUCIC, T. GOMERCIC, C. HUBER, D. CKRTIC, S. CURKOVIC, A. GALOV AND S. VUKOVIC. 2002. Cetacean mortality in Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea in period from 1990 till February 2002. Page 42 in Abstracts of Proceedings of the 9th D ˇ ´ - URAS GOMERCIC ET AL.: LARYNX STRANGULATION IN TURSIOPS 401 International Congress on the zoogeography and ecology of the Greece and adjacent regions. The Hellenic Zoological Society, Thessaloniki, Greece. Available from http:// www.vef.hr/dolphins/radovi/kongres2002/gomercic%202002,%20grcka,%20mortality. pdf (accessed 5 October 2008). GORZELANY, J. F. 1998. Unusual deaths of two free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) related to ingestion of recreational fishing gear. Marine Mammal Science 14:614–617. HOHN, A. A., M. D. SCOTT, R. S. WELLS, J. C. SWEENEY AND A. B. IRVINE. 1989. Growth layers in teeth from known-age, free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 5:315–342. KUIKEN, T., AND M. GARC´A HARTMANN, EDS. 1991. Standard protocol for the basic post- I mortem examination and tissue sampling of small cetaceans. Pages 26–39 in Proceedings of the first ECS workshop on cetacean pathology: Dissection techniques and tissue sam- pling. ECS newsletter No. 17 (Special Issue), Leiden. MURRAY, K. T., A. READ AND A. SOLOW. 2000. The use of time/area closures to reduce bycatches of harbour porpoises: Lessons from the Gulf of Maine sink gillnet fishery. Journal of Cetacean Research Management 2:135–141. NORTHRIDGE, S. P. 1984. World review of interactions between marine mammals and fish- eries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 251. 190 pp. Available from http://www.fao.org/ docrep/003/x6860e/X6860e00.htm (accessed 5 October 2008). NORTHRIDGE, S. P. 2002. Fishing Industry, Effects of. Pages 442–446 in W. F. Perrin, B. ¨ Wursig and J. G. M. Thewissen, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. REIDENBERG, J. S., AND J. T. LAITMAN. 1987. Position of the larynx in Odontoceti (toothed whales). The Anatomical Record 218:98–106. SLOOTEN, E. 1991. Age, growth, and reproduction in Hector's dolphins. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1689–1700. Received: 6 May 2008 Accepted: 3 September 2008 SUPPORTING INFORMATION Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Table S1. Data on bottlenose dolphins from the Adriatic Sea affected by larynx strangulation with gill-net part.
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Tango Lace composed by W. A. Young - Digital Sheet Music
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"Shop-Eat-Surf is a great source for the most up to date information of what is going on in our industry. I always enjoy reading the articles and appreciate the effort from Tiffany and her team."- By Richard Woolcott, CEO and Founder, Volcom
As a retailer in the surf industry for the past 21 years, I have had to use multiple sources to stay informed to the news within surf. Since the inception of the Executive Edition of Shop-Eat-Surf.com, I need only one stop. Thanks for providing such a valuable tool to all of us in the industry. Shop-Eat-Surf is a must read for all of our staff at Maui Nix.- By George Karamitos, CEO, Maui Nix
ISPO: Shanghai trade show runs July 2 - 4.
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Details on Industry Insight.
Washington, November 21, 2011 – As online shopping continues to reach unprecedented levels, retailers plan to emphasize value and savings to their shoppers all holiday season long. According to Shop.org's eHoliday Survey, conducted by BIGresearch, half (51.0%) of online retailers surveyed will offer promotions specifically on Thanksgiving Day and eight in 10 (78.4%) will have special promotions on Cyber Monday. Additionally, 92.2 percent of online merchants will offer special promotions at some point during the Thanksgiving weekend.
"As a direct result of increased demand, online retailers will offer hard-to-pass-up deals to shoppers all season long – before, on and after Cyber Monday," said Shop.org Executive Director Vicki Cantrell. "In addition to many free shipping promotions, there will be plenty of extra ways to save on Cyber Monday, including percentages off entire sites and online-only sales."
As one of the biggest online shopping days of the year, retailers' promotions on Cyber Monday will run the gamut. Most are planning to offer coupons/percent off deals (45.0%) and more than one-third (37.5%) will have limited-time promotions. Additionally, three in 10 (30.0%) will offer free standard shipping with conditions and 15.0 percent will feature a free gift with their purchase.
"Consumers have come to expect the absolute best online holiday deals on Cyber Monday," said BIGresearch Consumer Insights Director Pam Goodfellow. "Holiday shoppers love the idea of preparing for special online sales events as many begin scanning catalogs and retailers' websites days in advance, marking gift items for their family, friends, and even themselves."
Cyber Monday, a term coined by Shop.org in 2005, began after retailers noticed a trend of people shopping online on the Monday after Thanksgiving. Today, Cyber Monday is viewed as the online equivalent to Black Friday: the ceremonial kickoff to the online holiday shopping season when shoppers flood websites expecting robust promotions and many retailers highlight some of their most compelling online holiday offers.
Over Half of People with Internet at Work Will Shop at the Office
Holiday shoppers who find time is not on their side often shop online over their lunch hours at work or at the end of the business day. According to the survey, 58.4 percent of workers with Internet access, or 75.9 million people, will shop for holiday gifts from the office this year.
CyberMonday.com to Feature Deal of the Hour on Black Friday, Cyber Monday
Saving the best deals exclusively for Cyber Monday, online retailers will utilize CyberMonday.com starting at midnight on November 28 to promote special Deals of the Hour, which highlight a different retail promotion every 60 minutes. Offers will include free shipping specials, dollars off, percentages off, and free gifts with purchase. More than 800 companies have come together again this year to feature their Cyber Monday deals in one place.
Eager online shoppers will have the opportunity to get the best of both worlds this year as CyberMonday.com will also feature a Deal of the Hour from popular retailers on Black Friday as well. Retailers participating in the Black Friday Deal of the Hour have already been announced. Cyber Monday Deals of the Hour will be released on Sunday, Nov. 28, when Shop.org releases information about the number of consumers who say they plan to shop online on Cyber Monday.
CyberMonday.com, powered by Cartera Commerce, was created by retailers as a one-stop shop for consumers looking for the best Cyber Monday promotions.
About the Surveys
The NRF 2011 Holiday Consumer Intentions and Actions Survey was designed to gauge consumer behavior and shopping trends related to the winter holidays. The survey polled 8,502 consumers and was conducted for NRF by BIGresearch from November 1-8, 2011. The consumer poll has a margin of error of plus or minus 1.0 percent.
The eHoliday Study, now in its tenth year, provides an authoritative snapshot of the holiday activities of both large and small online retailers, many of which have been in business for at least ten years, and also includes the sentiments of online holiday shoppers. The Study, conducted by BIGresearch for Shop.org, surveyed 1,685 online holiday shoppers from September 19 – October 7, 2011 and 51 online retailers from September 22 – October 14, 2011.
BIGresearch® consumer intelligence provides analysis of behavior in areas of products and services, retail, financial services, automotive and media. The Consumer Intentions and Actions® Survey (CIA®) of 8,000+ respondents is conducted monthly and the Simultaneous Media Usage® Survey (SIMM®) of 15,000+ respondents is conducted semi-annually.
Shop.org, a division of the National Retail Federation, is the world's leading membership community for digital retail. Founded in 1996, Shop.org's 600 members include the 10 largest retailers in the U.S. and more than 60 percent of the Internet Retailer Top 100 E-Retailers. It's where the best retail minds come together to gain the insight, knowledge and intelligence to make smarter, more informed decisions in the evolving world of the Internet and multichannel retailing. Shop.org programs and activities include benchmarking research, events and networking communities.