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I've been programming in IDL for a couple of decades. How did I not know about this bizarre behavior of its random number generator?
Apparently, this is something people know about, but somehow I'd missed it for all this time.
I've been programming in IDL for a couple of decades. How did I not know about this bizarre behavior of its random number generator?
Apparently, this is something people know about, but somehow I'd missed it for all this time.
I'm a little late getting to this, but in case you haven't heard about it, here it is.
A journalist named John Bohannon did a stunt recently in which he and some coauthors "published" a "study" that "showed" that chocolate caused weight loss. (The reasons for the scare quotes will become apparent.) The work was picked up by a bunch of news outlets. Bohannon wrote about the whole thing on io9. It's also been picked up in a bunch of other places, including the BBC radio program More or Less (which I've mentioned before a few times).
The idea was to do a study that was shoddy in precisely the ways that many "real" studies are, get it published in a low-quality journal, and see if they could get it picked up by credulous journalists.
My colleagues and I recruited actual human subjects in Germany. We ran an actual clinical trial, with subjects randomly assigned to different diet regimes. And the statistically significant benefits of chocolate that we reported are based on the actual data. It was, in fact, a fairly typical study for the field of diet research. Which is to say: It was terrible science. The results are meaningless, and the health claims that the media blasted out to millions of people around the world are utterly unfounded.
There is an interesting question of journalistic ethics here. Bohannon calls himself a journalist, but he deliberately introduced bad science into the mediasphere with the specific intent of deception. Is it OK for a journalist to do that, if his motives are pure? I don't know.
I don't want to focus on that sort of issue, because I don't have anything non-obvious to say. Instead, I want to dig a bit into the details of what Bohannon et al. did. Although Bohannon's io9 post is well worth reading and gets the big picture largerly right, it's wrong or misleading in a few ways, which happen to be the sort of thing I care about.
Bohannon et al. recruited a group of subjects and divided them into three groups: a control group, a group that was put on a low-carb diet, and a group that was put on a low-carb diet but also told to eat a certain amount of chocolate each day. The chocolate group lost weight faster than the other groups. The result was "statistically significant," in the usual meaning of that term — the p-value was below 0.05.
So what was wrong with this study? As Bohannon explains it in his io9 post,
Here's a dirty little science secret: If you measure a large number of things about a small number of people, you are almost guaranteed to get a "statistically significant" result. Our study included 18 different measurements—weight, cholesterol, sodium, blood protein levels, sleep quality, well-being, etc.—from 15 people. (One subject was dropped.) That study design is a recipe for false positives.
The conventional cutoff for being "significant" is 0.05, which means that there is just a 5 percent chance that your result is a random fluctuation. The more lottery tickets, the better your chances of getting a false positive. So how many tickets do you need to buy?
P(winning) = 1 – (1 – p)n
With our 18 measurements, we had a 60% chance of getting some"significant" result with p < 0.05. (The measurements weren't independent, so it could be even higher.) The game was stacked in our favor.
It's called p-hacking—fiddling with your experimental design and data to push p under 0.05—and it's a big problem. Most scientists are honest and do it unconsciously. They get negative results, convince themselves they goofed, and repeat the experiment until it "works." Or they drop "outlier" data points.
Sadly, even in this piece, whose purpose is to debunk bad statistics, Bohannon repeats the usual incredibly common error. A p-value of 0.05 does not mean that "there is just a 5 percent chance that your result is a random fluctuation." It means that, if you assume that nothing but random fluctuations are at work, there's a 5% chance of getting results as extreme as you did. A (frequentist) p-value is incapable of telling you anything about the probability of any given hypothesis (such as "your result is a random fluctuation").
One other quibble: the parenthetical remark about the measurements not being independent is literally true but misleading. The fact that the measurements aren't independent means that the probability of a false positive "could be even higher", but it could also be lower. In fact, the latter seems more likely to me. (The probability goes down if the measurements are positively correlated with each other, and up if they're anticorrelated.)
The other thing that's worth focusing on is the number of subjects in the study, which was incredibly small (15 across all three groups). Bohannon suggests (in the first sentence quoted above) that this is part of the reason they got a false positive, and other pieces I've read on this say the same thing. But it's not true. The reason they got a false positive was p-hacking (buying many lottery tickets), which would have worked just as well with a larger number of subjects. If you had more subjects, the random fluctuations would have gotten smaller, but the level of fluctuation required for statistical "significance" would have gone down as well. By definition, the odds of any one "lottery ticket" winning is 5%, whether you have a lot of subjects or a few.
It's true that with fewer subjects the effect size (i.e., the number of extra pounds lost, on average) is likely to be larger, but the published article went to great lengths to downplay the effect size (e.g., not mentioning it in the abstract, which is often all anyone reads).
Let me repeat that I think that Bohannon's description of what he did is well worth reading and has a lot that's right at the macro-scale, even though I wish that he'd gotten the above details right.
In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman, Richard Feynman tells a story of sitting in on a philosophy seminar and being asked by the instructor whether he thought that an electron was an "essential object."
Well, now I was in trouble. I admitted that I hadn't read the book, so I had no idea of what Whitehead meant by the phrase; I had only come to watch. "But," I said, "I'll try to answer the professor's question if you will first answer a question from me, so I can have a better idea of what 'essential object' means. Is a brick an essential object?"
What I had intended to do was to find out whether they thought theoretical constructs were essential objects. The electron is a theory that we use; it is so useful in understanding the way nature works that we can almost call it real. I wanted to make the idea of a theory clear by analogy. In the case of the brick, my next question was going to be, "What about the inside of the brick?"–and I would then point out that no one has ever seen the inside of a brick. Every time you break the brick, you only see the surface. That the brick has an inside is a simple theory which helps us understand things better. The theory of electrons is analogous. So I began by asking, "Is a brick an essential object?"
The way he tells the story (which, of course, need not be presumed to be 100% accurate), he never got to the followup question, because the philosophers got bogged down in an argument over the first question.
I was reminded of this when I read A Crisis at the Edge of Physics , by Adam Frank and Marcelo Gleiser, in tomorrow's New York Times. The article is a pretty good overview of some of the recent hand-wringing over certain areas of theoretical physics that seem, to some people, to be straying too far from experimental testability. (Frank and Gleiser mention a silly article by my old Ph.D. adviser that waxes particularly melodramatic on this subject.)
From the Times piece:
If a theory successfully explains what we can detect but does so by positing entities that we can't detect (like other universes or the hyperdimensional superstrings of string theory) then what is the status of these posited entities? Should we consider them as real as the verified particles of the standard model? How are scientific claims about them any different from any other untestable — but useful — explanations of reality?
These entities are, it seems to me, not fundamentally different from the inside of Feynman's brick, or from an electron for that matter. No one has ever seen an electron, or the inside of a brick, or the core of the Earth, for that matter. We believe that those things are real, because they're essential parts of a theory that we believe in. We believe in that theory because it makes a lot of successful predictions. If string theory or theories that predict a multiverse someday produce a rich set of confirmed predictions, then the entities contained on those theories will have as much claim to reality as electrons do.
Just to be clear, that hasn't happened yet, and it may never happen. But it's just wrong to say that these theories represent a fundamental retreat from the scientific method, just because they contain unobservable entities. (To be fair, Frank and Gleiser don't say this, but many other people do.) Most interesting theories contain unobservable entities!
I've been reading some news coverage about the now-retracted paper published in Science, which purported to show that voters' opinions on same-sex marriage could be altered by conversations with gay canvassers. Some of the things the senior author, Donald Green, said in one article struck me as very odd, from my perspective in the natural sciences. I wonder if the culture in political science is really that different?
Here's the first quote:
"It's a very delicate situation when a senior scholar makes a move to look at a junior scholar's data set," Dr. Green said. "This is his career, and if I reach in and grab it, it may seem like I'm boxing him out."
In case you don't have your scorecard handy, Dr. Green is the senior author of the paper. There's only one other author, a graduate student named Michael LaCour. LaCour did all of the actual work on the study (or at least he said he did — that's the point of the retraction).
In physics, it's bizarre to imagine that one of the two authors of a paper would feel any delicacy about asking to see the data the paper is based on. If a paper has many authors, then of course not every author will actually look at the data, but with only two authors, it would be extremely strange for one of them not to look. Is it really that different in political science?
Later in the same article, we find this:
Money seemed ample for the undertaking — and Dr. Green did not ask where exactly it was coming from.
"Michael said he had hundreds of thousands in grant money, and, yes, in retrospect, I could have asked about that," Dr. Green said. "But it's a delicate matter to ask another scholar the exact method through which they're paying for their work."
Delicacy again! This one is, if anything, even more incomprehensible to me. I can't imagine having my name on a paper presenting the results of research without knowing where the funding came from. For one thing, in my field the funding source is always acknowledged in the paper.
In both cases, Green is treating this as someone else's work that he has nothing do do with. If that were true, then asking to see the raw data would be presumptuous (although in my world asking about the funding source would not). But he's one of only two authors on the paper — it's (supposedly) his work too.
It seems to me that there are two possibilities:
I don't know which one is right.
I learned via Peter Coles of this list of ways that scientists try to spin results that don't reach the standard-but-arbitrary threshold of statistical significance. The compiler, Matthew Hankins, says
You don't need to play the significance testing game – there are better methods, like quoting the effect size with a confidence interval – but if you do, the rules are simple: the result is either significant or it isn't.
The following list is culled from peer-reviewed journal articles in which (a) the authors set themselves the threshold of 0.05 for significance, (b) failed to achieve that threshold value for p and (c) described it in such a way as to make it seem more interesting.
The list begins like this:
(barely) not statistically significant (p=0.052)
a barely detectable statistically significant difference (p=0.073)
a borderline significant trend (p=0.09)
a certain trend toward significance (p=0.08)
a clear tendency to significance (p=0.052)
a clear trend (p<0.09)
a clear, strong trend (p=0.09)
a considerable trend toward significance (p=0.069)
a decreasing trend (p=0.09)
a definite trend (p=0.08)
a distinct trend toward significance (p=0.07)
And goes on at considerable length.
Hankins doesn't provide sources for these, so I can't rule out the possibility that some are quoted out of context in a way that makes them sound worse than they are. Still, if you like snickering at statistical solecisms, snicker away.
I would like to note one quasi-serious point. The ones that talk about a "trend," and especially "a trend toward significance," are much worse than the ones that merely use language such as "marginally significant." In the latter case, the authors are merely acknowledging that the usual threshold for "significance" (p=0.05) is arbitrary. Hankins says that, having agreed to play the significance game, you have to follow its rules, but that seems like excessive pedantry to me. The "trend" language, on the other hand, suggests either a deep misunderstanding of how statistics work or an active attempt to mislead.
For example, "a trend towards significance" expresses non-significance as some sort of motion towards significance, which it isn't: there is no 'trend', in any direction, and nowhere for the trend to be 'towards'.
This is exactly right. The only thing a p-value does is tell you about the probability that results like the ones you saw could have occurred by chance. Under that hypothesis, a low p-value occurred due to a chance fluctuation and will (with high probability) revert to higher values if you gather more data.
The "trend" language suggests, either deliberately or accidentally, that the results are marching toward significance and will get there if only we can gather more data. But that's only true if the effect you're looking for is really there, which is precisely what we don't know yet. (If we knew that, we wouldn't need the data.) If it's not there, then there will be no trend; rather, you'll get regression to more typical (higher / less "significant") p-values.
Last week, Nature ran a piece under the headline Quantum physics: What is really real? I obnoxiously posted this on Facebook (because I'm too old and out of touch to be on any of the hipper social media sites):
I have now read the piece, and I can report that there's no need for a recantation. As expected, Nature is making grandiose claims about quantum mechanics and the nature of reality that go beyond anything supported by evidence.
Nature writes pretty much the same story every couple of years. The main idea behind all of these articles is the question of whether the quantum mechanical wavefunction describes the way a system really is or merely our knowledge of the system. In philosophy-of-science circles, these two points of view are sometimes known as the psi-ontic and psi-epistemic stances. More specifically, all three of these articles have to do with a theorem published (in one of the Nature journals) by Pusey et al. that claims to provide an experimental way of distinguishing between these possibilities. After Pusey et al. published this theoretical result, others went ahead and performed the proposed experimental tests, leading to the (claimed) conclusion that the wavefunction describes actual reality, not merely our knowledge.
You should of course be skeptical of any claim that an experimental result reveals something about the deep nature of reality. Sure enough, if you dig down just a little bit, it becomes clear that these results do no such thing. The Pusey et al. theorem proves that a certain class of psi-epistemic theories make predictions that differ from the predictions of standard quantum mechanics. The subsequent experiments confirmed the standard predictions, so they rule out that class of theories.
The problem is that ruling out a specific class of psi-epistemic theories is not the same thing as ruling out the psi-epistemic point of view as a whole. We now know that that class of theories is wrong, but that's all we know. To make matters worse, the class of theories ruled out by these experiments, as far as I can tell, does not contain any theories that any proponents of psi-epstemicism actually believe in. The theories they tested are straw men.
In particular, the most prominent proponents of the psi-epistemic point of view are the advocates of something called quantum Bayesianism (QBism). QBism is an interpretation of quantum mechanics, as opposed to an alternative theory — that is, it makes predictions that are identical to those of standard quantum mechanics. There is, therefore, no experimental result that would distinguish QBism from psi-ontic versions of quantum mechanics.
Not all psi-epistemicists are QBists, of course, but as far as I can tell even the others never advocated for any theories in the class considered by Pusey et al. If I'm wrong about that, I'd be interested to know.
The journal Basic and Applied Social Psychology has come out with a ban on p-values. To be precise, they've banned the "null hypothesis significance testing procedure" from articles published in the journal. This ban means that authors in the journal can't claim that an effect they see in their data is "statistically significant" in the usual way that we're all accustomed to reading.
Like all right-thinking people, I believe that the only coherent way to think about statistical questions is the Bayesian way, and that there are serious problems with the alternative "frequentist" approach. Moreover, the sort of (frequentist) significance testing banned by this journal can indeed lead to serious problems. It's a large part of the reason that a strong argument can be made that (at least in some scientific disciplines) most published research findings are false.
All of that suggests that I ought to applaud this decision, but at the risk of seeming disloyal to my fellow Bayesians, I don't. In fact, the journal editors' decision to impose this ban makes me trust the quality of the journal less than I otherwise would, not more.
I was pleased to see that my old friend Allen Downey, always a voice of sanity on matters of this sort, is of the same opinion. I won't rehash everything he says in his post, but I heartily endorse it.
The main thing to realize is that the techniques in question aren't actually wrong. On the contrary, they correctly answer the questions they're supposed to answer.
If your data allow you to reject the null hypothesis with a significance ("p-value") of 5%, that means that, if the null hypothesis were true, there'd be only a 5% chance of getting data that look like the data you actually got.
Some people — or so I've been told — labor under the misconception that the p-value tells you the probability that the null hypothesis is true, but it doesn't. I'm going to rehash the old story here; skip ahead if you've heard it before.
Suppose that a pregnancy test yields correct results 95% of the time. Pat takes the test, which comes out positive. That means that the "null hypothesis" that Pat is not pregnant can be ruled out with a significance (p-value) of 5%. But it does not mean that there's a 95% chance that Pat is pregnant. The probability that Pat is pregnant depends both on the result of the test and on any additional information you have about Pat — that is, the prior probability that Pat is pregnant. For example, if Pat is anatomically male, then the probability of pregnancy is zero, regardless of the test result.
Needless to say, Pat doesn't care about the p-value; Pat cares about whether Pat is pregnant. The p-value is not wrong; it's just uninteresting. As I've said before, this can be summarized with a convenient Venn diagram:
So if p-values are uninteresting, why shouldn't the journal ban them?
The main reason is because they can be an ingredient in drawing useful conclusions. You can combine the p-value with your prior knowledge to get an answer to the question you're actually interested in ("How likely is the hypothesis to be true?"). Just because the p-value doesn't directly answer Pat's question about whether she's pregnant, that doesn't mean that it's not valid and useful information about the reliability of the pregnancy test, which she can (and should) use in drawing conclusions.
As far as I can tell, the argument in favor of banning p-values is that people sometimes misinterpret them, but that's a weak argument for a ban. It's worth distinguishing two possibilities here:
The editorial describing the reasons for the ban states, incorrectly, that the banned technique is "invalid." Moreover, the perceived need for a ban seems to me to arise from the editors' lack of confidence in their own ability to weed out good statistics from bad. That's why I say that, although I have no great love for p-values, this ban reduces my willingness to trust any results published in this journal.
Yesterday's New York Times Sunday Review section contains one of the most gloriously silly pieces of science journalism I've seen in a while.
The main point of the article, which is by the science historian Naomi Oreskes and is headlined "Playing Dumb on Climate Change," is that the 95% confidence threshold that's commonly used as the requirement for "statistical significance" is too high. That's right — in a world in which there's strong reason to believe that most published research findings are false (in biomedical research), Oreskes thinks that the main problem we need to address is that scientists are too shy and retiring when it comes to promoting marginal results.
The truth, of course, is precisely the opposite. To quote from a good Nature article on this stuff from last year (which I wrote about back in February),
The irony is that when UK statistician Ronald Fisher introduced the P value in the 1920s, he did not mean it to be a definitive test. He intended it simply as an informal way to judge whether evidence was significant in the old-fashioned sense: worthy of a second look.
In case anyone doesn't know, what both the Times article and I referred to as "95% confidence" is the same thing as what statisticians call a P-value of 5%.
Fisher, not surprisingly, had this exactly right. A "95% confidence" result is merely a hint that something interesting might be going on. It's far from definitive evidence. And yet scientists and journalists routinely report these results as if they were virtual certainties. Oreskes's proposal to lower that threshold is precisely the opposite of what we should do.
In the course of arguing for this position, Oreskes repeats a common misconception about P-values:
Typically, scientists apply a 95 percent confidence limit, meaning that they will accept a causal claim only if they can show that the odds of the relationship's occurring by chance are no more than one in 20. But it also means that if there's more than even a scant 5 percent possibility that an event occurred by chance, scientists will reject the causal claim. It's like not gambling in Las Vegas even though you had a nearly 95 percent chance of winning.
A 95% confidence result (P < 5%) certainly does not mean that there's a 5% probability that the event occurred by chance. It means that, if we assume that there is no causal link, then there's a 5% chance of seeing results as extreme as the ones we found.
That distinction (which I've written about before) may sound like nitpicking, but it's extremely important. Suppose that a pregnancy test is guaranteed to be 95% accurate. If I take that pregnancy test and get a positive result, It does not mean that there's a 95% chance that I'm pregnant. Because there was a very low prior probability of my being pregnant (among other reasons, because I'm male), I'd be quite confident that that test result was a false positive.
When scientists quote P-values, they're like the 95% accuracy quoted for the pregnancy test: both are probabilities of getting a given outcome (positive test result), assuming a given hypothesis (I'm pregnant). Oreskes (like all too many others) turns this into a statement about the probability of the hypothesis being true. You can't do that without folding in information about the hypothesis's prior probability (I'm unlikely to be pregnant, test or no test).
This is one reason that 95%-confidence results aren't nearly as certain as people seem to think. Lots of scientific hypotheses are a priori not very likely, so even a 95%-confidence confirmation of them doesn't mean all that much. Other phenomena, such as P-hacking and publication bias, mean that even fewer 95%-confidence results are true than you'd expect.
Oreskes says that scientists "practice a form of self-denial, denying themselves the right to believe anything that has not passed very high intellectual hurdles," a description I'm happy to agree with, as an aspiration if not always a reality. Where she loses me is in suggesting that this is a bad thing.
She also claims that this posture of extreme skepticism is due to scientists' fervent desire to distinguish their beliefs from religious beliefs. It's possible that the latter claim could be justified (Oreskes is a historian of science, after all), but there's not a hint of evidence or argument to support it in this article.
Oreskes's article is misleading in another way:
We've all heard the slogan "correlation is not causation," but that's a misleading way to think about the issue. It would be better to say that correlation is not necessarily causation, because we need to rule out the possibility that we are just observing a coincidence.
This is at best a confusing way to think about the correlation-causation business, as it seems to suggest that the only two possibilities for explaining a correlation are coincidence and causation. This dichotomy is incorrect. There is a correlation between chocolate consumption and Nobel prizes. The correlation is not due to chance (the P-value is extremely low), but one cannot conclude that chocolate causes Nobel prizes (or vice versa).
Nature just published an opinion piece by George Ellis and Joe Silk warning that the "integrity of physics" is under threat from people who claim that physical theories should no longer require experimental verification. The article seems quite strange to me. It contains some well-argued points but mixes them with some muddled thinking. (This is a subject that seems to bring out this sort of thing.)
Although this article seems to me to be flawed, I have enormous respect for the authors, particularly for Joe Silk. Very, very far down the list of his accomplishments is supervising my Ph.D. research. I know from working with him that he is a phenomenal scientist.
I'll comment on a few specific subjects treated in the article.
The section on string theory is the best part of the article (by which I mean it's the part that I agree with most).
As is well known, string theory has become very popular among some theoretical physicists, despite the fact that it has no prospect of experimental test in the foreseeable future. Personally, I have a fair amount of sympathy with Silk and Ellis's view that this is an unhealthy situation.
Silk and Ellis use an article by the philosopher Richard Dawid to illustrate the point of view they disagree with. I'd never heard of this article, but it does seem to me to reflect the sorts of arguments that string theory partisans often make. Dawid seems to me to accept a bit uncritically some elements of string-theory boosterism, such as that it's the only possible theory that can unify gravity with quantum physics and that it is "structurally unique" — meaning that it reproduces known physics with no adjustable parameters.
Silk and Ellis:
Dawid argues that the veracity of string theory can be established through philosophical and probabilistic arguments about the research process. Citing Bayesian analysis, a statistical method for inferring the likelihood that an explanation fits a set of facts, Dawid equates confirmation with the increase of the probability that a theory is true or viable. But that increase of probability can be purely theoretical. Because "no-one has found a good alternative" and "theories without alternatives tended to be viable in the past", he reasons that string theory should be taken to be valid.
I don't think Dawid actually mentions Bayesian reasoning explicitly, but this does seem to be a fair characterization of his argument.
I have no problem in principle with the idea that a theory can be shown to be highly probable based only on theoretical arguments and consistency with past data. Suppose that someone did manage to show that string theory really did have "structural uniqueness" — that is, that the mathematics of the theory could be used to derive all of the parameters of the standard model of particle physics (masses of all the elementary particles, strengths of their interactions, etc.) with no adjustable parameters. That would be overwhelming evidence that string theory was correct, even if the theory never made a novel prediction. That hasn't happened, and I don't see evidence that it's likely to happen, but it's a logical possibility.
The last sentence of the above quote is a good reason for skepticism. In your Bayesian reasoning, you should give significant prior weight to the possibility that we simply haven't thought of the right approach yet. So although "This is the only viable approach we've thought of" does constitute some evidence in favor of the theory, it provides less evidence than some string theorists seem to think.
So in the end I agree with Silk and Ellis that string theory should be regarded with great skepticism, although I'm not entirely in accord with their reasons.
Silk and Ellis are quite unhappy with theories in which our observable Universe is just part of a much larger multiverse, and particularly with the sort of anthropic reasoning that's often combined with multiverse theories. They claim that this sort of reasoning is anti-scientific because it doesn't satisfy Karl Popper's falsifiability criterion. This is a weak line of argument, as there are lots of reasons to regard Popperian falsifiability as too blunt an instrument to characterize scientific reasoning.
Silk and Ellis use an essay by Sean Carroll as their exemplar of the dangers of this sort of reasoning:
Earlier this year, championing the multiverse and the many-worlds hypothesis, Carroll dismissed Popper's falsifiability criterion as a "blunt instrument". He offered two other requirements: a scientific theory should be "definite" and "empirical". By definite, Carroll means that the theory says "something clear and unambiguous about how reality functions". By empirical, he agrees with the customary definition that a theory should be judged a success or failure by its ability to explain the data.
He argues that inaccessible domains can have a "dramatic effect" in our cosmic back-yard, explaining why the cosmological constant is so small in the part we see. But in multiverse theory, that explanation could be given no matter what astronomers observe. All possible combinations of cosmological parameters would exist somewhere, and the theory has many variables that can be tweaked.
The last couple of sentences are quite unfair. The idea behind these anthropic multiverse theories is that they predict that some outcomes are far more common than others. When we observe a particular feature of our Universe, we can ask whether that feature is common or uncommon in the multiverse. If it's common, then the theory had a high probability of producing this outcome; if it's uncommon, the probability is low. In terms of Bayesian reasoning (or as I like to call it, "reasoning"), the observation would then provide evidence for or against the theory.
Now you can argue that this is a bad approach in various ways. To take the most obvious line of attack, you can argue that in any particular theory the people doing the calculations have done them wrong. (Something called the "measure problem" may mean that the ways people are calculating the probabilities are incorrect, and there are other possible objections.) But those objections have nothing to do with the supposed looming menace of anti-empiricism. If you make such an argument, you're saying that the theory under discussion is wrong, not that it's unempirical. In other words, if that's the problem you're worried about, then you're having a "normal" scientific argument, not defending the very nature of science itself.
This is just a little thing that irked me.
Silk and Ellis:
The many-worlds theory of quantum reality posed by physicist Hugh Everett is the ultimate quantum multiverse, where quantum probabilities affect the macroscopic. According to Everett, each of Schrödinger's famous cats, the dead and the live, poisoned or not in its closed box by random radioactive decays, is real in its own universe. Each time you make a choice, even one as mundane as whether to go left or right, an alternative universe pops out of the quantum vacuum to accommodate the other action.
Personally, I'm a fan of this interpretation of quantum mechanics. But as far as I know, everyone acknowledges that the Everett interpretation is "just" an interpretation, not a distinct physical theory. In other words, it's generally acknowledged that the question of whether to accept the Everett interpretation is outside the domain of science, precisely because the interpretation makes no distinct physical predictions. So it's disingenuous to cite this as an example of people dragging science away from empiricism.
At a liberal-arts college like the University of Richmond, students are encouraged (and even to some extent required) to pursue interests beyond their primary field of study. This does come with costs — our students do less advanced coursework in their discipline than a student who graduates from, say, a European university — but on balance I really like it.
In the past week, I've seen a couple examples of students in my department doing exciting, non-physics-related things.
On Sunday, I went to the Christmas service of lessons and carols at the University Chapel. Two student choirs, the Womens' Chorale and the mixed-gender Schola Cantorum, performed a beautiful and highly varied set of Christmas vocal music. About half a dozen students I've had in advanced physics classes (Isaac Rohrer, Joe Kelly, Grace Dawson, Kelsey Janik, Ed Chandler, and I'm pretty sure some more I'm forgetting) were among the performers.
Just this morning, there was a piece on our local public radio station about an interdisciplinary art / archaeology / ecology project in which they consider and modify the environment of a university parking lot in a variety of ways. One of the students interviewed in the piece, David Ricculli, is a physics major who worked in my lab. Another, Kelsey Janik, is not a physics major but has taken several of our advanced courses, as well as my first-year seminar, and is also one of the singers.
In past years, I've seen our physics students display art work in on-campus exhibitions, perform in a huge variety of theatrical and musical events, and present talks on topics like monetary policy in ancient Rome. I really enjoy seeing the range of things they can do.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
College of Science
State honors Northeastern youth outreach program
The Marine Science Center's outreach program designed to help underserved school-aged girls develop scientific inquiry and citizenship skills was honored Monday by the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs.
Four roommates. Four co-ops. Four job offers.
At Northeastern, an impressive 50 percent of graduates receive a job offer from a previous co-op employer. But in one Boston apartment, that number is a perfect 100 percent.
Biology hosts new NSF REU site
After two years of grant applications and months of planning, the Department of Biology is launching a Research Experience for Undergraduates program during the summers of 2015-2017.
Chemistry professor earns Young Investigator Award from ACS
by Emily Ashbolt, Biomedical Physics, 2017 For the past decade, Northeastern University Chemistry and Chemical Biology professor Penny Beuning has focused her research on cellular responses to DNA damage, specifically a family of DNA polymerases that deal with copying the damaged DNA. Her tireless work in this area of chemistry has earned her the Chemical Research […]
Several COS students added to "Huntington 100″ list
The 2015 "Huntington 100″ list has been announced.
When a gun is not a gun
In a recent op-ed in The New York Times, psychology professor Lisa Feldman Barrett explains "affective realism."
Using living boulders to reconstruct the history of ocean acidification
It is widely known that rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are making the oceans more acidic, but how much have the oceans changed since the Industrial Revolution, and what impacts are these changes having on creatures inhabiting the ocean? Associate Professor Justin Ries is looking to rock-forming 'coralline' algae to answer these questions.
From the book to the beach for middle school students
The Marine Science Center's outreach program offers a way for students to take what they're learning in the classroom and see it firsthand.
United by tragedy, defined by heroism
Chemistry major Shores Salter, who was recognized Thursday night at the Student Life Awards ceremony, reflects on the unbreakable bond he's formed with Roseann Sdoia, a Boston Marathon bombing victim whose life he helped to save.
Update: Beekeeping co-op student helps pen book
Noah Wilson-Rich and co-op student Kelly Allin, whom we first met last spring in an article in Northeastern Magazine, are celebrating publishing their book, "The Bee: A Natural History."


text:
Gifts For Men
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Wed 3rd December 2014


text:
Denver officers in line to get better safety gear
The mayor's 2008 budget proposal includes 488 kits to help protect cops responding to attacks or disasters.
By Christopher N. Osher
The Denver Post
In budget requests submitted this summer, police officials had said 1,200 personal protective equipment response kits in use were too old to work properly and asked for 1,050 new kits and two fit-testing machines at a cost of $611,250.
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Full story: Denver officers in line to get better safety gear
Recommended Mass Casualty Incidents
Police beefing up Fourth of July security over terrorism concerns
Video shows Colo. theater shooter acting oddly right after arrest
Colo. theater shooter: 'I took the blood that wasn't mine to take'
Join the discussion
PoliceOne top 5
- 1 10 secrets cops know that most people don't
- 2 Video: Ariz. shootout injures two cops, kills suspect
- 3 Video: Texas cops fatally shoot man who pulled replica
- 4 Video: Cops, medic, firefighters brawl at T-ball game
- 5 Former LA cop involved in OIS shares lessons on deadly force


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THE LOAFSeptember 14, 2014Bakery • San Sebastian, Spain
A great coffee joint complete with chemex, aero press and more.
A great coffee joint complete with chemex, aero press and more.
Beef cheeks, octopus and burrata with guacamole - yummmmm
Grab a quick espresso, sit outside and look at the more touristy place across the street with disdain
Thai steak salad or rare tuna salad - simple refreshing and hearty.
For brunch - go sharesies with the hash, chicken biscuit and chicken n waffles for a hearty meal for 4.
Loose spices and teas galore. Love getting dried peppers of various levels of hot by the ounce!
Get the horatcha (not horchata this is not a typo!) which is a huge taco the size of your face at the taco truck near the corner!
No better place to get an after work drink or have business meetings in a relaxed atmosphere.
Lunch special for the win. $10 for half sandwich and salad or soup. Fresh and tasty. Cash only!
Get here early on a weeknight (pre 7pm) to get a spot or shared drink booth area.
When you ask for spicy spicy spicy - they kindly oblige!!
Casual vibe. All about enjoying the beer - crazy draught list.
Avoid a crowd by heading over before noon on a Sunday. Full menu to stay or go.
Heirloom tomatoes all summer long.
Korean bar with a more "hip" or nighttime vibe - fun for a night out x hankering for Korean food x "going out" atmosphere.
Perfect for group drinks or parties on the roof top.
Sandos - duck was the meat of the hour and the all duck bahn mi was awesome. Local beer and ingredients (300 miles local) is local in a new way.
Neighborhood spot for French pastries - no frills here. Not what you'd expect for a French bakery - love the straightforward approach.
4 macarons in a gift box for $10. Awesome.


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SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 2 bed, 2 full bath. Desirable one-story living and tremendous storage Open design boasting chefs kitchen with impressivMore info
CONDOMINIUM UNIT: . The government sponsored agencies Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac own this property after foreclosing onMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 3 bed, 3 full bath.More info
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RAW LAND: . 2. 84 acres in Hwy 46 next to Fergusons between Hwy 278 and Bluffton Parkway. Ready to build on witMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 4 bed, 5 full bath, 1 half bath. Custom dream home on almost 2/3 of an acre in exclusive Hampton Hall! Over 4,800 sf with 4 bedroomsMore info
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SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Upgraded Wisteria Model located on private wooded home site. 3 Bedrooms, Den and 2 1/2 Baths. UpgraMore info
PATIO HOME: 2 bed, 2 full bath. L. L. L. Gorgeous Charleston Model with lagoon views and a desirable cul-de-sac location. Located wMore info


text:
Audio/comfort. 11,500 miles. Heated seats and grips. Dark grey. Never down. Always garaged. $16,750.More info Email a friend
2009 Yamaha VStar Classic 1100, excellent cond, gray w/flames, 4400 miles. Extras incl leather saddle bags, windshield, custom seat, engine guards, V&H pipes & cover. Runs great. $5,800 OBOMore info Email a friend


text:
Arizona Action Alert: Help Stop Executive Orders, Support HB2058 and HB2368
Arizona HB2368 and HB2058 withdraw state resources from the implementation of unilaterally-issued presidential executive orders and agency rules, respectively. The bills must pass successfully through the House Rules Committee before they can receive full votes in the state house. Take the following action steps to support these important bills.Details


text:
Unplugged Hostel Pocitos Reviews
- Info
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- Rates
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- Map & Directions
- |
- Reviews
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- Facilities
Reviews & Ratings Explained
The rating percentage is calculated from customers who booked within the last 12 months.
All ratings and reviews are based on the feedback and opinions of the customers who submitted them and do not express the opinions of Hostelworld.com. This way, you get an up-to-the-minute opinion of just how good a hostel really is.
Read our review guidelines »
Os banheiros poderiam ser mais limpos; Pouca opção para café da manhã.
- Novice Nomad
- Anonymous
- Brazil
- Female, 31-40
- (2 reviews)
staff could be more polite with guests and visitors, and give more info and promote more of the activities around the hostel and the city. also several lockers in the rooms are not big enough for most travelling baggage. everything else was pretty good.
- Novice Nomad
- Anonymous
- Mexico
- Male, 25-30
- (8 reviews)


text:
The Amazing Muscular Origami That Makes the Vagina So Stretchy
Human vaginas don't have the fantastical loops and blind alleys of a duck vagina, but they still have some pretty amazing shape-changing powers.
Human vaginas don't have the fantastical loops and blind alleys of a duck vagina, but they still have some pretty amazing shape-changing powers.
Several studies have suggested that men find women's faces more attractive when they're most fertile. But no one knows what signals the men are picking up on.
Who knew flu could cause a snafu down in men's precious two?
The male body keeps the count high with an assembly-line anatomy that scales up sperm development from a trickle to a flood.
It's normal for a penis to curve a little when it's erect, but Peyronie's disease pushes that curve to alarming extremes.
"It's turned green. Get your coat."
That's a portmanteau of sportsman, and pornstar, so y'know.
Southern dumpling squids aren't ones to hump and run.
Must try harder...
No more doctors blindly jabbing at patients' testes in attempt to locate the elusive swimmers.
it was only a matter of time before smartphones and wearables were combined into devices for more intimate activities. Perhaps it's an idea whose time has come: two companies have announced plans to release "sex trackers".
The skin-flick site is trying to raise £2.2 million on Indiegogo to fund the extraterrestrial sex film.
Apropos Bruce/Caitlyn Jenner etc.
Well there's a video so it definitely happened.
Good work on the name, guys.
It's not that lady glowworms are shy, they can't go looking for males. They have no wings.


text:
Persue a career in the arts.Quality education that's affordable more
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Texas Karate Academy teaches karate and martial arts in McAllen, Tx and surrounding cities more
White Tiger Tae Kwon Do is a registered member of the USA Tae Kwon Do Union, and is the only Olympic affi... more
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© 2015 Local Corporation - US Patent 7,231,405
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$12.79There is a renewed conversation about identity and mission in American Anglicanism today, based on the recognition that the church's context in the U.S. has dramatically changed. The legacies of establishment, benefactor approaches to mission, and the 'national church' ideal are no longer adequate for the challenges and opportunities facing the 21st century church. But if the Episcopal Church is
Missional Church in Perspective, The (The Missional Network)
Mapping Trends and Shaping the ConversationIn this book, two leading ministry experts place the missional church conversation in historical perspective and offer fresh insights for its further development. They begin by providing a helpful review of the genesis of the missional church and offering an insightful critique of the Gospel and Our Culture Network's seminal book Missional Church, which set the conversation in motion. They map the
The Bare Essentials of a Radical FaithAnabaptist Christians have been around for almost 500 years. But what does Anabaptism look like when not clothed in Mennonite or Amish traditions? Writing from Great Britain, Stuart Murray peels back the layers to reveal the core components of Anabaptismand what they mean for faith in his context and ours. Its a way of following Jesus that challenges, disturbs, and inspires us, summoning us to
Seek First the Kingdom: Challenging the Culture by Living Our Faith"A rallying cry for Catholic laity to live out the faith and challenge the culture from one of the keenest thinkers in the Christian world. Christians of all denominations need this." -- Chuck Colson, Founder, Prison Fellowship and the Colson Center for Christian Worldview"Read this book if you are in need of hope...hope that God will give you what you need to be a faithful witness, and hope that
The Bishop or the King (Study Guide Edition)
How the Anglican Church of Canada Has Failed to Defend Its KingHow should we react when those whom we trust to teach faithful biblical Christianity fail us? As Christians what are we to do when the church embraces and blesses a false gospel? Where does loyalty lie—with the institution and its leaders or with Jesus, Head and King of His church? A former pastor in the Anglican Church of Canada describes how he and his congregation faced these daunting questions
11 Major Challenges to the Bible's AuthorityCan a thoughtful person today seriously believe that God wrote a book? There are an unprecedented number of sophisticated attacks on the origin, credibility, and reliability of the Bible. It can be difficult to know what to say when skepticism and secularism take over so many conversations. Additionally, confusion and doubt about the Bible being God's Word are becoming as common inside the church
$18.39Luke Timothy Johnson begins his study of the practical issue of how decisions are made in the church by admitting to a bias: that there ought to be a connection between what the church claims to be, and how it does things. Because the church claims to be a community of faith, it does not reach decisions simply on the basis of good management policy, or the analysis of market trends, or efficiency,
$39.19What does the history of Christian views of economic life mean for economic life in the twenty-first century? Here Daniel Finn reviews the insights provided by a large number of texts, from the Bible and the early church, to the Middle Ages and the Protestant Reformation, to treatments of the subject in the last century. Relying on both social science and theology, Finn then turns to the
New Church's Teaching Series (Book #10)In this volume of The New Church's Teaching Series, Harold T. Lewis surveys the teachings and witness of Anglicanism and the Episcopal Church concerning the Christian vision of a righteous social order, including the challenges of the new millennium. Beginning with the Bible's understandings of social justice, Lewis summarizes the Anglican witness of theologians like F. D. Maurice and William
Encountering Theology of Mission (Encountering Mission)
Biblical Foundations, Historical Developments, and Contemporary IssuesThis fresh, comprehensive text fills a need for an up-to-date theology of mission. It offers creative approaches to answering some of the most pressing questions in theology of mission and missionary practice today. The authors, who are leading mission experts, discuss biblical theology of mission, provide historical overviews of the development of various viewpoints, and address theologically
Journey & Promise of African American PreachIn many communities, both black megachurches and storefront congregations have been infected by a so-called prosperity gospel, far removed from the liberatory gospel that has been a mark of the black church since the earliest incarnation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and most celebrated in the preaching and oratory of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This book examines all these
Flourishing Churches and Communities: A Pentecostal Primer on Faith, Work, and Economics for Spirit-Empowered DiscipleshipPentecostal Christianity is just over a century old, and yet its impact in that time as an evangelistic force for Christ has been astonishing. One foundational scriptural understanding of the Pentecostal movement is that the Spirit empowers us to carry out the work of the gospel. Without a dependence on the work of the Spirit, we are mere humans.Dr. Self provides here a vivid picture of what it


text: We stayed in the Customs House apartment upstairs. Incredibly spacious and comfortable, with views over the village and the beach. A large curved couch was a comfortable perch to read or watch the flat screen TV. The kitchen area contained a microwave as well as a grill/bake oven and there was adequate crockery and cutlery, with the usual equipment, toaster,... More


text:
Safer, Higher-Capacity Batteries
Silver-zinc battery chemistry could replace lithium ion in laptops and other electronics–if such batteries can be made cheaply enough.
Spying On My Wife
Surveillance gizmos are a part of my life. What do they reveal?
Multilingual Mobile Messenger
A new tool for disaster alert.
Sony Stumbles, Microsoft Pounces in Console Wars
Sony's PlayStation 3, beset by problems, could make Microsoft's Xbox 360 the console of the future.
Not Lost in Translation
Computer programmers use statistics to convert Arabic and Mandarin Chinese texts into English.
Weaving Barrels from DNA
A microscopic container made entirely of DNA could one day be used to deliver drugs.
High-Definition TV from your Cell Phone
New MEMS technology could lead to dime-sized, high-resolution projectors.
Electricity from Sugar Water
Researchers announce a faster way to make hydrogen from cheap biomass.
Small, Cheaper Flash Memory
Freescale Semiconductor is using nanoscale materials to halve the size of flash memory and make it much less expensive.


text:
Once Upon a Time
Once Upon a Time Top Story Once Upon a Time: Sinqua Walls is returning as Lancelot The show's upcoming Camelot-focused season will see the return of the Arthurian knight.
Once Upon a Time to 'twist' Frozen's Elsa Disney favorite joins Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time's Goodwin, Dallas marry Michael Socha to join Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time creators on shock twist Once Upon a Time in Wonderland canceled Once Upon: Will Jamie Dornan return? Channel 5 defends dropping US shows Once Upon casts Glinda the Good Witch Once Upon a Time want Wizard of Oz Glinda McGowan returning to Once Upon a Time Originals star for Once Upon a Time Barbara Hershey for 'Wonderland' role Once Upon a Time stars expecting a baby Whoopi Goldberg for 'Wonderland' role Marilyn Manson joins 'Once Upon a Time' Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas engaged 'Once Upon a Time' has badly timed promo 'Once Upon A Time' Colin O'Donoghue Q&A Iggy Pop to voice The Caterpillar Keith David for 'Wonderland' Cheshire Cat 'Once Upon a Time' casts Ariel's love 'Once Upon a Time' casts mermaid Ariel 'Once Upon a Time' casts Tinkerbell Tom Ellis recast in 'Once Upon a Time' Naveen Andrews joins 'Once Upon' spinoff 'Once Upon a Time': Comic Con live blog 'Once Upon' star returns for season 3 'Agents of S.H.I.E.LD.' for Comic-Con Once Upon a Time graphic novel - preview 'Once Upon a Time' star made regular 'Once Upon a Time' spinoff series trailer Agents of S.H.I.E.LD. leads ABC schedule What's in and out at ABC - Scorecard 'Once Upon' execs on 'romantic' spinoff 'Once Upon a Time' GN details emerge Pee-wee Herman star joins Once spin-off 'Oaks Rigby for Once Upon a Time spinoff 'Being Human' star for 'Once Upon' spinoff Tom Ellis joins 'Once Upon a Time'


text:
Originally written on NFL Trade Rumors | Last updated 1/23/13
According to Adam Schefter of ESPN, the Oakland Raiders have hired former Jets offensive coordinator Tony Sparano as assistant head coach and offensive line coach. It's been documented how poorly the Jets offense was in 2012, but Sparano is better known for his work with offensive lines in years past. Sparano was likely brought in to help the Raiders make a switch to a power-running scheme after RB Darren McFadden took a step back in his development this season, which has been attributed their zone-blocking scheme. Sparano's ability to find ways to create running lanes for McFadden could ultimately decide his long-term future in the NFL. The post Raiders Hire Tony Sparano As Assistant Head Coach/Offensive Line Coach appeared first on NFL Trade Rumors -.
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Spotter and predictor operators at a 4.5-inch anti-aircraft gun site in Leeds, 20 March 1941.
4.5-inch anti-aircraft gun, Leeds, 20 March 1941.
Does anyone know where? I don't by the way.
|Phill_dvsn wrote:
|Across Soldiers field?
The big house being on Old Park Road?
It would make sense having ack ack guns there with the Blackburn factory producing air craft nearby on Roundhay Road.
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text:
Book your room at Abode Woden
StudioMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Premium StudioMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
King StudioMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Executive RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Executive Studio with Exercise BikeMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Family StudioMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 2 infants)
Get an overview of this hotel4-star aparthotel with restaurant and bar/lounge
A stay at Abode Woden places you in the heart of Phillip, convenient to Canberra Hospital and Royal Australian Mint.
This 4-star aparthotel is within close proximity of Embassy of Netherlands and Manuka Shopping Centre.
Make yourself at home in one of the 151 guestrooms, featuring kitchenettes with refrigerators and microwaves. 120-cm LCD televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while wireless Internet access (surcharge) keeps you connected. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Make use of convenient amenities, which include wireless Internet access (surcharge) and tour/ticket assistance.
You can enjoy a meal at a restaurant serving the guests of Abode Woden, or find a snack in a coffee shop/café. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, a computer station, and express check-in. Planning an event in Phillip? This aparthotel has facilities measuring 430 square feet (40 square meters), including a meeting room.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The aparthotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Business-related amenities at this 4-star property consist of a 24-hour business center and a meeting room.
A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. Event facilities measure 430 square feet (40 square meters). This business-friendly aparthotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, laundry facilities, and a grocery/convenience store.
Abode Woden is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 151
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop or café
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Grocery/convenience store
- Tours/ticket assistance
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Computer station
- Laundry facilities
- One meeting room
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Conference space size (meters) - 40
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 430
- Smoke-free property
Family Friendly Amenities
- Kitchenette
- Grocery/convenience store
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: WiFi (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: WiFi (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Premium bedding
- Climate control
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Designer toiletries
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Rainfall showerhead
- Shower only
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Satellite TV service
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Dishwasher
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Espresso maker
Where to Eat
Abode Woden has a restaurant on site.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-out time is 10 AM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
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The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
This property does not have an official STAR Rating from Star Ratings Australia. For the benefit of our customers, we have provided a rating based on our rating system.


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|Starring: Kayla Paige, Naomi Cruise
|Stashed: 822 times
|Director: Mr. Pete
|Added Mar 21, 2011
|Studio: Red Light District
|Rated 232 times
|Length: 33:05
|Niches: Big Boobs, Blonde, Cum Swapping, Cumshot, Cunnilingus, Gonzo, MFF, Oral, Rimming, Sixty-nine, Straight Sex, Swallowing, Threesome


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|Sq ft
|3 beds
|2.5 Ba
Stunning Austell Town home features beautiful hardwood floors throughout the main floor. Spacious kitchen comes with wood cabinets, stainless steel refrigerator, dishwasher, gas stove, built in microwave, and wrap around granite counter top. The living room has a fireplace, ceiling fan, crown molding, and wainscoting wall paneling. A half bathroom, pantry, and formal dining room also with wainscoting finish out the main level of this fantastic home. Upstairs is the large master bedroom with newer carpet and a charming cove ceiling. A like new bathroom has a deep soaking tub, separate shower with glass surround, two separate vanities, and a huge walk in closet. Another full bath with dual vanities is also located on the main level as well as two other bedrooms. A two car garage, community pool, and private patio area are also part of this great town home.
|School Level
|Primary School
|Sanders Elementary School
|Middle School
|Garrett Middle School
|High School
|South Cobb High School
|This listing is priced
|Zip Code
|14% more than
|30106 Townhouses for Rent
|37% more than
|Townhouses for Rent in Austell
|4% less than
|Cobb County Townhouses for Rent
|23% more than
|GA Townhouses for Rent
|Primary School
|37% more than
|Townhouses for Rent near Sanders Elementary School
|Middle School
|37% more than
|Townhouses for Rent near Garrett Middle School
|High School
|18% more than
|Townhouses for Rent near South Cobb High School
|Unified School District
|4% less than
|Townhouses for Rent near Cobb County School District


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Courtyard San Jose South / Morgan Hill is an inspired choice among hotels in Morgan Hill, California. We are situated in the heart of Silicon Valley, between the San Francisco Bay Area and Monterey Peninsula near major freeways. Nearby companies include Thomas Kinkade, Hospira, Fox Racing and Specialized Bicycle Company. Within just a few miles, experience fine dining, outlet shopping, golf and wine tasting. Our newly renovated hotel is ideal for any traveler looking for a home away from home. Excellent customer service is the backbone of a positive guest experience. Renovations include a facelift to the d cor, more amenities added and more breakfast and dinner options for a well-rounded stay. Courtyard Morgan Hill features free Wi-Fi, on-site business and fitness centers, an indoor pool and heated spa and healthy breakfast and dinner choices from the Bistro. Unwind after a long day by enjoying the fire pit. We welcome you to a memorable stay with brand new facilities and award-winning hospitality.
Your food and beverage destination for refreshing breakfast choices in the morning, and a variety of dinner, beer and wine options in the evening. The Bistro also offers specialty beverages made with Starbucks coffee to help you get a jump on the day.


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The Reds farmhand retired 16 straight batters and pitched six one-hit innings Tuesday as the Class A Advanced Bakersfield Blaze beat the Stockton Ports, 6-1, to complete a doubleheader sweep.
Doyle (3-1) allowed only a two-out single in the first inning to Miles Head, who was the last Port to reach against him. He needed only 53 pitches to complete the longest outing of his pro career.
"We were going right at them," Doyle said. "We were going fastball-in all game. It made it easy to set up the off-speed pitches once you establish the fastball. We were able to get some swings and misses on my slider."
Since the Reds selected him in the 24th round of the 2010 Draft, Doyle has appeared in 71 games, 69 out of the bullpen. His only other start was last May 30, when he allowed three runs over four innings in the second game of a twinbill for Class A Dayton. His longest outing this season was 2 2/3 innings.
"I figured they'd try to get at least three [innings] out of me," the 24-year-old right-hander said. "The pitch count was down, so I knew that they would try to save the bullpen and let me go as long I could. I got a lot of early swings -- there are a lot of first-pitch hackers on that team."
Despite Tuesday's success, Doyle doesn't expect to find himself in the rotation anytime soon. And he doesn't have a problem with that.
"I'm sure if there are any more doubleheaders or spot starts, I'll get the call again," the Missouri State University product said. "I started my entire career, but after being a reliever for so long I'd rather stay in the bullpen. I don't know what I'd do with myself having four days off."
Billy Hamilton, the Reds' No. 2 prospect, doubled, tripled and drove in three runs, while Devin Lohman collected two RBIs for the Blaze.
A.J. Kirby-Jones homered in the seventh to avoid the shutout for the Ports, who have lost 16 straight.
Today on MiLB.com
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- Brosher sets Cyclones mark with seven RBIs
- Marlins' Conley spins second straight shutout
- Grateful Cotto nabs five bases for H-Brewers
- Yankees' Sanchez homers in third straight
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- Podcast: Futures Game, Rays' Honeywell


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Select Local Merchants
Stack's Auto ServiceRead MoreAfter spending 14 years successfully managing a local garage, Thomas Cummings set his eyes on his very own shop. So, in 2004, the ASE-certified mechanic purchased Stack's Auto Service & Tires and transformed the struggling company into a thriving business. After a set of victory cartwheels, Thomas opened up a second shop across town. Today, he continues to run the two locations—one in West Babylon and another in North Babylon—where he is backed by a team of ASE-certified technicians with more than 50 years of combined experience. Though the staff members specialize in Hyundais and Saturns, they are fit to handle rides of all kinds—from cars, trucks, and SUVs to campers, motorcycles, and tiny clown cars. As part of the Tech-Net network, the crew doles out its list of maintenance and repair services with a 12-month or 12,000-mile nationwide warranty on most parts and labor.745 Deer Park AveNorth Babylon, NY US
Some Guy's Car WashRead MoreSome Guy's Car Wash's trained technicians pretty up automotive exoskeletons and plush interiors with EPA green-certified products. Sealants and weather protectants keep waxed exteriors gleaming in the worst of weather. Vehicles beam with a newfound glow after friendly car-care gurus gently dry sparkling cars by hand and tidy up with interior detailing, which includes carpet shampooing and odor removal. In addition to its eco-friendly cleaning products, Some Guy's Car Wash reduces its carbon footprint by recycling its water, using recycled products whenever possible, and eating each paper towel immediately after it's used.1287 Deer Park AvenueNorth Babylon, NY US
Designated Drivers Across AmericaRead MoreThe uniformed, professional drivers from Designated Drivers Across America make getting home safe and easy after a night out on the town, a medical procedure, or a special event. To use the pickup service, customers drive their own cars to their destination. Then, the captains of safe travel arrive at the appointed time to safely ferry passengers home, eliminating any possibility of breaking the law and worries about retrieving the car from atop the news-station weather vane in the morning. Riders can also book their driver by the hour, simplifying transportation for bar crawls and drive-by compliments.84 Eaton Ln.West Islip, New York US
Rpm PerformanceRead MoreIndependent Repair Shop, Specializing in Import cars . We measure our performance by the feedback of our loyal customers have given us throught the years, It takes many years to develop a reputation for expertise, quality and integrity. That is why the maintenance of your vehicle is our top priority225 Higbie LnWest Islip, NY US
Babylon Auto DetailingRead MoreThe sounds of scrubbing, buffing, and contented vehicles gossiping about the bedside manner of gas-station attendants echo throughout Babylon Auto Detailing, Inc.'s 2,500-square-foot facility. Any vessel of land, sea, or sky—including motorcycles, boats, and airplanes—lucky enough to discover the shop will quickly find the paint-restoring detail clays, waxes, and carpet shampoo its little mechanical heart desires. Backed by a $2 million insurance policy and their own priceless experience, BAD's technicians gussy up all modes of transport with paint and body repairs, interior Scotchgard protection, and headlight restorations; they also delve into onsite electronics installations, window tinting, and motorcycle storage. So vehicle-friendly and encouraging is the staff that dealership autos, limousine fleets, and cars roughed up by packs of rogue Mardi Gras floats all seek solace at the shop's front door.70 Nancy StreetWest Babylon, NY US
Heartland Jiffy LubeRead MoreYou don't need a stopwatch to know that Jiffy Lube's services are fast, but if you had one, the Signature Service Oil Change would clock in at the 20-minute mark. And you'd be getting more than just an oil change. Jiffy Lube technicians also top off fluids, inflate tires, inspect key components, and diagnose issues before they happen—all in less time than it takes to replace a shattered windshield with Saran-Wrap. This blend of speed, quality, and preventative maintenance is at the core of Jiffy Lube's mission to maximize a vehicle's lifespan and keep it out of the repair shop. More than 20,000 of its technicians have completed an extensive training program certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE). These experts can perform many of the manufacturer-recommended services offered at dealerships, including air-filtration and electrical services—only without the need for appointments or long wait times. An impressive feat, considering that Jiffy Lube serves roughly 24 million customers each year.1667 Deer Park AvenueDeer Park, NY US


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Chicago, IL (SportsNetwork.com) - Logan Couture and Joe Pavelski scored in the shootout to lift the San Jose Sharks over the Chicago Blackhawks, 3-2, on Sunday.
Jason Demers and Brent Burns scored in regulation for the Sharks, who snapped a six-game skid against the Blackhawks in Chicago.
Alex Stalock stopped 33-of-35 shots for San Jose.
Niklas Hjalmarsson and Michal Rozsival lit the lamp for the Blackhawks, who have recorded at least a point in 10 straight games. Corey Crawford turned aside 40-of-42 shots.
"We didn't really start the way we wanted to," Chicago forward Kris Versteeg said. "We came out in the third and really played our game. I thought we worked hard. Could've drawn maybe a couple more penalties, but that was the way the game went and we just had to fight through it."
The Sharks drew first blood at the 10:12 mark of the first period. Couture controlled the puck behind the net and slid a pass in front for Demers, who scored from the right circle.
A scoreless second stanza belonged to the goaltenders. Crawford and Stalock made 15 and 12 saves, respectively.
Hjalmarsson's shot from the slot tied the game at 1:27 of the third frame.
The Blackhawks took the lead at 4:01 when Rozsival's slapper from the right point got past Stalock.
Burns lit the lamp at 11:10 to make it a 2-2 game. Joe Thornton gathered the puck at the side of the net and slid a pass to Burns, who chipped the disc past Crawford.
"In my opinion, [Chicago] and [the Anaheim Ducks] are the best two teams in the [Western Conference], so to come in here in their building and beat them, it's a huge feather in our cap," Thornton said.
Crawford and Stalock each made three saves in overtime.
Stalock stopped Patrick Sharp and Jonathan Toews in the shootout.
The Blackhawks fell to 15-2-6 at home this season ... Couture came into
Sunday's game with a goal in four straight games ... San Jose was without
forward Tim Kennedy (flu) ... There was just one penalty in the game.
Former Heisman Trophy winners Matt Leinart, Eric Crouch and Rashaan Salaam are among 76 Football Bowl Subdivision players on the ballot for election into the 2016 class of the College Football Hall of Fame.
The regular season in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series has reached its midpoint, with 13 races completed and 13 to go before the championship Chase begins.
The Houston Texans have signed defensive lineman Brandon Deaderick, who played last season with the New Orleans Saints.
The Toronto Blue Jays activated catcher Dioner Navarro from the 15-day disabled list following a 2-0 loss to the Washington Nationals in the opener of Tuesday's doubleheader.
Sacramento Kings forward Carl Landry underwent surgery on Tuesday to repair a torn ligament in his right wrist, the team said.
The Montreal Canadiens revealed on Tuesday that defenseman Jeff Petry has agreed to terms on a six-year contract extension.


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Tag "government"Back to homepage
The Psychological Profile of President Obama
Dave Hodges December 9, 2013 The Common Sense Show In the midst of the series I am writing in which I am detailing the existence of governmental plans to brutally subjugate the people, it dawned upon me that a PresidentRead More
December 8, 2013 Sheila Zilinsky
In the first two hours of The Common Sense Show, Dave Hodges will be joined by Sheila Zilinsky, the host of the popular talk show, The Weekend Vigilante. Sheila is a rising star in talk radio as she is known for herRead More
The Martial Law Noose Is Tightening Around Our Necks
Dave Hodges December 6, 2013 The Common Sense Show "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists." George W. Bush I am walking through the airport at Phoenix and the public address system tells me that today'sRead More
The Unfolding Healthcare Holocaust
Dave Hodges December 4, 2013 The Common Sense Show This article is not just about Obamacare costs and quality of treatment, it is about the healthcare holocaust which commenced on October 1, 2013. Obamacare, or dare I say, Obamacide, representsRead More
Depopulation of the Masses Has Begun
Dave Hodges December 3, 2013 The Common Sense Show Henry thinks you are the third world. We are all members of the third world in the eyes of the elite. Not a day goes by when we are not remindedRead More
Why Are the Bankers and Ex-Intel Types Running For Their Lives?
Dave Hodges November 27, 2013 The Common Sense Show I have been in possession of certain information, provided to me by two separate sources, and confirmed by multiple sources, which have clearly laid out a horrific set of events comingRead More
The Sides Are Forming for the Coming Civil War
Dave Hodges November 25, 2013 The Common Sense Show I remember as a young child that the key to winning a lot of the neighborhood games in football and basketball was all about who got picked first. If you wereRead More
JFK, RFK, & MLK Were All Killed By the Same Forces
Dave Hodges November 17, 2013 The Common Sense Show The murders of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King were all orchestrated by the same group. How can I be sure? I can be sure by a simple preponderance ofRead More
Congressman Franks on Grid EX II and the EMP Threat
Dave Hodges November 13, 2013 The Common Sense Show How much coverage has the Grid EX II blackout drill received from mainstream media? (Crickets Chirping…) How much coverage has the presence of Chinese and Russian soldiers received from the same?Read More
Grid EX II and the Impact of An EMP Attack On America
Dave Hodges November 12, 2013 The Common Sense Show The following material is grim, very grim. Let me get the dramatics out of the way in the very beginning. If a nation-wide EMP attack ever takes place in America, givenRead More
Grid EX II and Martial Law Using Foreign Mercenaries
Dave Hodges November 11, 2013 The Common Sense Show The upcoming Grid EX II drill, taking place on November 13th, is ostensibly designed to simulate a power grid take down which would endanger the safety of millions of Americans. The twoRead More
"It Is Not a Matter of If, but When the Lights Go Out"
Dave Hodges November 9, 2013 The Common Sense Show The evidence is mounting by the day. The United States is on the verge of a power grid failure. It seems that everyone in the "club" knows this fact exceptRead More
My Country 'Tis of Thee, Sweet Land of Misery
Dave Hodges November 6, 2013 The Common Sense Show Economic Misery vs. Personal Misery There are two kinds of misery which has permeated our nation, namely, economic misery and personal misery. The focus of this article is on the latterRead More
October 27, 2013 Larry Kelley
Dave Hodges October 27, 2013 The Common Sense Show In the first two hours of The Common Sense Show, Dave Hodges will be joined by Larry Kelley who has written a very timely and interesting book, Lessons from FallenRead More
The Next Shot Heard 'Round the World' Will Be in Northern California
Dave Hodges October 27, 2013 The Common Sense Show As I have highlighted before, there are three distinct stages of revolution. The 15 counties comprising Northern California have entered stage two on the path to revolution, namely, the civilRead More


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Chelsea boss Mourinho: Don't write-off Man Utd
Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho refuses to write-off Manchester United's title chances.
Mourinho said: "It is too early to judge opponents. Manchester United have two points after their defeat today, but even if they had zero points I would say that they are serious contenders for the title.
"These things do not influence me."


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2001 Atlanta, GA Signature Sale #267
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|Aug 10, 2001
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|Atlanta, GA
Gorgeous Washlady Quarter in Silver, Judd-15901879 25C Washlady Quarter Dollar, Judd-1590, Pollock-1783, R.6, PR68 NGC. Barber's "Washlady" design. The head of Liberty faces left with the motto IN GOD WE TRUST above and 1879 below. She is wearing a headband inscribed LIBERTY. The headband is ornamented with ears of wheat, cotton leaves, and bolls. There are 13 stars at the border arranged 7 left and 6 right. This is paired with a reverse that has an erect eagle with spread wings holding an olive branch in its right talon and three arrows in its left. Above is the legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM, below is the denomination QUAR. DOLLAR. Struck in silver with a reeded edge. This is a phenomenal pattern. The surfaces are virtually perfect and the fields show depth of mirrored reflectivity that is comparable to any regular issue proof coin of the era; that is to say, simply unfathomable "black" mirrors. The devices are heavily frosted also, which of course, gives the coin a strong cameo contrast. A few dabs of golden color are seen on each side and roller marks are present on the face of Liberty.
From the Genaitis Collection of 1879 Coinage. (PCGS# 61967)
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7287 Poore Rd, Conneaut, OH 44030
3 beds1 bath1,334 sqft Edit
This home is not currently listed for sale or rent on Zillow.
A Zestimate® home valuation is Zillow's estimated market value. It is not an appraisal. Use it as a starting point to determine a home's value. Learn more
A Rent Zestimate® is Zillow's estimated monthly rental price, computed using a proprietary formula. It is a starting point in determining the monthly rental price for a specific property.
My NotesEdit
- Lot: 1.02 acres
- Single Family
- Built in 1949
- Views: 23 all time views
- Floor size: 1,334 sqft
- Zillow Home ID: 2143818614
Zestimate Details
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Comparable Homes
Homes like this sold for $31-95K.
Neighborhood: 44030
Foreclosures will be a factor impacting home values in the next several years. In 44030, the number of foreclosures waiting to be sold is 274.4% higher than in North Kingsville, and 39% greater than the national average. This higher local number may prevent 44030 home values from rising as quickly as other regions in North Kingsville.
Learn more about forecast calculations.… More Less
For Sale
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|Other Units in this Building (1)
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Nearby Schools in North Kingsville
GreatSchools ratings give an overview of a school's test results. The ratings are based on a comparison of test results for all schools in the state.
Disclaimer: School attendance zone boundaries are supplied by Maponics and are subject to change. Check with the applicable school district prior to making a decision based on these boundaries.
School Rating
PK-52.9 mi
6-85.6 mi
9-125.7 mi
Data by GreatSchools.org
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Your beliefs create your life experience. What are your beliefs right now? Use these positive belief affirmations to help shift to more positive beliefs.
30 Affirmations on Beliefs
1. I am worthy.
2. My beliefs support my goals.
3. I am unique and have unique amazing gifts and talents.
4. I am capable of reaching goals I set.
5. I successfully manage my life.
6. As I change my beliefs, I change my life.
7. I am aware of my beliefs.
8. I am creative.
9. I successfully manage all aspects of my life.
10. I am a great money manager.
11. My body is fit and healthy.
12. I make great choices about taking care of me.
13. I am calm, and peaceful.
14. The Universe is abundant.
15. I always have more than enough.
16. I have peace, passion, energy, and joy every moment of every day.
17. I give generously.
18. I am always attracting great opportunities to me.
19. I enjoy my work/career.
20. I am enthusiastic about life.
21. I have the time I need to accomplish important goals.
22. I am spiritually supported at all times.
23. I have control over my feelings and emotions.
24. I have the power to choose.
25. I make the right choices at exactly the right time.
26. I am forgiven.
27. I see everything that happens in my life as opportunities for growth.
28. I cherish the present moment.
29. I am always doing my best.
30. I am confident and courageous.
Your beliefs create your life experience. What are your beliefs right now? Use these positive belief affirmations to help shift to more positive beliefs.


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Work Email
Do These 4 Things Before Sending an Email
How to ensure you're delivering efficient, professional messages.
When it comes to communicating with clients and coworkers, we need to be careful, effective communicators. Check your work against these pointers. Continue Reading
How To Manage Email Overload
By John Sumser I don't know about you, but my inbox has been backing up at an alarming rate. Where I could once pare it down to a half-dozen pieces that were well worth procrastinating, my email backlog is often several weeks old. I tend to glance at them when they come in, and then mull over the transaction... Continue Reading
The Petraeus Affair: Email Lessons For The Rest Of Us
News of events related to the scandal involving Gen. David Petraeus and the former CIA director's affair with his biographer, Paula Broadwell, reminds us that even the powerful and successful succumb to poor professional judgment. What's one important lesson for "regular people" to learn? It appears as if... Continue Reading
How Much Email Is Too Much? [Infographic]
By Master-Degree-Online.com Many companies and employees consider email the lifeblood of work productivity. They check it repeatedly while they are at the office. And, thanks to mobile technology, many employees check emails where ever they happen to be -- on vacation, at parties, even from the bathroom. Continue Reading
Workers Waste The Equivalent Of 73 Days A Year On Email, Study Finds
"Troy. The file you gave me is a MESS. Please REDO." Too blunt. "Troy, did you realize that you misspell our company's name in the file you gave me? Twice. It would be awesome if you could proofread for five seconds next time. Thanks." Too passive-aggressive. "Troy! Thanks so much for the file!... Continue Reading
Is Your Boss Reading Your Email?
Most people assume their emails at work are private. Those people are wrong. There are very few laws that protect you from email snooping at work, and most are pretty worthless and weak. That means you should assume your employer is monitoring your email and act accordingly. If you get funny emails that are... Continue Reading